The sun., 1881-01-16

lakes and rivers, ana laylnR theu uV"h VIZ"
great accuracy upon the map. illustrating its
fauna and fora. showing where healthy locaii-
ties might be found and indicating how It's
most yirulent disease might be reduced to the
category OF an ordinary cold. He gave cur
rency, moreover to n new conception OF tho
African people. Kaf1lr wars and other misman-
aged enterprises had brought out tho widest
as spects OF tho native character. and had con-
veyed the impression that tho blacks were no
less british and feroclous than the strange
BEASTS among which they lived. But Living
stone showed that. rightly dealt with. they were
teachabs and companionable. full OF respect for
tho white man. affectionate toward him when
he treated thom well. and enger to havo him
dwel among them. He had excited, In fact, not
q little compassion for the negro by vivid pic
lures OF his dark and repusive life with 80
much misery in it, and 80 little joy On the
slave trade OF the interior he had thrown
ghastly light. although It was reserved in his
future journeys to make a full exposure Of tho
informal complications and moasureless devas-
tations OF that trafilc.
At this time Livingstone found It necessary to
sever his connection with the London Mission
ary Society. whose directors soem to have been
unwilling to let Livingstone work In his own
way. He himself believed 1t to he his duty to
prosecute that task OF exploration and settlement
Of outpost stations which WIS Indispensable to
the unsealing and civilzinR OF what has beon
aptly termed the disnherited continent. When
ho left England. In 1858. upon journey that
was to last six years. 1t was as her Majesty's
Consul Mt Quilimane and as commander Of an
expedition for exploring Eastern and Central
Africa. Although, In the course OF this expedi-
tion. tho Victoria Falls were re5xamined. the
course OF the Zambesi retraced. Lake Nyassa
81, ttb
OF that great inland sea surveyed. yet ono Of
Livingstone's main objects miscarrled. namely.
the establishment OF a permanent settlement in
the interior to be known rs tho Universities
Mission. and supported by the Church OF Eng
land. Summing up. however. the ach ievem cnts
OF these six years. DR.. Livingstone was ablo to
point out some important results in addition to
those Just mentioned He had discovered tho
Pongone harbor, and ascertained the fitness OF
the Zambesi River for navigation. He had
proved the admirable adaptation OF tho cast
coast for indigo and cotton. rs we'll rs tobacco
castor oil. and sugar. and he showed that the
highlands were capable Of producing abundant
crops of grain. The capital service however,
OF the expedition was that it followed the
curse OF slavery to tho fountain head, and
laid bare all its phases. First there was
he showed. the custom OF slave making
practised between hostile native tribes. The
slavery arising from this source. which is n
characteristic feature OF certain grades OF CIV
ilization. is relatively limited in scope and mild
in character. Far more maign and widereach-
ing was tho influence exerted by slave traders
from the coast. Arabs. or half-caste Portuguese
for whom natives were encouraged to collect
slaves by the atrocious means OF perpetual MA
raudng. ambuscade. and murder. Even moro
fatal agencies OF destruction wero the parties
IL. -. n
coast towns. provided with cloth and beads,
muskets and ammunition in exchange for
which they were to bring back a convoy OF hu-
man beings. 1t was this accursed trade. pro-
NOTED blythe Portuguese. which Livingstone now
perceived would Illustrate all the efforts OF ex-
plorers and phllanthropists For some time to
come, accordingly. his energies were concern
trated upon making men OF influence at home
take his view OF this matter. so that. In one way
or another. tho dovilish commerce might be
abolished. This was the purpose which he re-
volved on the voyage homeward. in 1864, and II
was mainly to this object that he devoted his
second and last visit to England. As yetthe
idsn OF finding the sources OF the Nile was not
in his mind. 1t was at the earnest request OF
others that he undertook tho work that cost him
SO many years Of suffering and at last his lfe
The object for which Livingstone set out. in
1865. on his third and last great African Jour
ney. Ia thus stated by himself In the preface TO
The Zambesi and its Tributaries" published
during his second visit to England: Our Gov
ernment have united with the Royal Goo
graphical Society to aid me in another attempt
to open Africa to civilizing influences. and q
valued private friend has given a thousand
pounds for the same object. propose to go in
land. north OF the territory claimed by the
Portuguese. and endeavor to commence that
system on the east which has been so eminenty
successful on the west coast-a system combin-
ing the repressive efforts OF her Majesty's
cruisers with the beneflcent effects OF lawful
trade and Christian missions. l hope" he con-
tinues. Ito ascend the Rovums. or some other
river north OF Cape Delgado. and. In addition
to my other work. shall strive. by passing along
the northern end Of Lake Nyassa, and round
the southern end OF Lake Tanganyika. to ascer-
tain tho watershed OF that part OF Africa" The |
first part OF the scheme was his own the second
he had been urged to undertake by Sir Roder-
ick Murchison. The sums contributed by Gov |
ernment and the Geographical Society we're |
utterly inadequate. being only $500 each. and |
the honorary position OF Consul at Large. which |
he was willing to accept for the sake OF the in
iuence it gave him, was trammolcd by the
shabby provision that he was to have no salary
and to expect no pension. Tho reader will |
concur with tho bogrnpher in his opinion that
il Livingstone had not been the most single |
minded anl trustiul OF men he would never
have returned to Africa on such terms.
Let us see. however, what he accomplished in
the following seven years which were tho last OF
his life and during great part OF which he was
prostrated with sickness. disabled by robbery
and begEary, and disheartened by the worth
lessncss OF the men sent to serve him. Pro-
ceeding from Cape Delgado TO the southern
end OF Lake Nyassa. he thence took north
west course through region not known to
have been traversed before by any European;
and in tho course OF his prolonged and almost
solitary wanderings discoTored Lake Bangws-
olo, almost circumnayfgated the great Tangan-
yika basin which s,,retches across six degrees of
latitude, name, and noted upon tho map in
numeran 20 small lakes End rivers, reached and
care. ully surveyed q section OF tho backbone oil
me continent from whose tanks the water
Courses flow respectively to the Atlantic and
indian oceans. In northwest direction ho
penetrated to Nyangwe on the Lualnba River.
which hns since been identified with the Congo.
while at tho northern end OF Lako Tanganyika
he came unconsciously within few miles OF an