davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Alpena weekly argus. [volume] (Alpena, Mich.) 1871-1893, 1880-03-31

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Alpena weekly argus. [volume] (Alpena, Mich.) 1871-1893, 1880-03-31

TsDOr singers are always high
toosd PeOPse-Dake . note Of IL
Alpena weekly argus. [volume] (Alpena, Mich.) 1871-1893, 1880-03-31
MOTH OF sALz OF EzAr ES1xTE

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, 1880-05-01

TIE mortifying fnct Is announced III tho
dispatches this morning TINT Gov. lluyt, Of
Ponnsylyanla, has promptly Apprwed the rcc-
ontncnlation Of tho uoard OF Tard0ns III tho
c,.so Of Kou,ble, Crawford, Saltcr, rotroir, ana
Nulnbcrgor, and that this collection Of corrHp.
tion!sts headed by tho distinguished exponent
OF tho sclnnce at addition, division. and 81.
1cnoc," will bo spared tho lniction Of tho pe,i-
nifty Imposed upon thom bya fearless and lip
right Judge. Tho scntoncu OF theso men called
for nneof =, 0W Waudirnpr1sonment for ono year
In solttnry confinement and ut hard labor III tho
Eastern Pcnltontiary,-,a sentence involving
disqualification for life for any o!lico Of trust,
honor, or profit In tito 6tAte Of Pennsylvania.
Uy tho action OF tho board OF Purt!ons with tho
Governors concurrence tho moral effect of this
well-tescrygd punishment IL entlrety taken
AWAY, thoi,gA tho d!sgruco OF conviction and
sentence IL not removed. Il srusser or t,0rc Ill
jurtous nl,asc OF tho pardoning power Ia hnrtlly
to DO found in tho unilals Of executive ciom-
! unry.
, 1880-05-01

THE Fortune BAY outrngo resulted from
alleged violations OF lpcnl regulations by Amer
lean ilBhcrmen. Tho 1loaton AdMrttser shows
plninly TINT these regulations wory llI.rcnsosl-
ablo and intentlo,l to yax and annoy AMERICAN
t'aicrma1l, and ntfds.
Tho Legislature OF Newfoundland prohibited
tho suintnx Ut herring during more than onc-half
tho yenr; to'l, py ali aet passed sineo tho trGnfy
went into elect, 1t prohibited gafning On Hltli-
days, md imtiod tho lIborty ot eening at my
tlnD to sprcMlfnE tho setnG And forthwith huut-
Ing 1t. How much liberty Of herring fishing wis
loft to A1n0ricnnsf They might fish In tho 1na1l.
ner prescribed by the Eewfoundlauders ult Just
lby days Ia each your. Tho manner WIS nicely
Of tho taln11d MI advantage. They Gin witch for
the coming Ut tho schools Of llsh, and take th01u
quickly, wEito American fishermen nro unable to
do tho satnp,
Lord t,nlIshury's decision amounts to saying
TINT tho loonl authorities may nnify tho treaty.
or my parts OF 1t. For If thoy eau nuke tho
Close scason Blk months, they can also inake 1t
eleven months: md II they can prescribe tho
kind OF seincs to DO used md tho manner OF
hauling them, thoy can n!so prescribe lsh'
hooks,
, 1880-05-01

TIE testimony thus far tnien III tho
Springer Donnolly investigation du's not sup-
port the theory Of Mr.. Springer that tho anony-
NOUS lottor, olforlng 5000 1t HpgIugcr would
vote to Bcat Washb,trt,. was writton by somc
person In thu Donnoily Interest," Tho Committee
aro no ncaror tho authorship than boforo tho In
vcstgaion began, aud tlloro 4a NJ promise nf my
worry lucid lgybiopnonts. Tho only thing Thus
fur mado ctcnr Ia that Dpunelly ind hs
frlon1s on tho House Elections Committee
weFo absolutely positive that they cnuld rely
upon Sprluxer's vote "for tho goosl Of tho
party" a1tl wore SO nst0uAictl Mt hIs subsequent
determination not to lssst III senttng tho bog,a
claIu,nnt merely becAuso ho WIS Il Domocrut
that they 1T oncp drew tho Inference, and owl
lpntlY ontnrtatn It still, that improper consider
ntioue influenced srrlngor's notion. Tho ilca
tlnt Democratic member OF Congress conltl
under any circumstances voto ln nccort1nnce
with his conscience and agalnBt his purity scon.s
nsycr tu hnvu entered tho hcat1s Ut Manning,
uonncIly, nnd thu rest.
, 1880-05-01
THE SILVER QUESTION IN EUROPE.
Tho following extract from rucent lnan,
clal article Iii tho London Times forcslladows

