The Red Cloud chief., 1880-12-16

stses standing anklelhish.
Nd. the bar. .ro aI,~eva

khsss standing ankle-hish.
69ed; the bars are always
NO t1nl1fng bells GONE souuding DER the
upoa &c ,cssy pnes the mn and star.
Asd e1ashtt szds ave dat the wSip-poor:
Ensss = - nots SbovstAe broken bars.
k.Aooeas n Hdrpers Md0aztnS
sF0RTENlNE.
~1~v1nAss xee- o. he Present Ces-
sy-nGnses - - Aresasass-Their Ssf
Ae Jas-
Nes-8nAs Du1 TesAer Merey-Chivairy.
WHILE the real Argonauts of 184S
were wandering among the hills and
Eulches that flank the western slope OF
the Sierra Nevada, armed with pan,
spoon and butcher-knife. testing the
scope and capabilities OF the gold
mines, thu news Of the discovery was
speeding on It's way to the Eastern
States n two routes simultaneously. 1t
reached the frontier of Missouri and
Iowa by the Mormon scouts and rowing
trappers about the same time that YES
selg sailing round Cape Horn took it to
New York and Boston; which was in
u late autumn of 1913. The first re-
sorts, repeatedly confirmed aud en-
larged upon, threw the whole country
1 into the widest excitement. In the
City of New York and the extreme
Western States the fever was hottest.
The year 1S49 was in some other re-
spects the most remarkable year of the
present century. 1t found France a
Republic, with a Bonaparte President
by popular election. All Germany was
in armed revolt against kingcraft.
Hungary was in rebellion against the
Austrian Emperor. There was revolt
in Lombardy against the Austrian yoke;
in Naples and Palermo against the
King Of the two Sicilies. The people
forced the rulers of Tuscany, Modena
and Parma to grant Constitutions.
There was rank revolution in Ireland
under the lead of Smith OBrien,
Mitchell and Meagher. The Chartists
were seriously moving in England for
universal suffrage. Fierce war ragged
in Northern Italy between the Italians
and Austria; and the year opened with
storm clouds. social and political, visi-
BILE all over the Old World. Cholera,
that frightful contribution of Asia TO
modern Europe, more terrible than the
ancient plague, was raging on the con-
tinent and advancing toward America.
where the terrors it inspired in 1928
were soon to be redoubled in a grand
harvest of death and desolation through
out the cities and towns of the Missis-
sippi Valley, and all along the thorough
fares Gas yet hardly explOred), to the
shores of the Pacific. The extreme
western limit of the white settlements
in 1S49 was the States of Missouri, Iowa
and the Territory of Minnesota. Beyond
that there lay q terra incognita known
as Missouri Territory" and the "In-
dian Territory" south of it. Between
the lines of Iowa and Missouri and the
Rocky Mountains there were not. all
told, over five hundred whites. What
few there were included missionaries
among the Delawares and Shawnees,
Wyandottes, Pottowattomies. Senecas,
Osages, and Indian agents with their as
sistants and servants at the various
agencies. The Pawnees were still a
formidable tribe. The wigwams of the
Sioux and the hunting camps of the
Comanctes lined the Platte, Arkansas,
Missouri and their tributary stream for
hundreds of miles in what is now the
richest and most productive agricultural
regions of Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa,
and Dakota, with its population of more
than two millions.
The people of the frontier States
were in that happiest of all earthly
conditions without wealth, without
poverty-a community of small farmers
and traders. There were then no large
towns. ST. Louis was a place Of $1,000.
Chicago was of less Importance than
Sacramento or Omaha now, and Kan
- City contained a few log huts and
some 800 population. The National
census. completed a year later, gave
Iowa less than 200, 900 and Minnesota
but 5000 white inhabitants. Twenty
miles out from Council Bluffs and forty
from Independence brought the hunter
TO the buffalo range. Beyond that to-
ward the setting sun stretched a limit
l0s prairie far on and on into what was
then supposed to be a desert" and
so marked on the maps, but what is
now proved to be a very fertile part of
the continent. sloplng gradually upward
toward the Black Hills and the Rocky
range, where il is watered by innumer-
clear, cold streams from the
heights of everlasting now Through
this unexpl0red wilderness lay the
routes (for there were several) of the
grand army Of California pioneers that
assembled along the banks of the Mis-
= souri, from early in March to late in
May, le49. They represented all
Glasses, al States and Nations, all
tuudes, calAngs and professions; but
not sn ages Out of every hundred it
0odld have been hard to pick one man
eysr forty; and to every five hundred
ltAsre WAS hardly one woman.
1keFs were young fellows of twenty,
feih from college, young lawyers,
ydoAk doceors. young preachers, young
&nen. young invalids. Some were
wagons by pairs, trios, quartets;
$500 mounted Of mules, ponies or
hcgues, with an extra animal to pack
&As necessary provisions; and some
feW were bold and hardy enough to un-
dartake the adventure afoot, trusting to
eriAe~ for tAeir supplies. One of
q be latter. N lrishman, carving q
heavy enough 70 have killed a
mule in . fortnight, was picked up on
the Plata, 1pur hundred and fifty miles
b cut from St 10, and brought through
train as far as Thou
) uh Springs Valley, where he was
, Mod Tor misconduct. He worked
q loot to Sacramento, and,
Gseumniating IS, 900 in the mines,
a ned TO Western city, where he
IN Alderman and a capitalist,
80 mxIU0DG # his eommand 10 was