Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1882-11-04
AGRICULTURAL.
msrfKE PREPARED SPECIALLY PoR
FaE "REcoRD -UnIoN."
Selecting Trees for an orchard-1h he
Fhylioxera in spain-ravorable
to Seeding wheat.

ria or 10 the Eastern States aud imported.
there are ether very important consiSerstions
that should engage the attention OF those
who propose to plant out orchards. Among
these additional considerations We would
name as important the subject of insect
pests. TIE necessity for this precaution has
had its origin in this State. or at lsast has
been brought to the attention Of the public
prominently within the past few years. The
State Horticultural Commission and the
State Agricultural Society have been active
agents 10 calling public attention to this cub
Jet and in bringing out the Importance OF
cara il this respect. Every one who is about
to plant gu. new orchard, or who intends
to increase or edd to an old one, should be
absolutely certain that the trees he is about
TO plant are free from disease Of all kinda.
Apple trees, evan in the nursery, are
frequently in this STAGE infected with
the woolly aphis They are also in
some actions infected with the black scale.
Pear trees have the pear blight, and are
also affected with the scale-insect trouble.
The peach, apricot. nsctarine and almond
trees are liable TO carry with them the eggs Of
the red Fpiier, the scale AMI eggs of the dis.
ferent kinds Of tbs scala insecss. tie eggs CT
the canker worm, or Other infectious dis
eases. The orange add lemon trees also havs
the scale upon them, and are lisble to carry
il from the nursery to the orch srd 1t is not
only matter IF great iaterest TO those that
are about putting out new orchards
or adding TO their cid cues, that
all should exercise caution against
spreading any of these diseases, but
all Shose Who nov have orchards are equally,
ana l. act mora immediately. interested 10
the exercise # csution in this respses. Net
oriy ars tbs Or, duoers of fruit interested but
TIE dealers end consumers are likewise later.
este6 in this matter. All, indeed, who feel
pride in the reputation of the State as a fruit
growing State, and all who would advauoa
the general prosperity OF Inc State, are Ill
IeetlY or indirectly interested IN prevent, q
the spread and increase Of orchard diseases
of every kind. But no can this prevention be
most cheapiy eff =cted? The most natural wsy
TO exercise precautinn is 10 shuu those nurseries
IL Taich diseases of any nature are known 10
exist. The nUrseryman who expects or lie.
sire5 20 sell trees for planting, should in the
firss place see that bis nurseries are free from
disease. and be able honestly and completely
to guarantee his patrons against danger in
purchasing trees from him. If, however, hs
has, unfortunately, disease of aay kiad ia his
nursery, he should take immediate and
eifectual steps to eradicate such 6isezse,
not only upon tho trees he proposes to
life and sell, bu5 he should exter.
inmate It from his entire premises.
Trees that sre lifted for sale may, and should
by sll means, be disinfscssd before they ars
put upon the market. his can be done
most effectuslly by Dipping the trees into {.
bath Of solution Of concentrated I've OF sutfi.
Gent strength to Kill al! insects upon them
but not strong enough to in1drs the tfe3 A
bath or wash Of this kind of about the propsr
strength can b. prepared by Usiag one pouAd
OF concentrated potash or taree .fourths OF
pauai of concentrated lye TO twenty gallons
Of water. The water may be used cold, but
il tsPia will be mor5 etfectuai. The trees
must n5t rsln&ia in the bath long enough to
endaDger them, but iu5s long enough to kill
the scale CO eggs Of otner insects.
