davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-24

bridge timbers and trestling, as we'll
as telegraph poles. For the latter
chestnut and cedar are mostly used.
They bring about S1.75 apiece, and
are cut mostly i'll the Tamaraca
swamps of Michigan and the forests
ofSouthern Kentucky and Tennessee.
Large sums of money have been
made by lucky contractors above de.
scribed, and each only adds to in.
creased demands, Ohio has over
100000 acres woodland, yet the
ever increasing demand for railroad
purposes alone, if supplied entirely
from our forests, would leave us
without single stick to mark the
existence of our once dense forest.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-24
Heeling-in Trees and Transplant
ing.

From the Country Gentlen0G.
Many planters of fruit trees pre-
fer to procure them from nurseries
IN autumn, when there is longer
time and less hurry, and when a bet
ter selection may be made. Some
are planted out at once, and others
heeled in till spring. Hardy kinds,
as apple, pear and cherry, may be
set out in localities sheltered from
severe winds, but if much exposed,
their vigor is retarded the following
season. Trees which are SO hardy
as never to be winter killed, have
been kept back some weeks in spring
by the check given them by the in
tense cold. AS general rule, there
fore, it is better to heel them in and
protect them for :he winter. But
here special caution is required.
Many trees are ruined by the care
less manner in which the work is
done. Interstices are left among the
small roots, causing injury and dry
ing up when they thaw. In addition
to this loss, the trees are sometimes
ruined by mice. Proper care, early
given, will save the trees from both
these disasters. TO prevent inter-
stices among the roots, never throw
on earth in clods or masses, but use
only such as has been finely pMver-
lied. Apply 1t in small quantities at
a time, and see that it passes between
all the roots and perfectly fills the
spaces. To prevent the depreda-
lions of mice, surround the trees with
rising bank OF smooth earth. Mice,
when burrowing under snow, are at
once stopped when they come to
bank OF smooth and bare earth.
Hence the common and effectual
remedy ia young orchards of small
mound of earth around each tree in
winter to exclude mice. When heel.
ingin trees, always select a piece of
clean mellow ground, and after the
task is completed, raise the earth
around them, and beat the surface
smooth with the spade. Tn shell.
tered places, under the lee side of
evergreen screens, the trees may be
placed upright.
When it becomes necessary to set
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-24
THE FLORIDA AGRICULTURIST.

pounds in neutralizing the sui
phurous acid gas; it is, therefore,
expected that the deposit of sulphate
OF lime, which materially intertered
with the working of the concentra-
tors last season, will be very consid-
erably reduced, if not completely
removed, more especially because
they are not in a condition analogous
to steam boilers out of which only
steam is taken; on the contrary,
from them at least 40 per cent. Of the
entering fluid flows out again, and
must carry a large proportion Of
slightly soluble and suspended mat.
tiers with il, The rapidity OF the
process of getting the juice to the
state OF syrup, when it is safe from
fermentation, is best illustrated by
comparison with Bene Mazar. In
that mill particle of juice in travel
ing through the apparatus remains
two hours in the juice tank and clari-
fiers, two hours in the charcoal FL
ters an hour and three>quarters in
the triple-action concentrators - in
all, FIVE hours and three-quarters,
while at Aba the Same sagte is
reached in less than two hours, or in
one.third the time.
(Tn he co11f53ll,e/7i
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-24
Orange Marmalade.
From the Florida Union.

! Il TOHt We II tOTtuu Cn1O3t.
For the benefit of our lady read
ers, we print the following excellent
and practical recipe for making
| orange marmaIade
lake from thirty to forty sour
oranges; peel them, set the pulp
aside in an earthen dish till next day.
Put the peels into a deep basin,
cover them with pure cold rain water
let them soak twenty four hours,
changing the water three or four
times. Now. put the peels into a
porcelain kettle cover we'll With
cold rain water, let them boil until
they are quite tender; change the
water three times, each time using
boiling water, keeping the last used
boiling water for other use. Take
up the peels, drain them, spread them
out on something fiat; now put into
the kettle the pulp of the oranges,
crushing each in the hand. 70 this
add about three pints of the water
saved after boiling the peels; let all
boil thoroughly one hour. While
this is boiling, scrape off all the white
soft part from the peels, shreding
the yellow portion into very little
strips. Now take the contents OF
the kettle, strain it two or three
times, till it is pure as amber. There
ought to be about seven and half
pints of juice, it not make up the
lack by using water in which the
skins were boiled. 10 that seven
and half pints OF JUICE, put ten
pounds OF white sugar, let it come
to boiling, then add the SHREDDED
peeIs, about five pints; this will
stop the boiling some time, but when
it begins to boil again, look at the
hour. 1t ought to begin to jelly in
about one hour and quarter, but
as there IS q difference IN oranges, II 7
will be well 10 test it from time to
time until stiff enough.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-24
NOVEMBER "a.

