davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1882-01-30

At q dinner in Washington on Saturday, nigh {
prcninent Southern stateem 81 is said to have
argued that should Hon. Jas G.. BlAine bacome
q candidate on the conservative ticket in 1881 @
woald sweep every Southern state.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1882-01-30


Tho AItie!r III and Frederick. blrg, b. F.W
Palfrsy, hts been received from tho prbli,hore.
Charles Sc:ib2er s. Sons. Nev York, through
Mr. G. J. Frer Oh Nts 93 8 81 King st. III.
two bstiles dnc:lDsd in tuls book were the great.
es; drawn battles f,ugh; ty III, armies tf
Horthsfn Wig mia aud Of the Potomac and
though the sutucr's d sc ip i'm revivss VI ple,s.
snt N m. r.ts in the mud. OF III tnols lnos vet
alive who pr ic Dlted i them, on ihs whole The
,ok is On interesting one. Tot only to thcs, ia
miar with its subjects, bit TO sll interested in
the history tf the evil war. OF curse hr. Pal.
frey views tbs picture, in Norlnsrn light but
that i; not lrrr Sill 6.
The Sou:h:ra Planter hts b;en received #. IN
i ediL,r ard p:orl ,tcr. Rolf, 3. Saunders
Richmond This is III, old monthly Southern
Planter AID Farmer, tu; the pre- pr;e!or h.s not
Only cuEtiiied is nsms, but lis size md FOL m
also, and new lu9li Ihes it sc mi.monihly. Il is
an Ell c alient m.gizIne fJr famss however, 40
mater IN what quest sbe shape it IN ~ appear
Our Little Onos and The Nursery, for r. bru.
AIRY. hs' bean rtc ivs1 frJm lis publishers, Tbs
Russell Fublithi:g Company. Eos ION, FIR little
children his is one OF the bss! IN G zin,s eve:
published.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1882-01-30

E convention of the tobacco growers CT Prince
Georges county, Nd. WAS held at Upper Marl.
bcro', o. Saturday fer the purpose of giving
voice 10 the sentiment of that community upo,
the question OF the compulsory inspection Of to.
bscco. Tho almost unanimous opinion was in
favor of the abolition Of the present system of
inspection, AID resolutions were adopted csliag
upon The representatives OF the county in the
State Legislature to urge the repeal Of tbs 10.
bGcco inspection laws
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1882-01-30
Death of Dr. BELOW,
Financial.

NEW YORK. Jan. 30.-The Rev. Henry W
Fellows. D.U dei This morning. '"
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1882-01-30

Mrs Jno. L. Conners. the wifi, OF q coutrac,
tor for buildings. was killed on Saturday nigh
in Washington. she resided on New York tv.
enue. sad Whilo moving towards dressine bu.
resu in her chan bar, with bar babe in her ar ms
about Is o'c!ock. was pierced through the side
by pistol bullet, which came through The win.
dow pane, and fell dying TO The f ,or. Medical a
tl,taDc. was speedily on hand, but before mid
night Mrs. Conne!s was dead leaving husband
AMI four children. a man n,mai Me lolas
Miles Imposed heretofore to be Inc ffsnsive. was
arrested because he was found ia an alley oppo.
slss tie house and because it YVES reported ihs,
he had been seen with pistol. but none was
found on him. The police fund two colored
man who were in front oflhs house when the
shot was fred. Thy cav a man who fred al
the head oi2n alley the opposite side of the
street. but were unable TO recogDiz, him. a
co'o!ed woman, who lives in the neighborhco1 ],
saw Niles jui: before the til 1t was fired come
staggering by, and observed him 20 into the
alley, and shortly Afterwards heard the ,hot, bu,
did not zee who fired 1t.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1882-01-30

.tAUoU1ER COUNTY ITEMS II. Mas,n Hirst
died at bis residence. near O,esu, the 23;d
lus,, aged 81 years. He WAS firm fried, 30
ut tiIoehlug Democrat, and true christisn.
u. Is. Gibson, attorney. sold last Saturday.
~ acres Of land, lying 10 the counties Of L'u.
doon AID F4uquier aud near the tcwa of 10
netVlIlo. to George Frzsr for $50 per acre.
L was part Of the estate of the late VIM. A.
Stephenson aud mCss valuable property.
Last Thursday week DR.. j. w. McIlhauy 10
ride at eight through the woods to the house
OF patient. WAS struck 10 the forehead BY q
LIMB and knocked bsck 90 bis horse. pal fully
stra!oIug the small of bis back. A: soon as Q
got sbou: sgain be VAS so unfortunate ,sto
sprsiu bis az kIe.- Wauenton Inder.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1882-01-30
RESIGNED AND OUR, Thu Richmond cor
responder! # the Petersburg Iad,x.Arp,a