The queat!on Of whether trees are free from
iusscs pests having been determined, the
general character Of the trees becomes an i'm
portsnt N aS;er. When trees are to be planted
in soil that is not to b irrigated, but where
good cultivation is to be relied upon to keep
them in healthy and thrifty condition, it il
better 70 obtain them from nurseries where
they have been raised under circumstances
similar TO those 10 which they are to continue
after transp antibg. Trees irrigated 10 rur-
ssry, exceps by the undsr ground irrigation
sys6sn, are apt to throw out roots close 30
the surfacs, and when such trees are planted
IN soil that is not Co be irrigated, these surface
roots are most sure TO die out, to the IL jury
OF the trees and the fruit growing On them
Then again, in California climate it is bet
ter to select trees that have been so trained
IS 30 main Jain branches low down to the
ground. Lock to this in the selection OF trees
in tie nursery. SJme people measure the
sizs OF s trEe by it, hight FROM the groand,
but IL cur waru sunny climate it is better
t. lock TO the sizs Of the stem around, rather
thsn TO Its lsggch or ght above ground. The
limbs Of tie fruit tIess should be kept low
down so as 70 shade the stems or bodies, and
at the same time SO that the fruit can be
easily picked Il is important that this
bsbir of low growth and branching should be
established in the nursery. Trees that have
low, heavy stems sni branches are most sure
to havs roots to correspond. 1t is better to
go direct 20 she nursery to select trees than
TO the yard or agency Ia town. La this way
you can get better idea Of the habits of the
trees YOU are about 10 buy. You eau also
form a better idea of the reliability that Is to
be placed upan the product OF the nursery,
as to the kinds Of trees you are buying
The nursery bu-iness allows Of no car eieEsne
or uncertainty, and one can form pretty
that nursery turns out by seeing the mode
of doing busiaefs Of the man who he's raised
them. The fewer times that trees are lifted
anl covered with sell before finally ing sst
in the orch ard where they are to grow, the
better. If possibls il would be well to lit
the new trees from the nu ssry and set them
IN the orchard at once. 1'o do this the h4las
must he prepared before the trees are re.
moved from the nur cry row
This hFippS In the :-p6a of roiavf:-c
Very lluch 5ep5lds on the proper planting
of sn orchard. Tao bsst Of trees may De 80
planted as to reader them OF but littis COM
parative valus to thsir owner, aad poar or
inferior trees may lie so sell planted a. 10
overcome the defec.s Of their cultivation nd
management ia the nufsery. TIE holes
should bs made large AID r1ony. To the
novice in horticulture it msy look ike Us.
less expenditure Of time and labor to dig
hole three feet deep aud three fess in
diameter 10 set q ye3r-5ld uei 10,
but to the thoughtful aud experienced
orchar6isss this is considered a necessity 20
securs good, thrifty and productive orchard.
rhs first stsp in the way OF preparing piece
Of land for an orchard ssould be TO pillow end
cuitivats it deep, completely pulverizirg tie
soi.-saY eighteen igcaes below the sur
face. i is good ides to give the soil good
season of sunmer-fal'o@irg, or to cultivate
c5ru Or potatoes upon it, for at least one sea-
SOY, before the trees are to he planted on il in
the fall. Great offsets viii BE- accomplished
By this mode of tIaasment-the pulveriZiag
Of the soil and tie destruction of the we 3D.
saed in il. When the sill has been thus pre-
pared Sanerslly IL will LAY TO lay the ground
out by running deep trenches made by q CON-
mon plcw, followed by subsgil plUws, In 70 VS.
tbs distance apart il is Intended to D art
tie trees. With good teams and plows thess
trenches mag be made twenty inches deep.
and by making them both ways the intersec.
tions will mark the places for the trees. In
throwiag out the dirt with shovel put the
surface soil in one pile and the bottom dirt on
the opposite siee. OF course it is not ex-
p-c}ed y rear old tree-and this is the best
sga at which to transplant fruit trees
will be placed in the bottom Of
hole three feet deep, any more than it
is expected that s. tree of tina. age will
have roots long enough and branchy enough
TO Eli taat depth, aad OF an equal diameter.
When shout to plant the tree, with the shovel
cave in the surface of the soil around the hole
till it IS so nearly filed that the largest roots
of the tree viii rest upon the soil SO caved in,
while the tree itself will occupy lust ab9ut
the same position as TO the surface as it did
before being removed from the nursery.
An inch or two daepsr will do
no harm. Having cut eff all the
broken or injured roots smoothly with sharp
knife. let one man hold the tree with his left
hand in It's proper position. while with his
RIGHT hand he places the roots about in the
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