davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

Death OF the Venerable Scotch Author
Saturday,

saturday,
LONDON, February 5.-Thoma8 Carlyle,
the eminent author died this morning at
hali'past O'Clock, and the announcement
Of his death, although anticipated hourly
for weeks past, cast shadow OF sorrow
over all classes In this city. Thomas Gar.
lyle was born In ECCleferhan, Dumfrie.
shire, Scotland, December 4, 1905, and
was. consequently, in hiseighty.sixlh year.
lie was educated at Amman, and alter
wards at Edinburgh.
AT eighteen he and Edward Irving OPEN
ed a school at KirkCaldy, but Irving soon
died, and Carlyle aiterward became q tutor
In private family. He soon returned 10
Edinburgh, however, and entered upon
the profession oil literature, which he ever
sfterward followed. Among his earliest
works were tho translations OF "Legen.
dre's Geometery," and Goethe's "Wilhelm
Meister."
In 1926 he married Jane WelCh, a lin.
cal descendant oI John Knox. She brought
him some property and died in 1866. He
devoted bis years TO writing biographical
sketches for the Edinburg CyciOpedia and
translating many valuable works from the
German. "SartOr Resartus" was written
In 1881, and that year Carlyle removed to
the modest home In Chelsea, near Lon.
don, where he has ever since resided.
He failed to find a publisher for "Sartor
Resartus," and It appeared in another
shape In 1884 In FrdSer'S Magazine. It was
Coldly. received and was universally 70.
garded as stupid. His "FrenCh Revolu.
tlon," however, made an immediate mark,
and his many othor works as they appear.
ed In quick succession were cordially re-.
Ceived.
His books, essays and pamphlets have
been issued in almost every shape and
form, and the stern old scotChman's name
stands prominently among the great
makers Of English literature He was fee.
BILE as an infant in bis old age, and his
sister attended him constantly down to the
last moment Of his long and useful life.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07
~ He CHARLIE ROSsY
The Remarkable story KeIatsd by That
Canadian Hoy,

LONDON, oST,, February 5.-Ths Cba,lia
Ross excitement has been increased bv
tue arrival OF a lady frem Toronto, who.
with reporter, visited the BOY yesterday
and learned from him particulars Of bis
history, so far as he remembers them
Little doubt Is now entertained that he IA
the veritable lost child. The rsporter nm
arriving at the farm Of Joseph Bond. a
German farmer, with whom the lad bas
found home, learned that the Teutonio
yoeman was very much opposed to news
paper men, but, under the guise OF being
relatives OF Mr.. Ross, an interview yas al.
tanned with the lad on his return from
Sunday school.
The much.talked of boy, a faxen.haired
youth oil about fourteen years, under INA
influence OF the reporter was induced IA
relate an extraordinary tale, being In ami.
stance the particulars Of the abduction Of
the lad, He recolleCted having lived In a
large city under the care OF a woman he
called Betsy, One day while he was play.
.hg IN the street two men drove up in q
'uIggy, pGggy, one oil Them sporting broad
brlmmed hat, The latter alighted and
proceeded to catch email bird flying
near, which he handed to the child, and
immediately seizing the lad lifted him
into the buggy, and the two drove away.
Ihe boy must have been placed under
the Influence OF some drug, as he recol.
leCted nothing further until his arrival
among Indians, with the exception Of a
dim remembrance Of being on a train and
crossing . bridge, He was placed in chsT1s
OF an Indian family on the Tusearora IA.
serve, near Branttord, and aIterward was
taken by another family to q Moravian
town, where, according to bis assertion. he
was most brutally treated, their iayorite
pastime being to strip him entirely nnds
and, after tying his hands and feet. 10 neat
him TILL blood was drawn. On the first nm.
portunity be fled from his inhuman mas.
ter and found refuge with farmer named
Ward, but as the treatment did not i'm.
prove, he again fled and wandered around
until he met one Wilson, a white man
with negro wife. He remained with thia
man Tor brief time, and In October laat
found a secure haven Of rest with the kind
farmer in whose hands he at present re.
mains.
The lad says he wore pinafore frock
and kniCkerboCkers at the time OF his al.
duCllon, and the only difference appeara
to be IN the age, as at present he Is de.
sCrioed as raW'boned, gawky youth OF
ABOUT thirteen years and some four feet in
height. Bond refused to give up the lad,
whom he believes 10 be the genuine
Chaflie koss, TO any person except bis
lalher' What further developments may
result are unknown,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07
ANaRY AsMANrEES.
Oh RInE Coffee Declares war upot
England.

