davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
Tax Collectors Sale,

State Of Louisiana vs.. Mrs .5Nm. Bush
BY VIRTUE of the power in me vest
ed, as Sheriff and cx-officio Tax Collec
tor in and for the Parish of Rapides, BY
Act No. l07 of,the Legislature of this
State, approved April 10th, A. D. 1880,
| will proceed to sell at public auction,
in front of the Court House door, in
the Town of Alexandria, La, on
SATURDAY, the 9Th day of MARCH,
= ~. - a. d 1881,
between the hours of II O'Clock A. M,
and 4 o'clock p. NJ, the. following des-
cribed property situated in the Parish
of Rapides, .to-wit: sa.
-Four hundred (40C acres of land,
more or less, and improvements, 'front.'
ing on Red River, and being a part of
the N. Villain plantation, bounded
above by lands Of j. A. Carroll, known
as Deloach tract, and below by lands of
Mrs. f. A. Huchez.
10 be sold for Taxes, State and Par
ish for the years 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875.
1875, 1877, 1873 and 1880, interests, pen
alties, costs, fees and charges, amount
ing to $6Si.69 and cost.
,ts"4s D. G. PAUL,
Sheriff and ex-officio Tax Collector.
Feb. 2, 1SSl-3t. ;.at,. aa
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
H1GH- PRICED ADvERT1slHG.-It

H1GH- PRICED ADvERT1slsG.-It is
sometimes questioned Ivy merchants
whether advertising pas. The
question wall hardly bear discussion
in the light Of the following facts,
rates for transient advertisements
being figured: The Chicago Tribune,
it is snid, for a column a year re
eeives SIG, 600; the New York Herald
receives tor its lowest priced column
$39, 1913, and for the highest $34S,-
000; The New York Tribune for it's
'owest S29,764, and for its highest
SS5,GiS; anil these papers are never
ut asloss for advertisements to sijll
their columns. Their patronage
tomrs not from any desire TO assist
the respective papers, but from bust:
ness ,:.en who find it profitable le
advertise. Rochester Union.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
THE FUEL OF THE FUTURE,

The Nautical Gazette makes the
following announcement in regard to
The use of petroleum, as fuel: We
shall soon be able to announce a
wonderful stride in the mechanical
appliances for using liquid fuel for
generating steam in both marine and
land boilers. The matter is in the
hands of practical men, who will
soon demonstrate they can make
from twenty-eight to thirty gallons
Of crude petroleum, costing from,
eighty-five to'ninety cents, do the
work Of a ton of coal, costing from
four dollars to four dollars and
twenty-five cents, without dirt or
smoke, and when, as in the case of
large steamer carrying from forty
to forty five men in the fire room,
one man in each will be abuudantly
able to keep up a uniform pressure
of steam at all times. Liquid fuels
is the intervening step between coal
and electricity, which will in due
season furnish motion for the world.
But until we arrive at a thorough
knowledge Of this subject and of
motive power, liquid fuel will have
had its day and generation, wiping
out the last remnant of barbarism,
coal. The fireman Of the future can
wear broadcIoth in the fire room,
while the coal passer will have laid
down his "shovel and hoe" to be.
come one of the memories of the
past. This condition Of things is
near at hand.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

1T is we'll known that the letter
els used more than any other letter
in the English alphabet. Each OF
the following verses contains every
letter of the alphabet except the let.
ter e: s!t.s
A jovial swain should not complain {
Of any buxom fair
Who mocks his pain, and thinks it gain
To quiz his awkward air.
Quixotic boys who look for joys,
Quixotic hazards run.
A lass anlloys viii, trivial toys,
Opposing man for fun.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
State of LOuisiana.
PARISH COURT PARISH OF RAp1DEs

PARISH Court PARISH OF RAP1DEs.
MO. 379 = WHEREAS ISAAC s..
~ Hyams has made application to
this Court to be appointed Tutor to
the Minors Emma Judith aud Daisy
Hyams. Notice is hereby given to all
whom it doth or may concern, to show
cause within Coy days from the date
hereof. why the same, should not be
granted. By order Of the Court, Clerks
Office, Alexandria, La, this 6th dry
of February, 1881. 90 !
c. l.. RANSDELI.
FcL. lG. Dep'y Clerk.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
DEMOCRAT.
: -
TERMS:

