davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
An ELOPIYG COUPLE FOUND.

Henry Chapman, the photographer at No.
llG Bowery, whose daughter eloped with a married
November %, went to Philadelphia yesterday
10 the arrest OF the guilty pair Soon after the dis
appearance OF the young from her fathers house
at No l53 Eighthaye, It suspected that she had
run away with G. A. Hoffman, n fOrty-three years
old who employed In the Bowery photograph gal
lery Hoffman had wife and three children living
in the city, but 1t known that he had carried on a
Irritation with his employers daughter, who acted as
cashier In the gallery
On the day when Miss Chapman left her home, Hoh-
also disappeared. lie sent letter from
Jersey City TO his wife. telling her
tnat he going TO NewOrleans, and
that he would not return. Mr. Chapman went TO Fulers
private detective agency and had detective assigned to
the work OF tracking Hoffman The detectyeJearned that
the olopng couple had gone the Pennsylvania Rail
road TO Philadelphia, and be followed them TO that city
lie could trace them further. Believing that they had
remained there Le inserted advertisements III
Philadelphia newspapers Tor skilled Photographic
artist Hoffman answered OF these advertisements IN
person last Saturday Dut he gave an assumed name.
TIE detective made some excuse for not employ ing
him and then followed him 20 board,
ing-hOuse In tae city. When he bad satisfied
himself that Mas Chapman Was In tho boardinghouso
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
THE LATE DIR. HOLLAND.
LATER ENJOYMENTs AND WORK.
From Editors chair, UdrpeT's Weekly.

DR.. Holland was much attached TO beati-
l country house upon the ST. Lawrence which ne called
BOnnycastle aud at which he spent his long SIMMER
vacation. His especial recreation was yachting upon
the river his steam launch aud II his pride tLat
1t should Outsa all other craft upon those waters His
hearty hospitality welcomed his guests TO sail. aud
when he directed the fun power Of the steam tO De
applied the quivering vessel darted through the water
and With appalling swittness wound through "A
devious channel where sudden touch Of the shore
would have instantly sunk her. IL excitement
In which he delighted, and which IL impossible not
10 share
Perhaps toward the end there little weari-
ness OF the inexOrabe work, but relaxation OF his
activity He knew at last how frail the tenure OF
his life and that the end would come 10 did come, In
the twinkling of eye II those friends who did not
often him observed deeper seriousness was hut
the natural effect OF his grave certainty Of the situation
But il did dismay even dsconcert him. He ad-
his affairs that nothing should remain 20 embaf
rass or perpeX his survivors Then he pulled quietly AT
familiar until his hand dropped suddenly and the
voyage was ended. And the end was peace. without
failure of faculty In the midst OF his daily work, with
pain of prolonged suffering in his own clgmDer. amid
tender and sacred Affection his eyes closed who had
written no word that he would blot but a thousand
words that have been cheer and impulse to- thOus-
sands vi his fellOw-men.
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
CASES of SMALLPOX.

Several cases of smallpox were reported at
the Sanitary Bureau yesterday. The disnecing corps
was kept busy all day funigatng the house in which
the disease had been discovered Late in the afternoon
a physician reported that three children in the Five
Points House OF Industry suffering from smallpox
Ho requested that the afflicted children should be
moved to the Reception Hospital as soon as possible,
and that should be taken 10 prevent the spread
of the disease among the others In the institution.
Hospital surgeon Arthur f. Eiie at the House Of Indus
try expressed asonishment last night that the patients
had not removed He had inquired at the police
station and ambulance depot and learned that in
structions had been received for their removal lie
added that when discovered on Saturday night, the
children were in the hospital ward. They were
at once removed TO the contagious diseases ward
both wards were strictly quarantncl at once,
Neither of the patients hai broken Du, at the tne
and he thinks there if fear OF spread OF the disease
from them. As IL his practice to vaccnato each child
when is brought into the nos tal and he believes that
the disease did not originate there but com
muncated by parents or friends who have visited the
children.
Belsky died from smallpox during Saturday night on the
fourth floor of the tenement house at No. 3l2 East
Thirty-ninth-st. Although the building filled with
families information OF the prcEcHce Of the disease
the Sanitary Bureau yesterday until Coroner
Herman had been summoned to view the bodies Of the
children. The children had died without medical
attendance.
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
LATEST SHIPPING NEWS.
roar or Ngw.YORK DEG II, 1881,

