davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13
NJ more staru Times,

II you Will stop spending Sc much
On fine clothes, rich food and style,
buy good healthy food, cheaper and bet
ter clothing; get more real and substan-
tial things Of life every way, and espe-
cially stop the foolish habit Of employ
ing expansive, 4u&ok doctors or using
SO much Of the vile humbug medicine
that does you only harm, but put your
trust IN that simple, pure remedy, Hop
Bltters; that cgre1 alwaya at a trifiug
cost, ana you will see good times and
have good health. See another column.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13
Personal and General.

Mr.. Benjamin T. Tinsley. formerly a
leading grocery merchant of Richmond
and Lynchburg, died in Roanoke coun
ty, Monday of last week.
Mr.. George Canning Hill has retired
from the chief editorship of the Boston
Post, severing an editorial connection
of Is consecutive years.
Miss Annie Crawford, gifted young
artistic of Buffalo, N. Y, is on a visit to
Richmond city. She spent three years
in Rome. where she formed the ac-
quaintance of Rev. DR. G. B. Taylor
and wife, and, with them. she is now
the guest of Rev. A. E. Dickinson, d.
D., OF Richmond.
Runors are rife that Colonel John S.
Mosby is to be recalled from Hong
Kong. He has displeased the Admins
istraIion by his letters.
The Indian Chief Ouray will bring
his wife with him from the land of the
Utes to Washington.
Stephen Longfellow, nephew of the
poet, Henry w. Longfellow, was held
ing the name Of the latter TO q check
lSt 81 wv.
VIM. A. Wilson, son of the postmaster
at West Point, Ga, has been sent to Jail
for robbing the mails.
George w. Cook, the colored sergeant
at-arms Of the Virginia House of Dele
gates, has resigned on account of ill
health.
lrrs. Hester J. Nadenbousch, wife of
CoisJ. @. A. Nadenbousch, of Martins
burg, w. Va, is dead.
George Eliot's health has much inn
proved lately. She is spending the
winter in London.
One Of the notable weddings of the
present season will be that of Mr..
Freiinghusyen, son Of the ex-senator
from New Jersey, to Miss Ballatine, CT
Washington, ID. G.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

Acton, VA, Jan. 10th, 1880.
EDITOR SPECTATOR The health of this and
adjoining counties has been good Crops were
good. Prices have been remEnerative, ex-
penses were small, and every body at peace and
bearing nothing bnt good will towards his
neighbor. The fruit trade of Piedmont Vir-
ginia,' one of the industries which has in
creased SO rapidly in this section within the
last few years, is worthy Of the attention of per-
sons who are seeking safe and profitable in
vestments Il has been successfully demon
strated that the Blue Ridge Mountain and it's
spurs are especially adapted to the culture of
the grape. The grapes grown our slopes,
besides being of excellent quality, stand ship
ment admirably, and ripen early enough to
command the topmost prices Of the markets.
And after the glut in the markets has Iessened
the price, as 10 make shi pm cnt Improbable,
ready sale, at paying prices, can always be
found at the presses of the Monticello Wine
Company. Charlottesville, and ut Castle Hill
Vineyards and WiCe Manufacting establish
ment near Greenfield, Va, Mr.. Fritz Baer, pro-
prietOr. The success of these establishments is
strong evidence ofthe superiority of our grapes
for wine-making. They are constantly filling
orders from all parts of the United States. The
heavy shipments of fruit from this point is
proof of the demand for our apples-Winesap P,
Pippin, &c. While the farmer is engaged in
making his other crops, his fruit under the ge-
NAL influence of our healtnful climate is IL
pening, ready to fall at his bidding,
Our advice to the farmers is; 80 diversity
their crops improve their lands by the grasses,
and keep moving.
The Weather is more like spring than winter.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

