davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29
THE GLOBE HOROSCOPE.
As 1t Casts Its Light on the Chicago
Markets.

Especial Telegram to the Globe]
CHICAGO, June 2S.-Cables unchanged.
Weather hot but perfect in other respects.
Wheat lower. The fine weather and good
receipts gave the bears chance, and some
of the bulls gave helping hand in selling the
market down. No prominent buyers in
market except the Cincinnati clique, who
bought largely. Germ declined on large re-
reipts and lower prices for spot Think the
receipts are to fill June contracts. Oats dull
and situation unchanged.
Provisions quiet and prices steady except
lard, which declined about 15c per 100. Curb
prices: August wheat $1.13; corn 4SAc;
oats Csc; pork $l1. 40; lard Sl6.65.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29

5000; Erie $4,000; Hannibal & St. joe 1880;
Missouri, Kansas & Texas $4,000; Lake
Shore $4,000; Louisville & Nashville 1900;
Lake Erie & Western 1000; Michigan Cen
trail $4,000; Manhattan Elevated 5000; Men,
phis & Charleston $500; Missouri Pacific
1,7Oo Chicago & IN Northwestern $500; New New,
Northern Pacific $500; Ohio g. Mississippi
5000; Ontario & Western 1880; Ohio Cen
trail $500; Pacific Mail 5000; Peoria, Decatur
& Evansville 1920; Chicago, Milwaukee &
St. Paul 5000; St. Paul & Omaha 2,7OO; Tex
as Pacific il, 600; Union Pacific 1000; Wabash,
St. Louis & Pacific 1900; Western, Union
Telegraph $1,000; Metropolitan Elevated 5000;
Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapo-
lie 6On
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29
LONDON, June %.
NJ. DORAN'S REPORTS.

The following quotations giving the range
of the markets during the day were received by
NJ. DoRAN, commission merchant:
LIVERPOOL, June %, 10 A. M.-Spot
wheat firm. Floating cargoes quiet but
steady. Cargoes on passage not much de-
mand.
NEW YORK, June 90, IL M.-Wheat ir-
regular; Chicago and Milwaukee 1.25.
1890 P. M.-Spring inactive and tame; 1.24K
bid for No. 2, sellers at 1.25H; winter options
steady and quiet; 1.29 bid for rail red; held at
1.3U.
M-Spring tame same bids; winter OPP
lions weaker; rail red weak; same bids.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29

A DETROIT man, aged 1O2, committed
suicide the other day. He had lived in
Detroit for nearly twenty yaars, and the
impossibility of obtaining release from
the bondage is what impelled him to the
deed. No sane man could live in such a
city more than twenty years.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29

CoNKLNG is not yet elected to the
Senate. He is, yet, however, cock of the
walk, and can issue his edicts controlling
the action of the legislature as absolute
ly as if he owned majority of the
members
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29
THE COURTS.
United States Circuit Court.

United States Circuit Court.
Before Judge McCrary.]
Atlas Engine Works VS.. D. w. Hawthorn,
ct al; action on note. Verdict for plaintiff
for 81, 1850.
Before Judge Nelson.l
George Vollman VS.. Chicago, Milwaukee s.
st. Paul Railroad company; action for dam
ages.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29
The Chicago Board of Trade Adjournment.

CHICAGO, June 28.-The board Of trade by q
nearly unanimous vote decided to adjourn
over from Friday to Tuesday, on account OF
independence day, and the presence of the
Sangerfest societies.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29
Municipal Court.
Before Judge Burr.]

