davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25
TIE ILLNESS or NR. ENERSON.
lBY TELEGRAPH TO THE rrrprsrJ

by TELEGRAPH TO THE TRIBCSE.l
BOsTON, April 24.-Ralph Waldo Emerson
Il quite i'll his residence in Concord from pneumonia
lie was att acked Friday and has been his
bed since the of his DR. Emerson. Owing
10 his advanced years and his feeble condition prior
this attack there considerable apprehension
the result although there is believed to be danger OF
immediate death. Mr. Emerson was present at Mr.
Longfelows funeral and notwithstanding the extreme
ncleency Of the day the venerable Sage OF Concord
followed the remains Of his friend 10 Mount Auburn and
stood on the verge Of the 1t remarked by
those who present and noticed the feeble totterng
stems Of the old gentleman he left the carriage and
walked toward the grave that Mr. Emerson would very
soon hs friend for the fierce blasts of the gallo
pacod seemed as If they would carry away the tall,
thin, bowed form OF the venerable man
HOPES OF ULTIMATE RECOVERY.
GENERAL PRESS DIsPATCH.l
BOsTOS April ghL-Latest advices from
Concord are to the effect that Mr.. Emerson has been
resting comfortably tonight, and that his condition
shows q slight Improvement The symptoms OF pneu-
monia were developed early last Saturday morning,
and were caused by exposure on one or the cold though
sunshiny days OF last week Mr.. Emerson Is attended
chiefly by his son, Dr. Edward Emerson, with whom is
associated a well known Boston physician The crisis IN
The disease s expected until the latter part or ths
week and though there Is much anxiety among hS
friends as TO the result principally Oh account or Mr
Emersous Vanced age his physicians express cOnsl-
cradle hope of his ultimate recovery.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25

@TRIBUSE OgrICE. April %, a. m.-Thc movement in
the barometer j. upward Partly cicudy and clear
weather prevailed. The temperature RANGED between
400 and so, the 1852 being 1859 lower than
corresponding day last year and H. higher Than
sunday
CedI and warmer weather, may be expected IN THIS
city and vicinity IO-ay
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25
rtNERIL or GENERAL BURE

BosroV, April 24.-The funeral of General
William /. Bart took place N p H.. AZ the Church Of
the Disciples Dr. James Freeman Clarke officiating
here wax large Attendance OF railroad men and other
H.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25
INSURANCE LOSSES Ar LAKE CITY
LAKE CITY Mimi, April 2l.-The following
are the assurances the total aud partial losses by the
fire on Saturday

Many Of the losses were insured i'm the companies
named below. bat TO what extent cannot De ascerainrd
az yet: lhe Hartford, OF Connecticut Gcrman-Amer
can, Commercial, NatertOWn, Insurance Company Of
North America. Springfield. National, Northwestern,
National American Central Ncstchcstor, Commonwealth,
Fcnnsy IL ANA, and German, Of Free port.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25
KILLED BY 4 CICLONE.

SELMA, Ala, April 2I.-A disastrous cyclone
passed through the southern and eastern portion OF this
Dallas county on saturday evening. At Kings Land
ing fourteen miles below here, three >negroes were
killed and at Graves Ferry twenty four miles above
two otAers were Killed.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25
MIDNIGHT WEAIHER REPORI.
GOVERNMENT INDICATIONS.
Indications for tO-fay


Fer the Middle Atlantic States, fair weather.
variable winds. rising followed by falling barometer
stationary higher temperature
For New In gland, fr weather, nOrhcrly Winds
tiOuary higher DarOme sta lOnary temperature.
Indications Tor k,mOrTOp
Fair weather Is indicated for NewEg gland and Middle
Atlantic states ~. ay aud tomorrow.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25
THE FIRE RECOBD.
A WISCONSIN TOWN BURNING.

MILWAUKEE, April 25-1 a. MA disastrous
fire arted at Eau Claire WIS., yesterday afteoonand at
midnight was still raging. Report meagre, The only
statement being that there IL danger OF the whole town
being destroyed.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25
rrr DEMOCRACY As A SEVER.

