davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1881-01-28
LIC0R BiLSlhICO DE- BRA YBGETAL
DEL
DIR. GONZ AL EZ

81 mgor pectoral q depnr,aiuo conocido
hasta el dia, preparado en- Ia Habana.
A pesar del gran ndmero de preparados
mediciDales " que So conocen y usan en- la
Isia de Cuba para la curacion de numero5as
Intermediates, SO notaba un vacio que era
precise ienar
Los catarros Nasales, -
Bronquiales, y
. "Pulmonares -
Y de los
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1881-01-28
RM,ETTN tfERCANTII,
FORTALEZA, 81.
lnprents, liogr.is, fncqlltFnaclon,
ALMACEN DE- PAPEL,
Frrcoos DE EsCRIToRIo = LIBERIA.
FORTALEZA, 81.

Habienco duplicate q local de este
estab!ecimiento, y traidc IN gran snr-
lido de efectos lie todas elases de New.
York. Hamburgo, Paris, Glasgow Bar
celoua, 10 hemos ppesto ri nivel de les
nr;meros de su clase, en- 81 Sc hace
son lirnp;eza. prontitud = baratura, to-
ia class de Imprenta, LlTOGRAFlA,
Encuade ernaeion, y SO ene1antran al
nor mayor y detalte papet espanol de
I'd. lss marcas, mercantil ingl6s, fran
- americano. alemsn y espanol, So
brss. cartulina de Bristol, lloros en- plan
80 psras escuelass scsomos eaiades' iolo-
sss caias de pspel con sobres, J todas
Isa curiosidades perteneclentes alramo'
He aqui algunas de las dihmamente
recibiaos.
EFECTOs DE ESCRIToRIo
T;nteros escribanias de todas ciases pre-
cios -ePizarras de tela para pared -IJerss
AZ escritorio. Portaplumas - LaPices II ai'ei
nara i'm ,renta blaneo do color pesa
S,,a IA n ragalos. -Tinta nsgra vloieta, en-
hasallss vca ,ecas clase superior franeesa, IN
49, y.,ne ericana. -Idem idem idem, en- potes
SSsrneSos. i,lem, itien, idem Il 10 n earmin de
pe9sa0l ps.s 0el~sasl~Pora plumas de metal -Mucfia.
go en- potes de dre9es aar tJIao9 DiSds isra5 naia
- s.V aores IL ~animaIes, etc.-Plumas de acero de
= yvn9ias classes -Papel espaf1l dc las prihcipa,
es fzbrcas naconass Arsneros os,.ts, de- erlSin. a
1 srosforeras de bronco -EstStuas para
escGes escs;eerio SEGA frna. de dlforentes classes
esrpetss de rio de tOo h,o dS ar,sras pr9p1s pa,
nora suardar do ument0s --Pnrtsmonenas =
Psss patsess a. nara ,abacos ycgarrilos -Plegade-
rosSs &c ds sadas case. SAcras lara altares -
oass as odas o1,s Ssss osss ss pntSros
W ..ss;ao nara e bolsillo. Pizarras dc Sill
ss,s Ss s d,isrsnses clases formas udendo escri-
Srss con aqasr pi1 Oaasas camsscy qssfas ss toa
L1utVs Gu a-oc;os Anillos de gonna para papo.
S..mAlf,leres S..'0 para sujetar doeunentoS La
.S cra A. toiss classes precio'.-Raspadores =
Ts,,n6 Tss nd netrcs.-Papel secsnte --P"pel pre2a-
RADIO para excusados-
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1881-01-28
GRAN BAZAAR De R0PA HECHA.
caun IT. Sastrerla de Tomas HermanS Cruz IT,
PUERTO-RHCD
PUEaSTO-RHCD


de glo suro e traes
mo
res Orre d
omo
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1881-01-28
F Ar M ACIA
JOSE s. CLAUDIO,

PLAZA PRINCIPAL - SAN FRANCISCO 26.
Esmero Y prontitud en- ell despacho.
Modicidad en- los preoios. b. 23
BoletiÌn mercantil de Puerto Rico. (San Juan, P.R.) 18??-1918, 1881-01-28
a NJ u N GM@D.

