davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-12-13

Wheat receipts in Chicago 1888 bushels;
shipments "a 1862 bushels.
Whea' receipts in Milwaukee AZ, 800 bushels;
shipments $3.50 bushels.
Corn receipts In Chicago 114,94 bushels;
shipments LOO, 1927 bushels.
Stock Of wheat in Milwaukee, 621, 900
hushels
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-12-13
MINNEAPOLIS NEWS
OFFICE s11 HENNEPIN AVENUE.

For advertising rates apply ct the once. No re-
ceipts for advertising or subscriptions In Mnneapo-
valid unless bearing the signsture Of J. =. Ward.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-12-13
Funeral Of Col Forney.

PHILADELPHIA, Dec. 10.-The funeral of
Col Forney took place to-day. For several
hours lines of men, women and children en-
tered the house and viewed the remains, many
pominent citizens were present, including
Generals Hancock, Sickles and Ruff, ex-Speak-
er Randall, Mayor King and city officials, Geo.
W. Childs, John Russell Young, A. K. Nc
Clure and many other well-known Journalists.
The interment took place in West Laurel Hill
cemetery. Newspaper publishers and editors
passed resolutions Of coincidence with the fam
ily and attended the funeral in body.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-12-13

official Publication of Resolution Passed
By the Common Council of the Cssy Of st.
Paul December 6, 1881.
By Aid: Mccarthy.
Resolved, That the Board OF Public Works
be and are hereby directed to construct the
necessary crosswalks along the west side of
Dakota avenue between the south end OF the
st. Paul bridge and Isabel street.
Yeas-Ald Allen, O'Connor, Robert, Grace,
Otis, Ringwald, Cornish, Trott, Starkey, Nc
Carthy, Mr.. Presldent-u.
Approved Dec. 10, 1881.
JOHN DowLAN, President of Council.
THos. A. PRENDERGAsT, City Clerk.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-12-13
Probate Court.

Probate Court. 1855 = -
Before Judge Real
In the matter of the estate Of James II. William
son, deceased Letters Of administration Issued to
Sol hia Williamson, and an inventory filed and al
lowed
In the matter Of the estate Of Isrel g. Hams, de.
ceased. Order made for adminiJtratrix to nle bond
in $500.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-12-13
N. DORAN's REPORTS.

The following quotations giving the range
OF the markets during the day were received by
M 1890 DunAns So Dec IT, "e1 Ito An r-spot
wheat quiet. Floating car goes quiet, but
steady. London quiet.
NEW YORK, Dec. 10, 13:00 M.--Wheat
quiet; Chicago @1.36; Milwaukee 1.S6
@1.s9. .r
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-12-13

Three-button opera kid gloves for so cents
at b. e. Mann, 422 Wabashaw street.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-12-13

VI
Most emphaticaly the latter. Mr.. O'Connor
then gave graphic and lengthy review of
the origin and history of the land act and of
landlordism, taking his hearers back several
centuries and leading them down to the pres
ent time, most of which was included in the
report Of his st. Paul speech published in yes
terday's GLOBE. People might say the
land league agitation was this, that
aud the other, but no one could
didate had been put forward for an Irish con-
stituency, protestant minister, be it remem-
bered, the Rev. Harold Rylett, and he had
shouted himself hoarse in order to get him in
on the Land League card, orange and green
blended together so that no one could tell
where the war began and the other ended, and
on Land League platforms the two co'ors
were entwined as if they were in each Others
loving embrace. An American friend called
that communism, socialism and other horri-
BILE Irish. Well, my friend. Ireply are there not
| 10 ,00O, 900 farmers in the United States, and
now many of these have landlords? Are not
| Is, 600 600 of them the owners of the soil
| themselves" If, then, you can get on SO very
we'll here without them, why should you ask
us to put up with the luxury of landlordism?
The basis Of all prosperity, as in France, as in
America, and wherever tenant proprietorship
existed. was the soil titled by its owners. Ire
land wanted this system to obtain similar
prosperity.
He spoke of the arrest of the editor of the
United Irishman, but the paper still went on.
The sub-editor was arrested, and the paper
| went on. The cashierswas arrested, but the
paper was still published. The clerk was ar
rested, and then the Ladies' Land League took
it MP, and the speaker thought that Gladstone,
bad as he is, would hesitate before he would
thrust them into dungeons with Mr.. Parnell,
thus calling down upon his so-called philan-
| thropic head the maledictions of the whole
civilized world. Why. it was asked,
not pay the taxes and not give the
rent! Who asked for coercion? Who called
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
The Lest s~and.

