davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-08-08

OFFICES or THE ROCHESTER PrrrsRURG RAH.RoAnl
COaPANY 20 y AssAC-sT- NEw- YORK August s. l,o-.i
DURSUANT TO a resolution OF the Board OF
4 Directors this company, q stockholders meeting
comPanys Offices, No 20 NAssausI New
York on MON DAY. AUGUST 3, At p m, % vote upon
the question Ol Issuing FIVE MILLIONS OF DOLLAfS o
additional stock. ,.-,
The transfer bOaks will be closed at on saturday
August D. and reopen Tuesday August ~
THOS. r. WEN nv ORTIZ.
recretary.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-08-08

NKw- July :, 1881
CPECIAL MEETING OF SIOChHOLDEkS:
> speal meeting stockholders OF the Boston ana
New YORK AR luroad Company W. Oe ned az the
comnanVs office m MiddeiOWn STATE OF Conn &c
tcut on Wednesday 18Th day Of sepenlOeI loS~ Al
tho purpose OF suDmhs loi nc approval
rathcafon and OF tns cOnDanys rail-
ROAD and property To NowY0rk New Haven aud Hart
tod Harad COMPANY and for the confederation OF
other business properly before such meeting
Tie sock transfer will be closed from the 9TH day "
August ss2 at p the 18Th VI september 1882 ~
d
f32Si4tl 7. l. WATSON. Secretary.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-08-08
EUROPEAN MARKETS.

ANTWERP Aug 7-Petroleum. II francs 30 cenumes for
6ne American. MlCOK5 Lara closed AZ DO francs
centImes 100 klOs
BREMEN. Aug 7-Wlcox's Lard closed az so marks
ofenngs per lU POUNDS Petroleum MARKS 30 pfeDinss
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-08-08
Proposals.

CUSTOM HOUSE NEw.YoRK, I
COLLECTORS OFYIcE. Aug. 1852 !
t|hOi no ~ ,,,. -o3. are -
be- furnished Office before August @lst 1884,
PA A'u-AfS 'ufHi'"'u az v IL ROBERTSON COLLECTOR
OFFICE or THE EsGuSgER COMMISSIONERS
WASHINGTON. d. G. Apg l. 1871
PROPOSALS FOR IMPRON OF
L VARIOUS srREET TS, ~ THE CITIES OF WASH
nv directon OF the Board Commissioners sealed pro-
posss III be received this Office nnul - O'Clock
streets IN the ces OF Washington and georgetown lhs
PRINCIPAL II ms and alproximsle Quantities o. WORK Coz"
GraaIte 6iock pavement -. $3.50 square yards.
GfaaiSe 6ioeE cutters az square ysnis
Asphalt block pavement T. 20 sqlAie y%rls'
Graveiing ..-...--.-.......- s.t5O square Yards
oc Application therefor together MN Tan AZ
Information and bids upon these forms WI" ~''os
The tight reserved reject any and all bids or parts
OF buds 49,, T.; y -. in ps,e NJ ~ :
nginr.r Commissioners, D. 9.
Tho date for openrnr proposals ths
foregoing advertisement IS postponed until IL O'Clock noon
ModnSi nsTuctions. &C. may be obtained by application
At WIS 0"''' @. LYDEcKER.
Major OF Engineers. L ;. A.,
EngEoer Commissioner. D. c.
CEALED PROPOSALS will be received by
- the Trustees tho and Brooklyn Bridge AZ
their oGce u aerst Brooklyn ani " SessA noon o.
inches n diameter and II 6ib feet in length
specifications may be- obtained oy Apply 10 nc
the lrlLsteea W. A ROkBLlNG, Shiei Soslnooi--
CEALED PROPOSALS will he received by
y the Trustees OF the NewYork ana Brooklyn B-de, ~
II wstersS rookiyn ind"rssa
n9i eioci noon OF August , 1882 for furnishing All ..
rho ssl a., - sSa 81 ths SewYcrz approach Of
bTldso - - .,.c,sca.ons obtained AZ the
Esn1fnesr, once g7s FrOat-st New YORK 49,, ,,.,,,
Also station and TiAaae' t'r INC D'""~yh 'o'
minus 81 s0 nav Be- seen specifications obtained at the
Ensino'T' 'r'e' 81 W A R0EBLiSG. Chief Engineer
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-08-08