THE DEMOCRAT is published Weekly
at Two DOLLARS and FIFTY CENTS per
annnm --ONE DOLLAR and FIFTY CENTS
for six months PAYABLE IN AID
VANCE.
TISEMENTSinserted at the rate
of ONE DOLLAR per square for the first
insertion and FIFTY CENTS for each
subsequent one. Ten limos or less
(brevisr typa) constitute a square.
OBIT NOTICES. Marriages, Public
Meetings, Cards of Thanks etc, to be
paid as advertisements.
PERSONAL CARDS-when aamissa BILE
charged double the usual advertising
rates. .'..
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23


-THE Corpus Christi, Texas,
Ledger gives the following account
|of the condition, of a condemned
murderer:
The convicted murderer, Ally Means
this morning presented d truly pitiable
sight in his cell in Jail. ;SinceGtwo
O'Clock on the afternoon. of the 26th
ult.. he has not taken either food or
drink. At that time be was in high
hopes Of receiving a new trial. After
his dinner time on the day mentioned
the sheriff told him the dec isions Of the
lower court had been affirmed. He
SAYS the change was a most remark
able one. With hope gone, his very
life seemed to fade, and it was feared
that he would choke here, and then.
Since that time he has refused all
prefer of nourishment Of any kind
whatever. Meals leftin his cell re-
manned untouched His appearance is
that of a maniac, and prisoners in the
adjoining cells say he has been rtasvs'ing
aud stalking funny things" for several
hours. When addressed by the. Led
ger man he remained motionless.
c!ouched upon the floor, . inquiries be-
ing answered by "a blank stare, while
every nerve was at its, utmDst tension.
All at once he spraDg to his feet,
screaming, "For Gods sake, Joe, don't
let that man hurt me;t don't LET Him
kill me, joel His moaning isfor.his
wife, and be is Consistently appealing
for her presence. ''sf. = -
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
Tax Collectors Sale.

State OF Louisiana vs. Adam Huffman.
I By VIRTUE of the power in me YES
ted. as Sheriff and ex- officio Tax Col
|ectnr. III and for the Parish of Rap.
i,ies. by act No. IO7 of the Legislature
of this State. approved April 10th, A
d 1880, | will proceed to sell at public
auction, IN front of the Court House
door, i'll the Town of Alexandria, La,
on
SATURDAY, the 18th day of MARCH,
A D 1881,
bctweent the hours of III o'clock, A. NJ,
and o'clock P. NJ. the following de-
scribeh property, situated in the Par
ish of Rapides, to-wit:
A tract of land on Holloway's Prai-
rie, bounded North by Satcher, South
by Anguste Chevallier, East by Gov
eminent land, and West by Harris,
containing three hundred and twenty
three 1929 acres, more or less, with
all the buildings and improvements
thereon.
To be sold for Taxes, State and Par
ish, for the years 1871 and 1872, inter
ests, penalties, costs, fees and charges,
amounting to 1898 and cost. -
D. G.. PAUL,
Sheriff and ex-officio Tax Collector.
Feb. 2, lS5l-3t.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
COLD So: :: y: $: e:
~ ~ - s RI taka Suhccr; pt ION,

:.
for the largest, cheapest and best Tllustra-
ted family publication in the world. Any
one, can become a successful agent. Six
elegant works of art given free to sub
scribers. The price is so low that almost
everybody subscribes, One agent reports
taking 12O subscribers in day. A lady
agent reports making over 5000 clear
profit in ten days. All who engage make
money fast. Yon can devote all your
time to the business, or only your spare
time. You need not be away from home
over night. You can do it as well as
others. Full directions and terms free.
Elegant and expensive outfit free. If you
want profitable work send us your address
at once. It costs nothing to try the bust
ness. No one who engages fails to make
great pay. Address GEORGE SFiNsoN g.
Co., Portland, Maine. s-s
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
ALEXANDRIA, La, WEDNESDAY, # zsRS:t 221881.
BUSINESS DIRECTORS Y.

II RAINIER, John, Carpenter and I'm
IN dertaker, corner of Fourth and
Scott Streets. Keeps on hand Metal
lie and Rosewood Burial Cases and
Plain Collins, also Fine Hearse. Or
ders from the country respectfully So
licited and promptly attended to. Y
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
NOTICE..