On the 10th Of Iune last Mr.. w. u.
Canen lost n gold watch valued at 5000.
1t was All Elgin, No. 3l,779. Mr.. Wads-
worth had hauled quantity OF manure
from Mr. Canon's stables In this city to
his farm across the river. During the
high water these piles of manure were
scattered over the field, and one day last
week one Of Mr.. W.'s boys spIed tue
watelA or at least a portion Of 1t, sticking
ont of one of these piles. After an ex-
animation by one of our jewellers, the
watch was PRONOUNCED IN very good cop
ditian, only needing a thorough cleaning
and oiling up,
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04

A few days since L. Kline sold his dry
goods establishments to Cbas. Monteith and
Simon Seitenbach, and on next Tuesday
with his estimable wife will take his depart.
ure for San Francisco. Mr. Kline has been
in the mercantile bpainsss in this city for
several years, has had o large trade aud made
many friends. as well as considerable money,
and We feel sorry TO hear OF his contemplated
removal from our midst. To the new firm
of Monteith & Seitenbach we dof our bats
and extend hearty welcome. and hope they
may have a long and prosperous business
career. They have both had several years
training in the establishment waieh they
now own. ald being energetic, wide awake
young fellows their success is guaranteed.
We advise eur readers TO call around and
see them.
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
A. %. q. w.

There are now over 2. 600 member. la the
forty three lodges OF the Ancicnt O 'cr OF
United Workmen in Oregon and Washing
ton, with several new lodges yet to or
ganize. Both lodges In this city are
flourishing, Willamette taking In five
new members on Monday night. Safety
has been Initiating from three to six new
members every hight of meeting for some
time. As the requisite two thousand 3.0Oi
reported on Monday night, membership
has been secured. we shall soon haye n
grand lodge OF Our own, when the expense
of keeping up the memberships will be
reduced from onehalf to tl,rce-iourths,
making 1t the cheapest lifu insurance ever
offered. The membership. uEdcr tbs new
order of things, viii double ia sl orr
time, or we miss our guess.
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04

Y. =. G. A. Meets at their rooms III Fos
tcrs brick building ON Wednesday evenings
at Z 30 o'clock, and on Sabbath afternoons al
Z. business meetings nro held on tho even
ing OF the second Monday ~ each month
Everybody invited 90 attend.
u. y. CnURcit. -Prcachingovery sabbath
at ! a. H., and r. ~. by Rev. 4. q. lr
vine, -. -. Sabbath School at 2:3O T. H.
Prayer meeting every Thuraday evening.
EyAsGgIcAL CmUncn - Preaching on SAB.
bath at II A. 81, aud = r. 81. Sabbath
School 1915. Prayer meeting every Thurs.
day evening. w. &. Kantnor pastor
osGHeGArfoSALCn CnuHcn.- -Seryicesoycry
sabbath at " A. 81. and y T.. n. Sabbath
school at 2:3O Prayer meeting on
Ihnrsday evening Of each week. J. W.
Harris, pastor.
NJ. Il. CnUeuf, soUrn Services every
sabbath at 81 l'aul's NJ Il. Church. South,
at a. N. aud 75 =. ~ Sabbath School
at l25 =. N. Prayer meeting every THUR
DAY evening. NJ. g. Miller. pastor.
NJ. T.. CHUhcIL Preaching every sabbath
at II A. ~ and z r. NJ Song scryice IN
the evening before sormon. Sabbath School
IT 230 =. 81. Prayer meeting cvory Thurs.
lay evening L. Dillon, pastor
BAPTIST CmuECI. Services eyory Sabbath
at II A. NJ. aud u y. ". Sabbath School at
II. Prayer meeting every Ihursday even.
ing w. }. Crawford, pastor.
PnTBYrrIuAS CHrucn. Service every
Sabbath morning and evening IN College
Chapel. Sunday School Immediately ritter the
morning service. Prayer meeting every
lhnrrdny evening Rey. Ebert y Condit
pastor
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
from Me,Ix.


