davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-02-14
ObttuarY.

New York, 12.-The funeral of John
Wilson, the actor of the Madison Square
Company, took place to-day at his late
residence, No. 200 West Twenty-fourth
Street, Rev. DR.. White, of the Twenty
third street Presbyterian church,
officiating. The remains were tempora-
rily inferred in the Marble Cemetery,
and will be removed in few days to
San francisco, the former home of Mr..
Wilson.
New York, 13.-George Jsrdine, organ
builder, died in ttis city yesterday. He
was born in hartford, England, in 1901.
He came to this country in '37, and
established an organ factory. Among
the instruments he has built are those in
st. Patrick's Cathedral, the Brooklyn
Pebernscle, in Trinity Church, San
francisco, and ST. Georges church in
this city.
The funeral Of Henry Tucker, musical
composer and writer of popular soGgt,
took place yesterday from the residence
OF mis- family, Brooklyn. His death was
caused by brain affection from which
be had been e. sufferer for years. He
Tucker was born December Is, 1926, in
hluEsIOU, SduhuA w oeGt Wuct0 Ms pa
rents had removed from Connecticut.
be composed the music for "When this
cruel war is over" "Dear mother I've
come home to die" "Sweet Gsnevieve"
and many others equally popular.
Louisville, KY, 13.-Robert Ayres.
aged 80, is dead. He was one of Louis
villes' merchant princes and most promi-
nent supporters of Henry Clay. He was
a republican throughout the war.
New York, ia. D. Billings, g
we'll known actor. died this morning
from an overdose oflAudsnunl. His last
professional appearance in New York
was made on the stage Of Union Square
Theatre where he played the part Of
esquire" in 1.-THE Lights O'London."
Billings suffered a severe loss a short
time ago in the death Of bis wife, and
there is an impression that he may have
swallowed the poison with suicidal in
tant
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-02-14
Mining Stocks.

New York, 1S.-Mining stocks were
very active and generally weak In
mense business was done in State Lines
and Oriental and Miller, though much of
it was washed. State Lines, \ os. 2 and
8. opened at Ito, declined to 80 and
closed at 81; Nos. and 4 declined from
% to Is, closing at 10. Oriental and Mil
Ter declined from e to 16, closing at 20.
Robinson declined from go to go.
Bradshaw declined to 40, and Bull Do
mingo to %. South Pacific vas strong
throughout, at 2 65 ana 2sO, notwith-
standing Seymour hss advertised the
fact that he is selling out. IUtal sales,
234, 200.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-02-14
RAJ.

New York, IS 80 King of the pro-
posed new state the Tribune ssys: Lin
coin and Garfield, the two msr,yred
Presidents, would have been decidedly
better names for the two new states into
which Dakota will be divided, but the
old name has commercial value in the
wheat market Of the world and neither
section of the territory has been vii ing
TO give 1t up.
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-02-14
MONETARY AND STOCKS.
NaR Y.rk. Eel. Is. 1850

Aone5, md 6 govern ments weak.
stocks, weak ~ stern Urion, SI5I.
Quicksilve- = p 6c. 43A; y ariposa
4; " Pa. Is New ! ork Central
3 q; $50 Paner Is, 80; Union
PncIr. fl-2s; .e.4-. i16 -htral Pe-
C D. 81 oros, Il; outrc q
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-02-14
CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC Il 7
, ] s.,U,H Is ms NEP' THAI TIE

IS ] ne Great C0nn0Cptn2 6tHk %
Its main line runs from Chicago TO Council
Bluffs passing through Joliet, Ottawa, La Sale,
Geneseo Moline, Rock Island. Davenport. West
Liberty, Iowa City, Marengo, Brooklyn, Grinnell.
Des MoineS (the capital OF Iowa.. stuart ATTAIN
tic, and AVOcA: with branches from Bureau
Junction to Peoria; Wilton junction 10 MuSca-
tine, Washington, Fairfield E1don, BelRnap,
Centreville Princeton. Trenton, Galatin. Came
ron, Leavenworth, AtchiSon, and Kansas CITY;
Washington 70 Sigourney, OSkaloOsa- AID Knox
tonSport Independent, EldOn. OttuInwa, Eddy
vile, OSkalooSa Pella, Monroe. and Des Molnes;
Mt Zion TO Keosauqua; Newton TO Monroe: DeS
Moines to IHdianol2 and Wlnterset; Ac2ntG 20
GriSwold and Audubon; and Ayoca TO Harlan
ard Carson. This is positively the only kali
road. which owns. and operates through line
from Chicago into the state OF kansas. ~,
Through Express Passenger Trains, with Pull
man Palace Cars attached. arc run e2CA way daily
between CHICAGO and PEORIA, KANSAS CITY.
COUNCIL BLUFFS, LEAVENWoRTt1 and ATCHI.
SON Through cars are also run between Milwau-
kee and Kansas City. via the - Milwaukee and
Rock Island Short Line"
The "Great Rock Island" is magnifcently
equipped. Its road bed is simply perfect, and its
track is laid with steel rails
What will please you most will be the pleasure
OF enioying your meals, while passing over the
beautiful prairieS of Illinois and Iowa, in one OF
our magnificent Dining Cars that accompany all
meal as good as is served in any hrst-cass hotel,
for Seventy-fve cents.
Approaching the fact that majority OF the
people prefer Separate apartments for different
purposes land the immense passenger business
of this line warrantng it,. we are pleased TO an
nounce that this Company runs Pullman Palace
PULLMAN PALACE CARS are rul
COUNCIL BLUFFS. KANSAS CITY, a
all Ticket Agents in the United States
For information not ObtainabIe at )
p, z. CABLE,
vice President and General Manager
The Salt Lake herald. [volume] (Salt Lake City [Utah]) 1870-1909, 1882-02-14

