davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily press and Dakotaian. [volume] (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1875-1880, 1880-03-27
THE "MAsneR' on THE TRAIN.
Burlington Hawkeye.


She was . beautiful girl, fair az the morn.
ing. handsomely arrayed, lille gIoved
hands that you would even like to have box
your ears. Drawn BY The irresistible fasci.
nation Of his inviting eyes the approached
the masher, who made room for her beside
himself. Her eyes beamed upon him in
beauty only equaled by his own, and her
voice was sweeter than the song or the siren,
when she addressed him. She had to speak
TO him bow could phe help it?
"Sir." she remarked, and the music of
her voice fairly thrilled the car. Sir, is
this seat engaged 7"
He looked up at the vision Of glowing
cheeks and laughing eyes, marble brow and
clustering curls, and he relented, even the
masher's heart warmed toward the lovely
girl, the latest victim Of his manly charms.
ooh certainly not" he eaid, and his bow
was 4 study Of grace from the steam man.
"Oh, certainly not; you are entirely vel.
come; l shall be only TOO happy-"Then."
cried the charmed victim, "Mother you can
cit here beside this gentleman"
AID an old woman, seventy-three if she
was . day, with no teeth and only one eye, 9
small box, a big band box in a bag, a green
r%eticule and an umbrella, two paper bags
and a piece Of calamus root, tottered into the
profered seat and sat down, and piled bel
things into the young mans lap. And the
girl, the beautiful girl, vent and sat dowr
beside the passenger with the sandy goatee
who was so bashful that he didn't anc
couldn't say a word to his companion all th,
way to Newark, and blushed to his ear
every time the fat passenger winked at him
Daily press and Dakotaian. [volume] (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1875-1880, 1880-03-27
THE FOUNDATION OF THE HomEs1AkE.
Black Hills Times.

An old miner who made a tout of the
Homestske mine the other day, Informed
yesterday that within the present year
the greatest mining excitement of the age
would stir up the country from OCEAN to
ocean, and that the Homestske mine would
be the cause of the stir. The mills Of this
company are DOW runnipg-aDd tuning
out over 5000. 900 a uonth-on the lowest
grade rock they have. THIS is doue to un-
cover a body of ore which has heen struck
in the lower level, and. as soon ss this re-
markable, mass of quartz is sufficiently
exposed to render mining convenient the
stamps will be fed on it, when.
it 10 claimed by our informant,
the c%lean-ups Of the Homestake
will be 100000 a mon.h instead of
100000, as at present. 1t is confidently
believed that the new ere body will WELD
from twenty to forty dollars per ton. II
the aurmises of our informant are correct,
and the chances are in favor of the afirma.
tive, the stock of the Homestake will go up
into the hundreds. The extent Of the new
find ia not exactly known, of course, hut j,
i. the opinion Of our best informed miners
that it is very extensive. The whole found.
alton of the mine seems 10 be composed O
this rich ore.
Daily press and Dakotaian. [volume] (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1875-1880, 1880-03-27

fyDfn Pom Custer, that the tYn~s bss~ Termed =
treat, Win The h4stsAs Il.s ~stiit@sS is tie tsef il
aud Sess ~ 1ungas river as- ssS,Si az irtt gassr
creek valley Tor mutual I,tptstsia, At i~sixii4sa
tdstefhcs all u stcitstHest, which increases 1: Dti
the tact that there arr 9nls Two ,.tial pStiss u
trootn al the posi- Of Fot Mckinney.
The loans aud discounts Of the Fpst National
Eshk VI Helena amount 10 upwards u sss1. 900
In bt'lS, legal tender notes, goId nDd silver Of ITS
own resources, upwards Of siJb OVDl is III the vault
70 answer the qnickeIing Impulse Of spnpg busl.
neAs. HE deposit account II enormous, reach
Ing AN aggregate af nearly SsD,.Soo. OF which
sum more than two-thirds belong I" ',. husliu.s.
men, mi ers and other people ~ -da. ip-
Guiding paid up stock, surplus fund ,.,ti indi.i.
ded profits, the Institution has as one pari ot ius
working capital t223 .O00.
Daily press and Dakotaian. [volume] (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1875-1880, 1880-03-27
New Advertisements.

