davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Red Cloud chief., 1880-04-08
The Great Tunnel Of st. GOthard.

In 1870 Italy, Germany and Switzer-
land signed a convention guaranteeing
81 10000 to the company that would
construct the st. Gothard Railroad and
Tunnel, Italy giving $4,000, 600 Ger.
many $4,000 900 and Switzerland S4,-
100000. The original estimates of $751;
100000 proved under the mark, and i,
was found that So, S0O, 600 would be
required instead. Germany added 81
100000 to her subsidy, Italy 81, Zoo, 00O
and Switzerland 81, 600, 600. The work
was begun in the autumn of 1872. The
tunnel begins ut Goeschesen, in a de-
file where the river Reuss dashes be-
meath the famous DEVILS Bridge, and
ends at AirOlO, where it overlooks the
pleasant pastoral valley of the Ticino.
Its length is nine and a third miles
4S, 1886 feet, to be exact; it is nineteen and
a half feet high and twenty-six feet in
maximum width. Twenty-six hundred
men have been employed-Italians with
but few exceptions. The rock, which
has varied from hard granite gneiss on
the Swiss side, to gravel, sand and peb-
bles on the Italian, has been operated
upon in a similar way to hat followed
in the Gents Tunnel, dynamite being
used in blasting operations. Owing TO
the greater hOmogeneity and the alb
sence of water, more rapid progress has
been made in tunneling through the
rocks than in dealing with the softer
material where the excessive infiltration
of water necessitates special drainage
arrangements, besides retarding more
or less all branches of the work. Thus,
in piercing a bed of schist, water was
discharged in torrents, and often the
work had to be carried on under liquid
jets descending with the force of those
from a fire-engine pump.
The St. Gothard Tunnel is only one
section of railroad running from Lake
Lucerne, in Switzerland, to Lake Mag
giore, in Italy. Besides the big tunnel
there are twelve others, the shortest of
which, Warren, is 1,106 yards long,
while the longest, the Olberg, reaches
2,O27 yards. The total length Of these
twelve tunnels is very nearly ten miles
-15,57S meters. Then there are five
tunnels between 220 and $50, and
twenty-five between 40 and 220 yards,
making in all fifty-two subsidiary tun-
nels Of an aggregate length of sixteen
miles. Between Immensee and Goes
chenen there will be thirty-three tun-
nels, between Airolo and Giubiasco,
The line will be carried
over sixty-four bridges and viaducts, the
Of which, that of Cadennazo, in
Tessin, will consist of five arches, each
a span of fifty-five yards. The
total length of the Gothard line will be
Isl miles, seventeen per cent. of it being
and one per. cent. bridges and
viaducts.-N. Y. Herald.
The Red Cloud chief., 1880-04-08