OlN AiHH COHee hectares war upon
England.
LONDON, February GA Capetown dis.
patch says the King Of Asbantes sent a
special Ambassador to the Cape Coast
Castle demanding Of Hon. Herbert r.
Usher, Governor Of the Gold Coast
Colony, the surrender Of Gamur, a refugee
native Ashantee Chlef, Governor Usher
declined to take action and 80 informed
The Ambassador.
Upon learning this, the King threatened
hosIilities, and proceeded 10 make pfebsra,
tons to carry out the threat. Gov, Usher
applied TO Gov. Sir Samuel Rowe, OF gletFa
Leone, for feinlofCements, which ara he.
Ing pushed forward from Ffeetown, The
Ashantee King is afghting character, and
another war Ia Africa Ia felt TO be within
the range Of possibilities.
Later DISPATCHES state that King Coffee
has formally declared war against EnV
land, and sent the golden rod 10 GoyefnSi
Usher, oil the Gold Coast Colony, "A Ar
emblem ol the fact. Stores and ainmuni
tion have been ordered by The home gov
eminent to be sent 10 the Cape coast i'm
medlately from Madeira,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07
Accident 10 the Strakosch.Iitss Opera
t'Dtnpaby.

GALVESTON, Tx, February G.-Ths
north bound express was wrecked nine
miles north Of HempSIesd, on tho Texas
Railroad this evening. The engine fell
through the Cedar Greek bridge, throwing
the express, two baggage and two psssen.
ger coaches down fifteen feet embank.
ment bottom upwards. The sleeper kept
theI track. The sttakosch.s. and Hess
English Opera Troupe were among
the passengers. Eighteen persons wete
injured, the most serious arc Conductor
1,lttig, side and hip; Hose Marien, Cho'
rus singer, was thrown through a win
dow and badly cut; one Of the Cornet.
players has broken ARM Mr.. Levy, OIL
New York, has A broken nose. The In
jured were sent TO Houston.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

NEw oRiRASS, Fbruaty Gan eastefly
gale whiChset in yesterday continued dur.
Ing the night. This forenoon the wind
veefed frequently, obtaining velocity Of
iiity.two miles An hour. On Julia street
a i've tower fell, crushing In the roofs Of
adjoining buildings. An east 10 south.
east gale continued twenty.iouf houfs,
carrying the waters Of the gulf over The
low lands along the New Orleans and Mo.
bile railroad. The track between Michon
and Lookout Station is submerged. A
freight train Is reported wrecked between
MiChon and Chef Menteur. The tele.
graph wires Hre nearly all down.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

New PHILADELPHIA, 0, February g.
Last evening while Jacob Officer, OF this
place, was letting a car down the sldetrac
to the mill where he was working, he lost
control OF the brakes on account OF the
Ice. The car ran at q ieprful rate, when
officer, seeing the danger, jumped of,
striking stone. He was seriously Injured
about the head and otherwise badly hurt,
but 1t is hoped not fatally.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07
rhe Comlnr l.edeslrlnn tonle.l.

NEw YoRK, February 5.-J. Albert, who
secured second place In the recent six.day
pedestrian match, iS the "Unknown''
whom o'Leary has selected to pit against
Rowell in the match beginning here March
9th. In case ot o tie In the aggregate
'Leary and Albert representing
America; Rowell and Vaughan, England
the stake money will be divided equally,
Albert is under contract with 0'Leary for
A year,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

A Pleasant Incident Connected with
The Late Visit 10 Shanghai.

A Pleasant Incident Connected with
The Late visit 10 Shanghai.
CHICAGO, February 5.-John F. Swift,
one ofthe Chinese Treaty Commissioners,
is in Chicago, on his way East, He has
nothing new TO tell about the treaty, but
relates some interesting episodes about
their journey. The Commissioners were
accompany by several ladies, among them
the daughter Of President Angel, and
Miss Emily Torbert, niece OF Mrs. Swift,
and cousin Of General Torhert. These
young ladies received marked attention
every where. Miss Torbert was compli.
mented as the handsomest lady who ever
visited Shanghai, and It was currently re.
ported that several prominent young
men OF that city were SO smitten as to be
arranging their business TO follow the
Commission to America at an early date.
One Of these, Mr.. ]. s. Fearon, Of the well
known house OF Fearon, Lowe 4 Company,
thought he would take time by the fore.
lock, and sailed on the same steamer with
the Commission. The result was that he
and Miss Torbert were betrothed on the
voyage, and the nuptials were celebrated
at the brides fathers soon after their ar.
rival in San Francisco. Mr., and Mrs.
Fearon are making trip East with Mr..
Swift,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

