, 1881-03-12
,paview Of Their Birth, Growth, and
Decay,
.x,,, tto Administration of Washington
10 Tint OF Garfield.
n. Leading Political Issues Since Tho Founda.
ton Of Our Government.
a,nenlogios Of tho Parties Of tho Pres-
ent Day.

l'.ss ,ns nart,cuar period, rclnscs 10 tho propcr
80. nf tho functions AMI agency Of govern.
rssnt"-" Political Economy" look V.
ti.hcr nf,g1us: II boiieve Tint thoro ncvor
.,s,ed FREQ country nctIvey developing with.
:. II. bosom, constitutional law, and footing
1s.n,v interested In tho problems OF right and
while Justice, In which ihorn were mt parties"
rf"po,ittcal Ethics" hook ", Gimp. =.
wheaton cuunctatcs this prubIom: " IN etect-
II. Govcrnments tho choice OF tho chief or
.,npr magistrates ought 10 he freely mNdo In
~ manner prescribed by tho CunstLtuuon.''-
ssotcrnatjonal Luw," pnrt H., CbAp.s.
3eretny Elcuthnn defends this dogma: Gov.
.nment approaches 10 perfection Ii proportion
..,bs sacritce Is less and tho acquisition more"
srheory Of Legislation" pnrt I.
arnold boldly repeats: Thorc should bo m
.nnas] 10 tho people from tho sentence of cvory
v,alslrato." -" History Of Homc," Chap. II.
sir Henry II 1i1hm remarks Of Engand's
emergency: "Il Is manifest that such loo.
t,,no was lrroconclabte with tho interest OF any
n,rty out Of p.,wer. whose best hopn Ia rcgntn It
hcolnmonls by prepossess!ng tho nation with a
h.j onInion OF their advorsnries."-"C Conslitu-
uoaal History" Chap. il.
Cicero summarizes thus: "Avoid vlolenco
.mocc tho poopto. Let tho greatest authority
h,yc the Rreutrst weight IN icclstons. II any
ope shall disturb public harmony and fonont
psrty quarrcls. let him bc punished as crsmt-
nj, To act tho intcrccssor IN cnsos of otlcnso
should be considered tho part OF good Citizen"
- De Legbus," Hpok Ill.
Aristotle gives Venerable prestige 10 this TN
fortunate fAct: "Dcmocrncies will bo must sub.
jcet to revolutions, from the dishonesty Of their
demagogs, -" Politics." Book ". Chap 4.
10 sUMMAn1zE ALI. THESE AUTHORITIES,
Ito rscIllaion Of political parties In this Nation
Alruc to tho law of cntlse and ofYcct. No milton
hmAturo at birth, aud ohnngo, often revolutions
IT. must attend growth. Tho cohcslon
Of a com:mon peril, Interest, and pr0tec-
hou united tho Colonies In the period
Of tho Revolution and tho Confederation.
Not 20 tho Constitution period which hns Blncc
followed Such I'M Instrument. In tho cyoa OF
al, bolnR binding md poFpetual, would sooner
o. later eIpuso lts vulnerable points. Yet the
construction put upon our Constitution has
made Il carahlo Of all degrees OF elasticity,
from tauo yohluoss TO rigid piGnltude. Tho In
Btuuent Itself being unnccountahlc, tho rcspon-
Iblty Of construction mas fallen upon tho party
and pereons In authority Under 1t. This ruiz,
continued further, eliminates purity. and loayeE
chIet officials nnkclIIy responsible to tho pcople.
For foes do not 60 much nlm Mt rGttouhts and
bteaetworks 08 ut their dcfcndora within tho
ialstesses.
wAs11INGroS's ADMINISTRATION.
]. So long us Washington could bo retained rs
Chief Magistrate. no man dared appear as d
nyat flls was tho prestige Of a common vtc-
,o1y, and loyalty to him wus patriotic loyalty to
he exponent Of freedom. Tho tomtnnncu OF
party WAS Il later dovicc. Even when tho Father
Of bis Country sought retirement, at tho end Of
hh second term. Wnsh!ugton's political friend
must nceds succeed him.
JOHN ADAMs' ADMINISTRATION.
In tho Cnnstltutiounl Convention OF l787 a
rrT powerful party arose, which otatnorcd for Il
aguug ccntrnl Guvcsutpunt, su upor,or to INV and
III tbe ss"to. Tha,. roa'r.,oI ~ Trs9a 10y ~" w..
's,a u'ae ola'es. aney fesafoe" tno Union ns m
HpaEab!e, anu tho Nation as radieat unity.
Tdeywere formed FcdornIets. Thc!r lenders wcro
Wesh,nuton. Ada1ns Hamilton 1nv Mnrshnu
md e.he.a ,r1,",. 49,, So s.,s,i,t s.'
nI wv o1aers' incs wcfe TUG enamplons OF tho
tfu! purity took for7n, advocating extreme
HeTs OF 6tatc'soverc|gnsy, and ulankfesttng
much dstrust ngu!nst strong central Govern
ment TINY rrrur,1ed ,ba confnt5nr.tto, ~
s.ta, 80 1,,.. o., ,,,,,nt,,,, a,,s, .,Ia.aI'.s'r
sa1es 10 looso. aao 'snanta1y. anu ulesoluolo'
"me Of inc lhrge Stnfes tnvorod thls vlcw. bo-
cause. III tho linn! compromises Of the cunstitu-
nonal franlers, tho composition OF the 6cnnto
lett their ruwer therein only equal to the small
et6tMtes: while somc Ut tic smaller States In
t'nct by tho sumo ipstrum,cnt tSe compos!tiou
Of tho 'Huuso did nut give them egttaf bower
xlth the lnruo Stntes. Thp pllriy II Etnie-
korBen1untv ,f 1rlT wara nnttt,d tfon,,y,Ionn.