davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23

A Milwaukee paper says that city
was thrown into a fever of excitement
Sunday, by the news of the escape of
Herman Hidden from jail, where he
was confined, awaiting his second trial
for murder, the jury having disagreed
week ago upon the question Of in
sanity by the defense. Jailer Cue.
girre took Hidden down into the cellar
to have him shovel coal into the fur
mace, it being his custom to have the
prisoners do such work, as they are
usually only too glad to have such ex-
ercise. The jailer, contrary to his
usual custom, left the key to the eel
lar in the lock on the outside. and
stood watching Hidden fixing the fire.
AS Hidden was trying to get the clink
ers out Of the crate with a poker. he
told the jailer that the poker was
stuck fast, aud he could not pet Il
out. Jailer Guegirre stopped and took
hold Of the poker, which was really
last, and attempted to loosen it. But
no sooner had Abe taken hold
than quick as thought Hidden
jumped through the door, which he
locked, putting the key in his pocket.
He then went deliberately out through
the Sheriffs Office, which was unoccu.
pied, and ran up Broadway, down
Oneida street to an alley, through
which he went north and was lost
track Of at the corner of Third and
Chestnut streets. Jailer Guegirre
was not only released from his con,
finement for nearly an hour, and then
only by locksmith, out he pounded
on the door until his family. being IN
the kitchen, were alarmed, and they
notified the police, but by this time
Hidden had good start. The Sheriff
and police officers were securing The
city all day, but up to late hour to-
night he was not found. Sheriff RuQee
believes Hidden is secreted in the CITY
The Jailer is badly broken up over his
misfortune. A gentleman tonight
reported that he saw young Hidden
at the upper end of Prospect avenue
According to that he has gone in the
direction of Port Washington. a
reward of 5000 has been offered by
Sheriff Rugee for information leading
to the apprehension of Hidden, or for
his arrest.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23
Is Physical Perfection Worth
Striving for?

Do you wish to be perfect in mind
and body2 Do you wish to be healthy
and strong in all your parts? Then lay
all other remedies aside and use
Browns Iron Bitters. 1t will surely
infuse new life and vigor into the
whole human system. 1t gives per-
lection to every part, increases the
muscles and strengthens the nerves.
5. Mansfield 4 Co., w. N. Wilker-
son d Co. and G. W. Jones & Co.,
wholesale agents.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23
An Old Document.

Nashville Banner.
VIM. Turntine, Of Athens, Ala,
has forwarded to DR.. Richardson. Of
this city, to be turned over to the
Historical Society, the Public Acts
Of the General Assembly Of North
Carolina and Tennessee, enacted from
l7l5 to lSl3-T. G. Bradford, printer
to the State.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23
Joy in Lieut. MeI,iIIc,s Home.

Philadelphia Times.
Since Lieutenant Melyill. vas
chosen by the authorities at Washing
ton out Of all the competent men in the
navy to accompany the Jeanette en-
petition, just four years ago. and act
sail from San Francisco in July 1873
few months after receiving bis order
Melville has had no Opportunity IN
communicate with his family For
Tour years the anxious mother and The
three little girls have been awaiting
letter from papa" In their Sc.
cluded little cottage at Sharon Hill
IN Delaware County, the fond motbor
and childish trio have looked ont
daily from the window, adorned with
an 2 anchor as an emblem of hope of the
fathers safe return, and won.
dered, again and again. with tbo
smoke and whistle of every mol
tram, If their long looked.for mes.
sage was coming at last When
three years had passed littIs
Meta-who was babe. lust horn
WheIl he vent away one dark stormy
night, and having kissed her and The
mother S lips, said; Wife, It Is nos.
sible | will never know these iov,
again"-was able to talk, and eynr ass.
ed the thoughts Of all four, when one
DAY she said: Mamma, | think mana
must be dead. But thew nevor toaI,
down from the nail the hat which h.
hung up when he changed 4 far bis
naval cap, and his favorite Gun and
saucer were never stirred from their
places in the cupboard. '''
There was joy in the bousebold
Wnen some friend sent tho newspaner
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23

lis CoNsTANOE STRErT

q IOo CONSTANCE ,bTREET,
New ORLEANS, La, March l6, 1881.
H. H. Warner a. Co: Sirs-Your
Safe Kidney and Liver Cure has
relieved me in the most happy manner
from the excrueiating agonie: of kid.
ney and bladder diAeultiss and gravel.
$40 5su1N 8. GUTHRIE.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23
AOAzD-

