Morning journal and courier., 1882-07-29

disappears or is so remote and inaccessible that 1t cannot be reached In the eastern States hemiock bark is extensively used for tanning. But the latter is not found i- tbis State. For at least quarter of century experiments have been prosecuteI1 to find some substitute for tanning of l-.athsr Vari ous chemical processes have been introduced. but none of them have tai. .en the place of oark' either because they were too expensive r,, In ulo L not make goc>d quality of leather. mere are pAany be.rks and many drugs which have astri'4gent properties, but the discover or n''S no" eG hit upon the cheap and satis- 1actory process by which bark can be dis mlsse'4 and the chemical can be substituted "he all the chestnut oak of the Pacific coP 4st has disappeared, as it will within 0 . .ozen years at the present rate of destruction what are the tanners going to do Will they then find 8 new and satisfactory process2 ? Why not find it now and so let & few trees stand over for the benefit of another genera tion?
 The price of tan bark in the coast counties has advanced more than fifty per cent. in the last three or four years It is still advanc- ing. The bark men now go twenty or thirty miles from the coast, or from the nearest railroad. They climb almost inaccessible mountains, strip the bark and draw it out in sleds, or shoot it down the mountains in troughs. With the greater labor of getting
 
 when there is no more, then will necessity become the mother of invention Surely, a satisfactory preparation for tanning leather ought not to be beyond oh emical discovery. That it has not yet been reached is evident from the fact that tanners are paying the largest prices for bark ever paid in this State, and that they have not yet adopted any one of the chemical processes which from time to time have been introduced. The chemist is now wanted at the front who can show tanners how to make good leather with out the use of tanbark.
 Capital and Labor.
 [By NJ. A. Hardaker in the August Atlantlc.l
 The advantage of capital over labor is an advantage which has been won and paid for by the intellectual discipline of centuries Capital has never made 8 step of solid ad vance without giving an equivalent. The practical intellect which sees how to supply a want, or even to create 8 want, as well as to minister to it, certainly deserves to succeed If all the stages of development are not ap parent in the successful business man, the scientific judgment is still certain that all those stages are embodied in him. He stands for the accumulated and inherited energy ot generations of enterprise and self denial His automatically acting brain is the product of severe and long sustained processes of re 7ne ment. He draws the interest upon ancestral celebration, and is the physiological Their ot
 
 with ethical capital. He must have courage, tact, power of adaptation, honor, which will insure him commercial standing and credit, decision to act in an emergency, and caution to avoid rashness he must be able to adjust the clnshing of wills, and to act as ire quent arbitrator. Even the capitalist who is simply an investor, and not a manager, rep resents either inherited industry, personal ability, or high character, supposing the sum invested to be borrowed. It is rare that for tunes result from accident; still less rare that they come by dishonesty. Talent must be on the spot to take advantage of accident; and though high moral ideal would decide some fortunes to be fruits of dishonor legal ideals are the ones applied by the fortune maker; nor is it the usual aim of the mon ey-getter to develop morali dealism. His ma terialism may not be the highest product oi human nature, but, such as it is, it is an ex pensive and painfully developed faculty If we could fully realize the immense capital in vested in producing @ capitalist, we could not begrudge him his gains. Fortunes are sometimes made by instinct, by penetration. by assiduous devotion to one purpose, by I such an utter consecration of the whole man that the observer must declare them legti mately e0T7aed. But they are rarely accumu- lated by manual labor, unless in conjunc. | tion with good intellectual power. The mas | learns to coordinate other labor | with his own. He gives himself eight or ten II pairs of hands instead of & single pair. He | strikes heavy blow instead of light one. | quadruples bis product, and appeals to a larger market. This is the embryonic form of industrial capital. It begins when single ! man has the courage and intelligence to em II ploy another to carry out his thought.
 There is no legal restriction in any country N 1pon a mans becoming @ capitalist, but caste \ md custom in older countries have erected I difficulties. Yet difficulties always rela i've, and are gauged by the strength or weak | less of those who meet them. In this coun. | ry there is absolutely no reason, except ma i've incapacity, to prevent any man from be \ coming capitalist. If this were not so our I would be confessed failures That it is so, our whole commercial and in | lustrial record is 8 demonstration. Should \ ny one attempt to count the number of for | unes acquired by personal effort, he would \ ind one for every finger without | ;oing out of New England neighborhood The reason why fortunes are so rarely ac ! Luired by manual labor is that manual labor 5 the smallest factor in economic success jitherto it has not been able to raise itself bove the tyranny of the primitive law of ! upply and demand that is, it has been little letter able to make terms with capital than he grass is able to make terms with the soil n which it grows. Labor bought at whole ale, to be sold again, as in great factories, is 'argained for on the lowest terms possible | nd becomes in effect like cotton purchased n the bale, whereby each unit of weight ! cunts very little. There is certainly no ' greement, tacit or expressed, on the part of | Auerican capitalists to grind labor down o an arbitrary rate of enumeration. On the | ontrary, there is an indulgent optimism, and ! of the natural right of every man | o comfortable living, which is an advance pon the formal concessions of our national l harter. The American capitalist is usually I man who would be made uncomfortable by he knowledge of absolute physical privation ] But it does not stir his sympathy that some ! thousands of his workmen are practicing se- ! ere lessons of self denial, foresight and the daptation of means to ends. The workman trives to make small means cover large | vants He has graduated from the European ! lovel to the American tenement, but at the ame time he has been smitten with American | naterialism and there is no road to this material success except that which his em- l ,loyer, or the ancestry of his employer, has rodden with painful steps. Nature takes as ! ong to make 8 capitalist as to make philos- ,pher and, indeed, the capitalist is, in his ,wn way, the most practical of philosophers, | or he reasons from cause to effect with per | istent zeal and if he reasons at all upon the speculative aspects of labor and capital, he lnows that the development of higher capa ,ity in the workman is the natural and un- Ilterable condition of advancement. The ,nly way in which wage-laborer who has not ufficient ambition or talent to become an ! 'mployer can raise himself above his fellows s to produce better work or more of it within given time that is, he must obey the uni yersal law success, which may be thus stated Hake y0ur demand upon yourseif, not upon therS.
 Marrying Female Cenvicts,
 From the Cornhill Magazine.l
 French female prisoners and convicts are reatsd with more kindness, or the whole, | han persons of their class are in England heir matrons and warderesses are Angus. inc nuns, whose rule, though firm, is gentler, lore merciful, and more steadfastly equitable han that of lay-women could be. The fe- 1ale convicts are allowed the same privileges s the men in the matter of earning monav