davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1882-02-22
Strong Resolutions.
How the southern Dakota
Delegation Feel Towards
Gov. Ordv0y.

WASHINGTON, Feb. 1.-THE fol-
lowing resolutions were handed the
president were by the southern Da-
kota delegation yesterday:
Whereas, 1t is the earnest desire
of the people Of the territory Of Da-
kota residing south of the forty
sixth parallel that such part of said
territory should be formed into Il
state and admitted into the union;
and whereas, N. G. Ordway, the
present governor, has at sundry
times and in divers ways, through
se)f-sought press interviews, his an
nual report to the secretary Of the
interior and his letter to the presi-
dent of the Uniten States, represent
the people thereof as irresponsible
and the legislature as mercenary,
and that an alarming financial and
political condition exists therein;
and whereas, by such representations
the said Ordway has grossly defam-
ed the people Of the said territory,
and has greatly damaged the mate
rial interests Of the same, has left his
post of duty at the capitol of the ter
ritory to give his entire time and at
tention to opposing admission while
pretending to favor it; therefore
be it
Resolred, That we the delegates APP
pointed by the convention Of 500
members, representing all the old
counties comprising the proposed
new state Of Dakota, most urgently
and respectfully recommend his inn
mediate removal; and be it further
Res1red, That this delegation go as
q body to the psesident Of the Uni
ted States and ask for the removed
of the governor Of Dakota territory
as measure Of common justice to
the people Of said territory.
B. 7. Campbell, Chairman.
EUGENE HUNTINGTON, Secretary.
February Q, 1882.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1882-02-22
a sampson Of tho West.

Jonas Johns, or "Big Jonas,n Is
the Goliah Of this region, and some
Of the stories Of his strength and en-
durance sound fabulous. In 1858
he gained q national reputation by
walking from illinois to California,
pushing his provisions before him
in wheel-barrow. He was living
in Knox county, ILL.,, when the gold
fever swept over the country, and,
being in the early twcnties Of his
life, was fred with ambition to join
the Argonauts. He was iinperfectly
acquainted with English, and had
but $40 in cash, SO he walked across
Illinois and Iowa to Omaha, making
the distance in two weeks. There
he bought q wheel-borrow, and
laid in q stock Of provisions. With
those, on the 18th day Of April, he
pushed boldly out, and ninety days
thereafter he "landed" safely at tile
diggings, some fifty miles northeast
of Sacramento, the first successful
placer mines. Here he went to
work in the same independent way
he made the journey-alone- and
was successful. He was able to
earn from $40 to $40 per day, accor-
ding to the number Of hours he put
in. A year satisfied him, and with
a bag well filled with dust" he re-
turned, by way Of Panama and New
York, to his former home in Illinois.
His feats Of strength are no less
remarkable. About twenty years
ago he found COW in no uncom-
mon predicament in those days
mired in a slough. A team Of
horses, planted on firm ground, had
proved unable to draw her from the
mire, whereupon Jonas, laying
down some boards to give a good
footing, lifted her bodily out of the
swamp, and selling her by the horns
dragged her to firm ground. At an
other time his wagon loaded with
hay became mired down and the
horses allied to extricate it. Jonas
got impatient, and going to the rear
he raised the load and pushed it
forward to better ground, making a
lift which is moderately estimated
at not less than 1900 pounds, and
performed under unfavorable cir
cumstances. He is now hale, rud-
dy-faced man Of So years, located on
fine farm of 100 acres in Boone
and Hamilton counties, well stocked
and improved, besides being the for
tunate owner of two Others, 100 and
100 acres, respectively. He was
born in Sweden, was % years of age
when he came to America, and has
been a resident of this county for
twenty-three years. He stands six
feet two inches in his stockings, and
tips the beam at 245 pounds. A No.
IL boot accommodates his foot, and
his hand is that Of q giant.-Boone
Gu. } Sentinel.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1882-02-22

This is beyond question the
most successful Cough Medicine we
have ever cold, ! few doses invaria-
bly, cure the worst cases Of Cough,
Group and Bronchitis, while it's
wonderful success in the cure OF
Consumption is without a parallel
in the history Of medicine. Since
it's first discovery it has been sold
on : guarantee, q tcst which no 9th
CT medicine can stand. IF you
have 4 Cough we earnestly a. you
10 try it. Price 10 cts, SO cts, and
and e1.0O. Ifyour Lungs are sore,
Chest or Back lame, use Shiloh's
Porous Plaster. Sold by H. III.
Blair. Price so Ct.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1882-02-22

