davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Middletown transcript., 1882-03-03
For Sale or Rent,

mHE STORE HOUSE AT TOWNSEND now
III occupied by Joseph c. Hutchison. Pos
session March 18th. This is one of the best
country stands in the county, and offers
rare opportunity any whom may be in quest
of business opening. Address or apply to
RICHARD TOWNSEND,
jan 1S-tf Townsend, Del.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14
FAIRPOTNT.

The schoolhouse, which has been un-
dergoing repair. is now completed.
The smiling face of Miss Brown put
in its appearance last Saturday evening,
and she commenced school on Monday.
Wheeling township can boast of hav-
ing the highest fence in the county. 1t
was built by the 7. V. R. R. Co. in front
OF our saloon keepers door. Perpendic-
ular hight, Is feet. Stay cut, boys!
R. C. Coleman, fireman on the T. "
R., who has been on the sick list fol
some time, has returned to business
again.
Miss Eva Black. of New Philadelphia
is visiting her brother. T. E. Black. cur
worthy agent at this place. =
Miss Anna Hughes,of Pleasant Grove
gave US call last week.
A young man of this vicinity was
married last week, and now goes about
singing, This is the way l long have
sought"
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14
COMMISSIONERS REPORT.

The Board of County Commissioners
met in regular session on Monday, Sept
+th. Present, Commissioners Owen Me-
han, Nathaniel Taylor and Morris Cope.
w. n. COffiand, Auditor, clerk to Board.
The official bond of E. L. Feeley.
Treasurer-elect. in the sum of $4,000
was accepted and approved.
The Board settled with II. Eaton,
Treasurer, compared his books with
those of the Auditor, and found his ac
counts correct in all respects.
The annual report of S Hilles, Sheriff,
was examined and found correct.
The Board awarded the contract for
constructing a high iron and truss
bridge, 90 feet in length, at Bellaire, to
the Wrought Iron Bridge Co.. OF Can
ton, at S33 40 per lineal foot.
A. c. Darrah, clerk of court, present
ed his annual report of fines and costs
collected and paid into the county
treasury, amounting to $4745 20, for the
year ending Sept. 4, 1882. 1t was found
correct and ordered filed.
Ii. Eaton presented his official report
of receipts for the year ending Sept 4,
81, which report was found correct and
ordered filed.
Contract for building toll house at
gate No. }, west of MorristOwn, was
awarded 10 James Billingsley for 1896.
Thos. Cochran, Probate Judge, pre-
sented his official report of fines and
costs collected in State cases during year
ending Sept. 4, 's2, amounting to S2O7 "a,
which report was examined and found
correct.
The Board of InfrmaryDirectors made
their semi-annual settlement, showing
amount of EXPENSES for six months since
last settlement. of SS2S9 10.
A. H. Mitchell, Pros. Atty, presented
his annual report of number of crimi-
nal prosecutions and amount of fines
and costs collected and paid Clerk and
Probate Judge amounting to S2S07 04.
The same was examined and found cor
rect.
Application of Trustees of Somerset
township for small bridges-one on land
of w. Neptune, and other on lands of
N. Cater, was referred to Commissioner
Taylor for examination and action.
Wm. McCune and others presented
petition for free turnpike to be known
as the scotch Ridge and Burlington
Free Turnpike" Jas. A. Gray. VIM.
McCune and Hugh NJ. Pickens, appoint
ed commissioners.
The Trustees and Sup't of the Chill
dren's Home presented their annual re-
port, and report of disbursements for
the year ending Sept. l, 80, which were
examined and found correct.
Chas. Merritt was continued Janitor
of public buildings and grounds at S1S5
per year.
The Board examined the vouchers of
the County Auditor, issued since the
June session, and found the same cor
rect
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

