davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
Saint Patnck-

To-day, ST. Pstrick's day, seems to
have been sadly neglected by our Irish
fellow-citizens. We have heard Of no
preparations having been made for
any celebration, and 1t Is evident the
day viii pass by unnoticed. 1t has
been customary for centuries to cele-
brate the anniversary of ~. Patrick
on the 18th Of March. We have no
reliable data as to his birthplace. BY
some it is claimed that he was born in
France. while others claim that he was
born at Fitzpatrick, on the mouth Of
the river Cluyd, in Scotland, between
Danbritton and Glasgow, in the year
373. and died in ireland March Il,
495, being at that time l22 years old.
IL is the anniversary Of his death,
not Of has birth, which the Irish cele-
brate with characteristic propensity.
He was Of honorable birth, as his
name, Patricius, indicates. He was
the son of Calphurnius and CUnchessa,
and was OF mixed descent, British,
Gauhsh and Roman. Daring his
early career he was captured several
times and made to serve as a slave,
but by the interpositiOn Of Divine
Providence he was released from his
long captivity and restored to his
home. lie was a great aboiitionist
and directed ms energies TO the sup
preston Of slavery, which was general
in his day. Both Catholic and Pro-
testant writers assert that he was 3
man after Gods own heart. No coun-
try kept the purity Of religion So un-
sullied by aught earthly, as Ireland in
the early centuries.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
SyphOn study Lamp.

Hon. /. w. Case, of Astoria, in
placing the new Syphon study lamp
ON the market, would cali the atten-
tintion OF the trade to some of its
merits. Its illuminating qualities are
not equalled by any study lamp IN use.
Ii gives a steady. brilliant light; is
freefrom unpleasant odur; does not drip
either when burning or not burning:
easily lighted and trimmed, and is
without exception, the most convent
ent lamp tU Gil ever made. Directions
accompanying each lamp. Call upon
Mr.. Case and buy one. He sells them
at remarkable low rates.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Next Sunday, the 10th inst, the
Oregon Railway and Navigation com
pany will adopta new freight tariff,
and all charges will be made at a hun
dred pound rate instead of by the
ton. Freight viii be divided into four
classes, each at a fixed rate. Under
the new schedule mp bound freight is
reduced about ten per cent. The
company has issued an extensive
pamphlet giving freight classifications
and explicit instructions to shippers
and employees.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
THE CITY.

THR DAILY AsTOKIAS Uu De sent "
mail at - ceats a mOItth. free of postage Read
err lUho contemplate absence from the city can
hars The AsTORIAN tollOlC them. DAILY
or WEEKLY editions tO any pOst-Ogtce toiuh-
out additional erpeRSs. 4ddTesses mdB De
eaoRged A. 0ftsE az desired. LedUe orders 0i
tAS counting room.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
ns-The time has long since passed

- 4 ne TIME has long Since PISSED
when mechanical trades provided our
sons with a living. LabOr-Saying ma
chinery, patent tools and steam have
robbed the trade OF the future il offered
10 our boys in the days of the indentured
composed largely of tradesmen and
professional men. and merchandising is
q failure, IL the number of bankrupt
merchants who had TO succumb TO the
pressure OF the times can be taken a. a
criterion. What the country needs is pro-
ducerS, and the waste fields of uncnlti-
waited land offers an opportunity to place
the rising generation in the way of max
ing homes for themselves and better
time for posterity.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
Central Hotel.