WASHINGTON, February 5.-The House
to-day passed the Senate concurrent reso.
lutlon for the counting Of the electoral
vote. There were only seventy.Beven
votes against II. This settles absolutely
the manner ID which Garfield shall be
counted In, as his election is not disputed.
In case Of close contest, however, the
present machinery Is acknowledged by all
parties TO be unequal TO the emergency.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07
iiNnntaI IintnAId.

CLEVELAND, February 5,-GenerAl and
Mrs. Garfield arrived here this afternoon
from Hiram, ohio, where they had been
in attendance upon the funeral Of Mrs.
Rudolph, an amt Of Mrs. Garfield. Alter
visiting q barber chop and attending to
a few other private matters the President.
elect left Tor Mentor, accompanied by Mrs.
Garfield and Maiot Swain.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07
Fnini Rnlitnnd .,nill.ln,,.

KEEsE, N. H., February O.-The express
passenger train over the Cheshire railroad,
which left Boston Saturday evening, ran
into a freight train, near FitSwilliam.
John Davip, the engineer, jumped of and
had his neck broken, and Baggage.mastet
Caldwell and q brakeman named Pike
were injured. The fireman remained on
the engine and escaped injury. No pas
Bei1gefB were hurt,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

ATHENS, February O.-En The Chamber
Of Deputies yesterday, Premier Coumon.
doures denied that Europe was unttlepd.
ly 10 Greece. The Powers certainly ds.
sired . peaceful solution, but thew nsver
advised Greece 10 Cuftail her dsmsnds
The Powers had advised GFeece In Svoii
:, precipitste rupture with TnyIsv'
dreece, there fore, must act pfIdentiv Shi
1eG ibe best H,srOsis osafiIR a In mind, however,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

DAYTON, o., February 6.-Thismorning
while services were being held in the
Presbyterian Church Of this city the build.
Ing was discovered 10 be on Gre.
The pastor notified the congregation,
who were dismissed quietly, and
without causing q panic. The flames
broke out Immediately with dense smoke,
but the engine house being few doors
away the flames were controlled before
any great damage was done. The loss will
be about 81 600, covered BY insurance.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07
CRUEL KEEPERs.
Horrible CHARGES Against officials Of an
lRSAue Asylum.

BUFFALO, February GA former atten.
dant Of the New Buffalo State Asylum,
Francis B. Churchill, charges two keepers,
Jones and McMiChael, with cruelty treat.
ing the patients. John TurneY had his
mouth stuffed with towels until he almost
sufIoCated; his head was held under water
and ne was then pounded into insensibil.
ity. Once Turney was flung with such
force into a chair that the wall was
broken, which they explained to DR..
Andrews by saying that the patient did
1t while frantic. When the doctor
left one exclaimed 10 the other, ~ got
out OF that pretty slick, didn't I? The
Doctor took 1t all in" Abram Vedder,
Archibald Farmer and a conductor named
White, who became crazy through over.
work, were treated in similar manner.
Churchill states that when he threaten.
ell to report matters he was told with an
oath to report, as the Doctor would not
believe him, and therefore resigned
rather than witness any more brutality.
The inCulpated keepers were previously
employed in the Utica Insane Asylum.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07
An nhIn pti,n rlrl,,-

PtrTsBURoH, February GA special 10
the Commercial. Gotsls from youngstown,
O., to-day says; Dominic McOafrey, Of
Pittsburgh, and Charles Mccoy, OF Chica.
60, fought q prize fight for purse Of $500
at Rowland Springs last night, The mill
took place In hall, and was witnessed by
only tweniy.three persons. AT the end Of
tho sixth round MCUoy threw mp lhe
sponge, and MCCatrtey was declared win.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07
Mh.ni .irnnlt., i,nmblnnllnn.

SAN FRANcisco, February B-The Far.
mets' Convention to-day resolved to form
q Wheat Growers Association for Cslifor.
mia, for mutual aid and protection against
middle men, the first meeting Of which is
To be held on April 14th. One project oil
the proposed organization Is the establish.
ment:o( an agency ln Liverpool for ifeights
and commission,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07
sundays SUICIDES.
Queer Ways MoTiAIn Choose 10 shuttle on
the :C0II-TWO Cases In ~. louis.