out young trees in autumn, those
which have short roots and large
tops will require stalking against the
action of wind. Without such stiff
enine they could scarcely survive the
twisting in the soil to which they
would be subjected The stake is
driven before the hole is filled, and
the tree secured with bass or straw
ropes. 1t is much better, however,
to procure smaller trees, with broad
and ample roots, which will hold
them firmly against wind, and the
addition of the mound of earth,
will afford farther security, and serve
to protect the roots from the cold of
winter.
Among the harder trees and
plants which may be taken up in
autumn, apple trees, gooseberries
and currants are perhaps the most
hardy. 1t must be remembered.
however, that the mutilation of the
roots always renders them tenderer
for the time, and it is well, therefore
to give them all the protection
which we have indicated. With
sufficient care, peach trees and other
halt tender trees may be safely VIM
tered and set out in spring. The
peach will bear heavier cutting.in OF
the branches than most other kinds.
butt is better to leave this opera.
ton till spring, covering up most
of the stems and branches with as
light soil as can be selected. A
heavy, winter soaked soil will be
more likely to rot the buds.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-24
Unfermented Wine.

Gather clean, ripe grapes; strip
them from the stems; put them into
a stew kettle and bring to a boil
turn them into sack, press out the
Juice; put the juice back into the
kettle and bring it again to the boil
ing point; then set it off and with a
funnel fill it into bottles-champagne
bottles are best-till they are full.
Have some strong muslin cut into
pieces two inches square, as many as
here are bottles to be filled; then
melt some resin in convenient YES
sci; add thereto sufficient tallow to
render it slightly elastic, so that 1t
will not break or crack in cooling
and admit air With this melted
resin cover one side of the two-inch
square cloth; lay it over the mouth
OF the bottle and with the hand press
it down around the neck OF the bot
tie; tie little string around it, then
put a little more resin over the top.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-24
ITO be co1ltinued.j
Smoke as IL Preventative TO Frost.

From the Rirerside Press.
Mr.. A. Langenberger, of hnaheim
recently sent letters of inquiry to
prominent vineyardists OF Napa
county, in which he asks
1st-Do the vineyardists of your
neighborhood use smoke as proven
tative of frost
2d-Has it proved successful
3d-What do they use to make
heavy smoke?
4th-What distance do they put
the smoking places or fires
G. Krug, of st. Helena, answered
as follows.
Smoke prevents frost. l put in a
Rfd'aaae'akachen Rtanaee (pancake PAM
one quart OF coal tar; Their lay red
wood or pine sticks across. Keep
pile of some dry wood close at hand;
also good sized pile of green grass,
or rotten straw and manure. When
the thermometer sinks down at 8
o'clock in the morning to go, l get
up and watch the weather. When
down to IS ., | call the men up about
4 o'clock; give each (a) matches; (b)
one pint OF coal oil (c) bag full Of
shavings. Then we all 90 to the
northwest side of the field, distribute
lie men; ana Il fgli fTffaa III HaSs an
the fires, fifty OF sixty, burning and
smoking. You must start the fires
halt an hour before the sun rises, tor
the purpose Of preventing the rays
OF the sun from touching the frozen
leaves and blooms before the frost,
by the raised temperature is melted.
Keep smoking till the thermometer
is up to Sc again.
AS a matter OF course, you will
know how to apply the material
mentioned. The grass gives, thrown
on the cross pieces of wood, the best
smoke You had better experiment
with your men beforehand.
l forgot to say that | keep besides
a pile OF wood, and Z pile OF grass,
also five gallon can OF, coal oil on
hand, to help the fire and smoke
along.
Charles A. Gardner, editor of the
St. Helena STIR, and secretary OF thu
st. Helena Vinicultural Society, als'
gives the following information, all
OF which we take from the AnaheiEp
Gazette:
I. They do use smoke.
=. 1t has proved successful.
3. They make it with coal tar 1pro-
duced at gas factories) as follows
First, a pile Of brush (the trimmings
of the vines); pour over that few
gallons of the tar (Which is very
cheap set fire to it, it OF course
bazes up brightly; then throw on
the manure, which smothers the
flames and makes it smoke instead.
4. The distance apart of the smok,
ing piles is about thirty yards.
When the wind is likely to come
from a certain direction, there is no
need of having these smokes on any
but the windward side, and one line
OF smokes will cover very large ter
ritory TO the leeward. ltyou are not
certain which direction the wind will
come from, it would OF course be pru-
dent to have smoke piles prepared on
different sides.
Our people inform me that it is
not the freezing, but the sudden
thaw;ng out that hurts. For instance,
il the freezing were followed by a
cloudy day, when the sun was kept
from the vines, 1t would be all right ;
but if it strikes directly on them as
soon as it rises, and keeps it up until
they are thawed ont, the mischief is
done. 1t is to keep the sun off them
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-24