The Central hotel. near the steam
ship dock is now open for the recep-
tien-uf guests. where the well known
caterer, Mr. Anton Beloh will always
be found ready {" wait un his patrons.
He has had the above named house
thoroughly rettted by Messrs. Pike
and Stuckton, our well known artists.
Call and see him. as he has the finest
brands Of liquors and cigars to be had
in the clty.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
Rurnetf.. Cncnaine

The best hair dressing i'm the world.
BurEett'S cuc0aiHe allayS irritation.
removes all tendency tO dandruff. inyig-
uTatrS the action of the capillaries i'm tine
highest degree. and has earned adeServ-
ed reputation for promoting the growth
and preserving the beauty of the human
hair Ladies dressing their h8lT elabOr-
ately for the evening Will find that it i'm
parts healthy natural gloss tO the hair
and will cause it tO retain itS shape for
hours.
Burnett'S flayOring extracts are used
and iudOrSed by the best hotels. cOnfec-
TONERS and grOceTS throughout the cOun-
try. They are perfectly pure.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Marvel not that 1 say unto you, We
must pay the printer. Whosoever
neglecteth TO pay the printer, hath
not eternal life abiding in him. Who
hath sorrow, who hath woe, who hath
the nightmare! They who forget to
render unto the printer his just dnes.
If man live many years and payeth
not for TIE AsToRIAS, behold he
shall not die in peace till he hath re-
stored to the printer that which he
hath withheld.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
A Mr. REM has arrived in Vi.

A Mr.. Bent has arrived in Victo-
ria from Cowichan and reports having
discovered lead of gold and silver
bearing quartz IF great richness in the
mountains not far from the Kokesa-
liah quartz mining companys claim.
He is said to have rich specimens and
is ON his way to California to have
them assayed.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

One Of the busiest places in the
city is the machine works Of Messrs.
Arndt & Ferchen. There can be
daily seen large force of men con-
stantly employed and the shops push
ed with work. They have two lathes
and make speciality Of cannery work,
repairing dies, etc. 1t is their inten-
ton to erect large and eommOdious
shop on the lot recently purchased by
them foot of Lafayette street, but on
account of the constant rush of work
they will not be in readiness to move
anti after the fishing season.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Rev. L. A. Banks, the editor of
The Censer, a temperance journal
published at Vancouver, is IN the city,
and will canvass Astoria to-day for
subscribers to his paper. he will de-
liver a temperance lecture this even
ing at half-past seven o'clock at the
roems of the Young Mems Christian
association. Admission free and no
collection taken up. All are invited
to attend.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

By recent postal decision men
can actually make money by getting
their bills and statements of accounts
printed. Statements of accounts and
bills Of sale when made out on paper
having printed headings, can be sent
by mai for one cent, if the envelope
is left unsealed; whereas, if 1t is made
out ON imprinted paper, it will cost
three cents. Thus by patronizing The
AsToRIAS two cents can be saved ON
every oil or statement that is sent out
through the mail.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

\ cough. cold or sore throat should be
stopped. Neglect frequently results i'm
an incuTabIe lun. disease or cOnSunp-
tiOn. Browns Bronchial trUchrs do not
disorder the stomach like cough syrupS
and balSamS. but act directly on the III
famed parts. allayimg irritation. give
relief in asthma. bronchitis. coughs.
cataTrh. and the throat troubles which
singers and public speakers are subject
la. For thirty years Browns bronchial
trOches have been recommended bS
physicians, and always give perfect
satisfaction. Having been tested by
wide and constant use for nearly an en-
tire generation, they have attained we'll
merited rank among the few staple
remedies Of the age. Sold at - cents a
box everywhere.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

The Malheur reservation Is to be
abandoned and the stores and supplies
transferred to the Yakima agency, SO
soon as the roads are practicable for
travel, which is not likely % happen
before June. Many ranchers in the
vicinity of Malheur reservation are
waiting with interest TO learn what
disposition is to be made of the lands.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

The steamship Oregon was still
unable to cross the bar yesterday. She
was detained on her trip up by the
strong head winds. Yesterday morn
ing she was sighted off the bar about
fve o'clock, but was unable to cross.
Yesterday she was again sighted of
the bar, making an attempt to enter,
which was abandoned on account of the
roughness Of the bar.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Auction or no auction, Adleris
large stock, recently brought up by
him from San Francisco, has SO rapid
ly sold that he was compelled to leave
again for San Francisco by the last
steamer 20 replenish his store with all
the latest novelties in his line. He is
agent for the standard makes of
pianos, organs and all kinds IF music
al instruments Of which he will con-
tinue ~ keep 4 full stock.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
Tin Plate. Pig Tin. Etc.