Queer Ways MOFtAlH Choose 10 bhuhie On
the .CoiI-TWO Cases In 81. LOnis.
ST, LOUIS, February 8,-Jacob Beaver, Of
Quincy, ILL.,, created a great sensation in
Fifth street car, in the north part Of the
city, this afternoon, by suddenly pluugiug
the blade Of pocket knife into his throat
several times, with the evident intention
OF killing himself. The passengers, some
fifteen in number, we're much excited,
and left the car in great alarm.
The conductor aud driver, alter slight
struggle, took the knife from the desperate
man and, he was taken to the dispen.
sary, where his wounds were dressed. He
will not die.
Jas, JsCklln, an intelligent and we'll ed
ucated German, who was connected with
the Police Department for several years,
and was superintendent Of the Morgue for
some time, suicided last evening by taking
muTiatiC acid.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

GALVESTON, February 0.-The New
special says; The steamboat Bertha, with q
valuable cargo, was totally burned In
Sabine river. The cargo was incurred.
John Grapeland and Wash Carr were
probably fatally shot while resisting ar.
rest. Jack Lang killed one Caldwell In
Laro county. Nv. Wear, Of Bald Prairie
was asssssinated by ]. J. Hickman.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

BELMONT, o., February 5.-Thomas Car.
penter, whose residence is at Flushing,
this county, was this morning found at his
home with his throat cut almost from ear
10 ear. Although neither the windpipe
nor the jugular vein is cut, his physicians
think II will prove fatal from loss Of blood.
II ls thought to be a temporary flt Of in.
sanity.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

NEWARK, o., February 5.-Jas. Mahony,
watchman at the Ohio Central and Balti.
more & Ohio Railroad, four miles west ol
here, was run over and killed by the
night express, while on his way from this
city last night, about two miles from here.
II is supposed he was intoxicated and lay
on the track. lie has no relatives here,
bnt has one sister In New York.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

PENSACOLA, FLA, February 5.-At nine
o'clock this morning a FIRE was discovered
10 small shed adjoining the DelmoniCo
saloon at the head OF the Halifax street
wharf. A northeastern wind was blowing
very violently, and It spread the flames to
building owned by H. Pfeiffer, and
occupied by Echop & Co., John T. schad's
bar.room, Messrs. Bell & Bells large ship
chandlery establish ment, Smiths tobacco
store, and several frame buildings west Of
the Delmonico were completely destroyed.
The total insurance as far as Ia asCertained
Is $l1 900. Loss from $4,000 10 $4,000.
The cause OF the fire was an accident.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

BALTIMORE, February 0.-The lea t,ou.
eIe cortihpes at the bfeakwster. Two
ships imPelled BY the Missing Ice are
dragging their anchors near jhe beach, A
DsIE 10 Oh the Cape without provisions,
ana near the batk is a brig In distress,
Neither can make the hafbof,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07
A RASH WOMAN AND 4 PISTOL,

INpEANAPoLIs, IND, February 6.-Mrg.
Jeanueta Barnard, wife Of Joseph Bar
nard, On employe Of the Belt Railroad
Company, committed suicide last night by
shooting herself with pistol. No cause
ia assigned.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

zAsEsvllLE, o., February 5.-Mrs. ]. v.
Cushing, one Of the pioneer ladies Of
GAINESVILLE, aud the oldest white resident
in the city, died to-day, She was a lady
Of wealth, and was noted tor her ChaFI.
table work,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

GALVESTON, February 0.-Ths ship Ad.
riana, for Liverpool, with 1000 bales oI
cotton, stranded on the outer bar. The
vessel will probably be a total loss,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

Mn.wAuEEE, FebruaryO.-Andrsw John.
son, Norwegian, was arrested tonight
lor the raps Of a gitl II years old, named
Amelia Adler. The girl is seriously in.
juied,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

New York, February O.-The National
Land League reports sending to Ireland
the past year nearly $4,000. Judge Walsh,
oi Brooklyn, Treasurer, reports the re.
Geiving recently of$l 900. Their are many
league meeLinga to-day.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07
PENNSYLVANIA.
HER PRETTY PREDICAMEHT PROB
ABLY PERMANENT.
Another Ballot saturday without Any
ResuIt-John WeISh's Name Sprung
ou the COnVenIlOn-OpiniOnS Of
PeunsyIyanIAns and Others
at washington city.
peNSsYLvANIAy PKEDICAMENT.