Moses H.. es /: s+ss"} No. 1858.
District Court, Twelfth, Judicial Dis
;trict in and for Parish of ..
Rapides.
NOTICE rs HEREBY GIVEN TO
d \ the Creditors of Moses Bloom, of
Alexandria, Rapitles Parrish, Louisiana,
that he has made a voluntary surrender
of his property for the benefit
of his Creditors; which surrender has
been. accepted by the Honorable the
Judge of the 10Th Judicial District
Conr, in and for the Parish of Rapides;
and all further proceedings against Ell
tl,er the person or property Of the said
Moses Bloom have been stayed. And
that Il meeting Of his Creditors will be
held a: the office Of r. V. Marye, Nota-
ryt Public, in the Town of Alexandria,
La, on the It'll day of March, A. d.
1881, for the purpose of explaining ex-
actly the amount OF their respective
claims, and to vote for and elect a syn
die to administer the property thus sur
rendered. aa,G T.
Awg7M Witness the Hon. Aris-
IE Ea0M tides Barbin, Judge, and
tls EEsseH given under my hand and
49, seal of said Court, at Alex
andria, La, this the 9TH day of Febru-
airy, A. D. 1881. Z.
: t.1.- GEORGE o. WATTS,
Feb. g., lss1-3t. se Clerk.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

II ELY. P, Contractor, Builder and
IN Undertaken, corner Lee and Fifth
streets. A fine Hearse and full as
sortment of Metallic and Rosewood cof-
fins always on hand.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

sSTANLEY, MRS. A. c., Fashionable
- Millinery and Dress making. Cut
ting and fitting done to order. Also
Dry Goods and Notions.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

DOSENTHAL, j., corner of Secon'.
HI and Murray streets, dealer in DR.,
Goods, Groceries, Boots, Shoes, Hats.
Caps, and General Plantation Goods.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

BARRETT, s., has just received q
40 very large stock IF goods of all
kinds. Dry Goods, Groceries, Boots.
Shoes. Hats. Notions and Patent med,
icines will be sold at bottom prices!
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
NZScEL Us.

CULLEN & ROGERS, Receiving,
W Forwarding and Commission Mer-
chants, Dealers in Coal, Lime, &C.
ment, Hay. Oats and Bran. The high
est market price paid for cotton seed
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
DRr,G0pDs d. GR0cERLhs

TRICHsON, R., Front street, oppo-
y site the Landing, dealer in Dry
Goods, Groceries, Hardware, Boots,
Shoes, Hats, Caps aud General Plan
tation supplies.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

M AVER, MOSES Agent, will pay the
IVA highest prices in the market for
wool; Hides, Deer skins, Beeswax
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
PINEVtLlE.

DOLTON, G w. Dealer in Groceries,
ID Dry Goods, Boots, Shoes, Hats.
Highest cash price paid for cotton and
other country produce. Mems !, Youths
and Boys Clothing. &
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

NJ STARN, Second street, un,Itr
~ the rown Hall, dealer l..
Dry Goods, Groceries, Boots, Shoes.
Hats and Crockery. Highest cash price
paid for cotton aud country producr.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

HUSTMYRE, W., sign of tie big
IL Red Phw, ]" corner-of Second and
Jackson streets, dealer in Dry Goods,
Groceries, Boots, Shoes, Hats, etc =
Highest market price paid for cotton
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

81 should blush To simpc::," is
the latest slang.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
mo. 26.
NEWSPAPER EEADBEAYs.

/ sst : ~ -
The opelousas Courier, Of re-
cent date, gets off the following in
regard to the class known as 'snews-
paper dead heads" who, as the Cou-
rier itruthfully remarks, "send in
six-cent puff of their business in
three-cent envelope, closelyH written
on both Sides who, in plain Ian
guage, want a newspaper man. to be
continually Noticing their business,
merely as a local item: y 9'''
"Some people have an idea that a
publisher publishes his paper for
almost anything but to make mon
ey. In fact, this class of people is
very numerous too numerous for
the good of the newspaper fraterni-
ity. Compliments are very accept.
able, and cheer the ,publisber; but
bread and butter is what he. and his
family live upon. Publishing is a
business, just the same as n,anufac
turing or keeping;a store. A manu-
tacturer or storekeeper would think
a man crazy who came into his Of.
iioe every little while, and after
comp'imenting his goods, asked him
to give him a few of them. This is
just the kind Of customera publish
er must expect TO deal more or. less
with six out of seven days in the
week. We are not speaking of men
who advertise, and who, have some
privileges in the paper. We are
speaking of that immense class of
deadheads who send a six-cent huff
of their business 10 a three cent en-.
velope, closely written on both sides.
and of another numerous class who
are constantly dropping in. i or drop
ping it on the publisher in little
dribIets, sandwichsd in between a
smile and a compliment and a mus
tar'' seasoning Of cheek. The soon
er these people find out that every
inch of publishers space is SO
much money to him, the sooner'wil
The publishers see little profit in
their business" -.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

NRIFFiN, w. A., Dealer in Dry
"a Goods. Groceries, Boots, Shoes,
ant! Hats. Country produce taken in
exchange for supplies. Highest CasI,
i ices paid for cotton. Ready made
clotiingsa specially.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

GoLDENBERG, c., Second at, un-
~ der Town Hall. Confectionery.
Ice Cream, Soda Water, Cakes, Can
dies and Fruits.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
S2O1E'S, -IIyFU:dRH, IRE.
.NILLLNER 4.


