davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1882-12-21
AQrirnltnral.


An Ohio farmer. writing 10 the Cc~aifs
Gs~scMam. tells how he srais stable ma
nure 10 re, The best results There IL No
one question Of quite 80 much importance
10 The farmer a. manure Tam al present
taking the snunal prodnct Of large livery
stable Ia town. aea as ! agree 10 remov,
i as fast a, made. haul moro or less ev
cry week ia the year. Bnl 10 doug this
am only doing As | would always like "a
do With manure made 10 nv o~n siablcs
| believe 10 getting the manure prompt.
and directly from the stable 10 the land
Two very important ends are thus an
svered, First ~e save all handling cx.
ecpi loading and loading and cleaning the
stable would have one aud the same OPP
Grafton - unloading and spreading. Sec
ond, we save the whole strength OF the
manure, thing not otherwise possible 10
be done without great labor and extensive
arrangements. do not speak for dairy
men or those who devote their lands most.
" 10 wheat These must have compost or
rotted manure for top-dres'ing. ] do not
believe much in exclusive dairying or
wheat raising. Asa rule would devote
the stable manure TO cultivated crops.
When l have load Of manure | drive TO
the poorest knoll or ridge upon the farm
that has no crop upon II, saving those most
accessible for soft going. stop at the high.
est or poorest point. and unloading at one
stopping and on one side, throwing the
manure as far as can reach. one forkful
deep. LET the manure DO until l am
ready TO pillow, whether it some month or
six 10 spreading throw the manure up.
on the intermediate space between the
ridge aud the hollow as clean as ! can
with fork, leaving more OF less II it has
lain shorter time. The hollow needs no
manure. There is nothing like q heavy
mulching OF manure for these poor spots.
and il is not the best to pillow under much
manure, for il sandy or gravely they are
liable 10 leach. II the land is level or un.
form in richness. would spread direct
from the wagon. While We must have
stable manure for poor spots, and little
bone meal to fill in, believe the farmers
best fertilizer is clover. This should in
yariably be one crop Of short rotation. l
have about ten acres Of muck, and while l
do not propose to mine much of it, except
in the way Of ditching, las / regard one
acre Of this land worth several acres OF or.
binary land for cropping) | see no reason
for the extra labor of composing. The
muck, after it is summed and frozen enough
Is good enough to draw directly to the
land. am not able to see that so much
manipulation OF MANURE is necessity.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1882-12-21

Makes 10 order all styles Of light aud
heavy harness, also keeps for sale other
goods preisin,ng to the trade. Give him
. call sam
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1882-12-21
Sample Copies Sent Free.

I'M FEASCIs. SON 4 Co.
Publishers Troy Daily and Weekly Times
TRoY,'S. Y.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1882-12-21

The TROY WEEKLY TIMES has no 81
perior As carefully edited. enterpris-
and popular newspaper
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1882-12-21
HOW WATCHES ARE MADE.

I, gill ts apparent 10 any oas. Who ~ill
cssnine Soizp 0oLp WaScn. thai ssids
from the necessary thickness for engtas.
ing and polishing. large portion q The
prccions metal psei. 10 needed only "a
ssiacn and hold the engraved portions in
place. and supply the necessary solldi,y
aud strength The satplns geld Is actual
ly neVllss vi FAR ~ v-IhFrr sDd l-rsuty are
concerned In JAMES btlSs' PATENT
GOLD WATCH CASES. this WASTE ol
prrcloas metal Is overcome. and the sAal
soLlpur aSp STRENGTH produced ~ from
one. third 10 use halt VI ihs usual coat vi
salid eases. Thk pr,ee~s u 81 thc mo.i
simple nature, A. follows; plate ~ nickle
composition meisl, especial, adapted 10
tho purpose. has tso plates Of soIfn e.a.p
soldcrcd QUE ou each side Tho thrrs arr
then passed betseen polished steel rollers,
and the result is strip heavy plated
composition, from which the cases, backs,
centres, b~xels. ae., are cut and shaped by
suitable dies and formers. The gold IN
these are sufficiently thick to admit Of all
kinds OF chasing, engraving and enamel.
ing; the engraved cases have been carried
until worn perfectly smooth by time aud
use without removing the gold
THIS IS THE ONLY CASE MADE
WITH TWO PLATES OF SOLID GOLD
AND WARRANTED By SPECIAL GER
TIFICATE.
For sale by all Jewellers. Ask for Illus
trated Catalogue. and 10 see warrant,
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
Scientific ScEnteltatiO.lS,

