davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily dispatch. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1884, 1880-02-16

Having laid In large supply % TARIFF.
EMS, NAPKINS, TRAI-"LuTn.. u..'..
TOWELS, sHEETiNG> &c.. We s4....
call 10 secure some great b1rgaIr..
The daily dispatch. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1884, 1880-02-16
m~ SYCLE BROTHER-.

sYCLE BROTHERS
HAVE LARGE STOCK of Lhpu, U>n..
WEAR OF THElE oWN NANEtlrr.
WHICH THEY ARE SIZZLING At AND
BELOW COST To- CLOSE
The daily dispatch. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1884, 1880-02-16
FREDERICKSBURG.

COL D-MINING-M MORTAL CHAPEL-MAR-
RIAGE-TEMPERANCE CENTENARIAN, &C.
flores pondence OF the Richmond Dspatch.J
The Hartford herald., 1880-06-23
HARTFORD, KENTUCKY, JUNE %, 1880.

the gate, the thousand dollars paid for
the "chuck" privilege Was not an un-
welcome addition to the treasury of the
association. Doubtless one more effort
at an exhibition will he made this fall,
but the concern must eventually col
lapse. II started out in iniquity, and
they say "cheating luck never thrives."
The present management gObbled out
right II chaater obtained by Major Hill,
of the fremont House, through his
own efforts and at his own expense
Mr.. Hill owns the fine track and prop
erty known ~ Benning's, and has given
races there as an individual enterprise.
Finally he procured this charter from
Congress with n view to organizing IA
public institution. BY his own oxer-
tions enough stock was sold to insure
organization, but when the present
managers Were elected they confiscated
the charter and left Mr.. Hill in the
furcl,, To construct buildings and track
where some Of them had private inter
ests. The ease is now in the courts.
But il is like everything else in Wash
ingtop. No public enterprise prospers,
becallse everyone has u job in il ol some
kind.
D...
The Hartford herald., 1880-06-23
FOrslsvtl1e Items.
FORDSvIILE, June II.

9htft
Heavy rainstorm here this evening.
Have not ascertained whether any
damage was done or not
Farmers have commenced cutting
wheat. The yield is said to be mO,ler-
ate.
Corn looks very well; most Of il has
been plowed the second time.
Mr.. John NJ. Johnson has just re-
turned from Louisville, where he has
been for some days selecting IA stock Oi
goods. He reports business dull.
Our people don't talk about more
than two things at u time nowadays.
One of these subjects is of course the
affairs of their neighbors, the other the
railroad, which some of them are fool
ish enough to believe is being projected
from Virginia to OwensbOro, Kentucky,
via this place. Some of them can al
most hear the whistle now. Not worth
time To say the bubble will burst, for to
some minds there was never bubble
to burst
There was an affair in FOrClsville on
Saturday, June 5th, which the profane
called picnic, but which To us seemed
more like u second edition of Pande-
monium. There Were twcnty-seven
persons on the ground at noon, but
after dinner the roughs Of the commu-
nifty fiocked TO the place, and after im-
bibing freely of the stuff called "mon-
ster maker" engaged in general
melee, the result of which, one fellow
choked black, another knocked ON the
head with a rock, a pistol drawn ON an
nl her anil nue panflanan Ssnf his IL i'm
split with a knife i'm two places. The
law ought to handle such customers.
Maj. w. III. Dittoe and his grand
daughter, Miss Ella Sanders, left after a
short stay, for Hazelton, Ind.
Our school il still progressing finely.
Ii will expire i'm two weeks.
Several of our citizens are going To
the festival ut st. Mary's Chapel, near
Whitesville, to-day. We wish them u
good time. CRABBE.
The Hartford herald., 1880-06-23
Texas.
TEXARKANA, May 80.