RESIGNED AND QUIT.-Tha Richmond cor
respondent cf the Petersburg Iad,x.Appea!
says:
"'Df. W. w. Wings Senate Committee clerk,
aud clerk on tho Special House Go mittec,
charged with the examination Of The Second
Auditors offiso. resigned his position night
before last aud left tbs city. Il is understood
that be has gene to Oxford, N. U. The D Jo.or
is an earoes! friend If Auditor Massey, aud
during all the 6gh. that has been u id ag.inst
him has stood by the Old map. D.. Wing LETT
letter with friend here in which he said that
any letter interdtd f,r bin should b, address
ed tishsr to Norfolk or Oxford, N. G. If be
was wanted BY any Committee be WAS ready to
appear before such at aoy time. Ha is exceed
IIugly popular hera among all parties. He has
lived here fer the past eighteen months. -Du-
!!rg the greater pare tf that time beir e engaged
10 bis duties is clark of the House Committee,
erg,ged 10 examining the q, pas 10 the 8, md
Auditors tti,s. D,otor Wiog is A genllem, 10
Of culture and abili y"
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1882-01-30
"WINE OF CARDUI" makes rosv

cheeks and clear complexio ns.
For fale by z. 8. Lea 1be,ter 4 BIO.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1882-01-30

Geo. Johnson. co'o'ei. sged lC4 years. died in
New Y ork city Saturday, in destitute circum.
stances.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1882-01-30

L
where Judge elected in 1878 to fill vacancy
| occssioned by the death of the former Judge
VAS attempted to be busted by the &C ion Of the
Il 'gIslature of lS7GrSS0, in deciding that the
term of said off co had expired, snd eectin, !
judge therefor.
The minority report. whic1 WAS signed BY ali
| OF the democratic members of thu committee
! after quoting from numerous decisions of the
Court OF Appeals 90 tho subject, recommended
he following resolution for adoption by The
House:
That in all elections by the General Assem-.
by OF judges, the election as for the full consti.
tMl0naL term az Interpreted and defrei ~
the Supreme Court Of Appeals Of this Com NOR
| wealth."
The minority report quotes the folio sir g
from the Constitution:
"All judges shall bs commissioned By The
Governor, aud shall reoaive such salaries and
allowances es may be determined by law, the
| amount of which sasli not / o diminished during
their term of cfico.
Their terms OF offc, sbsli oommeuo, on the
lst day OF JaIuaiy next FLOWING their sppoiot
ment, and they shsll discharges tho duties OF
their respective cffc.s frs o their first appoint
ment aud qualification undrr this Constitution
uolil their terms begin"
And adds: What is tho mesniog of the
language contained in the various sections Of
the Constitution quoted must be adjudgc1 BY
the courts hsving jSrisdciou. Il c,nnot be
reached By legislative enactment. The Co.,
stiIuioo is The fundamental lsw. It must b,
ebeytd BY all. 1t Gao be construed only By the
courts. The legislative and judicial powers are
.eparate and distic:; stber Gao usutp tbs
functions of the other; the former makes laws;
the latter coastrues the law.
The patron of husbandry. (Columbus, Miss.) 1875-1883, 1882-05-06

that series of problems which have pro-
voked such long and earnest discussions
from engineers; and those phenomena of
silt-bearing and deposit, the long and pa
tent study of which resulted in making
the Jetties a success.
The Miss Duri is navigable for 1000
miles above the point of junction, but the
Ohio, though a much shorter river, con-
tributes more water to the main stream
on account of its more uniform summer
volume. The materials, however, con-
tributed by the Missouri make up far the
largest part of the obstructing bars and
shoals. Without going into technicalities
we briefly present at this point the princi-
Piles in relation to running water on which
Captain Eads has projected his improve
ments. The first'is that water carries silt
along in volume proportional to its swift
ness; or, other things being equal, its ca
pacity to transport sediment increases as
the square of its velocity Thus, if cur
rent of one mile an hour will carry one
grain of dirt to the gallon, current of two
miles per hour will carry four.
This Is the first and most important
principle. And the second is like unto it,
viz: the sediment dropped is exactly cor
relative with the force of the current.
nothing is dropped but heavy stones, when
a little slower pebbels and gravel are de-
posted, little slower and heavy SAND is
left, and finally only the most triturated
mud is carried on to comparatively still
water. So thoroughly is this law recog-
nized that the geologist determines The
character of deposit from the current
of the water which dropped it, and con-
versely the chemist analyses a sol. by as
certaining what force of current is re.
quired to hold it in solution.
The patron of husbandry. (Columbus, Miss.) 1875-1883, 1882-05-06