Ihe government surveyor of jamaica re-
ports that there are at present 500, 900 acres
of timber producing land in the island;
that out OF this thore might DO cut each yenr,
without PERMANENT injury, 400 feet to the
acrc--say 32O, ,O00, ,O00-~as an annual timber
supply; and Tint, ont Of this large quantity
only about 2,50O,0o nre actually cut for
building purposes every year.
The Dutch are sending out pioneer ex-
petitions into high latitudes year after year
for tho purpose of ascertaining the move
ments of the ice and othcr particulars very
necessary 10 be known before going to tho
expense Of equipping costly vessel or two
which might prove costly failUre. They
are the only people who are pursuing arctic
research in sane and scientific spirit.
The surface of cast iron may be softened
for turning or planning by immersion for
twenty four hours in a solution of one part
of nitric acid to four of water.
Glycerine, to which few drops Of alco-
hol have seen added, is ali excellent appl;-
cation for oilstones on which fine instru
ments are to be sharpened.
Parafiue is found to be an efficient
means protecting wood against damp.
acids, and alkalies. The wood is first we'll
dried, and then covered with solution Of
one part OF the melted paraf3iao in six
parts Of petroleum, ether, or bisu'phide of
carbon; the solvents ovaporate quickly,
leaving the paraffines in the pores of the
wood. bpecial care, however is said to be
necessary i'll the use Of this preparation,
because paraffine, as we'll as petroleum eth
er. OF. bisulphide of carbon is peculiarly
inilammable-even the vapor of the two last
mentioned substances. if mixed with air,
may give rise to explosions. 1t is only
necessary 10 exercise reasonable caut on,
however, to insure safety.
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
5, Wages in Russia

A correspondent Of; the London Times.
writing from, the black lands, of Russia
about the scarcity Of laborEin that region.
says that the 'laborer's ordinary wages are
from forty to fifty, copecks twenty five to
thirty cents) daily; but at 'harvest time. or
when the field is to be dug for beet root.
the landlord finds it extremely difficult to
procure laborers even at two or three rublee
a Gay, and he declares he would rather nav
that high wages to one efficient laborer than
to four such lazy hounds. as 'ho can muster
In the neighborhood. OF the northern
peasants, reported to, ,bo' yearly dockinR
from their Comparatively barren lands to
these fertile southern fields, hardly anv
make their Appearance, except carpenters
and other mechanics, who, however useful
IN their several capacities, are of no avail
whatever as field hands. The! distress for
reapers and plowmen have waxed so great
that the government has had to come to tho
the landowners rescue by allowing the sol.
dlers quartered in the garrisons to lend
their hands at tho rate Of one rublb daily for
each han, their employer having to feast
and entertain the! officers in the sbareain.
But, although as many as so, 900 men from
the ranks have been told of in the province
OF Padolia alone to make themselves use{ul
on better ground than the battlefield. tho
supply s. OF lab'r is still wholly inadequate to
0~~As'ANs
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
Elegance at Home.

mover saw garment too fine for man
or maid; there never was chair too good
for cobbler or cooper, or king to sit in
it; never houEa too fine to shelter tho
human head. These elements about us,
the glorious sky, the imperial sun, are not
too good for the human race. Elegance fits
man. But do VIC not value these tools for
the ho,,sexeeping>a little more than they
are worth, and sometimes mortgage house
for The mahogany wo would bring into it?
l had rather eat my dinner Off the head Of
q barrel, or dress after the fashion Of John
the. Baptist in the wilderness, or sit on
block all my life, than consume all myself
before got to home, aud take so much
pains with the outside when the inside was
as hollow as an amply nut. Beauty is
great thing, but beauty of garment, house
and furniture are tawdry ornaments com.
pared with domestic love. All the elegance
in the world will not make a home, and I
would give moro for u spoonful of real,
heatty love than for whole shiploads Of
furniture, and all the goreecusness that all
the upholsterers in the world could
gather.-Dr. Holmes.
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
FORTUNES OF THE BARlNGS.