EIGER. MRS. c., Third Street.
N Milliner and Dressmakcr; Bon
nets and Hats, a superb assortment.
Ribbons, laces, etc. Dress making a
speciality.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
GROcER/Es, Z/QU0R.e, Ey;c.

a. Us. GEHR, Dealer in choice FAM
" i'y Groceries, Wines, Cigars, Stn"-
king aud Chewing tobacco, Second
Street. Palac, Bar and Billiard Sal
loon in tho rear.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

TURNER, Ben. Dealer in General
4 Merchandise, sucl! as Dry Goods,
Groceries, Boots, Shoes, Hats, Caps.
An extensive lot of Clothing just re-
ceived; offered at Rock bottom prices.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

TULIUS LEVIN, dealer in Iu,,ha,
81 and Building material Chn;cn
Family Groceries. Second street nm
posite Town Hall.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23
M 2CXE,s, III N'ELR7. bII


LNERG USON & SCHNAEK, practi
Il cal Watclmakers and Jewellers
aud dealers in Fine Watches. solid
Gold Jewelry, Silverware, Spectacles
and Fancy Goods. Notions, Guns, Pts
tolls, etc. Front street.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

RALPH WALTER, Second st,ert
u near DeS-atn. Manufacturer Of
harness, Saddles, Brides, etc. Salts.
faction guaranteed.
The Louisiana Democrat. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) 1845-1918, 1881-02-23

A tBERr & SON, A Photographers,
washington street. Old Pictures
enlarged. Frames, albums, brackets,
ehromos, etc., for sale.
Litchfield enquirer., 1881-11-24
Cost of Living Abroad.

Consul Byers, at Zurich, makes an interest ing report on the cost of living in Europe for the benefit of American readers. In Switzer- land the expense of living has increased thir- ty-three!aid third per cent in the last twelve years, while in America there has been about as much reduction. Americans go abroad chiefly for rest, culture, or the education of their children and usually desire good quar- ters. As rule apartments are only to be rented. They contain ordinarily from five to seven rooms for servants and storage. The cost in respectable localities is about $4O0 yearly. Furnished bedrooms cost about $12a month, or about one-half the prlce at hotels. A family in Munich known to the consul, whose members are husband, wife and two small chil- dren, have expended $2,265 year, an accu- rate account being kept. They have six rooms in, the best part of the city and pay $500 rent.
 Two servants, a cook and maid of all work, and chiidrcn's maid, are employed at cost Of $1 and 1.25 week respectively. A sew ing woman who comes in for about month in the year is paid sixty cents a day. The wash ing and ironing is all done In the house. Fuel costs $65 year which is dear, as wood is $1O to $1a cord andil coal $9 ton.j The house expenses. including marketing, wines, every thing in fact except servants pay, average $75 month or $720 yearly Miscellaneous expenses, which include dress. books, schools, theatre. lectures, excursions, etc. are estimat-, ed at $500 a year.
 But this family live remarkably well, make frequent excursions. and have many luxuries
Litchfield enquirer., 1881-11-24

PRECEDENT IN LAw.-The appeal to prece- dent which is the found ation of our modern jurisprudence is evident in records of date soon after the Conquest. And cannot help thinking that the circumstances of the Con- quest had something to do with the way Tn which this idea took root in English law and government. William the Conqueror won his English crown by hard fighting, as we all know 1; but he dld not claim it merely by the right of the stronger; he maintained that he was the rightful King of the English. and Harold was uSurper. His case was wrong ac- cording to the English Constitution of that time, because Harold had been duly chosen for King by the people and the Witan, and William had not Still, the claim had in more than one way fair color of right about it, and William made great point of coming in by law and barely by force. There were great confscations of the lands of Englishlnen who resisted, but otherwise English laws aud customs were observed as they had been uu- der the English Kings, or as nearly as might be. Thus Norman rulers had to administer a system with which they were not familiar,
 and there must naturally had been great deal of local inquiry, searching for precedeHts, and ascertaining usages from the people on the spot who knew most about it.. In fact, we see much of the process in the great land sur vey known as the Domesday Book. And the natural effect of this, again, would be to make the importance of precedent and established custom more sharply and strongly felt. We know that in British India, where English Judges and magistrates have been set to work to administer Hindu and Mussulman systems of law, the result has been to give to the na- tive laws certainty and fxity, and even an activity and binding force, which they had not before. It is true that English lawyers brought their notion of judicial precedents and the like to India all already made and native Indian laws and usages are immensely more unlike ours than English institutions were un, like Norman ones. Yet think the analogyis sufficient to be not least an allowable guess, that some such effect was also produced in England under the time of Anglo Norman rule which followed tina Conquest. This feel ing of the sanctity of precedent has had some thing to do with the Journalism and pedantry
 that have been the plague of English law, and are not quite got rid ot yet.-F. POIIock, iR Fortnig1tly Reuteso. .....
Litchfield enquirer., 1881-11-24
cEN1AuR
 Iin'|iiin1ent. ii

