davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

The London Times, in the course Of
long article reviewing the wonderful
progress of the United States, as shown
by the last census returns, says:
GA nation has never exhibited q mere
magnificent picture of material progress
for ten years. Since 1870 more than
II, 800, 600 have been added to the popU-
lation, at a rate of 80 per cent. increase.
Except China and Great Britain and
Russia, no Government can count more
g4biects. In the number Of citizens
moved by similar impulses, and recog-
nizing common ends, the British empire
itself yields to the great republic. Fifty
millions of human beings In a land Ike
America more than match the S6,090,
900 of European and Asiatis Russia.
The 425, O00, 900 of China are not to be
compared with them rs q force among
mankind. The growth Of q population
may generally be understood 10 imply
the growth of wealth and resources. As
each census in a European state indl-
Gates a numerical advance, it may for
the most part be inferred that fresh
means of support have been made avail
able. When, however, every successive
census in the United States reveals an eE-
pallsion by bounds and leaps, faith IN
the instinct of human nature not to
multiply beyond the power of existence
is scarcely needed to reassure anxiety.
The granary which is to feed the new
millions which have come, the millions
which are to follow, piles its stores for
the whole world to certify them. Each
added American citizen hos not to search
for the livelihood nature hides somewhere
or other for all its children He IS bern
or imported with his inheritance labeled
and allotted. He has but to so west, OF
north, or south there it IS awaiting his
advent. European populations, even
the home population Of Great Britain,
it must be Acknowledged, have rather IN
their decennial polls a look OF boys
growing out of their clothes. An elbow
or an ankle is sure to be seen botrGying
want of proportion between past re
sources and present demands. On the
other side Of tho Atlantic there is &
magazine Of clothes warranted to Sit all
ages and sizes. Coed soil is-crylUg out
everywhere for its owners to come and
possess it"
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

Apropos Of political honesty, story is
~ II Andrew MARVEL, which can
- nv BE too frequently repeated. It
"a .,Aaed in portant TO silence Mar
IFS tongue In Parhament when q GER
Z uss was proposed, and Lord
; uEr Dal4by, who had been his
,s taaiow. called upon him in his
81 partiug fDanhy slipped into
aaJid an order on the Treasury for
snd then went to his chaziot.
a., 'e5Ling at the paper, calls out,
f.. Bad. asqaest another moment. "
up asail 10 the garnet, and
sa.- a-fgaut. was summoned. Jack,
What lad I for dinner yesterday"
.. casa von remember, sir, yOu had the
a. shoulder Of mutton that you or
= Is to bring from woman in the
i.s1at" Very right, child What
4asa I for dinner to-day ?" Don't you
know sir, that you bid me lay by the
> s5o- bone to broil ?" '"Tis SO very
D r8t. sid go away. My Lord, /" said
1Ea-vell, turning 10 the treasurer, ''do
you hear that? Andrew Marvell's din
l.or- IS provided; there's your piece of
paIaep. / live here TO serve my con-
situents the Ministry may seek men
.sr-their purpose / am not one "
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

= o. percentage of increase IN popula-
81 hal. be maintained, in 1890 we shall
GR appropriations of more than 65, 600,
sae, III 1900 the population of the Re
Jus a. VIII exceed IS, ZOO, 600, IF the
Tss. II growth for the last ten years Is
ss.s.taiaad. the baby born III this year
3xr EviaE the allotted three score and
s. vaa-5 VII see this Republic, if the
S-Eunic stands, holding population of
- coo, COO What Republic! What
= sussi How great the task 81 keeping
- Republic Republican, of keeping
> , Democracy Democratici How splen-
a-I hegudlos5 tie service to man
ri II - world shah be taught that it
a -lals rsu sp vast a Republic to cxist
sE-sr FL lclgnt&l idea IS 10 exaIt the
:. .s.s tst prot5ct the little, local
tcrs+hehts aud to disRify the doc
- af .nsai self government on earth.
i- pypGi, ton IS to be one not Of
~, .sls - II ata5lor, bTlt of intelligence,
81 - ans atty. How measUreless
Is rask 81 s,tclf Republic! We can
.-e ,-auata L by multiplying the free
- .aeu aauGiaas5 mich democracy
...s ID tha sslg:c home into NE many
-. ..us If homes which viii make up
= .}of people In 1910, gen
s.s,es /. i-e hence, will it be possible
--. tic Republic to maintain the sim
q ritv, the democracy, which sught to
its commaDdiDg and everlasting fea-
- VIII the time have forever
~Ssed hen
lrsn-r- aud choppers. and pI.wmen,
Sas-l Constitute state"
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23
BITS OF INF08}IAEI0E.

