davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
THE CRISIS IN THE EAST.

LONDON, June 24.-The Chester, another tank
vessel, has been ordered to the Mediterranean
The Admiralty now deem it best to guard the Suez
Canal by a number of small, swift gunboats IN
stead of by two euard-ships as originally intended
Various rumors are published that the authorities
have arranged for the embarkaton of troops at
Gibraltar and Malta for the protection of the Suez
Canal in case of necessity.
ALEXANDRIA. June 2l.-The Khedive has in
formed the Foreign Consus that ho Will hold a
grand reception on Monday next. tho anniversary
OF his accession 10 power
1t is reported that Egyptian troops are engaged
in the construction of carthWorks alOnghe coast be-
tween Ramlch and AbOukIT.
BUcHARrsr june 2l-Baron Ring. formerly
French Consul General IN Egypt, has gone TO Con-
stanuuope, it is supposed il connection with the
conference.
TUNIs. June 24.-Tho events occurring III Egypt
are rcawakcIing agitation among the Arabs III
luuis and Irpoil,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
TOREIGNNOTES.

LONDON. Saturday June "a 1882.
Al the sale to-day at Hamilton Palace the National
Gallery bought Leonardo d. Nncs Portrait U1 Cen
tlemau lor 500 guueaA
Madame Christine Nilsson hal signed contract WIN
Henry Abbey the theatrical manager FOR concf.t tour
IN America beginning in Boston in October or NOyem
Der next.
General Rehbndcr, Aide-de-Camp General to the
EMPEROR has appointed Dictator Of the Russian
Imperial Private Cabinet
The ST. Petersburg Nor0S says It has information that
the construction Of thirty gunbOats, costing seven
million rubcs, has been decided on.
The steamer Hope, which sailed from Grayesend on
June 22 for the Arctic in search of the Era landed her
plot at Cromer this morning and proceeded her
petition.
TORONTO, June PA formal presentation to the city
authorities was made to-day o. the free swimming baths
erected by Erastus Wman Of New York. native Of this
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
FRAGMENTS or WFSTERN NEWs.
MR.,vANDERBILT OF MS WAY HOME.

MRIvANDERBILT ~ MS WAY HOME.
Chicago, June 24.-William II. Vanderbilt
and his party here for New York this morning by the
way OF Detroit. They will make fast "trip, and reach
Neyy- York on Sunday morning.
KNIGHTS OF ST JOHN AT CLEVELAND
CLEVELAND, Ohio. June 24.-The fourth an
nua session OF lie Roman Catholic Union OF the Knights
of S. John began in the Cathedral here this morning
twenty-egnt out OF the thirty communicates III the
United States being represented
DEFAULTING TELLER HELD FOR TRIAL
ST. LOUIS, June 24.-0. L. Owen, the de-
faulting teller OF tho Third National Bank was held In
500 600 bail today John Tllery, brotherin-aw OF
owen believed, has been operatngn the interest OF
and for owen.
THE SUIT AGAINST ARCHBISHOP PURCELL
CINCINNATI June 24.-The argument was
ended to-day in Of the petition of the assignee of
Archbishop Purcell TO subject to sale church property
the title OF which is In the name OF Archbishop Purcell
The arguments in progress since May ~ The
main qsstiOn was the OF the title by which
the Archbishop held the church property.
AN ESCAPED CONVICT IDENTIFIED
MARSHALL, Mich. June 24.-liOrace Yates,
who ia held at the Jail in this city for burglary told fell
low prisoner that az time held in Sing Sing
prison had escaped. Yates proves TO be Frank Gil
ION sentenced for life term for murder committed III
Nnv- York City He escaped about four years ago.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
KU-KLUXISM IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
my TELEGRAPH TO THE TRIBUSBI


