davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1881-08-10
PrOpagating by Cuttings.
BY HELEN HARCoURT.


Budding, grating, propagating by
cuttings, layering and sowing seeds,
are just so many different methods
OF attaining the same end, with a
greater or lesser degree OF certainty
and speed-that being the preserva-
tion and multiplication of special va
rieties of plants.
In each case, portion of the pa>
rent plant, with one or more buds
attached to it, is separated from it.
In budding or grating, this detached
portion is slipped under the bark of
another tree, and ultimately becomes
itself a tree upon borrowed roots.
The bud depends. as it were upon
another for living; the cutting has
its own way to make in life, and if it
elects 10 remain in idleness it will
surely starve to death, as would the
majority of its human brothers under
like circumstances.
Vegetable lie is a wonderful
thing. View i: how we may: seeds
roots, stems, circulation, leaves,
fruit, all are very marvels OF silent
power and harmony; and while the
purpose of our present article con
Germs only the faculty possessed by
most OF the denizens of the vegetable
world of sending forth from their
stems roots, whereby to preserve
their individual lives and to perpetu,
ate their species, the time is coming
when we will explore at length the
marvels of plant life, in all Its parts
and rami6cations, from the seed to
the. perfected fruit.
At present we have only to do
with the stems and branches, in their
roofing capacity, as applicable to
horticultural purposes
That in many cases, the produc'
tion OF roots or leaves by branch
or root depends wholly uponl its
position with regard to earth and air,
is fact we'll known to any observ-
ant person.
One has but to go out into the
forest to see the great branches creep
ing along the surface OF the earth,
their upper parts sending forth
leaved branches into the air, their
lower parts half embedded in the
soil and shooting down strong vigor'
Gus roots that help TO nourish and
anchor the tree.
Loosen these roots and elevate the
branch above the ground, and before
long you will see the old time roots
covered with leaves and twigs. Re-
verse the process, instead Of elevating
the branch bury it completely,
leaves as well as roots, and again a
little while and the old~time leaf>
bearing twigs will be sending out
tiny rootlets. as much to the manor
born as if they had never occupied a
more eleYated position in life.
And thus you see one Of those
beautiful iprovisions by which Ma
ture teaches her children to accom-
modate themselves to circumstances,
make the best of what they cannot
alter-a lesson well worth the study,
ng by those of highest rank in the
scale of creation.
Duhamel, the great French botan.
ist, was not content with the proofs
we have mentioned of the complete
identity between root and branch,
but instituted a series of experiments
still further to demonstrate this fact.
Selecting a fine large willow tree,
he had it carefully dug up and then
replanted : the bare roots rattling
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1881-08-10

disconsolately in the air, the leaves
and buds reposing in unwonied OBJ
scurity in the bosom of "Mother
Earth.
What happened?
In due time, the leaved branches,
working energetically i'll their new
subterranean abode, sent out tiny
rootlets where in former times it
would have sent out leaves, and
these starting forth on a purveying
expedition collected food with all
possible dispatch and conveyed it to
the embryo buds that the latent sap
mad already formed on the astonlsh~
ed roots. The buds tasted OF the
good cheer thus offered, and swelling
with life and vigor emerged into the
world to form a dense mass Of foli-
age amidst the so lately rough brown
OBSCURE TOOLS.
Not with every tree would this
strange experiment have been SO sue
cessful, but only those whose cuttings
the gardener knows will strike
with ease.
Another instance of this transform.
ing power comes to us from Russia:
A great land owner ordered some
linden trees, with the intention of
having them planted along each side
of the avenue leading to his house; ;
before they arrived he changed his
mind about it, and not knowing
what TO do with the trees, he, being
in whimsical mood, commanded his
gardener to plant them along the
avenue, but upside down.
rasaSHan stared sghasts biit 60
hear was to obey, SO they were plant
ed as directed-and lol a few
months later, the sprawllng roots
were hidden by dense foliage!
The gardener cried out that his
master dealt in witchcratt, while the
latter looked on in silent wonder at
this miracle that nature had wrought
on behalf of her abused plant
children. He had condemned them to
death by placing their llfe-giving
roots in the air, but their foster>
mother stepped in with the fiat,
Even thus shall they live and fourishp
Duhamel, not yet content with the
success of his experiment with the
inverted willow tree, next essayed to
produce roots upon growing tree
with leaved branches both above and
below them. He again selected
willow tree, and beginning at point
as near to the ground as possible 50
as to leave some leaf hearing
branches below il, he cut all (hc
twigs away for about two feet up
ward.
Next, he enclosed the stem thus
stripped in cask mounted on legs
OF the proper height to support 1t,
and filing it with earth kept it moist,
treating it exactly as one would
treat a cutting severed from the tree,
| Ii a few months the Upper part cff
the tree began to grow with renew
ed vigor, and an examination reveal>
ed the fact that the cask was we'll
filled with strong healthy roots
thrown out by the denuded stem.
Then ,ne latter was severed JUST
even with the bottom OF the cask,
and the newly,made tree placed in
the ground by the side Of the origi-
nal.
Now this experiment of Duhalners
has set us to thinking, and as re-
suit we would throw out the follow
ing ideas; y
Is 1t not quite practicable TO util-
ize this singular property Of sending
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1881-08-10
DeIand Vousa County, Florida Wednesday, August TO- 1884,