" la Democratic party is to be made me
ia, NhicL the criminal classes aud an opp'i.Tatt
oi Ia" am era. = who will be likely next October 10 en-
,,, tieif protests.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25

STRAU S-LANANBU RG-On Wednesday April 10 at the
le4ionce tho b1des parents By the Rev Dr. de
Mrndez. Oscar \ Stras sarah L.. daughter of LOUIS
IayauDurg
EVERETT-VAN ORDEN -On "Wednesday April TO- at
AOrrtsanA by tho A Hun. J. Everett
Martina, dBug hter VI Hon. Abraham Van OrGon.
Al notices Of Marriages must be tadorsei 10Th JuH
NAM and afdress
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25
TRIBUNE LOCAL OBSERVATIONS.

variations IN this city tetbs
time fr the
preceding
BY during TA 0o ordoei u
The Indicated the tkSIaolste H9d
t'aP nA BroG1
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25
,vorurR DEMOCRATIC PROTEST.

.,no,r,be than the nondescript apparatus at the
nher end OF Pcnnsyiyaniaave
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25

prce lin Wrappers reaiy for msns ave cents var copy
one coy ono yoar ave copies $li ten eops aai %
80. - Postage Casos irce " the suoscr Dor
aHE TRIBUNE
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25
The Annear salad Dressing.

rich and wholesome dressing for chicken lobster lscr
tomatoes and other salads Il 10 composed "i ,ir h
ing. eent and prepared VITA great care 10. pump -"'
delleaey of nayOr II has equal sold eNefy"hot"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25
THE sEMI-wEEKLY TRIBUNE

Medal Of superiority American Institute IssI.
Ready This Morning.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25
MARRIED.

On its merits ELECTRO SILICON has gaiaed an enviable
reputation "A silver polish. Avoid imitation.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-04-25

TIE NEW.FNGLAN d GRAM III " DkkN, Hartford Con
Quarfies and workshops Westerly. Il.
Fine monumental and building work IA Granite. Drawn
and estimates furnished without charge. COussponielccs
llcted NY. ONCE l,j2l Bway &. ". CA NFI ED AzL
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

Despite oil the agitation in this
country against the propagation and
extension of Mormopism. Thurs
days papers announce that no less
than fifteen hundred Mormon emf
grants took passage from England to
this country, who will claim it as q
religious right to defy the law ol
common decency and all honorable
rnles regulating society among
civilized ere ,tures. The British au-
thorities, although aware OF their do.
parture, state that they we're power
less against such a move.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

Sharp, one OF the leading bishops
10 Mormon land, is now in the east.
aud when interviews | recently show.
ed his shrewdness and good judg.
meut by stating that in his opinion
the people OF Utah should not resist
the federal arm of theg q vsrnInent in
its aggressive movements against
polygamy. How mark ID the con-
tiast between these utterauces and
those of the arrogant, self assuming.
domineeripg declarations Of brigham
Young, John Taylor and other Nor
mon maguates Of former years. All
the United States government have
to do is to persist in eradicating this
moral cancer from the body polite
II possesses oil the vices Of slavery,
with social vices that existed undel
the laws that gave man q right ts
property in his fellow man.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

Ore Of the most important wit
pesses in the Giutesu trial was DIR.
Mcdonald. In the course OF his
testimony be stated that the prison
or in language aud manner expressed
beyond doubt that he was per-
fectly sane preceding and at the
tune he committed his crime
Among other statements Guiteau
said that he believed that the plea oi
lunacy would prove successful aud
clear him from legal accountability.
This testimony, in connection with
other Of like tenor, satisfies the
country, il not the Judge and jury
that he deserves to meet the just
penalty Of his crime.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12
Porlhonotary Sam Matt Fridy.

J. r. McAfee, Esq Deputy Secre-
tary OF the Commonwealth, and one
" the editors OF the Greensburg
TRIBUNE AND herald has this TO say
OF bis late associate aud cleik,
Prothonotary Fridy ltis q great
thing to have competent and reliable
clerks in oil tue Departments Of
Government. both State and Nation
al. In the several departments st
Harrisburg the clerks, rs general
rule, are not only competent, atten.
tive. obligipg aud honest, but they
are gentlemen in every sense OF the
term. Some OF these have rendered
themselves so useful that they have
been kept in position for many years
and under different A administrations.
But amongst them all there 10 none
more competent. pore obliging or
more familiar with the duties Of bis
position, or who has beer more faith
ful and honest in the discharge Of his
dnties than Sam Matt Fridy, Of Ian.
caster county, who, for the past fif-
teen years has occupied the position
and performed the duties OF Com
mission Clerk in the Office Of the
Secretary OF the Commonwealth. b.
No one during these long years ever
found Mr.. Fridy sour or Disagree
able. He seemed to live in prepetu-
al sunshine, enjoying life to the full
himself and making everybody
around him happy. As penmeu he
has few equals, and for prompt at-
tention to the duties of his desk be
has bad no superior. But the peo.
pie OF Lancaster county Eve mean
the Republicans of Lancaster county
as there are only handful Of any
other kind Of people in that county,,
last fall elected him Prothonotary oi
that county, and hence the Secre'
tary's Office at Harrisburg, will los,
one OF its best clerks. Mr.. Fridy (oi
as he is sometimes called by his in
innate feiends and fellow clerks,
.the Lancaster County Dutchman'0, },
will make most accurate and eff
cient Prothonotary. That is also a
position that should be made to ter.
inmate only when the incumbent
proves bimself incompetent, ineiii
cient or lacking in moral character. II
Matt Fridy proves himself as faith
ful in the Prothonotary's Office as be
has been in the Secretary's Office
and we have no doubt but bo will
tue business people of that county
ought to demand his retention. al
least as long as he has served the
State in the position which he has
now vacated. We hope they may dc
so.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