ORGANIZATION OF A TEACHERS INSTITUTE
A Teachers Institute was organized at Mt
Sidney in this county, on Saturday last, by the
election of J. F. Whtmore, Chairman, and L
S. Sheppe, Secretary. The object of this orsan1
zation is the mutual improvement OF the teach
ers by fnterchanging views relative to theil
work After interesting discussions, partlc1
pated in by Messrs. Roller. Cribbens and others
the following teachers were selected to deliver
lectures on different subjects at the next meet
ing, which will be held On Saturday week, the
Oath instant: Messrs c. S. Roller, E. l.. Houf
and w. w. Brennaman. Mr.. Houff will lectui {
upon arithmetic, and Mr.. Brennaman upon
elocution. We are not informed as to the sub
ject Of Mr.. Rollers lecture. Teachers and others
interested are invited to attend.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

CARRYING CONCEALED WEAPoNs.-A great
many OF the crimes which are committed and
the homicides perpetrated in personal ARRAYS
result from the pernicIous habit of carrying
concealed weapons.
This is a great evil for which some remedy
should be applied. We are pleased to see tha'
Gen. Echols has offered resolution instruct
ing the Committee on Courts to report a bill
amending the present statute Of this State OIL
that subject, which is almost imperative fol-
cool as it is exceedingly difficult to prove
that person ha5ituclLy carries concealed Wea-
pons, and without such proof, under the stat
ute, no conviction for carrying concealed wea-
pons can be obtained.
The language of the present law reads as fol-
lows IF any person habitually carry about
his person, hid from common observation, any
pistol, dirk, bowie-knife, or any weapon OF IKE
kind, he shall be fined not more than fifty dol
To-
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13
Go and see GIadAe'S sc. Counter. mayb-t1

ADVENTURE OF a MINIsTER.-On Sunday OF
last week Rev. j. I. Miller of this City preach
ed in the morning at Mt. Tabor Church in this
county, and whilst he and his wife were re-
turning in a buggy and descending hill this
side of the Church his horse commenced kick
ing, breaking the dashboard and endan gering
the occupants Of the buggy, and continued to
kick till one of his feet caught fast in the shafts
when some gentlemen seized and held TIE
horse, giving the occupants of the buggy an
opportunity to get out of 1t. They were con-
veyed by Capt. E. a. Fulcher to the residence
of Mr.. Jacob Bowman, from which place. after
dinner, they came safely to their home in this
City in their buggy, the horse, having gotten
over his strange tantrums, conducted himsel
In his usual quiet manner.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

The CITY CoURT.-The January term OF this
court commenced on last Thursday. That day
the special grand jury inlpanneled. brought in
indictments against Charles Stafford and VIM
Fryfogle for f.ioay.a AMI against n. NJ. Pierce
for misdemeanor and not having finished the
business before them, were adjourned over to
Monday.
Joseph Truss was appointed guardian OF 81
pha Dickerson, colGred.
VIM. H. Higgins, who was indicted last Sept
for an assault upon S. j. Bondurant was tried
on Friday, and found guilty of assault and bat
terry, and sentenced to one hour ! Jail and to
pay fine of 5lS.3) aul costs.
On Saturday, the case against VIM. Fryfogle
was tried, and theiury, after considerable con-
sideration found him guilty CT unlawful cut
ting, and imposed q fine OF one cent, and fixed
his imprisonme nt in Jail at one minute.
G. W. Stafford's trial Is continued to the
February term, while that of A. NJ. Pierce il
fixed for Thursday.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

RARE OCCURRENCE.-On December
2ist, IL this county, at Wolf Creek
school house, the school children killed
a black snake and o moccasin, and on
the same day George A. allen had his
bees to swarm. It is d rare occurren ce
for bees to swarm and snakes to be
abroad az this season of the year
Mountain Hssatd, Hinton, w. Va.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13
GIadke is selling off at cost. jane