City VS.. P. Scully; drunkenness. Fine of S.;
paid.
City VS.. A. Bayard; same. Committed for
five days.
and disorderlY. Committed for thirty days.
City VS.. c. Lafgren; assault and battery.
Fine of $40; paid.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29
Mr.. A. B. Taylor, of the cray & TAYLOR

Mr.. A. B. Taylor, OF the Kay q Taylor
Manufacturing company" Springfield,
Mass, is pleased to say: My [aunt, Mrs
Pillsbury, of Mount CLAIR, N. j., while
visiting at our house, tried st. Jacobs Oil
for rheumatism and neuralgia and found
immediate relief every time. She pro-
nounced it the best thing she had ever
ried for the trouble.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29
The pay roll for June was read ant
ordered paid as follows:

vote:
Yeas-Inspectors Murphy, Wilgus,
Oppenheim, Abbott, Athey, Gilbert,
Hamilton, Schifman, Lienau, Donnelly.
Adjourned.
J. G. DoNNELLY, Secretary.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29

There will be meeting of the Knights of
st. Paul, at their hall corner of Seventh and
jackson, this Wednesday evening, at 7:S0
o'clock By order of the president.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29

All kinds of furniture repaired and var
nished at reasonable price, 465 st. Peter, cor
ner Ninth.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29
Rice Park Concert.

The following is the programme for the
Rice park concert this evening:
1. Eighth Regiment, @. ST.. 49,. Chambers
Q. Overture-The Fiddler of st. WAIST. Reeves
3. Spring Flowers Waltzes. $1,000. Bousquet
4. Selection from the Jewess ....... Nalevy
5. Worlds Peace Jubilee - Serio-comic
operate Potpourri. ................ Boyer
6. Summit Cornet Polka. Cash
Z. Observation-Disclosures Girl ............ 3alfe
s. Knight Templars, G. St...............
Arranged by n. Stein
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29

THE WEEKLY GLOBE.
ST. PAUL, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 90, 1881.

CoLFAx endorses Malone. Now who
will be the unfortunate and foolhardy
man who will endorse Colfax?
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29

Death of n Wisconsin Ex-Congressm ,n.
MILWAUKEE, June 2S.-Ex Congrr>- man
John Barber died ut his residence 10 IL ,-is-
ter, Wis, today, after weeks line. He
served in Congress from 1872 to 1876 lis
estate Is valued q quarter Of q milliol.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29
NATIONAL CAPITAL.

A Decision that Cuts Off Some of the Fat
Pickings of United States Marshals and
Clerks of COurt-Bluff Aleck Gets His
Instructions for His Pleasure Trip to San
Francisco.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29

....NO sales. +Ofered. IBID. SE,x. coupon.
| *Ex. div. lex int Elk. certf
Note--Western Union Telegraph, ex. cert,
| will be quoted no longer, the injunction re-
| :training the distribution of the new stock
| having been removed.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29
WHEAT.
MILWAUKEE,. CHI(

October wheat closed in Chicago at 1.1O1.
Year wheat closed in Chicago at 1.OS4.
Wheat receipts in Chicago, 119, l26 bushels:
shipments 124, 657 bushels.
Wheat receipts in Milwaukee "a, 600 bushels;
shipments LII, 544 bushels.
Stock of wheat in Milwaukee 1906, 900
hushels.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29
Eastern and European Markets.

NEW YORK, June 2S.-Money easy at 3@3H
per cent. Prime mercantile paper 3@411 per
cent. Sterling exchange, bankers bills
S4S4. SighG exchange on New York
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29
CORN.

Corn receipts in Chicago 7U5, 938 busheI
shipments 1913, 1877 bushels.
PORK.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1881-06-29

members
The Middlebury register. [volume] (Middlebury, Vt.) 1850-1882, 1881-12-30
A ITEMS.
Several small liquor dealers in Char.
lotte have been fincd,