The brothers Whom Cardinal Rlcho2Ien
Called One Of Six Powers of Europe.
From the London Society.
. The Barings have been among the most
famous OF English bankers. They are Of
German stock. There is kind of ecclesi-
astical flavor about them. Their English
founder was Bremen pastor, who settled
IN this country. His grandson married the
niece of an English archbishop. One Of
bis descendants became bishop Of Durham.
The money was originally made in the rich.
profitable clothing business in the west Of
England. Ashburton gave title in the
peerage to the chief of the house of Barring.
1t has been rule in the house that when
any one Of them has got title he goes out
Of the business. Sir Francis Barring.
the 6rst great banker, who, dving
in 1910, left fortune Of $4,000.
GOO. had =, three sons-Thomas.
Alexander and Henry. Thomas succeed.
ing to the baronetcy, gave up the business.
Henry had. rather romantic reputation az
a lucky gambler, who was frequently able
to break tho bank ola gaming table. He
was the: amazement of beholders when he
weula sit down at q gaming table at the
Palais Royal-before such tables were hap
plIy aboiished--with Eiles Of gold and note
De1ole MIN. Inc reputQtlOn Ola successful
gambler was hardly suited to the intense
respectability of the firm. and Mr.. Henry
was induced to retire from the business.
Alexander Barring, often known as "Alex-
ander the Great" sustained and extended
the fortune Of the house. ,Ho. went to
America, and there, the richest banker in
England, married the daughter of tho rioh-
est citizen J.. OF tho United States.
Ono Of his magnificent transac-
tions possess historical importance. After
the conclusion Of the great European war
he paid down sum of Gl, 200, 900. bv
which France was freed from the occupa.
tion Of Russian, Austrian and German
armies. There are six great powers in
Europe" said the Due de Richelieu-
England, France, Russia. Austria Prussia.
and Barring Brothers" In 1886 he was
made Lord Ashburton. Two Of his gons
held the title, and each successfully retired
from the business. The head of the firm.
Thomas Barring, became chancellor of tho
exchequer in Lord Melbournc's ministry.
and another member, Lord Northbrook,
has been governor general Of India. =
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
Making Beef Tea.
From the Christian Union,

Very savory beef tea, suitable for con-
valescent, may be made in the following
manner: Take two ounces of butter: pu:
it in frying pan or spider over clear fire;
when it is melted throw in two small onions
shredded finely: stir them until they are II
nice brown. Have ready one pound of lean
beef cut into pieces the size of a dice: put
it in the pan, and let it brown also. Turn
the contents of the spider into saucepan;
add ono quart of cold water, and let it sim
mer until reduced to pint. Strain it be-
fore using. The pure juice may be extract
ed from the beef in two ways: First, by
cutting the meat into small pieces, putting
them in tightly corked bottle, immersing
it in hotwater, and boiling for several hours.
Second, by taking thick piece of juicy
steak, broilinQ it on gridiron over clear
fire for few minutes, then cutting it in
strips and pressing it in lemon squeezer.
The juice thus obtained may be given
either cold or hot. 1t may be frozen, broken
into Jumps, and given like cracked ice. A
little salt should be added before using.
An invalid who is tired of beef tea will
sometimes drink it cold or iced with great
relish. Enough isinglass OF gelatine may
be added to make jelly.
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
Sugar. Cured Hams:

q The hams should be, allowed to become
perfectly cold. Then rub we'll with com-
mon salt and leave ina wooden cask for
three or four day, turning each days. For
hams weighing from 13 to l6 pounds, allow
for each half pound Of, salt, half \ pound
OF moiet brown sugar. an ounce of powdered
saltpetsr and q teaspoonfal Of cayenne pep
PER: Take the hams out Of the cask and
throw away the brine. Rub first with the
saltpeter. then the salt, sugar and peppor
do this thoroughly, Return to the essk
1t should have been washed): keen slwavs n
covered with salt and turn every day. Al
ter ! few days pour over pint Of good ci
der vinegar Tor each, ham. ELeave III this
brine a month, turning often. Then take
o.rt, drain, hang ia dry place and smoke
or not ut pleasufe. r't: ~;
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
How to Test EiOur,