Afs-N.hhN Af-N-ht -'ttf 'f's
EsidOr Herald;
have been here about one month.
Ii is no trouble to find work, and hard
work at that. Labor is worth from 80
cents to 81. 80. Board is high and every
thing else in proportion
Crops look well-plenty of rain. The
sun shines hot but there is pleasant
breeze.
There was considerable excitement
in town last night, caused by mob of
men after negro who had violated the
law. Some 800 shots were fired and
the gang of negroes who were protect
ing him from the law were driven back.
like this country very much-think
is is fine place for n poor man, if he
will work, though have found no hon
ey-ponds or fritter trees.
l would not advise any of my old
friends to come here, for fear they
would not be satisfied.
UNCLE NAT.
The Hartford herald., 1880-06-23

All the most terrible and deadly
weapons OF war have been thrown COM
pletely in the shade by the new Gatling
gun which was exhibited on the 9th of
March Mt the offices of Sir w. ARM
strong, the manufactured in st. Georges,
Westminster, before a number Of ex-
perts. This fearful weapon is capable
of firing u thousand shots per minute
and killing man ON horse at mile
range. IL has n compact appearance,
and can be taken to pieces and easily
carried about, can be applied to military
and naval Use, and the mechanism II
simplicity itself The revolving band
has two Compartments, into which, as
they whirl round, metal cartridges drop
from a tall, oblong case fixed over the
centre Of the barrell At each turn Of
the handle ten shots are fired, and their
dispersion is accomplished BY sliding
apparatus. The sine of the shot in DIFF
ferent calibre guns of this class ranges
from musket balls to halfpounders- BY
the use of this implement three men
can do the work of three hundred sin
gle men, A quarter Of q million of dol
lars Is said to have been spent ON expe-
riments necessary to perfect the gun,
which is now declared by every militia
nv expert to be q complete success
The Hartford herald., 1880-06-23
DRINKING AGAINi
BY II. CAMPBELL.

al have drank my last DRAM" hc exclaimed,
"and I'll never
While liz, remains in me taste liquor again.
And my future shall he n persistent cndcnvor
My losses in name aud i'm purse To regain" +"
A" have seen its effects, and have felt them
severely,
Too severely I've felt them for languargc In
show;
For its falsely manned pleasures I've paid all
too dearly,
Its Illusions OF joy are the climax "f Woe"
His parents, i'm sorrow and grief long ent"med,
Caress with new pride their once-promising
And his wife's fearful eyes with new hope are
illumed,
As she hangs on his boSsom in the trans
ports of joy.
Now his bright, tidy children have meat AMI
haye bread,
Too happy II this could remain ever morc !;
His wiie's girlish face is with smiles over
spread,
And roses and jes,a,mines climb round her
door.
But again comes the tempter, his vow is DER
thrown,
His helpless dependents remonstrate in
vain;
The day OF their fortune was fair, but 'tis
flown,
The bright dream is vaniShed-he's drink
ing again.
The Hartford herald., 1880-06-23
DIRECTORY.
COUNTY DIRECTORY.

CIRCUIT COURT
., -, -, n,,,,,,s,,,ro
Hon. James stuart, Juus. W. Nv p,,..,,-,,,,r,
"i ~ H. SulIirynr iaiIrr' Hartford
a. IL vi..,..,s ..,'rI U.rtG,rl
A. ~ Nnrr,.u Nasts. .,ommi~sioner Hart ford.
a. NJ Phillips Sheriff. Hartford. Deputies
a. ". Runyer Hartford =. Il. Taylor, bea-
yer Dam; r. II. Cooper, Forisviiie; >. IL.
Fulkerson. Ceralvo.
November, and continues four weeks each
Term
COUNTY COURT.
ps,, S.xyton Judya uarttnrl.
Cant. sam. X Cox, Clerk, Hartford.
J. p. Sanderfur, Attorney, Hartford.
Court begins ON the hrst N"h"as III every
QUARTERLY COURT.
aexins ON the third Mondays in January,
April, July and October.
COURT OF CLAIMS.
Begins On the first Mondays In January
aud October.
' OTHER COUNTY OFFICERS.
Arlnistead Jones, Assessor, Hartford.
col. W. IL. Porter, surveyor, Cromwell.
A. B. Baird, school Commissioner hartiord'
u,, n N NJ r,,J,,. s.,,,nd
haIlior y. u. ""Eai, s""s'' :. 80
Mondays Ia January, Aprii'duiy ana oc'"oei'
w r. ha"eh' M"rsn''i'
Beaver DAM. 4. Cooper, Judge, first
saturday % In Jsnnsry April. j"'S ANA oc'""er'
,..,,,,.-|,, p w niIs,r,n Iu,ge. s.cond
1, ,no,,ams, ~, ,ao,,'ry nn,ti I1iX ami ,sto-
nss"iu.s v.s ~ ~ 1i1srs ',v,.rffhai '
"sr' W l. iiii"ru, "'iS,i ..,...
g.r'iay in January, April, July and "'i"h"r'
vacant, Maisiai'
once address McHenry, Courts held Third
The Hartford herald., 1880-06-23