unIIOiIug Without Qu0Fum-J0nn
welsh proposed Hs u Compromise Can.
,IIInte-IuduIEIug Ia some Fun In the
IIOHse.
HARRlsBuRG, Pa, February 5.-But
eighty.three members were present to-day
10 ballot Tor U. S. Senator, the balance
having paired of and gone home. A bal
lot was taken, resulting as follows: Oliver
%, Wallace 81, Grow 81, MRcVeagh |,
Phillips ., Agnew l, Shiras l.
Mr.. Mckee, Of Philadelphia, presented
A petition, signed by two hundred and fifty
citizens OF Philadelphia, recommending
John Welsh for Senator, There were ap.
pareutly come objections to receiving the
paper, and Mr.. Wolfe made motion that
i be read. The Lieutenant Governor, pre-.
siding, held, however, that the motion was
unnecessary, as the right Of petition was
sacred. The document was accordingly
read When 1t was concluded, John Welsh,
a member OF the House from SChuylkill
county, excited much amusement by
obtaining the floor and assuming joCu.
latly that he was the person referred 70 In
the petition. He commenced long
speech, returning thanks to his friends for
tho contemplated honor, etc, He was
brought to an abrupt conclusion by the
laughter and applause OF the assembly
and the remark OF the Lieutenant Govern.
or that he was a little premature-that the
Senator had not yet been elected Mr..
Welsh then Contented himself, amid iu.
rioua applause, in simply Withdrawing his
name, Senator Gordon, OF Philadelphia,
objected to the reception Of the paper,
His grounds were that 1t was not peli.
tion to the entire Legislature, but only q
partisan portion (the Republican portion)
Of it, and that in this regard 1t was often.
sive in saying that United States Sena.
for should be- elected only by Republican
votes. He seriously impeaChed the docu.
ment. The Lieutenant Governor decided
that inasmuch as the petition had already
been received and read and formed part OF
the proceedings the objection came too
late.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

FALL hyER, MASS, February 0.-Wm.
Law and son, and Samuel vatley and son
we're drowned to-day by the Ice breaking.
An unknown man was also drowned.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

Killed IIimssift to Eseape whipping.
MILWAUKEE, February GA German
boy named August Schulz, hung himself
iof lear Of punishment,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1881-02-07

IFoumAherS Of cleveland PetIIiOn Gar.
field 10 appoint u Secretary OF the
Treasury Who Has at Heart the Inter.
ests OF that Industry.
The Portland daily press., 1881-05-30
The Hartford Courant saws:
Lady Blanche Murphy.


On the death of the late Lady Blanche MUIR
ply, the daughter Of the Earl of Gains
borough, the impression prevailed that she had
died completely estranged from her family.
That such was not the case is shown by the
following extract from the London Tablet of
April %:
Lord Gainsborough certainly did not APP
prove OF his daughter marriage, and so long
as it was not fah accompli he opposed it on the
grounds which every parent and head Of a
family will readily appreciate. But when the
young lady remained firm in her resolve, and
opposition was no longer possible the Earl ac-
cepted as fact what he could not conscien-
tiously approve. Lady Blanche was married
from her fathers house, and though she vol
unfairly expatriated ,rself in the prosecution
OF her ideal (of earning her own maintenance
she remained from the first Oh terms of the
most affectionate correspondence with her
father and all her nearest relations and friends.
The Portland daily press., 1881-05-30
Fire on LAFAYETTE Street.

The alarm of fire from box 49, at 1857 p. M
Saturday, was caused by flames in the cham
bers Of Mr.. Alfred Ro5erts's residence at the
corner of Lafayette and Quebec streets. Mr..
Roberts was engaged in painting the wood work
in rear chamber when the lighted kerosene
lamp which be was using exploded, and set
the paints and oils on fire. the flames rapidly
communicated with the wood work and work
ed in around the dormer windows and soon the
whole interior was in blaze. Mr.. Roberts
whiskers were also badly singed, but he fortu-
nately escaped injury. The Ieighbors were
promptly at work removing the furniture in
the lower rooms, which was saved in remarka-
bly, good order. There was some delay in Civ
ing the telegraphic alarm, but the companies
worked to good advantage, and soon had the
fire under control. The house is story and
half cottage, newly built at an expense Of ST.
500. There is an insurance on the property of
$500, which will nearly cover the loss, which
below the roof is principally from drenching
with water. There is also an insurance on the
furniture, but the exact amount could not be
ascertained