Puerto Rico, enero 20 de 1881. ga
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
am faaI Vengeance.

ATLANTA, Ca, July S.-Last night, in
Heard county, near Albania, occurred one
Of the most horrible instances OF popular
INDIGNATION. Jesse Waldrop was burned
to ashes.
Three months ago, in Randolph county,
Alabama, DR.. John Mitchell, Appointment
Young physician, married Carrie Knight,
famed for her beatty and accomplish
ments. On the Goth Of June, III the JOY
of their honeymoon, DR.. Mitchell was
walking up the road near his country
home when he beheld what almost para
lvzed him with horror. His lovely wife
Law before him a ghastly corpse. her
throat was cut from ear to ear, and nef
boly was torn with the fearful clutches 81
bnr murderer. It was discovered that she
had been violated and murdered. The
neirhborhood was at once ahame with eN-
c;fement. and search for the guilty Wretcl
was begun, Jesse Waldrop had not long
/ been in the county, but there had followed
| him lu,noys Of his bad character. lie was
seen on the road near where the cofpse
was found on tie day Of the MURDER II
fthe death struggle the murderer had Dlt,
ten lis victim severely on the cheek ans
! left signs that one Of his front teeth W'S
out. nWalarop had this peculiarity Wit
these evidences search for him was begun
II once. and it was found that he had tied
Trained bloodhounds We're obtained, ans
/ from the scene Of the murder they tracked
him several miles into Georgia. HeIe ca
pursuing party heard that Naiarop hat
nasseti. Gradually tracing him, they ar
!. rived At Newman, thirty miles from At
. 1anta, Where.a fer1Ynlall described : MAJ
s Who h:ta crossed the night before, and tn
4 parsters knew that Waldrop could nof ?
i farasvay. Atmidnight On the 80 the pa
u reached ahouse where they leafaed
man ealing himself Oven bad stoppee
frhev. demanded to be shown 70 his room
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28

and, rapping OIL tic door ct it, Na1drop
calnt. out. He was seized. and afte.a tles-
pelate resistance bound. lie denied all
knowledge Of the crime. and W;lstaken to
Jail, though the fury of some Of the crowd
demanded his instant death.
Next day circumstances We're collected
and 50 strongly presented to him that,
trembling with fear, he confessed ail aud,
Efter detailing his damning story, told Ola
life Of crime which feW police annals can
equal. He confessed to having five living
wives. When he confessed, passion rose
so high that he was abort TO be swung,
when some one suggested that he ought 70
die on the scene Of his crime, aud that
hanging was too good for him. Accord
ingly he was left III jail until night before
last, when fifty men, armed but tot dis
grised, went there and demanded him.
The jaiier gave him up, and tie procession
started. MI along the route people came
out to look Ut the prisoner and demanded
that lie should elie. Several times the ex-
citement grew so great that il seemed 1t
would wruall vengeance=oa llse wretch at
once, but riding by his side=Were relatives
of the murdered woman, who guarded
him and declared they had reserved him
| for u special t;tte.
Late yesterday afternoon the scene OF
the murder was reached. Nothing was
done rasIsly; preparations We're made with
chastIy GOODNESS. Waldrop was firmly
| ried and bound with wire 70 Il stake drlV-
en- on the spot where his victim was found.
when for the first time his dogged courage
failed. lie pleaded piteously, not for life
but only to be allowed TO die BY the gal,
lows or bullet; but he cried to men O
stone. and at midnight one CT the relatives
Of the unfortunate woman applied tht
! torch to the pine which, saturated witt
oil, hat! been piled around him. LII
screams rang out on the quiet country ar
and the flames lit up the seeile5With lurlt
glare. The death struggles were horrid
but not o man stirred. Standing in
circle around thc human sacrifice, the,
looked with sto1id indititFrncesa the hol'
rid cxpiation Of his crime. From first t
last the officers made 10 effort to save TIL
prisoner for a legal doom. II they had
would have been futile, for popular passlo
was frenzied Waldrop was % years Old
and a man Of good address.
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
Fares sststi a'FeigEste Euf

