davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13
HIS TONGUE CUT OUT.
John Natika's Terrible Experience
at the Hands of Russian Mob.

No better Illustration OF the ferncit,
OF the Russian mobs, in their attacks on
harmless jews, can he had than the case
If John Na'iks, now in New York, where
he arrived in compsny with thirteen Of
his co-religiouisis on boa.d The steamer
Greece fscenllv The unfortunste man
is completely dumb, his tongue having
reen cut..ou, at itsvroots by band OF
drunken mar1uders. He is a pitiahlesob-
ject to see, especially when he attempts
% make himself understood by dull ma.
sal sounds and gestIculations. Yester-
dav morning his unfortunate condition
was brought ts the aiention of Capt
Hein'Zman. wto requested him to make
a written statement OF his terrible tx-
perience In accordance with this lc-
quest, JOHN Natika wrote story. tour
foolseap shee'slppg, in Russian Trans
lated by an official interpreted, tie same
read IN part as follows: -
"Mv name is John Nltika ] can not
speak. hecapSe my tongue wss cut out
in Russia. l lived in the Deighhurbood
Of Kief my business being that5 Of u
clethier. East October the Eesssn's be-
came very abusive to ius j sSs aud man,
wore brulally lAtreated. At first thev
let me alone, but in Deceube a band
of peasants burned down one of N,
outhous:s compsined 10 the pristav
( fpolice captain : bat no one was SaifesN'
cd / accumulated a little money. a fret
which the moujiks soon Learned. On
jan. 8, was aroused by number OF
them breaking into my room. They
dragged ne out of he'd, and beat ana
kicked me badly Thepswanted1 to- gef
nv none. asd asked me for it, Wbef
| pleaded poverty they took me out in
to The garden, clad as / was in my night
shirt, and. putting a rope around my
neck, Lung me up to the limb OF tree.
When was half suGoca led they let me
inwn again and asked me il j would dis
close the place where's sile mnney was
hidden. Again | refused, upon which.
without further ado one of the men
forced open my mouth, and, While the
Others held me, cut oct my tongue with
bair or shears rThsvl all. then ran
away; while j almost bed 10 death.
sub't quently recovered in The hospital,
and furnished the police with the names
and description "f nv assailants, who
were, however. released on the Trial "
Here Naiika's narrative ends. Some
OF his companions furnished 10 Truth
reporter The remainder of the borrow
ing tale. Il. seems that according to the
Russian iminal code, No, petson can be
convicted OF an assarlt unless the COM
plainant testifies to The facts In 'person
and hv word of mouth. In Natika's
case thsre could naturally he no q les
ton Of verbal testimony, inasn uch ss
having lost bic tongue The comp aint
was dumb This qnhble was imme-
diately taken hold oil by the lawyer for
the plaintiffs, and, to the surprise OF
every ybody, the president OF the codr,
ordered The prisoners-four in number
Ito bt discharged. The day afer this
decision took place another jew was
muliIsted ina manner milar 10 Natika,
in one Of the suburbs e6Kief
Nstika and bis com anions will. prob
ABLY be semitic t. xss shy ibe' Hebrew
Aid society Neso York Truth
i
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13
Domestic Lite In Texas.

ut wasn't that !" exclaimed Mr.. San!
ders, indignantly. You see / d!dn',
cav q word at ell
"How'd she find out, then 7" asked
one Of the party.
"whv, went home, and she asked Il
II was me. told her it was. Took
the chances on thai, you know. Then
she asked me If I'd been drinking.
told her no. Aud there Islopped. New.
or said smother word
"But you say che caught on some
where. How was II?
just blunder ] made When
told her ! hadn't drank anything che
was satisfied. hut when / come to get tc
he'd put or nv overcoat instead of my
night-shiri." That excited suspicion
Teras SiftiEgs.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13
PROBATE NOTICE.