Sleeping Cars for sleeping purposes. and Palaces
DINING Cars for eating purposes only. one oLnSr
great feature OF our Palace Cars is SMOKING
SALOON where you can enjoy your " Havana"
at all hours of the day: -,
Magnificent Iron Bridges span the Mississippi
and Missouri rivers at all points crossed by this
Kansas City. LeavenWorth and AtchiSOn, cOE-
nectionS being made in Union DepotS.
The principal r. =. connections Oh
this great Through Line are as folloWBg
AT CHICAGO; with all diVerging lines for the
At ENGLEwooD, with the LIS. & MS. andP-
At WASHINGTON HEIGHTS. with P, c. 6 St
ALA SALE. with III. Cezt. R. R.
At PEORIA with P. P. q j.; 2. ID. & E; l. 3. d
W.; H. Md; and T. P. & w. Rds:
As ROCK ISLAND. Wltn IMllWSuKee anu rock
AtDAVENPcRT with the Davenport Division
AtWEsT LIBERTY. with the B. C. R. & y R.R.
AtGRINNELL. with central iowa n d
AtCoUNCIL BLUFFS, with Union Pacihc K *.
At OMAHA. with 3. & No. r. r h. On Nsb.9
At COLUMBUS JUNCTION. with b, C.R.& y R Il.
AT OTTUNwA. win SentTaI iowa AZ II r. ""
At KRoKUK, with Toll, PEG. & War; Wab.,S
Louis & Pac., and ST. L, Keo, n. w. K. Rds.
at CAMERON with H. st. J. R. r.
AtATCHlSON, with Atch., Topeka q santa re;
Atch & Neb and Cen. Br. U. p. r RdS.
At LEAyENwoRTH, with Union Fac. anc KAN
At KANSAS CITY. with all lines Tor the West
tbrcnrh to PEORIA. DIES MONIES,
Gibson, ard LEAVEHWORTH.
Great Rock Island Route" are soio d
nd Canada.
z. ST. JOHN
GenerAl Ticket and Passenger Agent
CHICAGO liz.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25
LATE NEWS ITEMS.