Hetearninxs. -...-.- ,.:,
nonds and sinking
fund application
feQAl2Ol. .....------
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-08-08

for stOcks..----;----
Dividends paid-6p pei,
cent on common anu
7 per cent on pre-
ferresi stock In ] =
and 6S per eiit On
common and ~ per
cent fOr 1882 ---..--
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-08-08

a. -22S s2,7sl.4s7 Inc si.s'4, ~ ,,'
Tns foregoing statements only up to May S1
t. the two months-June and Juiy-slnce ' ma
sste the companys gross earnings cO 0a DO
,ows: 1ss1. sls3217e lss2 S4ooo ~" sIl ~o
orease $500 600 serious drawback TO 'e s' tbo
s,S how of surplus gwen above Is founu III on'
,.omnany's general balance sheet ny wmcn IL ~p
nears that Notwithstanding surplus ior '"o 20
If 50 79i .4S7, the company's floating deo' on "a,
81. 1852. was S1.264.1ls The following Sn .o'I'
all the cash items of assets and haOniues 40 '''''
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-08-08

The total movements of Hour and grain NJ the
,rincinai points for the week ended August D
1SS2 and since January !, for years 1881 anu
1852 were as follows;
Al ATLANTIC PORTS
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-08-08
OFPTCz OF rHE
NRW-YORK LAKE ERIR AND WESTERN RAILROAD co,
1889 \

NEW YORK July u, Ibr1)
TENHIS COmDa " has made an aTriln cement
A with Messrs. DREXEI- MORGAN & co % Itend ne
Third Mortgage ssued by the York and erie Al
COMPANY ring March tine principal payable
ron March
issul cent per Annoni bou
United gold VI the present standard weight ana
=,
The night extend above has been reserved 70 ueh OF
the present desire 10 avail OF II ana sh ue
puait their purpose Messrs Dfeho soi-
gan % pror December next 5ue Donhs -
NAV NOT be- exJenaea De presenlSd LI s
prfoso Oy Messrs Drcxsl Morgan Co. viii DC paid AZ ma
turty. ~. J''S"Hii' A''
% WALL-sr. NEW YoEK July ~, 1861.
The above lake fsflc
ana We,srn Railroad Company arc now really 10 reeele
anv OF tho NewYork Enc tailTo~d Ihlrd MOrtxAs"
Bond % e to8siOn ....., ....-...
any of the bonds holders OF which may desire 70 So
rH'he' uiA' ' DRExEL MORGAN a Co
THE RAILROAD EQUIPMENT CO.,
4 CAPITAL. S5OOOUO
ak PER CENT COUPON BONDS pay able quarterly
POST. MARTIN q CO.. 80 PlNk-5E
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-08-08
Dipi0en1 Notires.

HORN SILVER MINING ConPASr)
OFFlCHs No. ~ MALI~sE, ,
NEw-ICRK. July II, 1882.
dividend No. 6.-The regular quarterly
ADIVIDEND OF $4,000 has been this day declared being
THREE PER CENT the capital stock payable 90 stock
record l5tn August az the Office Vi
the company.
transfer will be closed August and reopened
August 10. W. = hOl 1. 7orcIAry.
NOTICE.-The coupons of the first mortgage
the ted preferred stock N
he
the preferred stock " the Kansas CITY, 81 us
and Chicago Railroad Company. maturing ATgust l.ss
will paid that date Office % AE>sltS
JESUP PATTON q CO., No o. Wlutam-sL. Ner- I OK
THE IAPORrHRs AND I RADsRs' INSURANCE CozPAIf
loo BEOADWAY, NEW OAk- ally -, lnS- y
THE Board of Directors have declared
i semi-annIal Dividend Of 7 Ii Rec 81 PER CENT lay
able Thursday the 2Oth INST DANIEL SMITH, secretary
BANK OF ruE M,SiAITAS coNPASr{
NEw-YORK. July 81. 1854 )
THE President and Directors OF the MAN
4 HAITIAN COMPANY have this day declared skML
profits months, able and after The lOta
N"' - --- T. BALDWIN. Cashier
NRw-YoRK. July y, 1882
THE CONTENTION CONSOLIDATED MIN
4 ING COMPANY, Of Tombstone, AriIona. this DAY To
cared its REGUl AR MONTHLY DIYIDEND. 10: o. 81
1851 al the ONCE and trust comPany.
20 All stock Registered IN Sew 1r<
TT ansfer books July y and open Juy 81 los-
". IfAkT SMITH, Vice President
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1882-08-08

sa.Y77 500 ss.s7s,O75 Inc. 81 'SOO' so
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25
The Independents and Machine.