PORTLAND cement IS made Of lime
stone and clay.
MIRRORS are siIvered with mercury
mixed and heated with half the weigh
Of tim.
ONE gallon Of meats foot oil mixed
with four ounces Of laIZpbiack makes :
good harness oil.
THE dUetiIity Of some metals is very
great. Gold. silver and platinum ar1
prominently .ductiie, and are nearly
approached in this respect by copper
and iron.
THE system of bookkeeping by doubla
entry was taken from the course Of al
zebra published by Burgo, III the, if
teenth century, at Venice. Hugh Old
castle published q treatise g on tuu
kepynG of the famous racOnyDge, debtor
and creditor, London, 1913. This IS
our earliest work on bookkeeping.
WHEN We say of a shiftlass fellow that
he does not 60 earn his saIt, F" we Bnc0n-
sciOusly allude to an ancient custom
among the Romans. Among them Q
man was said to be in possession of 4
salary who had his SCstayilin7, his al
lowance Of salt-money, or Of salt, where
with to SAVIOR the food by which le
lived. Thus salary comes from
''salt and, in this view Of the word,
how many there are who do not earn
their salt.
SANDWICHES are said to have been
named after the Earl OF Sandwich, the
celebrated statesman Of the reigns ct
George Il and Saorge III. Crosse, tI,o
antiquary- and a contemporary Of the
Earl, notes the sandwich as "said t.
have been favorita dish of the Earl q
Sandwich, " The Earl Of Sandwich was
an invetcrate gambler, and, SO as TO he
able TO eat without stopping the game,
used to tell the walters to bring Gim for
retreshmeut a slice Of meat between two
pieces Of bread.
PRoF. Loo1n5 says that if several
months il succession have been I'M
usually warm or unusually cold, in
has permanently changed, and that the
succeeding months viii be similar IN
character, we should rather anticipate
months OF the opposite description, since
the mean temperature of the year fiuctu-
ates within very narrow limits, and tho
longer q period OF unusually warm
weather continues, the greater Is tEc
probability that the succeeding months
VIII be unusually cold. Predictions Of
this kind are legitimate deductions from
scientific data.
THE circumstances of the capture oad
death of William Kidd, the pirate, were
as follows In 1893 rumors became prgv-
alent in England that Kidd had turned
pirate, and orders were sent to the col
onies to apprehend him If he came with
in their Jurisdiction. He sent James
Emmett, a New York lawyer, to Gov.
BeIlamoat, to ascertain how he would
receive him. BelIamont answered
evasively, and, after some correspond
ence, persuaded Kidd to so to Boston,
where he landed July 1, 1899. He was
examined before the Council, and. ae-
cording to Bellamont, gave triHing an
swers to interrogatories, and, on July 6.
1909, the Governor ordered his arrest.
He was sent to England and, after Il
grossly-uafair trial, in which he was al
lowed no counsel, and was not permitted
to send for papers and witnesses, he was
found guilty Of piracy and Of themurder
of William Moore. He was hanged at
Execution dock, London, on Nav q.
17Ol. He asserted his innocence to the
last
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