REPUBLICANS of this congressional
district should wake up to the fact that
the Democracy through the appa-
rent dissensions in the Republican par
ty, created in the recent contest for the
congressional nomination, hope to elect
Ross Alexander to Congress. and are
making a powerful effort to accomplish
that result. Democratic lenders are
working with unhagging industry. and
are resorting to every artiflce. Here
they seek to infiu"nce voters in behalf
of Mr.. Alexander because once upon a
time he was in the Legislature, and fa-
vOred the local interests of st. Clairs-
yille-there they foment discord be-
cause of the appointment, OF q certain
postmaster in preference to certain
other applicant. or because of the reno
val of postofiice from one street 10 an
other. 1t matters not what the pretext,.
so that votes are obtained. 1t would be
Il burning disgrace to the Seventeenth
district for Republicans, under any
erovocation of personal nature, to aid
in sending to the halls of Congress u
man such as the Democratic candidate.
who, during the war, was the advocate
of every heresy distasteful to the Union
sentiment of the country, and who fol
lowed his party wherever.it led, in those
dreary days of darkness.
Doubtless the Republican candidate
has made mistakes-still, he has repre-
sented his district during two terms
with signal ability. and is recognized as
one of The most useful members of the
47th Congress. On every question be-
fore Congress, he has votsd in accord
with the Republican sentiment OF his
district, and by his honest industry has
maintained prominent position in the
halls of legislation.
Should Ross Alexander, by any hocus-
pocus, chance to be elected TO Congress,
he will be found advocating every party
measure, and voting with his party on
every question concerning the finances,
tariff, and revenues of the country. The
Republican party is opposed to the the
ories of the Democratic party on these
and other questions, and every true,
thinking Republican will bury all feel
ing of personal resentment, and vote for
the man who advocates the doctrines of
the party to which he belongs.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14
ruRIeavenworth 1K.nsos, T;noo

The Leavenworth (Kansas) Times, in
referring to recent statements that there
is great suffering among the colored ref
ugees in that State, says that the story
is "bare-faced falsehood." The Times
further says that anyone who knows
anything about the matter, knows that
sixty Thousand refugees never came to
Kansas the number was not one-third
of that amount. The further story that
ten thousand are destitute is equally
without foundation: that i'm this year of
plenty, destitution can only be the re-
suit of physical inability to work, or
downright iaziness. The Times de-
nounces the report, and says that the
whole thing is only deliberate scheme
for the robbery of charitably-disposed
p, Ople."
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

PETERsoN'S MAGAZINE for October is
unusually brilliant, if we can say that
of magazine that is always exception
ally good. 1t has two colored patterns
a very fine steel-engraving, The Wood
land Bath beautifully colored STEEL
fashion plate, with the latest styles,
among others, of wedding ng-dresses. There
are, besides, some fifty wood-engravings
of fashions, patterns in embroidery, etc,
etcs. The stories are all original and ali
firstrate. We note particularly Mans
Masquerade, by the author of "The
Second Life" But the article of the
number, because so appropriate Just
now, when everybody is talking of
Egypt, is one on Cairo and the Khe-
dives Harem.' illustrated with numer-
Ous spirited engravings. II is but TWO
DOLLARS year, much less than is asked
for any other of equal merit. To clubs
the terms are still lower. Now Is the
time to begin getting up clubs for 1888.
Specimens are sent, gratis, for this pur-
pose. Address, CHAs. j. PETERSON, 300
Chestnut ST, Philadelphia, Pa.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14
They Can Work Now.

The people who favor the closing OF
saloons on Sunday and the taxation of
the liquor traffic have now an opportu-
nifty to give evidence of their sincerity
and their earnestness by work. The
fight is on, and if won it must lie won
by acts, and these are rot to be delayed.
The time for work has come. 1t is not
in the future. 1t is now, and from now
until the day of election. While talk is
good. and we dot advise anybody to stop
the use Uf argument, yet We do insist
that those who are not willing to work
might as well retire from the field. Sol
diers are no good unless they are ishting
soldiers Cincinnati Gazette.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

TIE New York Tribune has this to
say regarding the Republican cause in
Ohio:
at is important, and the leaders know
II, to place squarUly before the voters in
the farming districts and small towns
the fact that Democratic success this
fall means free rum and no Sunday. The
people of Ohio have suffered greatly
from the license given to the rum traffic
in their State during many years past.
Temperance has come to be heart ques-
tion throughout the quiet districts, and
the feeling against the present state of
affairs is intense. Democratic families
have suffered more than any others from
the evils of intemperance. If the mass
of voters can be made to realize, as they
can by careful work, how much they are
allie TO do for the cause of true temper
ance by sustaining the party in its pres
eht attitude, there appears to be no fear
of the result-it will be q substantial
Republican victory"
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

AFTER being out from Friday night
to Monday afternoon, the jury in the
Star Route cases, at Washington. re.
turned verdict of guilty Ms to Minor
and Rerdell, Peck and Turner not gull.
ty, and they disagreed on Brady, Vaile
and the two Dorseys. The jury WAS
then discharged, and motion made in
arrest of judgment and for a hew trial
as to the two found guilty.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14
NejghbOrllOOd Notes.