~
A CCoUNT5 and vouehers have been fled In
n the Probate Court Of Monroe Csunsy.
Ohio, BY the following Executors, Admins.
traitors and Guardians. to wit.
First and final account of Elisabeth and r.
W. Theis Administrators Of the estate of
George Theis, decd. ss..cf
First and final account of Prederick Baudi
Adm'r Of the estate OF Nicholas Bandi deed.
First and 6nM accornt of George W. Fore.-
aker Admir- Of the estate OF John W. Cline,
deceased, ~ .zSN
First partial account of Matthew Wsrwiehs
Aim'r OF the, estate of Elisabeth Masters.
deceased. ss -
:. Third aud fnsl account Of ], L. Bevan
Adm'r-of the estate Of Charles Cooper, Iced.
First and fnal account of William ]. Brs..
den admir- of the estate Of Rlijah 6. Baker,.
deceased.
Second and final account of Thomas Mar.
Tin Administrator Of the estate of Byan,
HanAy decd.
Third and anal account of Rbensser Tay-,
lor Executor of the will 0. Henry Gates.
deceased. So s -
Third and 6nal &C sount of william Win.
land Guardian of Mary L. Coon, minor.
FIRST partial account Of Frederick claugus
Guardian of Leonard Nsuhart. an iubecile
Any person interested may nle written
exceptions to said accounts, or any item there.
of, on or before the 30th day of June
next, when the same will be finally heard and.
continued from day to day until disposed Of.
r. <. WALTON.
june6.'S Probate Judge, u. CO,
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13

The love of the glass is as common
10 won en- as to man, Int the woman's
glass is comparatively harmless and Of
ten tells a pretty story.
At whale exhibition, youngster
asked his mamma il the whale that swal-
lowed Jonah had as large mouth as
the one before them why didn't Jonah
walk out at one corner. "You mus,
think Jonah Wss fool: be didn't waEi
to walk out and get drowned" was the
Quick reply OF younger brother, be-
fore The mother could answer.
A Young man who owned q side hill
in the vicinity Of The new LOCO barre
oil we'll q, Warren, PENNSYLVANIA, cover
ed with rocks and mCrtgage, is now
worth a fortune, and 10 about TO marr,
the pi.l of his choice They have filled
two BOTTLES with oil from the well 10 be
placed upon the mantle in their future
hone.
n more attention was paid 10 fertil'
lz.pg the land, the crops would be more
absndant. farming profits would be lar
ger. and labor would not have such 9
sirn4ele to subsist Western farmers
have cot vet sufficiently learned the
very important lesson that 9 soil which
Is required to yield its substance contin-
rally Without receiving anything back
must cesse 20 yield teoner or later.
The coloaS OF thrifty Swiss recently
established near Mount Airy, Ga, is as
prosperous and happy as there was ey.
cry reason to suppose it would be. II
now comprises twenty families, and sew
eral more aIe expected soon. Each
tamil, brought from $1,000 to $4,000,
and now owns farm which. in COM
parison With the scapty measures OF
Switzerland, seems like kingdom.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13
LEGAL NOTICE.