The history Of the late war has yet
to he written, as events crowded 10
rapidly on each other that the MAIN
springs of the actions of the leaders on
each side are but just now beng brought
to light, and the truth of history vindi-
Gated after strife and clamOr of factious
quarrels have passed away. The book
by the late General ]. B. Hood, which
Is advertised in another column, gives
much light on the inner life of secession
AS seen by an actual participant.
The Hartford herald., 1880-06-23
THE SCHOOL FUND.
It's Present COnsitt tom-How the Pres
ent state of the school ftwam-
ccs May he Rene<lGesi-
NUMBER 81

Esiior Hcrdbi:
In former article presented some
facts relative to the present condition of
the School Fund Of Kentucky, and u
few suggestions as to the manner i'm
which the fund, at present bearing in
terest, may be increased from year To
year, for every thoughtful man knows
that the absolute success of such an III
stitution as Il general school system de-
pends almost exclusively upon the
amount of endowment at the command
of the officers i'm control of such a sys-
tenn. An organized system of State
schools supported by an interest-bearing
fund can be viewed i'm no other light
than that of u private system literally
endowed, and the efficiency of the one
depends upon precisely the same causes
Us the efficiency of the other; therefore,
the first great step toward making the
Common Schools of Kentucky self-sus-
tanning is to increase the interest-bear
ing fund. Ii this can he done without
working hardship to the people, wise
craftsmanship would suggest the adop-
tion of method tending to that end.
In this paper [ propose to call the at
method, not excluding the former, but
as supplemental to it, and by no means
detrimental to the public service, nor
by any means increasing the burdens Of
taxation. Ii is simply charging the
expenses of the School Department to
the revenue proper, instead of as is
now done, charging it to the School
Fund. The expenses are ~ follows:
Commissioners salaries ......... sll, ,70o.0O
Glsg districts, 81 each 1885 ~
per cent On $50, ,Ijl 5,.Sb.5l
Salaries, &c c....- ''Uooo
aggregating S43, 81, which, when
made supplementary to the method
heretofore suggested, would make the
per cdpita Sl.72 for the first year, pro-
pOrtionately increasing for each sue
cceding year. But if no other change
had been made than to add the sum of
the school expenses to the distributable
fund for the present year, ending June
80, 1880 the per capita would have been
Sl.35, and the amount disbursed would
amount to S64l ,sOs.76.
In 1871, and up to the election of Gov.
Leslie, it had been customary to add
the foregoing expenses to the revenue
proper, since that time the amount is
charged to the school fund, and this
accounts for decrease of 10 per cent.
per annum i'm the per copitd. r
No explanation whatever has been
given for making the change in the
bookkeeping Of the department. 1t is
very doubtful if any good reason can
be given for making change so incon-
sistent with the dictates of good sense,
and the natural order of things. Every
item of expense is, and should he,
properly ehargable to the general reve-
nue., for, since each item of State mat
tiers goes to make up the sum of gOv-
ernmental polity, the burden of expen-
ses i'm gross must be borne by the body
polite; therefore. the gross amount of
expenditures should he deducted from
the general revenue.
To say that each department Of gov
ernment should meet its own expenses,
If at all admissible, is only 80 when
The Hartford herald., 1880-06-23

Physicians
the services of Mr. f. f. Kmlley
considerable
pulses to do alepitm Iasines
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27
THE BEST PAPER! TRY 1T !.
BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED.
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
8TH YEAR.