The East Liverpool Review has gotten
up the best snake story. 1t reports one
near that place which measures thirty
feet.
The total amount of taxes collected in
Guernsey county the past year was
$l36,914.17.
The Temperance camp-meeting an
nounced for this week at Uhrichsville,
has been postponed indefinitely.
A ledge of what is supposed to be
valuable granite has been discovered
near Summerield, Noble county.
Messrs. Caldwell and Smith started
from Noble county last week 1900
choice ewes and bucks for Dakota,
where they propose to start sheep
rancho.
The name of the ill-fated steamer
SciOta, is to be changed. She will be
ready for duty again sometime this
week.
A little daughter of J. J. McAdams,
of Caldwell, was very badly scalded by
pulling a tubof water over on herself.
The name of the Guernsey Teacher,
published at Cambridge, has been
changed to Eastern Ohio Teacher.
Near New Concord, Guernse;- county,
VIM. McDonal, aged 76 years, fell from
scaffold, receiving fatal injuries.
The famous actor, Jos. Jefferson, plays
rip Van Winkle" in Cambridge this
week.
The Cambridge papers complain that
night r0wdyisin has become too COM
mon in that town..
An agency of the U. S. Express was
established at Cambridge last week.
On 40 rods of ground Cambridge
minister grew 105. bushels of potatoes.
Good farming.
A strange caterpillar is stripping the
leaves from the shade trees in Steuben-
vile. As the animal is not found out
side the city limits it is supposed to be
a special punishment to the wicked
city.
Three Barnesville soldiers received
last week 5000 each back pension.
There are two cases of typhoid fever
reported at Caldwell.
The Noble County Teachers Institute
started at Caldwell on Monday.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14
The fund supplied to the l:ouor

The fund supplied to the liquor inter-
esss to run the Democratic campaign in
this State is producing lively row in
tAe camp of the managers. John G.
Thompson is charged with diverting e
good share of it to aid the circulation of
the Columbus Times, d paper partly
owned by him, which he seeks to make
the Democratic organ of the State, and
to further the election of congressman
in his own interest, to the neglect of the
State ticket. "Jongee" may be counted
on to look after No. l all the time.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14
Veteran Soldiers. Read.

Mr.. Newman, the Democratic candi-
date for Secretary of State, when in the
Legislature twice voted against propesi-
tions to levy tax to refund money ad
vanced by citizens to pay local bounties.
He also voted against bill to provide a
bounty for veteran volunteers who had
not received such bounty on enlistment.
This last bill was so popular that but
nine negative votes are recorded against
it, yet Newman's name is one of the
nine |
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

Ross J. ALEXANDER, the Democratic
candidate for Congress, is credited with
proposing on certain occasion during
the darkest days of the war, at Demo
cratic banquet at the then Johnston HO-
tel in this place, the following toast :
"IIere's to the unreturning braves-may
thcre be a million of them"
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

THE Maine election for Governor
four members of the 4Sth Congress, and
State officers, occurred on Monday. Five
tickets were in the d-Republican,
Independent, Prohibition, Fusion, and
Greenbaeker. The Republicans swept
the platter by an increased majority and
gained one member of Congress. Hurrah
for Jim Blaine and the gallant Republi
cans of Maine.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

A SCHEME is on foot in sKansas to de-
feat st. John, the Republican nominee
for Governor, by conglomeration OF
all opposing factians. Delegations OF
of Greenbackers, Democrats, Anti-Pro-
hibition Germans and disaffected Repub-
licans meet to-day at Topeka to see
what can be done in the way of cembi-
nation
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

A JOINT debate of the issues of the
campaign between the Republican and
Democratic candidates for Secretary of
State is proposed. An invitation to that
effect has been extended by Hon. Geo.
X. Nash, Chairman of the Republican
State Central Committee, and has been
referred to candidate Newman for &C
ceptance Oh rejection.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

