davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1882-12-07
RAILRoAp collMIssIoNEn,s nEpoRr.

The commissioner of the Pacific rail-
roads in his report of the finaacial con-
dition of the Union Pacific railroad
during the fiscal year ended June Both
last, shows that the gross earnings were
$24,094, 625 against ga, 765, 752 during
the fiscal year ending June 80, 1881. In
round numbers the operating expenses
during the year were $12 600, 600; inter-
est paid, 5000, 900; dividends paid, 81
100000.
A TOUCHING INCIDENT IN THE JEAN.
The Emporia weekly news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1881-1889, 1882-12-07
SETTLING THE GARFIELD BILLS

The claims allowed by the Garfield
board of audit to-day, are as follows =
Professional services, Bliss. SO $500; Ag-
new and Hamilton 5000 each; Rey.
burn and Boyntnn, $4,000 each; Edison,
$4,000. The bills for services and sup
plies were ali settled. as were also the
bills for extra services Of government
employees, the steward, Crump, being al
lowed but $500. The total approprIa,
tion to pay the claims against the estate
WIS $57.5OO, of which $35. 500 was SPEC
tally appropriated for physicians, etc,
S., 600 less than the amount apprOpriat-
ed aud the allowances for outside aid.
balance of about $40, 900 out of the en-
s5ro REORGANIZATION r-'--
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
THE SINKING FUND.

No man, not even the most pronounc
ed partisan Dem ocrat, will deny that The
destruction Of the State sinking fund
by successive Democratic Legislatures,
has been done in direct violation of the
nnniStakable provisions of the constitu
ton Of 1867. That constitution was
framed by convention in which ever,
member was a Democrat, and it LAID
down in the most definite terms the or
ganic law that loan taxes should be lev
ed and diverted solely for the paymen'
of interest on the obligations of tn,
state and their redemption at maturity
Every comptroller and treasurer has SCI
the law ut defiance, and has placed thu
warrants Of the legislature above tn,
Constitution of Maryla land. In view OF
these facts the Baltimore 1mertc0n yer,
pertinently remarks that: "If Goverun.
hamilton accepts the conclusions of tn
Democratic report, he will promptly It
move Comptroller Heating from Office
If he wants further justification 10.
teaching Mr. Heating a wholesome les
son, he can find it in the report of the
Republican minority
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
Local Option and Prohibition.

a the session Of the Maryland Legis
lature just closed seven counties obtained
local option laws to vote on prohibition
of the sale Of liquor, and direct prohibit
has been ordered i'll a number of locali
ties. The act for Howard county pro
vldes for an election December }, 1882,
to determine whether spirituouS, fer
mented, or Intoxicating liquors or alec
hole btterS shall be sold. The vote is
to be by the district system: that is, each
district deciding its own case. If carried,
it goes into effect May LIST. 1888 The
Anne Arundel local option vote is not t."
be by districts, but by the entire county.
and takes place the first Monday in De.
cember. the law to go into effect May l.
the voters of the county.
For Queeu Anne's county. district Nos.
,. 3, and ) are to vote on the question on
November II. 1889. each district to de-
eide for itself, and the prohibition to go
into effect on May /, 1888, if the major
ity decide so. The Hartford county local
option vote is for the entire county. and
not on the district system. The election
is to be held April 10. 1889. and if local
option prevails. it goes into effect August
l. 1889; Worcester county districts /. ,
4, 6. : and vote on local option, each
independent of the others, on the first
Tuesday in April, 1883, the law to 60
into effect on May |, if carried by any or
all of the districts. The remaining dis
tricts of Dorchester also vote on local
option. Other laws not requiring votes
tn decide are for the local ontion couuty
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
IUDGECR UIKSHANK DISSENTS

