davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07
FINANCIAL AND CeMmEnCIAL NEWS
FRENCH sTATIsTtCs.
IN. Y. Bhippinu List,l

The following can be read with profit by all
cRsaea of our peoplei
The French Minister Of Agriculture and
Comm cree has just publishe some Interesting
atatiatics concerning the industries OF that
country. The entire population Ia given at
31.eqe,oyo, OF whom Ispeseee are engaged IN
auricu ltural pursuits, Az France is only about
one.thlrd larger thar California, 9 study Of the
methods by which this large population thrlvee
Ia com paratively 40 email a grace cannot but
be Rtte nded with benefit to our people. Almost
10 900 900 of people are epgpEed in eultivattrg a
territory only onesthira larger than that Of this
Etate There are i0,a1o,eoa land owners and
e,6ae,o0e tenants while 100000 are elapsed as
market gardeners, vineeuituriste and the like.
In ali rance there are but 100000 Individuals
who have no special profession, and but 7l,ooo
beesars aud tramps The ipduetry and econ
omy OF the French are proverblal, and TO these
virtues may be added that Of contentment.
They do the beat they can with the means AT
their circumstances will permit with much
Il eee In the way of luxury than Americans gen
orally possess, the. Ftenehman extracts more
comfort from hie lot. The paatin,ea OF their
villagers are inexpensive, but not lese enioya-
BILE. In come respects ECONOMY and thrift
French life IL useful study to American ciu-
!
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07
GOLD COINAGE OF THE UNITED STATES
IDostnn EconomIst.l

slnee 17e2 to The present time the gold coin
age Of the United States mint has amounted to
si 100 900 900 Of which 900 5000 have been ia
sued .ance 1850. Since i12e the gold coinage Of
the French mint haa amounted to II 900 900 400
francs, of which 1900 900 100 have been iesued
Hince 1864. Since 1909 the gold eonage of the
nritisn min has amounted tn se6 900 900 pounds
sterling, of which ieB eooooo pounds have
been Issued since 1850. Since 1894 the
gold coinage Of the nssian mint
has amounted to sop. 900 GEO roubles, of which
600 900 900 roubles have been Issued since 1850.
The sovereign Of England contains I1s erains
Of pure metal; the new tloubloon of Spain and
the half-aHale of the United states li6 grains
each: The gold lion Of the Netherlands and the
double ounce Of Sicily 1T grains each and the
twenty. Ave frame piece Of France ~ grains. y
aystem of coinage throughout the world. 80
that the coins Of one nation may circulate In
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07
FUTURES.

IOur sales and quotations are from The of
ciat bulletin board Of the NeW Orlenna Cbtfo,i
Erchdnge, and comprise all transactions re-
ported bu the Epchange TO the close Of bust
nesa.l
Futures opened easy, ruled a shade steadler
at noon. aud closed easy. The sales summed
up 1910o bales, including 1900 between calls
against a total yesterday OF IA 100 ineulinR H.
500 between calls. The movement was nfinel-
paly In Mays aud Junes. the sales OF the
former comprising 400 bales and of the latter
ROO and the market sho we'd marked falling
Off on all months as will be seen By the details
below.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07
FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL.
safrrtnn or rnn nA1t.Y DEMOCRAT.
Tuesday Evening. April o. 1890.
DAILY REVIEW.

Money continued easy.
Foreign exchange was steady
New York sight was nrmer for commercial.
State Console we're A6a7s pet cent higher. and
Premium Bonds about u.
Stocks we're nuiet,
spot cotton was weak and irregular here and
futures materially lower. Spots declined Ac nj
New York. and futures showed a marked fall
nR or.
Liverpool spots we're easier. but futures were
steadier. Manchester was firm. No kilograms
were received from Havre.
Sugar continued weak for the lower grades,
and steady for the better qualities.
Melasses was strong.
Rice was active aud strong.
preadstuEfs we're quiet and steady
Grain Arm aud hay uutet.
Provisions were In demand and stronger.
Groceries. fruit and country products showed
little animation or uuotable variation.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07
NEW ORLEANS MARKET.
- Ept,'rH.

SPOTS.
Under the course OF the market at New York
spots we're weak aud irregular. aud the move
ment was restricted by the 'ndispositlon Of
buyers to go on except ut concessions which
factors refused to grant. though they offered
fair styles freely MT quotations. The sales were
confined to 1850 bates. exclusive Of 400 yester-
day.
The Cotton Exchange reported sales TO. day
ssso bales. including soo bales after u. IN. yes
terday. Market weak and Irregular. Stained
,s@he less than white of the same grade.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07
DETAIL OF sALMs.