0lANnc Stool, Cover & Book, s2lo to
rANU0$l6OO. Organs Is Stops. 3 set
Reeds. 2 Knee Swells--StOol--
Book, only Sos. HIllnstrated Catalogue
FREQ Address DanI' +. Beatty. Washington, MI
Daily press and Dakotaian. [volume] (Yankton, Dakota Territory [S.D.]) 1875-1880, 1880-03-27

T0u.6ATE No. 2.-beaaslmi c",oree n,e,nrs;
aad. Send aannps or package p~.LC.AssIS, a.aAlAMv.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
Bodle Items.
Bod. Free Pr.ss. December "a.

Bodis Free Prsss. December "a.
The Nevada and California Telegraph
Company reduced the tariff on ten-word
messages between Bodis and Aurora 10
twenty-five cents.
Owing to the bad condition OF the
roads between Carson and this place. the
Southern Transportation Company has
been obliged to raise the tariff on freight
to six cents per pound. The other COM
panies have advanced the price to three
and four cents. AL along the route the
snow 10 quite deep at present. and there
10 no hope Of an improvement until late
in the spring.
The Sierra Telegraph Company has
arranged with the California aud Neva.
da Telegraph Company for the use OF its
poles from Bodie to Mormon Ranch.
which completes tho line 10 Lundy as
far as the poles are concerned. The
wire will be here on Saturday next. aud
Brooks and O'Connor will start in work
with two gangs Of men from Mormon
Ranch. 1t now looks - IL President
Kemp will carry out his promise by
sending . message at IL o'clock ON New
Years day TO Lundy.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
Eureka Items.
S,.tiaei, December %.

T. j. Tenant. Fish Commissioner.
arrived last evening from Carson. He
brings with him carp. catfish and cells.
which he Is d.sirsus Of placing in all
the streams and %wstercourses in Eureka
county. Those having fisheries should
make immediate application to Mr.. Ten
nsnt for u supply.
There was some tall cussing in q cabin
up near Mr.. Fsrl-y's residence last
Wednesday. The wood snapped and
cracked 80 audibly rs to blow q s.ovs
into about ten thousand fragments. It
10 IN awful mean trick to charge a stick
oil wood with powder. and still there
are people who will do 1t. and the mat.
ter will hardly be- Investigated. The
walls Of the cabin are still standing.
Uncle Jimmy Fair tsleRrapbed K Sad
Ter last evening to furnish the Leader
aud Sentinel offices each 9 basket Of
champagne. Mr.. Sadler has done as
requested. The entire Sentinel establish
ment return their thanks to Mr.. Fair Tor
his kindly recollection OF them. His
good health has been drank q number OF
times standing. and will be again u the
typos can stand up under the eIhilerat.
ing effects OF the champagne. They also
wish him . very Merry Christmas aud o
unanimous vots in the Legislature Tor
our next United States Senator.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
EASTERN DISPATCHES
More or tho Sprague Ness.