cut ouf the intermediate hrznehr.. i~ass
Ing m cater circle a parallel er.seh~.
THE nx,arHi coaor of-ekes,s a . yei-
touish white. EagfisA Stis.oa rrpre-
srss IL. II Tho errsm 10 allowed 20
reach too high = t~srnp~rs,arc in The
churn. even NTH June msIk. the bas,sr
vii be white Tie sauss eHecs ls
reached by heating the sasds. Tkas &
VIII b. s-en that al yciiow ehc,sss srs
ceiorrd srtiaciAiiy.
To bring ycang fraii trres fprvsrd
least thrce dimes. vi;h csrvfuf and tuis.
csous roo.prunning. Gr.psvtpes. asi
especially strawberry Plsn,s. m grvAs-
~ improved by this means. The ructs
love the fresh soil II the ns~ Acme.
while cutting their roots causes them 10
send oui lateral branches snd ,hckcn
up.
TIE finest manure l. made By turning
the heap over ,~ic~. Begin nj each
end II the pile. and throw Oh the ma
nure - \ distance ii thrce feet. buihl-
ing mp the ne~ heaps. and placing Tho
coarscst in the center. Thea
proceed until two heaps are made.
These viii ~oon heal. and = month or ~
s~fter~srt The process may be rryer--d
and the two heaps made into one again
In selecting lowering plants. and 60
pectally shrubs, 90 ornament grounds
with, i; should he borne in mind that
ANIMALS which bloom but once = year.
make all their show in The spring when
most other plants are in bloom. and are
lost IN the multitude at beauty. Monihly
bloomers give many times the PLEASURE.
and do not look like worthless and
scrawny bushes the TEST OF the season.
SrEAKiNG Of pruning. an exchange
SAYS. Tnm moderately every year. ba;
not heavily oftener than once in ihrce
years. Pruning may nov be done nj
any time when the DAYS are warm Ga,
on no limbs that are over an inch 10 d.
ameter. IL You do no; understand prun-
ing yourself. have IL done by n compc-
tent person, bu, do not send an ignorant
hired man into your orchard 10 cu, and
hew nj will.
TuE ADiericaH Culfirdt0r says /, may
be n comparatively slow operation Ia
milk one COW in five minutes, while. an
the other hand, ten minutes time might
be called a quick operation in milking
another. Any person. whose hand Is ~
ali sensitive io the touch. will. IL be
forces the milk down Ia the end Of the
teai faster than il can escape. find the
milk rushing back, meantime the cow
showing the movement To be- one If pain.
Always milk 81 that the operation shall
he a pleasant one Ia the docile animal.
aHording her relief in the careful empty
ing a full bag Of it, contents.
The Red Cloud chief., 1880-04-08

An interesting account has been given
by Sir Robert Chris,ison Of his own OBJ
serystions Of the restorative and curs-
tive properties 81 the leaves Of the o
plant, which have long been prized by
the Indians Of Peru, where the plant II
indigenous. ~ . preventive Of exhaus-
ton BY excessive exertion. as in long
marches, or carrying heavy burdens,
etc. He Is satisfied that their use not
only prevents excessive fatigue and it,
evil consequences, but that IL also re-
stores the strength, after severe exer-
else, without any injurious effect As
an example Of experiments, begun in
1870, he states that two pupils. upon
their return from q walk Of sixteen
miles, in a state Of great exhaustion,
instead Of partaking OF food, drank an
infusion of q quarter Of an ounce of the
leaves, when all symptoms Of fatigue
disappeared, and after walking another
hour, they had a good appetite for sup
per, felt perfectly refreshed during the
evening, slept well, and were rested
and in their usual health next morning.
Ten other pupils had similar expert
ences. II was also found very beped-
cial for nervousness in females. The
leaves have also been employed i'm
France for several years, and Professor
Bouchardat remarks that they have
played as important 8 part in medicine
as the Peruvian bark he ascribes 10
them stimulating properties similar TO
those of tea and coffee, and also that OF
retarding waste Of the tissues, thus en-
abling the consumer to endure want Of
food for n longer time. The leaves may
be chewed, or an infusion of them may
be taken, mixed with rum and sugar,
or milk and sugar. The taste is bitter,
probably o IN account Of the presence of
tannin and a peculiar alkaloid called
cocaine. The infusion is clear yellow,
and Of an agreeable order. In Paris
it is frequently used instead of green tea,
rs being more stimulating and at the
same time cheaper. A preparation Of
the leaves introduced under the name of
coca wine is largely en-
ployed by physicians in cases Of slow
convalescence or great exhaustion.
Smoking the leaves in q pipe, or inhal-
ing the vapor from an infusion Of them,
had a decided effect upon bronchial
spasms, and DIR. Lewis found a similar
treatment beneficial in eases of idiopath-
ic asthma and chronic tickling cough.
A gentleman who was unable TO sleep
on account of violent attacks of cough |
ing, found it possible To enjoy perfect |
rest after smoking a pipe Of cOca mixed
with some tobacco, without any subse- |
guent headache or other unpleasant |
symptoms, and the leaves are said to be
quite agreeable to smoke. as well As
aromatic. DIR. Burger advises, edito-
rally, the use of the leaves instead Of
the so-called preparations Of coca in
the market, and also states that injuri- |
Gus results have followed the |
abuse Of this apparently harmless
article. The plant has been cult
waited successfully in England. 1t is
multiplied by cuttings.-Haper's b.
Ear.
The Red Cloud chief., 1880-04-08