Before Ffrst Odli-kIay, 900 nj tp.46.; June, 99t
at u "a 100 Mt 1aBi; total, 900 bales.
FIRST CaH-Mar, 100 at II 40 COO nj ~ AZ; June
100 nj ~ 90. 900 at 1850 100 Mt t2.4p: september
nm ut II % tntnl 1000 hhlss
Het'eee', FNst and Second Calls May, 100 At
i23e, 400 mt tp3e 400 at IA 8p 700 a IA 40 400 Al
~ Al June 100 AT I24y 400 at 10 a. 400 at IL A.
100 Mt ~ 40, 400 at u t6. total g4to bales.
Second Can.-May. 100 at ta4o: june 400 at
~ 4G total, 900 bales.
Betireen Seoond and Third Cdlis-May 400 Mt
IA Al $40 at ~ 40 100 at IA 80; June 500 at H. Al.
600 mt ~ a., la0o at IL 4s; total, $500 bales.
Third Cnn-April, 100 at IL % May 900 at IA Al
June, 100 at "a "a, laNo at 12tt 9n0 at l2 Al. hep
tember, 100 at II W 100 at iI.g6; December, 200
atl GG total, $500 bales.
After Third Gail May 500 nj 1897; June. 400 at
12.i3 October 400 nj II 40. total hoo bales,
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07

1890 and yet In 1894 Mr.. Pitt, who was Prime
Minister. epnclpsively proved that. should
peace be maintained. he could pay of the whole
debt In fifteen years. .-..
If We w,uuita tey tiff ttsbt aHa heee.an REALLY
free. and avoid. regulation, we must have
ever has existed. and one that requires but
very little change but what signifies poltty II
the government under II be nnt good We want
administrations that shall be- upright, Wise.
firm and peaceful and devoted to the mainte
nance Of an enlightened public policy"
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07
DOM EsTIOt MARK Ell
NEW YORK MARK EFT.

Bpors Easy nt sc decline from yesterday g
rates. The regulat saies oomprised 1894 bales,
and tho deliveries on contract 100 halsa,
Quotati Ordinary lilo. Good Ordinary
i - lee strict a9nd oTdnnry u l1leo hey Md
Oriaane I2tse, and Middling Texas 1915.
FuTuREs Opened weak. ruled easy mt
noon hut nlont,h atopdy.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07
G0TE0N.

Our quotations Of Domestic and Foreign
Markets. are from the closing telogrdns, ond
our Cbtton stdttstics from the Neg Orleans Lht-
Ton Exchanged
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07
Prom Emin ent wilmer Brfnt0n, IN. ID.
Baltimore, Nd.

I have used Coiden's Liebig's Liquid Ex-
tract Of Beef and Tonic Invigorator In my
practice and have been much zratidsd with the
result. Az q tonic in all cases OF debility. weak
ness. AMANDA. ohiorosls, etc. u c0znos be s,ara
passed.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07
TATE UONaOLs AND PREMIUM nONDt
All THM N. o. HTnnK NX1HANAN
STATE uoNsoLs AT NEW YoRl

STATE CONSOLE AT NEW YORK.
II 80 a. m, EnA bid
Avs u. m, BoA eaies.
UNITED STATES bonds.
N Drleaps New York. London.
Hid. Asked. Bid Asked. Bid, Asked
v @. .1oGa iofA lois to7is 1ops -
Ak,@c... tna
ss. new. 1o1S
Governments active and firm,
SrouKs.-The before The folioping g,totG-
ttons Of atocks tndtcutes areekip quotations Of
The Nele Orleans Stock Exchange; The I, ias
sdte since Fasdap: the !. last sale today; q,
With Dividend e. eB diDidend.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07
EFT RECEIPTS Ar UNITED STATES PORTS

Total ........ 6.93s 81 900 ga az $50
Net receipts since Sspt l. This year. Last yenr.
AT THE rort ............... 1877 .b34 LII 57
At all u, 3, ports ..-,........4 1896 $40 a16p T34
FOREIGN EXPORTS SINCE SEPTEMBER /.
At this port at NIL U. 3. ports
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07
slBNu m " pssEAE.