: The following rules to test good -four are
given by an old dealer: First, look at its
color. # it is white, with slightly yellow
or straw-colored tint, it is good sign. If
it is very white, with blush cast or with
small black specks in it the -four is not
good. Second. examine its adhesiveness.
Wet and; knead little between the fingers;
it It works dry and elastic, tits good;if it
works soft and sticky. it is poor. Flour
Third, throw little lump Of dry -four
againeta dry, smooth, Perpendicular sur
face; II it adheres in lump, the -four has
life in it; if it falls like powder, it is bad.
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
The ItlteDess Of Girls,

The great mistake that many of our girls
ore making. and their mothers arc either
encouraging or allowing them to make. is
that Of spending their time out Of school
in idleness or in frivolous amusement, do
ing no work to speak Of, and learning moth.
ing Of the practical duties and serious cares
Of life. It is not only in the wealthier
families that girls arc growing up indolent
and unpraeti cd in household work: in
deed, think more attention is paid to the
industrial training Of g!lls in the wealthier
families than in the families Of mechanics
and people Of moderate circumstances
where the mothers are compelled to work
hard all the while. "Wi'hin the | ut week. !"
says one Of my correspondents, Il have
heard two mothers, worthy women iu most
respects, say, the first, that her daughter
never did any sweeping." Why, if she
wants to say to her companions, I never
:wept room in my life, and takes COM
fort in it, let her say it: and yet :'ls mother
ID sorro~ing over the shortcomings Of that
very daughter. The other said
she would not let her daughter do
anything in the kitchen. Poor, deluded
woman! She did it herself instead. The
habits Of indo|ence nnd Of heIp.essness; !;
that are thus formed arc not the greatest
EsA10 AVoUAeAAS5 AAosA thlS btss PtuCllCcS lu0
seltishness that it fosters is tha worst thing
abont it. How devoid Of conscience, how
lacking in true sense of tenderness, or
even Of justice. IL girl must be who will thus
consent to devote all her time out cf
school to pleasuring, while her mother is
bearing all the heavy burdens cf the
household! And the foolish way in which
mothers themselves sometimes talk about
this. even in the presence of their chill
dren. is mischievo0s in the extreme. "Oh,
Hattie is SO absorbed with her books, or her
crayons, or her embroidery that she takes
no interest in the household matters and I
DO not likc to call upon her" As if the
daughter belonged to superior order of
beings and must not soil her hands or luftie
her temper with necessary honsework.
The mother is the drudge; the daughter is a
fine lady for whom she tolls. No mother
who suffers such state of things can pro-
serve the respect of her daughter-and
the respect Of hor daughter no mother
can afford to lose. The result of this is to
form i'll the minds Of many gifted girls not
only distaste for labor, but con-
tempt for it and purpose to avoid it
as long as they can live by some means
or other.
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09

~ - "A Tsfttf:T:i'
IA New: York correspondent the. Gin
cinnati Gazette names twelty-pne Million
aires wEo have died in thatcity within the
last few years: leaving prope rty worth in
the aggregate $3.50. .000, 900, An long them:
we're the elder Vanderbilt ". Astor;; A. B
I. Stewart, the Goelets, james Brown.
Charles Morgan, David Jonea. John Len.
nox and Webster Wagner
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
Free Bouquets for Congressman.
Washington lotter in the Cincinnati Comm

. The Botanical garden;has curious his:
tory. It has grown up with very little help
from the law. When the Wilkes exploring
expedition returned to the United States
about forty years ago 1t brought back from
the South; Pacific certain rare specimens of
fora Of those regions and congress- appro-
priated 81, 200 to have them properly cared
for, and ASA report Of the expedition was to
be published under the direction of the
committe o on library the Ecarv of the botan-
10 specimens was placed under its super
vision. OF course the thing grow, till
now the Botanic ga,den is an "institation"
which costs about SIS, 900 yeer and upon
which. first and last, nearly $500, 1000 Of
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
SONGS. One Cen Cent Each