~ all who are suffering from the errors and
indiacrctions OF youth, nervous weakness,
early decay, loss Of manhood, etc., will send
z reelEe that will cure you, FREE or
pHAhGE. This great remedy was discovered
byia missionary IN South America, Send n
gelf-addressed envelope 70 the Rev. JosEPH i.
IHHAN. Station D, New York City.
b2xxxiv52d
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23
IlOn-rosIdont MotTeo.


No. S29s--In the Chancery Court Of Shelby
Swgp R Tenn State of Tennessee vs..
appearing from amended bill, which "A
sworn to In this cause, that the defendsnts
Martha Oven, Mary + Owen, SalIie M
0yWen' Miles Owen, jr, Ida Owen, Ausustns
uWenl william Owen, Jehp p Smith and
MARINE smith, bis wife, Thos. b McFwin
4na anne n, m1sSoEiyin, his wife, Mrs. Jane
Il Mckisslek and Lizzie McIiissict. NJ,
vie, Henry W Brooks and Blanche BrooLs
ms WIFE MIS-. Maria Giles, Mis- Maria ~
Hllosl Waddell, trustee, Parker q E,.ar,
y w tucker, Chas. 4 Harrison, trusiee. vs$s'
MARY ,tooney, uhas. Sanford and Bottie Ssns
iUIa, MS Wllei Mrs; Mary Burbank and -
R RuttDqhnk, ner husband, Robert Loonoy, ir.
" f4lkner, Annie Pope, Camilla pons..
samuel Kerr, or Carr, and Mary Ann Kerr =,
TatIs hle VIE, Ben Elseman, u A Cole, Henry
ddamd, eallie y Harris, unknown HAIR ~
Syns,99,hgo a Mccall, John 5 Williams. q n
III hi,iatlgs, = McCarty. u Noel and Ssnnia
Mosii his we, Bank Of Louisville, Kentucky
spa nrs; Baker, are all non-fesidsnts1
q tho State. Of TonnosSoo; II IA tSsnt
lore ordered that they make Their s as..
gSa,hnoe herein at the oourlhonsa
oholby county, in Memphis TonsOi
On Or before tho FIRST Monday In Nav isess'
ain,q plead, answer or demur 10 con. LOG,
piii, ot inc same viii be taken for confassss
fba y snenl ana ~ lot hearing ex.parte, and
Ledger. "''As IN me Public
This Esd day Of March, 1852.
"A copy-Atteat:
R 2 BLACK, Clerk and Ms,,.,
byy Bradley, D. @. Il M. ''-"''',.
hampton SOFT for OOmprt, 2O89ss
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23

Mr.. Palmer F. Dale, living near
Savannah, Ca, says: Myself and
family have always, since living in this
locality, been troubled with malarial
disorders. Hearing that Browns
Iron Bitters we're a sure preventive,
we have all used it sparingly, and as a
result none Of us have been sick"
). Mansfield & Co., W. N. Wilker-
son & Co., and G. W Jones & Co.,
wholesale agents.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23

Now they speak Of crude petroleum
as a remedy for consumption; better
not try it, but take DR.. Bulls cough
Syrup-the standard cough remedy Of
our age. 1t is agreeable to the taste,
never fails to cure, and costs only %
cents bottle.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23