lOu quotations represent Mhotesaie prices
except tchen job lots are specified.
TOBACCO.
LnAF FTeHACoo-The running stock Ia ioo
hhds, part OF which Ia held for local delivery and
grades are In request and higher than the
following quotations. which are for export
tobacco: Low lugs Bsep4e y II, medium AZ
@4ho, good and nne 4A@Ee Low leaf sh@
sac. medium ek@7ke, good and fine 7s0stse.
selections pDtpe
MANUFACTURED TOBACCO Quiet. Fine plug
eoasToc v ID, nne medium en0eoe Bright quarters
common sound, 9tGp4B, Bright navy. AZ and
5's, ao@eoc Black sweet s70sge No. I, B's and
lo'a. dark hlaes sweet aaaAae. Navy Ms black
94dp4ee. navy sc black sa@ase. Fancy styles.
natural leaf. t2847e: No. 1. Ibs. extra fancy
aT0p&t,
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1880-04-07

SPoTs-A shade easier. at yeste rday's rates ::
7#d for Middling Uplands and 7-16d for Mid
ding Orleans. The salea comprised 5000 bales,
OF which 5000 were American. The receipts con-
prised % 900 bales OF which 25, 800 were Ameri-
can.
FuTuREs- Opened steady and closed steadier.
DELIVERIES Uplands. any port. not below
Low Midding. we're quoted as follows: January
:. February :, March - April T-a2d April and
May 7-32d, May and June 77,92d. June and
July 7-3ad. July aud August 2 k@y 9-a2GD7 Nd.
tober 7-s2d. October and November 6Ad. No
vember and December ID. December ID.
MANCHES TER MARKET.
Firm. Not much doing.
HAVRE RKET.
No kilograms we're received to- day from
Havre, but for reference we give Mondays quo
tstions:
Flrmer: not duotably higher. Quotations
IS francs for Tres Ordinaire tspot) and SO for
Low Middling taa ,atl.
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18
SHERIFF'S SALE.

CTATE OF LOUISIANA, Seventeenth Ju.
- dieial District Court, Parish of East Baton
Rouge. W. g Waller VS.. Geo w. Corcoran.
No. 3
By virtue OF writ OF seizure and sale issued
in the above entitled and numbered cause and
TO me directed from the Honorable Court afore.
said holden in and for said parish and State,
have seized and will expose TO Public sale, in
front Of the Courthouse door of said parish. on
Saturday, the 18th day of January
next A. d., 1881, between the hours of eleven
O'Clock A. NJ and four o'clock p. NJ. of said
day, all the right, title interest and claim of
the defendant George W. Cochran, an absen.
tee represented by Lindsay D. Beaie Curator
al hoe, in and to the following described mort
gagged property tO.wt:
4 CERTAIN PARCEL OF LAND, MEAS
uring 100 feet front on Front street, running to
Second street, being all of Lot No. 4, and IS feet
OF Lot No, 3, in Square No. !, in that part of the
city of Baton Rouge laid ont by Gilbert Leon.
ard. being the same property belonging former.
ly TO the succession OF Philip Hickey, deceased,
and purchased at the sale thereof by W. g.
Waller. See Book "R," folio $40 of COnyen.
tional Mortgages Of this parish. The above will
be sold in two lots of 50 feet front each, as
shown on plat on day OF sale.
Seized to pay and satisfy the amount of udg.
ment, interest and costs claimed in the above
entitled and numbered suit
Terms If sale--cash with the benefit of ap
praisement J. w. BATES, Sheriff
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18
KRIS klNCLE SANTA CLAUS,
The Old Surgeons Mystery.
A Tale Of the Charity Hospital at New
Orleans.
Globe Democrat.

Globe democrat.
1t was near the holidays in the Crescent
City. The Charity Hospital was over
crowded with patients, but the younger
members of the faculty had been granted
few weeks leave of absence. 1t seemed
the people Of New Orleans had chosen
the most inopportune time to fall victims
to accident, casualty and disease; SO
much SO that the older physicians were
scarcely permitted to leave the building,
and the old, gray-haired chief of sur
geons remained every night till near the
morning hours.
This was an unusual thing with DR..
Dardenne, for the Oldest employee of the
hospital could not remember when the
Doctor had staid over night in the insti-
tuition. DR.. Dardenne was a very tall,
straight man, iron-gray hair, q gray
moustache, dark complexion and black
eyes; in short, the appearance of a
Frenchman with the manners and char
aCteristics of an Englishman. His every
attitude was indicative of great nervous
energy and intellectual power, while his
firmly closed lips and overshadowing
brows expressed, in the language of the
street, that she wouldn't do to fool
with" but could be counted on i'll a
daring emergency.
On this particular night, several stu
dents, who had been assisting at a sur
gical operation performed upon one of the
patients of the Charity Hospital, were
grouped together in the waiting room of
the building, learnedly discussing the
method and probable result of the opera
tion. At last, one of the number Oh
served that DR., Dardenne had entered
the room and was nervously walking up
and down the floor.
81 say, jennings" said Il student,
"now is our time to get at old Dardeuue's
mystery. He's in a good humor tonight,
and our opportunity may not occur again
soon. What do You say"
They all agreed, but it is easier to
agree than to act in compliance there
with, for DR.. Dardenne, though kind
and gentle as woman, was always dig
nitied and unapproachable.
A long silence ensued, which was only
disturbed by the doctors firm, quick
tread, as he continued his journey to and
fro. At length the students lit the gas
Jets upon the centre-table and seated
themselves. Then they waited, and
when the silence grew oppressive, DR..
Dardeune suddenly turned upon them
with: ..... .r
"Well, young gentlemen ! What is OH
your minds, and why are You so quiet
this evening I"
Doctor" said Jennings, 'there has
been whispered story concerning your
self and the hospital, and the gossiping
students have made wonderful mystic
ry of it. Now, sir, ifnot intruding upon
privacy, we would be pleased to hear
the story from your own lips"
The doctors face hardened in an in
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18
R0bt. f. Hereford, VI. d..