PORT or NgW.YDRk ..... DEG IL, 1881
ARRIVED
Steamer sdonian Br). blight Dena Nov ~ Valencia Il
and Gibraltar Do with mdse 20 henderson Bros .
RaTk Ammonia tItaD Fedee SMYRNA loJ days, with leo
Ice root, etc, order; vessel 10 Funch Edyo * Co.
Schr Elizabeth lBr DecrOst Char OttetOwn. PEI IL
days with potatoes to John Nix Cos vessel TO HattO
Watson CO.
Schr Arthur tIri COrkum Crapand PEI, ~ days WIN
potatoes TO Orler. vessel 10 nliSteI. 49,, -
Schr Brace ,l}r, SWIM Hahtar Is DAYS Win pro-
duca to order. vessel 10 IIurd Brp' & Co
Schr Georgiana lBr Grin CharOtteOWn PEI. II days,
with potatoes McNe q Forbes; vessel to master.
Sclr each BIZ Brown, SummeIsiIe. PEI, with p0ta'
toes 10 n Her vessel TO uattOn, watson co.
chr Lizzie (}r Peterson Nummerside, PEI 70 days,
with potatoes to orler vessel 10 master.
Scr Florence Par (Ir, PlrI, Yarmouth. Ms, days,
with fish to CrOwell & PettenguL
schr Mabel Logan CALAIS with lumber for Philadelphia
Schr SpeedweL Dyer. ROckland with lime TO Brown
scnr Mary Brewer JOhan Hocknd, with lime 10 Havand
g PTessey
SUNSEr-wni nc sandy Hook. SSW; haZy, onshore. At
city Island hight, SW; cloudy
THE MOVEMENTS OF : HIPPING.
DOMESTIC PORTS
HALIFAX, Dec ll-Arrived steamer Alsaua (Br), non
London.
sailed. steamer Capri. Bremen.
nTnuTpA Dec ll--Nrrlved steamer Atanhco at Grassy
Raw IRON Orleans, for Genoa She arrived on the 3D.
coaled up and proceeded on the 9TH
Ngw.oRLRANs Dec ll-ht tn Passes-solei. steamers
Flachat and Sierra, NewYork SHIPS lie MRthe aud Fred
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
LIBERIA AND HER NEIGHRoRS.

LONDON, Dec. ll.-Advices have been received
from Free Town, Sierra Leone. Of the lStn of No
vember that the Libcrian Government had paid a
fine of 81, 800 Imposed b. the German Government
on account of the il-treatmsnt OF the crew of the
German steamer Carlos
Much Indignation has been accused by n recent
act Of the Librrian Government. IL appears that the
influx of people from Sierra Leone into Grand Bassa
during the past few years caused the Liberians to
regard them with considerable jealousy.
law was recently enacted that all Sierra
Leoncans employed in the interior or along the
coast sh uld repair Immediately to Grand Bassa,
otherwise thew would not be safe. The law inllics
heavy fines or imprisonment upon all persons em-
Dloying Sierra I.eoneaus outside of the port Of
Grand Bassa. Con cquently very serious loss and
Inconvenience have been occlsiOned. Several
Sierra Leouclus have been insuted and Ill-trcatcd
by LibcriJns.
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
MUSICAL NOTES.