Several small liquor dealers in Char
lotte have been tincd,
The Congregational church at Wood
stock celebrated the Tooth anniversary
of its organization Monday.
John, aged Is, son of Mark Adams
of Danville, was drowned recently
while skating.
A. j. Lyon of West Concord had two
barns burned recently by the explosion
of q Kerosene lamp.
A letter from Corinth says that the
sap flows freely from the naples high
up in the hills.
G. Ii. Carpenter of Enosburgh took
5000 pounds of honey from so swarms
Of bees the past season.
Sylvanus G.. Kinds has been made
postmaster at North Hydepark, La
noble county.
A Commercial Travellers association
has been organized at Burlington.
The association is to give o banquet at
the Van Ness House ON Saturday
evening.
In the Orange County court, Ida j.
Rush, aged Is, pleaded guilty on Friday
to placing distractions on the Passump-
sic railroad track, and was sentenced to
the Reform School.
There were 7,140 pounds of poultry
shipped from st. Adams last week.
There were 30,745 pounds of dressed
poultry shipped over the Central from
Canada.
The liquor dealers Of Chelsea were
waited on recently by the working
committee of the Women's Christian
Temperance Union, and requested To
dcsist from further sale.
There is about the same condition Of
things OH the temperance question al
Bellows Falls as at st. Adams. 1t il
understood Towns hotel will be closed
The Liliputian troupe were refused
lodging, for Sunday night. There hai
been talk OF organizing a stock company
to build a hotel, and one is likely to be
built next season.
The Middlebury register. [volume] (Middlebury, Vt.) 1850-1882, 1881-12-30

ErIt is remarkable what falsehoods
emanate from the correspondents Of
rum papers concerning the character
of the temperance movement in st. AL.
bans, and the condition of things re
sulting from their work. A correspon'
dent of h Mnntpelicr Argus from
that town says, ga set. of fellows who
have hitherto been looked upon as be-
sotted, disrcputablc loafers, have sud
denly developed into blatant temper
ance reformers." And the st. Albant
Herald, the contemplate rum shect
which has been started to SANDER The
movement, en- deavors TO made people
believe the business of the place is be-
ing destroyed. A private letter to The
editor of this paper, from n Of The
best and most responsible citizens OF
st. Adams, says: "Our working com.
mittee are from M most substantial
men-no better class of citizens could
be named. l don't know of but one
that ever drank rum, and he has been o
prominent Good Templar for several
years." The.samc gentleman assures
us hat the hotel business is the only
one in st. Adams that is not as lively
rs ever.
The Middlebury register. [volume] (Middlebury, Vt.) 1850-1882, 1881-12-30
THE ~ SU N.
NEW YORK, 1882

TIE SUN for 1882 viii make its fifteenth ANNA,
revolution under the present management shin'
ing. as always, for ali, big and little. mean and
and srsp De@o cGaiSs'e dep pn q Sdn anal Ry.tud Mspq ;D,s;,1,
gent and obtuse. II SUMS light ia for
mankind and womenkind Of every sort; butits
discomfort on the blistering backs OF the
persistently wicked.
The Sun Of 1868 was q newspaper ola new kind.
II discarded many Of the forms, and a pultitude
OF the superhuous words and phrases of ancient
Journalism. Ii undertook to report in n fresh.
w SuSJ,he om utdDny no eSan, WAY way all the news Of the
commenting upon Affairs with the fearlessness of
absolute Independence. The success on this eY.
pertinent was the success Of TIKI SUN. II effect.
ed a permanent change in the style Of American
newspapers. Every important Journal ALREADY
force OF II SUMS example. wv
III SUN oflS62 will DO the same outspoksn.
truthtelling, and interesting newspaper.
By q liberal use of the means which an abundant
prosperity affords, we shall make 1t better than
ever before.
We shall print all the news, putting itipto
readable shape, and measuring fts importance.
interest to the people. Distance from Printin9
House Square is not the first consideration with
H SUN. Whenever anything happens worth
repoiung we get me particulars, whether in
In politics we have decided opinions; and are
accustomed 70 express them in language that can
men and events. That habit is Inc only secrat Of
THE SUMS political course.
WEEKLY SUN gathers into eight pages,
the best matter OF the seven daily issues, Az
Agricultural Department OF unequaiIed merit
full market reports, and q liberal proportIon al
literary, scientific, and domestic INTELLIGENCE
complete IL WEEKLY SUN, and make II I'M
best newspaper for the farmers household thai
was ever printed.
Who does not know and read and like TIL
SUNDAY SUN, each number of which is a Golcon
da Of interesting literature, with the best poetr,
OF the day, prose every word wsrth readinS
news, enough 70 All a eood-sizSd
book, and infinitely more varied and Entertaining
than any book, big OF little2
llour idea OF what a newspaper should be pleas
es you, send tor TnE SUN.
Our terms are as followe:
!, For the daily SUN, q four-page sheet nj
went eight columns. the price by mail. posI
PAID, Is % cents Q month, or $3.50 a year: or. in
Guiding the Sunday paper. an eightpaee sheei
OF nity-six columns, the price is CO cents pei
Z month, or &7.7O a year, postage paid.
The sunday edition OF The sun is also furnish
cd separately at S1.@ a year, postage paid.
The price Of THE WEEKLY Sun, eight pages
nfty-six columns, is 81 q year, postage paid. 70,
clubs OF ten sending $40 we wnl send an extrl
copy free.
III Address /. W. ENGLAND.
II, Publisher Of THE SUN, New York City
The Middlebury register. [volume] (Middlebury, Vt.) 1850-1882, 1881-12-30
Publications Received.