! 1e1 Kiss he: Kiss ToEr Darling.
!.3 a Flower from Mothers Grave.
12i The Cid Log Cabin On the Hiu.
12o Coming Th.o' the Eyo,
1"l Must We, Then. Toet as StrI aCcrs
1@3 Tho r!ss Hchin,. the li1Jr-
lao III tscEeMbcr You, Love, in Ny
14i Ion May Lock, hut Musn'; Touch.
l59 There's Always L. Seat in the Par
lcr fnr You.
l52 Two no Mother Now, I'm Weeping
1"s Massa's ~ do Gold, Gold G..;.;ri.
Is, Say Kind Word Whey Tnu Can.
l65 Garnet Sing .no CD Songs.
t1hG q N1rah O'Ncal.
s3 1s 3Is n;Is ia aY rnMaA noE1nS Z; fsT xhS The.
80 I'm Lonely Since NJ. Eothcc Died
LIZ Icnt:nG on the OIL Camp Grcu,.d-
TG Doc't 1ou Go, Tnamy, Don't Gu.
1870 Willie, We have Missed You.
la2 Over tho Hills to the Poor Eouse.
I, ls5 Don't DO Angry wi:h Nc, Darling.
19l Filtration !thc Fan.
13f Why did She Leave Elm? (other.
1o6 Tlau Hast Learned to Lcvo An
oj3 There's None Like Mother.
cDi You Were False. bnt I'll Forgive.
30 WHISPER Softly. Mothers Dying.
ell VIII You Love 10, When I'm Old.
geo AEnic Laurie.
s22 S.lernGu's March to tho Sea.
o.: Come. Birdie, Gone.
ten Of these songs for 10 cents m,
u the nh""o 1ro Ann!rcl songs, poat.;,
ng5 5T &rNBE"S only. Send ono or /;
WORLD fHAMUF'G CO.,
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09

New. quick, complete cure 4 days, Urinary a!.
tections, slnarting, frequent or difficult urina-
ton, kidney diseases. 81. druggists. Prepaid
by express. $l.25. e. s. Wells, Jersey City,
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
NeX1lle New ARAin,1

Mrs. WIN. ID. RYcKMAN, st. iOatharines,
Ont, says: ."R. V. Pierce, Buffalo,:N. Y.
have used your 'Favorite Prescription
Golden Medical Discovery, and Pheasant
sPurgntive Pellets, for the hstthree months
and find myself :(rhat shall i IYsay) )-..8ede
s'e,r again are the only words that express
it. 1 was reduced to q skeleton, coaid not,
walk across the floor without fainting, could
keep nothing in the shaperof food on my
stomach. Myself and friends had given up
all hope, my immediate death seemed cer-
tain. I now live Ito tile surprise of every
body and anl able to do my own work."
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09

ED1SEURG, Ills. Dec. Is, 1881.
Wo recommend Pso's Cure to all our custom
ers, and, in fact warrant every bottle; and are
glad to cay it Sivss cntiro satisfaction. We
think it the bes: cough remedy in tho market
DROWNEACK Bios
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
Voice orthe Pesople.

vUlco ~ CHc CVPlce :-s~-. -rs-~e
Il. v. PIrRoB. II. o. Buffalo, IN. Y.:,sa. !.
I had "a serious .disease Of the lungs. and
was tor Q time confined to my bed aud un-
der the care 81 q physician. His prescrip-
tions did not help me. 81 grew vofse;
coughing : very severely. Il. commenced
taking ysur Golden Medical Discovery" 1"
and it curod me-. Yours Respectfully. ..-
<>''' JUD1Tu BURNETT, Hillside; Mioi.a
Morphio- mania is the new nanie physsi-
clans give to a new vicc due to the use of,
the hypodermio. syringe. In England as
we'll % in this country the habit counts its
victims by tens Of thousands-anl mostly
women Il .',f@D'. .-,}.:!i adUUG ! iu",l. :,
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09

rt,HE OLDEST MEDICINE IN THE WORLD IA
1 probably Dr. ISAAC TllOhIPSON'S CELEBRATED
EYE WATER. This article Is carefully prepared
pkysician's prescription and has been In constant
many other prerarations that have been introduced
into the market the sale Of this article is constantly
never fall. We particularly invite tho attention oi
physicians 10 iA merits.
JOHN I. THOMPSON. Sons & CO..
Trnr. ~. v
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
1lU-
BE S0nSilDle. :