The old-fsshioned stories which
~ unhappy boys Of the laat gener-
alton read have been succeeded BY
the manly and fascinating criminal
novel. In the old story books it
was assumed that truthfulness, hon.
esty, indebtedness TO parents were
virtues, and that the Christian relig-
ion was not wholly devoid Of merit.
II these views were not directly or
indirectly taught in the juvenile lit
erature Of our fathers, at all events
they were never directly or indirect
" attacked. Boys could learn moth
ing from their story books except
preposterous platitudes, nothing that
vas Of any practical use Or that ten :
aded 70 develop manly or brilliant
traits. No such complaint can be
made Of the dime and halfdime
novels Of the original school which
are now read by all our boys, either
openly or secretly. In these de-
lightfnl stories new forms Of profan-
ity and slang are taught in the most
effective way. The pleasures Of
burglary and highway robbery, the
manliness Of gambling and fighting,
and the heroism Of successful lying
are set forth i'll what is regarded BY
youthful readers as glowing elo-
quence, while the great truths that
oil parents are tyrants, that all relig-
ious people are hypocrites, and that
disobedience TO fathers and teachers
is obedience to the nobler insticts of
juvenile nature are seduously taught.
Such stories as these develop all
that is manly and lawless in our
boys, and teach them lessons that
cannot fail to he Of immense service
to them in whatever criminal career
they may adopt. There few old
fashioned people who denounce the
new juvenile literature in unsparing
terms; but that nearly all fathers
approve Of it is self-evidcnt They
know that their boys are reading
novels illustrative of the excellence
Of crime, but they make no effort to
suppress that sort Of literature, as
they certainly would did they dis
approve Of it. Nothing would be
simpler than to drive those novels
out of existence. All that it would
be necessary to do would be to "Boy-
colt" the newsdealers who keep
them for sale. The truth evidently
is that fathers either do not care
what their boys read, or that they
haye no fault to find with slack
Harkaway" and the "Boy Burglars. !"
It cannot be that respectable gentle
men who dislike crime, profanity
and vulgarity, willfully refuse to
know what their boys are reading,
or weakly hope that by some happy
chance their reading will do them
no HARM"
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1882-02-22


Y, =. Is =, ssss =, =; - 3.
!lf u. u ~. IN ss'.sss :. !.
y; s|sss - nscls xslss m ia isa nArIrs
4 L. eeol u a1saonal PngeS.
s. ! s sa;.s' y /; ! -, =: 's'a''f
Nh nss newell ~ Mn. Burnett.
l1sssl "a 1sisistssiisa. !" ssofy. q
EluSl je1 Ok tho Louisiana Creoles.
III <5ss II. Co.., assbss " '.TAs 0rsndis-
II 4 ssslss ~ iflss'Eased papers. On
. - - ssasses ~ cfesls life n
y NpvSl 81 w b. Howells,
!;:s 20 - sssss.ss:l:s': ' ssss.'.. y u I
Ancient and Modern Sculpture.
.snSesesy ~ ArcsSxS scuLrTuas." 81 Mrs.:
ss1sstlnS ~ psslisbs6 II shs Mssssrpieces
s.ssss ssss M , :sd s
ri oeo8SsUas ~ AADnscA. = fully illassratsd
TIA Opera III New York, by
..s.:s.: 9 g ]. ,li.sss.isd si'l voadsssai son-
Architecture and Decoration in
1 allssleA Ny u intsssss both householder and
Aeaseuifs; With many practical - veil % bsau-
I'M tiluesiAti0n ftom sscsni dsstsns.
Representative Men and Wom-
ss A c s.,.. 3 sn H:s
~ Dses sssaisy), Hesinsw Arso'd. cbrisiina
1ooaetei. enA C1edtaAl Newman. end o. the
yseaee{ Aenes!aaa s9snoss. wm. y howslls,
aeagy &apees III. 80 0esfks ~. Casls.
Scenes Of Thackerays, Haw-
shes1ese, snd George 1lltot's Novels. suceesd-
- - .lissssatsA sssiss ea the scenes Of Dick.
The Reform Of the Civil Serv-
ies. Arrangements have been naAe for : series
q ehls pepsn - The pressing political quss-
P3etry and Poets in America.
s:s n.. :sA s:s & sA .a:f E ys
6tcries, SKI tches, and essays, may
= expected f.cm ch.rle: Dudley Warner. "
Henry lance, VI. John nair; Mes Gordon
Z. aasris. 4 e xsdwood, Z ?. Mill:s, Noah
So. n h. Boysssr. Aibest siicsney. WASHING
TON OlAdden, John burfsnghs, Patkts Goodwin
yomas0 gaivin1, Henry Kline. Ernest lngersoil,
3. T. 0odkin. :. y. Washburns, and many
0theees
Ooe 81 fw0 papers On .sThe Adventures Of the
Tie C1Ab,r aud N original Life Of Bewick. the
snerases. By Austin D0baOn. ar among other
tsaturss 70 b later announced.
The editorial departments
throuehoat WI b unusualiy eomplets, snh
.fhs Verde werk" Win Be cousiderably On.
laSgsd.
TIE price o. Tns CRNruRY MAsA1Ins will re-.
main q u % Per yeaf rs cents anumbef). The
postFalt (stnc 4lxS51 of tho late Dr.. Holland, To-
liis-sixs drawing BY Wsytt Eaton. will poescss
: new interest 20 the vsadess Of this magazine.
Il y udered ~ IS 90 retail or together with 1nE
CBAfUaT MAsAxiMR for %. 50. subscriptions
Afs taken ~ the publishers, and booksellers
anl news-dealeso every where.
Tns CENTURY co.
UNIeA SVCl N4w.foRK.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1882-02-22
FaAea Celors RESTORED /.