THE deficiency bill appropriating
1892, 9S3 passed the House on the 1Sth-155
to 26. The clause appropriating $4,000 for
the construction Of vaults in the Treasury
and Sub Treasury caused quite an interest
Ing discussion upon the silver question.
Mr.. Hewitt made vigorous attack on the
standard silver dollar, characterizing it as a
cheat and fraud. Mr.. Marsh declared the
cry that the standard dollar was fraudulent
was false in fact and untrue in principle.
A DISPATCH from Buenos Ayres,
dated Jan. "a, says particulars have been re-
ceived of the massacre Of the inhabitants of
PiseOt by Peruvian soldiery. Col. Mas with
800 troops from lea attacked Villancnojo,
routed him and with the aid Of his men pro-
ceeded to sack Piscot. A tn 0usand pipes OF
wine were distributed among the troops, who
burned the houses and murdered the inhabit-
ants. Four hundred foreigners attempted
to resist and were cut to pieces, 800 being
killed, including the French Consul. The
total number Of victims was 1000. 1t is
said Col. Mas has since been shot by Garcia
Calderon's troops.
THE condagration at Haverhill, Mass,
destroyed nearly the entire city. The losses
will reach over $4,000 with an in
surance Of about 81 200, 600. Over 100 shoe
manufactures, with their contents, were
burned. The scenes were indescribably
grand. The loss Of life has been narrowed
down to three, though many persons are
missing. The telegraph office and wires
being destroyed, reliable information could
not be obtained.
EDWARD STERN, Russian Vice-Con-
sui at New York City, and Jules Drullhet,
his father-in- law, caned each other on the
18th. The trouble arose from proceedings
now pending in the Supreme Court between
Stern and his wife, who sues him for d.
vorce on the ground of adultery. The I'M
usual spectacle Of two well-dressed elderly
men engaged in spirited encounter on
Broadway attracted an immense crowd.
The Virginia oyster pirates have sur
rendered to Gov. Cameron and his forces.
After a brilliant engagement in which no
one was hurt, six SchOOners and one soop
! hauled down their colors and sixty one law
! less rakers cried for quarter. Eighteen
shots were fired through the rigging of one
| OF the schooners and she was chased IS miles
before being brought to.
REV. NJ. FINNERTY was arrested in
Chicago on the 18th for ill-treating Miss
May Sheridan, a chorist in the Wabash Az
| enue Methodist Church.
AN infant son of A. L. Fitzgerald, a
wholesale druggist Of Helena, Ark, was
drowned the other day by falling into .
| ilood-washed street.
MILES THOMPSON, a oolored murder
! er, was hanged at Waco, Texas, Feb. 18th.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.

Two Philadelphia mechanics claim
TO have discovered q device for running
street cars by series of powerful steel
springs. At the end of each trip the
car is to be wound up like clock.
"A new society founded in Japan
for the investigation of volcanic and
earthquake phenomena, and called the
chronological Society of Japan, has re-
Gently issued the first volume of its
transactions.
SO microscOpically perfect is the
Matchmaking machinery now in use,
that screws are cut with nearly 600
threads to the inch-though the finest
used in the watch has 250. These
threads are invisible to the naked eye,
and it takes $4,000 of the screws TO
weigh q pound, their value being six
pounds of pure gold. l'--
les MondeS reports that M. Dufour-
Get has in the exposed court of his
house two bars of iron planted in tie
earth, to each of which is fixed a con-
ductor of coated wire terminating in a
telephone receiver. He consults the
apparatus twice or thrice every day,
and it never fails, through its indica-
tions of earth-currents, to give notice of
the approach of storm twelve or ff-
teen hours before it actually arrives.
The Science says: "Of all the nu-
merous topics which are the common
field of the physician and the biologist,
none is of as great interest, both in its
practical bearings and intrinsically, as
fascinating theme, as that of the loca-
ton of mental faculties in the brain.
Year by year scientific inquiry is mar
rowing down the question of the exist
ence of the mind into the functional
realm of those great masses of nerve
tissue, which, filling out the cavity of
the skull, had already found an empir-
ical and unconscious recognition from
the ancients when they endowed the
goddess Minerva with higher brow
than Venus and Apollo with a greater
facial angle than Bacchus."
Investigation of the velocities of va.
rious wood-cutting tools shows the fol-
lowing results Circular saw teeth, 5000
to 5000 feet per minute; band saw
teeth, hand feed, 5000 feet; band saw
teeth, power feed, 1000 feet; gang saws.
2O-inch stroke, 120 strokes per minute;
scroll or jig saws, 800 to 1900 strokes;
planning and molding cutters, 5000 feet
per minute; shaping and carving cut
ters, G,O00 revolutions per minute; Dan
iel's planer cutters, 5000 feet per min
ute; machine augers, 1-2-inch dame
ter, 900 revolutions-3.4-i inch diameter,
1920 revolutions-1-2-inch diameter,
1880 revolutions; rod and dowel ma
chimes, inch and under, 5000 revolu-
tions-2 inches and over, 1000 revolu-
tons; mortising machines, heavy work,
$50 strokes per minute-light work, 700
strokes; tenoning cutters, $500 revolu-
tions; emery wheels, 6-inch diameter,
5000 revolutions-12-inch diameter,
LOGO, and other sizes in proportion !;
main shaft for wood shops, $50 revolu-
tons per minute. Estimates of work
are made on the data afforded by these
figures.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25
PITH AND POINT.