David Bimberg, young violnist, Will give
farewell concert at Steinway Hall on next Friday
evening.
Madame Adelina Patti viii sing in Brooklyn next
Friday night The programme will be complete
change from that at her former concert The prices
of admission remain the same as before, but the
cost OF reserved seats has been fixed al l 2 and %
extra
The musicians Of the city, headed by Mr.. Theo-
dore Thomas have volunteered their services i'll be-
half Of the family of the late Rudolf Bal and a
concert for their benefit will be given in Steinway
Hall next Sunday evening. The use of the hall has
been given without cost the orchestra will number
eighty men, and Mr.. Thomas is preparing the pro
gramme, which will include one piece OF more for
Madame Caroline Zeiss, prima donna contTaltO.
The Philharmonic Society Of London, which long
ago became fossilized, is again occupying little
attention from the London musical people.
special effort was made last year 10 keep the nsti
tuition alive but the result of the seasons work
unsatisfactory notwithstanding Not even the So
ciety which sent Beethoven money to tighten his
cares while dying, and which commissioned him to
write the Choral Symphony, can live on its past
record alone The directors, however, are 10th TO
suspend operations entirely, and so they announce
that further series of six concerts will be given
next sprng. This announcement" says The Pal
Mall GdSette, " will be received Wen mingled teeI-
ings by amateurs. Everyone would regret the
days, rendered ucalcuable service 10 musical art
but until the present conditions be altered and
the leadership placed IN more vigorous hands. the
utility OF competing with younger enterprises con
Quoted by musicians of recognized skill IS at least
open To question"
The music of the first act of Wagners "Parsifal"
has been reduced 10 pianoforte by Joseph
Rnbnstein a Bayreuth musician who the
.nouthpiece through which Wagner's detraction of
Schumanns musical character was spoken two
years ago. writer in the Berlin Musk Vet OF the
9th inst gives description of this uos sic. The in-
PRODUCTION formed three motives which are
afterward utilized in the scene OF the holy supper
In the GIaalsburg. appears to be rather an impor-
tant movement. There is iii the orchestra renin-
iseence of "Lohengrin," when ParsQai kills tine
swan Wagner has improved upon the original
ending of the act Alter GaraemGRz has pushed
ParSgdt out with the contemptuOus words:
Du Dist doch eben nur elm Thorl
the chorus of boys "Selig in Glauben! Selg in
Lebe J" Is heard III the distance, and single alto
voice repeats the significant words:
Aus Mitleid wissend, der refine Thor,
thus showing their reference to Parsjfai.
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
EXPIRING CHARTERS OF NATIONAL BANKS

lBI II LLGEAPu TO Iilb IhlbJNE"i
WASHINGTON, Dec. ll-One of the pressing ques-
tions to be met this session by Congress is as to the
National banks. Respecting this question promi-
nent Republican member of the Committee on
Banking and Currency of the last Congress, said to-
night Beginning on the 1st of January the char
ters of more than one hundred National banks all
over thecountry expire within short tiine whether
they shall be renewed is q question wllch
must he met. Speaker keifer would do well to ap-
point an able committee on Banking and Currency,
with a leve-hcaded chairman, to consider TINS mat
ter Mos OF the Republicans. presume. anu some
of the Democrats IN favor oi renewing the bahA
charters. Most Of tho Democrats and some OF INC
Republicans are in favor Of abollsliEg Natlohai
Banks and returning to state banks. They agree
with Davis of North Carolina, whOssaId to me last
session: National banks are all very well Tor you
people of the North; you rich and National banks
Just suit YOU What want is money, money, sir.
We want State bank, with State circulation, and
plenty OF il. plenty Oi 1t, SIR
That's the Democratic position. Some OF thcm'
more advanced than the rest, would like to return
to the wild cat banks and jump instead oi going
through the intermediate stages. The Republican
will as party, / think urge that the charters be
extended, and think, VIII effect Their purpose.
To lie sure the banks could effect practical extern
sion by changing theT hal'" JuHt p0l"'o
the expiration of their charters and then
take out new charters. The great OPP
lection 10 this. apart from that involved in the
trouble OF changing circulation, IS that would en-
barrass trustees aul Others who have by the
direction of a will or o ruSt-decd invested iuuds IN
the stock OF the banks whose charters arc about TO
expire They wouli have no right TO invest Ia the
stock Of the new banks. and yet they would nave
difficulty III getting heir funds out OF the old CON
c,rnsunleSs they shOud force them IntO liquidation.
On the whole the safest and the best will BE- 10
continue the present banks tor another tenn 81
years You know NithOut my telling you what
dangerous bilities are inyolcd IN the proposed
change from the system OF National banAs to a
sy stem ol State banks"
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
DIED.