"WEX should q red COW give white
milks' was the subject for discussion in
q suburban agricultural club. After an
hours debate the Secretary Of the meet
ing vas instructed to milk the COW and
bring in a decision according to the mer-
it's Of the milk. 1t was blue.--Net0
Haven Register.
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

SCENE-Ths gambling table at Mnuts
Carlo. PersonR Young EnGliah hl,
with little sister and gentleman Nioar
acauaintance they have made q, ths
hotel. Young lady" Oll / says sh %
put \ five-frano piece ON the number ui
my age i"-putting one on the IL Tho
number % wins Edttle sister" What
fun Now, if you had really put it ou
your right age, SIS, you would have won,
wouldn't You ?"
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

HoT sand-bags are advocated for bed
warmers in place of hot water. What
we hike about tins in preference g. hat
water is that the stopper cant come out
of the bag and let out the water and
freeze a mans feet 10 the mattress. Bat
then if the bag should rip open and let
out the sand, it would give him vivid
impression that somebody had been cat
ing crackers in the bed.
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

a LADY and her daughter called on
Governor 1lttleiield, Of Rhode Island,
The ether day, with q special request that
the Governor should kiss the daughter
FIrra is no cnd to tie advantages OF If
ice Holding, remarks lie Baaalo liz
press.
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

Grx GRANT's little Jap" exercises
q special supervision over the Generals
coats and lats that excited the admira-
ti0D Of the Coloradians. They maintain
,laE the Jap changes the Generals hats
50 deity that the latter often goes into
4 conversation with a soft hat on and
comes ont with a silk one on, it having
struck tie Jap that the occasion de-
minded o CHANCE
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

Is making pure ground coffee. tho
rule in Boston and New York Is 30 MIX
one bushel Of beans and ono ~ roasted
peanuts with one bushrl Of cheap coffee.
The package is then labeled: None
better-beware of limitations"
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

hoCR OF the former slaves Of a brother
oi JEFF Davis, nov own plantations wor@
SIS 600, Which they operate, together
with sevcral olhegs which they rent, IN
inning Jeif's plantation at Hurricane,
MICS. They also de a large mercantile
business in Nlcksburg
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

BE not diverted from your duty by
any idle reflections the silly world may
make upon you, for their consures are
not ia your power and. consequently,
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23
Good Coaches, Good Road and
Quick Time! -

For Maps, Timetables and all information II
regard to this route, call on or address,
t. A. ID WREHNE,
Travelling Agent, Atlanta, Ga.
WV 4 ROGERS.
Passenger ARsRt, Chattanooga, Tenn.
w, l., pANLEY,
Genl Psss'r aud Ticket Agt., Nashville, Tenn.
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

Az investigator says that no two
thumbs are alike In shape. Hu curinlI.ly
studied the subject by examining the
impression made by wmters' thumbs uu
restaurant plates.
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23

4 Nav YORK merchant expects to got
horse that has been bot 20 him ou ID.
election. lf lac does the transaction will
he "a won horse affair after all
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23
new RICH BLOODI

L7uI's0lts7 IfFGattbe -I7tFts MAKE New ItIch
Blood and will completely change the blood in
the entire sv stem in thrcc months. ANY person
who will take pill each night from TO l2woeks
may De restored to sound health, II such thin s
hc possible Sent by mail for letter Stamps.
- $. JOHNSON Il CO., Boston, 1EaSs..
A1I.Is,cf'yY EaH90rs DE.
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23
FOR THE
North and W est!
Do not Fail to see that Your
Ticket Reads by the
Nashville,
Chattanooga &
St. Louis RR.