the next morning that the smoke is
made; and to this end it is only
necessary to produce it before sun
rise after the frost and keep the vines
covered with it till 8 to 10 o'clock.
The degree of cold taken as a stand
ard is about 80 above Fair When
not so cold in the morning, no smoke
is deemed necessary; when so cold,
or colder il is.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-24
How Railroads Eat up Forests.

| From the Cincinnati Commercial.
But few people have compare.
lively any idea of the amount of tim.
Der used i'll the construction of a sin
gle railroad. We hear that our for.
ests are rapidly disappearing, and we
know that material for building and
fuel causes the sacrifice of many
leaty monarchs OF the forest; vet
only the initiated knows that it
yearly takes 100000 acres of forests
to supply oss-ties for the railroads
of the United States. We inter-
viewed gentleman who had been
in the business for thirteen years, and
concluding that his observations and
experience would be of interest, we
give the substance of his talk. 1t
takes 100000 ties to supply the
demand on railroads, for which
on an average the contractors get
IS cents apiece, making in the ag-
gregate S5,250,00O. In building a
Yfsw road s:se Co. scss7s sigdfs "a
200 ties to the mile, while it takes
300 ties to the mile to keep con.
structed road III repair. Contrac-
tors, Of course, buy pieces OF timber
laud as near to the proposed line of
road as possible, paying for the tim
Der an average of about 500 per
acre or giving the proprietor OF the
land 10 cents for every tie got out.
The average OF good piece Of tim
Der land is 200 ties to the acre and
twelve ties to the tree. The size of
a cross tie differs on different roads,
but the usual size demanded is eight
feet six inches long and eight inches
face. White Or burr oak is consid-
cred the best timber for the purpose,
although cherry, maple, ash and even
locust have been used. The last
named were first used on the Little
Miami Railroad, and alter time
thrown aside as unfit tor the purpose.
Railroad men much prefer ties hewn
out with an axe to those sawed in a
mill, and many contend that the first
named will considerably outlast the
sawed ties. This theory is probably
a mistaken tallacy, as sawed ties have
been placed alongside OF hewn ties
and remained sound twice as long.
This business gives employment to
an army of choppers, who are paid
10 cents apiece for each tie. A con-
tinued practice makes the choppers
expert in the use of the axe, and a
single man has been known to get
out thirty'five ties in day; yet the
average is only ten, while an expert
wilfprobably get out twenty. Dur
ing the war, when ties sold at from
81 TO % cents, choppers were paid
123 cents apiece. Although the con-
tractor gets IS cents apiece from the
railroads for each tie, still there is a
loss of from 8 to per cent. on dock
age and stealage An inspector is
sent by the company to inspect the
ties. This is generally clerk from
some of the Offices, who frequently
knows but little as regards the
strength or durability of timber, and
as a. consequence, some of the best
ties are docked and only bring ~
cents apiece, The stealage is where
the section men put in new ties
which have not been inspected and
received, and tail to report the use
of the same 10 the roadmaster. Most
all cross.tie men also contract for
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-24