You have allowed your bowels to become
habitually costive, your liver has become
torpid, the same thing ails your kidneys,
and you are just used up. Now be. sensible
get package Of kidney Wort. take it faith
fully and soon you will forget you've got
any such organs, for you will be we'll man.
-Albu9su Ay1us >. -
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
-- =
IN rD, nAx..,S FH.Sof

The Votxic Belt Co., MARSHALL, Mich, will
eend their Electric Voltaic Belts and other
Electric app!isnces on trial for thirty days to
any person afflicted with Nervous Debility, Lost
Vitality, and kinArol troubles, guaranteeing
complete restoration of igor and manhood
Address as above without dulAy.
F. $40 risk j., Incurred as thirty days
trial ia al!1we,l
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
"Euc!Itlt,aj(ja''

Never let IL Geld run. Take it in time All
that is necessary IS to procure bottle OF .'Sel-
lers' Cough Syrup, and be cursd
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09

Miss Julia jackson, the only child Of the
rebel General Stonewall jackson, is re-
ported to be engaged to Mr. Frank Baker,
q wealthy young Baltimoreon.t :. -;
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
Don't Die in the House.

Ask druggists for ''ioush on Rats" 1t cloars
out rats, mice, bed-hugs, reaches, vermn, flies,
ants, insscts, l5c. per box
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
I Baby Mine.

bdDy IiNC.
Tho Old Cabin Homo.
The Little Ones at Home,
ia Sec That Ny Graves Kept Green.
Is GraEdfa.her'B Clock.
is Where Was N oscs when the Light
81 81 Sweet Gy and cy. l"ent Out.
81 When you ami wero Young
8G When ! Saw Sweet f;enic Home. =,
4s Take this Letter to Ny Mother.
80 4 Model Love Letter,-comic
63 Wifc's and,acnts.-cb,nlc.
81 Husbands Csmman.!,neiats.;
&c Littlo Old Log Cabin In the T.anc.
6S Marching Through Georgia.
60 Widow In the Cottage by tho SEQ.
G5 Tho Minstrel Boy. -
20 Take Back tho Heart.
52 The Fallotl Goat Of Elue. Might,
= ny Old Kentucky Home. Good
81 III i,e au Smiles to Might Love. :
&c Listen to thc MuckinS E!r,f
O3 Her Bright Smilo liaInes Mo Still
- Sunday Night Wtea Tho rarIor's
IS The Gypsy.s Warning. -, ,tFuil.
1o2 'Tis But a Little Faded Flower.
io+ Tho Girl LEI, behind Nc.
Jos Littfc Buttorcu2.
loJ Garry, No BACK to O,d virs,cny. =.
lIa The Old Man' y Drum. Again. r
ZIG Am Waiting, Ess;c Dear.
'll0 Tako no Back to Home l. Mother
120 Come, Sit by My Side, Darling.
~ we WIN send b nail, pcstpa,n, an
Fifty for as cents. Or We will send
not send less than ton songs. Order :
Catalogue Free. AeHtiGu snis pG..e..
The Worthington advance., 1882-02-09
.'.Hello1 Old Sport! What is the matter

''Hellos Old Sport! What is the matter with
you?' ''Oh, am all broke up; Ihave got a
pain in my back and side" ''Your liver and
kidneys arc affected, the next thing you know
YOU will have DriGht's disease of the Kidneys
Go to the drC- store en'l Set yourself few bot
tles of Dr. Knliitlay's Blood Purifier" SIS it
any accoant:' ''Y3u t,et! II is the Boey Of
bn R,,u,n