Geo. w. Hume keeps constantly ON
hand, and 10 arrive full line Of fish
ermens and csnnery supplies. at prices
which defy competition. Parties wish
ing groceries and those intending to-
run mess houses should inspect goods
and obtain large discount from regular
price.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

The Historian job presses will
it you out with your winter supplies
of letter heads, bill-heads, cards,
envelopes, etc, etc, at astOnishingly
low rates, and in exquisite style. Call
and see samples Of work done for
others.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
The weekly Astorran

Is a mammoth sheet, exactly double
the size of the Daily. II is just the pa
per for the fireSide. containing ln addl-
ton 10 all the current news, choice mis-
cellany. agricultural matter, market re-
ports, etc. Ii i furnished 10 single sub
scribers at - 90 per year IN advance.
,sgA limited numOer Of small adyer-
tisemeDts inserted al established rates.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Whenever yJu waiIJ % buy an
article. purchase il FROM stOre-keepeI
in town. You know them, they are
Identified with YOU i'm the interest OF
keeping up the city, which is an organ
.zation for mutual protection, and il
YOU are cheated you know where To ap-
ply for redress. When YOU buy of an
itinerant pedlar, whom YOU NAV never
See again, if you are cheated YOU must
pocket your own losses.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

John Rogers has just received at
the Central market large invoice of
coal oil, assOrteds brand, and for sale
at reduced rates. He also keeps a
general assortment of groceries, liq-
uors, tobacco, cigars, fruits and vege-
tables of best quality, which he offers
q. small profit for cash.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

The new steamer. the Washing
ton, is now lying at the Willamet
Iron works, Portland, being fitted up
with new machinery, etc. She is
owned by the business men of Van
eouver who propose to run her between
Portland and that place. She will
cost about twelve thousand dollars
when finished and will be solid, sub
stantial vessel.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Hills brass band was out yester-
day and discoursed some fine music.
Several new pieces have recently been
added to this band, and il claims now
to be equal to any and excelled by
none on the coast.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

The little steamer Luella, built at
Astoria, has been purchased by parties
on the upper Columbia, and will be
placed on the river between Grants
Landing and Columbus, Washington
territory, and will be used in connec-
ton with a large barge 70 convey
freight and passengers from the Ore
gon to the Washington territory side.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

When an Astoria girl gets a letter
from her sweetheart, is that any rea-
son why she should run her head into
a fellows bosom on the sidewalk
while reading iti Such recklessness
should be prohibited.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

The British ship Glenearn has
just finished discharging S25 tons of
English steel rail for the Oregon Rail
way and Navigation company, at Allen
q Lewis docks, Portland, and is now
loading with wheat and -four.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

When you want a dish Of NICE
Eastern Oysters done up a Ia mode, OF
a good steak, OF a fragrant cup Of
coffee, call at Frank Fabres OH the
roadway, and he will accommodate
you. Open at all hours.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

-Gray's wood yard is now fitted up
on the wharf foot of Benton street,
and prepared to deliver wood to any
part Of the city sawed to any length,
and full measure.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Frank Faber has removed in
to DR.. Kinsey's building on Water
street. On the road to the steamer
dock from down town, before break
fast, it will now be handy to drop in
and get a cup of coffee.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Prof. J. P ,/Feaster VIII open A
class in penmanshiD/ at /the school
house on Main sYeet, Jon Monday
evening next, 2lEyfnst/ The Oregon
city Enterprise yays n HIM. "Pref.
j. p. Feaster H Pqytland. left ms a
few days ago [or AfoFa. The Prof.
has had eass ofover one hundred
scholars hgre in fpenmanship, all Of
who are warm inetheir expressions, re-
gardlHg } Is successful method of teach
ing. We commend him to the people
of Asst fria, feeling that they will have
no q hse to regret giving him large
clasyf'
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Mr.. Joseph Paquette has just re-
ceived the contract from the Ore
gonian Navigation company To build q
new stern wheel steamboat for their
river trade. Ii Is estimated that the
vessel will cost in the nelghborho0d If
fifteen thousand dollars. 1t will be
completed in about three months.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Rheumatism is the most terrible
disease that has ever afflicted human
ity, yet 1t instantly yields to the pow
erful drugs that kendall's SPAWN Cure
Is composed of. See their advertise
ment.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Several furnished or unfurnIshed
ROBINS at Mrs. Munson's lodging
house. Also, a few persons can have
hoard If required, either ladies or
gentlmen.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