What becomes of all the pins? asks
the London Leisure Hour. 1t is now as
much as forty years since the daily sup
ply of pins from the English factories
was 90. 0OO, 600, and ever since that time
the daily average has been steadily in
creasing, till ii now stands at $4,000, COO
every day. Notwithstanding this enor-
nous supply, n a hardly be in the
company of man, woman or child for 3
day without being asked: "Have you
such a thing as a pin about you?" OF
our daily 100000 pins; Birmingham
produces S7,OC0,0O0, leaving Is, 900, COO
as the production of London, Stroud
and Dublin, where pins are also made.
The weight of wire consumed annually
in the pin manufacture of England Is
about 1.275 1-2 tons, 1885,, 40 pounds,
one-eighth of which is iron wire, used
in manufacturing mourning and hair
pins. The brass wire consumed
amounts to 100000 pounds, which 1t
lid. per pound in money value, reaches
the sum of GLASS. The iron wire
consumed is S44, 500 pounds, its value
f7,1S Is. Cd, and to be added to these
amounts N the wages, paper and
ornamental envelopes, boxes, wear
and tear of machinery, manufac-
turers' profits and the like, bringing
the whole amount to not less than
100000.
The Red Cloud chief., 1880-04-08
Wise Serpent.

MIR. NJ. of our sister city, West Point,
was down on the river fishing hast sum-
mer, when he discovered a very wise
serpent. He was sitting near a rock,
under which was q snakes den. The
proprietor of the den came gliding up
from a foragirg expedition, and was
disappearing in a hole under the rock,
when, with q dexterous movement,
Captain NJ. seized him by the tail and
threw him twenty feet away. The
snake hardly knew what had happened,
and again essayed to enter his domicil
in the same manner. Again he was
treated as before. Never despairing,
for n third time the willy serpent APP
proaching the rock. This time he came
deliberately, as if carefully contemplate
ing the situation. Arriving at the mouth
of the hole, this time he deliberately
coiled himself up and put out his long
tongue, as If to take in the full situa,
ton. For a while he maintained this
defensive position, when he carefully
began to uncoil, at the same time dis
appearing tail foremost into the den.
This story is fully warranted by Captain
NJ, who stands ready to testify to its
correctness.-Hamilfon (Ga.) Journal.
The Red Cloud chief., 1880-04-08
The Missing Saw.nlill.

The other day T. G.. met an old
friend, who was formerly a prosperous
young lumberman up North, but whose
bad habits of drinking resulted as they
often do, though he has since reformed
and is trying to do better.
SHOW are you?" said T. G..
"Pretty well, thank you; but I've
just been to q doctor to have him look
at my throat"
whats the mattere"
"Wel, the doctor couldn't give
me any encouragement. At least
he couldn't find what I wanted him to
find"
"What did you expect him to find?"
81 asked him to look down my throat
for the saw-mil and farm that had gone
down there.n
Sand did he see any thing of it?"
"No; but he advised me If I ever
got another mill to run it by water."-
Detroit Free Press.
The Red Cloud chief., 1880-04-08
x~EAsoSARIE RECIPES.