A NINA BERLT, whose place of residence
"A and Portofiee address ia uhknown, will
take notice that on the 22d day Of April. A.
D. 1882. Jacob Affoltef. AdmiIfstrator Of the.
estate of OhristianAF fuchs, deceased fled in the
Probate Court of Monroe cofnty, Ohio, re.
tition alleging thatN ION the nd day of Auril.
A. D. 1891 the said Christi;n Fuchs, then In
full life. entered intd cchtract in writing
with Adam Walters fot the sale of the folio ".
ing described real estat situate in said con nty,
to wit:
The middle part of lth, east haifof the south
east quarter OF section fifteen township three
of range four. containing thifty acres except
the right of way Sf road Ito and from the
county road to land of John Fuchs, late Of
Monroe county, Ohid, deceased.r upon the fo'.-
living terms. And Nthe said Adam Walters
doth hereby agree TO ply y the said Christian
Fuchs the sum of $le00, the consideration
money for said premises in the manner follow
ing: Fifty dollars TINS day, and agrees to as.
sumo two mortgagef TO wit, One to Yenney
$500 to be assumed Iby said Walters ON the lat
day Of April. 1882, ard $3.50 on the lst day Of
April, 1852. and S2OA\ ON or before April /.
1888, with 61e per- tent Interest. payable annu-
ally, and the said. ChrAtian Fuchs agrees to
convey said real eAtste BY deed to the said
Adam Wal ers on or Aefoye the lst day of April
A. D. 1882, and tho said Adam Walters Is to
have possession of said fesl estate on or before
the LIST day of Novembef. "A D. 1882 That said
Adam Walters paid 10 said Christian Fuchs. in
his lifetime, said SUN of $50; that said Adam
Walters has paid said sum of $3.50 after the
death of said Christian Fuchs. on raid pur--
chase money; thatifaid Adam Walters is ready
and willing teicYnply with al. the provisions.
of said contract eptered into between himself
and the said Christian Fuchs, in his lifetime.
as soon ss valid detA can be made to him fol
said real estate. Tie prayer of the petitioner
is for authority tsmake deed to said Adam
Walters in behafof the heirs at law, of the
said Christian Fpcbs deceased
The said Anna NBerlt will take notice that
she has been made = party defendant to said
petition. and that she i required 10 answer the
same on or befsre the Path day ol June. A. D.
A. D 1882 JACOB AFFoLTER,
Admir- of the Estate Sf Christian Fuchs. deed.
ByPsarsqh = Doherty. his Att'ys.
apr2S. .'S2w6.
l-.s,
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13
Notice to Teachers.

THR Board Of Examiners Of Monroe Coun.
| ty will hold meetings foe the examina
tisn Of Teachers as follows: t#
Weeds field, saturday, June 3, 1882.
a July Ss,
EY Those desiring certificates o I any grade
must be examined.
By order Of the BEARD.
DAVID MovAY, President.
JAS. A. WArsoN, Clerk. - ,a-
apr25, ,'S2td.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13

The line of civilization in the valley
of the Yellowstone is two hundred miles
in advance of the Northern Pacific track
layers. A colony from New England
settled at B. zeman in 1864, and has
erected thriving town. Through Pull.
man trans are running to Glendive, and
will soon 20 to Miles City.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13
Monroe Go. Teachers Examination
TEXT BOOKS.

Orthography, Wright and others; Penman.
ship, Eclectic s. stem; Reading, McGuifsy;
Geography, ny Topics; Physical Geography
Cornell; Grammar, Harvey; also Practical
Grammar Glass for the special benefit of
Teachers; Composition, Swnton; Analysis,
Greene; Arithmetic and Algebra, Ray (Re-
vised); Geometry ana Trieonometry, 0lney;
Philosophy, Qaackenbos; U. S. History, by
Topics; Rhetoric, Hart; Logic, S,a uyler; Latin,
Hardness; Civil Government Martin; Anato-
my, Physiology aud Hygiene, Cutter; Metric
System and U. s Bonds will receive special
attention. #A!so class will be formed
in Book Keeping if desired.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13

1VI sUsOV O'OV HNt"UV
Trains run on Columbus time west Of the
Ohio hseh ~ IT'D T{r@fe.ss
Note OH Running of Trains.--EAST
BuUND--New York Fast Line daily. with
through Sleepers from Chicago to New York.
Washington and Baltimore Express, with
through Slespers from Chicago to Baltimore
daily, and Through Coach from Sandusky to
Cslnmbus daily. New York and Baltimore
Express daily Newark to New York, on other
Divisions, daily, except Sunday. Sleeping s
Car Chicago 20 Cumberland. All other trains
daily, except Sunday ~s.-E a-.t
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13
THE WEEKLY EDITION