EOR SPEED. SAFETY AND
n comfort YOU will hnd this liu- to be unriVA-
ed. FOR the celeb ated Springs aud Summer Re-
EOrtE, Round Trip TickeS esn be purchased at all
principal offices. EmigrAniS wirhing TO go West,
either to locate prOst rstOrs. Will md IL to
their advantage to go By this route. Round Trip
emigrant tickets sale to Texas points. Through
Coaches are run from Chattanooga to Columbus
without change. Sleeping Coaches on all night
trains.
The Morristown gazette. [volume] (Morristown, Tenn.) 1867-1920, 1881-11-23
Political Honesty.

y T--ITI sIIINN y
S.s-l constitute State"
The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, 1881-04-15
the FARMERS CONVENTION
At ALBANY ON THE
TWENTY FIRST.

We trust that this will not be for
gotten Benton County should not be
behind hand to testify her interest in
the Yaqnina Harbor works, that will
ingness to join heart and hand in the
effort TO strengthen and sapport tn G
effort to make the works sue cessful.
All interested are invited by the Linn
County Grange to meet at the Alba
ny Court House on Thursday IN next
week at 10 A. M. We look fora large
crowd, good speakers, an enthusiastic
meeting.
Let us not forget the principles in
volved. Improve the harbor and the
railroad will take care Of itself. TIE
railroad may be made by this compa-
ny o. that, but the harbor is the
property of the people of Oregon and
their children. The most effective
help the railroad can receive is to
show the interest of the people in the
harbor, and their fixed, their resolnte
intention to have it put through well
and promptl
The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, 1881-04-15
ITEMS BY TELEGRAPH

= The Lanterne.publishes on the slst
'ult. telegram from St. Petersburg,
stating that violent quarrel had bro
ken out in the imperial family, in con-
sequence of which Grand Duke Con-
stantine, who is strongly suspected
OF Nihilism, is about to resign as
grand admiral and minister Of ma.
rine. Immediately after the depar-
ture of foreign ministers from st. Pe-
tersburg measures of extreme severity
are to be taken against the Nihilists.
A general snow storm is reported
in Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin and
northern Michigan. The fall in Lake
Superior region is very heavy. In
Chicago it is very light 1t seems to
be about the most short-liyed of the
season.
Miss Katie Maiadhelm, of San
Francisco, committed suicide in New
York on the 30th. She had been re-
dhsced in circumstances by stock
speeuiations, and her step-father re-
fused 10. help her any more.
Rails and equipments have been
purchased for the Oregon and Ne
vada railroad: from Reno, New, TO
Beckworth Pass.
The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, 1881-04-15
YAQulsA Ray.

just when hopes are brights, when
after weary years of waiting. fortune
smiles, when all mems eyes hither
tnrned with interest and expectation,
when the dark clouds that have
hitherto obsccured sun, are breaking
and passigg away, then came the
news of sudden and appalling acci-
dent. Truly it seems sad that so
great an aim could not be carried to
fulfilment witout the laying down OF
brave mems lives, OF course they
were incautions, we know that they
took chances which turned against
them, it is obvious and true enough
that they undertook a risk without
necessity or reason: bat the fact re.
mains, they came to aid in the work
in the way of duty and they have
laid down thier lives.
One correction we are glad to
make in the first hurried account oil
the saving of the one survivor of that
boats crew Of four. It was not All
Indian canoe which recovered him
from the overturned and drifting
skiff, but Tracy and Zepos Davis,
whose names are well known to many
OF our readers, whose courage and
skill carried them to success.
The Indians attempted the feat.
stimulated by promises Of large re-
ward; they failed, and it was the
good fortune Of the brave fellows we
have named to risk the breakers, to
venture into their full force, and
thence to extricate the poor seaman
we'll nigh from deaths door.
1t is to us utterly unaccountahle
why the poor fellows who were
drowned thought it needful to attempt
in little boat the passage Of bar to
which they were strangers, against
the force Of an ebb tide and while the
sea was running high. 1t was in full
daylight, and 'hey need have wait
ed but a short time for what after.
wards occurred, namely, that Mr.
Polhernns and one of the Davis went
out to the tug in small boat and
safely and easily brought her in, and
all this distress would have been
Esparedi
And so another is added to the
long list of avoidable accidents, and
from the barbor works istaken away
what we had hoped would be their
pride, that human life had not been
sacrificed to their accomplishment.
The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, 1881-04-15
ORDERS PROMPTLY FILLED j!
Send for Estimates
81 -
Notice Of Final Proof.