BLoODGooD-On Friday morning, December 9, 1881,
Thomas r. BlOodgood. -. ---, -.
Relatives friends Invited to attend the funeral nom
hts late residence No. l72 Warren corner OF hey-sI,
Brooklyn on Monday December II, at $3.50 p m.
CARKOn sunday December III, Fanny 70 elder daughter
OF Fanny Perry and the late James X ClaFA'
Notice OF funeral hereafter.
UICKS-At jamaica L.. l.. Friday, DecemberB y, Lyman
o. son OF George A. and Helen L. Hicks IN the Ot year OF
his
Interment private
McIARG-On December TO- of scarlet fever, Madeline Brit
ton only surviving child Of Fredercka b. and Henry X
MciIarg. ased years and II days
Private funeral sunday, December H. at her parents
residence, - West 53dst
Friends win please not send h0Wers
sTrRBI INs-Suideny, Friday night December O. at his
royidenoe No West l6thst Colonel Henry O. Stcbbins
TIE funeral services viii take place at the above address
Monday morning, December IL. ~ lO;3O o'clock.
VAN NOSTRAND-At LakewO0k NJ, December 10, John,
eldest OF John and Nancy q. Van Nosrand In the
3Dth year OF his age.
The funeral viii take place Holy Trinity Church. Brooklyn,
Tuesday December l3 at p m tits kindly requested
that no flowers DO sent
WEBsTER-On saturday, December 10, Frances NJ widow
Of Colonel L. B Webster 4th Artillery, u s. Al in the va
year of her age. -
nluratiOn-
YoUNG-On SATURDAY afternoon December TO- Francis E
Youngest OF william and Elisa A Young IN The l3th
Of his
Funeral services this Monday o'clock from the
resdence OF his parents. l4Othst near AlexaDderAVe
Intsrnent Gu TUESDAY at f1erinonL
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
Pn.t Dnirr NnfIcn.


Tho forega mails Zoe tsj Is,I ltiiy SATURDAY.
December Z 1881 win close this onico MONDAY at
m France direct by steamship Labrador via Hayej
TU ESDAY at a. m, Tor europa by steamship WisCOn-
via Queenstown; and Am for Scotland reciby steam
ship AnchOria via Glasgow; on WEDNESDAY, AT s;oD
Europe by steamship Serya via Queenstown CORES
pOndence Franc must be specially aGdressed and az
S3Oa. IN. for France direct by steamship 81 Laurent
Havre; TIL URSDAY $50 a. for Ireland steam
City of Montreal Queenstown Correspondence Tor
Great Britain and other European countries must Is specially
addressod; and at ll;3O for Europe, by steamship
Geert via Plymouth Cherbourg and Hamburg; SATUR
DAY. at 1890 a. for Europe by steamship Bnannic
correspondence for Germany and scotland
be specially a1dres3ed and at II for Benua
direct, by steamship swift eiand via Antwerp and az IL
for scotland direct by steamship Ethiopia via Gllssow and
at ii for Germany, by steamship Nanyl sOatham2tOa
aud Bremen Correspondence for Great Britain ana other
European countries must be specially addressed The mans
for Mexico via NewOreans, close on MONDAY az - ?:
IN. The mails for Newfoundland close on TUESDAn ~
D. m The mails for Wndward Islands close on w sDNt ts-
bay a. The mails Tor Jamaica, West IN lies, SayG-
nl close THU RSDAI at a. m Ihe mnts ior a3
Uayi 81 Domingo Turks Island close on TIL RSDAY
nj d m Tie mails Cuba, West Indies and Mexico
close On Tn SDAI at 1880 The malls for Newouni'
land and ST Pierre Miqueon close THU sSDA at $3.50
m The mails for ruxio Kuatan and Bay Is ads close
FRIDAY at 7SD m. The mails for Hayti close -ArUR
DAY nj s. 80 The mails for Cuba and the West ln-
dies close SATURDAY az l:30 y. m The mails for
revtOwn, Bluehelds Port LimOn and Sayauia close on
SATURDAY at pm. Tho mails for Australia sc, cl0so
December IL, at $50 The mas for China Japan
'-''' HENRY q. PEARSON Postmaster.
Post Ofnce, New.YOrk, Dec. 10. 1881.
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
Affairs IN OTHER LANDS.
THE VIENNA CALAMITY
SOLEMN FUNERAL SERVICE TO BE HELD-sYMPA-
THY PRoM LONDON.