Tho following extract from rucent 1nan,
cinl article iii tho London Times foreslladows
tho early rcylyal OF the silver question In
Europe In practfcal sl1ape;
4 ssate.nent to tho effect that leuding German
Statesman nr0 highly favorable tO b!mUtA!tsln Is
pubII1hll tu tho lntt2 llaugxd. 1t 1t bu wuil
fuut1lle+l, tho GurntAn Government AppeQE Ut
length to have rpaltzci what wus pttsAuie4 from
tho rat,-lnt. In her exIstig celillulcEciul POSI-
tfOn, Ocritluny ia iueMpAblU 1T maintaining
single Koll standard. Thu Paris U0lsrst s4yd tho
leullng mon pt Germany havu beou VOL! 0yor To
tho cnuse Vt blluusalisni, not through et'1yie-
tloll, hut necessity atal that tho alv0cntt9 Ut u
nuw piaN fur III International RxrbuIiionf OIL Il
consslion l,lls!s Include Ypn karl,rtf, Yp, Nsr-
tIrch, A,ld sGhnrteluer4tIt- W. kthn IIufSl hAyu
no sympathy with theF dream! Of y unitorln
ro..lIxaIi" ~ uniform ratip tvtwUon chooso and
cosli. Hut tho fact Ut IN u citation having urisen
i1I upy shano fur the Rehabilitation uf sI!yer III
OernApy u too significant III b0 oyeruoktl.
Ills not the opposition Of tha 1.oudon Tt,Acs
to tho theory Ut bimetaltem 70 nluah " the a,i.
mission that "Gex,nany III incapable Of matrl-
tatnlng q single gold standard that gives
Importance to tho article from which we
have quoted. II tho opponents Ut the ra-
habllItut!ou OF silver nso ready to concotle
, 1880-05-01

bnck to tho double standard, they virtually
numit TINT the tfme Is tot far distant wllun
silver will tako It's old place In tic monetary
ByRtarn of the world. 1t WINS tho stubborn
refusal Of Germany to entertain tho PROPOSE
tfon for an international agreement upon 4
ratio Of values between gold and silver TINT
blocked tho why, Of tho Paris conference
which was held ut tho instance of tho United
States Government. It ia now clenr tint tho
dntd of thnt>qpnfcrenco wns ill-timcd, Rnd
equnllyS fltnTs tlAt a similar conference
at thf5' AnA no,lhl sbrlns tho princt-
pal Governments t!oter mEether tl,nn they
have cvor been before oil tho nancy qucs-
tim. 1t Is not far tho uaiieass ss9tateSta again
taka the Initiative II, ,sacs, n tnovdfttnt, but
1t seenls probable tint our Government Will
DO Invited to join III another conference at
some date not very distant
1twas tho virtual demonstration Of silver
by tho German Government which prccip-
tinted tho fail In silver values. Tho Gov
crnlncnt undertook TO bay up tho sllver md
substitute gold. It was costly operation,
wl,lch grow moro difficult ns tic comparative
value Of gold went up md rs tic revenues Of
tho Government fell of on account Of the
hard times. Meanwhile tho German silver
which was thrown Upon stlle market pro-
duccd y sort of silver panic; France
took tho prccautton OF suspendlng tho
further coinage OF silver; tho British
revenues from India, payable In silver,
and tho exchanges iii tho commercial deal
ings with India, brought homo to tho En-
elish some Of the penalties for tho Insane
effort TO eliminate silver from tho monetary
s1.,J
, 1880-05-01