Providence, LII, December 25.-The
Spraeue divorce case. which 10 expected
to come to trial in about o month, fur
nishes an endless amount Of gossip for
people in all parts Of the country. and
especially in the locality where ell the
parties are known. Your correspondent
today talked with several persons. at
least two OF whom are to be depended
upon as knowing everything they seid to
be true. aud learned that q very extern
sivs mine Of scandal. which exceeds
anything yet heard Of in relation to the
matter, will be laid bare to the public
gaze when the case comes to trial.
CHICAGO, December 26.-The Irib.
une's Washington special says: II the
reports that have reached here today are
correct. the SpraRue divorce suit Is to be
accompanied by even more sensational
Developments than have already been
predicted. SprsRus, 1t is reported. has
secured some newspaper support, and
will endeavor to turn the batteries upon
his opponents. while John Kelly is
reported to have served . notice on
Conkling that he intends to pursue him
to the bitter epd. 1t Is said that Sprague,
through the Kelly organ, will charge
Senator Conkliug with the ruin OF his
family, aud tba, the divorce proceedings
we're instigated by Conklipg. It is also
reported that the fact will be brought
out that at one time SpraRue challenged
Conkling to q duel. aud that arrange.
ments had been made for the affair.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
What the Ponca Chiefs Say.

BosroN, December &c. "A Herald
Washington special says: A delegation
Of nineteen Poncs chiefs. now here. had
ON interview with the Secretary Of the
Interior aud members OF the Commits
sion recently appointed to 60 into the
Indian Territory and make q full inves-
tiguiion into the circumstances OF their
removal from Dakota. and into their
present condition. The chiefs declare
unanimously their wish to DO let alone.
aud DO allowed to remain in th. Indian
Territory. where they were removed by
Inspector K-mble. They declare that
the stories Of their sufferings. and loss
Of one third their number from sickness.
il greatly exaggerated. There are DOW
$40 Of the original $50 living in the Ter
ritory, and 1856 elsewhere. showing Q
loss OF less than ons hundred since their
removal in 1877. They denounced the
interference Of Tibbles. who has been
the means Of getting up the excitement
In this city. as unsolicited by them and
ask that be DO kept away from them.
On the whole. the interview Ii . COM
pleie refutation OF the stories about the
hardships OF the Ponca case. and IL IL
doubtful il the Presidents Commission
will 60 to the Indian Territory.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
Change OF superintendent.

SAN Francisco. December 2G.-Hank
Donnelly has resigned the Superintend.
sney Of the Eureka Consolidated, and
his resignation has been accepted. Thos.
j. Read. supsrcedes him, temporarily.
The position has permanently been
offered to ]. A. Porter. formerly Of the
X. X. Company. Mr.. Porter has been
te~leeraphsd at Colorado regarding the
position. His answer is expected in q
few days. It 10 understood that his
present employment with an Eastern
company will not expire until March or
April. The Eureka Consolidated Direct
DRY have informed him that they will
hold the place open for him up to that
time. II Mr.. Porter accepts the Super
intendspcy Of the Eureka Con. be will
also be given charge Of the Albion.
These are facts, and from the most
authentic source.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
Peculiar Suicide.

CHICAGO, December 26.-A peculiarly
distressing and un%accountabls suicide
occurred on Lake avenue. near Thirty.
ninth street, yesterday afternoon. Miss
Ada H-bdsn. . young lady Of twenty.
two years. engaging In manner aud
highly esteemed BY her aequaintsncss,
lives there with her brother. Robert
HIDDEN. Assistant Manager OF the Bank
OF Montreal in this city. Night before
last she attended soms Christmas fsstiv-
tiles at q n-ighbor's and was among the
merriest. Yesterday morning she arose.
brsakfastsd and dined a. usual. Shortly
after dinner. finding herself alone In the
the room. she suddenly went to a draw
sr, took from il Q pistol and without
warning or explanation 6red . shot into
her heart and fell dead on the carpet.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
Eastern Stock Boom.