The most reliable stimulant for the
growth of infants and children, and
the one most gentle in its soothing
effect, is Browns Iron Bitters.
S. Mansfield & Co., W. N. Wilker-
son l. Co., and G. w. Jones & Co.,
wholesale agents.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23
Old Genuine

Durham Smoking
Tobacco is only made
BY w. T. Blackwell &
Co. Of Durham, N. c.
Though longest on the
market it is to-day the
best and most popular
smoking tobacco made.
CommencinginasmalI
way, Messrs. Blackwell
&Co. arenowthe largest
manufacturers of smok-
ing tobacco in the world.
Their well-known
trademark is the Dur
ham Bull. If you want
Graduated or Long Cut
Smoking Tobacco or CT
garettes, get the genuine
and see that the trade
mark Of the Bull is on
each package. Don't be
imposed on by the many
limitations now on the
market.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23

containing the telegram signed With
Der husbands name, giving the first
news of the safe arrival Of himselfand
crew, and the joy was not lesSened by
reading after the name I'm command"
Every telegram since signed Mel
vile" has been neat and drink to the
news.famished little household, and
although the mother kept telling the
children continually that 1T was his
duty, and duty to God and country
must always 60 ahead of duty to fam
ily,p the little folks could not under
stand why papa did not send some
message home.
Yesterday morning Maud. a beauti-
full child, about fifteen years Of age,
went, as she has thousands Of times
in over three years, to the postofiee to
know if there was a letter. Mrs. Mel
vile was seated at home, sewing list
lessly, and the other two little girls
were playing with tEeir dolls. Sud-
denly one of the little ones said:
why, mamma, something's the mat
Ter with Maud. actually believe
there's a letter from papa" Maud's
feet did not sppear to touch the
ground. She broke through the gate
ike one pursued. With tears of joy
streaming down her face and choking
With sobs, she threw herself at her
mothers feet dropping the letter and
frying out "Oh, mamma, at last at
asst at last 1t is FROM papal" The
mother tore it open, read it at glance,
ind then reread it several times over.
All the afternoon, and up to going to
bed last night, the children were doing
nothing else but reading over papa's
etter,
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23
A Sad Tale.
Chicago Trlbune.l

Chicago Tribune.l
Does your father know"
He does not Thank heaven, that
sorrow was spared him.
The crickets climbed under the flag
stones, and the warm south wind came
in soft puffs over the meadows. bear
ing upon its bosom the scent of the
red-topped clover and the ox.eyed
daisies, as Rupert Redingote and
Aprodite Mcclure stood BY the path
that led from the farm to the village of
Roussillon, Macoupin county. while
the swallows circled around in the
fast coming twilight, giving forth now
and then little sleepy twitters, as If
anxious for the warmth and rest which
their nests afforded. They were to be
married in the fall, these two-in the
merry hard cider and corn huskipg
time-and, although scarce three
months had passed since Rupert
pressed upon her pulsing lips the
solemn betrothal kiss, Aphrodite
trusted him with a perfect faith that
was almost sublime in its passionate
intensity.
80 the old man didn't hear about
my getting iull?' said Rupert.
No, was the girls response. as
with little happy take it away.for.
ten.cents sob she laid her gum filled
cheek upon Rupert's breast and
twined her dimpled arms about his
neck; if anyone had told him. it would
have been a cold day for yo1."
You are singing on the right kew
now, Aphrodite, was Ruperts reply.
III the terrible fact had come to his
knowledge lie would part us forever
His position as deacon in the church
would not allow him to overlook the
fault, even should his stern, Puritan
nature relent. No, darling, we mus
not let him know Of this sin of mine .
As Rupert spoke buggy was seen
coming rapidly up the lane, and as it
reached the gate the horse stoned
suddenly, and the man in the vehicle
came out over the animals head and
fell with dull, sickening thud into a
hotbed. The deacon had been taking
nip himself.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23

