The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1882-10-29

lions have shown reasons for thinking that the
true proportion Yves still larger; In l7s6 Per.
Frnnce at ono thirteenth OF the whole popula-
ton. which. curioueiy enough Is almost the
same PROPORTION observed In 1861, ., ,,
At present the number OF small rural pro,
prietors In France IL computed ut 5OOO.QOO OF
whom 3.OOO.O possess on the average put 2
work since 1889 to increase the number of
small estates; these are conilscatlon: inc law
OF succession. the division 81 common d lsnd r.
tho law Of succession, the effect 81 this mas .
been exaggerated. and. moreover; Il was not
the Third Estate before. the revolution grew
rich. VIII 10 IL WIS under the law Of prlnogeni-
qs sp i6a II. ia nSSsy Nes
has the division OF common lands been carried
out with anything like the coMpleteansss which
munes al, 100 still possessed communal lands
in 1859, Those which were not appropriated 70
hectares. 1t appears that in iSiS. out of sixty:
dividing the common lands. and since that
repute. W. como now to coniiscntion. whose
Importance as all agency In promoting u peas
hs EChnrrS indeed s whose Ss F es
timated to form one-ffth Of the cultivated soil
of FraIce lost all It's XII but ,r m,s
6O,o0O holders having u life, interest
numSer OF burgess ss T possessins them Under
another form The connscation OF Church
lands led to the multiplication rather Of mid
cmigrating mobiles and to those condemned by
large S . But more than E one hall Of the land put
| UP at auction was not sold .andwas returned TO
Its proprletors. either under the empire r,by
the extent OF 9s7 900 900 francs and the greater
part OF this miRidrd was restored to those hav:.
Efs to ny as o fT hs q sod ys
| purchased indirectly by the families Of the
or by third parties put part
either .gratuitously or by exchange or resale
According to Lavergne, the real dispossesson
hundred million francs and more than the
equivalent OF this loss having been recovered
s a%s, his ,Ss pSa haa
iieysd 4 bad ruined are now richer than they
wI TS. IN r aIsg had moro effect upop the
regulation Of MANUFACTURERS than upon the dis
trlbuton of land 1t annihtated the whole
system OF guilds and monopolies and. although
| tions under the Empire and the Restoration
the impetus acquired BY free labor has , on tho
the effect Of competition that It is doubtful
whether the individual artisan Is 10 well on as
iier shows that the rise in wages H from the end
Of the thirteenth century to 1850 had been
much less than the corresponding rise in the
the income OF the workman was nominnily
twenty-five times higher than In the thirteenth
| century. but his expenses for food were forty
five times greater. The disparity. far from
diminishing has Increased in recent years.
| We have culled some OF the extracts bearing
| on tho interesting subject Of the regulation OF
labor. in order to illustrate the scope and char
acter OF this remarkable compilation; there arc
a hundred other topics which would equally
well serve the purpose. There il. indeed, no
| question growing out OF the social economical.
and political history Of France to whose study
the material accumulated in this book will
not prove In the highest degree helpful-we
might even say indispensable.