PHILADELPHIA, July lit is officially
stated that the cutting Of west-bonnd pas
Senger rates has been in progress since
Friday last. On that day the movement
was begun by the Boston and Albany, and
has since been joined in by the New York
Central, the New York, Lake Erie and
Western, and the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-
road Companies. The reduction thus far
is s. OIL through tickets to Cincinnati, Chi
cago, and St. Louis. The Pennsylvania
Railroad Company has not vet reduced its
schedule Of prices, but its officers say that
unless All agreement to restore the former
tariff is made they will cut rates 10 meet
tile other roads.
CHICAGO, July l1-The decentralization
in Wcst-hound passenger rates from New
England points is ascrihed by railway Of
ficials here to the joint action Of the Penn
&ylyania and Baltimore and Ohio conpall-
les in directing their New England traffic
over the New York and New England
Railroad, and Insisting that the through
rate from Boston to the West Shall be the
same via that route as via the Albany ano
Troy and the Canadian lines, which arc
shorter. On July 9Th the Boston and Al
bany ani! Fitchbtrg roads reduced the
through rate to Chicago via Albany ant
Troy for limited tickets from $2l to $l7
To-day telegrams were received here stat
ing that another reduction to SIG via the
American and $14 via the Canadian routes
had been made. The decentralization i
oven more marked in eastbOund rateE
from Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City ,an(
j Milwaukee. From Chicago the rate fo
! frst-class passage to the seaboard has beel
! tluctuating from $40 downward to Sl2. 4
! person unfamiliar with the situation Wonlt
/ he charged tariff price. An intcndin:
traveller with IN inkling Of things rs the,
are can obtain passage at his own price
! The current rate III all the Chicago office
/ corresponds with tile amount OF none.
that man can afford to pay for fare, b
i, little or much. \ general officer said to
Clav that he believed the price Of fare
New Z orll would drop to$ IS before the tart
j. again restored.
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
Sugar Fsossa Rags.

The newspapers have lately taken up the
subject of making sugar from rags, ana
some of them seem to regard it as new
invention. This, however, is BY no means
the case. 1t has been long known to chem
ists that If vegetable fiber, such as that OF
cotton. flax etc., be submitted to the &C
tion of sulphuric acid, it is converted into
soluble starch or dextrine, and this is read
ily convertible into sugar. The ordinary
process Of mailing is simply conversion
of the starch Of the barley into sugar py
the agency OF ferment called ''diastase,
which is formed in the barley, and is so
effective that only one iive-hundredth part
is sufficient to set up the action by Whch
the insoluble starch is converted into deX-
trine. then into sugar. This occurs when
the grain Of the barley is soWn III the
ground, and is the natural operation by
which the germ is fed; the germ having
neither mouth or stomach, cannot take sollC
food like the original starch granules Whlet
surrounded it in the seed but when tina
starch is converted into sugar, the baby
plant can absorb it, and continues TO aD
sorb it until the rootlets and first leaf ar'
formed. By this time the sugar is all uset
up. but the plant is now able to obtain It
nourishment from the ground by its root
and from the carbonic acid of the air by it
green leaf or leaves.-Sc5ent.fc American
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
FOEg E5Ha&N NOTES &eHS NEWS.