The report of Judge Advocate Gen
" eral Swain. recommending that the yer
dict of the Court Martial in the case of
= Sergeant Mason be set aside, was con-
" Sidered at the session of the Cabinet,
- March 2Sth. In his report Gen. Swain
"details the facts i'll regard to shooting,
" and the subsequent proceedings of the
~ court MARTIAL and after carefully re-
= viewing the evidence, shows, that Gui
''teau was in absolute security from any
effort MasoI. might make to shoot him,
and that Mason fired partly at random.
" Gen. Swain argues that, where there is
= wanting ability to hurt in any way,
= there is generally no assault; that the
I" otiense is incomplete, and cites an Eng
- lish case, where it was held that ''shoot-
ing at another person does not taise
place when the other person. is not in
" the place shot at By this it is under
8 stood, that the other person " referred
ito, was not in the line of fire, and like
s. Guiteau, was i'll absolute security, from
" the shot, as much 50 as if he was one
''of the antipodes. AS the ability to
. commit the assault was both apparent
. ly and really wanting Gen. Swain is
''of the opinion, that there lis a material
s. variance. between the allegations and
" the proofs. and the conviction therefore
e" ought not to be sustained. "-Ef
To this decision Judge Cruikshank
takes exception and files in the columns
of The CccH D6mocrm of Saturday last.
his first dissenting opinion. GA maudln
clamor has sprung up" says the en-
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

Mr.. EpIToR:-The Democrat's CORE
spondent appears to be particularly I'M
fortunate when he attempts to report the
doings OF our Town Commissioners.
4 few weeks ago he gave them the
credit of ONE very stupid tinanciering
for the towns interest which they had
never contemplated $50 | am informed) :
but it gave him chance to show his
ability in figuring interest, which, on
account of his close relations to the pub
lie school, he was probably proud of.
Last week we sec by the Democrat
that he gives the ''same constituted au-
thority" the credit of having sent a COM
mittee to Annapolis to instruct the b. Il
O. officials where they should locate their
bridge across the Susquehanna river
which will. doubtless. make the officials
feel under everlasting obligations. --while
if your correspondent is correctly in
formed. they simply asked and obtained
clause in the Bill. that in case the
bridge was low enough to require Il draw
for the passage of vessels. that the said
company should be required to keep
tug boat to tow vessels through the said
draw. as is the case with the p W. Il
3. Railroad.
He also informs us that the same
constituted authority went on a L. 5.
steamer to our ancient capital to have a
law repealed in order that the flats might
be fenced-at least, place fence four
miles long. reaching nearly to Spesutia
Island. For what purpose our Town
Council want TO get out of their corpo-
rate limits. he saith not; nor does he say
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
B. B. B.

Our judicially inclined contemporary i,
outrivalling Tilden in his literary ans
newspaper bureau. He has subsidize'
the Press fearfully. First, the Risin,
stu J0urnaL led off, telling ever so bland
Is how MI. Cruikshank, had, after eve.
SO much persuasion by scores of influen
tial citizens, finally, and very reluctantly
consented to allow his name to be uset
as candidate for the Judgeship. MI
Constable must have enjoyed this read
ing hugely. Then with all the reckless
ness of mad bull in china shop, the
Champion let's fly his angry tail (tale) in
the Cecil CoHnty Nems. Done anonymous
ly of course, with the greater disregard
for responsibility of statement. Finally
the Eyery Etening, by public poster past
ed on the old engine house door, the front
entrance to the monumental building oc
cupied by the Elkton spouter, announced
Oh Wednesday, that it would retell the
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
TWO-CENT LETTER POSTAGE.

Sir Rowland Hill was the father OF
cheap postage in Eng and, and Congress
man John Hill. of New Jersey. is the
father of the bill which provides for the
reduction OF letter postage from three to
two cents in the United States He is
by no means the first man to suggest such
a change, for it has been urged by others,
but he deserves credit for his action in
bringing the matter before Congress. 1t
is the popular wish that this bill should
become a law. The experience of this
postage is profitable to the government
pecuniarily as well as in other ways.
When the postal card was introduced
there were many predictions that it would
seriously reduce the income of the gov
eminent from letter postage. but no such
result followed. although the demand for
postal cards has exceeded all expectations.
When letter postage was reduced to three
cents the number of letters and transient
articles other than newspapers carried
in the mails leaped to nine millions the
first year. an amount nine times as great
as that reported as the work of the Postal
Department during the preceding half
century Rowland Hill won in 1910 the
victory for which he had fought many
years, and the adoption OF penny postage
quadrupled correspondence in England
within three years. There is reason to
believe that the adoption OF the same
rate. that is, two cents, in this country
wonld result in almost as great an in
crease Of correspondence. The change
proposed by Congressman Hill is likely
to increase the income of the Postal De-
partment, but if it did not it should be
made. for to encourage the intercourse of
the people is to promote the prosperity of
the nation. Let Congress give us two
cent letter postage before end of the
present session.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
A Squlb 70. a Scrlbb!er Abou, the Jugde.
Snlp,