ganization, and therefore 1t VIII =
found that something else IS neSs
sary besides the mere organlza".-
Of the Grange; that something -
have the Grange Incorporates
the purpose of carrying 9a' -
principle of CO operation. ooS'~
as a Grange is incorporated as =.
operative association, in when !.
amount of stock is fifteen or t"TD:
thounand dollars or more worn
tobacco, wheat, cotton or any o.
product, that minute it WI oe "
ed upon as a business organlZa.s.-,
and it will have credit, ano - -
borrow money on just as taV0fa ~.
indeed, more favorable terms U.s.
single individual mercn'l :
There would be no difficulty -.
raising the stock, for each mem NV.
could subscribe his fifty or one l' ~,
dred bushels of wheat-his NV,
and or ten thousand pounds o.
bacco-his one, two or w.. y,
bales of cotton. We conceiV'e, I,
Only difficulty in the way wou.u ~,
that curious and unaccount."ssl
lack of confidence in ones sell .. a.,
neighbsrs, and the Dispose
which SO universally prevail aniO iva,
farmers of regarding their own r he
ducts as being so far superior y Us :,
like products of their neignU 'l,r
This is just where the diill'F ar.
will come in, and the sooner ,b,t
mcrs generally will concluoe m e.
some honesty and good faith sun -, =
main, and that other people ~
raise just as good wheat, topa ',t,t
cotton, &c, IS they raise, the 0 .bsy
it will be for all. Whenever iii
arrive at this conclusion there me
be no difficulty in the way OF ~ .ted
of our incorpo' and
Oranges pooling their produces, tsin
thereby will be enabled to OO ,ors.
credit in the banks, as a COZ tfSonl
ton, which has in hand say iIlsrs
twenty to thirty thousand oo
worth of agricultural produces IL,
The Grange had better co s,ovru
this matter. We have only th'S "a.
out the idea, and if it be PIa. Size
bic, as we believe it is, then he. ~
is a solution to the problem. IL and
has given so much trout" he lack
caused so much anxiety--;t
Of capital and how TO oa's'' "
The patron of husbandry. (Columbus, Miss.) 1875-1883, 1882-05-06
The Mississippi Jetties.

The following interesting articles de-
scriptive of the Jetties at the mouth of
the Mississippi river were written for
Le6eFs Mechanical News, Springfield,
Ohio, BY Hon. ]. w. Bookwalter. who
was the Democratic candidate for Gov
ernor of that State last year. The illus
trations were engraved for THE PATRON
from those which appeared in the News.
NO. III.
In previous articles we treated only of
the Mississippi as it now is, and the pos
sibilities of trade growth under existing
conditions, and in spite of spring floods
md summer droughtG, bad landings. whlrls
and eddies, bayoas. shoals and cut-offs,
caving banks and shifting channels. But
the Mississippi Of o-dsy only gives hint
If the great highway which scientific en-
cheering might make of it. 1t seems
well therefore to present some facts show
ing the difficulties which were overcome
in making the )etties success, and othess
which may be- overcome In securing q
better channel for the whole river when
the Government shall rise TO It's duty In
the premises.
The Mississippi 10 Columbia's own
river, draining twenty States and Terri
tories: a region containing 10000, 900
tcres, or twenty four times as large as
Eugland. Peopled as Belgium now is
and it would sustain much denser popu-
lation-it would give support to 10000
The patron of husbandry. (Columbus, Miss.) 1875-1883, 1882-05-06