WASHINGTON, June PA copy of Greenoack
paper called The Reform Signal, published ao
Columbia S. Co. which has been received here con-
tains the following remarkable letter and still more
remarkable editorial on one feature of the South
Carolina registration:
EdOr &gndi | went 10 my box I'm Fishing CreeK on
May 2G with the intention Of registering was denlcu
the right the ground that had been kluk kux, con
victed In the United states Court want 10 know, mr.
Editor, where they get the law when 1t has been zen
years since was convicted. do not deny the charge
they put mp. did not plead guilty stood my trial.
Neither did inform others, as the OceseeKers no. lo
be good kll-klux once an honor. Our laHInahoi
II q disgrace-hat IL, II you do not thnk au
act they would have yOu do. suppose they lhtehd
10 rank with the Indian tribe. The radicals
Of CrenOn-ucVer attempted to dsirancDlsc me,
l.t the Democrats whom | served and went to prison
for, must to vote, yet say they DeheVe III
equal rights. have not got the rights the coloreo man
has. do the last Legislature Is the worst HI MIX
Khan that has ever been IN South Carolina. Ihey hdNo
both kukluXed the stock and people. nave Deeh ue-
cared an outlaw. have always voted the Democratic
Ticket believing In the principles has turned ou 10 20
houses. They have become rotten We want new one
Justice will then its power and such aWnaKcrS
have had and now have Will be forced out Yours
etc, WILLIAM LOWRY.
Smiths Turnout s. c.
The Editor of The Signal informs Mr. Lowry that
he cannot be disrachiSed except for certain crimes
specified in the Constitution, and with much force
and pcrtincnce remarks:
you are to be disfranchissd for having been Ku-
KluX. nearly every white man in South Carolina should
80 be disrauchsed for it be remembered tlat per
Aap every so-cacd Democrat in the who wa not
in the Union League was either ku-kluX or huNlA
synp thl3Cr, ana gave the organization ana ana chCOu
agCucut, ana IN principle, there ls no difference 90
KuKu1sn Is to be the test for voting, we may as well
ID
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
NCIDEYTs OF IRISH AGITATION.

LONDON, June 24.-Dunng the debate in the
House of Commons last night, Mr. lIeay member
for Wexford Borough made violent attack on Mr..
John Bright, describing him as political renegade.
Sir William Harcourt. Home Secretary, has
placed on the paper in the House Of Commons two
new clauses 10 the Repression BILL one providing
that no combination under the Trades Union act
shall be an offence under the bill, and the other
that nothing under the act shall render unlawful
any political or social association for such objects
and acting by such means as under the act and
otherwise are not unlawful.
Special police guarding the premises OF me
London Times, owing to the receipt Of threatening
letter purporting to come from fenian Associ-
alton.
ARNfAGH juno 24-Several hundred mcr marched
through the city to-day in military Order singing
rebel songs and execrating the Queen. lhey "eIo
aiterWard drilled.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
u1soys oBsERVlYG AN ANMVERSIRE

PHILADELPHIA, June 24.-The sesqui-cen-
epp of the founding Of Masonry in this State cele
brated to-day. There a parade on Broadst. com
nosed OF eight divisions, numbering i'll all 5000 men,
There were present many visiting lodges from this state
and from the grand lodges of NewJer
srv Maryland, Connecticut. Rhode Island Delaware
Ohio and the District Of Columbia. While the process
sion under General Harrsnf was marching ont Broad
st the Grand Lodge went into session IN the Temple
After the opening Samuel b. Dick Grand Master, made
an address stating the purpose of the ceremonies OF the
Iav The ceremonies at the Academy OF Music were
nnened with PRAYER. Grand Master samuel II. Dick de
liyerpd au address Of welcome and Governor HOIt, oil
Pennsylyania spoke on Masonry and It's relations to
IN ont world" Other addresses also made. and
tbe intervals were occupied BY chorus 0t male voices
and a cautata Z" ~ the Sons OF Art
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
ADVANCE IN COIL PRICES.

PHILADELPHIA, June PA general adj
vance was made in the prices of coal for Eastern ship
ments by the Philadelphia aud Reading Coal and Iron
Company today For har0 white ash there is IN
crease OF 10 lump, steamboat and chestnut and
OF cents on broken egg and sove the prices OF pea
being unchanged. The figures for coal delivered on
board vessels Port Richmond Lump and steam
boat 81 50; broken egg and stove, 81 chestnut 50 so;
pea - 80; and al EhZabcthpJrtt lump and seam0oat
s. broken egs and stove 81 80; chestnut II 15 and
pea, 50 10.
The price Of BroOLsdc coal il advanced - cents for
hr0ke1 and 30 cents for cg stove and chestnut u Il
thought that the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad
Company viii raise its tolls 10 cents
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
IRISH VIEW OF THE IRISH CRISIS
THE CASE AGAIgST ENGLAND.
BY JUSTIN MCCARTHY, ". p.


justin Mccarthy, esq, Member of Pariamene
for County Longford furnishes TO THE TRIB-
UNE herewith the closing paper of his series
on the Irish crisis from an Irish point or
view. He contends that the Home Rule party
under Mr.. Parnelrs leadership have forced the
grievances of the island upon the attention OF
Parliament and that this fact justifies the OBJ
struction tactics and the Irish policy in gem
eral lie believes that the land question viii
be settled by fair process of State lnterven'
ton and purchase, and that Home Rule Is noe
far off. By Home Rule he means as much
legislative independence as IS enjoyed Dy
every State in the American Union. This Is
significant comparison, as the States are rep
resented in the National Congress. Under
Home Rule Ireland would have Legislature
of its own, and yet form part of the Imperial
system and be represented at Westminster as
at present.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25

YOU last Saturday, Alr Stetsons proposals
having in the meantime been dechneu'
Mr.. Abbey undertakes to engage the
best London company procurable, and to open IN
New-York either in the Germania or Fifth Avenue
Theatre at tho end of October Mrs. Langtry Is
Dlaying this week at Bradford with her usual sue
cess. Her provincial engagements continue TIL the
end of July, and short London season will prob
ably follow. w. $.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
NTFRNATTOYAL AOUA1ICS.