Notice is hereby gived that the following
named settler has filed notice of his inter-
tions to make final proof in support Of his
claim, and that said proof will be made be-
fore B. w. Wilson County Clerk, at Coz.
Wallis, Benton Co., Or, on
Saturday May l4th, 1881.
viz: John j. Nye. Homestead Application
No. 2S35 for the S. w. of N. z. / Sec. z.
w. of N. E. and N. fE. ! of N. w.
Sec. IL. T. IL. s. r. IL West. He names
the following witnesses to prove his cos.
tinuous residence upon, and cultivation Of,
said land, viz: N. A. Thompson of Monroe;
Laura Thompson of Corvallis. r. NJ. Thomp.
son, of Corvallis, j. w. Williams of Cor.
wallis, Benton Co., Or.
L. T. BARN. Register.
Land Office at Oregon City, Or, March
Sth, 1881.
The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, 1881-04-15
PACIFIC COAST NEWS.


Fall grain is yer, promising in Linn
county.
Burglars are unpleasantIy fresh. jus
now IN Albany
Ed Walters fu.d two SIX, lis ont
Dearman creek. i.k e.,unsy while
,excavating here iasi week.
j. is ra"i..hi,' '''- q ..y"n pionee,s 8
will h.,i,i Their .I..ne n,rltns at Me-
Minvil!,..
The r e'fc University a, Fores,
Grove 'pr"- with only so Stud .nts.
Yamh.!l .."n " Ot'.l + lows intend
having a srlel'ra'i'n at Dayton on the
26th.
The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, 1881-04-15
SUMMONS.
In Justices Court, before VIM B. Stout
Justice of the Peace.

In Justices Court, before VIM. B. Stout,
Justice of the Peace.
State of Oregon,
County of Benton.
William Mackey, Plaintiff, Civil Action
VIM. G. Clark, Defendant. Money.
To William C. Clark, the above named De
fendant
IN THE NAME OF The STATE OF
Oregon You are hereby required to appear
before the undersigned, Justice of the
Peace for Yaquina precinct in said county,
on the 9th day of April, 1881, at one o'clock
in the afternoon of said day, at the Office Of
said Justice, in said precinct, to answer tie
above named plaintiff in civil action.
The defendant will take notice, that if He
fail to answer the complaint herein the plain.
tiff will take judgment aginst him for two
hundred and forty three dollars and sixty
six cents, together with costs and expenses
of this action.
Given under my hand this 18th day Of
February, 1881.
WIN. B. SroUT,
Justice of the Peace.
hereby certify that the foregoing is .
correct copy of the original now on file in
my Office. WIN. B. Stout. j. 2.
The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, 1881-04-15
WHAT AlL0PATHs SAY.
The ssOld System - Moribund, and the
BOurbOns Transflxed.
"HELp ME, cAssIUs, OR 1 SINK. .

"HELP ME, cAssIUs, OR SINK" !"
s.He who will not reason is bigot, he
who can not is fool, and he who does not is
slave.
II virtually commands the people.
Open your mouths, shut your eyes,
swallow what we give you without
question, and pay us for it!'
Yes, it is their chief object to retain
medicine as an occult science, and
to retain it in their own hands, and
they are moving heaven and earth to
accomplish it.
It is the instinct Of selfpreservatlon
that sooner or later animates all dead
or decadent systems whatsoever.
Like those other Bourdons, transfixed
and immortalized by the pen of Tai
leyrand, too bigoted or stupid to eitL-
er learn or forget anything, conscious
that they are fast losing their grip on
public opinion, and alarmed at the
progress of medical reform outside of
their own ranks, and at the popular
ity Of the new systems and their ad-
herents.
They have invoked the strosIg arm
of the law, not to protect popular in
terests, which is the last thing thoaght
of, but the traditional ignorance, bar
barism and murder of the regular
profession.
Conscious that they are poweriess
to stem the onward and irresistible
march Of free medical ideas and re-
forms in al age of irrepressible prog
ress in all other departments Of hu
man science fully aware that they
are unable to meet the new systems
in the fields Of fact and debate, like
the Jesnits and Bonrbons in all ages,
they aim to secure by prisons and
The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, 1881-04-15