ftan flr0 nt 1OR mt Hfnisn In, 1nft 4ha lF1ttn
:, ' .., 'o ,r., e'a ~ 49, 49, '" ''.o
House III March, lS7l, ny word or letter, OK
.,resaetl n Wish nnlfe kuo,yn n, tho n1llllf.
IT, sr,.a.,..1 p.aat.,o..t 49,, H.. H., ,,,.,.,,
10 ue rce!ec1ed TFcslaeht, nor has nc since
his rettlrn to tlo country In any Way ind'-
cated TINT lio WIS Il candidate, nor TINT 10 de-
sired tho Republican nomination for ail
election to Third ternt
Those who lnye examined The matter have
oil along regarded Als callaltlacy, anl they
now ~ regard 1t, rs tho work Of tho various
gentlemen In. the two Houses OF Congress
who, for thofr own glorlllcation. wish the
country to understand tiat Gcl', Grant is
ca1nlldato under their pniro'l1gu and protcc-
tIun, and tint when Iresllcnt they will have
ths confidence md control duo to them n,nl
their services for elncttng him. We ure not
aware that in our history candidate for the
Presidency was eycr proposed urttor llko
circumstances, and ~o consider 1t duo to
truth to suy that this assumed ala proclaimed
patronage is wholly without tho approval or
satctian Of ten. Grant. ..'..
When Gen. lrant became President ho
was, ~ hs frankly stated In Ills lust mcssaga
tQ Congress, q novice In political alsa civil
atfairs. III that message he said:
]. was sny fostut!o, or nistortMno, to lo called
mrt,vio,a w % nI trSinna rron, t%n a,t. of RI II
hnd never uvc,l ,titI,essea the gxottenotlts at.
SG.;1 t ~ nv Mn ."i.v HI III n ,t nnn ~
, 1880-05-01

THE Subcommittee OF tic Ways and
Means Committee have ilnully a9rced to report
TuriH bill to tho full Committee for action.
Tho naturo Of tho till ia not fully known, but It
IL pretty generally understood thnt 1t provides
for tho removal Of all duties un typo, wood
pulp, coal, trace and hnltnr ehnins, Iron fence
rails, wrouEht-lron nuts, nails 0nt hIngcs, antl
horseshoe nai!s. 1t also provides for II rctluc.
ton Of tho duties OIL Certain Woolen gools, cot
tnn. steel r,stls, md soma brands of sugar. Tho
h1ll ns drafted by the Sub Committee will In nil
probability bo reported to tho House. notwlth-
standing tho obstructive taoties Of certain mu,m-
Garfield.
, 1880-05-01

REPRESENTATIVES, OF the Now York In
dependent Republicans. OF the National heput,-
liraA 4au2ua Ut Pcunxylyania. aud of tho Young
Republicans of Massachusetts ruek IN oopfey-
cnce Vt Now York yesterday and pussod rcsolu-
uuuA expressing sympathy with tho c4llers Of
the Anti-I'hir4-Tcr.u conycntlop ut IT, Aousa,
aud calling Oh I'LL associations holding alIullr
, 1880-05-01

% Co1~ HEafr1I11.1. JONES, Clerk of xke House
Ways and Means Committee, died yesterday at
Washington. lle was fur1norly Deputy Controller
OF tho Currency. Col. 1onca WIS d Rruat fAvorlt
with Washington correspondents OIL account Of
bis unvasytng courtesy md urbanity.
, 1880-05-01

TNE Canadian newspapers continue to do
ploru tho incresa!1.x unt!Krattpn fr,.n tho no-
mlRIon To this country. The naIority Ut those
who leave 9ro sud TO be strung. hcAlthy, Indus
trloua nun,-t!lo bone aud sInew OF the country,
lind, what uukrs IL all tho WORSE, there is uu
corresponding immigration to Cannda from
other countries.
, 1880-05-01

A JURY IN Judge Rogers court found n
vordiot aa,.iast tho West Division Hallway Conn
pnny yesterday, aud asscssed damages Mt el00
for having through ono ot It's conductors put oil
a lndy who presented q t.okat which wua slightly
mlltllated. Tho numbers Oh tho spacea which
aro usually punched woro on the ticket.
, 1880-05-01
TRIBUNE ItIkANEII OFFICES.