LONDON June 24-The lIillsdale crew are staying
at Hammersmith They have accepted an invita-
tion of the North London Rowing Club 10 use their
boat-housc. The Hillsdalcs took a short spin on
the river yesterday. The crew will make its first
appearance at the MARROW Regatta on July s.
BcIrs Lie says, as the other competing crews will
be faigucd from their races ut the Henley Regatta
the Hillslales should be able to carry al before
them.
A sailing match has been arranged between Mr.
Covers American centre-board boat Clean and n
boat which is being built at southampton for Pres
colt Weston. Ihe stakes are heavy. The race viii
probably be sailed during the first week III July on
The Soent. MIR Wcston's boat Is not designed for
racing but as the CLEAN has been unable % effect
match in England, Mr.. Weston has offered 10 try
his bOat agaInst her.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
NORTH CAROLLNAS DEBT.

RALEIGH, n. c., June 24.-The commits
soners appointed settle that part OF the State debt
known construction bonds for the Norh Carolina
Railroad have made terms with the holders OF about
81 100000 Of the bonds and the contract has been ap
proved by the Governor and Treasurer In conformity
to the Of Assembly the bondhoders surrendered $40
of accrued interest each bond and bond for the
face the old one running forty years At per
cent with an existing lien the States stock IN the
railroad. The holders Of more than Sl,OOOOOO or the
bonds are yet to he heard from
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
LEADING EUROPEAN QUESTIONS.
lDY CABLE TO TIE TRIBUNE.l


LONDON, June 24.-Thc Standards st. Petersburg
correspondent writes that Count Tolstoi, the ne"
Minister of the Interior, publishes in the OGc'dt
Gazette circular addressed to the provincial
authorities declaring in most emphatic terms the
intention of making the local officials Immediately
responsible for any further outrages upon the Jews,
and openly accusing them of being in degree the
cause of the recent outbreak. The new Minister
has the character of man Of decision and energy,
and the tone of the circular fully corroborates this
opinion.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
MICHAEL DAVITT IN NEW-HATEN.

NEw-HAvEN, June 24.-Michaei Da witt adj
dressed large and enthusiastic meenting at the Grand
Opera House tonight. c. I. Driscou presided Mr..
Dayitt said there were differences between himself
and Mr. Parnel, aud gave a graphic description OF the
strgge In ireland. In concluding his address he said
thai on his America hoped O be abe 10
announce lsndlordsm had been erdcated lf0n ire
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
LIGHTING d FIRE WITA KEGOSENE.

ITHACA, n. Y, June 24.-Elizabeth DoX
tader age fourteen daughter Of william L. DoIiader
Of Trumansbure was fatally burned this morning "h
trying 10 start "a lire with Kerosene oil
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
SICKNESS AMONG LMuIGRANTS. p

PoTTsvILLE, Penn, June 24.-Within the last
few weeks thirty Hungarsns and Poles suffering from
seurvy IN its form. well as pneumonia, have
been admitted to the County Hospital The disease Is
ascubed o the almost exclusive Of salt meat by and
the uncoan h.blts uf the imported dbOrcrs about the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
TkLEGBAPHIC NOTES.
A MURDERER KILLED IN TEXAS.