HANDSOME TEsTIMoNIAL.-For the kind at
tention shown by Miss Ella Mccarthy Of this
city, to Mr.. Geo. D. Turner for the few days he
lived after being thrown from the train and SO
| injured that he died. published at the tino,
| -some of the friends of the deceased presented
her. as a testimonial Of their appreciation OF
| her kindness, with a handsome gold bar tC
which is attached a fine gold Maltese cross
bearing on one side the inscription:
| Presented to Miss Ella Mccarthy for kind
| ness to Geo. u. Turner during his atiiiction
| Nov 15 1879" ano Gu the reverse are the: names
ofthe donors-C. ID. Porter, j. w. Brandeburg
Geo. Wright, G. G. heatch, Il. F. Wall, c. J.
i Robinson andJ. p. Deyine .
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

Mr.. W. W. Fleming, most worthy, 1ntell1-
gent, and estimable citizen OF highland coun-
ty, which he at one time represented in the
Legislature, died very suddenly, of heart dis
ease, it is supposed, at the residence of Mr..
Christian Bear, in Churchville, on last Friday
evening II e had come to Staunton that III ofn-
ing with his daughter Miss Clara Fleming and
Miss Matte Campbell, who were on their way
to st. Louis and Massachusetts, respectively
He made number Of purchases at different
stores in the city, and in the afternoon went
into the store .of.Dr. Wayt. and complained OF
much fatigue and strange pain in his left side.
DR.. Wayt gave HIM some medicine which great
y relieved him, and, shortly afterwards, he
left the city in his buggy for Churchville,
where he proposed to spend the night. Soon
after reaching the residence of his friend Mr..
Christian Bear, he spoke of the severe pain he
had felt in his left side during the day, and
whilst he talking, he suddenly fell over
dead.
Mr.. Fleming was between sixty and seventy
years ofage, and one of the most highly respect
ed citizens of Highland county. He was an up
right, conscientious, good man, and for many
years had been an elder in the Presbyterian
church. In his death, Hight nd loses most
highly valued citizen, and his family most
devoted husband and loving father. Of him it
can truly be said, blessed are the dead, who
die 10 the Lord
His daughter Clara, who had that afternoon
left her father in, apparently, his usual health
and was on the train on her way to St. Louis,
No., received a telegram, on the arrival of the
train at Hinton, w. Va, announcing to her the
shocking intelligence that her father was a
corpse. She returned Immediately.
FOUND DEAD-SUDDEN DEATH.-Mr John
Reed, who we are informed, lived at Craigsyille
in this county, was found dead in the woods
near Fort Defiance depot the Valley Rail-
road in this county on last Friday By Mr.. Craw
ford Miller the owner of the land on which he
was found. Mr.. Reed left the house of Mr. VIM
Link in that neighbOrloOd for Fort Defiance
Depot on the morning OF that day, and 1t is sup
posed that his death caused by heart-ds-
ease, the Immediate cause being over eXertion
| in walking up very steep hill, upon the sum
nit OF which his body was found lying at tae
foot Of large tree against which he had been
sitting as evidenced by the posture of the body
his arms being clasped about his knees. Up
on his person were found a small sum of money
and bonds amounting to about 81, 800. AS his
death was evidently natural one, no inquest
was held, and his body was buried at the Au-
gusta Church on Saturday afternoon.
Great Bargsins at Gladke's see advertisement.
| janG-2t
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13
Religious Intelligence.