of the Enquirer ought to be la the hands ct
every farmer, every mechanic and every
toiler in the land, As an agricultural paper,
full of fresh, valuable and reliable informa.
,ion, 1t will be without rivall corps Of
contributors has been retained whose prac-
tical and theoretical knowledge in all
branches of good farming is unsurpassed.
We thank our readers for that liberal sup
port that has enabled us to print the best
newspaper in the West. and ask continu
ance Of the same and your assistance in
making known the merits of the .;aper, and
increasing Its field ofsasefulness.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13
TINE TABLE. g
s Il - = Il -
TAKE EFFECT IL NJ, JAN. Is, 1882.

Trains make connection with the B. & O.
and G. & p. Railroads. also, with Capt Lu,
kens' steamboat. sPres Ellison," for Wheel
ing. Trains run daily, Sunday excepted
TRAINS GOING EAST.
LEAyEs No q No a.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13

&79 A WEEK, Sl2 day at home easily
y Amade, Costly Outfit free, address
TKuE Co. Augusta, Maine. mch2s, ,'S2Y,
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13
BEALLSvILLE
SCHOOL.

TNHE Eighth Session of this School opens
L Juiy is, and closes september ID
1852.
We take pleasure in Offering to the patroniz-
izing public superio' advantages over any
other school in Eastern Ohio: among which
are corps of efficient Instructors, written
Examin atoms, thorough drill in Norma! In =
struction for Teachers BY an experienced Ei.
ucator, full and practical course of study
for persons ooking to any special calling o.
life. good and cheap Boarding, moral and
social Community, a frst.class Literary So
ciety. a thorough, course OF Lectures, and, at
the close Of the session the > v.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13


This Syrup possesses Tdricd Properties. '-'
It Stimulates the PtyaIine in the
Saliva, which converts the starch q nd
Sugar of the food into, glucose. A def
cheney ia Ptynlino enuses Wind and
souring of the food I'm I he stomach II
the m medicinc is In ken imm lately a tier
vented. =,
II acts RpoB the Lircr. y..,
1t acts upon the KidMrys.
1t Regulates M e. sB0treIs.
It Purifics the Blood.
IT Quiets the Nervous S,fstcJn.
II Promotes Digestion.
1t NourisItes, Strengthens and n,tf1ornfss.
II carries oG,HIc Old BIoot and makes ,,c1o
UrGHhy PerspiTation. :, f5 .r,. =. -ti,--,-E
1t tneutralizcs the hereditary taint, or poison
IN the blood. which generates Scrofula, Fry
sipelas, andall manner of skin diseases and
There are no spirits employed in its manu-
dactnre. @ ana it can be taken by the most deli
oetn5 required IN attention to directions. &
DRUGGISTS SELL III
Laboratory,, ~ TVosti3d ST.,
NEW YORK CITY,
DRAIN, DoUG;. Ass Co., OREe..
can say that DR.. Clark Johnsop's Indian
Blood Syrup is the best med cine for general
Complaints, such az Dyspepsia, Liver Com
plaiut, etc. that ever used.
wM. J'RAzBR
rURAxD, PErIA Co., Wis.
Il have used Dr. Clark Johuson's Indian
Blood syrnp for Sick Headache. and have re-
ceived much benefit from it. n'' -
MS. LINDA SHELDON.
MsAkrHUR Vi ros Co, @
I have used DR.. Clark Johnson's Indian
Blood Syrup for General Debility, Nervous.
ness ard Bronchitis, aud it has done me
more good than any other medcns,I / ever
used. DAVID HAWK.
WATERvILLR LIE SUtusCo MIN !
The use OF Dir. Clark Johnson's Indian
Blood Syrup has proved very beneficial to
me. ! recommend its use to all. t-r
MRS. o. JANIS. /;
SPRINGBoRoUrH, WkRRBE Co., o.
/ was troubled with Rheu matism, Consti-
patton, Rush of Blood to the Head and Liver
and Kidney Diseases DR.. Clark Johnson :
Indian Blood Syrup has effectively cured,
In. HifCHBLL.
junesS,'sl.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13