The Republican party has been Cd.
posed 10 the settlement of the State
debt except on the very best terms for
the bondholders. When the question
OF 5O.4 was left to be voted on by the
people the majority Of the party
stayed away from the polls and did
not vote because they were so advised
to do by these leaders. The leaders
believed if they could defeat this
compromise they could carry the
State in the next elections, and so it
turned out. The only question then
Is whether it is better for the people
OF the State to keep the Republican
party in power and pay onerous and
oppressive taxes, or have this question
OF the State debt settled on the best
terms that can be obtained according
to the condition Of the parties, the
bondholders and the people Of the
State, and according to the principles
OF equity. Knoxville Tribune.
----------l n---'-----------
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1882-03-23

PUBLIC LEDGER job printing Office
and book bindery, Is Madison.
The Daily bulletin., 1882-12-05
THE EVILS OF PAINTING
And their Remedy.

at has been said with much truth,
too, that house painting might, with
study and requirement of taste, resume
Its rank as II liberal art."-- Painters
ldRNai
Believing the above to be true, A. B.
KERR has now re.organized his system
of working the business in Honolulu
In the first place he has secured the ser
vices of that celebrated artist, Mr. MAX
KomN, formerly of San Francisco, whose
work in the line of plain and decorative
papcr.hanging, frescoing, &c, is up to
the present time unsurpassed, and on
these Islands has. never been equalled
For house painting jobs first-class me.
chanics only will be employed. In
future patrons can depend upon my fill
ing every order on the most scientific
basis known TO the trade. NAf NrF N
The Sign Painting and'Lettcring dc
partment will he permanently presided
over by Mr. GEO. STaATMEYER, further
comment Unnecessary
P.S.-Send2 for designs Of ffescos for
ceiling and corniccs. Something new /;
and If you want any glass put in call at
"Tiger. .Paint Store,
247iy u King Street.
The Daily bulletin., 1882-12-05

~ REAT ADDITIONS to our former
" stock, cx Sucz, Kalakaua, and City
of Sydney, of
Ship Chandlery & Ship Stores:
Cordage-hemp Manila, cotton duck,
Flax canvas, flax ailtwinc, bceswax,
Blocks, oars to "a #; shacklcs,
Bales of Oakum, hooks and thimbes,
Club blocks, snatch blocks row.locks,
Iron strap blocks, mast beads, shelves,
Metaline and patent bushings,
Stockholm tar, pitch, coal tar, tar oil,
Bright and black varnishcs, wire rigging
Marline, seizing houselinc, ratlin,
Spunyarn, caulking irons, copper tacks,
Iron tacks, connecting links,
Marlin spikes, caulking mallets,
Mast hoops, hand spikes, pitch mops, ,
Tar brushes, &c.
Paints and Paint Oil, full assortment
of all kinds and colors;
Pacific Rubber Paint, new lot, includ.
all the various colors
Brushes-Paint, varnish, pencil, white
wash, paste, artist, shoe, scrub, and
sasll-a good assortment of each;
Axes and hatchcts, wood and shingling:
Ship lanterns and side-lights-th Rcgu.
lation article.
Groceries 09lI Provisions.
A full assortment of fine groceries, in
cluding some choice varieties of
canned goods:
Table pie fruits, jams and jcllies, new
article, put up by new firm, and
we can highly recommend them as
being something really nice;
A new lot of Teas, including some supe.
rlOr Japan varieties;
Sugar-Rctincd and raw;
Hams, bacon, lard, smoked beef, in tins,
new article;
Curried fowl, curried oysters,
Plum pudding, kits salmon bellies,
Kits mackerel, kits tongues and sounds,
Goldfish, cheese, Oxford sausage, in tins: /:
Raisins, in "a, Il and 1l boxes;
Raisins, in tins; currants in & lib tins
Pickles, in gal, Is gal, qts, g. 4 gal kgs
Corn starch, tapioca, vcrmicelli,
Macaroni, dried apples, prunes, plums,
peaches and pears.
FLOUR AND BREAD.
Golden Gate extra family, Eldorado,
Golden City, Graham, oat and corn meal
Medium bread, assorted crackers,
Ginger snaps, taffy, saloon pilot bread,
Soda biscuits, rice and coffee,
Whale and sperm oil,
Sperm candles, As and Gs.
AU Of Tile o0ore wiU he sold at tile
Best Market Rates,
Buyers are most respectfully invited to
call and examine our stock.
1876 BOLLES & co.
The Daily bulletin., 1882-12-05
MUSIC! MUSIC!

with Music Agcat will enable us
the
my 'fo0'"'
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-11-26
TELEGRAPHIC NEWS
Railroad Talk.