Mr. Edior.--In ridiculous piece of
nonsense. got off i'll Frazer new spapcr,
on Wednesday. | noticed that its writer,
either Mr.. Constable or his representa-
tive. indulgcS III an unwarrantabla fling
ut Il highly respected gentleman. 4 well
known and able lawyer of the Eikt"n bar,
VIM. J. Jones, ESD, whose name has
been mentioned frequently of late, as a
possible OF at least available candidate
for the Judgeship. There would" says
this puerile scribbler "be manifest i'm
propriety, shocking to good citizens of
both parties, in Mr.. Tome attempting to
fost his own attorney, Mr.. VIM. J. Jones
upon the bench
Let me. Mr.. Editor. ask this writar a
question pertinent to his impertinence.
Which gentleman would all good citizens
of Cecil county prefer for the Judgeship
of the Circuit court, Mr.. jones, I lawyer
OF long standing and practice at the bar.
who has a client i'll the person of the
leading business man of the county. and
one whose business transactions. extern
sive as they are, has only had i'll our
courts some three cases during the last
ten years. or Mr.. CrukShank, who If
elected to the bench, would be influenced
and controlled by Albert Constable. Who
figures in nearly every case On the tiuck-
ct, in which there is Il conting lit fee. |
say Mr.. Editor, unquestionably the form
er.
AN ANTI "BosS" CONSTABLE DEMOCRAT.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

and for whose political methods he has
had in the past so little respect, but is it
i'll any sense desirable to have the Judge
upon our Bench owe his elevation thereto
largely to a prominent practitioner at the
his place for political services rendered
him. and for which, in some one shape
or another, he knows full well. he will
be expected to render a consideration in
return?
We think not.
And yet this is just the position in
which our contemporary will have placed
himself, should he realize his otherwise
laudable ambition.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

The President on Thursday, nomi,
mated Senator Teller, of Colorado, to be
Secretary of the Interior; VIM. E. Chand.
Ter. of New Hampshire, Secretary of the
Navy: VIM. II. Hunt, now Secretary Of
the Navy, United States minister to Rus,
Sia; john J Knox, of Minnesota, comp.
trollcr of the currency. and Roland
" orthlngton collector Of customs for the
district of Boston and Charlestown, Mass
The Senate Immediately confirmed Nj
Teller. and the other nominations wer,
referred to committees in regular COURSE
of procedure.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

wondrous story. 1t storied as promised
with the Champions ear marks all over
the Delaware bantling. oh it was done
exquisitely brown.
Why shouldn't the General win. lie
has all that Tilden ever had Beauty. 4
bureau. and Barroll (bar'D:
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
NOTICE.

IN THE MATTER OF THE st ESTATE
OF THE ElkIbN GAS LIGHT COMPANY
In the Circuit Court Tor Cecil county. In Equity,
IN pursuance of an Order passed III
Il the ahovc-cntiticd cause. notice is hereby
gwen to the creditors ot the Elkton Gas Light
Company To file their claims. properly authentt-
Gated. with the Clerk of said Court. within SIXTY
days from the date Of the first publication OF this
notice, April sth lso2
HENRY NJ. McCULLOI GH.
April S-lm Special Auditor.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
THURSDAY. April Goth, 1882

nj o'clock =. NJ. all OF his THRESH1NG VI \
CHlNERG. consisting OF > Portable Engines d
and S-horse power made by John Best. LancaS-
ter. Pa: No. . and No. Westinghouse indie
pendent Grain ThrcShcrS: > No. Westinghouse
Combined Glover and Grain ThresnerS: | Smith
Power Cornshcller: > Water Tanks on wheels
Lot 81. inch Leather Betting: Tools. Tool Boxes.
Any person wanting any ui tie above kind OF
machinery will find ii to their advantage to attend
the sale. as it Is all III good order, and will posi-
lively he sold, as intend to quit the business.
IERMS-lU months. by note. with approved Sc
curlty. WIN Il. REFS Newark. Del.
l.. W. STiDHAM son. Auct. [april S-2wE
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
Given I'D bv Doctors

Is it possible that Mr.. Godfrey is up and
at work, and cured 10y So simple a remedy
g assure you ii is true that he is entirel y
cured, and with nothing but Hop Eitlcra
ana only ten days ago his doctors gave him
up aud said he must de-
"Well a-day. That is remarkable. | vii
90 this day and get some for my poor George
hops are good. '-.SaleD, Post.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