The Rev. George W. Nelson has &C.
cepted an election to st. James's Epis.
copaI Church. Wafrenton, Va.
Rev. John K. Mason, rector Of the
Episcopal Church, at Mt. Jackson, Va,
has accepted call to Charlotte, n. G.
Bishop Pierce, of the M. q. Church
South, who has been ill, is now conva-
lescent and attending to his duties.
The Southern Churchman, Rich
mond, Va, has appeared in new type
and been otherwise improved. It is a
model church caper.
The Rev. Thomas Cain, colored, who
was ordained by the Bishop of Virginia
on the 21st of December, has taken
charge of St. Philips Episcopal Church
Richmond.
On Christmas morning, during early
mass, Rev. l.. M. Mueller sank at the
altar in the church, i'll Belgium. Wis,
and died soon after being carried into
the Tectory.
Prof. David Duncan, the venerable
father of the late DR.. Duncan, of the
Virginia Conference, has given his very
valuable classical library to Woford
College. The South Carolina Confer
ence gave him vote of thanks.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

Just received at the corner a large stock OF
New Dreams Sugar and SIolasses, at low
prices de30-lt j. f. GRAHAM.
THE VIRGINIAS.-This is the title ola month
Iy journal edited by Maj. Jed. Eotchkiss, and
published in neat form from the office of the
Valley Ttrgiaian, at the subscription price of
sl.50 per annum. 1t is mining, industrial,
and scientific journal, devoted specially to the
development Of the rich mineral as well as the
lumber, farming, grazing, and other valuable
resources of Virginia anG West Virginia.
The first number which was issued last week,
and dated the LIST inst, handsomely illustrated,
gives earnest that it Will be quito valua BILE
publication, and we hope its intelligent and
enterprising protector and editor will meet
with success in its publication surprising his
most sanguine expectations.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13
DEATHS,

Obituaries ere chCrGes FOR Gt advertising rates.
Notiaee II c.ct.saS paa5!ished o1'Gtuijousty.
EsrILI.-At Portsmouth, Va, January 4th, il
the 26th year III her age, Edith Giaget EStill
wife OF Rev. Reverdy Esti!l, Rector of Trlnit,
church.
MILNEs.-At Shenandoah Iron Works, u. sat
urday, December 9th, Lizzie =, daughter o
Benjamin and Alice NJ. Mines, aged year,
months and q days.
LITMAN.--Near heerfeld, in Augusta CO., OF
Saturday morning. Dec. 9th, 1879, of bI onCh
lis, Clara Cutta, daughter of Franz W. an,
Jennie Lltman, aged years, months and
days.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

Last night an informal meeting of the cltl-
zens of Stanton was held at the Mayors office.
His Honor was called to the chair, and after Or
ganization 1t was determined to call a general
meet of the citizens, at which SUBSCRIPTIONS
would be taken. and a general movement sci
on foot for raising money for the suffering peo-
pie of Ireland.
After discussion, q committee was appointed
to effect an organization and take steps TO car
nv out the object had in view. The following
are the committee and each and every one OF
them is earnestly requested to attend meet
ing to be held at the Mayors office tonight
Tuesday, at o'clock
Mayor w. L. Balthis chairman, Kew. Johi
McVerry, w. A. Burke, H. L. Hoover, ii. 81
G. Tucker, Howard Wayt. Col. j. b. Skinner
Thomas Burke, VIM. Kinney, VIM. Wholey
Michael Cox, j. W. Todd, ]. w. Newton, w. Z
Craig Dr. S. H. Henkel, J. c. Marquis, L. I
Morton, Thomas D. Ransom, H. M. MlIlhany
Richard Mauzy, ]. Yost, t. J. Crowder, and q
G. Gooch.
By resolution, the Ministers Of the various
congregations and the Principals of the Fe
male Colleges were made o0icio members o
the committee
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13
Gladke is selling Off at cost.
jang-2tt

BUILDINGs EuENEp-Qur citaens were
aroused from their slumbers by The cry of fire
between s and o'clock last Sunday morning.
caused by the burning of two out buildings
belonging to the Virginia Female Insttute-one
used as chamber-maid room, and the other
as a commissary room. The fire was promptly
extingushed on the arrival OF the lire depart
ment. 1t is supposed that the fire originated
from fire being left in the servants room. The
contents Of the comnissary room were saved
If you want the best Lager Beer at % cents
per dozen bottles. 90 to MAi. WHoLETs.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