TIE CHICAGO TRIBUNE 1ns established branch
onees for tho receipt Of subscrnuons and ADVERTISE
Hlensk ns fG1lDwt: ...
NEW YDNK-lsoom % Tribune Building. FIT. Mo-
EAnnES, Manager.
GLASGOW. sootnnd-Atian's American News
Agency u Nonflcd.st
LONDON EnR.-AnericAn E1chaaRa, ~ sttund.
HENRY +. l1LIt1, Agent
WASulHGJUE. H. C--ITl1 r straet.
, 1880-05-01

Nh. HAoAI4 MI expert who was examined
yesterday in tho Whitaker investigation, tustL-
tied that tho handwriting ot tho threatening
notices Bont to Whitaker wns the handwriting
OF certain spcclmona submitted to him as the
work Of somp Of tho cudets,
, 1880-05-01

THE report In New York is that The cx.
chcquor Of Tamnany Hail is running worry low,
Tho inactivity Of tho llpas and his friends Is
THUS easlly comprohendod. Tioy hnvo no barrel
as thoy used to hnye IN tho hulcyon days Of
William M. YWpcd.
, 1880-05-01

Or 200 delegates already elected to tho
Springfield Republican Convention 81 nru plodgpd
IL vote for uullou,. } for Fort, ~ for Iiawley, 70
for Curr, and II for 1inakcs. Tho other dele
gates aro dlviAotl hctwcon Rllgway, Morrison,
EnLth, and the dnrk horse.
, 1880-05-01

THE Cincinnati paxcttc argacs ngninst tbs
candidacy Of Bcnntor Window on the saio ground
TINT he iB n contingent supporter OF tho third
term. Thls Ia n pretty brpad intimntton thai
sccrotary Sherman, whom tho Gdsate nrdcutIy
supports, ia not In favor Of tho third term Under
any circumstances anl cannot turn oyor aay Of
his strength In Ohio tu thAt cnisu.
, 1880-05-01

THE TORONTO Globe says: "The ,lsc Of
Canadian canals anu Tho freo navigation Of Tho
st. Lawrence would lo den!o1 u Americans II
tho Treaty Of Washington were act Mt na.tght"
Wouldn't this st. Lawrence business bo prutty
b!g contract for littlo CanntlA to undertaken
, 1880-05-01

Apv1cEs from Ohio gn to show that nlalne
IL tho second choice OF ut lutst forty of thu
fnrty-fonr delegates from that Btnte. Tho en-
ttru delegation !S said TO bH strongly opposed to
tho third term. AZ Hherluan ia protty certuIn to
drur out curly III tho contest, the result of
Wednesdays Convention WIS q victory for
DluiuD u{ter Rll,
, 1880-05-01

wlAconHin' on tho nozthoaat by anti: :thr1.,or,.
Mfehfsan' on the oaas by ant'.th,rd-teru,
Ia not forced upon thon); on tho southwc.t H..
thlrt-torm Missouri, Democratic BY 0s,oo0 M
jority; md on tho southeast by thlrl.tora,
Kentucky, Democratic by 10000. win TIN IIiI'
nots delegates aid tho ruttnn-horuush follo~.
frpm Missouri and Kentucky TO force a tbt,s
torn down tho protesting throats Of tho I,en,i,s
IIcnns Of all tho otlior Western Btntes, Incudtns
QhiQ7
, 1880-05-01
ALL ABOARD FOR THE POLE,