A Turkish man-of-war has arrived at
Tripol with Krlpp guns, arms and am
munitiOn.
A transport has arrived at Tunis with
troops from France. She has embarked
six guns at Golctta and is preparing to so
to Stax
The crops both in British Isles and on
the continent are very promising. This
NAV interfere with American exports of
grain for the coming year.
The manifesto of Prince Alexander an
nouncing liberal policy and declaring his
confidence i'll the popular support OF tile
new administration is published.
The fcte OF the French revolution was
celebrated III Paris on the l4th inst, with
great enthusiasm. It was the ninety-!irst
anniversary OF the taking of the Bastile.
The Insurgent chief Bou Amena, with q
thousand Arabs, twice unsuccesstully at
tackled the town of Krcider on the 7th inst.
The place was defended By three compan-
les Of French rifles. Bou Amena fled
/ soutIeastvart after losing $50 men.
The negotiations between England and
/ France iii reference TO a commercial treaty
are still dragging. but there IS little nope
OF satisfactory agreement being reached,
England and Spain arc also negotiating Z
! commercial treaty.
/ Baron Won Calico. the Austrian Ambas'
s;tdor at Constantnople, has Informed tho
Porte that it i untrue that Austria y pre-
:, naring to advance to Salonica, Roumel1a
that the Austrian force il, Bosnia has no
been increased. the only changes beih}
transfers Of garrisons from one post 20 al
other.
/ A sale Of books in London recently, be
longing to the late Mr.. Way, copy Q
Milton's ssColnus, = first edition, went TO
S6S: Way gave crown for it. Shakes
peare's poems, original edition, bought b.
MI. way for sI1ilings. fetched t3c
.:Paradise Lost" bought for 36 shillings
sold for e1l6.
The Prince Of Wales is mnch emoal
rassed financially. From his mothers re
tired mode of life it has devolved upo
; him to keep up the dignity OF the roy;
, family By many public entertainments
The Liberals seem reluctant, however
either to pay his debts or increase his al
n,lal allowance.
The military force concentrated as 81
tova for the sitting of the National Assem-
; bly, consisted of 1000 troops with "A pit
:, ces Of artillery. Prince Alexander prt
; ferred residing aboard Of a gunboat on tn
: Danube to living in the town. The Bu
: garian Ministers have taken refuge
Giurgevo, Oh the Roumanian side Of Il
Danube, where they intend watcl1lt
:. :. events. Much excitement prevails.
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
BENTON MONTANA. TIL J-RsDAY. JULY 28. 1881

place; study, books, and mnsic filled the
days. One day the guests 1t tile Gait
House saw an elegantly dressed lady enter
the DINING room with Mrs, Gen, Pres
tau. This beautiful lady paid her friend
every attention, an,' poor Ellen Goodwin
awakened wonder afrt-'' by her case in
the new position. She boarded some
time At tile Calf House, and then travelled
for a while. But the purpose which hati
kept her up so long was 20" lacking.
and she sank gradually from earth Until,
few wears after her arraignment, she quiet
II passed away.
1t has been y mystery how she kept
track Of Throckmorton on his frequent
tours. Some persons say she possessed
clairvoyant power, or could read the mind
of her lover; others supposed that the
Majors body servant, who always accom-
panied him, gave the information. am
tolC: that in her last days slio regretted
hayin. neglected the beauty Of the body
for SO long. It was her desire that at
death she should be handsomely robcd.
The directions for her funeral were lett
with her lawyers, aud she went to her
last sleep dressed like Il queen, i'll biaeh
velvet burial robe, with rich laccs, siikel
! hose, and dainty slippers.
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
Cerebn.oIosy of Criminals.


4 curious observation has beeu made BY
DR.. Moritz Benedict, Of Vienna. lie pub
lisIiell d beck abo,st q year ago, sAnaton1-
ische Sudden an Yerbrechergehfrnen, IN
which, among other notes, he states that
III nearly one-half of the brains Of persist
ent criminals the superior frontal conyolu-
ton is not continuous, hut is divided into
four s,1b-convolutions, analogous toz the
disposition Of the parts found II predatory,
#carniyorous animals. LII 4 recent paper
I (lssnt,a7bIott .ft1f lied. Htss., November
Is. l8s09 he argues that much Of normal
perversitr may and must be the result. Of
this detection of the cerebral organs from
the normal type, producing il asnecessa1ily
would. other arrang ements Of cerebral nj
triton, and Ilsemostatic relations. y can
not be fortuitors that the mental eharae-
teristics Of the most nerVerse criminals:
and also The cerebral anatomy, both re-
senlble those Of wild beasts this double
analogy must boone Of cause and effect
Scientific a1sei'ieaal
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
The New Work. ScnafoFszahts r.

