Rocky Mountain husbandman. [volume] (Diamond City, Mont.) 1875-1943, 1880-10-21

tircly OF the tarnace"us substances known
as flour. but at the base of the grain, to-
ward the outer side. there is seen Il very
smaal structure. embryo. and which is
equivalent to the large embryo OF the pea
or bean The outline OF the e,nbyro in
grain Of wheat is always apparent even be-
fore the removal OF the prricarp. The
white granular material. or flour Is called
allumeil. and it is a store OF nourlsIment
laid up hy the plant TO enable the young
embryo when The seed j. sown to get over
the earliest stages of its growth-a sort OF
mothers milk. a. it were. In the pea. this
store Of so-called albumen is equally pres
ent, but it is transferred into the embryo
before she seed is ripe. Consequently.
when pea yerninatps The embry" converts
into living tissues certain substances which
already form part Of itselt III the grain OF
wsat tile embryo similarly converts equiv
Talent substances which differ only in posi-
ton. being as Il matter OF tact outside 'he
embryo. but in the closest opposition to it..
These two examples illustrate the Two
great classes OF <etds-the aibumlnlous. like
the the wheat. in which the allumen stored
up in ,he seed is outside the embyro, and
the ernibunsi,aious. like the bean, i'll which
Ills. albunrn i stored up within the embryo
itself But really this j. a distinction With
n,,t difference. for all young seeds immed-
lately after the fertilization Of The embr. o
are a!,.,uinouS. though, il in the process OF
ripening all tile albumen gets transferred
iu,o tie embryo the seed i eXalhumlnus.
The SEED, Of all cereals. grasses and sed9eS
Of the lutlevup. poppy, 'or'i-cochle, par>-
nip. carrot. and indeed of most plants, are
albuminous: th'>e OF crnclers. such as mus
ard creSS, rape, cubbage. turnp, swede
and rldiSh, and of legnminous plants. As
pea, been. ve,ch, clover, saintoln. g"rst
br"ou and laburnun. are exalbuminous. II
should not be- forgotten. by the way, tha
the term alhumtn, as used TO denote tht
store of n,ltrimOnt in the seed. is mos
unfortunate one, for rs albumen is the na.it
cal use would seem to imply that in all seed:
the store Of nurlneht consists OF the Same
chemical substance, whereas its compost
ton varies III every seed. Consequently
. the term albumen Il applied to the seed, j.
now fallng into disu>e, aud the much more
appropriate word endo>perm (endos within
spe1u,a. the seed). is coming inlo use instead
Ii is only necessary to remember that seet
, containing entlosperm, like the wheat. al
| buminuus and that one root containing CT
| dosperm, like The pea. i exalbumlhous.
A grain of wheat. then. has five coats
Passing from without inward, these are II
speclivrly named. !. epicarw; 2. mesocafp
3. en,locarp; I, tesla 5. endopleura |,
$ and three belong to the fruit; and ar
, the coverings OF tile seed. Within the eli
: dopleura is IL very suall embryo, situate
t hasaly and laterally. and Il very large meal
l enlospevm, occupying most OF the space
t The wheat grain Is. therefore, dry. n.e
Il hiscent. one seeded fruit, with nenlbrai
$ Gus pertarp closely adherrnt to the incsose
t seed. Such fruit is termed caryopsis b.
n boiunists The same kiud of fruit is pr.
e ,luced by all grasses and cereals grains {
l. rye aud maize being precisely similar t
Il those Of wheat, whereas in oats barley All
:. canary seed some OF the glumes OF tie ilore
+ adhere TO the fruit.
{ In milling processes the percarp and see
coats OF the wheat 20 to TORN the bran. til
II embryo tumbles out and is called "clit' b
Ii the miller, and the mealy elldoSpern torn
= the flour.
II -~ S=a--@-~<a