out adventitious roots, as they are
termed, possessed by 50 many trees?
Peachtrees, for instance, will fre.
quently take root from cuttings
thrust down deeply in moist, shady
ground; it is a good plan, by the
way, to thus treat all the yearly
pruned off branches. 1t costs moth.
ing to try, and out of fifty of these
otherwise wastetwigs you are likely
to get at least twenty thrifty young
trees, with the advantage of knowing
10 certainty just what kind of fruit
they will produce, which is not the
case with peaches started from the
seed.
Now, since the peach will root
with more or less certainty from cut.
tings severed entirely from the tree,
it seems to us 1--WE have not tried it
yet, but are about to do SOY that Du.
hamel points the way towards max
ing success the rule in this matter,
not only with the peach but with
other trees.
Select a branch, large or small as
you may prefer, and trim off the
twigs at the point where you wish
the roots 90 tori then take small
box or butter tub, with enough of
the bottom removed TO allow the
branch with its upper leaves to pass
through, and legs nailed on so as to
support the weight Of the box by
resting on the ground when it is in
its proper place on the branch.
Next, nail from below (it will be
awkward, but can be done) slals
acrosassAs Ss NIX 40 a.
to close up the open space around
the stem, and then you are ready TO
fill it with earth, moderately enriched.
Keep the soil moist, and after a
few weeks, from time to time, care
fully scrape away little of the earth
around the stem TO note the iorma
ton of the roots.
Ii the branch does not soon die un L.
der this treatment-and there is no
reason why it should unless the soil
is kept so wet as to rot. the bark-it
is certain that the continued contact
OF the stem with the soil will ulti-
mately produce roots sufficient to
nourish it and produce separate
and independent tree when severed
from the parent
On small branches tin can, with
hole punched outwards in the bots
tom, and after adjustment the tin
strengthened out till nearly touching
the stem, might be used to advantage
instead OF box. II could be allow
ed to rest against the crotch of
lower side branch, or, better still,
where practicable, be suspended in
its place by cords passed through
holes punched in its upper edge and
tied to the branch under treatment,
or some other it more convenient.
Or resort might be had to the
Chinese method OF tying ball of
earth, with mating. around the point
to be rooted. 2 Da"
By this method, and very simple
one it is, too, cuttings difficult to
strike can be rooted with a minimum
of loss, especially if before placing
the soil around the Drancn a ring IS
cut in the bark, circling it completely,
and then left till a callus, or raised
rim Of sap, is formed the soil
should extend several inches below
this ring and fully as much above, for
here it is that the first roots will
start.
This being true, why should not
bearing branch OF orange or lens
on tree, thus treated, be rooted by
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1881-03-24
GOVERNMENT BY DEPARTMENTS.