The indications are that three ter
ritorial governments will take steps
to apply for admission al states dur.
ing the present session Of congress.
Dakota, New Mexico aud Washing
ton. No one questions but what
they are large enough. Their terri
tory comprising an area larger than
one-third Of the settled states. In
point Of population, however, there
are very good reasons to postpone
there admission until future day.
Political interests aud the ambition
Of men to gain positions that such
an association wonld bring, are 30
strong that 10 all probability two, il
not all three, will have their claims
favorably considered and acted up
on
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

Over fifteen hundred arrests for
political offenses were made within
the empire of Russia during 1881.
Whit record this, sh ,wing how
restive and exciting the condition OF
the public mind No wonder the
Car aud his family, with all the
equipments and insignias OF Office
aud power around them, homes fill
cd with all 'bat wealth can buy, live
in constant state OF tremor and ex'
citement, conscious that they have
no oneness OF feeling with the peo-
pie, every sound without startles IN
the midnight hour. filing the mind
with fear and trembling, while iu
going to aud from their homes arm
cd soldiery guard their persons, and
even then they are not divested Of
fear. True indeed uneasy lies the
head that wears crown"
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

At tin wedding iu Washington
county the friends Of the groom put
u tin roof on his house.
Jeremiah Hoover broke his leg,
at Maytown, running after a fifty
cent turkey Saturday last.
Attorney General Brewster will
be banqnetted BY the Philadelphia
bar on Jan uary 18th next.
Robert Coverdale was caught in
a rotating machine at Erie on Thurs
day aud strangled to death.
A boy thirteen years old. Frank
Colgrove, OF Beaver Mills, Centre
county, shot aud killed two deel
last week.
Gray foxes and rabbits are more
numerous in Clearfi I'D than they
were ever known to be in that re-.
gion before.
George Henderson, a travelling
salesman for a New York liquor
house, cut his throat in a fit o
delirium, at Oil City on Tuesday,
Samuel Armstrong, of Consho-
hocken, lost his arm on Sunday
while out driving. drunk. His horse
ran away throwing him out ant
dragging him q considerable dis
tance.
Sophia shiOdel, a spinster u
thirty-four, was married to Henry
Hunt, a youth of nineteen, at Houtz
dale, last week. Sophia's fathe
forced the nuptials to save tb
family honor.
A Cambria county COW some tim
ago fell into deep pit, and wa
drawn up to the level OF her accus
toned pasturage through the in
strumentality of a rope deftly woun
round her horns ! She bore on he
body no marks of injury.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

The report OF the state treasurer
gives the gratifying information tba,
there is an unusual supply Of none,
in the vaults. This is no reason
however, that extravagance in any
way should be encouraged or sp-
preparation made without due con
alteration.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12


A white pheasant was shot near
Greensburg.
Clarion county has had its first
colored juror.
All the rural markets are over
stocked with eggs.
Railroad cars are robbsl almost
nightly at Johnstown.
The grist mills in Montgomery
county are running night and day
The want Of snow has greatly in
tsrssred with logging 10 the lum-.
bsripg regions.
Christian K Ross, father Of the
fams:i Charley. 10 travelling In ths
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

ANSWER THis.-Is there person liv-
ing who ever saw case Of ague, bill
iousness, nervousness, or neuralgia, OF
any disease Of the stomach, liver, OIL
kidneys hat Hop Bitters will moi
cure
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

Death to rats, mice, reaches and
ants PARSONS ExrERMISAroR. Barns,
granaries and households cleared in a
single night. No fear of bad smells
Best and cheapest vermin killer in
he world. Sold everywhere. Jan.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