Tie SClEN LIE ~ AMERlCAN.
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Is large First
Class Weekly Newspaper uf Sixteen Psges print
ed in the most beautiful etyle, protusely illus
trated with splendid engravings, representing
the newest Inventions and the most recent Ad-
vances in the Arts and Sciences; including New
and Interesting Facts in Agriculture, Hsrticul-
tu,e, the Home, Health, Medical Progress. Social
Science, Natural History, Geology, Astronomy.
The most valuable practical papers, by eminent
writers In oil departments OF Science, will be
found In the Scientific American.
Terms, $500 per year, SLIGO half pear, which
includes postage. Discount 10 Agents. Single
copies, ten cents. Sold by all Newsdealers. Re-
NIT by postal order TO MUM 81 CO., Publish
ers, 81 Park Row, New York.
PATENTS. In connection with the SCIRS.
TIFlC AMERICAN. Messra NUM- & Co So
licitors Of American and Foreign Patents, have
had IS years experience, and COW have the
largest establishment In theSword. Patents are
obtained on the best tems. a special notice Is
made in The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of all Iuven-
tons patented through this Agency, with the
name and residence Of the Patentee. By the i'm
mense circulation thus given, public attention IL
directed 10 the merits IF tie new patent and
sales or introduction often easily effected.
Any person who has made q new discovery or
Invention, can ascertain, FIRE Of charge, whether
patent can probably be obtained, by writing to
MUM & Co We also s. nd Sfree our Hand
Book about the Patent Lave, Patents, Caveats,
Trade Marks. th,ir COSTS, and how procured,
With hints for p-ocu log advances on Inventions.
Address Tor The Paper, or CONCERNING Patenta
MUM & CO.. 81 Park Row, New York.
Branch Office, cur Z &sth Su., Washington, D..
C..
November o, 1850. II
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27
NORMAL SCHOOLS.

In another column will be found an
abstract of the work done by our Nor
NAL Schools, but this does not show all
the good they have done, or even halt
of it. In this report nothing is said OF
the improvement made in our public
schools through the influence OF the
Normal Schools, and nothing is said OF
the influence of the future fathers and
mothers that lave been trained in these
schools, upon the character of the chill
dren that will attend the public schools.
Every teacher knows that one great
difficulty he has to contend with, is the
want of interest on tie part of the pa
rents 10 the studies of their children.
They never question the children at
home about their studies and seem not
to care whether they mako any progress
at school or not. The children notice
this indifference and feel that there is
no inducement for them 10 try 10 learn.
The reason assigned for this neglect on
the part of parents, is that they have
had no advantages of this kind, or that
they have no time to look after the les
sons of their children, but it is hoped
that those who have been trained in
our Normal Schools will exert better
influence upon the rising generation In
fact, though these schools have had but
limited time, in which the influence
exerted by them can be estimated, yet
it ia percep,ible all over our State.
Another thing, not mentioned IN the
report, is the number of young linen and
women trained in these schools, that
have gone to schools of higher grade to
complete their education. 1t seems to
us that if we wish to build up our Uni
versity, the wisest plan would be for the
State TO encourage by all the means il
its power, the Normal Schools, higher
schools and private Academies, as 81
many feeders to the University.
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27
A CARD.