NJ
LAREDO lex June 24-rhere was n desperate
encounter yesterday between Brown the murderer OF Dep
Ty Shern and few at station on the
International and Northern Railway called Cibeo.
Brown killed and TWO men wero wOundci-ono danger
Ousy
MURDERER RESISTING ARREST.
NEWTON, ~ j.. June 24,-Jsmes IreglIwn, the
murderer of Minnie Chergwin At Point Dram Morris
County last night lie found "a the house
of James McPeck a living near RoseNiue Byram
Towushp lie resisted and tried 20 his revolver
A SCHOONER LAUNCHED.
BATH, Me-, June 24.-NleSsrs. CosS, SAWYER 81
pacL Ard launched today the Maggie smith, 800
tons burden ,ho owned 10y Captain Ihevdore r. Ander
son who and other persons Of staten Island
~ Y
KILLED FOR HIS OPINIONS ABOUT BAsEBALL
uIIADYIPHIA June 24.-AndTew Armstrong was
heateu In store on saturday quarrel about
of baseball played the previous day. To-day he dIed
Charles SAWYER and Newton lamp mplaugh arrested
INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR ORPHAN GIRLS.
PHILADELPHIA June PA new charitable in
.ttuon OF Industrial home FOR orphan girls Il ~ he
tabi,hod here the provisions Of the will OF the late
Flea nor Long Whioh hi,d today in the once OF
the re gster wills Mrs Long VI s2O0OOO
tu establish the home
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
KILLED BY THE CARS.

LONG BRANCH Nj, juno 24.-Joseph
Chattle son Of Dr. Thomas G.. Chate, member of the
Board of Commissioners. fell from train at the East
Long Branch depot this evening, and over By
the cars. His recovery is doubtful.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
SAFETY or TIE STATE CAPITOL.

ALBANY, June 24-The Governor has ap-
pointed commission, consisting OF General Quincy 4.
Gilmore Of the United states Army; George b. Post,
Of New York and Professor Charles Babcock of Cornell
University 20 survey and examine the different parts OF
the new Capitol TO determine "a to its safety.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
FROM FOREIGN LANDS.
r>-,,v plot TO SEIZE DUBLIN.

FENIAN TLVA 70 .ll. l...,,-,.,, ,,o1rcv
,,,scoxrrxr WITH THE BRITISH EGYPTIAN Foilol Fo
ORGANIZING AGAINST THE LAND lEAD i,'II
CLAYTON. .BULwER TREATY-ART' DRAMATIC AM
SPORTING NOTES. e.n, its
The cable letter to The TRIBUNE from lS os
,eaplar correspondent says that signs 1l
discontent with the Government pohcy III
Ti9r T@rnt multiply. 1t is believed tna' Una:
serious attempt to seize Duon"
has been projected by the fenians; n;
Russian local officials are to DC u neiu
r"snonsible for any further outrases upon
News. A land corporation in the interest," G; Ii
Irish landlords has been formed % AI"o'
naoLo n,o saws that he will resist the inter-
ference of outside Powers III EsS p'l''T Tnr-
fairs to the death. The crop ouuooA /" A-9
land is not encouraging.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
SUPPOSED 70 NAVE TAKEN POISON

Teresa Burke. u young woman living
at No. III West fhrlythrdst went In
TO the drug store at No 400 Fourth-AYe
Isst eveuine and became insensiblr II believed
that taken poison The pouco had her removed
20 the Eew-YOrk Hospital.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
THE PALESTINE COMMANDERY.

BOsTON, June 24-PaleStine Commandery
Knights Tcmpar OF NewYork loft here for that city
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25

Nothing short of the fairest weather up to and
through the harvest can save us from reaping in
dismal dependency another of the long series of
deficient crops, over which farmers many years of
late. have mourned as if they were without hope"
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
Nrvop TOPICS IN THE HOUSE.

WAsHSGToN June 2l.-ln the House TO-
day a oil was pa,sed providing that the payment Ot
pensions to insane pensioners snail he made to ther
guardians and enabling the Commissioner OF Pensions
when lac shall proper, to pay pensions IN cash.
bill was pussed authorizing the eonst uclon o poh-
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
DROWNED IN THE PASSAIC RIVER.

William Elroy, deck hand on the barge
stevens this city, drowned in the Passaic River
at Newark last night. He single. age thlry-two.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25

tOon railway bridge across the Mississippi River M inc
mouth Of the Upper Iowa River JOINT reso was
passed to appropriate S60000 TO provide Tor 1encenc
in the appropriation for fees OF witnesses In United
States cOnrts.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
END ON TuE CHEss TOURNAMENT

VIENNA, juno 2t-Steinitz and Winawer, who
tied for the first place wtht wenty-four games each
in the International Chess Tournament, which
closed here. on Wednesday, played Oft to-day;
StcinItZ beat Winawcr The first aud second
prizes were divided between them, each receiving
Gl02,
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-06-25
TOPICS IN NLONDON.