Chicago, 25.-The attention Of r. r.
Cable, president Of the Minneapolis
and st. Louis, being called to Il state
ment of President Mitchell, Of the Mil
Wsukee and st. Paul road, that the
latter company proposed to its rival the
arbitration of the difference which
caused the existing war, he said: The diff
ferenees to which I suppose Mr.. Nit
chell alludea, related to division of
south bound business from Minneapolis
Paul line, the Chicago and Northwest
ern line, and the Omaha line, and the
Minneapolis and st. Louis, Burlington,
Cedar Rapids and Northern and Rock
Island line. The lsst-named demanded
one-third of the freight business from
Chicago. The other lines have steadily
refused the demand. No proposition to
arbitrate has been made by the other
lines, OF which it forms a part They
have hot, to my knowlec ge, even named
the proposition on which they are willing
the business should be divided.
Chicago, 25.-The Rock Island road
managers deny positively the assertions
made from Toledo. yesterday, regarding
their ticket sales. They say no order
tickets or order books of theirs issued sre
on sale at Toledo, or any other point
east of Chicago, and challenge the detec-
tive, Agent Fleming, to prove his state
ments. That road will, they say, honor
any order if accompanied by cash, at old
rates, not otherwise, for tickets TO any
point, and give due credit for such bust
ness, but has issued no orders or order
books.
The rate row made 10 Cedar Rapids
by the Rock Island and st. Paul Road,
ia soc. 1t enables passengers to reach
Omaha from G icsgo, by paying only
the additional fare from Cedar Rapids to
Omaha, $S.O5; total, Chicago to Omaha,
IS. %.
New York, 25.-Tbe Chicago and
Northwestern has declared 81 per cent.
semi-snnuRl dividend on common, and q
quarterly of 2 per cent. on preferred
stock, payable on the 9th of Decem Der.
New York, 25.-Mariin Hughett, gen.
eral manager of the Chicago & North
western, says the executive committee
did nothing to-day except declare aivi-
dends. His road stood ready to meet all
questions as they came. The war must
OF course terminate, bat be couldn't say
how soon. stocks were stronger on the
report that the troubles were adjusted.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-11-26
OrEmInaIities,

Paris 25.-Two workmeu were arres
ted ct Lyons yesterday, in connection
with the anarchist movement. There are
further discoveries of dynamite at
Lyons.
Chicago, 25.-In the Terasa Sturla
murder trial, to-day, it appeared that the
defense will chiefly rest on the plea of
emotional insanity aud pal.ialion Of cir
cumstsnces. The evidence began, but
was OF routine sort.
AS the result Of the larceny in Phelps,
Dodge & Palmer'G establishment, Au-
gustus and John NJ. Wells, employees,
were to-day held on the larceny charge to
the criminal court, in bonds of S 800
The warrant charges them with the theft
of 5000: No testimony was taken to
show the basis of the charges, and all
members OF the firm conspire to close
their mouths.
Richmond, 25.-Three men we're ar
rested and bsiled on the charge of viola
ting the election laws and procuring ille-
gal votes.
Carlyle, ILL.,, % Last night the cele-
brated gang of thieves who have been
on trial several days, were convicted and
sentenced. General Nef, leader of the
gang, and Buchanan, were sentenced to
twenty years in the penitentiary; Joe
Muntly ten years, and Steve Muntly FIVE
years. This gang operated extensively in
North st. Louis and southern Illinois.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-11-26

In Which q Lot OIL Drunlmers
are Concerned.