ooLhMN FUNERAL SERVICE TO BE HELD-SYMPA-
THY PRoM LONDON.
VIENNA, Dec. 11.-After animated discussion
as to whether the funeral of the victims of the
theatre fire should have the character of public
demonstration, the Common Council finally decided
against procession. The bodies will be quietly
transported to the Central Cemetery, where the
funeral services Will be celebrated on Monday with
great pomp before the colossal catafalquc on which
the cofins to be placed. All the Yiennese cor
porations and civil and military authorities have
been invited to the funeral Orations will be deliv-
cred by Father Marschan. Catholic Prior; Herr
Kauka, Evangelical Provost; Rabbi Jellinek aud
Burg0maSter Newald.
Inc morning papers give corrected list of the
VIC inns. The number is $50.
=, LONDON, Dec. ll.-The Lord Mayor, on behalf OF
the citizens of London, has elegraphed to Vienna
message of coincidence.
INTERRING THE VICTIMS
VIENNA, Dec. 11-Evening.-The internent Of the
victims began shortly after daybreak this morning
The Hebrew dead were conveyed To the jewish por-
ton of the cemetery. The scenes at the graves
painful to witness The Common Council have is
sned notice that the funeral of those victims who
cannot be buried by their friends will take place on
Monday. The ruins of the burned theatre were sur
rounded by crowds of people to-day.
REMOVING THE DEBRIS.
The work Of removal of the debris has been re-
sumed The hal of the hospital, where the bodies
were laid out, presents agonzing scenes. The Off
cIal list gives the number Of the missing at 9l7 It
is feared that as the debris is removed hundreds Of
bodies will be found in the blocked up passages
The Captain of the Fire Brigade states that all in
side the theatre is heap of human bones and char
rcd remains.
POLICE STUPIDITY.
Fraulein Pawlik, daughter of the well-known
member Of tn Chamber Of Deputcs-whO succeeded
in escaping from the theatre-whilst urging the
people outside to attempt to those inside,
treated aS mad by the police, and forcibly made
To her opportunities the guards declaring that
everybody had been rescued. relief committee
has been constituted The municipality viii con-
tribute 30 900 forms.
LONDON, Dc. ia dispatch TO The Standard
from Vienna SAYS:
The Indignation ~ the bunderng Of all concerned IN
the theatre ire Is greatly the Increase subscrip
lions coming IA very rapidly. Relief funds have
been opened in Paris. Rome and Berlin A Ire which
broke 0ut sunday in the Seed Exchange. near the
Ring Theatre. soon eItngushod. The troops were
cOniIed their barracks Sunday the police had
received threatening letters.
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
MIDNIGHT WEATHER REPOR1.
GOVERNMENT INDICATIONS.
Synopsis Ior me past - hDurs

WASHINGTON, Dec. II. | n. m.-The bar
ometer cst In the Middle Atlantic States and lowest
in Dakota. Generally light rain has fallen In the
Northwest and Lake regions and occasional rain In the
Gulf states. soIthcrly winds prevail IN the Northwest,
Lake regions Tennessee, Ohio Valley, the Middle ana
West Gull states. ana uOrthcastcrly In the South Allan
tic and East Gulf States There mas been general Dul
eli ght rise In temperature
wave moving eastward extends from Mon
tana and Dakota anI sOIthward TO Texas.
Indications for fOiIL
For New England, fair weather followed by increasing
cloudin,ss and by light rliu westerly, backing
10 sOuthcrly winds, stationary lower pres
sure.
For the Middle States, warmer, couly weather with
light rain snow; winds mostly sOutnery, lowe pres
sure.
Indications FOR Tomorrow
Condy weather. with rain, Is indicated FOR Tueaday in
New England, the Made and South Atlantic states.
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
WOMEN NOT TO DE APPoNTED TO OFFICE
Icy TELEGRAPH TO rnE TnBUyEl

WASHINGTON Dec. 1l.-An announcement OF con-
siderable interest is authoritatively made with
rcga.d 10 the appointment Of women to offices.
The President has determined to make no such
Appointments in the future This rule will apply
to such Offices as post Offices pension agencies etc,
and will not of course, have any bearing on
positions in the Departments President Arthur 5
reasons as given b. one of his friends, tha the
Post ONCE Department has had great deal Oi
trouble a. the result OF appointing women TO oihc',
deal OF dissatisfaction ia the party. lnls rule VIII
affect a number Of post Offices the pension agency
at Chicago. etc,
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
A RRITIsu RALLnON LOST.