WIDE AWAKE 0 JANUARY, 1882,
The Januray number, which is the
holiday issue of Wide Awake, is beau.
titul. Among the lovely pictures are
three superb drawings by Lungren,
each unexcelled in its line: The fronts.
piece, "Winter Birds" ON heavy plate
paper, "The Fairy Crew" is pronounced
by all who have seen it, the most beauti-
full fairy picture ever drawn; and "The
Blind Handel" in the Reading Course
is like a mastery painting. The mag
azine opens with a story by Edward
Everett Hale. "Asaph Sheafe's Christ
mas" and is followed by a most read
able article by Amanda b. Harris upon
"Christmas Cards." which, by the way,
is illustrated by Miss l.. B. Humphrey,
who took the Second and Third Artists
Prizes in Prang's last Card Competition.
Then ome the serial by A Boy:
"Tbeir Club and Ours." 1t has excell-
ent illustrations. Now we come to the
grand pictorial feature of this number:
seven beautiful poems of Christmas
tide, by the young Vermont poet, Mary
L. Wilkins. The jolly feature of the
number is "Ginevra Alveretta's Merry
Christmas" written by Margaret Ey-
tinge, and illustrated by Sol Eytinge,
Jr. There are several other excellent
stories. Only g. 80 a year. EllayFar-
man, Editor: ID. Lothrop u Co., Pub
fishers, Boston.
The Middlebury register. [volume] (Middlebury, Vt.) 1850-1882, 1881-12-30
Letter from Washington.

