The Northern Pacific farmer. [volume] (Wadena, Minn.) 1878-1885, 1881-07-14

sulphuret of iron.'' TB7s sulphuret
is frequently found accom- panying
other metals, and especially the
richest deposits of gold. It Is said
that all pyrites contain gold.
Iron is combined with oxygen in
two principal compounds-tlle pro-
toxide one part, and the peroxide twe1
parts. The first may be easily dis
solved with feeble acids; the other
cannot be dissolved in the same liq-
uids and Is the reddisl-brown sub
stance called iron-rnst. The blue
color of clays is owing to iron. The
soil in which coal p1afts grew has
been deprived of it's iron and turns
white when burned. It thus becomes
fire clay, from which stone ware ~
made.
In any coal region, evidence may
be seen that the process was at work
when the beds were forming. I'm tire
coal formation there WAS iii abund-
aBce of Vegetable matter to produce
the iron ore beds, and it was con-
sumed in producing these results.
The presence of carbon is indicated
by the carbonate Of iron, which is the
principal ore from which iron Is
smelted in Great Britain, and which
is found in the bituminous coal tiedf
of this country in veins of great ex~
tent and thickness. The clay b:nd
and the black band ores are the most
abundant and are easily smelted.
! The brown henatite or iIhonite is
the most profuse]y distributed of all
the ores. The red liematite or specu-
lar ore occurs abundantly in large
masses. The Iron Mountain of Mis-
souri,, 300 feet high, is composed
entirely of this ore.
| Magnetic iron, or black oxide. is
found in large veins and beds in New
England, New York, and other states.
1t attracts iron and imparts magnet
ism. It is the richest of all the ores
of iron: often containing seventy per
cent. of metallic iron.
The sparry carbonate or spathic orc
is found in Sterling, Massachusetts,
and in Vermont and Connecticut, i1f
quartz veins traversing gneiss. It
becomes brown or black by exposure
Graphite, rlunbage, OF black lead.
lis 4 carburet of iron containing ear
bon, eighty parts, iron, about ten.. 1t
occurs in beds or iml'edded masses.
laminp or scales in granite,' gneiss,
mica, slate and chrystalline limestone,
and even in greensboro 1t is dis--
seminated in large masses forming
veins. in Sturbridge, Mass, where is:
presents structure between scalv
and fine granular and IN occasional
approximation to distinct crystal
lization. It also occurs in North
Brookfeld and Ashfield.
/ Graphite is the oldest vegetable
substance yet fisce1ered, and its pres.
ence i'll the most ancient rocks is an
indication of a profuse vegetation at
that early period. It contains no
lead, and the name black-lead is in
appropriate.
Although iron is the most conimon,,
it is by far the most difficult metal to-
obtain in state fit for use.
A mineral ore must be smelted in
order to obtain the metal which may
be Il part of it's composition. The
principles involved in the smelling of
4 metallic ore, ape to mix the ore
with such other matter as Nist abb
sorb that which is combined with the
metal, and, also, to mix the ore with
such substances as will absorb or
combine with the foreign matter in
the ore and produce a fusible slag,.
which is to be rs f,,sible, or. if pos
sible,- more fusible than the metal to-
be Produced, The degree Of heat
used in the process must be high
enough to eliminate the matter CON-
bined with the metal as we'll as the
cinder formed of its impurities.
The first process to- prepare the
iron ores for the blast furnace is,,
generally, the calcination which
burns away all Volatile matters and
concentrates the metal: For this
purpose the ores are put into kilns,
or are accumulated in large heaps of
several hundred tons, and fire il
kindled at the windward end which
gradually passed through the whols
mass and burns several days.. pro-
ducing a great heat.
The next operation is the smelling
or reduction of the ore, and tkls is
done by mears Of the hot blast fur
mace, into which is put the ore, to-
gether with coal and the hux, which
isusually limestone.
The ores often contain silica and
aluminar in large proportions and in
, smaller quantities, magnesia, phos-
phorus and sulphur.
The flux combines with the greater
part of these substances and removes
them from the iron, for which they
have less affinity
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