THE majority report of the committee
Of Ways and Means, having whitewash-
ed Comptroller Heating. we ask the at
tention of conservative Democrats to the
minority report of the same committee,
which they will find in another column
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

"WHEN publicly testified that l had
been cured of terrible skin humor by the
Cuticura Remedies, did so that others
might be cured, and do not regret the time
given to answering inquiries. Hon. WIN.
Taylor, Boston.
CATARPH.- Reiiefin five minutes in every
CaSe gratifying, wholesome relief beyond Il
money value. Cure begins from first appli-
cation, and is rapid, radical and permanent.
Ask for Sanford's Radical Cure. Complete
for 81.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

CRoTHERs to Cruikshank-'' If yor
will help US in the future. will pledg.
t:) Cell county to you for the Judgeship
This utterly reckless young man,
This recklessly utter young man:
This piping young Shouter,
This = Eighth district" spouter:
This too, too bourbon young man.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

WHEN you shy a brick in the middle
If a moonlight night, into ranktanker-
ous crew of crazy cats on your back roof,
You generally judge of the execution OF
the stroke, by the amount of "howl'
raised. Estimated by similar results, the
Wig did serious work last Saturday.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

CAssIUs VI. CLAY always had faculty
of using the wrong word in the right
place. He says, 1t is Tilden or defeat. y
when more careful writer would have
said, - 1t is Tilden and defeat"
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

are called. not imped" the passage of the
ice at low tide? and when the ride is
hlGn. VIII the lee not pass over any dt-
tector that is not EIgh-f than iuean tide :!
We believe that oar Town '"nnnis>iu"-
ers appreciate What their duty TO the
town Is. and would recommend tn the
correspondent. that If II is too much
tr"able for hIm /" get the correct facts
from them, that III draw ing on his lmaGi-
nation lie at least give them the credit
OF COMMON SENSE.
Port Deposit, -AprH jM.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

HON. JAMES II. PARTRIDGE was on
Wednesday nominated by the President
as minister plenipotentiary and envoy ex-
traordinary to Peru. lie is one Of Balti-
more's most distinguished citizens. and
has been identified with the diplomatic
service Of the government for the past
twenty years.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
On Thirty DAVIS Trial.

We will send DR.. Dyes Celebrated l1lec
tro- Foltaic Belts aud other Electric Appli-
apces ON trial fur thirty days to young mer
and older persons who are afflicted with
Nervous Debility, Lost Vitality, etc, guar
anteeing speedy relief and complete restar;l-
ton of vignr and manhood, Also for lthen.
matiSm, Neuralgia, Paralysis, Liver and
Kidney difficulties, Ruptures, and many
other diseases. Illustrated pamphlet sent
free. Address Noltaic Belt Co., Marshall,
Mich
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
NOTICE Of CO-PARTNERSHfP.

TNEIi:5 is to give notice. that George
L Evans OF Hartford county. and Benou Cool
ing. ot Cecil county. have formed COfartner-
ship for the purpose OF packing fruit ami rcgcta-
bleS, at Charestown, under the firm and name OF
Evans 4 Cooling. GEO. w. EVANS.
BENONI COOLING,
Charlestown, Feb. 5th, lss.-tf
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

They do say that the delegate from
f'Vinegar Hill has jumped the fence,
and had another spasm.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

GENTLEMAN who live in glass houses
don't see it, possibly the Champion will
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

This is the state of man. To-day he
pats forth the tender leaves of hope, to-
morrow blossoms,
And bears his blushing honors thick upon
him,
The third uay comes frost, a killing frost;
And, when he thinks, good easy man, full
surely
His greatness is a ripening-nips his root,
And then he fll Is"
Respectfully referred to the editor OF
The Cecil Democrat.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

PRESIDENT ARTHUR is wise in one
thing. He believes and trusts in old
friends that he has summered and win.
tered with
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

GENERAL, suppose they trade you off
in the end? Had you thought of that
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

MANY well-known people must be
amused, if not annoyed, by the efforts
Of busybodies to marry them. Presi-
dent Arthur is marked as the expectaut
groom of Philadelphia lady by news
paper of that city. although his name
has been repeatedly and futilely NELL
toned by The gossips in other connec-
lions.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

LOVE and meekness become church.
man better than ambition.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
QI't Qeti| 1l1hio.
ELKTON, APRIL 8, 1882.

THE Bargain is like Banquo's ghost, i
will not down.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
NOTICE.