Nor MURDERED.-On the LIST inst, the lifeless
body of Mr.. Joseph Michael. aged about 10
years, was found in the road near the Rock
tngham Mineral Springs a few miles from Nc
Gaheysviiie in Rockingham county, and before
a sufficient Investigation had been made, it was
telegraphed to distant papers that he had been
killed We are pleased to be enabled to state
that there is no just ground for the statement
that lie was murdered, and the superstition is
.kat he died suddenly of apopl,xy.
He lived near McGaheysville, and was re-
spectable and inoffensive citizen, without any
personal enemies.
We have known him personally for many
years, and know that his death will be lament
ed by all his acquaintance.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13
Interesting Letter from New Hope.

DEAR SPECTAToR:-As we often see commu-
nications from other parts Of the county, we
beg leave to intrude upon you, by giving
New Hope place in your lists OF fame, thaI
the place may not be forgotten by the many
readers of your interesting columns.
The wheat fields look green and show signs
of a bountiful harvest, but we fear, as the
ground is wet and the grain tender, that the
cold blasts will come and nip the tender plant
before it Is inwrapt by its white mantle from
above.
About a week ago, Messrs. NJ. C. Codinan and
Ed. Towberman LEFT the neighborhood TO take
charge of their saw-mill, which they have just
located near Goshen, where they nave Pur-
chased Z fine lot of timber, good portion OF
which is walnut. We wish them success, as
they are enterprising young men and deserve
the good wishes Of all.
On last Tuesday night, there was Young
Mems Christian Association organized at New
Hope with the following officers: Christian
Eakle, President; X. B. koiner, ls9 Vice Presl.
dent: James Borden, 2nd Vice President; c. w.
Peters, Secretary; Samuel Borden, Treasurer
T. N Drumheller, a. NJ. Whltlock, and II. G.
Barnhart, Directors. The darkness of the
night and the bad roads prevented some from
being present, consequently the meeting was a
small one, DuG those lUdI were present. SeSIl
alive to the work, and have every reason to be-
lieve that they can soon have very good AS
ISOLATION. The officers elected represent four
branches of the Christian church; viz. Metho-
dist, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Lutheran.
And besides all this, Messrs. Editors, we can
say more. New Hope boasts of the best Lodge
of Good Templars in the county; not that it
has the the largest membership, (for its mem
bership does not exceed forty-five,) but because
it has the largest average attendance according
to its membership; because it has as strong OPP
position as any other Lodge; because it makes
the best and promptest returns to the Grand
Worthy Secretary; because it is out of debt
and because the members are interested in the
work. Perhaps, as we have spoken SO freely O
| the work, some one may desire TO know who
| are its officers. We will give you a few o
them: J. W. Carpenter, Worthy Chief Tenn
plar; Miss Fannie a. Gentry, Worthy Vice
| Templar; ]. n. Drumheller, worthy Chaplain
A. NJ. Whitlock. Worthy Secretary; c. W.Pe
| tiers, Past Worthy Chief Templar and Lodge
| Deputy.
| Fearing we have already taken too much o
your space, we close, thanking you kindly fol
| the insertion. y. +. T.
| Gladke is selling Dry Goods at half of theil
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

1ASHEn FOR STEALING BUTrER.-On Mon
day Of last week, Chas. Coleman, colored boy,
stole flrkin eff butter-2lI lbs-from Messrs
Byers & Eal1le and sold 1t to Mr. p. Moran for
1888 cash. He was detected, arrested by Chief
Of Police Crowder, and tried before Justice
Pearman, who ordered him to receive thirty
lashes, which were inflicted accordingly, but
which seemed to make but little impression
unOn him.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

The Aucghqny Tribune warns the Public
against a man giving his name as Barnes from
PENNSYLVANIA VINO is engaged in cutting stem
Gil plates At Covington, he attempted, in
vain however, to impose himself upon the
Masonic Lodge there, and left without paying
his bill for board due to Mrs. Bette Donnally.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