Arr Chicago. :. .8;35 5:55 TO
Trains :un on Baltimore time east Of the
Ohio Rriver"f i-' d. -. s-s-
WEST BoUND-Chicago Fast Line daily,
with through sleepers from Nsw York to
Chicago Chicago Express daily, Through
Sleepers Baltimofe TO schicasoS daily. and
Through Coach ffnm sColumbus 10 sandnsky,
daily, Chicago Mail daily, on Main Line and
C. o, Division; on other divisions daily, ex-
cept sunday sleeping Car Cumberland to
Chicago. All other traius daily, except sun
day,
IL. N. Cole, General Ticket Agent, Balti-
more. arTf es. a
q W, E. REPPkRT, Pass. Ag't, Columbus.
. C. K LORD Gen. Pass. Agt, Baltimore,
B. DUNHAM. Gen. Man, Newark.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13
REDEMPTION NOTICE.

To FreGk Kind's5%ger, or wh0m it may Con-
cern: VI
Notice is hereby gjSsn thatJ. W. NJ. Brock
has paid into the County Treasury sum of
money sufficient torsaeem the south half Of
lot No. in the town Of Stafford, sold at
Delinquent Tax Sale by lphu Gatehell, Treas.
urer OF MonIosk County Ohio, sp1kry IT.,
1889, in tbs name oGso. 8: slSan 70
Fred Kindlebefger.
H IN. ATKINSON,
ma,za,'ssss.- Auditor Mofroe Co., Ohio.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13

NOTICE OF oFlAppeySTMENr.
Estnte Of John Il. Rkaer, Deceased
THR Undersigned a}been appointed and
i qualified as Admin fstrator : ef the estate.
Of Johu H. Ruttsr, lfs Of Monroe county !.
~
Dated this oath dfy II Nay, A D. 1883
naysecrs' EEFAsL BoueBEsRs
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13

Jerusalem is the center Of rich and strict Y
moral community. and offers very inviting
prospect to the earnest student Tuition re-
quired in advance. No money refunded except
in case of protracted illness. Coed boarding
can be had at from 81 to So per week
For further particulars call on or address
r l.. MORRIS. tt 80
R G. MCGAUGHEY,
apr25. 82td jerusalem Ohio.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13
THE CINCINNATI ENQUIRER!


In its columns, the news of the world Ia
given every day in the year. Its two thou.
sand correspondents located in every section
of this Country and Europe, are the most
reliable newsgstherers to be had and She
history of each days events will be faith
fully recorded and presented to the public
through the Enquirer, free from distortion
or prejudice.
The province of . newspaper Is to re, ord
facts, to separate truth from falsehood. How
well the Enquirer has succeeded in this duty
we feel pardonable pride in referring to its
files and past record for evidsn ace of its abil-
ity and thoroughness in pres nting all mat.
tsrs treated upon in their true light.
The people OF this age reqcire q paper
fully abreast of the times. 90 equal in en-.
terprise, and material advancement in all
mercantile and political interests, such will
the Enquirer continue to be. Candor and
fairness will be accorded to all questions and
parties, but the facts shall never be per-
verted,
The immediate Future has In store mat.
ters Of grave importance to all, and the gen.
eral welfare will largely depend upon the
influence Of those who are fully conversant
with facts occurring and to occur. The pol.
icy Of the government but partially devel,
oped oy the New Administration, " as last
winning the confidence of the people, when
the hand of the Assassin placed control of
affairs in charge of a faction whose leaders
have not at all times received favorable
criticisms for their public acts. What the
future policy is to be, will be foreshadowed
during the first year of President Arthut's
administration, and presented to the public.
without fear or favor, in the columns of the
ENQUIRER. -
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13
SCHOOL.
Jerusalem, Ohio.