Seoreu Csxs.=stae pponsi ossh q
sugar Ard egxx. hall . psanai sNh e
fisar and nsrai. Ard ihr~qaastsrs a =
p~,ani oi battsr = gfii II hssndy aa-i :
nutmeg.
HsxsIy Cooktss Hall ssp basssf.
oae and . bali cups sugar. Ikns rEa
zoe t~~A.pc.nfai - al; kinds q sPss.
hall t~sast-anfal ~~las Bs~siS. Ia . 10
sls water. mlx sp ain and roAl
warvIrs-one quart q mlsl. Ihrrs
eggs. two tsastzscahsls q hakinE rs
der. one ta~bl.sp~oufai each "a hslsrg
aad sugar. and fcur cncasA a. maks =
.sin batter. Bsle in ~aH's iross
cAkK MtTuosr kaas -rSo ,ugs q
ifour. tao cups q sugaf. tse cups q
milk, one-h hall rgp q batter. twu srs
~spooafais cream tartar. one uf -~iA, en~
csn-e - ~ralssnz. asa antnssE to
taste.
Closr Caan=T~s cups f.ssF. hat
cup moiss-... ono hall enp hsliisr. eus
half cup msik. lao egg-. tau euPs e
r~alxins, onc tsasp=sasni e sazls. hA.f
and allspice. Aaif = Hasneg.
TIAfs Arrtx SAreN@far. quarter
and c,re them pat them in,o a sNucr
pan Nth sufficient cold water a. css~r
The apples place ,hesn on The hn an.i
boil gently until they are tsndsr. ihcn
drain AMI mash thsm to a peftr,tiy
stnooth palp add a god. ssssi istBp q
butter and = dash either 20 grated "a
meg or ground cinnamon.
GRAHAM Bassp.-To tvo psunds a
Graham n"ur allow a pint q mia. a p,nt
81 water. a ~inegiassfai uf nsolassss. a
tea.poonfal IL salt. bali a t.asp@,afal
~ -da and two t~sblcspossnfals Il siniHg
yeast. Beat the yeast. molsssas. @slA
and salt In mke~arm mia ot water.
Stir In the f"ur until isa stin Ia a=. y
spoon. knead aud bake a. usual.
fooR Mans I'uDptso "A quart af
milk. half tearup rise. salt Ia taste. anal
teaeup sugar. place in tho oven
cold. stirring occasionally while the fice
u swelling. II IL better Ia bale quite
about two hours, IL sis.aii D.
whsn done. To warn this a
small cup of raIsin. and a ssa~I~-pa a
or vanilla may be added,
MOI AM bf p1taIit ~ put
sugar. bali = pound "a butter.
stir the butter and sugar "a = cream.
then add six eggs. beat che yriks an'i
whites separate. Adj the yolks ta the
and sugar: Que pound "a nossr.
teaspoonfils of baking powder.
one cup u milk. Aid the whitss - tho
eggs the last thing; n ,~sasposufas q
vanilla.
FRsscu RoLLs-Take three m~e,li.S
um-sixed Irish potaioess boil until sofi.
In the water In which thry were
add enough four Ia make a the
consistency ~ cream. soak an yeast
In aeup "a tep,d water. beat IN
or three eggs. one Tablespoonful q
Que II ,alt: mis thu whoio to
and set IL to rise. When rtssn
work in nour. in which has been rubbed
Dne Tablespoonful 81 lard. until stiff
snougb to handle easily. Let Il nee
again. then make ont the rnlls with
four haads. hA,ten anti they xiIl foli
over. and spread n very iittls butter.
enough to keep IL from sticking,
bake quick. The above recipe wil
make thirty rolls.
The Red Cloud chief., 1880-04-08
AGRICULTURAL T z

Do not seed down An orchard with
oats; it draws the mice.
PRUNE in winter and early spring for
wood, and in summer for fruit.
GREEN-coLoRED apples show their
imperfections more than red ones, and
do not sell as readily.
To prepare ground for small fruits
manure it as though you intended rails
ing 100 bushels of corn to the acre.
Mr.. WICK thinks it does fruit trees
far more good to thin the fruit than to
mulch the trees. 1t secures better
crops.
A sToCK-KHEPER reports curing many
bad warts on cattle and horses, during
several years, by application to each Of
zone good daub Of tar"
In planting trees, the most profitable
are the very early ard very late sorts.
This rule applies to all fuit-planting for
market.
Two bushels of bluegrass seed to the
acre is the Usual amount s0wn. II the
seed be good it viii grow, II sown in .
dry time Of the year, but the best time
Is early in the spring.
Ix selecting buds for scions, Il Is gen.
orally thought best to take from the top
branches to get rapid growth, and from
the intermediate branches to get early
fruiting. This is by no means IN infaf-
hble rule. however.
PLowIMe should be done only when the
soil win crumbs loosely; when the pillow
The Red Cloud chief., 1880-04-08
Had the Drop on EN-.