The Independent Republicans have
at length come TO a full realization of
the fact that prayers and solicitations
and threats within the party lines,
have no effect 10 induce J. Donald
Cameron 10 surrender his assumed pro-
prietorship of the Republican party,
or to modify his methods Of governing
1t. They are now inaugurating reyo.
lutlonary measures in an effort 10
escape the thraldom Of serfdom, in
which the machine methods have in
yolved them, and come before the
people with a Republican ticket in
opposition to that produced by Senator
Cameron's convention recently held.
1t Is their last hope of release, and
still retain a show Of manhood as
members Of the Republican party.
This method promises to be efectual
in working their release, but they
must bear in mind that Don is a mas
ter Of great resources and determined
will, Is sustained by the Presidential
boss, and corps Of very ingenious
ring Of drilled lieutenants, whose
strategy and vigilance will not allow
the Independents lazy or inert cam
paign. In storming the fortifcations
Of master thus eutrenched, and de-
termincd to crush out all opposition to
his personal rule in a party which
heretofore has been given up entirely
30 his direction and dictation, will re-
quire work, and work with a will.
At this writing "wednesday the
Independents are in session in Phila.
delphia. They are in respectable num-
bers, led by Dyof the most respecta.
bic members Of the Republican party,
but we cannot obtain any reliable in
formation Of their work before going
10 press.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

well for those who have business in
them, if the judges of the present day
would as carefully and thoroughly
prepare their opinions as did this illus.
trious Judge.
The people want n candidate for
Governor who is free from rings, free
from bosses one who don't even
dwell in the shadow of bossism. They
are as intolerant of rings and bosses,
in the Democratic party, and even
more so, than in the republican party.
The Independents, bold thinking, and
thinking for themselves, Democrats
hates all appearance Of being ruled or
owned by any leader, or leaders, ring
or bosses. With a proper candidate
the Democratic party can hold its
nearly half n million Of votes in this
state and gain largely from the dis
affected elements Of the Republican
party, and if they can do this our
next Governor will be n Democrat.
With the great business cntcrcst Of
Philadelphia Sherwood would neces.
sarily be strong. His integrity not
even the most foul dare touch, his
ability none dare question, his honesty
none dare reproach. Here are the
qualifications the people want. Familiar
from his long judicial career, with the
constitution and laws Of the common.
wealth in his hands they would be
honestly enforced, and carefully pre-.
served.
Free from all political alliances,
having affiliations with no faction, as
free from boss rule and ring combina.
tions, as the light Of the sun, it would
be rounding out and closing career
already made honorable and illustri.
Gus in the public service, to bcsiow
upon the Honorable George Shars.
wood the nomination Of the Demo.
cratic party for Governor Of this com
monwealth.'
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

THE Washington Post, not fearing
the ire Of a rebel or.General, calls
Malone liar, and what is more to
the purpose, has proved it. The occa-
sion for this use Of plain Saxon, arose
in the exposure of the dishonorable
course Of the rebel General in refusing
to remove the disability of DIR. Tebbs,
the boy-page who served the confe-
derate Congress as an errand boy. 1t
has had a very damaging effect upon
Malone in Virginia, and he attempted
an explanation, which the Post proved
from the record to be false-so false
as to be unworthy of even a repu-
diation fraud.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

Our excellent independent contem-
porary, the Philadelphia Record, files
disclaimer of non-acceptance on our
nominee for Governor, Judge Turnkey.
Well, if the disclaimer is authorita-
tive, however much to be regretted,
we submit and accept with pleasure
any one of the other eminent gentle
men named for the office, whether it
be Hopkins, Buckalew, Elwell or
Wolverton. Fortunately they all
possess about equal merit-all able,
competent and worthy the confidence
of honest people in pursuit of honest
government. The balance Of our
ticket, embracing the names of Judge
Ludlow, for Supreme Judge; VIM. II.
II. Davis for Lieut.. Governor, and j.
Simpson Africa for Secretary of In
ternal Affairs, cannot be exceled for
fitness and the propriety of their selec-
ton. But seriously, with such Demo-
Gratis to choose from, with many others
who will doubtless be presented to the
convention quite as meritorious, a
failure to present a ticket that will be
universally acceptable, seems impossi'
bic. Indeed, the temper of the Demo
cracy throughout the State-the entire
absence Of contending factions and
the universal demand for the nomina-
tion of honest, capable men, gives
assurance of harmony, and at least an
even chance Of success at the polls.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