1oxpoy. Jane 24.-Signs Of discomfort with 'n'
Government policy in Egypt multiply Inc pu''
.;or.o,orgers Of the House represent chiefly the
bondholAers who have become enraseo OS 'i,' :
f,n lin Egyptian securities, which touched '0'n
Lowest in Mondays panic. Mr.. Chapiins ou'ol''N
was inspired by partisan hostility. 1t Seco''1 o
,,n,or, from Sir Stafford Northcote. independently
Of All this the notion is slowly gaining gr0"na '''
,bo Government has acted without foresight OF
on.r,v Sir Charles Dnke's friends openly say
that he disapprovcs the policy of Earl Granville
,a,.5. rro,cpd. TO know what the conference
will decide: bat whatever it decides Tins Govern
,,ant will, iiuauy insist on Arab's expulsion
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1882-11-01
Battle With q Bear.

Montreal has a noted character called
Joe Beef, who keeps a saloon and eat
ing-houso for sailors and 'longshore-
men. lie has a bear pit under his
canteen on Common street. 1t extends
I'LL along under the house, and is
reigned over by big black bear, weigh
ing over four hundred pounds. There
are also a she bear and two compare
tive young cubs, which Joe reckons
among his domestic pets. One after
noon recently, while a colored preacher
was holding services in the "singing-
room," three American strangers came
to visit the place, and the trap door
was thrown open to show the bears.
While Joe went into the barroom, his
little boy, six years old, went too near
the edge and fell into the den. The old
bears were in a dark corner, but n Of
the cubs at once ran toward the child,
who had uttered afrightfulscream The
cook laid down on the floor, and, reach
ing down, caught hold Of the little fel-
low and raised him up. The she bear
had heard the child's cries, and, with Il
growl, rushed toward the trap door
and seized the child just as he WAS
being lifted up. The little fellow WAS
in an instant dragged into the den, N
circled by the claws of the she bear.
Joe, hearing the noise, came to the
door, and seeing his child as it Wcrein
the laws of death, did not hesitate for
a moment to think, hut lcapcd from the
floor to the pit, lighting on the head Of
one of the bears. lie managed ly {;
frantic effort to tear his child from the
savage monster and threw him behind.
In another instant he handed
the little fellow up among the almost
paralyzcd spectators. The mo-
mcnt the child was out of the pit the
she bear growled ficrccly and Sprang
on Joe, who had no arms to defend
himself. The savage brute seized him
by the right knee, throwing him on his
back. Her teeth were driven fully
half an inch into his flesh. He was
then completely at the mercy OF the
animal, whose tamcncss had dlsap-
pearcd, it being cnrag"l at having the
child taken away. Joe did not lose
presence of mind, but seized Il brick
which lay near him and struck the
bear on the nose with all his might.
The brute let go her hold and J""
quickly got on his feet. Joe WAS then
rescued from the pit, his legs Icing
covered with blood. The trousers
which he had on were torn to Sllrrls
and Ills stockings were saturated with
blood. The child had MT been in
iurcd at all beyond a slight scratch on
the head.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1882-11-01
National Harvest PepOrts.

The department Of agriculture at Washing
ton reports that tho average yield OF oats
will be somewhat higher than that OF last
year or in 1879, and tho product will DC
nearly rs large az that of wheat, probably
about u.s. 00, 600 bushels. The average yield
of rye is II 10 bushels, making Il crop OF
2O.WND,ND bushels. The indicated aver
ago Weld of barley is - bushels per
acre, ag;rcgatin: 4j,WO.OU bushels. Call
furnia, New York and Wisconsin together
produce more than hale, r 21,KN,WO bushels.
The product in 1S73 was ii,WD.UW. The
PROSPECT for buckwlleat is good for Il nearly
ayc"lgc product, ll,GO0,O TO 1?,W0,NU
bushels. The gcmcral average of The con-
ditiur of potatoes is 81. The returns lndl-
c,tc n rrnlallc Yield Of so bushels per acre
OH III ;.rca Of nearly 2,UuG,W0 acres.
Tic Yield per acre Of corn will be reported
in Nu"cu,l.cr. The condition averages 81,
being very high III the South and compara-
tiyc,v low in tho States Of tho largest pro-
Iuct;,n. Ii Illinois with S per cent do
crease of arra) the condition is only y, i'll
Iowa 20 and in Ohio 81. These three States
produced - per cent. of the crop o. 1879. A
careful comlarison Of changes in area and
condition indicates an average yield of %
bushels ucr acre, against % i'll in 1879 and IS
last y.lr. Tho average Of q series Of years
l., between 20 and ~ bushels. New England
vii! produce. according 10 the October re-
turn, 7,Ou),W@ to S,0Wn,000; the Middle
S;;tat"S. S2.Or0,CJO: the Southern States. 30
uU,H SO: tluac north OF Tennessee and west
of PENNSYLVANIA, 1,2O,GC0,0W, III aggregate
of 1850, 900, 0J0. Later returns may slightly
reduce but cannot materially increase ttus
estimate, M