'NHE first session of this School will open
i July II, and. continue in session ten
weeks
Glasses will lie formed in any of the branch
es to suit students '-.
Special attention will be given by Robert L.
Morris to the technal construction of English
Grammar; also. Physical and Mathematical
Geography. No pains will be spared to make
this school success.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13

W. 2. Cunningham in the Philadelphia
WeoklY Timer
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1882-06-13

Bellaire y Southwestern r. II.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1882-07-19

JULY.-Yes. July is a goodly month!
And now our national holiday is over. We
celebrate freedoms birthday by day of
leisure and comfort, not with gunpowder
and fireworks. A morning walk through
green weods-shiDing with last nights
rain. The path is winding and shady.
We meet pair of lovers in gala dress and
happy faces, who loiter in curve of the
lane. We pass young children who are
much too merry to walk, and they run;
they would like to fly only they lack the
wings. The syringa is in bloom and ILLS
the air with fragrance. A little maiden
brings out her little presents to be admired.
We admire the little maid while. pretend
ing to be absorbed with her presents. 1t
takes so little to make child happy it is
strange wo neglect to afford that little.
We meet young girl on horseback
going to visit her sister, because she keeps
the holiday and will do the plessantest
thing possible. Her cheeks arc like twin
roses. The young brood of robins have
flown, and the parents are building Il
second nest. Robin redbreast is on the
highest twig piping merrily. Old wife is
busy and careful, keeping the house.
Bobolink too has grown quiet and only
warns you of when too near his nest in
the high grass. Buttercups and daisies
make the meadows gay, and at night the
iireflies seem to mimic the stars overhead
Yes, July is beautiful. Nv.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1882-07-19
Corning. n. Y

Now where is the opening for your OK
detrimental farm? The university has used
perhaps a couple of thousand dollars dur
ing the last fourteen years (out of the
hundred thousand it has begged) ostensibly
for the promotion of agriculture. This
has always been done the season before
The Legislature met, and has served its
purpose to antagonize proposed investga-
tory legislation, So feeble, however, has
the latter been, that it is doubtful if orr
Burlington friends will feel like wasting
even the biennial $500 this year. 1t
understands the situation just rs do, i 9 =,
if they don't ask for more they wont be
disturbed in the enjoyment of what they
have got. Do you see any opening2 Do
you think your Legislature is going to feed
this sheep-killing lion with farm and
funds for experimentation in agrculture9
In my opinion the farmers will vote solid
against it, every time. In giving the
agricultural fund to the institution not
only was the proposed industrial college
squelched, but all hope of future state aid
to agricultural education was signed away.
Vermont purged herself from the whole
matter as an unclean thing; with which
it wanted and would have nothing to do.
And yet it is a Vermont senator who
claims the honor Of establishing the m.
tional system of agricultural colleges, and
who sets in the board of trustees Of our
own Great is Diana of the politicians
T. H. H., in Vermont Farmer.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1882-07-19

A PRETTY STORY or OLE BULL.-A
Swedish servant in a Boston family mar
rates the following incident in the life OF
Ole Bull, told her by the parties interested,
who were her friends: On revisiting bis
native land. the great violnist met in a
large city a young peasant woman bathed
in tears. His tender heart sought the
cause of her grief and learned that her
husband had been aided in emigrating to
America, the land of promise, while she
must await the hour when his earnings
could bring her also across the ocean.
The open hand and heart we're not appeal
ed to in vain. "Give me your shoe, he
said softly. Taking from this the sinew
used in its lacing. with it he replaced the
four strings of his violin, and placing him
self at the cathredal doors he drew from
this one chord, consecrated to pity and
charity. such charming, touching and
piteous. STRAINS as only the large heart and
mastery hand of Ole Bull could improvise
and execute. His extended hat was filled.
Pouring the treasure into the woman S
lap, he only asked to see the sacred string
(swan like in fate) reduced to ashes.