The most Powerful, Penetrating and Pain-relieving remedy ever devised by man. It soothes Pain. 1t allays inflammation, it heals Wounds, and it curess
 RHEUMATISM. ~ Sciatica, Lumbago, Scalds, Burns, Stiff Joints, Cuts, Swell- ings, Frost bites, Quinsey, Salt Rheun, Itch, Sprains, Calls, and Lameness from any cause. Suf- ferers from .srr
 PAIN IN THE BACK. Fever Sores, Eruptions, Broken Breasts, contracted Cords, Neu- ralgia, Palsy or dislOcated limbs; and owners of horses, planters, me- chanics, merchants and professional men everywhere, unite in saying, that
 CENTAUR LINIMENT brings relief when all other Lini- ments. Oils, Extracts and Embroca- tons have failed.
Litchfield enquirer., 1881-11-24

How THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH TRAvEL.-- If you are traYelling at night, with French fel- low-Lravellers, the difference between English and French people will show considerably. The Frenchman will put on a soft silk cap, he will tie handkerchief round his neck, he will even tie a scarf over his head and under his chin in order to be secure from the draaghts, he will take off his boots and produce an old pair Of slippers from his bag and he will de- pose himself for sleep, carefully covering hiui- self with rugs The Ffenchwoman will be equally prudent. She will put on a loose luns jacket, of pretty material and pretty make, you may be sure, and under this she can af- ford to loosen the tight dress bodice that fash ion requires. She also will produce afs ele- gant pair of slippers, matching the jacket, and will swathe her head and shoulders in dain> ty woollen 1chu, of the same color as jacket and slippers. In the early morning, when daylight is breaking over the silent land, and bursting in streaks into the carriage, the French travellers refresh themselves with an informal toilet, The lady pours some ea1 de rose or eGu dc dUG'tde into tin cup, and with the corner of small towel, brought on pur- pose in the handbag, wipes her face d;iigeiit> ly. With her brush and comb she aTnnges her hair, and she adjusts her hat or bonueis, packs up her long jacket and slippers, etc, andfs hpally taut and trim when,s at the next station, It is announced that cGfS ,Gat LIit is served at the buffet, and that the train will sop for twenty minutes, Taf a
 We English more oft en tumble out of ethe railway carriage in a condition ihal would lead onet to think we had passed tiie night n an Irish Cabin. The English travellers dis dain the precautions 10 which hav referred; they will declare they cannot. sleep in the train, therefore it would be useless to make any preparations. Presently they begin to nod and sway about, and finally, being onlv fallablet human beings, fall asleep, their hats being fattened against the back of the carri- ages their clothes being, creased and tumbled, and their feet aching because of the unwouted confinement in stiff walking-boots Thus they sleep in the utmost discomfort. When the morning comes, then they are pitiabe to look upon and seea in the early sunlight, it will be hard to believe that the Frencllman is not more learned in the art of travelling than the Eng lishman. From Tinsley's Megaslss, ,.. .',
 A WELL MERITED COMPLIMENT. The Stan. ford .HerGd prints the following under the heading "A Growing City and a Great Dry Goods House :''t" -'''' -tf7o 3SH '2@islss : There is, it IS generally conceded no city ID the State that is growing more rapidly Shan Bridgeport, city which already stands third in the rank of population and commercial irn- portance. One of the strongest reasons for this wonderful growth and development, is found in the fact that Bridgeport has so many business men, thhroughly skillz ed in the arts of commerce and trade. ,. e.
 Probably there is no firm in the city that
 CONCLUDED ON FOURTH PAeR.e ..m.ssa