Ex-Secretary Carl Schurz has recently
made banquet rendered him by citi-
zens of Boston the occasion for reviewing
his administration of the Interior Depart
ment. The ex-Secretary is great in forensic
power, and his review of his own acts loses
nothing by reason of any want of apprecia-
ton of the greatness of the reviewed on
the part of the reviewer. The country will
not remain ignorant of the fact that the
policy lately controlling the Interior De-
partment is not to be charged or credited
to- the President of the United States, but
to Secretary Schurz. While it may have
been historically true that r. B. Hayes was
President of the United States for the term
Of four years ending March 4, 1851, it was
also true that Mr.. Schurz was Secretary of
the Interior for the same period. The
time was when the entire policy of an ad-
ministration was directed by the President;
when departmental Secretary was a
ministerial officer holding subordinate
relation to his principal, the President.
The Cabinet was the private council of the
Chief Magistrate of the nation-the per-
sonal staff, as it were, of the Chief Ex-
ecutive. Then Cabinet meetings had
Significance as bringing to bear the GEN.
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1881-03-24
THE EXTRA SESSION.


Governor Perkins has Issued his procla.
nation for an extraordinary session CT the
Legislature, to begin April 4th. The Gov.
ernor has suggested in the proclamation
that the session do not exceed twenty
days. There is no good reason why the
Legislature should consume more than if
teen days in accomplishing all that is laid
out tor it to do. The work indicated is
specific, and it will be folly to attempt
to interject foreign measures into the
business, by forced interpretations of the
call. 1t is probable that the Legisla-
ture will very promptly suppress any such
efforts, if made, and that it will make an
earnest effort to deserve well OF the people
by limiting the session to the shortest
possible period consistent with the import
ance Of the work in hand. 1t will be
called upon to legislate only on these mat
tiers: l. The passage of a general ap-
preparation bill. 2. To provide for the
levy of the tax rates. 3. To appropriate
money to meet deficiencies for the thirty
first and thirty second fiscal years. 4. To
divide the State into Senatorial, Assembly
and Congressional districts. 3. To enact
general road law. 6. Receipt by the
Senate of appointments necessary to be
confirmed by that body.
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1881-03-24
A SOLDIERS MISTAKE.

It is reported of General Grant that, in
speaking of the assassination of the late
Gar, he remarked that when in Russia
recently he aaw nothing to impress him
with the idea that there was unrest in the
public mind, and that no evidences of dis
turbance were presented for his observa-
ton. Evidently the great American soldier
fell into the common error of mistaking
turbulence for the initiative of reyo-
luton, and its absence as an evidence OF
tranquility. He failed to see in all his
trip through the Russias the silent forces
which are working out the destiny of an
Empire and this is not creditable either
to his powers Of observation or to hi;
methods of inquiry. Revolutions, except
in state of war. do not show upon the
surface. Storms gather in Gains, and the
greatest disturbances are the sudden sue.
cessors of the most apparent but deceptive
quiet History teaches US no truth if il
does not teach US this. We hear of tur.
bulent times in nations, but seldom pause
to reflect upon the thought and under cur.
rent of action among the people, which
always precedes, and is indissolubly con.
nected with disorder. When we read Of
the Thirty years War, or that nearer rev.
olutioIl. the Reign of Terror, we are toe
apt to see only excited mobs or moving
armies. History is not little to blame
for this. 1t has given most OF fact and
action, and less of prelude and cause in
detail. It often passes political causes as
bare propositions, and hastens on to the
dramatic activities of armed results. II
conveys to the mind too forcibly that a
state il revolution is state in physical
turmoil History has dealt largely with the
acts of Governments, and too little with
the forces which drove them to those acts.
Very modern history is improving in this
respect; it treats more with the social and
intellectual preludes of great events, and
treats active events as natural results OF
the more important causes. 1t tells us OF
the gathering of the storm more in detail
descends to more minute examination OF
the antecedents of fnalities, even to the
making prominent of characters too lowly
for consideration in earlier history. 1t
enters into the intellectual of revolutions,
and makes subordinate to it the mere ply
steal struggle that follows. In short,
it seeks out the social laws and the
forces which are generated in society.
Governments are not forces that control
events. Governments are the results of
forces generated beneath them. In fact, we
have risen to realization that all revolu-
tions are Intellectual in their inception
and merely brutal when they are forced
down TO actual struggle upon the battle
6a1d
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1881-03-24
bined wisdom. knowledge and experience |