OFFERS his professional services to the citi.
~ zens OF Baton Rouge and vicinity.
OhCe--Corner Lafayette and Florida streets
Ronecaze Building. INSTRUMENTATION street,
between st, Ferdinand and St Louis streets
Refers by permission to Dr. 7. J. Burlington,
Hon. \. Heron Andrew Jackson, VIM. Garig,
Rev, DR., Goodrich Major w. Z, Chtverus and
Messrs. Courier s. McNair.
Baton Rouge, January 10th, 1850
Having known DR. HEREFORD for many
years II affords me pleasure to recommend him
to the citizens Of Baton Rouge, as gentleman
and physician entirely worthy OF their conf.
depce. QanI7Iyl TH0S. j. BURLINGTON.
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18
NO. 100

'sBut the great mystery was, and il,
how that corpse first got ont Of and then
under the bed" tf.lf
It is still the mystery Of the Charity
Hospital. Robert NJ. YosT.
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18
HERE I AM,
Little Folks

With my pockets filled with letters and
and great many surprises stored away
in answer thereto at WRITINGS. While
/ have presents for all Of you, it depends
entirely upon how YOU obey your
parents-whether my gifts are accepta-
bic or not | hope that my little friends
will coax their Pas and Mas to 60 to
WRITINGS at once and check off what
| have to give them. My abode will be
at W1TTNGs-and you will be surpris-
ed to find how many Toys, Fancy Goods
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18

and Christmas Gifts Of every description have there For
the little boy girl who promises be his her good
behavior for the next year. learn all of their lessons and run
their errands promptly have got something real splendid
shall not slight any Of you-and my country friends are
cordially invited to visit nae at WTTNGs on Third street.
opposite Pixies Bank. Where came FROM you know it is
very very coldn fact the people eat candles to keep
warm-and that's the why you dressed so
warmly Please write down-WIrTING's ON THIRD STREET.
and obige your we'll wisher
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18

DOR an elegant Cashmere Basket Kid, Foxed
Il or French Kid Button Boot, We weuld advise
the ladies TO 90 TO ROSENFIELDS.
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18
LOCAL DIRECTORY.

I STEENSEN, Druggist, dealer in drug, mcdi,
~ cines, chemicals, cigars, fancy anu toilet
articles, Third street
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18

/ 0UtSTANA CAPITOLIAN Book and Job
IL Printing establishment, Oh Third street, is
one Of the most complete in the State.
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18

A ROSENFIELD, dealer III dry goods, ready
"A made clothing boots and shoes, hats and
.Caps all OF the latest styles.
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18

NAM. GARIG, Forwarding and Commission
w Merchant, dealer i'll plantation supplies
and general steamboat, purchasing aud collec'
tinp agent Front street.
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18

A NDREW JACKSON, Cotton Buyer and
"A dealer In groceries and plantation supplies,
northeast corner of Main and Third streets.
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18
VOL. 2.
ATTORNEYS.