Black Run, as any map may fail 70
show. is situated in the Colorado min
ing district, and the Baptist Church is
presided over by an able and athletic
preacher. On the fourth Sunday in
February last, n collection wa taken
up for the Franz Josef land mission and
the plate was passed around by one Of
the deacons. There was present \
miner from Red Gulch, who was anx-
ious, as he phrased il, to ''put up" for the
Franz Josef heather, but who had no
coin smaller than 3 twenfy-dollar gold
piece. When the plate reached him, he
inquired in . low tone: "Ho. much is
the ante?" The deacon told him he
could contribute whatever he chose.
"Then." replied the ingenious miner.
an chip in a dollar. and t~hereupon he
put in his twenty-dollar gold piece, and
undertook to withdraw tIs. This the
deacon objected TO, on the ground that
no change vas given At that establish
menf. A struggle ensued, in the course
of which the plate was upset, and the
entire congregation rushed TO pick mp
the scattered money. Had il MOI; been
for the presence Of mind Of the
presiding minister the entire amount
already collected would have been
absorbed by reckless persons eager 10
So iump the deacon's claims the Do
cal papers subsequently expressed t.
The minister. fortunately, happened 10
be an old Californian who thoroughly I'M
derstood the true way Of dealing with
. Colorado assembly, Drawing
heavy revolver and leaning Il on the
edge of the pulpit, he demanded "or-
der" in . stentorian voice. "Ihe
brethren" he remarked, evil please
take notice that I've got the drop N
them. and any brother who declines 10
go to his seat, or who touches any Of
fhst money, win have . funeral II his
house tomorrow =; 2 p m Our min
ing friend from Red Gulch vii please
1t 60 the deacon's necktie, or he Is .
dead man." This address, together
with the minister's known reputation n
. pistol shot, Instantly restored order,
and the deacon picked up the scattered
money, including the twenty dollar gold
piece, resumed the collection, and the
proceeded without further in
terTup6on.-Eer Tork Issses.
The Red Cloud chief., 1880-04-08

Valentine White, one 81 the oldest
farmers residing In bradford Cssuty.
Pa. had a desperate encounter with
two aimos, fsmisbei wolves q day ~r
two since. lie has cleared q goodsssnsi
farm. and IL 10 some extent i~solais.i
from his neighbors. Aronnd M.
Whites farm u = dense forest. ainss.,
uniouchsd by the p~soneers. Bar.
deer and wolf are abundant. nossifh-
standing which they are Seldom dis
turbed BY hunters. In the r.aF ~ Mr..
Whites hou.e L. q huge frame barn.
with great crack. caused by dscsying
boards. On going cot 10 The barn hs
heard . great coassns;soa. Thinking
some of the animals had broken kSp~s.
be did not open the front door lest they
should escape. bat squeezed himslf
through . large aperture lsh ~ a
broken board. A son a. be entered
the uproar increased, and he $50 Ia shs
middle of the barn noor . heifsr wbfh
had torn herself from the s,anch0n by
main force. and broken ons born IN tha
sct. Ciingipg 90 her muxzls ~Az .
large gray uosf. with IL bog. sharp
teeth fastened In the saimsI's s<s~s
.ith . baIldog grip. While as0Nbsr
va trying 10 hsms,rsng The posr ef-zI
ure.
The believing AZ the heifsr. The sssrI-
ing 81 the wolves aud the r.f,lisg n he
loose barn foer made . deasxnia<
racket, and tbs human intruder u2s un
noticed The COW sbook the xgif lks
. limp rsg. and pounded the sda
al the stable stfh IL. bat in vain. CT
Whites anger .: the stssek os his stSk
oyerrnzxsered AL feelings II p~rp1eses-
and. seixinxa pstchf0rk. be prepared
himself for ~ attack. No sooner DID
the wolves perceive kim. thaa. msd-
den<d By the taste of blood, they tsrnet .
from the heifer and attacked hin. ~
one Of the iafsrissed animals s2rsnZ
toward tke Cd man. be dealt is . mighty
blow with The fork. sending Is into .
corner. But the o<her sasnai essZt.
is teeth IN tho Old msn's night esa1
slesve. snd In such ek,-e quarters ih2k
the weapon vHs 1T No anal Afs<r
kicking u~sese<~ly II the z-sinaal. Be.
grupsd is throat sish has k1
hand, and choked fbe vrf Bn;il 9
lei 20. Then seixing again the psteh-
fork. be dealt . veil directed hos snf
broke ID. leg 81 one 81 The .asmaA,
which then dpdxed fkrouxA the Soss
b hind him and hmp<d Oh. hoshzF
tisznsily- The other wolf bed "a
<rDund, asd Whenever opportunity 81
lrrsd sprssz n the Old nsn- so~ sSi
hen fastening ifs fecfh info bis xrns-
Tho<sgh heedisS ~profnseiy whi:s cos
:isned The azhs. aad 6aally. viih > .sn.
directed thrust of the psiehfork. sss
he tines through she animals ss.ra
Killing IL almoss Instantly. The dad
soh was u large sk5e. gsans vita n1n.
~, and With . shagxy coat Of iss&
Isy- Wkifs's Globes we're torn $40
and his face. Deck and bras
Scared deeply By the es~s DIP
nimal-Pxts3usy ary~k<-
The Red Cloud chief., 1880-04-08