Under the head of "Short Stops,n
a Chicago paper tells how a man
stopped in jail for three months. They
haven't much idea of time in Chicago.
Detroit Free Press,
livery odd," said the compositor,
as he stood mournfully gazing on mass
of pi; Every odd, indeed. Stewed
tripe for breakfast and strewed type for
dinner. "-Philadelphia Bulletin.
1t was the wife of President Madi-
son who gave the young woman the ex-
cellent advice: "Give your appearance
careful and serious thought in your
dressing-room and forget it elsewhere"
"A-three-year-old" discovered the
neighbours hens in her yard scratching.
In a most indignant tone she reported
to her mother that Mrs. Smiths hens
were wiping their feet on our grass"
-"Does it pay to stealP" asks the
Philadelphia Times. 1t does, esteemed
contemporary, it does. 1t doesn't al
ways pay the thief, but just think of the
large number of criminal lawyers to
whom it furnishes fat living. -PhilG.
detphtG Chr0nlcte- Herald
Eyes, dear, of course we're going
to Washington this winter; the Presi-
dents widower, you know" elbow
awfully too utterly sweet" "Yes, and
the new British Minister'S q bachelor"
elbow too previously consummately
lovely" 81 cawnt marry them both,
you know, dear" "No, dear, leave me
just one"
-"How are you and your wife com.
ing onP" asked Galveston man of a
coIored man. "She has run me off,
boss" "What's the matterP" 81 lis to
blame, boss. 1 gave her a splendid
white dress, and den she got so proud
she had no use for me. She lowed | was
too dark to match de dress"
1t was evening. Three of them
were killing cat. One of them held a
lantern, another held the cat, and a
third jammed pistol into the cats ear
and fired, shooting the man in the hand
who held the cat and the one with the
lantern was wounded in the arm. The
cat left when it saw how matters stood
and that ill-feeling was being engen-
dered.
-"I think" said Mrs. Partington,
getting up from the breakfast-table, al
will take tower or go on discussion.
The bill says, if | recOllect rightly, that
party is to go to very plural spot,
and to mistake Of very cold collection.
hope it won't be as cold as ours was
for the poor last Sunday. Why, there
wasn't efficient to buy foot for resti-
tute widder." And the old lady put on
her sash and left.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25
TY.SEVENTH CONGRESS.

THE bill authorizing the sale of lands of
the Senate on the 18th. Mr., Dawes by special
agreement, spoke in favor of civil service re.
form. The subject was disposed of by the
Civil Service. Mr. Plumb from Committee
on Public Lands, reported favorably a
bill to provide tor the payment of
what is known as the 5.per-cent claim
of public lands in States in regard
to land entered within their limits by military
scrip and land warrants. The House
passed the supplemental census bill, making
available an appropriation for the payment
of census employees. Bills were introduced:
by Mr.. Ellis (I.a.)-To authorize the construc-
ton of a ship canal to connect Lake Ponchar-
train and the Mississippi River; by Mr. Plumb
(kanS. TO regulate promotions in the army
and increase its efficiency; by Mr.. Carnes
(ky.)-To amend the laws relating to internal
revenue and fixing the tax on each proof gal
Ion distilled; by MI. Warner (Tenn.)-T re-
peal the law chartering national banks.
MIR. SLATER addressed the Senate upon
the Importance to the commerce of the North
west of the Improvement OF the Columbia
River, Feb H. Mr.. Vance made speech on
the tariff, in which he deplored the burdens
of high protective policy, which fell with the
greatest weight on the agricultural class and
did more 70 retard the growth and impair the
wealth of the South than any other cause. Mr.
Morgan offered resolution, which was re-
ferrcd requesting the President to bring to
the attention Of the Government of Nicaragua
the necessity of arranging by convention the
final settlement of all unadlusted claims
existing between the United states and Mica.
ragua and of citizens of either of said govern
ments against the other government,...,ln
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25
Charging the Jury.

In a country place in North Carolina,
sometime after the war, they elected as
Justice of the Peace an old white haired
negro, ignorant, but honest, and we'll
liked. His first case was a jury trial.
After the pleading was over the counsel
informed his Honor that he could charge
the jury.
"H'm. Charge de jury?n
eyes, your honor"
"Wal, gemmen oh de jury, it pears
de case am trew, an l got TO close it
wild de charge. Considerin' de 'speri-
ence you hab got, tink will charge
you two dollar an hat piece. Detroit
Free Press.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

An American who started to ride
from Colima to Manzanillo was stopped
on the highway by well-armcd bandit,
Pardon, Senor," exclaimed the latter,
"but perceive that you have my coat
on. VIII you have the kindness to re-
move it?" The American produced a
six-shooter. and cooking it, said: Csc
nor, am of the opinion that you are
mistaken about that coat "On closer
observation, l perceive that l anu" the
bandit answered. and disappeared in tho
wood.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