Chicago. 25-The Times says, last
night it was learned that the whole
sale boot and shoe house of Dodge &
Palmer had for ten months psst,
been Systematically robbed of some
thirty or forty thousand dollars, pos
sibly more, by some of their travelling
saleemen, iB coliusion with other of
their most trusted employees. The
planlpursued was for salesuen 20 send
in from new towns in the west fcti-
tious orders from imaginary firms,
or those who had dissolved partner
snip; double orders would then be
shipped. the duplicate being taken
up by the travelling statesmen and the
rest returned to the Chicago firm.
The greed and holiness OF the couied-
crates excited suspicion and investi-
CATION followed. which, it ia said. un-
earthed the fact that upwards OF a
dozen men were in the conspiracy.
One of them, g. q. Welles ha teen
arrested and cannot be found. The
Who'e affair has been very quietly
conducted and the policy Of secrecy
been adopted by members Ct the firm.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-11-26
The La Abra Claim.

Washington, 25.-On Wednesday lAst
application was made to the supreme
court Of the district, for mandamus on
the secretary of state to compel him to
pay the La Abra Mining Compsny's
portion of the $500, 900, recently paid by
Mexico on account Of the amendments
made by the Mexican claims commission,
and writ was Issued requiring the secre-
tary to show cause why the mandamus
should not be granted. Secretary FIRE.
linghuysen says he considers the claim q
fraudulent one and will refuse to pay to
the claimant the award of the Mexican
commission until the matter has been
passed on by Congress, and that body
shall take an opposite view and authorize
its payment.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-11-26
a Crimts al CanxhG.

Springfield, Me-, 25.-In ths trial
for daHsEes agAinst the teWn for the
death Of young lady by q defective
highway, oae doctor testified that the
cellar BeRe was broken, which two others
centradieted. The first, to head off post
moFtem, went to the cemetery to exhume
the body and make good his testimony
by breaking the collar bone. He was
discovered in the act of digging up the
corpse by q person who was at Grst
bribed, bat who has since told the whole
story.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-11-26
Cable clicks.

London. 25.-W. Faber s. Sons, mer-
chants, have failed. Liabilities, 98, 600.
Berlin, 25.-The second iron-clad cor
vette ordered by China in Germany has
been launched.
Lendon, 25.-The peninsular and orr,
entail steamer, MaLiOG, beached IN the
Suez roads after a collision with g Clan
line steamer.
Ooastantinople, 25.-Dervisch Pasha
is exonerated from the charge of encour-
aging Arab.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-11-26
The Pope Ipsulted.

Paris. 25.-The onion publishes pen.
tifical circular Issued in connection With
the action of Signeur MsrtiRucs, against
the pspal major domo before the act OF
appeal which confirmed the decision Of
the coart of the first instance, that juris-
diction Of Italian tribunals extended
within the walls ofthe Vatican. The cir
cular declares the sentence of the Roman
tribunal is in violation of the extra terri
torial character ofthe Vstican and al in
suit to the Pope.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-11-26
MRS. scOviIIe.

Chicago. 25.-Judge Loomis, in the
county court, to-day, granted Mrs. SEQ
vile a new trial on the ground that
though possibly insane, she was neither
homicidal or suicidal in her testimony,
nor dangerous to friends, hence not q
subject for the asylum. The next trial
will be on December IS. DR.. Ross agreed
to guarantee that she will be present. She
appeared in court to-day.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-11-26
Batch of Rsmozais.

Washington, 25.-The President
upeE the report of the Attorney General
has issued an order removing District
Marshal Ohss. E. Henry, Postmaster
NJ. II. Parker, NJ. O. Helm, foreman Of
the Congressional Record. and George
E. Spencer. one Of the Cemmissionersio.
the onion Pacific railroad. on the ground
that they interfered with the administra'
ton OF justice il the stsr route cases.