New YORK. December 2G.-The Graphic
says: Several times recently we have
directed attention to the strong buying
going on in Union Pacific. The stock
has advanced to 1897, aud We are in
formed that the rise In this stock has
only lust fairly begun. There 10 good
reason to believe 1t will sooa sell up to
100. Notwithstanding the rise in stocks
aud bonds. We believe at present little
reaction is to DO expected. Buying for
foreign account continues on an unpre.
cedented scale. and the prospects Of the
new funding scheme have given large
holders renewed confidence. The truth
is. there appearst to be growing Q scarcity
Of desirable stocks OF all kinds. There
ia no pressure to sell and any consid.
cradle purchasing order has the Effect Of
making prices go up very sharply.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
Dtyilish Traffic,

MONTREAL, December 25.-It now sp-
pears that the procuring OF girls from
Montreal to ill Chicago, St. Louis and
San Francisco dens OF infamy has been
largely carried on all summer. agents
having come from AZ far as San Fran
cisco for the purpose. Madame Psqust.
said to DO q noted procuress, was today
arrested and confessed to having sent
forward several young French Canadian
girls. Today there entered the Police
Court a young woman. who had just ar
rived irou Chicago. and who at once.
displaying q large roll Of greenbacks, re.
tanned two lawyers to defend the woman
Paquet. Her name is said to DO Clara
Bsauchamp. She conHdentislly informed
the Court reporter that she had just
come IRON Chicago. and that last week
abe had received two little girls from
Montreal at u certain den on State street.
She has come after the defendant.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27

The siIteen-pags holiday edition OF
the Sacramento Bee, on Friday last. is
one Of the best ever issued on the Pacific
coast. 1t contains Q vast amount OF val
liable and interesting information rels-
tive to the entire Pacific coast. as we'll
~ referring particularly and worthily to
Sacramento. Henry George contributes
. well.written article on political Econ.
omy." Z. G. Waite n on Labor and
Land" B. B. Reddipg one on Fish
Culture" and there are various other
essays and literary efforts OF unusual
merit, worthy OF more than a mere pass
ing notice. The whole constitutes q
rare combination Of careful study. re-
search and enterprise not easily equaled
and not to be eIcellsd by any Journal.
1t is well worthy Of both careful Perussl
and preservation for future reference.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
Another Bridge for the Missouri,

OMAHA. December 2i.-C. G. Housed.
Government Director Of the Union Pa.
ci6c. who has returned from New York,
brings news to the effect that 4 company
OF New York capitalists intend to build
another bridge across the Missouri at
this point, to be used for railroad trains,
teams aud foot passengers. the subscrip-
ton list being headed by Frank Smith
with $4,000. he having large property
interests here. 1t is to be a low bridge,
with q draw for boats. aud will be To-
Gated north Of the Union Pacific bridge.
1t IL stated that the bridge will be COM
plrt.d by August next, and It Is init
mated that 1t IL to DO built in the inter-
est OF the Chicago. St. Paul and Omaha
Railroad. It probably brings the Wa.
bash Railway into this city as . terminal
point.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
ORE snELsiSa R~E,OURcEs'

v.x;,;po from Love-
George l'o'e'oeA' n.
lock. Humboldt county, 10 'ao "'"'
G.s,u, favor the location OF ore suei'-
pA-'"e' ,.o,ls M Ram nv
ing and reuuo'i""
reason OF the facilities offered IN mo ""y
-..w., fu-l. etc. besides having
vi ""'' 49, o,.. - IN. ii.
q large amount ''''
cinity. He also says:
-. .uorr, =, hasa or,.
There Is = ais p.o;s. R.;iro.s i'm
along tne eenuAi ~ ..,,ine sr.ci,l
humooiut eoun.y' = h,,l hs,;ng
rates 90 as 10 SUPP lne 1tS s.r.sn rno
the furnace so s,'uA'su 'nI n.ns nrsn.
to the iuthsce W.T. ~, cor,d hs AZ.
nty OF sooa su.iuS pono 7 conId de-
n'ereu 'eiy s.or..n ons carload DER
liver on Cars y sso 80 Ton .ilysr
day. ,hA' wvu.u $3.50 -, in is.a' AZ.
slo Ia goiu, t"iI'! ~ .na ten ner
cent. IRON. Il, is carbonate ore and smells
splendidly' and there T,s an ore sons.;n.
~ sr.sn,e or sulphur. The only draw
back to the ore is the antimony' y tns
Salt Lake furnace ,,,m.nx ont Of ,he ore.
and eondrnsing it so that it is not q nuts.
ance Is 1t WAS under the @ia way VI
smelling, ,.,. ora hare
wh;cs will sy.rare SiOO to the ton. but
does moi carry so much lead say about
ten per cent. also, .., woaIs 90 $50 70
the ton. Also. il your furnace should
want nua' 'hey can nnu III H., Snr,ny.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
Miscellaneous.