lieved, is the only one ever built
expressly for the use Of sulphuric
acid, and hence the success which was
Immediately attained.
Gin the simple Qualification with
lime, great care should be taken to
add the exact quantity necessary to
neutralize the organic acids in the
juice The salts of lime then formed
chiefly acetate-are all soluable,
and are not deposited if concentra-
ton follows rapidly but If there is
an excess OF lime, or long exposure
TO the air, the carbonate is formed at
the expense of the atmosphere, and
becomes very troublesome. AT Bene
Mazar, last crop, the Qualification
was constantly under European sup
ervislon, and so carefully done that,
al tie end OF the season, there was no
deposit whatever, either in the triple
Nacun'n pans and, as excellent white
nAn Mas made, it is pesumabie
l';a he correct quantity OF milk OF
ne Was used. This varied between
"he md one fourth gallon to two and
eye Ian gallons, at 100 Beaume,
corresponding to from one aud one
mrd pound TO two AID two.third
lo'fnos OF caustic lime or say an aver
ato OF two pounds OF caustic lime per
3aritier 1888 gallons. .AtAba, during
10y experiments, oDe-halfpound OF sui
iur WAS actually consumed tor 400
.Aons OF juice; but this quantity, in
sequence of the imperfect arrange
ments Tor "gassing," was greatly in
@cess OF what was necessary tor
clarltication. Laboratory expert
ments seem to Indicate that about
one.tenth of pound per $50 gallons
will be sufficient. The lime required
TO neutralize this will be nearly the
same weight, and therefore will form
but per cent. Of the lime necessary
Tor tempering i'll the ordinary man.
her; that Is to ray, 4 per cent. more
lime will be required by the sulphur
rous acid process than by the urdi-
nary method of DELEGATION and this
is probably little, if any, more than
the syrup, as it leaves the coAcenlra-
tors, will be able to retain i'll solution.
The lime required at Aba, if used in
the same proportion TO the JUICE as
at Bene Mazar, would be two and
tive-tentns pounds per clarifer in
creased only to two and six>tenths
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-24
VarietiesOf the Sugar-Cane.
NUMBER Xxi.

Simmons.
A valuable contribution TO the
"Chemistry and Physics OF Sugar
Manufacture" was also given in the
foregoing paper by Nj. George Ogs-
ton, analytical chemist, in the follow
ing terms:
The property OF sulphurous acid
gas, or of salts containing that gas,
such as the bisulphite OF lime, in pre-.
venting or arresting fermentation and
III bleaching vegetable substances, is.
well known. 1t seems to have been
applied to the manufacture of sugar
from cane juice as early as. 1885,
when Mr.. E. Stole took ont patent
for discoloring saccharine matter by
sulphurous acid gas instead OF animal
charcoal; and subsequent patents
have been taken out in 1S49, 1850,
1857, and 1862, for similar purposes.
But it does not appear that any
marked success has attended the use
OF tie gas, though 1t is incomparably
cheaper than the bisulphite of lime,
which at present is largely employed
in the British West India colonies
1t may be that the latter substance
finds favor on account of its pot re.
curing special apparatus for its
application but l am inclined to
think that sulphurous acid gas has
failed from two causes. In the first
place, it has to be applied quite as
carefully as the lime used in ordinary
tempering. Being extremely soluble,
juice will take it up to the extent OF
thirty three times its own volume,
and hence great excess is easily and
imperceptlbly added, only to require
neutralizlng again by lime, which
forms sulphite and bisulphite of lime;
the latter being wholly soluable in
the weak cane juice, but is in part
changed, at the expense of the atmos &
phere, into the sulphate, which, al
though soluble in about $50 volumes .
OF hot water, is deposited rapidly on {
the surfaces of the COMMENTATORS and '
vacuum pans, rendering them ineffic. l
Pnt, and extravagant in fuel. In the a
second place, the gas has always been Q
Lrled at existing factories, most prob t
ably with very defective and slow O
hence the juice, (which u
+ quickly concentrated-not, how d
'ver, In vessels heated by direct fire, 4
IS IN 'taiches' and would o
ave made white sugar. has been de- 81
,raced till all the benefits OF the gas, n
Gallipolis journal. [volume] (Gallipolis, Ohio) 1837-1919, 1880-10-14
GEN. GRANT ON HANCOCK.
A HIGHLY IMPORTANT IN
TERVIEW WITH THE
EX-PRESIDEN

Why Gen. Grant Was Willing to
be President Agaln--The Inside
History of Order No. 40-Hts
Views About Hancock-Presi-
dent JOhnsOn-What the LOU
Islana Rebels Offered for One
DAYS POwer-The LeYee Bond
JOb-Phll. Sheridan-SenatOr
Conkling.
Gallipolis journal. [volume] (Gallipolis, Ohio) 1837-1919, 1880-10-14
OYSTERS

Ii you are In need of Stove Re-
pairs call on King L Dages and they
will fit you out.
Gallipolis journal. [volume] (Gallipolis, Ohio) 1837-1919, 1880-10-14
3 r Q III s
THE PEOPLES POPULAR
oNE PRICE STo.