Hero of the late war, and now U. S. Senator
from Illinois, wrtes:-"Sone years ago was
troubled more or less with infiammatOry rheu-
matism, and have within the last year or so
suffered intensely with same disease. l began
to take 'Durangs Rheumatic Remedy and am
thoroughly satisfied that 1 have been perma-
nently cured by its use. do not hesitate TO
recommend it,"
This great Remedy has been before the pub
lie six years. 1t is taken internally, and never
fails to cure the worst case Sold by every
druggist in stanton.
Send for iO-page pamphlet 10
Il. X. HELPHENST1NE,
DRUGGIST,
noiS-Inl Washington, d. c.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

LEG BRoKEN.-On Sunday of last week whilst
Floyd, a little son of Capt Ran d. Cushen, OF
Har1isonburg was in the barn of his grand
father Col. 7. \. Jackson. near cttcbine. IN
RockinguaD., he fell Letw ecu some p!anks and
broke his leg above the knee,
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

Republic says
The SEauaton (Ta.) Spectator, published III the
fertile Shenandoah Valley, and one OF the
veteran and staunch newspapers of the ed
Dominion, copies our article on the Springfield
Southern railway and its proposed southern
and Northern CONNECTIONS and comments as
follOws:'i
THE Republic then copies the remarks Of tht
SPECTATOR, and then adds the following
"Put it right there, Mr.. Spectator. Shake
Ohio will finish up the road at once, SO thai
Virginia can come up and see her"
Virginia Will take great pleasure il making 8
call upon her prosperous western daughter
not doubling that the Cid Mother will be COR
daily welcomed. Get ready, the old lady is go
ing to visit you.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

.le Southern. ia',ter q,d ids7,..r for January
10 rocaived. It contains excellent articles from
nromipert farmers Gil nearly every subject
c,nnpcted with a farmers work besides, there
,s AN interesting article by Elk Governor Smith,
on Banks and the Currency. 1t should be read
by every farmer in the State Published at
E!chp,ond. Va at 3 year.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

HANDsoME CHRISTMAS PREsENT.-The
Misses McCurdy, the Proprietors of the Nc
Curdy House at Coyington, were surprised on
Christmas morning to find their parlor sup
piled with an elegant set of parlor furniture,
and the centre table occupied by a silver pitch
er and waiter, four silver gohlets and silver
bowl. The furniture was present from the
Conductors ofthe Eastern, and the silver ware
from the Conductors OF the Western Division
of the Ches. & Ohio Railway.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

Y. NJ. G. A.-The prayer.meeung at the hall
OF the Y. NJ. C. A. on last Sunday evening was
led by J. e. Guy. Interesting remarks were
made by the leader, Messrs. Bones, Ker, and
Gen. Lilley.
The meeting next Sunday will be led by C. L.
Cooke. Suhject-lth chapter Of Isl S.oter. 1ainle
4 P, NJ
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

Mrs. Phoebe Logan, the mother OF Joseph T
Logan, the efficient and popular clerk of the
County court OF Rockingham, died on last Wed
nesday evening, at the residence of her son in
Harrisonburg at the advanced age of Y years
She was an estinlable christian woInan.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

TRADE DOLLARS. VITO a4nip corporations
are at heavy disoouns, out any dfugglss WIl
ti-Biious 3itters for on 10 them. Unsurpassed
as g. remedy for Dyspepsia, Or any diseases ans
ing from the Liver or stomach. nave o1eh
manufactured over fifty years. " Il. ihei Il
ton, Proprietor, Baltimore, Nd.
Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1849-1896, 1880-01-13

We would be pleased # every naishborhood
in the county would be sufficiently alive 10 It's
true interests to have oae Ca more intelligent
correspondents for the Spectator, .wholwould
furnish, weekly, the news of their neighbor-
hoods for publication in its columns.