Nsw York. December 27.-During .
disturbance on Christmas Day In the
hotel OF II. T. Grimm. at Rockawsy
Beach. one Mahon attempted to stab the
proprietor. The latter drew q revolver
and Ared six times at Mahon, who fell
MORALLY wounded. Griffin then seized
o gun and riddled Mshon with buckshot.
COLUMBUS. o.. December 26.-Twenty
prisoners in the county jail mutini-d
yesterday, and all the police al the south
end OF the town were called IN to keep
them down. One shot was fred. but
without fatal results. Cold water and
chunks OF coal thrown at the prisoners
were found to be sufficiently powerful
arguments to quell the trouble. Several
convicts were severely injured by being
hit with pieces OF coal.
CLEVELAND. December 25.-A farmer
named Anthony, living near Weston.
Ohio. attended the Grand Army FAIR
last evening. with all tho family except
two children. aged fourteen and sixteen
years. When he returned be found the
house in ashes and the children burned
to crisp. Nothing 10 known - to how
the fire occurred.
GALVESTON, December 28.-A N.trs
special from New Braunsf-ls. Texas.
says James Howard was yesterday morn.
ing found dead. horribly mapRled. near
the depot. Il is supposed that be laid
on the track while in q state OF intoIl.
cation. when he was roc over by an
engine.
BosToN. December 26.-J. ". BoIen.
dale, ag-d twenty-four, who had the
financial department Of the shoe manu-.
factory Of bis father, John Boxendale,
at Brocton, Massachusetts,, has dissp.
pear.d aud 10 discovered to be a dsiaulter
In SIC. 900. which forces his father to
suspend.
CALDWELL. Kan, December 25.-
Soms OF The colonists have ilanked the
military and entered the Territory. where
they found hundreds OF people with
wagons aud provisions already inside
the sacred portals, making claims and
building houses. The Commercial claims
that the opposition to entering 10 made
In behalf Of Jay Gould's Texas and Mex.
lean railroad interests.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27

There is no denial Of the fact on either
side that there has been . bitter sntag-
onism between the North and South.
and that that antagonism has lasted too
long is admitted by the best men in both
parties. The only question is. whether
the men in the South who have been
chiefly responsible for this feeling on
their side are the best calculated to cause
a suspension Of this sn.asonism a,d a
return to the era OF good feeling and
harmony. The men who claim that the
South has been misrepresentsd have
now the opportunity to prove 1t. and
they will 10 met by the North. The men
who justify tissue ballots and insist that
the South is right in refusing to recog'
pize the constitutional rights Of negroes.
are hardly the ones to accomplish the
result aimed at. for there can be NO basis
OF harmony that does not include equal
and exact justice to all under the law.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
A ChrI,tma. ,Nurdcr.

DENVER, December 26.-A Republican
saoorro IN. NJ special says: At .
Christmas festival held here On Christ.
mas Eve several Mexicans created a dis.
turbance. which was quelled by A. ~.
Conkling. editor Of the Sun. Shortly
afterwards, while Copkling and wife
were leaving the church, two MrIicans
seized him by tho arms while Q third
fred three shots. killing Copklipg in.
stantly. His assailants fed to Q small
town In the vicinity. where they are
guarded by 1000 M-xicans. A large
posse OF Americans. we'll armed. intend
to get the murdsrsrs II they have to
fight for them.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
Accounted For.