10 THE EDITOR OF THE REGISTER:
A pleasant way to spend part of q
day is to visit the ancient town of AL.
exandria, Virginia. Steamers for that
place leave here hourly. Distance six
miles, fare ten cents. The town has
Ian old, dilapidsted appearance. Tum-
BILE down buildings, unpayed streets
and sidewalks, and scores of idle, un-
savory negroes loafing on the sunny
corners, all tend to give the place an
u%ninviting appearance. To me the
most interesting object is Christ
church. This church was built by the
British, and in it General Washington
used 10 worship. A sexton is on con-
tinual duty to show visitors through
the building, and to sell them what
purport to be relics of rare value and
antiquity. He makes no direct charge
for his services, but has a happy way
of intimating that a moderate gratuity
is in no way Objectionable. The whip
ping post still fourishes in this i'll IA
vored old place. lis most common
use is in punishment for petty larceny,
thirty-nine lashes being the usual in
Fiction. 1t is saic a culprit seldom ap-
pears the second time. The building
formerly known as the Marshall House,
in which Colonel Ellsworth was killed
and avenged, has long been used as q
store. The double tragedy enacted
there killed 1t as a hotel.
The Washington Bar Association has
two female members, Mrs. Belva A
Lockwood, and Mrs. Marilla Kicker,
both widows. Mrs. Lockwood has a
lucrative practice and has acquired q
competency in her profession. She pre-
sents quite a unique appearance as she
dashes along the street, mounted on
her tricycle.. There are many points in
favor of this steed. 1t furnishes a
means of rapid locomotion; 1t can be
left at any place without tying; It does
not get frightened and throw Its rider,
or kick the buggy TO pieces; it does
neither hay nor oats; 1t dispenses with
the services of a groom, and all in all,
is really a s~ervicable and economical
nag. Mrs. Kicker is understood to be
an ardent advocate of female suffrage.
She wears her hair short and has quite
a masculine appearance. She is a mag
istraie and notary public.
Nothing specially striking was de-
veloped in the trial last week.
Gen. Reynolds testimony showing that
the inspiration dodge was not thought
of until the prisoner was shown that
his cowardly act had Invoked maledic-
tions upon him from stalwarts as well
as others, seemingly knocks the last
prop from the defense. He had threat |
ened to strip up" his former wife's rep
utation If she testified against him, and
when she appeared, several ladies left
the room, but to the surprise of all he
was quiet and gentlemanly during her
brief presence. Mr.. Dunmire, her
present husband stood beside her, and
some have surmised that this begat a
secood inspiration, viz: II he attacked
her with his %scandalous abuse, his head
might become the target for an enrag-
ed husbands pistol. Mr.. and Mrs.
Dunmore visited Guiteau in Jail, Sat.
urday. Mrs. Dunmore was moved to
tears upon bidding him farewell.
There is now little of dissent from the
opinion that the assassin must hang.
ii. T.. @.
Washington, Dec. 10, 1881.
The Middlebury register. [volume] (Middlebury, Vt.) 1850-1882, 1881-12-30
For THE WEEK ENDING DEC. 81, lssl

Market Beef-A few choice 1926 extra, 500
q 500 first quality 7.00a7.50 second quality 900
go; third quality $4.00.a S4.75.
Prices Of Store COLLABORATING Oxen per pair,
cows, 4l5a33.
Yearlings. e7al4; two years old. lsa2s; three
years old. 20a48.
Western fat swine. live, 8 1-2c7 per lb.
Northern dressed hogs, 1874 8 C per pound.
Price Of Sheep and Lambs in lots, $3.50 a a5.CO
each: extra t5.75a&6.25. or from 3a6 Ice per Id.
Veal Calves 3 a s per Id.
Hides, Tallow and SkIns-Brighton hides,
&c per lb.; Country hides, sas I-2c per Id.
tallow 8 l-2 O..
Pclts from 100 to LIS each.
Calf skins IL l2 per Id.
CLASSIFICATION OF CATTLE AND SHEEP.
n. B..Choice grade includes nothing but STALL
red i.lO0 to Loo Id; bullocks. Extra and first
quality include the best large fat oxen. Second
and third quality inclnde oxen and two and three
Sheep Extra includes Coesets, and wher
hose Of Inferior quality arc thrown out.
The Middlebury register. [volume] (Middlebury, Vt.) 1850-1882, 1881-12-30
]Nihhltburq Rrgisttr
FRIDAY. DECEMBER 80, 1881.

~ The assassin on trial at Washing
ton has been removed TO the prisoners
dock, where he should have been placed
at the first. 1t is hoped that the change
will quiet his foul tongue. The OK
animation of insanity experts still con-
tinues, and their testimony is all oppos-
ed to the idea of the assassin's insanity.
1t would seem as though there was
little call for any more of this kind OF
testimony. The evidence against the
prisoner is overwhelming. If he is not
hung, and that speedily, it will because
the judge and jury don't know their
duty.
The Middlebury register. [volume] (Middlebury, Vt.) 1850-1882, 1881-12-30