The bill providing for extending
the charters of the National Banks
passt u the House on Friday last by a
vote e'f 125 to 81. 1t provides that
any Ma tional Bank may at any time
within t, vo years next previous to the
date of tn, ; expiration of its corporate
existence u oder the present law, and
with the apl 'roval of the Comptroller
of the CurreL 'cy, extend its period Of
succession by nending its articles Of
association for term of not more
than twenty year from the expiration
of the period of successiOn named in
said articles of as ociatiOn, and shall
have succession for such extended
period unless sooner dissolved by the
act of shareholders owning two-thirds
of its stock, or unless its franchise be-
comes forfeited by some violation Of
law. Such amendment of articles of
association must be authorized by the
consent in writing Of shareholders
owning not less than two-thirds of the
capital stock of the association.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25
A pEAD.IocK In the House Of Rep

A DEADLOCK in the House of Rep
resentatives is now being developed.
The determination of the Republicans
to force the consideration of the con-
tested election case from South Caro-
lima, Mackey VS.. Dibble, without in
vestigation Of the alleged frauds
perpetrated by Mackey, resulted in
breaking the quorum and is no doubt
the commencement of a protracted
struggle, if persisted in. Ex-Speaker
Randall leads on the part Of the Dem
ocrats and says his side will not yield
an iota, but on the contrary will fight
to the bitter end. He also says the
Democrats will not object to consider
ing any other election cases or any
other business, but the particular case
now urged being tainted by fraud,
they insist upon a full investigation
before action is taken upon it. They
are right and will be sustained. The
election committee was formed in the
interest of fraud and the Democrats
are justified in resisting by all the
means in their power, however pro-
tracted, in support of a request so rea.
sonable as the investigation of an
alleged fraud.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

THEremnant of the Greenback party
held a convention at Harrisburg on
Thursday last, and nominated a full
State ticket, composed of respectable
men, even if they are little cranky.
The candidates are: For Governor,
Thomas A. Armstrong Of Pittsburgh ;
for Lieutenant Governor, 7. w. Pow.
derly of Scranton for Secretary Of
Internal Affairs, j. L. Dewoody, Of
venango; for Supreme Judge, J.
Adam Cake Of Northumberland; for
Congressman-at-Large, Rob't r. Tom
linson of Berks. The growth Of the
"rag-baby" is slow and somewhat sick.
y, but always lively under careful
nursing. The boss ring will doubtless
be very attentive to It this fall.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

SosIE of the stalwart organs venture
the declaration that the proceedings
of the late Republican convention
"nobly contradict" the assertions made
previous to is meeting, that itwould be
q mere creature to register the edicts
of the Boss. In what part Of the
proceedings does this noble contra
diction" come in2 Is II in the unani-
nous choice of the candidates slated
and announced from Washington,
months before the convention Assem-.
bled7 Even slave credulity should
blush to make such claim in face Of
al the facts In the case.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

GEN. BEAVER says he made no
pledge. We believe it. Why would
he make pledges to obtain a nomina.
ton, when none were needed. He
had already made his stalwart record,
and was marked 1906" in the ranks
of faithful henchmen of the Boss gov.
ernment, duly certified from the head
centre at Washington.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

THE Senate have agreed that Andy
Kaufman shall have his collectorship
notwithstanding the protest of Senator
Mitchell. Andy held No. 1906, which
entitled him to a prize in the "lottery
of assassination" The protest of a
half-breed Senator could not win
against that number.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

SECRETARY TELLER, the new chief
Of the Interior Department, is credited
with inauguraiing a new policy for
the government of the Indians lie
proposes to disarm them, whether by
force or by purchase is not stated. In
either case it will be a heavy contract,
as he might as well ask the Indian for
his life as his gun.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

THE stalwarts seem to think that
Blaine is engineering the Independent
revolt in the harmonious Republican
party of Pennsylvania. Perhaps he
is. The "Plumed Knight" will have
some heavy accounts to settle with the
BOO brigade between now and 1894,
md will doubtless get some of his
work an early.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

THE Postmaster General in response
to a resolution of inquiry of the House
of Representatives, has written letter
recommending that postage on second
class matter, papers and magazines, be
abolished. He also states that fourth
class matter, merchandise, is carried
at loss to the government.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

WIN. HENRY RAwLE declares Came
ron's methods and rule "damnable," ="
but he does not hesitate to accept
Cameron's nomination for Supreme
Judge, with thanks.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