NEW YORK, July 1S.-The Tribune says
of Conkling, who arrived in the city yes
terday: "Conkling declared that he was
NOT beaten, and that one final determined
effort must be made to adjourn the legs
lat,,re without electing his successor b'lt
If all hazards he said that Mr.. Lapl1am
must be prevented from reaping the re-
ward Of his perfdy by an election g the
Senate.
ALBANY, July 18.-Aftcr two oailots'
the Stalwarts remaining unbroken' tl4e
convention adjourned
Halbert moved an adjournment, ont
withdrew tle motion, as Spinoa desired
to speak. He was. proceeding to say ti1at
another vote should be taken, when Lofo
raised point of order that the only ques-
ton was to vote for Senator.
str,han renewed the motion to adjourn.
Carried.
Adjourned.
The Stalwarts this morning at 9 confer
cnre resolved to stand firm for Conkllhg.
Senator Miller introduced bill proFl-
ding for q special election whenever va
cancy in the office Of Representative III
Congress occurs after the 4th OF Aafch
and more than 60 days before q genera
election.
The bill was made a special order TOR o.
morrow morning.
A vote was then taken, resulting as FOL
lows: Lapham, 81; Potter, 81; ConklIng
27; Evarts, /. Necessary to a choIce %.
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
News of the President

WASHINGTON, July 18.-The Pfcsiaeht
is anxious to be removed TO the seashofe'
A Washington special says that the intense
WEAKNESS Of the President with nv con-
finement. which finds expression II al
most every connection with his friendsaa
attendants. and the anxiety Of Df. Boyn-
ION to secure for Mrs. Garfield change
of scene and air, has led to discussion
Of WAYS and means TO make the movement
without danger. Dr. Bliss says thae ~ IS
motion Of d railway train might pc n.lIllui
even a month from now, while the dangers
Of the track, the noise of the efoWas' ete'
render that mode Of travel out OF the qeles-
ton for many weeks. Col RockWelf pro,
poses first to take the President 70 oio
Point Comfort in the steamer Despate'i'
Should thisprove Of benefit after q lew e1ss
then he will take advantage OF the cam
weather and run around to Long Bfillaell
The President II strongly IN favor of 4 seq
side resort, and longs for the sea voyage
Mrs. Garfield has taken strong disllke. = =
the White House. She says every notsf ''7' \
It has been replete with care, illness ;'aS
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
Maud $. Trots Il RGile ira 2:10 f~2.

PITTSBURGH, Pa, July l3.-The rain ~
the forenoon did not deter people from 60
ing to the Pittsburgh Driving Park, and at
6 D. N. there were 1000 people in the in
closure. The event Of the day was the
feat Of Maud S. The mare trotted over the
course twice while being warmed up, and
then at the word go started like streak.
The track was heavy on account Of rain,
and had been rolled twenty feet out from
the pole, to tile disadvantage Of the mare,
but she crossed the line in 2.1O1a, beating
her best time one-quarter OF a second.
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
Tsae EsisorceG HErs. satsiteasss4 Expert

DENVER, Col. july 0-Ihe I.eadyille
Of an interview wifi, Mrs. Theodore Duns
more, the divorced wife of Charles J. Gut
eau. She was married to DunsmOre at
Boulder, Col, III 1878, and is now residing
IN this city. She showed the decree OF di-
vorce granted in 1871 OH the ground Of
adultery, allowing her aljmol1y and pro-
llhiting Guieau from marrying until her
death She says he was very cruel to her
from the time OF the marriage; that when
he Was !" member Of Henry Ward Beech
er's church he would lead in prayer and rs
soon as the meeting was dismissed would
tell her Of some OF his awindling schemes;
that when given Il note to collect tor a Gil
ent he would turn over only one-halt OF
The collection, and report that it was lnl-
possible to collect the remainder. Her
friends urged her TO get divorce, which
she did. She was afterwards clerk III the
Treasury Department at Washington. lie
never paid any alilnony. Last February
she received Il note from him requesting
permission 10 remarry. She answered say
lug her permission would be granted OF
his paying 800. lie wrote again saying
ne had no money, but WAS about to marry
"a wealthy lady and would pay the money
III soon as he was married. 70 this she
paid no attention. She thinks the attempt
/ to assassnatu the President was simply
prompted by his morbid desire for notori-
ETY., for which he would, she thinks, give
/ his life
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
Apats sas Fruit Growers Friends.