A pure, wholesome distillation Of
witch hazel, American pine. Canada
CIR, marieold. clover blossoms. etc. :,
fragrant with the healing essences of
balssm and Of pine. Such Ia Ssnford's
Radical Cure for Catarrh. Complete
tfestmsnt for u. Jan.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

II will pay every body TO examine
the immense Stock Of Furniture for
sale by the Popular Furniture man
w. ii. FELIX Lewistown Pa.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12
AGENTS WANTED

In every town. THERE ARE MILLIONS IN
1T. send SO cents for outht, and secure terri.
tory at once, Address, UNION PUBLISH.
mo co. Philadelphia, Pa.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12
BALDWIN BRANCH.

Leave Harrisburg for Paxton, Loohisl. .sa
m, .35 and $40 p. m; daily, except SatufdslI
<.45 snd 6.i0, p. m.
day, o.i0. 100, II. 90 .. m, 2lO and 10. .O0 D.
daily except saturday and SUNDAY, o 10, o.
anu on saturday only, $40 and $50. p, m.
j. f. WOOTTEN,
Genl Manage
@. G. HANCOCK,
Gen'l Pass'r T. Ticket Agt
Feb 3'It. VII n %.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

Reports from Germany state that
notwithstanding the large immigrs-
tiou from that country 10 1881 it
will be still larger in 1852
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12
MARRIAGE

Guide for both SEXES, for the married and
those contemplating marriages. brilliant, fasci.
mating book. acounselor for the million on Health
Disease, and tho Physical Life of Man and Woman ;
pure In language, and endorsed by physicians
OIIN, the oldest Specialist In tho Northwest,
who will pay $500 for every case Of private or
chronc disease Of either sex he undertakes and
falls to cure. send two stamps for Guido TO
. Box. quiet homo for ladies. during con:
hncmcnt Rubber Goods and Circular Of
important Information, by express, 90 cents.
Or. A. @. OllN,
Kentucky Block, eoi 8. Clark st., Chicago, Ill.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12
The Great State Trial !

A complete and sutheutic record Of tho evi.
denee speeches, addresses and studied Insane
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12
PENNSYLVANIA r.

Trains isay: Lsy!:!ovn yInctioes
PiS,ss P,.s;Ss,EA y.nIs:P E:Pr'" !
Wsy Passenger
Fast Line
Paeins Express
Phi.sdslphis Express
Johnstowu Exppess
The Fast Line, Way Passsngef 81
Exprsss ssst run daily. -
WAY trains leave staticns IN MI
- follows;
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12
SUNDAYS

Philadelphis, 7.&b y. m.
Leave Reading. 7.3o q. IN. and o.ss o, m.
Leave Allentown at pe6 D. m.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1882-01-12

WE keep on hand all kinds Q,
". Bia,.ks such as Notes. SstD,~
p'onses, Warranss, Leases, Su1pos.
mas, DC, do.
The Evening critic., 1882-10-16
What He Thought in 1877.

From Speech by Attorney-General Brewster
Last winter our people wero shocked with
the election of j. Donald Cameron, the ire
sponsible son Of a Senator OF whom will not
speak, because he and his acts have become
part OF public history, and must be measured
with more deliberation than can be given In q
casual conversation like this-a son that has
neither mind, ,attainments, dignity OF charac-
ter, knowledge OF public affairs, party serv-
ices or personal worth to warrant his advance
ment, and who has no record but bad one,
as an intriguer and manager OF bad men. He
was first forced into the War Department, as
the price OF his offer to betray his State and
renominate General Grant, and after being
there ho was so base-born in his notions OF
decency and gentlehood ms to solicit and urge,
by all the moan arts of political contrlvance,
that he should be retained as the companion
OF Cabinet officers and gentlemen who did not
want him. Failing in that by the coarse brute
force OF organized power, he 1ostled his old
father out OF his place and thrust himself into
the Senate, where he Will be an object Of de-
rlsion and disgust Tho public are sick OF
these odious men, and the public Will do away
with them. We havo destroyed human bond
age In tho South; we Will next break down
political bondage In the North and South.
The Evening critic., 1882-10-16
Mn,or King and the Dog Catchers.