AN important. question to be. deter
mined at the election in October is
whether the Democrats or Republicans
shall control the next National House
of Representatives. We have faith that
the Republicans of the nth district will
answer that question as they have in
the past, by rolling up an old time ma
jority for their candidate for Congress.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

SECRETARY OF WAR LINCOLN is
said to be an aspirant for the seat of
David Davis in the Senate of the United
States, and he finds warm supporter in
General Logan,
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

SENATOR PkNDLEToN denOunces the
river and harbor grab as an unjust and
dishonest measure, while Senator Bay
ard says the man who pronoHnces it dis
honest is fool. 1t will be observed
that distinguished Democrats differ.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

Upon the return to Washington of
Third Assistant Postmaster General Ha-
zen, First Assistant Postmaster General
Haitian will 90 to Cadiz, Ohio. to attend
at that place the forthcoming reunion
Of the Ninety-eighth Ohio Volunteers.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

Commissioner Dudley, of the Pension
Office. thinks with his 1,7OO clerks he
can clear up the current business inside
of three years.
Carrie Holocker, a German girl of Ur-
bana, o., committed suicide by throwing
herself in front of a train near that city.
Her parents objected to certain young
man keeping company with her.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

Chas. Logan, editor Of the Logan co.
Tribune, who has been missing for nearly
three weeks, has returned home. He
claims that he knew nothing from the
time he left Logan until he found him
self in Michigan.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

lOIdl Cl6lID6u, zoos SU.
Amount allowed, 1904 %.
ROADS.
In the matter of the vacation of part
of county road in Wheeling and Union
townships on petition of ID. l. Hays and
others. Petition dismissed at costs of
petitioners.
Petition of Thos. Smith and others for
establishment of county road in Kirk
wood township-aliowed and road or
dered. ...
:. Alteration of State road in Smith tp
on petition of BENZ. Neff and others, al
lowed. ....-..;
Petition of VIM. Boyd, sr., for county
road in Richland township granted, and
road established. Sixty dollars cOmpen-
sation and damages ordered paid out of
county treasury.
Trustees of Somerset township made
their report ON change of road, which
report was approved.
Petition of Thos. ,McKelvy for altera-
tion OF county road in Richland and
Smith townships, presented. Robert
Warnock, Robert Clark and Thomas NJ.
Nichol, appointed viewers. Jas. Nc
Millen, surveyor-to meet at VIM. Ger
rard's. Nov. /.
Petition of Thos. L. Patton for coun-
ty road in Wheeling township-Wm
Parkinson, JAS. Kinney and John A.
Neff, viewers. and JAS. Crosgrove, sur
veyor; to meet at Thos. Patton's, Nov. s.
Petition of Thos. G. Clevinger for al
teration of county road in Flushing
township. JOS. j. Taggart, Charles H.
Arick and Vim. Eaton, appointed view
ers; Jesse Thomas, surveyol-to meet
at Thos. Clevinger's, October 25.
Petition of J. j. West for alteration
of county road in Somerset township.
A. M. Carter, Saml. Starbuck and S.
Wharton, viewers; John Jeffries, sur
veyOr, to meet at J. ]. Vests, Oct. 8.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

THE platform which every Republi-
can in Belmont county should stand
upon, is: Resolved, That We will beat
the Democracy"
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

THE people of Washington, Indiana,
demand the immediate trial and convic-
ton of a prisoner charged with murder
if there is failure they threaten
lynching within week.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

A correspondent has obtained, from a
most reliable source, the exact strength
of Arab Pasha's army. The grand to.
tai is as follows: Infantry, $4,000; cav
airy. $4,000; guns, l43; rocket tubes, 1S;
Bedouins, 30,500.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

WHILE the friends of the would-be
congressman Alexander are not claim
ing with confidence, yet wisdom on the
part of Republicans dictates that they
should he active and vigilant.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14
Glory
Principal Business Houses Of BRIDGEPORT

T E. WILLIAMS, dealer in Hardware Ags
q ricultural Implements, Stoves, Tinwsre,
Nails and Window Glass.
TAMES DUNCAN, dealer In Groceries and
q Provisions, Oglebay's Block.
n EORGE GIFFEE, dealer in Choice Family
" Groceries. Phqnix Flour Specially.
c wOODCOCK. dealer In Hardware Stoves,
.. Tinvare, Glass, Nails, &c, corner Main
and Bank st. Tin Roofing Speciality.
VIM. ALEXANDER, Wholesale and Retail
w Grocer. corner Main and Bank Sts.
A BRANUA q SONS, Wholesale Grocers,
H. Bank Street.
u A. kABERY-A Full and Complete Line
L Of Boots, Shoes and Gents Furnishing
Goods.
DINsMORE BROS. Grocery and Feed Store.
~ Main ST., one door east OF Smiths Mill.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