CY-A communication in another COL
nmn calls upon the friends of temper
nnce in Middlebury to rally and elect
town and village officers who will do
heir duty in enforcing the prohibitory
laws. II is good advice, and entirely
practicable ic such men can be found.
But there are plenty of friends of tenn
perance who would be compelled 10 be
as easy-going in their relations to the
liquor business as our present officials.
The fact is, too much must not be ex-
pected of any man in the way of ove
throwing the traffic, unless the temper
ance men of the town will stand by
him and sustain and encourage him in
doing his duty. Unless they are pre-
pared to do that, they have no right to
expect him to do more than others
have done. To elect men to shut mp
cur saloons and exert themselves gen.
orally in enforcing the p%rohibitory law,
and then stand back and let them go it
alone, may be called q species of cru
city. 1t discourages and paralyzes any
energy they might put forth, and the re-
suit is that they become The recipients Of
the SCOTS and jeers of the enemy, the
curses or Geld disapproval of their tenn
perance friends, and their regulations
as temperance men are ir~retrievably
damaged. Don't elect Temperance
men as such unless you are prepared to
work with and sustain them. The
odds arc too many against one man, or
two men or half q dozen men, even
with official titles tackled to their
names. The enforcement of the law
belongs to all citizens alike, and nc one
should shove his. responsibility in the
matter on to officials shoulders. If our
citizens are prepared to actively assist
the o%fficia', then they,should elect men
for the purpose of enforcing the law
but if they propose after.thc election 10
stand aside TO see fun, they bad better
let the selection be made on the old
plan.
The Middlebury register. [volume] (Middlebury, Vt.) 1850-1882, 1881-12-30

tians, but is not amenable 10 law
The only interest of citizens is TO have
the laws put in force. They are grow
ing more and more convinced that the
sale of liquor by hotels. drug stores and
saloons is O great public evil with no
redeemiug features, aud signs arc mul.
tiplying that the time is not far distant
when they will begin to act. 1t is 10
be hoped that the matter will continue
to be agitated, and that the multitude
who have become disguised at The
sway exercised by the rum ring in
our civil affairs will awake to a realiz.
alton of their own superiority In
strength to that ring, which only needs
a few honest blows to break 1t il
pieces.
The Middlebury register. [volume] (Middlebury, Vt.) 1850-1882, 1881-12-30

ET-A stock assertion of the oppo-
ncnts of ~probib;tory laws, and one
which they seem TO think unanswera-
BILE, is, that you cannot by legislation
make an Incorporate man temperate,
or prevent him from drinking. The
conclusion drawn is that the best thing
practicable is to CIRCULATE the traffic.
by means OF a license law. Now no
sensible man will take issue with them
as to the ineficiency of legislation TO
prevent drinking where II man is de-
termined to drink. 1t is, in fact, not
the object which is looked for. Moral
reform Of any kind must come through
other means than legislation. But the
conclusion as to the uselessncss of try
ing to stop the sale OF liquors by our
hotels, saloons and drug stores, does
not follow. There is no inherent i'm
possibility in it. 1t is made a crime by
our laws and al be punished as a
crime. 1t is q criminal mode of max
ing money, as highway robbery, steal
ing and burglary are. The laws meas
urably stop the latter modes of making
money, and they can stop the former.
There is nothing SO irresistibly.entranc-
ing about rumselling that the applica-
ton of the penalties of the law TO the
sellers cannot induce them TO quit 1t.
They continue to sell only because they
are let alone, or, if attacked at all,
only In a weak and inefficient way
which does not really hurt them or
affect the profits of the business. IL
one or two respectable hotet keepers or
druggists were sent to labor for the
state at Rutland for q month or so, the
enchantment of their business would
disappear at once. The only thing
needed is to give them to understand
that the law will be enforced.
As for the matter of drinking, il q man
chooses TO import and keep on baud
liquors for his own use, and to drink
himself into poverty, 1t is his own
affair, and not one that temperance
men can NEEDLE with. lie may even
pass his whole time in a state of glori-
Gus drunkenness, and If he keeps him
self on his own premises and behaves
himself he will not be molested. We
have not yet got to the point where So
clety can Interfere with a mans rightto
make q sot or fool of himself. Such a
man is q subject for ''moral s~uason,"
and the efforts of reformers and Chris