AIr. u, 4. simpson writes us from Helix
Umatilla county, tho following news
Tho winttr has been very bad Snow
commenced falling Dec. oh, aud we have
not been without "tho beautiful" since that
date. At ono time IL reached tho depth Of
two feet, but in now only five inches deep
The weather has not been very cold mp 10
the 18th Of February, ut which date the
thermometer ran down to 10 degrees below
zero. IL hW moderated considerably. aud
to-day tFeb lsl II is showing again
On tho 10th Of January the snow was
crustcd 10 thedoptho Of inch 10y slcct storm,
which prevented stock from getting grass.
great many have diod already. aud II this
bad weather lasts much longer the loss Of
stock will be largo
Farmeru arc IN good spirit aud arc looking
for good crops and fair prices this year.
A protracted religious meeting Is new IN
progress in Helix. aud II ~ thought IL will
accomplish great good.
On the 18th OF February, the daughter Of
VIM. j. Smith, formerly from near Albany
was married 10 Mr.. O. Preston.
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04

Tho rainfall throughout lIic Il RI orihe
week wns continuous and heavy. While
the weather wa warm Tie Willamette
sallopcd np considerably. as dld all tie
snail streams. Oregon {, putting on
style she Is not tie old-timc Oregon.
with bcr mi'ts-a sort 81 drizzlc- drolkle
that wonli scarcely vet through common
clothing even Il man were cxposcd 10
IL all day-but tie rain cotncs down ~
earnest now, by the buckclfil an avalanche.
us IL were. NJ wiiz: f,llin. e. .rch vast
quantities that the soil does not llyc time
to swallow Il up. and therefore {; {. 'l1t
the most OF u Is prccipilntc,l in;o the - tie
swails AMI streams nnd ny thrin lu'o 'hc
Willamette. hnl ill- q oiic r'as"u ~ 30
much 'hig, water"
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
1 Popular Magazine.

The contents Of the North American Re-
view for March must win the attention G,
all by the timeliness OF the topics discussed
First, we have a thoughtful and moderate
article by Bishop Coke on Theology in the
Public Schools" The author would sternly
exclude from the school room al sectarian
dogrnas, whether Papist or Protestant, hut
he insists On the retention of the Bible, first
because that book is the principal fountain
Of our English speech, and secondly because
it is really the basis Of our social system The
second article is by Captain Eads, who en-
deavors to show the praeticability of his
ship railway, its advantages over all canal
schemes, and why the United States can
without risk guarantee the payment of six
per cent interest on so, 900, 600 of the capi-
tai stock of the proposed company. Judge
Fl. Fl. Chalmers, writing OF the Effects Of
Negro Suffrage, bespeaks for the Southern
States, while engaged with the solution Of
the great problem that has been forced upon
them, the sympathy and the counsel of the
North. The other articles are "The Free
School System" by Jshn D. Philbrick, being
a reply to the regent STRUCTURES Of Mr. Rich.
ard Grant White on the public schools
Theological Charlatanism, by Mr.. John
Flake. whose typical theological eharIatan is
Mr.. Joseph Cook; and, finally review o!
som, recent publications in Phyrics, by
Prof. A. w. Wright.
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04

Enrich Bros. of Eigth Avenue. New York.
are out betimes with the new Premium List
of Ehriehs Fashion Quarterly for 1881 and
1t Is astonishing TO seq what ample induce.
ments they are able TO offer TO eanvassers.
Their system OF combination subscriptions
and subscription premiums is highly iugen.
ious. and renders it possible for an energetic
canvasser to obtain handsome cash remu.
neration for his or her labor. Among the
new premiums arc some very beautiful illu.
minated Scripture Tablets and Cards, which
which will be appreciated by all interested
in Sunday School and Church work.
Accompanying the Premium List is an in
teresting pamphlet entitled Shopping in
New York" which gives an animated de
scnption Of the system and economy Of
great New York store. as well as an illus
trated price list OF host Of articles Of gen.
eral necessity. which may be ordered by
mail or express. A genuine novelty intro
duced for the first tine ia THIS paInIAlet. is
the system OF furnishing unmade dresses in
certain styles, OF which illustrations are
given. For fixed price the purchaser re-
eeiyes the pattern AMI the entire
material for making up. including
lining, sewing silk. buttons. in short, every
thing but the needle and thimble The adj
vantage Of this systsm, to lady who wishes
10 do her own sewing. is obvious.
The two pamphlets can lo obtained by
sending a postal carl with tho address 10
Ehric BrOG, 2s5 10 o95 Eighth Avenue. New
York
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
sT0v THAT Ca,Gn.

u sou arc suffering with severe cough
cold, asthma, bronchltir, hay ioyer con
sumption. lpsA Of Voice. tickling in The throal
or any affection 81 the throut 81 lungs, us.
l'r. Kings hew Discoycry for Consumption.
This u tho great remedy that is cansing m
much excitement by IL wonderful cures.
curing thousands Of hopeless casts Over
onc million bottles Of Dr. Kings New Dis.
eoyefy have been used within tho iast year.
and have given perfect Sai isiacti1n in every
inEtancrr Wo can unhes tntnIeiv Say that
this Is really the only sure cure Tor throat
aud lung affections, aud can cLeeflully rec.
pmmcnd IL 10 All. Call nnd grt a trial bottle
free oi cost. or a regular slze ior - 90. Fo-
sale Ly
FoshaY aud Maeop. v whoicgaiu agents Aba.
ny j.. Morris Scio Dr. l.. Foley, Leba.
non Dr. j. n. Powell. Iehagon y. N
Cahrcatte, Bncna Vista Eealct.o and Sion.
tnane. Jeiiefson o. n T. C,ruc!ina, Tur.
n"r Il. 4. i;smpy. ilarrisburs s. Vs.
iinyr', Hahcy Dtrnnn Smith. Ilal.sy :.
Starr aud Elalcly. Erowusylir,
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
Impor.an. 10 Farmers.