CHICAGO. December ga Tribune
St. Louis special says: Miss Grover. q
society belle Of ST. Louis. yesterday
made o confession that she was the
mother Of the male infant whoss dead
body was picked up In q vacant lot in
the city o few days ago. She says she
lett htr bed on the night OF its birth. on
Sunday. and took her child to the place
where its body was found. Miss Grover
refuses to tell who the father OF the
child IL.
ST. LOUIS. December 26.-A Coroner's
jury found Miss Grover responsible for
the death OF the infant child. the body
Of which was found In . vacant lot. and
she 10 under police survsillaucs.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27

San Francisco Daily Exchange: Mrs.
Laura de Force Gordon 10 going to de-
fend Wheeler. the stranger. presumably
without fee or reward. Wheeler will
doubtless feel grateful to Mrs. Gordon.
and he ought to. But as gratitude fire.
quen,ly leads up to love. and with
Wheeler love means the right Of strangu.
~laiion. it is to be hoped that Mrs. Cor
don may not succeed in acquitting her
client. and thereby run her " neck
into the danger which now besets his.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27

Applaon's Journal for January. 1881
ID. Appleton L Co.. New York;. is at
hand. These are its leading articles;
..Ths Veterans Of Yesterday" in three
parts (psrt irst). from the French OF
Erckmasu-C hatrisn; Tho Early His
tory Of Charles James Fox" ''Socisl
Life Among the Ancient Creeks" 1.-THE
Influence OF Art in Daily Life" w.
Dress), by J. Bennington Atkinson;
political Somnsmbulism." by Profess
sor J. r. Sselsy; HOLLAND and Its PEG.
pls;'' PHILOSOPHY at Concord" by
Mrs. A. b. Blake; 1.-THE Earl OF bea-
consfsld's New Novel;" "Vsrs dc So
ciets," by A. H. Japp; "Tho Court and
Literary Salons Of Old Paris" "Eccen-
,%ricities Of Pronunciation New and
Old Art Theories "EI-Presidents as
Senator'S"
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27

New York Tribune: It is reported
from Washington that several patriotic
Southern gentlemen who supported Han
cock are now cautiously e~ndsavoriug to
enlist recruits for . new party With the
time. honorsd name Of Wing inscribed
ON its banner" From what graveyard
do these patriotic gentlemen come? Per-
haps they don't know 1t. but they must
have been dead for q quarter Of q cen.
,ury. Only dead men would want to
rssurrect q dead party. There are live
principles and questions enough to en-
gage the attention Of this generation
without going back to the tombstsnss OF
tho past.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27

The Washington correspondent OF the
New York Graphic. writing under date
Of the Goth instant. says: Nevada Ia so
far without a representative in the SEN
ate. Mr.. Sharon Is hardly likely to sp-
pear at all during this. his closing SEES
sion. Senator Jones will not be in his
sea, before Cbristmas. and 1t is now un'
dsrstood that his estimable lady, whs 10
deservedly popular in society. will not
come to the Capital at the present ses'
sion. Gentlemen who are well informed
as to the intention OF Colonel Fair do
not anticipate. il he is elected to the
Senate, that the mining millionaire will
take his seat before next December. Tho
absence Of John W. Mackay for twelve
months in Europe will, 1t is considered.
nscsssitats Mr.. Fairs presence on the
Comstock.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1880-12-27
Lynching in Tennessee.

LOUISVILLE. December 25.-John A.
Gardner was nearly killed in his barn OF
Rowlstt's station yesterday. A negro
named John Campbell and his brother
Sam. who staid in the barn with him,
were arrested on suspicion, and money
was found on their persons which had
belonged to Gardner. They were com.
nilted to jail, but last night ct midnight
loo masked men overpowered the j%.iler.
took them out through the town to the
bills near the river. and hung them to q
tree. Sam Is raid to have confessed,
but John was obdurate.