IN recasting the committees in the
Senate to fill vacancies, Senator Nit
chell has been assigned as chairman of
the Committee on Pensions.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

WHEN the decision Of the court in
benc affirming the decision of the
court below was communicated to Gui-
teau, he remarked he "did not expect
any other result" and said my hope
is in President Arthur. / made him
what he is and he can't afford to 20
back on me-"
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

INDIAN Agent DE Wellyn, Of the
Mescatars agency, appeals to Congress
TO make immediate provision to feed
the Indians of his agency, IS be finds
Il impossible to control them on empty
stomachs.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

The strike Of the iron workers in
Pittsburgh promises to be very formi-
dable, We are told that labor and
workmen are protected by high tariff
duties, and il is difficult TO imagine
why these thirty thousand men Of
Pittsburgh are on a strike clamoring
for better wages. Has protection
ceased 70 protectH Something wrong.
and what Is It should be the subject
Of calm and intelligent inquiry.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

WM. HENRY RAwLE has formally
accepted the machine nomination for
Supreme Judge, and thus atiests his
willingness TO train under Cameron's
"damnable" methods. Verify, he is a
high toned Independent.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

SENATOR CAMERON contemplated,
and was nearly successful in sending
Charley Wolf in search Of Galusha A.
Grow during the tendency of the late
Republican convention. Charley how
ever luckily escaped, but poor Grow
is still lost and wandering.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

THE reason given by Don Cameron
for the removal of Wi 'ey, the Revenue
Collector at Lancaster, was that he Is
very profane. 1t was very proper
that Wiley be rebuked f VI profanity,
and it is now in order that he rebuker
be also rebuked for the sai re cause
unless he is entitled to a mon 'poIy of
that vice in virtue of his posil ION as
the Republican boss of Pennsyl' -ania.
Respectfully referred to the Chris, tan
Sta tesman who floats the boss banLer
for Governor.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

"DEAR BEAVER, don't talk, " is Boss
Quay's injunction to the Republican
candidate for Governor.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

THE New York Sun speaking of the
Republi, an leader in Congress says,
Tweed d ed in prison, and Robson
is a more shameless scoundrel than
Tweed" Tn is shameless scoundrel''
is the head Of the naval committee
demanding the appropriation of mil.
lions to be disbur. 'ed under his super.
vision.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

THOMAS NJ. MARsHALL has declined
the nomination for Congressman-at-
large, on the Stalwart State ticket, in
letter addressed in reply 10 the gush-
ing and imploring epistlc of George
Lear, to accept, His letter applauds
with earnestness that part of the Re.
publican platform inherited from the
Independent conference. But still his
admiration of the approved planks
does not impel him to enthuse suffi-
ciently to wag the tail of the Cameron
ticket,
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25

THE appointment of the Tariff Com
mission was under consideration last
week by the cabinet. II is understood
that an understanding was reached
that all the leading interests of the
country should be represented upon
the commission. The President will
probably nominate the members of the
Com mission some time during the
present week.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25
Thursday Morning, May 25, 1882.

S. 7. sHueER1 J. R. VAN oRMER, Editors.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25
The Centre Remutrat.

Terms sl.5O per Annum, in Advance.
Centre Democrat. [volume] (Bellefonte, Pa.) 1848-1989, 1882-05-25
Our Political System.

We have been taught by the early
statesmen Of the country, SAYS the
American Register, and by the Supreme
Court under Chief Justice Marshall,
that the powers of ihe Federal Gov.
ernment were limited and specifically
defined in the Constitution and that
while the federal authority was made
supreme over our foreign relations and
general interstate affairs, or com.
merce and intercourse between the
several States were left supreme over
all matters Of local internal State gov
ernment, and that this was fully COM
pretended in their reserved rights.
This is the political system denomina.
ted by Clay as "the fairest fabric of
human government that ever rose to
animate the hopes of civilized man. -
But, alas how much of it is now left
The history of the world shows that
the rights and liberty of the people,
in all ages and nations, have been
cloven down and destroyed by usurpa-
tions and unwarranted assumptions of
power by those intrusted with the con-
troll of the Government. Hence writ.
ten constitutions and official oaths TO
support them have proven Intellectual
safeguards against the cunning devices
and chicanery of ambition and cupid.
ity. The forms of our political sys.
tenn, IL is true. still exist, but the essen.
tial elements of it are gone-lost for
the present, at least, in the vortex of
partisan connections and revo lutions