For 6rst-class oyster stew, fry,
pan-roast or fancy roast, go to Roscoe's
on Nam street, opposite y. Loeb's.
Families supplied by the hundred or
the sack, opened or in the shell.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Since the Chinese started to brew
''cheap San Francisco beer" there is
little or no demand for that article
any more. Call for the Columbia
brewery beer, if you want something
ooOd
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

The inmates of the city Jail were
out enjoying the beautiful weather
yesterday, and at the same time
exercising themselves by cleaning the
streets
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

The main building Of Mr.. Jos.
Hume's Astoria cannery is rapidly
nearing completion.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

We notice several sidewalks
throughout the city in bad condition,
minus ratings, etc.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
J. w. Mun~On

Is getting impatient waiting for
some Of those promises to pay balanc-
rs due ON account Of steamer Magnet.
He don't want to make Gusts, but is
liable TO DO 50.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

If you want a good big oyster
stew in style, call around to Tom
Smiths, next door to p. II. Fox, Main
street Astoria, Oregon. Open at all
hOurs
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Every cannery between Tongue
point and the mouth Of the river will
be in active operation the coming sea
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Fresh vegetables, parsley, greens,
etc, for table use, fresh from the
gardens, can be had cheaply at Mrs.
Gallouis, Sauemoqhe street.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

"A nice lot of eastern oysters at
RoscOes, arrived yesterday by steamer
Columbia. Call around. You will find
them frst class.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

The Shubrick went down 10 the
bar yesterday but was compelled to
return to Bakers bay.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

A little child Of MIR. and Mrs.
Charles Leon was buried IN the city
cemetery yesterday.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

For the best Beer in Astoria,
call for the Columbia Bretcery Beer.
acknowledged To- he superior to all
others.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Mr.. John Rogers, Of the Central
Market, has made arrangements 10
keep all the finest fresh ish, etc, IN
their season.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

What Is the cry from ocean to
ocean! kendall's SPAWN Cure. Read
the advertisement.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

p. J. Goodman. on Chenamu
street, has Just received the latest and
most fashionable style Of gents and
ladies boots, shoes, etc.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

+For the Genuine J. II. Cutter
old Bourbon, and the best of wines.
liquors, and San Francisco beer call
at the Gem opposite the bell tower,
and see Campbell.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

sr Advertisements inserted by the year at
the rate Of 81 80 per square per month.
Transient advertising, by the day or week.
tfty cents per square for each insertion.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
st. Patrick s day.

season opens next month.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

The Serica was taken down to
Bakers bay yesterday.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

p. Wilhelm, Boss saloon, opposite
the Clarendon hotel, Portland, Oregon.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Max. Wagner's San Francisc,
National brewery beer can't be beat
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Have Wistar's balsam OF wild cherry
always at hand. IL cures coughs. colds.
bronchitis, whOOping cough. Group. in
huenza, consumption. and all throat and
lung complaints. 30 cents and 81 a bot
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Salmon bellies, at retail, at War
rem & EatOn's.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
Terms Of Subscription

served by Carrier, Der week k.............25 Cents
Sen, nv mail four months. bs.................s3 % o.
Sent by mail, one ~
free Of Postage 70 subscribers.
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Fresh leaf lard at Warren and
Eatnn's
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

Fresh smelt at Warren & Eatons
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17
EVERY FARMER SHOULD OWN
THIS R00K
RUY KENDALL'S TREATISE.