Faded or gray hair gradually re-
covers its youthful color and lustre
BY the use Of Parkeris Hair Balsam.
an elegant dressing, admired for It's
purity and rich perfume.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1882-02-22

! = ( !! { I -
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1882-02-22

Some Of the domestic evils Of
drunkenness are houses without
windows, gardens without fences,
fields without tillage, barns without
roofs, children without clothing,
principles, morals or manners.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1882-02-22

The reason Why woman every
where use Parker's Ginger Tonic is
because they have learned by exper-
fence the hest guide-that this ex-
cellent medicine overcomes despon.
dency. periodical headache, indiges-
ton, pain in the back and kidneys,
and other troubles Of the sex. Home
Journal.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1882-02-22

Those who never retract their
opinions love themselves more than
they fove truth.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26

GREENsBoRo.-The Morning Neus
has correspondents who talk Us follows:
The saws were whipping open the
huge pine logs with tightening rapidl-
ty into planks and strips, which in
turn were being planned and converted
into doors, sash and blinds. The saw
dust was flying in every direction, and
every body was up to his eyes in bust
ness. Mendenhall & Co.,
are the successors of w. G. Petty &
Co., who two years ago started the en-
terprise. At the expiration of one
year W. C. Petty withdrew, when the
firm was reorganized, o consisting
Of w. d. Mendenhall, G. A.. Reynolds
and J. r. Mendenhali. = = They
employ about 90 hands, expecting soon
to largely increase their facilities.
Only pine lumber is used. 1t is sawed
up and planed for all sorts of building
purposes, sash, doors, blinds and
moulding. Randolph, Moore, David
son and Burke counties supply nearly
all the lumber used.'-Greensboro
is a pretty and healthy place, with good
railroad facilities and surrounded by
ar abundance Of nearly all kinds of
fruits and vegetables. If some cap
italist would put up q large factory
and manage it properly, he ought to
do vel. in the canning business. He
can get peaches, apples, pears, ounces,
cherries, blackberries, tomatoes, garden
peas and beans, and almost every thing
except pine apples. delivered fresh
eUery dag right at his factory.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26
Roanoke Island, Where tho
First English Landing In
America Was Made.

MANTEO, DARE COUNTY, n. c.
One must not be too rude in judging
the a%ncients, else Armidas and Bar
lowe and Sir Richard G~recnville might
be harshly blamed for not efecting a
permanent settlement here three huns
dred years ago at least Ior not making
this a landing place for a permanent
settlement. LIZ there had been a Cap
tain John Smith among these first
crews of EngIishmen that came to our
shores, this island would have been
made the first home Of the English race
in America. The story that Barlowe
wrote to Sir Walter Raleigh three
hundred years ago is yet true in many
particulars.
We viewed the land about u.s."
wrote old Barlowe, after he landed
somewhere h%ereabout, ''being whereas
where we first landed very sandy and
low toward the water side, but 80 full
of grapes, as the very beating and
surge Of the sea overlooked them, of
which we found such plenty as well
there as in all places else. both on the
sand and on the green soil on the hills
as in the plains, as we'll on every little
shrub AS alse climbing towards the
tops of the nigh cedars, that | think in
all the word the like abundance is not
to be found; and myself having seen
those parts of Europe that most abound,
find such difference as were incredible
to be written
Grapelaad this is vet. In all the
world the like abundance is hardly to
be found, ut least of indigenous growth.
In Tyrrell county, just west of Dare,
the first scuppernong vine was seen
thu rich white grape that fouri.hes
only in II limited s~emi-tropical region,
and nowhere else grows as luscious as
here. One of The early explorers
brought Il vine from Tyrrell county
over to the islan6 nearly three hundred
years ago and stuck it in the sand. 1t
now covers more than an acre of
ground, and every year bears more
luscious clusters. The Isabella grape
also was first found here. A Mrs. IS
abella Gibbs carried a cutting from
this region to Rhode Island. The grape
became famous and was given her
name. Let US think chance or eupho-
ny that it took her first name. A
Gibbs grape would become sour in
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26