Our readers will remember what war there
was lastlyear among tho different wire binding
harvester agencies in this locality. It was
said by some that the o.bornc binder would
not be able to furnish t,vinc binding attach.
ment this season, but contrary to that
they are tho first in the field, and
now have one on exposition at Bnchanan's
agricultural house. With every self binding
harvester now sold by the Osborn Company
they sell both attachments for binding, with
either twine or wire, without increasing the
standard price of the maohine.
The flnotuating rates demanded for both
kinds of binding material, during the past
two seasons have clearly established the
fact that power 10 change from one TO the
other at will is tho farmers only safeguard
from extortion. In the coming een, Setition
liable TO result from rival interests respect.
ing twine and wire respectively, tho farmer
who operates an Osborn Harvester that will
bind with both materials equally well, will
be in a position to avail himself Of the ad
vantages offered by double market.
The Osborn Harvester Is ample in con
struetion and durable in its material and has
successfully stood the test as u wire binder,
and we feel assured will DO just as success.
tnl with twine and then ii In such small
task TO change tho attachments from ono 20
the other, only requiring about ten minutes
time.
A distinguishing feature of tho 0sborno
Sell. Binder, whether using twine or wire, is
its remarkably clean work. II wastes no
grain. The arrangement of the cutting. Gle.
waiting and binding apparatus is such that
all the grain is saved. whether il be- long or
short, thick or thin, standing or lodged A
windy day has no torrors for tho Osborne. a.
the elevator cap affords certain protection
for the grain.
The whole machine is completely under
the control Of tho driver when in the field,
he can regulate the size of the bundles by
means of foot trip. and can adjust the band
to long or short straw by y simple turn Of
a a..wheel. and yet every part Of the machinery
it of the most lasting and durable material.
That genial aud accommodating gentle
man, Eugene Buchanan, is the local agent
for the Osborne. and he viii be glad TO show
il to all who call on Kim.
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
Worse and worse.

Still there is no sale for wheat and money
matters are getting closer and closer. Every
one is cutting down expenses as mich as
possible, and doing their level best to pull
through. This week whole batch Of clerks
rad 70 g, among WHOM were Geo. Settle
taier, Fred BIumberg, JOS. Webber, Jr.,
and Budd johnson. and probably more
yet will be discha-se sed The time is
now arriving for merchants to go below for
their spring stocks, and as farmers cannot
pay up, the question is-"where is the money
TO come from y Some merchants will have
to enforce collection, and that will cause
considerable distress. Altogether the pros.
pect looks gloomy, and if we pull through
without more business failures it will be a
surprise to many.
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
FA5ioUs OPERA NIxaERs.

Annio Iouis0 Carey AMI Cara f0uise
kellogg are hos oud question ths most IT.
nous opera singers 0f modern times. In
iect they have been universally acknowi-
edged 10 be tho leaders or Ga .ir profession.
~ well aA ladies of large - rcr.enre AMI
particularly good ts-i'. They havs prob
Ahiy Travelled ulsr" rXtcus5tcly ilian ANY
ladies ou the ST. -. and ~ "a ,-9u de,Iuenca.
have had eXceilont opportunities 81 iudg-
lns Of tao merits of different cJunlti..sand
Their productions. IL i certainty q very
great credit 10 California aud the balmy
hemi-tropicai climate 81 the Pacific, to have
had them pronounce Siaven's YOseu.lt
Cologne by far the LesL they have cscr
used ~ any country. For sale hy FG~hay
& Mason, Fosters Brick, Albany, or. 8
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
nE sTI.LLIyEs.