Mr.. Ziule-A lie has been told by
Mr.. b. +. Fox On myself, aud / have
waited patiently to see i! any one in
this community was interested enough
as to make inquiry concerning it, to as
certain which one OF the two has told
the lie; and it seems that no one cares
who told it. Now sir, if some thing is
not done soon, by some one, l will have
others who heard what / heretofore
wrote. and which was published in the
Register, to give their affidavits in de-
tense OF truth. was the only demo-
crat present on the occasion referred TO-,
consequently my witnesses are all re-
publicaDs. j. II. CAREY.
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27

ES ATTEMPTED OUTRAGE AND Drown
ING.-A Hagers:own correspondent wri-
ting to the Baltimore Sun on Tuesday
last says -
Sunday morning o colored man named James
Johnson. q mule driver for canal boat owned
br lawson W. PUffenberger, was drowned 10 the
canal AZ Dulaney's lock, near Sharpsburg. under
necnIi,r circumstances. The facts OF the case,
"a far "a gathered, are substantially rs follows:
The negro johnson went TO the house OF Mr..
Timothy Mccoy, and fuding there only Miss
Mary james. aged about sixteen years, attempt
ed an outrage upon her person. Johnson naa 10
his hand krife, from which Miss james receivta
several severe cuts in her Efforts 10 nee Ieisen
from his embrace. Mrs. Jesse Price fortunately
came upon the scene of the struggle, when Jonn-
son fed, leaving bis knife behind When nj.
Mccoy returned TO his home and learned oil the
attempted outrage upon Miss James, his neies,
he followed johnson, found BIN at DuIsneyis
lock, near Shsrpsbu &, driving mules attached
10 the boat NJ artha Jane, bout d for Georgetown.
He crossed on the boat, at the lock. TO the tow
path, and, with a double bsrreled quo, opened
ere upon the negro, but without effect The ne
gro. however became frightened, jumped into
Inc canal and was drowned. Ajury Of inquest
rendered verdict of drowning while bsipg pur-
sued by Mccoy. Mccoy was arrested and last
pight brought 10 this place and lodged in jail to
await a hearing before Justice Grove, OF Sharpe
bury, on Saturday next This morning writ
of habeas corpus was obtained and q hearing
will be had In the case before the court to-mor-
row. The body of johnson was recovered from
the canal by Section Superintendent h. Y. Bur-
gan and inferred on the bank OF the river, near
the place of drowning. Had Johnson escaped
the vengeance of Mccoy, he would probably
have been the victim of violence from the hands
of IN aroused and indignant populsce-
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27

% Ladies will find il to their advan-
tage to examine the stock Of CLCAKS
offered for sale by John +. Welshaus,
for one week. Prices very low.
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27
n 51ST YEAR
i O D 3 5 Y S
LADY'S BOOK,

BEGINNING WITH JANUARY NUM-
Der, 1881.
In obedience to what we believe to be q
growing desire Of the reading public, the
publishers beg to announce that GoDEY's
LADY's Book in 1881 will contain
a COMPLETE NOVEL IN EVERY
NUMBER!
Besides the following old-time specialties:
Beautiful Original Steel Plate Engrav-
ings.
Diagram Patterns for Ladies and Chill
dren.
Mammoth Colored Fashion Plate.
Short Stories, Poems and Sketches.
Our Popular Novelty Pages in Colors.
illustrated Art and Fashion Home Work.
Architectural Designs for Beautiful
Homes.
Godey's Recipes, Godey's Puzzles and
Games.
Monthly Chit-Chat on Fashions, etc.,
etc.
NO CONTINUED STORIES. EVERY
NUMBER COMPLETE IN ITSELF
Subscriptions will be received at this
Office in clubs with this pa per The Regis
ter and Godey's Lady's Book for one year
postpaid, only $3.50.
The JANUARY NUMBER will be
ready Dec. lst. On receipt of 20 cents a
sample copy will be promptly sent by the
publishers, and this amount can be de-
Quoted when the price Of years sub
scription is mailed.
Remit by money order or draft on Phil,
adelphia or New York, or by Registered
letter, payable TO
GODEY'S LADY'S BOOK
PUB. co. Nimited),
IO0e Chestnut St., philadelphia, IA:
Nov.27 u
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27
CLOAKS! CLOAKS

Another special sale of Cloaks, COM
menriug Monday next, Nov. goth, and
continuing for one week. at Welshans'.
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27

5- Christmas is coming and the
place TO buy your Christmas Presents
is at Welshans.
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27
@- The New York Times has closed

w- The New York Times has closed
its subscription for a pension fund for
General Grant. 1t didn't pan out. The
project was un Ameriap in its concep-
ton. Our people believe in every Tub
standing on its own bottom. Grant is
young, vigorous, and abuudantly able
to make living, and has more opportu-
mites OF making living than the aver
age man. The country has made him
all he is and all he has any hope Of be-
ing. 1t has bestowed all the honors it
has, both civil and military, upon him,
and the feeling now is that if anybody
wants 10 take care of him, the job
devolves upon his political chums rath-
err than on the people.
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27
LIPPINCOTT'S MAGAZINE.