An endless assortment of Ladies Dress Goods in COLI
Brocades Novelties coored and black Silks and all the
Flannel Suiting The largest variety of M l5 and zoe
offered ALI the qualities in Skrting. Dress and Trmn
black All the new STYLES in Dress Ginghams.
Gallipolis journal. [volume] (Gallipolis, Ohio) 1837-1919, 1880-10-14

Jno. Dages L Co. now have the
largest and cheapest line Of staple
Wool and Fur Hats in the city.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1880-05-12
Small beginnings.

A traveller through dusty road strewed
acorns on the lea;
And one took root and sprouied up, and grew
into tree.
Love sought its shade, at evening time, to
breathe its early vowsi
And age was pleased, in heats OF noon, to
back beneath its boughs;
The dormouse loved its dangling twigs, the
birds sweet music bore;
It stood glory in its place, blessing ever
more.
A little sprig had lost its way amid the grass
and fern,
assing stranger scooped a well, where
weary men might turn;
Hc walled IL in, and hung with care ledle at
tho brink;
He thought not OF the deed he did, but judged
that toll might drink.
lie passed again, and lol the well by summers
never dried,
Had cooled ten thousand parching tongues,
and saved lie beside.
A dreamer .iropped random thought; twas
old, and yet 'twas new;
a simple fancy Of the brain, but strong in
being true,
1t shono upon genial mind. and To- its light
became
A lamp OF liIe. beacon ray, a monltory
flame.
The thought WIS small; its issue great; a
watchhre on the hill;
It sheds its radiance lar adown, and cheers
the valley still!'
A nameless man, amid crowd that thronged
the daily mart,
Let iall word OF hope and love, unstudied,
from the heart;
A whisper on the tumult thrown--a transitory
breath
II raised brother from the dust; it saved b
soul IRON death.
Oh germ! Oh iount! Oh word of love! Oh
thought at random cast
Ye were buta little at the irst, but mighty nj
the last
= Charles .Meskoy
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1880-05-12
ITEMs OF INTEREST.

DR. Stemens, the well-known scientist,
has discovered that the electric light
has the same influence over vegetation
as sunlight.
A man who uses the floor of railway
car as q spittOon should be put in the
baggage car as spitz dog. - PhilddeI-
phtG Bulletin.
1t now costs some of the large Ameri-
can grain houses and other wholesale
dealers $4,000 to $4,000 a year for
cable messages.
The bones of a mastadon have been
found in excavating a well at Dallas,
Texas. The width of one shoulder was
over seven feet.
Fifty tons of specimens of American
fish. alive and dead, were shipped to
Berlin for exhibition at tie international
fishery fair held in that city.
One man asked another why his beard
was so brown and his hair so white.
Because" he replied, one is twenty
years younger than the other"
The Boston Post doesn't believe that
Edison's boy teased his dad to invent
some way for lad to crawl under a
circus tent without getting kicked.
Gold and silver mines are being de-
veloped with startling success in the
vicinity of Ashland, Wisconsin. They
are being worked as secretly as possible,
principally by Chicago parties.
An advertisement Of tonsorial es-
| tablishment, in an exchange, says:
"The boss hair cuts" Well, suppose
| he does, it can't be expected that he is
to have the exclusive monopoly of slic-
ing up his customers physiognomy.-
LockpOrt Union.
Some centuries ago the cost of
Bible in England varied (according to
different accounts) from $50 to 1920.
A London publisher now advertises the
New Testament with copies notes, ref
erences and introductions, three maps
and twenty-four illustrations, for one
penny.
The Forest Republican. [volume] (Tionesta, Pa.) 1869-1952, 1880-05-12
WvEds Of wisdom.

Death makes a beautiful appeal to
charity. When we look upon the dead
form, so composed and still, the kind
ness and the love that are in us all will
come forth.
Good men have the fewest fears. He
has but one who fears to do wrong. He
has thousand who has overcome that
one.
1t is n secret known to but few, yet OF
no small use in the conduct of life, that
when you fall into mans conversa-
tion, the first thing you should consider
is, whether he has a greater inclination
to hear you, or that you should hear
him.
Friendship has a noble effect upon all
states and conditions. 1t relieves our
cares, raises our hopes, and abates our
fears. A friend who relates his success
talks himself into new pleasure; and
by opening his misfortunes leaves part
of them behind him.
Vicious habits are so great stain
upon human nature, and so odious in
themselves, that every person actuated
by right reason would avoid them,
though he was sure they would be
always concealed both from God and
man, and had no future punishment en-
tailed upon them.
Truth is the foundation OF all knoWl-
edge, and the cement of all society.