Albert Fortune, Joshua Murphy and John
wells, the three colored mon who accompany
tho poundmaster's wagon and do tho dog
catching for the District, pleaded not guilty In
the Police Court to-day 10 cruelty 10 animals.
The prosecution, which was instituted by
Major King, was on the theory that dogs cap
tured by the poundmen are submitted 10 un-
necessary torture.
Mrs. Newkirk, who lives on Eighth street.
near i, testified that q large dog, which was a
cross between bulldog and mastifI, and be-
longed TO her, had been caught on her front
steps by the poundmen and hung by tho neck
with rope until apparently dead; that the
treatment OF tho dog was unnecessarily cruel .
This statement was supported by George "
Nowkirk, nj. u. Cudllp and j. W. Ingersoll.
The defense put the three defendants and
Poundmaster Einstein on the stand, who testl-
fed that no unnecessary cruelty had been In.
nicted, as the dog was large and dangerous aud
bit two OF the "dog-catchers " In their efforts
10 get II Into tho wagon. Judge Snoll decided
that II the acts OF the mon In this case wero
cruel II was owing TO the failure OF the District
| to provide them with better implements for the
| capture otlargo dogs. He said the nlOdLs ODey-
| ahdt Tor capturing small dogs seemed both
| humane and expeditions, but in tho case OF
| largo and vicious dogs tho operation was IN )re
| dlnlcult and was not 80 we'll performed.
The blame for any sufferlngs u which dogs
wero exposed would attach % tho Commits
sioners, rather than the dogcatchers them.
selves, and he would dismiss the cases, with a
recommendation 70 the Humane Society 10 an.
peal 10 the Commissioners for better arrange
mCnta.
The Evening critic., 1882-10-16
BREWSTER'S BRIBERS.
Continued From First Page.

tempt that had boon made to bribo him. The
Judge remarked that was n matter for future
investigation on tho noxt day, september
~, Mr.. Dickson made oath before the Assistant
District Attorney TO the truth OF his statement,
Mr.. Dlckson's statements, 80 far as relates
TO what happened In Drivers Garden, are cor
roborated by tho nfdaylts OF Mr.. Goorgo w.
Driver, the proprietor; Messrs. II. A. Gregory,
John n. Wardo and John 7. Nowhousc, OF this
city, and that Of q waiter named Edward.
what is Proved by these Afiidavits.
10 sum up what is proved beyond tho shadow
OF n shade OF doubt by these sworn statements,
we can do no bottor than quote Colonel niger
soils language In the interview. Tho Colonel
says ,,.,u o,,.,,,.,, ,,o ,,,,o.
facts; Flrst-That Fall and Nelson wero In tho
employ OF tho Department of Justice. Sec
ond-That Fall employed Arthur Payne TO try
70 bribc Brown and Martin. Third-That Ar
thur Payne approached Brown, and wanted
him TO Sign contract to the effect that II ho
md Martin would vote for conviction, or If
their votes hung the jury, TO pay them $4,000.
in tho same business, ali Of which Is sub.
stantiatod by the afidavits of Foote, Laws,
Nelson, Taylor, A. Q. Richards and the letter
establish tho fact that Fall, while In the ON.
ploy OF tho Department OF Justice, endeayorod
Illegally and Improperly TO influence Hol-
mead, one Of the Jury. This Is shown by the
Edward Taylor. Sixth-Tho afIidavit OF Ed
ward Taylor proves employment OF him'
eelf, OF Enll ana or nelson. III ulsO esGlD.
fishes the important fact that Fall
reported to tho Department OF Justice what
he had done, for tho purpose Of bribing nom.
bors OF the jury; that Fall made such reports
to Brewster Cameron, Cameron at that tlmo
being tho chief OF the special agents of tho
Department Of Justice. Seventh-Tho a1ldoylt
OF William Dickson shows conclusively that
Henry A. Bowen was special agent OF tho
Department OF Justice; that ho made corrupt
proposals TO Dickson, and stated that no was
fully authorized and empowered TO mako such
proposals by his superior officers, and tho
statement OF Dickson has been In tho most I'm
portant and vital particulars corroboratod,
unequlyocally, by the afndavit OF Mr.. Driver,
and upon collateral points by tho afIdavlt5 OF
Gregory, W0rde, Newhouse, Cardella, and by
the waiter, Edward, who carried the card OF
Henry A. Bowen to Dickson's olflco, asking
Dickson to meet him ut Drivers. Eighth
These ailldavits establish tho TACT that agents
and employees OF the Department of Justice
were for months engaged In an effort 70 cor
rupt, with money and tho promise of Official
position, o Jury upon whose verdict depended
the reputation and liberty of the defendants"