bined wisdom, knowledge and experience
OF the eminent gentleman chosen to counsel
the President. Thedistance we havedrifted
away from this now almost traditional GUS
tom is made apparent to us by Mr.. Schurz's
speech. The ex Secretary of the Interior
has, however, in this matter only followed
the example of the ex-Secretary of the
Treasury. In the fearful farewell of the
Treasury Department INDUCED in by Dir.
Sherman be thanked the subordinates who
had served him so faithfully, and paid
just tribute to the invaluable services rem
dered by them. All this was more than
well ; it was generously just, bat Mr.. Sher.
man included the President of the United
States in the category of those who had
rendered him s'valuable assistance" The
propriety of this phraseology depends upon
the facts. If the President was indeed
Mr.. Sherman's assistant, then he should
have been remembered with other subordi-
mates in the Secretary's courteous &C.
acknowledgement for faithful and respectful
service That much condescension is due
from superiors to interiors in place, and we
rejoice that Mr.. Sherman did not overlook
his modest servitor. The underlying sig
nifcance Of these manifestations OF indie
pendence on the part of Cabinet Ministers
is the rapid approach we are making
toward government by departmental heads.
II the policy of each department is to be
in the sole discretion of each Cabinet Of
ficer, then the Presidents functions viii
end with the selection of his Cabinet.
True, he may retain for some time to come
measure of discretion in the matter of
approving the Acts of Congress, unless
such Acts relate to matters coming within
the purview of departmental policy. The
historical traditions of Japan tell US that
in remote times the Mikado was the
spiritual head as well as the temporal
sovereign of his people. The Tycoon was
the Premier of the reign sort of Under
Secretary to the Emperor. There came to
the throne weak AIikado, who chose a
strong Tycoon. This unnatural order re-
versed the natural and traditional relation
Of the officer. So far as heard from Mr.
Hayes has been playing the amiable part
of weak Mikado to strong Cabinet Ty-
coons, and it is gratifying to observe that
he has so acquitted himself in the humble
and subordinate position of President OF
the United States as to earn the patron.
izing Acknowledgements of two at least of
his Tycoons.
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1881-03-24
CLOTHES. ETC.

sseoFge Eceusis-e Plaza stores (sloeessoT Co G..
p. Van Scliaaek q Coz Importer, Wholesale ard
Retail ne.ler in Mems Furnishing Goods, Cloth
ing. Hats. Trunks, Ysniee Notions, etc. Nos. 3o5
to 20 Kesrny street.
j. ~ CarEDany (succsssorto Carmanv & Crosette(,
Dealer in Shirts and Mems Furnishing Goods
Shirts made to order specially. No. % kearny
street, between Market and Post
Reane Bras--Dry Goods Importers Nos. 107r
100, III, Il3 and Il5 EeHny street. The largest
house, the larsest stock ara the lowest prices in
san Francisco All country orders execut with
froTptncss nd SPECIAL attention.
The White EOase-The Oldest Dry Goods House
in San Francisco. We import direct from .he
principal marts in Europe, consequently can sell
lower than any other house in the trade. Country
orders attended to. j. W. Davidson & Co., Nos.
lol and los KearnY street, San Francisco.
The Arcade-J J. O'BIien & Co, Importers of
Dry Goods, Nos. 024 92G and 92S Market street,
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1881-03-24
FRANCE,
scrutln dc Liste-M,Iiiary Gov,

ScrufiH de LISTEN lifary Governor.
PARIS, March 23d.-All the Ministers ex
cept Ferry and st. Hilaire have pronounced
against Interference with the scrutin. de liste
biI&
General LeCompte has been appointed
Military Governor of Paris.
Nil,ili.ts senteneed-Fight With Natives
PARIS, March 23d.-Two men have beer
sentenced to eight months imprisonment fol
printing an address congratulating the Mill
lists on the assassination of the Gar.
Manage Didehew, Nihilist, has been sen.
fenced, in default of appearance, to six
months imprisonment and 2,000 francs fine
for similar offense.
The Minister of Marine has dispatch
from the Governor of Senegal, reporting an
engagement between $50 natives and $50
French infantry, detailed to establish a tele-
graph line to Futa d'Jallon. After sharp
fighting the natives fed with loss of 100
killed and wounded The French lost four
officers and nine men killed and wounded.
The scrutin de Liste BlI.
PARIS, March 23d.-Premier Ferry made
the following statement to-day to the coT-
mittee on the scrutin de liste bill The
Government, considering the difference OF
opinion among the members of the Republi-
can majority upon the question of scrutin de
liste, and desiring not to widen that decision
at a moment when a spirit of concord is max
ing itself felt in the country, when foreign
questions are tending to settlement and when
union of all Republicans is necessary in
view of coming elections. and in order to con-
solidate the Republic by wise use of pro-
gressiye lines, have resolved to remain neu-
trail during the discussion Of the scrutin de
liste bill" The committee, after hearing
Ferry's statement, decided in favor of scrutin
d'arrondissement
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1881-03-24