TTNilE business heretofore conducted by
l. James A. Davis. at North East has bcc,l sold
out to ". W. Davis and J. G. Davis including
Stock. Book Accounts. Notes OF Hand etc: there
lore all parties indebted there will settle with the
above. j. A. DAVIS Y SON.
Port Deposit, Md, March g. 1852 Gmar lin
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
High Breed Calves for Sale,

I offer at Private Sale, six High Breed
l. Short-Iiorn HElFER CALVES. from six
months to year old, sired by = Dun Glenn
Prince VII. J. PRESTON.
Rock Springs Cecil county. Md. Tec. lit
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
CAME ADRIFT

A FIAT GILLlNG BOAT. The
IN owner is requested 10 come forward prove
property. pay CHARGES. and take il away.
J. +. DUHAMEI.L.
Mar lS-3w Earicyillc. Md.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
NOTICE 10 CREDITORS.
TRUSTEES SALE

pY virtue of decree Of the Orphans
DCourt OF Cecil county in Equity, the under
signed. Trustee. Will sell at Public Auction in
front OF VIM i. Richardson's store III the yiage
OF Charlestown
Monday, the 10Th dav of ADrii. 1890.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08
Samples and Catalogues by mail when requested
BUILDING LIME.
FOR RENT.

10y the hIShel. 4 lot of New York
- State EARLY ROSE POTATOES
Nicer ACkkN \ BRO.
MIR -. North East.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

rTHE STORE HOUSE. on Main a
street. Elktun. now occupied 10y y. :. -
RaInho. Possession given Immediately. L1l
Apply ia HARRY G. HJRN.
Feb .,i-.i
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

y ANTI "Boss' coNsTABLE DEMOCRAT
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1882-04-08

SUBSCRIPTION. Two DOLLARS YEAR, IN ADVANCE
SIX MONTHS, ONE DOLLAR. No SUBSCRIPTION WILL
RECEIVED FOR LESS THAN SIX MONTHS
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1882-01-19
OUR CLUBBING RATES.

New subscribers. and old subscribers
who pay mp and renew subscriptions, will
receive the DODGE CITY TINES and the
LEAvENwokTH WEEKLY TINES one year.
BY the payment of e. 90. The Weekly
TIMES is Q splendid newspaper. lately
enlarged and improved and under good
manaeement. We will furnish the DODGE
CITY TINES aud the KANsAs CITY CON-
MERCIAL INDICATOR. for one year. 81 so +.
The Commercial Indicator is . first class
live stock and commercial newspaper.
We will furnish the DODGE CITY TINES
and tho KANSAS FARMER, for one year at
a. 50. Tho Kansas Farmer is a large. 8
page paper devoted to the interests of the
stock raiser and farmer.
Under these terms subscribers receive
two newspapers for the price of one. This
offer will extend to all subscribers who
make payment this month. With these
liberal arrangements We hope to greatly
enlarge our subscription lists. We will
also furnish the above named newspapers
Dodge City Times. Leavenworth Times.
Indicator. Kansas Farmer-at
a rate much less than the regular subscrip>
tion prce-at 81 90 per year. Money NAV
be sent to us By draft. registered letter or
postoiiice order.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1882-01-19

favor Of Temperance, candidates kaown to Be
Of that stripe will add strength to the tick
&, but The drawing Of the prohibition line
BY convention would prove disastrous, and
for the reasons and BY the majorities given.
OF oourse, it would be Just - unwise for the
Republicans 70 nominate an anti-prohibi-
zionist a. such. Therefore, must We con-
denim the ideas and policy Of certain leading
papers in Kansas Who, BY their course, seem
70 court contest in which inevitable defeat
must follow.
Dodge City times. [volume] (Dodge City, Kan.) 1876-1892, 1882-01-19

New BLOOMFIELD, Mas, Jan. 2, 1880.
I wish to ssy to you that I have been suf-
fering for the Last Eve years with severe
itching all oves. have heard Of Hop Bit
ters and have tried it. have used up four
bottles, and il has done me more good than
all the doctors and medicines they could use
on or with me. ] am old and poor. but feel
to bless you for such reliefby your medi-
cine and from torment OF the doctors. /
have had fifteen doctors. One gave me seven
ounces of solution Of arsenic; another took
four quarts Of blood from me. All they
could tell was that i. was skin sickness.
Nov, after these four bottles Of your medi :
cine, my skin is we'll, clean, and smooth as
ever. HENRY KNOCHE-