For some days the iumping-sheet
practice has been going on at different
places in Hamilton, Ont, citizens COM
ing down on the sheet in many
forms. Several jumps have been made
from the roof of a three-story building
fronting on King street. A man said
he would give reward to any lady who
would jump from the second story of
the Grand Opera-house. His offer was
at once accepted by Miss Annie Morgan,
who offers to leap from six-story
building.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

v JOHN G. New, of Indiana, has,been
nominated for Assistant Secretary of the
Treasury.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

THE report of the co mynissioA on the
cattle plague, which wa A,sent 70 the Senate
by the Secretary Of the Greastiry, shows that
no lung disease exist sin the Western centers
OF livestock traffi'
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

IN recent battle between the Aus,
TRANS and Frerzegovmlsns, near Tirnova,
when taste 4 from dsybreak till afternoon,
Tue lat'er deft twenty dead on the field. The
AusIrl InS had five killed,
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

THE determination of the Pullman
Palace Car Company that prkmen shou 4,
pay ten cents per day for riding from the
works into Chicago has resulted in s ,riLo
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

The Governor of Virginia and some
State troops have gone to the mouth OF the
Rappahannock River, where civil power is
imperative owing to the oyster war.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

The town of Columbia, Texas, has
been inundated from the Brazos River. The
inhabitants gathered in the churches and
were supplied with food by boats.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

7 IHlE President has refused to enter
naiatthe charges against Gen. Carr.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25
NEWS AND NOTES.
A Summary Of Important Events.

COLORADO has been shocked by an
earthquake. =
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

The revolt in Herzegovina is increas-
ing, and a provisional government has been
established.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

CHARLES w. WEST, of Cincinnati,
has made another gift of $4,000 to the Art
Museum, the interest only to be used by the
association.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

EXPORTS to COLOMBO the Northwest
eTn territory are being made by all the re-
4 Aistous organizations in Canada. The price
paid for land is 81 per acre, half OF which is
refunded on actual settlement.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

The Garfield scent postage-stamp
will be issued March /, and is pronounced
the Tuest likeness of the murdered Presi-
dent.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

The next reunion of -Confederates
of Missouri is to be held at Sedalia, on the
10Th of August.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

HE ship Glenmorag arrived in New
York on the lath with thirteen survivors Of
the Bahama disaster, who were found toss
ing about imam open boat. They abandoned
the Bahama while it was sinking, with
twcntypersons on bosrh. y !.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

The Treasury investigation has led TO
the resignation Of Norton, clerk in the
lighthouse board, and Skeen, foreman Of
laborers in the Treasury Departments, and
the removal of Hatch, the storekeeper.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

AT recent meeting of members of
Unity Church, Chicago, the resignation of
George c, Min as pastor was requested, by
vote of llS to IS Mr.. Min asked to be in
formed Of the reasons for the action taken.
1t was finally resolved to give him yaca-
ton with continuance Of salary. Mr. Min
is determined to force definition of Unita-
rianiSm
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

THE seventy-third anniversary of the
birthday OF President Lincoln was celebrat-
ed by the Lincoln Club, of New York City,
on the 18th. Gen. Grant, Emory A.
Storrs, Senator Mcdonald, and Gov Cornell
were among the guests. Gen. Grant said
he never met Mr.. Lincoln till March, 1864,
and spoke of him as ''the greatest man
whom this country has ever produced"
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

THREE boys were arrested in Kansas
Getty, Feb "A, charged with planning to
wreck a Missouri Pacific train, at Rock
Greek, five miles from the city. They were
not over IS years of age, were all heavily
armed, and evidently meant business.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

The Legislature of Virginia has
passed law by which commonwealth at
torneys may require seconds in duel to
testify, which service shall exempt them
from prosecution. The Riddeberger bill for
the settlement of the State debt passed the
House of Delegates by 80 to -, the amend
.ment TO submit it to the people being de-
featcd by IA to II. The Senate passed bill
aOOlishing the whipping post.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

THE Coroner's jury investigating the
fire in the old World building, New York
City, found that the fire originated from a
defective llue; censured Potter and his en-
pIoyees for neglectng TO apply for proper
permit for repairs, and the carpenter for
not giving the alarm of fire promptly, and
commended McDaggert, fireman, and
Charles Wright (colored), bootblack, for
bravery in saving life.
Southern standard. (McMinnville, Tenn.) 1879-current, 1882-02-25

THREE outlaws in New Mexico have
or some time been robbing and wouuding
travellers at a point 1876 miles west OF AL
buqurque, known as Cranes. a deputy
sheriff led party of citizens to the cabin Of
the robbers few days ago, and bloody en-
counter followed. The Williams were shot
dead, but one OF the attacking party was
killed and two others so seriously wounded
that they were sent to Fort Wingate by
special train for surgical treatment.