Many of the leading orchard proprietors
III Northern Italy and Southern Germany
are cultivators Of the common black ant,
which insect they hold in high esteem as
the fruit growers best friend. They es-
tablish ant hills in their orchards, and
leave the police service of their fruit trees
entirely to the tiny colonists, which pass
all their time in climbing up the stems OF
the fruit trees, cleansing their boughs and
leaves of malefactors, mature us We'll as
embryotic, and descending laden with the
spoils to the ground, when they comfort
ably consume or prudently store away
their booty. They never meddle with
sound fruit, but only invade such apples,
pears. and pIums as have already been
penetrated by the canker, which they re-
morselessly pursue to its Businesses Within
| the very heart of the fruit. Nowhere are
apple and pear trees 50 free from Blight
and destructive insects as in the immediate
neighborhood of large ant bill five or. sls
wears old. The favorite food Of ants Woule
appear to be the larvae and pupse of those
creatures which spend the whole OF then
brief existence in devouring the tende1
shoots and juvenile leaves Of fruit trees
Prairie Farmer.
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
Among t1ae New Asonaaaefs.

Among the newest bounets and hats
may be named the 3laseotte, OF black straw
with Il broad turned down brfn. 1t is
trimmed with several black plumes and on
the back is Il bunch Of pink roses. This
hat can only be worn in 4 carriage or at
the races and watering places, II Is quite
unsuitable for walking purposes. The
baby capote is not a new shape, but con-
tinues III vogue. One Of these has Oh the
brim a narrow, deep, yel{oWselvet putting.
On the outside of the bola1ct s tut
blonde trimming and 4 lett5leh Of currents
in all Shades Of brown, red and gold.
Among the blonde and fruit are about n
dozen humming birds. Another shape in
general use is the caleche, OF 1Aahl!lt
straw Around tile crown is Il gariand OF
Dinks. The remainder Of the trimming
consists Of red ribbon. A LeGhorn hat
has an up-turned brim. with garland Of
roses on tile inside, lying against the
| hair. Around the outside of the brlm are
shaded pIumes matching tile color OF the
suit the hat is worn with. They are taken
around the hat, and fall down the back
over the hair. Over the starting point o1
| the plume is Il bunch Of flowers. Another
shape has a large and high crown, sur
rounded by a twisted piece Of satin. The
brm falls over the forehead. In the cen
ter in front and down the side are shaded
blue and deep yellow feathers. Ii
the back are flowers and feathers. Th
double-faced strings are in the colors 0
the plumes. The hat is bordere1 with /;
gold steel cord.
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28

danger. She believes the President would
recover quickly if once out OF its influence,
II Improvement continues at its present
rate, the surgeons say there i. 10 reason
why the President should not spend the
first week of August at Long Branch.
Every effort will be male 10 keep from
the President the knowledge Of bis moth
er's illness, as the shock might be injurious
10 him at present.
The Benton weekly record. [volume] (Benton, Mont.) 1880-1885, 1881-07-28
FEc Mexican RsaiIroal Accident

Cry OF MEXICO, July 13.--fhe Military
and Scientific commission to report con
c4srning The recent railroad accident says
in its official report to the Secretary OF
War: :s'Thc broken bridge being merely Il
temporary ONE, the company is guilty q
astonishing carelessncss and recE<'essness
in loading the train with weight OF more
than 300 tons, Which the bridge could not
sustain. Consequently there is 10 reason
Why the company should be excused from
paving damages caused by the eatastro-
phe'