1t was once asked a. T. Stewart, by
a very old merchant, to explain the fact
that, being very widely known and very
long established, what need had he Of
newspaper advertising. A. +. Stewart
considered the question for a few mo-
ments. and observed: Competitors
are ~springing up in every part of New
York, and apparently doing a proper
Gus business. Now, if my facilities
were universally recognized or acknowl-
edged, as you say. intelligent buyers
would always give me the first prefer
ence. To procure the first preference
from discriminating purchasers is the
sole motive of all my newspaper adver-
Using. | want to make it known to
every one that | can sell something for
9! cent when other merchants are ask
ing 10 cents for the same thing. When
| can make this element in my business
universally recognized by the public, I
will then discontinue newspaper adver-
L. STEWART.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26
Getting Excited!

The Electric fluid doesn't appear to
fancy the many efforts and experiments
now being made to harness it down with
wire and lamp, for the tame uses OF
domestic lights as if it were some
mere "railow Dip or nickle-a-quart
kerosene The reports OF wild freaks
by His E~lec-centricity are more M
merous and freakacle than for many
years.
For instance in North Carolina last
week half a dozen lightning strokes
occurred, although our State is compar-
~atively free from electrical disturbances.
Churches were struck at Charlotte,
at Lumberton, and another point which
at this moment escapes memory. A,
Lexington, the Salem Press states, a
bolt demolished the cupola of the Court
House, killed an horse, and badly stunned
a passing citizen.
THE AURORA.
The Aurora borealis, or Northern
Light" attracted much attention on
Sunday night.
At the North, the display was ever
more vivid han with us. The Chicago
papers describe it as a phenomena ex-
ceeding in brilliancy anything seen since
the war. The air seemed full of cleo
tricity, and the confusion among the
telegraph wires was greater than cver
before ; the storm stretching from New
England to Nebraska, and almost stop
ping the despatch of kilograms from
New York Westward, because The frey
current collected In balls on the wires,
and dashed in the nearest offices. carry
ing dismay and great danger to the oper-
ators. Many of the lines reversed their
batteries and worked the wires with the
natural current. Dispatches were sent
from Chicago to St. Paul, while both
ends of the wire were grounded
By the by, it is an important fact that
oil these electrical storms drift North
and South, never east west. The tele-
graphers can work a North line"
when an East line" would melt in a
minute if used.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26

My success is owing to liberality in
advertising. RIO. BONNER, OF TIKI
LEDGER.
The road to fortune is through prin-
ters' ink.-P. T. BARNUM.
Success depends upon a liberal pa
tronage of printing ofices.-J. j. As
TOR.
My son, deal with men who adver.
tisc. You will never lose by it.-BEN
FRANKLIN.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26
nur farmers saws if the cold

One of our farmers says if the cold
.o,h.r Hoes not hurt hi. crop, he Will
49, s.. 900 on his peas this season
Last year nearly all of our truck farmers ansrr
nna v;Il make big money" After all,
incl farming is a game of chance. We
learn the secret OF success TINS year y
because the Charleston crop has already
ben consumed by the northern pur-
chssers, while the Norfolk crop was
killed BY cold, and the North Carolina
crop has just been put on the mafAe''
I-Newbern Nutshell.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26
PRAISES 1T.

Sick headache, W. headache,
ne uralgia, nervousness, paralysis, 0ys-
pepSia, sleeplcssness and brain diseases,
positively cured by DIR. &. ". Benson
Celery and Chamomile Pills. They
contain 30 opium, quinlne, or Other
harmful drug. Sold by all druggists
Price, scots per box, 81 for two, s. 81
for six, postage free. DR.. &. W. Ben
son, Baltimore, Md. c.. \. CAITTES
TON. New Yo X, is Wholesale Agent tol
DR.. G.. w. Benson's remedies.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26