The WARDROBE OF A DUCHESS. = A
public sale of the personal effects of re-
Gently deceased Duchess took place lately
in London. The catalogue, says the Lon.
don Queen, describes a vast number Of
articles of wearing apparel, all of which
belonged to the late dowager Duchess of
Somerset, the second wife of the eleventh
duke of that title a notion of the exten-
sive character of this wardrobe is given
when it is stated that of shawls alone there
were no less than 500 specimens, while
there were 500 lace and other handker-
chiefs, 600 pairs of silk hose and 1900
pairs of gloves, besides other articles in
ike proportion. These were divided into
no less than l 500 lots. Most of them APP
pear to have never been in use, and scores
upon scores of handkerchiefs remain
neatly folded as when they were originally
purchased. In almost every case the differ
emit effects bear ducal coronet and initial
embroidered upon them, but beyond this
there is nothing which can be supposed to
give an adventurous interest to any OF them
except in two or three instances.
Sacramento daily record-union. [volume] (Sacramento [Calif.]) 1875-1891, 1881-03-24

France and England.

FRANCE ana England.
LONDON, March 23d. The World states that
the Government, in consideration of France
not opposing the acquisition of Cyprus,
undertook to stand aside when France wanted
Tunis.
The DAILY Neacs says: We believe docu.
mentary evidence proving the statement OF
the World is forthcoming.
Professor Martins, in the Golos, strongly
| urges international eo-operation against cou-
spring. He says: "If Russia could seal
up her territory against plots emanatine
| from Geneva, Paris and London, she could
soon settle accounts with the Nihilists.
! Everybody knows the spot in Geneva where
Russian eInigrants mature their devilish
! schemes of murder.
The Conservative Russian press urge q
measure Of reprisal against Switzerland, the
rupture of diplomatic relations, a general ex.
pulsion of Swiss from Russia, protective
tariff against the Swiss and an encourage
| ment to Germany to annex Switzerland.
British Terms Definitely Accepted.
| Mt. PRosPECT, March 23d.-At to-day's
conference at Queips farm, the Beers def.
nitely agreed to all the British terms. They
will retire from Laings Mex tomorrow.
LONDON, March 23d-The transport on
| the way to Natal will be sent back without
| disembarking the troops. General Roberts
and the troops with him will go on to Natal
! a correspondent at Mount Prospect reports
that a Royal Commission will be appointed
in June.
A Durham correspondent of the Times says
the military men and colonists regard the
issue of the negotiations as most humiliating
TO England and destructive to the prestige
in these territories. Men everywhere express
shame at being Englishmen, and talk&f going
-. yttrta fha ii hne
not been abused.
lions.
LONDON, March 23d.-The Government
has offered $500 for information concerning
the Mansion House outrage.
The Irish Land League have this week re-
ceived g. 800, the greatest amount obtained
in any one week since the League was estab-
lished.
international Socialist Congress.
LONDON, March 23d.-The Continental So
cialists will hold an International Congress
at Zurich in September.
EIutinOus Crew IN Irons.
| QUEENSTOWN, March 23d.-Eighteen of the
crew OF the ship Oriental, from San Fran.
cisco with wheat, have been placed in irons
! by order of the United States Consul, and
sent TO Hull with the ship. which is navi
gated by an extra crew. The men refused t.
work, and would not return to duty at the or
| der of the Captain or Consul.
Attempt at Assassination.
LONDON, March 23d.-A parcel was re
ceived to-day from Manchester addressed Il
Sir William Harcourt, who requested the pc
lice to open it. The box was found to con
tain a loaded pistol. This attempt upon tn,
life of Harcourt has caused profound sen
sation.