THE Ohio Democracy by their combi-
nation this year with the brewers have
declared their belief that the bottle is
mightier than the pen.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

DEMOCRATIC FIGURERs, who count on
Ross AlexaDder's election in the Seven
teenth district, are likely to find them
selves badly left on the 10th OF October.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

THREE weeks from next Tuesday the
battle of the ballots will be fought over
again in Ohio. Republicans should be
up and doing.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14
West Va. State Fair.
Notice to Exhibitors.

MIR. X. III. PHILLIPS, Entry Clerk. is
Il now ready to receive all entries from
exhibitors, at the office of the Association, on
the grounds. Speed entries close Monday,
Sept. 4th, at II pm, end all the entries close
Monday, Sept. 18th, at 5 pm. No entries for
premiums will be received after the above
dates. g. Ed. MRNDgI, Secs.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

HARMONY and victory should be the
motto Of the Republicans of Belmont
county.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

THERE are indications of cOmpro-
mise between the warning Republican
factions in Pennsylvania.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

MAINE refused by large majority to
go to the "demnition bow-wows' this
year.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

SHOTGUN and bludgeon are still used
to keep the South solid for the Democ-
Yacy.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

MARTIN A. FORAN was nominated
for Congress on Saturday, by the Demo
Gratis of the Cleveland district.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

The Republican majority in Vermont
is about 22.OCO. The Democrats gain
twenty-five members in the House over
1880. '..tz
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

"As GOES Maine SO goes the Union
Let Democrats of Ohio take notice.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

GS IN con per day al home:sam plesworth.
VO " %<o IS free; address Stinson q 20.
Portland. Maine 3le>ly
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14
THE MONSTER CIRCUS

which the talent unequaed and comprises the highest order
children and families assured that this department
taste of refined community Among the ustiou and wodsm
MILE ANNA CARROL-The charming young lady eques
the profession Her challenge bareback been
equaled.
c. H LOWRY-Who rides the thrilling dahing
flying hurdle act of any n the business.
MILE LIZZIE CORDELL0-The Aerial Queen.
W. B. CARROL-Thep peerless Rider, with reputation
MILE MANARD-The thrilling Trapeze performer by
Mons Manard.
SIG MARQUSWd Indian Rider, and has equal the world
CORDELLO LAROSEChampion Horizontal Bar performers
MONS. AJAX-The Indian Rubber Man.
MISS MANARD-In her Majestic Suspension
THROPE MILLETTE-The Gymnastc Wonders
SAM. MCFLYNN-High Stills
The greatest attraction complet
War songs, Dances feats of horsemanship;
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

sh nothing done that offend the most asdous
artists in this department
JOHN SAUNDERs-ChampiOn Leaper and Tumbler.
MISS BALETTE-Vocast.
MISS OOCDELI-SerO Comic.
JOHNSON, GARVY, robson, SIMSON and OHAPIN-Tun-
bers, Leapers and Vaulters.
GARVY-With his Loose N the street
p YATTE-Cstal Pyramids, Light and Heavy BasBc
ing and Chinese ChrOckery Acts.
PROF JAMAS GALLAGHER-Mage Barrel and Maltese Cross.
D. W. STONE, SAM McFLYNN, HARRY LAR0SE-ClOwns,
Wits Testers and ComicV Vocaists the Original Refined Gentle
manly Witty Clowns that stepped sawdu and many
other special and general performers appearing daily and nightly
One of the features of the show OHkE
MA Wakes, IROQUOIS AND COMANCHE INDIAN TROUPE.
exhibition manners customs of the red
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1882-09-14

The East Liverpool Review has gotten
up the best snake story. 1t reports one
near that place which measures thirty
feet. g.,
Lancaster daily intelligencer. [volume] (Lancaster, Pa.) 1864-1928, 1882-07-06

BAKERS PAIN PANACEA cures Il pain In
man and beast. For use externally and inter
nally.