THRlC Connecticut experiment. station
is about commencing . series of expert
ments for testing thoroughly the differ
emit methods Of setting milk to obtain
the best results ~ to cream, and, Il pos
sible, to arrive At definite conclusion,
% that the butterrmakers may have
sufficient data to enable them to work
with some degree Of certainty in the
production of butter.
The Red Cloud chief., 1880-04-08

Bur A%Rr,vicIAL Lssur roe YmS
EyIs.-The most essential conditions II
. good artificial light, ~ proved by
various and prolonged srscs of expert
menfs, are as follows: II should under
Ill circumstances be steady, and neither
duh % very intense; Pickering light.
are always very injursous; the Argand
burner l. the best; il . shade u us~d q
should guard the eye from thu direcs
rays, while permitting . fair amount oi
light in the room: the eye should pos be
kept in darkness by too much shading
n lightly tinted paper IL better than perr
white for reading OF writing; yellow
glasses have been found superior 10 9TH
ers in some cases Of weak eyes; In
reading, the light should il possible
come from behind the person, and the
eyes should be allowed TO res; a little
every few minutes, even. when they do
not seem To require IL.
SALT IN WELL-WArER.-A serious
epidemic Of typhoid fever In Rochester
has led To An examination Of wei-wa,er
by Professor baltimore, and In his report
he lays special stress OF the significance
Ut common salt in well-water in general.
No single indication, he holds, is Of 80
great sanitary importance in Judging Of
the purity or impurity. and. conse-
quently. II the safety or danger Of any
water. He proceeds then Ia show that
though. from the universal diffusion Of
this substance in the air and in the soil,
we should expect IA find il in all waters,
whether from rain, springs, or wells,
because of its extreme solubility, never
theless, he argues, the quantity II salt
that should be found normally from the
causes named in well-waier is extremely
small, ard, therefore, whenever IL
rises above a very few grains per gallon,
II becomes certain that il comes from
some other source than the soil :" and
he concludes with the logical inference
that. As nearly all the salt used for do
nestle purposes escapes by the way Of
two channels, the water-closct and the
house-drain, we should therefore expect,
"what is always found on examination
to be true, that, whatever sewage may
or may not contain, il always contains
salt" II may be interesting 10 know
that the addition Of n little nitrate Of
silver To water is an easy method Of
roughly ~ascertaining both the amount Of
salt and of organic matter. The water
to be tested should be placed in n clean
glass and set in the sun, with the ad-
dition Of about ten grains of nitrate Of
silver To each pint OF water. II the
water is perfectly pure (Which is never
the CASEY no change will occur, while il
the water contain either salt or organic
matter, it will blacken after standing n
little, and the amount of sediment which
settles TO the bottom Of the glass is a
fair measure OF the impurity.-CriStian
Union.