Some years ago Dr. Il. V. Pierce, OF the
Worlds DtApeasary and inyalids' Hotel. Of
Buffalo. N. ", and London, was sent for to
examine terrible disease OF tho knee. ioint.
resulting ~ liberation aud extensive slough.
ing OF the bone and tisEues The nan's life
had been dospaired ~ by the previous AZ.
tendants. Amputation at tho thigh was
promptly decided upon aud skilllnlly per.
formed by Dr. Pierce, ,aud asafter treatment to
purify tho blood and prevent recurrence Of
the malady the Doctora's Golden Medical
Discovery was freely prescribed. Tho mans
system was Thoroughly purifiodand strsngth.
ened, lac rapidly gained his health, the stnmp
healing nicely, aud he IL day ahappy man.
This case was among tho iirat ~ which this
wonderful blood.pufiiier was tested IL has
since man.fosted ita power over the
worbt scrofulous aud other blood dtseassa
Taken lar time u 80 puritos and strength.
ems tho Hyatem ms 10 strongly foriily IL
against thc cncroAchment ol Diseases Sold
by drnggista.
MDpFylLtr Mich, Fob -. 1879.
Hon. H. Y. llEncE
DgAH sta, would ray that have ao,d
your medicines Tor seven years. The goi.lcn
Medical Discovery u the beat cough uedi.
cine have over used Rnd in every case
where have recommended, it has eure,l. /
have used 70 ia nv family fpr nay children
II currs their colds hnd coughs - a day or |
two. Ny vito has used u several tirocs |
when down sick. IL Invariably gives imme |
date relief. lta salu increases daily.
>. IT, kI-iIE, Druggist
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
TO OUR PATRONS.

Many of our patrons arein arrears for one,
TIVE, three aud even greater number eI
years, and having danned them through the
paper until we are tied of it we viii in few
days start out a collector with hills, and we
respectfully ask that those knowing them
selves indebted to as will be ready to settle.
We greatly need the money with which 10
carry on oar business and to make some
needed improments ON the paper, aud We
trust our patrons ON whom we have waited SO
long and patiently will cheerful. aud
promptly pay mp.
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
Perfection sarei,

cnc = the ls;os. aui .thout question tie
most i'cef'ct sowing machine now before the
puh.ic j. the Davis" Why they actually
male out pi strls of cloth cats. saucers.
haskgis. cte.. 90 Perfect shape. Wo saw one
Il the Albany agency and together with many
.afnpl,s II practical work uoi,i will say
tuat ihosc arc things never before made on
SeN'as Machine. To anl sae ior yoursclves
aii.i o. er.i iaco,L w. T. scott. Agent
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
The Albany Delegates.

We learn that the NJ. u. Church has eject
ed the following persons as delegates to the
convention of Church and Sunday School
workers to be held in Portland, on Tuesday
and Wednesday of next week I. Dillon,
B. r. Freeland, +. M. Westfall and A. 8.
Nanny. To represent the Sunday School
Charles RideoEt, W. B. Allen, Miss Elva
Dickey and Miss Lena Nanny.
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
Honas ain Taken.

The report is that the bonds of the va
qHina Railroad have all been sold. This
being true, work on the road will commence
very soon: We haye been assured that
work will be COMMENCED Just as soon as
the weather will permit. When work is
really commenced on the road, times
throughout the Central Valley will i'm
prove. And work can not commence too
soon.
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
Grest Auction sale.

Mr., s. Friedman viii offer the remainder
oil the stock Of groceries lately owned by
Hatisnden Bros, and the balance of his stock
shipped here from Bnena Vista, consisting of
dry goods, boots and shoes, notions, cutlery
and graceries, at public auction. Sale to
commence on Wednesday, March 9th and
contne until the entire stock is disposed of.
This is rare opportunity to secure bargains.
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
School Matters.

taxpayers want TO remember thc school
meeting next Monday evening at half
past seven O'Clock. The Board of Direc
tors aud the Clerk will make their reports.
and the question: Of lcvying tax will be
considered.
On the 18th inst, an election will be
held at the Central School-house for one
Director to serve three years, and Tor one
Clerk To serve one year.
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
From I.apMaI.

Mr.. Henry Merrill. few tiaya ago. received
letter from George W. Furry, who is pow
at Lanwai Indian Agency. in Ncz Perce Co,
Idaho. He says thoy are having very So
we're winter, and that tho loss OF stock will
be fully one-half. and il the bad weather con-
Times much more than that. The snow is
not very deep, bat is crusted so that stock
cannot break through to get the grass below.
George sends his regards to hia many friends
in this locality.
The state rights democrat. [volume] (Albany, Linn County, Oregon) 1865-1900, 1881-03-04
school Exerslaes.

On Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday
evenings of this week, the Public schools and
College gave interesting exercises at the
Court House, under the management of Prof
L. J. Powell, State School Superintendent
Owing to press of other business we were
not able to be present, but from those who
were there we learn that the exercises were
creditable to all who participate l.