, 1880-02-22

ing the church. and, also. the erection nI new
residence for the priest south OF tho church, on
the Bridge road.
PrDL1C SURVEYS.
In 1.E5 the first act was passed directing
survey Of the public lands, fixing the price at u
per acre, and providing the mode and form OF
Conveyance, and providing also for bestowing
bountics upon the officers and soldiers OF tno
United States
for the appointment Of surveyor-Gcneral, and
his employment Of sufficient number OF
deputies. who should survey and lpark tho un.
Of the River Ohio and above the mouth Of tie
River Kentucky, and divide the same IN the
manner pointed out In the act The system
adopted Mt the start WIS the
RECTANGULAR SYSTEM
and provided for dividing all the lands by north
and-south lines, run accordingto the true IneI1u
ian. and by others crossing them at r1gn1
angles SO as to form townships s1 nl1es oseo,;
April =, ISL, an act of Congress was passeo
establishing In the Department. OF the ITGasu5s
an Office to be denouinated the genera Lanu- 1a,
0fce the chief officer ct which fs 70 ns se Saeo
The first Government surveying was done ~ n
the State Of Ohio in 1s96. The seven fangcs ~
they were called. being the first seven ,3 ners ~
These townships on these ranges commence le,
epectiycly with number one on me ,tina nHer anu
number north. The present mooe VI ieeAoD1's
TOWNSHIPS AND RANGES
WIS not adopte<l until later period. This first
survey was made under Alb ert Guilatan: &c taat
time Secretary OF the Treasury, and me VOTE IN
executed under tho immediate supervision H..1 oa
Rufus Putnam, the first Suryeyor-Genefnl Inc
public lands of the United States arc primarily
surveyed into uniform rectangular tracts sl3
miles square, called townships, founded oy Lines
ine near9 IS IS ma may be o45 me town
ehips are slbdiyided into thirty-si1 tracts, are
one mile square, called sections teto aeres!' rs
which are numbered from one to thlrty-six,
beginning at tho northeast corner OF tho town.
ship and numbering west with the north tier Of
sections thence east win ne esond @ 5.er
section in the southeast angle OF the 1o"nsa1p.
Sections ARE. Diys1DLE
into four equal parts Of 100 acres each, called
quarter sections. and each quarter. l1lto
two NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. Of eighty acres or
four ouarter-guarters, containing forty acres
each. These arc called legal subdivisions"
Prior to tho surrey OF all townships, nortn-
d-south line is established, called principal
meridian, and an east-and-west line styled q
base-ljne- Any number or series OF townships
in q tier north and south are denominated
range, The ranges are designated by numbers
east or west. MS the case may be. from the gov
erning meridian. The townships in each range
are also numbered north or south from eslan,
parallels are seen every five townships or thirty
miles north and south Of the base-lines, and
their object is keep the townships. etc, square,
because the meridinnS keep converg1ng as they
approach the poles, and would: II continued 1nr
enough, meet, and the townships would not be
square, 4o
luEIE A1E uOW ILL L441S |o0AAst 0~~eA34AA6 ~
Eawes,
SIX PRINCIPAL MERD1Acis,
which govern tho surveys west OF Ohio, besides
several independent ones hereafter mentioned.
The first runs north from the mouth OF the
Great Niama, between the States Of Ohio and In
diana, to the south boundary of Michigan.
The second runs north from the mouth OF the he
Little Blue through the centre Of the State OF
Indiana to its northern boundary.
The third runs from the mouth Of the Ohio
River through the centre Of the State OF Illinois
fF1$f f5Y1flr- ffSE+T1
The fourth runs north from the Illinois RIVER,
through the western part Of Illinois and the
centre Of Wisconsin, to Lake Superior; 80
the Arkansas and Mississippi Rivers, through
the eastern portions of Arkansas. Missourl: and
~ Ee an naKota s
cfit Of It. u 'De ''DS'''pp' AAa - s s
The sixth commences on the Arkansas River
II the State Of kanses and runs run 1orth IN through @
minating on the Missouri River.
In addition to these six principal mertdians q
number Of independent meridians have been
II New Mexico the surveys are reckoned
from the Independent meridian OF New Mexico
Oregon Or q On and Washington Territories from the
Willamette meridian.
In California there are three Independent
and '4St. Bcrnardino" meridians respectively.
The surveys in Nevada are numbered from Mt
Diablo meridian in California
by the the report @ Of the Commissioner Of the Land
Office. twenty principal bases and twcnty-three
principal meridinns.
TIE LATEST ESTABLISHED
principal base and meridian lines are. we be-
icvc. in Montana. which regulate the surveys in
that Territory. The Surveyor General reports
it as being tso on the summit Of limestone hill
about 500 feet high and about twelve miles
the Missouri River"
The method Of perpetuating corners Of town
ships, sections, and quarter-scGtons, and the
meandertng Of streams, etc., Will be explained
at another time.
PAT AS You GO FOR MUNICIPALITIES.
When the Constitution Of this State. wns
formed it was deemed necessary, IN order TO
debts and then raising the valuation Of the
property in order to provide taxes sufficient to
meet the interest and pay the principal, to de-
school district, or other municipal corporation,
shall be allowed to become indebted in any man
ner Or for any purpose to an amount. including
existing Indebtedness in the aggregate
EXCEEDING FIVE PER CENT
On the value Of the taxable property therein
Such valuation to be ascertained by the last as
sess1nent for State and county taxes previous to
the iucurring Of such Indebtedness.
In addition to these restrictions, it was further
provided that - any county, city, school district,
Or other municipal corporation incurring my
Indebtedness as aforesaid shn1i before or at the
time Of doing so provide for the collection Of
direct annual tax sufficient to pay the interest
On sucn DEBT us II ta1S uGc. ana also TO pay anu
discharge the principal thereof within twenty
years from the time OF contracting the same"
This system of administration in the affairs Of
municipalities is, US our Supreme Court has de-
clnred, the pay-As- y0u-go system" and the
only correct theory to be adopted both for
INDIVIDUALS AND MUNICIPALITIES.
In case which came before the Supreme Court
a short time since the Court used this languages
1t Is much easier to make public improvements
On credit than with ready money; to throw the
expense Of them upon others, who are to come
after. than to p,tr for them at the time. The
credit system 1empts to the making Of lavish
and unnecessary expenditures. The contrary
one leads to the making Of such only as nre
economy in the making Of them. Instances are
not wanting in the experience Of the State where
municipalities have gone on making improve
u1ents under
L VICIOUS CREDIT SYSTEM,
causing depreciation Of their credit and their
evidences Of indebtedness to be hawked about at
large discounts, whereby they were compelled to
pay greatly enhanced prices for whatever they
got done, resulting in the accumulation Of bur-
dens Of debt weighing them down in bank
ruptcy-''
by Sec 91e, Art VII, Of the Geuezal Incor-
porAtion law Of cities, It is provided that .'no
contract shall bc hereafter made by the City
Council or Bonrd Of Trustees or amy committee
or member thereof, and no expense shall be in-
CURED By any Of the officers or departments Of
the corporation, whether the object Of the c1-
pendturc shall have been ordered by the City
Council or Board Of Trustees or not, unless an