At the commencement of Judge
Shaw's term of Office, less than three
years ago. Marion county was$4o, 600
in debt. to-day iL owes nota penny
and has SIS. Gee to collect.
The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, 1881-04-15

Elk and deer have been driver from
the mounteins to the foot>bills and val
leys of Eastern Oregon. on account Of
snow. Three big elk were killed near
Union last week.
The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, 1881-04-15

physicians as well as invaIids 20 lset It with
confidence. It Is the mDas Iehable remedy
for diseases Of the throat and lungs that scS
ence has produced. It strikes at the tOun-
dation Of all pulmonary diseases, ahordfnE
prompt and certain relief, and IS adapted to
patients Of any age or either SEX Being
very palatable, the youngest children take
ordinary Coughs, Colds, Sore Throat,
Bronchitis, Influenza, Clergyma9&
Sore Throat, Asthma, Group, and Ca
tarrh, the effects Of AYERS CHERRY PFC
ToRAL are magical, and muititudeS are an
nually preserved from serious illness by its
at hand in every household fog the pro
lection it affords in sudden attacks. In
Whooping. cough and Consumption
there is no other remedy 80 eficaciouS,.
soothing, and helpful.
The marvellous cures which ArKn1s
CHERRY PICTORIAL has effected all over the
world are sufficient guaranty that II VIE
continue to produce the best results An
impartial trial will convince the most scepti-
cal of its wonderful curative powers, as welf
as of its superiority over all other PFepara-
tions for pulmonary complaints.
Eminent physicians in all parts ct tie
country, knowing its composition, recon-
mend AYERS CHERRY PEcroRAL to invalids,
and prescribe it in their practice. The test
OF half q century has proved nv sbsoiHse
certainty to cure all pulmonary cosnpfzIHts
not already beyond the reach of human aid.
Prepared by Or. J. G. Aver 4 Co.,
Practical and Analytical CAemisss~
Lowell, Mass.
SOLD By ALL DRUGGISTS EvERYwKEEx.
The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, 1881-04-15
Real Estate for Sale!
SITUATED IN --.---
oRvALLT9. "
Benton County, Oregon.

! TWO VACANT LOTS, in the central part Of tow,
handy to the Westside Depot. One Of Tire most DE-
sirable places for q residence IN the city- I5fan
TWO IMPROVED LOTS, on the main buyine,
street. with small stable, woodshed and good, cor
Portable dwelling house. containing sevengood rooms
These lots nicely situated for amy kind Of bus
LESS purposes. 15j3n
One Steam Planning Mill and Sash and Door Factor
Corvallis with all the nachinery necessary to op1
rate the same in alt respects. The owner there
wants to quit the business, he therefore oheys q
n actoFy for sale at price more than oDc-th;
.han its cost or present yaiue.
All the above property is for sale, reasonable
farms. Forfurther Information concerning the same
inquire of d. 3. WOODCOCK.
At his Law OFFICE, in said CITY Of Corvallis
The Corvallis gazette. [volume] (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1899, 1881-04-15

Having added large lot of New
Material to our office, we are now
better prepared than ever to print
Posters, Circulars, Cards, Bill Heads,
Note Heads, Letter Head 5, Duns. or
anything else in the Job Printing lir.