force and persistence of running water !.
Another principle comes in play as soon
as we reach the broad alluvial lands be-
low Memphis, viz: the tendency of a
river to have its swiftest current in the
middle, the friction of the shores retardinp
the current there. Thus the Mississioni
water, surchargcd with sediment, is slack
ened little near the shore and droDs
part of its load this builds up the banks
to about the level of highest flood, then the
inward slope becomes so great that the
dropped sediment rolls down to the middle
and is again swept along by the stronger
current. Thus the lower Mississioni
makes its own banks; and man. discover
ing that region some thousand of wears too
soon, begins where nature left off and
raises levees even above the high floods
Just below Memphis the eastern hluff
which has SO far followed the general
windings of the Mississippi, leaves the
river and strikes towards the southeast
only coming back at Vicksburg. The re.
s :, Is tract OF 900 square miles between
lne river and the bluff, which is known as
,ne upper Delta There prodieal nature
I'D sown lite and death with equal hand
!, nc sou Is OF inexhaustible fertility. VIII le
.he malaria is unfavorable to the white
rec But it is the paradise of the blacks
WAC seem proof against malaria; in that
region they outnumber the whites FIVE to
one, ana are still rapidly increasing. The
western bluff leaves the river above that
pom. ana never really returns to it, but
continues bearing westwardly. The east
ern pun conforms to the general course
OF the river to point just below Baton
Rouge, where it leaves it for good and
strikes directly east, continuing into Ala
bama, This is in fact the trne, and anci-
The patron of husbandry. (Columbus, Miss.) 1875-1883, 1882-05-06
II is further observed that With given

It is further observed that Nth given
volume of water, what is gaind in breadth
Is lost in depth or velocity ;that # the
velocity be lessened sediment will be
dropped till the stream is Swallowed suffi-
GENTLY for the increased currant to carry
the sediment forward. and tha If chan
mel be narrowed. either naturally or arti-
ficially, there must result RAPID increase
in the current which in no long time will
deepen the channel. One more condition
Is to be considered; if the bottom be very
uneven the "swirlso in the waite resulting
therefrom will raise and NOV forward
more sediment, on the same principle that
a whirling wind will raise heavi.r articles
than direct wind of the same velocity.
All these principles working together have
produced the peculiar phenomena of the
lower Mississippi, and by careful study of
them, and corresponding combinations,
Captain Eads has made the Jetties SIC
cess.
1t Is obvious that II the volume of tie
Mississippi were uniform, its ehanrel
would efeH became sa, &C the current
would seour out earth from the narrower
places and drop 1t In the broader ones, TIL
uniformity was obtained but the varis-
tons are enormous. AT highest food Il.
7ro,ooo cubic feet of water pass New Or
leans every second, carrying 2,ooo cubic
feet of sediment; but at lowest food the
water is only age, 900 cubic feet per second,
and the sediment mere trife in compar-
isen. Hence the sudden and embarrass-
ing changes which ..are so astonishing 10
those who do not sconsider the immense
The patron of husbandry. (Columbus, Miss.) 1875-1883, 1882-05-06

the work.
over 100 feet in depth, and about three
quarters of mile wide; this depth con-
tinues to the head of Passes where the
river widens suddenly to mile and three
quarters and shoals mp to depth OF only
thirty feet. Below New Orleans the river
runs down a steadily narrowing tongue OF
land and the observer can look across
narrow strip of soil on each side and sec
the Gulf; and though the river under MIN
Is over 100 feet in depth the Gulf as TAR as
he can see does not exceed fifteen feet.
Thus we see that the river, by the abrad-
ing force of its current. maintains It's oeeP
channel: but when Its waters reach the
Gulfthey spread right and left, their speed
being slackened they drop their sediment
and the result is a bar. Enough has been
said on the action of the water for US now
to follow down the Passes and see where
the great trouble began.
About twelve miles from its mouth the
river divides into three forks, which ran
down like narrow tongues into the Gulf;
on each side they are bordered by low
nuckv land, and between them the Gull
extends ND In shallow embayments. First
ia Southwest Pass, which carries to the
Gulf nearly or quite one-half of all the
volume of the Mississippi, and an equal
proportion of sediment so the bar and
marshy land advance there at an average
rate Of 200 feet annually. Next is Pass
T. Oufye, carrying out considerably
over one third of all the water; and at it,
mouth the bar and lands end advance
The patron of husbandry. (Columbus, Miss.) 1875-1883, 1882-05-06
8. 80. ,,.a I'D tbe fsnlf and AMI below