LIPPINCoTT's MAGAZINE for ID, cember opens
with an interesting and finely illustrated paper
entitled IAN Historical Rocky Mountain Dat
post" by George Rex Buckman. Another IL
iustr aled article, "Our Grsndfathers' Temples"
by Charles F. Richardson, Is q very readable &C
count OF the Oldest places of worship still exist
ing In the country. "Will Democracy Tolerate
Permanent Glass of National Office -ho den ?" Is
q challenge 10 the Civil Service Reformers,
which cannot fail 10 attract attention as an able
expose Of the ideas on which our present system
appears TO be founded, and which the Reform
ers will have TO take into account II they hope 10
effect any radical change in the practice hitherto
followed by both parties The Authors of Frou-
frou," by j. Brandcr Matthews, has timely in-
terest In connection with Sara Bernhardrs per-
formlnces. Other papers deserving OF notice are
'Gas Burning and its Conssq Iences," by George
j. Varpe,; IAN Episode oil Spanish Chiyslry,"
BY Prof. T. +. Crane; the core usion OF DR. ii.
{. Woods Exp si!ion OF "Automatism; !" ard
contribution 10 Shakesperi,n studies by Prof:
James d. Butt r. The popular serial, Adam and
Evr," reaches a dramatic and satisfactory terini-
nation Ia this number, which also contains sever
al striking stories, Including thoroughly rea'-
stic sketch OF iiuourg street lie, by the author
OF "F!tters, TLtters, aid the Counsellor The
Monthly Gossip" Il unusually iu!l ana enter
taiuing. With the January number IBIS Maya.
zine will enter on a new series, at a reduced
price al with the promise OF greater attract
iyeuess aud wider claims 10 popularity.
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27

w RAILROAD LAw.-The follow
ing decision and admonition was re
Gently rendered by the Supreme Court
Of Pennsylvania, which it would be
wise for all to consider: Except at
crossings, where the public have a
right OF way, a man who steps his foot
upon a railroad track does 80 at his
peril. The company has not only the
right of way, but it is exclusive at all
times and for all purposes. 1t also
ought to be equally we'll understood
that parents who permit their children
to trespass upon the track of a railroad
are guilty of negligence. 1t is not only
gross but culpable negligence, as it i'm
perils the lives of the children so tres
passing, as also the lives of the travel
ing public"
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27

r@- Don't fail TO call and see the
stock Of C1OAKS, offered at special
sale-next week-at Welshans.
Shepherdstown register. [volume] (Shepherdstown, Va. [W. Va.]) 1849-1955, 1880-11-27

DIAPER COLLARS-Nos. 13 1-2 TO 10,
L from to - cts. box. Cuffs % cts. u
box. BAkEk g. MON l KHAN.
Nov. p Nv
7 INIMENTS-Cc Electric, Ro-
IL man, Stonebraker's, Perry Davis
Horseman's Hope, Jackson's Balsam,
Mustang, Gargling Oil, X. X: Relief,
Magic Relief, Benefits Quick Cure,
Bakers Pain Panacca, Titles White Oil,
Bells White Oil. You can get them from
% cts. to one dollar n botIlc.
BAKER & MCMURRAN.
Nov. % 4w
9 ALV ES-Gordshell's, McAllistcr's,
- lIenry's Carbolic, Iieiskell's letter
Ointment, Phoebe Bakers. All good and
highly recommend. "
BAKER & Men URRAN.
Nov. ~ Nv