Morning journal and courier., 1882-06-20
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l gahng much more general question--name- | ly, the inequality that exists among indisidu-
 als of the same sex, and the results he hEs l reached are of great interest and even prac-
 tical importance. He points out that the
 study of paleontology and biology, and, in- deed, scientific inquiry generally, demon ! strates that progress goes on from the simple | to the complex, from similar to dissimilar ! from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous
 and NJ. Delsunay's investigations in this par
 ticular instance only confirm these general | conclusions. It is found that inferior species of simple str1eture are less differentiated | than superior. In botany the compositas the rosaceB and the umbelliferae vary more than
 conifers and palms. In zoology pheasants
 vary more than palmipedes and dogs than sheep. In fine, individuals are equal among species that have recently appeared, become dissimilar and more and more unequal in
 proportion as the species develops, and then
 again become equal as they decrease and dis
 appear. So, also, they are equal among infe-
 rior species and unequal among superior
 Individuals composing inferior races present
 among themselves numerous points of re-
 semblance. Among the Polynesian races. for
 example, 1t has been noted that individuals
 present an almost absolute resemblance to
 each other physically morally and intellectu- ally. Among the inferior peoples there are
 no social distinctions; all are equal in right
 and in fact.
 NJ. Delgunay adduces many facts to prove
 that negroes, Hindoos, Parsees, Arabs, and
 even such peoples as Chinese, so resemble each other as a rule In their leading physical characteristics as to be almost indistinguisha-
 ble. There can be no mistaking New Gala donian, an Arab, or negro, while it is al- most impossible to describe typical French man or Englishman. In muscular power the lower races are far below the more advanced. Among white races there is the greatest yari- af in tha chona oF ha ak al most uniform among the various inferior races. Morally, intellectually. religiously, in- dustrlally, ln the matter of occupations, and in many other respects, the lower races show not only inferiority, but uniformity, while among the cultured races there is the greatest possible variety So. also, we find 1t to be the case with our prehistoric ances- tors, so far as investigation has gone; in proportion as race has advanced complexity has taken the place of simplicity, variety of uniformity; marked individual difference has succeeded to almost perfect individual equality. In the matter of religious belief for example, all men held very nearly the same creed in France as in the rest of Europe in the year 600. Now it could easily be shown that if certain individuals still hold the average creed of the year 1000, others really hold what will be the actual creed of the goth century. Between the two extremes are placed the intermediate opinions which were generally held from the Ilth to the 18th century. This multiplicity of opinion. far from being sign of inferiority,- is really 8 sign of superiority and of progress
 In the same way, if VIC considered the va- rious industrial artistic, literary and scientif- ic products, we should find constantly in- creasing differentiation Even in the matter of handwriting 1t has been proved that up to the sixteenth century writing was nearly all uniform; since then the variety has gone
 
 races, and hence which direct the polity of the world, 1t would be difficult to say which is the most differentiated Even among them certain provincial groups show consid- erable uniformity, as the Bretons of France and the Irish of Connaught. But the rule is that the equality and similarity of individuals which characterize inferior races diminish with the progress of civilization. Again, this principle seems to be confirmed by the fact that there are in the same species greater differences among males than among females: among the older than among the younger of animals and men-infants are nearly all alike physically and morally; among the strong than among the weak If we com pare the weak among themselves and the strong among themselves, we find the latter present much more variation than the for mer. Among domssticated animals there is far more variation than among wild species Then with regard to function, it is not the cdSe Inat Ene eQual e16rclSe or the muscles and of the intellect re-establishes physical or intellectual equality among individuals On the contrary, NJ Delaunay adduces ddta to show that physical and mental education bring out into stronger relief individual diff ferences it increases the differences between the weak and the strong in body and mind Education, by augmenting the number of de- grees which separate the superior man from the idiot, increases at the same time the diff ferentiation.
 Thus, according to NJ. Delaunay, the intel lectual equality dreamed of by certain phi losophers can never be accomplished On the contrary, that equality which existed among the primitive races, and which still exists among savages, tends to disappear with the progress of civilization. The instruction upon which these philosophers count to es- tablish equality among men assumes all the most decisively the supremacy of the more intelligent. Inequality is greatest among those who have reached the highest term of evolution retrograde evolution is character ized by g. return to the equality observed among species that are dying out, degenerate varieties and senile individuals. We need scarcely point out the important practical bearing which NJ. Delaunay's inquiries have on the Utopian schemes of modern Socialists, and Eihilists