emf shore line of the Gulf and all below
that is ssmade land" Baton Rouge, then,
being taken as the point where the Missis-
sippi once emptied into the Gulf, all below
that is the Louisiana Delta, which mas
been filed in within the last 5000 years,
and is still being added to at the rate OF
100 feet or more yearly.
Below that point the river bears steadily
towards the east, which is due no doubt to
the fact that the prevailing winds are from
the east. Thus as the sediment was yearly
brought by the river and discharged into
the Gulf as 1t pas. the wind created
cross current which drove it westward; the
result was that the bank built up first on
that side and so turned the river eastward.
This principle is observable at the mouths
of all sediment bearing rivers which form
deltas; and we shall see by and by that
it is of some importance even yet at the
mouth of the Ietties, and we are not lett TO
mere guess as to haw this Louisiana Deita
was made, for the process is stu gong on
and has been accurately measured. Here
are the aguFesl -
Taking one year with another the Mis-
sissippi annually pours into the Gulf 49,
10000, ooo, 900 nineteen and nan TIL
iions) cubic feet of water, varying from
eleven trillions in the dryest years 10
twenty seven trillions in the wettest. Ihis
water carries from a half to nearly three
cubic inches of sediment to each cubic
foot of water, according to velocity; be-
sides small amount which is showed
along bysfriction. The aggregate is over
100000 900, 900 pounds of silt per annum
The patron of husbandry. (Columbus, Miss.) 1875-1883, 1882-05-06

mouth of Red River the Mississippi
is of enormous depth, and below New
Orleans it is rarely less than seventy
five feet and often nearly the or quite
200. To the observer on the deck of
steamboat, at high flood, the river seems
to be running on ridge; and he wonders
that it does not break out and find a chan
mel through lower land. But this is some
thing of an optical illusion, for it is only
the surface water that is higher than the
land outside the levce; the main river, Iso
feet below him, is far below the land. The
bordering marshes, and below New Or
leans the bordering Gulf, having no cur
rent are very shallow; and if the whole
water surface coul.' be lowered twenty
feet. one would see the Mississippi, still a
mighty river over 100 feet in depth, be-
tween high banks and bordered by high,
dry country, and so no doubt it will be
when nature gets done making it-a work
in which man has prematurely interfered.
On the preceding page we give two
illustrate olls, which will enable the reader
TO form correct idea of the general ap
pearance, location and surroundings of
the Ietties. The nature of this great pub
lie Improvement, although it has become
a subject of National and indeed ofworld
wide interest, is still but imperfectly COM
pretended by a majority our people.
In order to ,ex hihit still more clearly the
geography of this vast enterprise, we give
on this page a map of the Delta, showing
the relative position of the several Passes
through which the Mississippi empties
into the Gulf of Mexico. With the aid of
these illustrations the reader who has
attentively followed the general remarks
already offered vi II be prepared to accom-
pany US in a ls,ors minute examination Of
The patron of husbandry. (Columbus, Miss.) 1875-1883, 1882-05-06
Capt. Eads' River Improvement The

DRY. @
The present disastrous overflow of the
Mississippi river brings into prominence
the various plans for the Improvement of
the river, and we reproduce the following
statement of Capt. Eads' theory-a theory
which will yet be adopted by the General
Government:
"Capt. Eads, in some ofhis late addresses
has explained how the Jetty system, that
has proved so successful at the mouth of
the river, would be equally so in the course
of the river itself, The Mississippi river
carries large amount of sediment The
amount carried at any point depends upon
the current there. If the current is brisk,
large amount of sediment is held in sus-
pension; if slow, there is deposit of sedi-
iment that had been taken up where this
current was swifter. The relative rapidity
OF the stream depends upon the compare
tive width of the river. Where the river is
narrow, as rule, the stream will be swift
ter; where wider, slower; where very wide,
much slower. Putting rocky places out of
the question, where the current is swift, it
will clear out comparatively deep chan
mel; where wide, deposit of some portion
of the suspended matter will cause the
channel to shoal. If an average width was
decided upon at which it is desirable the
river should remain, by placing at the mar
gins of the wide spots willow mattresses,
such as constitute the Jetties, the flow of
water would be confined within the re-
quired space, ard the current would be-
come quicker, as the whole body of water
would pass through narrower channel.
The narrowing would bring up what had
been sluggish flow to an average one.
The water would then carry an average
amount of sediment, and the channel would
be worn down to an average depth. The
whole of the system is-regulate the width
OF the stream; that will regulate its speed,
and the speed will regulate the amount of
matter held in suspension. Where that
amount is fairly regulated, there will be 10
depositing of soil at the wide parts of tbs
channel, consequently no formation of
shoals Experiment has already proved
that, when the river passes on two sides of
an island, and is shallow in every part, by
stopping the flow on one side, the whole
amount of water being sent along the
other it will necessarily run swifter. This
increase of speed in the current will cut
away the bar and leave navigshle channel