Ii SLANG, ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR
IL. At Law, Donaldsonville, La. Will prac
tice In all the courts of the State OF Louisiana.
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18
THE CELEBRATED svPn1.
AT STEENSEN'S !Rf5a f7sTP

| AIDES, Misses and Childrens Shoes, from
IL the lowest grade TO the best made, at rock
bottom prices, at ROSENFIED'S
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18

MANUEL RODRIGUEZ, Lafayette street,
Ifl Manufacturer of Choice Cigars.
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18

M ISIS 7. BERTRAND Mtlliner dealer in
WI Millinery Goods aud Fancy Goods. Main
street
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18

The press Of the Southern States is re-
spectfully requested to publish the fol-
lowing letter of Prof. Warehouse on
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18

~ u. THOMAS, dealer in Fancy aud Staple
IL. Groceries and Dry Goods, nj Tim Dug.
gan old stand, on Main street.
Louisiana capitolian. (Baton Rouge, La.) 1879-1881, 1880-12-18

" LILLIAN GESELI., worker in tin, copper
w and sheet iron, and dealer in stoves, tin.
ware and Crockeryware cor Third and Florida
Towanda daily review. [volume] (Towanda, Pa.) 1879-1921, 1880-02-04
BUSINESS LOCALS.

n>9J'At MYER & DEyOE'S market is the
place TO get tender steaks and nice roasts.
OvERCOATs SO cheap that you can afford to
buy two or three, AT ROsENFIELD's clothing
store.
E-Myer & Devoe are receiving fresh
Oysters daily, ut their market. Bridge st.
n-EfMYER & DEvoc keep the largest and
town.
If you want the best vegetables, the largest
oysters, the best cuts OF meat, and the finest
sausage to be found in Towanda, call on Mr..
MULJOCK, ut the old Market, just south Of
the Ward House,
n1H@Jacobs is selling Overcoats all the way
from 81 up to any price you are willing to
pay.
Don't put off your Christmas purchases
until the last moment. FITCH has full line
of candies and contections, and now is the
time to make your selections.
Cigars of about every known brand at
FITCH'S.
j. a. MANVILLE, Towanda, Pa, will Sc
strictly first class Pianos and Organs at great
ly reduced prices for the next sixty days.
Pianos and Organs Tuned and Rep ircd.
Office with G. nj. MANVILLE, on Sd street.
The continued mild weather has muuccu
ROSENFIELD. the Clothing merchant, To re-
duce the price of Overc0ats and other winter
Clothing. Call and secure bargains. There
will be plenty of cold weather yet.
nZY7If you want stylish hat, cheaper than
you ever bought one, call 1T ROsENFIEID's
clothing store.
Prices way down in Gents fine and coarse
boots and shoes. All goods warranted as
represented, ut BLUM'S.
For good, durable and neat fitting shoe,
go to BLUM's.
Towanda daily review. [volume] (Towanda, Pa.) 1879-1921, 1880-02-04
Personal.

Mr.. ACKLEY, the singing-master, failed to
keep his appointment again last evening.
Judge DUsENBERRIE, general agent A. L.
& S. f. railroad lands, paid us visit this
morning. Judge D. has resided in Kansas
several years, is pleasant, affable, intelligent
gentleman.
e. OVERTON WARD, Of Bernice, was among
the many callers at the RETIEw Office this
morning. He is enjoying himself sleigh
riding with his friends in town to-day.
OILS will address the people of this county on
the subject of western emigration. They are
both candid men and good takers.
Towanda daily review. [volume] (Towanda, Pa.) 1879-1921, 1880-02-04
Superintendent's Notes.

Visited the following schools: Feb. o
Hcrrick, Greenvilc, John Taylor; Orwell,
Pleasant Hill. r. BrUtsman; South Hill, Ed
ward AIlis.
Feb. 3.-Marsh, Norman Chafiee; Stevens
vile, j. G. Ingham and Eva Briggs. Dircc-
tors g. j. and II. c. Ais, and s. Myrade. p.
Henderson,, A. Parks aud j. OrshaW were
present at Pleasant Hill school, which has
just opened under present teacher. Mr.. Fay
lor is doing well. Patrons are much pleased
with Mr.. ChafIee's school, which is tlrat-cass.
Directors b. Bolles, II. Bolles and p. McCan-
lev were present at Marsh school; Miss
Briggs is doing nicely.
Towanda daily review. [volume] (Towanda, Pa.) 1879-1921, 1880-02-04
WANTS..

J1der this head zoe ,oU insert FREE, notices of
situations Or hetp s0nRted.
A good girl. Enquire of Mrs. W. G. TRACY.
A good girl to do housework,
Mrs. PETER MCINTYRE.
% Street.
Mrs CURRAN, on street west of FROsr'S
Furniture factory, would like work at plain
sewing, tailoring, carpet making, or washing
and ironing.
A young man of good moral habits wishes
Il situation in "a Dry Goods or Grocery store,
three years experience, Good references
Auply to the editors of this paper.