LONDON. Dec. ia Government balloon in
charge oi Captain Tcmper accompanied by Walter
Powell, member OF Parliament for Malmesbury, and
MIR. Gardner, ascended from Bath yesterday and
descended at Bridport. The balloon struck the
ground heavily and Mr.. Gardner AMI Captain
Tcmplef were thrown out and injured. The balloon
then rose with Mr.. Powell. and was seen again to
descend al sca. Nothing has sInco been heard OF
the balloon ur Mr. Powell.
The balloon appears have sailed directly south ward
ana when descended at Bridpo It had travelled tty
miles The coast Is at BridpOrt which Is on the River
Brit or Bride. Mr. Powell born in l8i2and had rep
resented MImesbury Ia Parliament since 1865. He was
a Conservative.
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
OBITUARY NOTES.

BosToN, Mass, Dec. 11.-Dr. Thomas 8. Cur
ts wellknown surgeon at the Massachusetts General
uospal died suddenly to-day at the age OF forty years
lie was graduated at Harvard and in Paris, and "a
member of many medical societies nt home aud abroad
NEw-ORLEASs, Dec Il.--Dr. d. Warren Brickel,
prominent physician, died this morning at the age Of
hfty -One years.
BUFFALO \. y Dec. 1.Charies T. Colt, president Of
OF tnc First National Bank, and old resident oi ths
city, died 10 day. at the age OF sixty-two years.
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
Grind Bnssa, referred to in the above dis.

Grand Bassa, referred TO in the above dis
patch, l. Lbcrinn port Sierra Leone ion Mountain
whence the immigrants have come To Liberia. is the
British colony which adions the Republic The settle
mcut d Sierra Leone begun in 1857 when 40 des
nc ne rucs were thcrc from London by body of
phan hr0pists Three years later ,l96 negroes
sent to the settlement from Nova scotia aud after the
abolition 81 the slave trade IN 1907 TIE slaves captured
by British cruisers were put asuurr there The pOpul
ton ~ nUw about $4,000 The population ~ Liberia ir
composed of coloed emgrants from this country and
their ur.csulluts
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
Liquidation.

A. Kmbcl & J. Cabus and East 20thst, NewYork, beg
to their patrons and tie public in general that owing
approaching dissolution of their cOpartnerhp which
terminates the first day OF Nay 1882 they Offer their
tire stock OF high class Paror, Library DningOom Cham
Fancy Furniture at greatly reduced prices in order
close the business OF the rm by the above mentioned date
Nervous Exhnrstion.-A medical essiy, comprising q
deli veTcd at kahus Museum Of Anaomy
the and cure OF premature decline, showing ndls
putaby how lost health be recaned ahOrtng elear
synopsis OF mpeimouts to marriage and the treatment 0f
and physical ebty beng the result o 20 years
experience by mali 2jc, currency postage stamps Adj
dress Secretary Kahns Museum 63S Broldway. Newiork
superb New Paintings
BY Sclrcyer Pasin Frere Zicm Pamaro Nibcrt, Wormr
Cays and others. Just re elyed at
SCHAUS,S ART GALLERY
No. 74g Broadway
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12
FRANCE AND TUNIS.

TUNIs, Dec. l1.-Sidi Ali, the Bey's brother
and heir presumptvc to the throne has been called upon
by the French authorities 10 furnish tho details o. hiS
accusation against W. Ronstan the French Minister, but
has refused to make any communication except directly
10 the French Government.
Tho French camps outside OF Tunis and GolettA are
breaking up ON account OF constant rains
New-York tribune., 1881-12-12

eide by hanging herself to the door OF her cell She was
discovered and down by the doOman before she lad
injured herself seriously.
Peter Gatzel German, eighteen years DID, attempted
70 commit suicide last evening by shooting himself In the
breast at his home No. 1875 Avenue-C. He removed
To Bellevue Hospital The Of his act not
known, but 1t supposed that had become