LIVE AND LEARN!-It is estimated
that there are over two thousand mil
lion chickens Matched in the United
States ev.ry year. But not more 'hah
half of these chicks reach the SIZE "hen
they are fit to market. The pip gapes'
cholera, etc, kill millions OF young
chickens every year. These diseases
can be cured by the use of PhenoIl
Sodioue. For sale by druggists aud
general ~storekcepers. See adv.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26

OF course "there's no place like
heme," especially when a man is away
from the endearments of family. but
those who have occasion to go TO Phil
adelphia, will find at .Plumcr's''
American the next best place for here
are found home like surroundings and
the two great essentials to popular
hotel a fine hou.e and an ALE and
accomplished landlord. Comfort and
contentment folisw as matter OF course.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26

HrGH Po1ST ITEMS. -JarrelT's popu-
lar hotel is being repainted and refuro
nished, in anticipation OF a large sum
mxr The map Of the Deep
River and High Point r.. K. has been
completed. The work of construction
will begin in a short time.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26
saw Mill and Location
tor Sale.

p II. p. Engine, Hege Mill. so f.
carriage, IN perfect order, only run 8
months, saw and belt, complete. Ij.o
a new location of 1900 acres we'll fin,
bered land. 2 miles from r. 6 A. Air
Lime. Will take part pay in lumber q,
will log the mill. GEO. H. HALL
MAJ 90. Hoffman ~
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26

There is no worse enthrallment for tor
mented man than the exacIlohs VI q
nervous condition. n over
taxed brain then gets no rest from tran
ou;l sleep and needs the p%acifylng, IN
influence of DR.. C. w. Bensons Celery
and Chamomile Pills.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26

WHAT AIS YoU?-Is it disordered
liver giving you a yellow skin or cost
i've bowels; which have resulted in
distressing piles or do your kidneys
refuse to perform their functions2 II
so. YOUR system will soon be clogged
with poisons. Take a few doses Of
Kidney Wort and you'll feel like a
new man-nature will throw OF every
inpediment and each organ will ne
ready for duty. Druggists sell both
the dry and liquid. Evansville Tn
bune.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26
WEAR MILLERS
ACME SHIRTS.
Seal Rooms 9l5 Main St.: Factory GA Main ST.
VINE DRESS-SHIRTS and NIGHT
SHIRTS MADE TO MEASURE
A SPECIALITY. NO FIJI,
NO SALE.

A rood shirt, ready-made (unlaundred> S1.00
We make = good shirt to measure (unlaundrledl
fvr SIPS. We make q fine shirt to measure Gun
Iaundried for 5 1.50. We make the best shirt to
N sasure (unlaundried) for $1.75. Extra per doz-
ga for laundried, $3.50.
Order printed blanks for self measurement
Will make you one on approval.
our one dollar Shirt is the best shirt
ever made .or the price. Sent by mail to any ad
dress for CLIO, with privilege OF returning and
money refunded if it does not suit.
large stock Gents Furnishing always on
had HENRY T. MILLER
u'y2l-1y. 915 Main ST. RlchIaond.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26

Should you be a sufferer from dys
pepsia, Indigestion, mslaria, or week
ness, you a be cured by Browns
Iron Bitters.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26

We don't recommend advertising as
the best way to get a good wife; but We
can recommend it as the bes. wayto get
a good trade.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26

How can the world know a man has .
good thing unless he advertises the pos
session Of it ?--VANDERBILT.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26
From Aadrep's American Queen.
CLEOPATRA
OR THE
Queen of Sheba's Beauty
WAS q SKIN DEEP,

The renowned Queen of Sheba, With
all her royal pomp, magnificent apparel.
and brilliant retiuue, would never have
appeared within the presence OF the
grandest of the monarch. Of the past.
had she not also possessed that which
i the browning glory OF the female per
son-a skin unchalienged for Its oren-
tai softness and its almost transcenden
tai purity. Cleopatra, holdlag IN
perors at bay. aud ruling empire. by
her word. had quickly lost her charm
and " by one attack Of biotches, or
of pimples, or OF horrid tan and treck
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1882-04-26
BOn1vI P51I$.

For NORTH cAaoLIxA
School History :: H'rtac.,~
BY JoH>W
Introductory Price, 20 con,
FIR NoKTHCAKoLINA M..
HAND BOOK FOR cory-7
BUSHELS JUSTICE.
For NoNrH CAROLINA
rouKGEK's prefsroF en-. ~.
FoURGEES CODE.
anu Decisions. New FL.
FOR NORTH CAROLINA rs..
HDDT -
.'.rt ljScodut to rel,a.-
sS-cataloSues free on app
dress a.
ALFRED WILLIAMS &C.
Booksellers and STAT.
novo-tI D