A book Of 100 pages, i'll paper covers. giving
you more practical information than iS con-
tanned in some large volumes at far higher
cost. Having examined this book thoroughly
We are statistical nn
The Daily Astorian. [volume] (Astoria, Or.) 1876-1883, 1881-03-17

son.
The Portland daily press. [volume] (Portland, Me.) 1862-1921, 1881-06-29

WORCESTER Spy: Mr.. Brady processes
to be indignant that he is accused of dis
honesty and threatened with prosecution, on
account of the alleged star route frauds, and
he demands an immediate trial. But Mr..
Brady should not be impatient 1t not un-
frequently happens that an innocent man
has to wait longer than he likes for a legal
vindication, and this does not imply that his
accusers are inspired by malice, but only
that appearances are unfortunately against
him, SO much so that public officers could
not be excused for neglecting to take meas
ures which might result in prosecution.
Mr.. Brady should observe also that the
newspapers which, as he claims, have per-
secuted him, have simply published facts OBJ
tanned from the records Of his office, show
ing that the star service was made enor-
mously expensive, that routes were let and
relet and expedited in such way as to in
crease the cost on some routes ten or twenty
fold, and that the resources placed at his
disposal by Congress were exceeded without
warrant of law. All these are indisputable
facts. The necessary inference is that the
business of the Office in his charge was
grossly mismanaged, the probable inference
is that there was corruption as we'll as mis-
management.
The Portland daily press. [volume] (Portland, Me.) 1862-1921, 1881-06-29
A Great Crop.

Anything about tobacco is sure to interest
two classes Of men. By the one the increase
of its acreage is looked upon as emphatical-
ly good thing, as evidence of the increas-
ing cultivation of comforting and pain
staying and aredispelling plant. By the
other it is regarded as the spread of a nox-
ious weed that chokes the fair plants in the
common garden and leads fallible folk into
as bad ways as did the low hanging fruit
which Eve plucked six thousand years ago.
Both the good and the bad, the smokers and
the abstainers, will be g ntertained by the
information given in the Census Bulletin
1913. Each will draw rations from that sup
ply, and be strengthened for the fight. The
facts are as follows-the inferences can be
drawn to order: The returns show an
increase in the production of tobacco since
1870 of eighty per cent. Fifteen States pro-
duce, now as in 1870, more than ninety
nine per cent. of the tobacco of the United
States, though tits reported in twenty-five
other States and six Territories. Of these
fifteen, only Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and
Massachusetts, produce less than in 1870.
Kentucky occupies the first position, produc-
ing thirty-six per cent. of the total product
of the country. Virginia holds the sec
ond place; Pennsylvania has advanced from
the twelfth to the third; Wisconsin from
the fifteenth to the tenth; and North Caro-
lima, Connecticut and New York have each
gained one point in the rank of tobacco
States. Those that have retrograded in rel
ative production, are Massachusetts, Mary
land, West Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, Mis-
souri, and Tennessee
The average yield per acre is 731 pounds.
The variation in rate of yield, from 800 in
Massachusetts, to All in North Carolina, is
due in differing degree to the use or neg
lect of fertilizers, the habit of growth Of
different varieties, and the vicissitudes Of
the seasons. In Massachusetts, Connecti-
cut, New York, Pennsylvania and Wiscon-
sin, the seed-leaf varieties are mainly
grown, and high fertilization practiced, al
ways resulting in comparatively heavy
crops. In Ohio the yield is above the aver
age, the Ohio seed-leaf being extensively
cultivated in the Miami Valley, while the
Burley, a vigorous grower of a less produc-
tive class, is almost exclusive in its promi-
nence in the Ohio River Counties. Ken
lucky, producing many grades of cutting and
shipping tobaccos, upon an unexhausted
soil of great original fertility, makes an
average yield. In Maryland, Virginia and
West Virginia the yield is less than the gen.
eral average. The low yield in North Caro-
lima is necessity of the production of the
fashionable yellow ''bright" grade used for
plug wrappers, grown on poor soil, with
low fertilization sufficient to stimulate early
growth, but not enough to prevent early
maturing.