All other'metEods OF reaching the North
Polo having failed, IN English naval officer,
Commander Cheynb,. and q Belgium gentle
man, n, palmarts. have come to tho trout
with two antirely,naw methods, which re-
mind ono OF some af Jules Verne's fanclfnl
concefts, but aro deemed Of sufficient impor-
tance by tho London Times for long artl
scrlaua editorial arttcla on TIM probabilities
of their success. Commander Cheyne's plan,
In brlet, iA to rrneh the Pole with balloons rs
aWxfliarios III tho earlier part of the expedi-
tlon, arld as conveyances to the Pole ltself, II
tl,d other means should full. THO balloons,
three In number, yoked togethar, are to bo
employed rs elevated stations from which to
guide the course OF tho expedition and survey
routes. Aftor pushing as far towards tho
Pole aa possible II the Rlclgc parties find
further progress impossible, then the bal-
looms would be used, Startling at time when
tho wind would tako them directly towards
tho Pole. Assuming the Pol0to be reached.
return south would be made on tho proper
meridian with 4 favorable wind, tic bal'oons
would be arrested On tho parallel of latitude
OF the ships winter quarters, nnd the rest Of
the Journey, east or wcst, according to the
side Of the Ship upon which tho balloons Ind
dropped, would bc made by sIedges."
Thu Belgian scheme Is subaaucous, not
very expensive, and sufficiently novel To be 4
temptation to those blasa individuals who aro
III search of new sensation, Tho Belgian
aayant has constructed u novel craft Which
consists "of sheetiron cylinder, twenty
two fest long BY eight in tllaneter, closed by
Il hemisphere at its stern md by eone ut Its
stem, 80 that tho total lsngtl, would be u IT.
tlo more tlIan thirty feet. On tho upper
suriaoe ara to be two small deckhouses, with
strong glass sides, ono contalNlng MI electric
light, and the other being place OF outlook
for, tho steersrnai. Ictween thont Is MI
opening OF manholo to give access to the itl-
torlor, and capable ot being hsrtnetlcalIy
seale4 WHOM tho hull Is submerge.i."' Tho
pecul1arlty Ut tue craft Is, TINT, like a loon,
1t can dive ut any anglo and sail
under water as easily ~ ordinary
craft sail on the surface. It ia to
be propelled by u screw driven by an
electromagnetic apparatus. Tl,o air to be
btoatho4 ts to b. pr.vtieti for "by constantly
supplying tho contained atmosphere with
frush oxygen, obtained by tho decomposition
OF wator by n galyanlo current, a,u by ilxlux
tho expired carbonlc acld by uleans Of caustiu
potash." 50 TINT 1t Gun DO breathod over
agatg without either difficulty or danger.
anl tlls, 1t Is claimed, call he tono nj t,.Gut-
t,t11, al,l tl,at, 10 fur as nero breathing Ia
concerned, tho NAVIGATOR can Btl,y under ns
long rs lie nlcasos. Tl,us eauippetl a1d fitted
out, the explorer al,4 Ills GROW, threo [ll nun,
tnr. nt,scn,lace,t tn tha cIrynr lfkn .{nunh In
, 1880-05-01

IT ia predicted TINT tho Garnan Parliament
will he soon dissolved In consequence OF ntlyerso
votcs OIL several measures introduced by tho
Government, particularly tho bill regulating tho
tux on Tobacco
, 1880-05-01

INDIANA Is Just rs sure for tho Republican
ticket ms Illinois Or Iowa, II Wnshburno bc tho
nominee for President. II It hna to carry third
term 1T will ho not only handicapped, but
uistHnopds
, 1880-05-01

THE Administration party in the German
Parliament suffered another tlnfoat ycstertlny
Mt tho h,,nds Uf tho NMttonnl flborala. Tho
Cnnst-Trade bill WINS ~ amended TINT Minlstar
Hoffman WIS obliged to withdraw 1t.
, 1880-05-01

a DESTRUCTIVE fire occurred III the busl-
ness portion OF jacksonville, ILL.,, yesterday.
Severn, houses, including tho Post Oltice, were
destroyed. Tho entire loss IL estimated at
, 1880-05-01

Ton F1sc11El5 notorious desperndo of
Alnbasnn, WIS tried for murder come days ago
Mt Mobile md acquitted. The tcnulttal was
evidently not satisfactory to sunlo partles, fur
Fncher was after bis rclcaBc Rhot dcad by eorp
unknown DDfb&u,
, 1880-05-01

WHILE attempting to descend the rapids
of tho Sknxlt l}irer In California, party Of sEr
rnincrs was drowned by tho capBizlng Of canoe.
, 1880-05-01

RESOLUTIONS were adopted yesterday by
tho Nntiotni 1}uttcr and EEE Convention recon-
mcnIinH Il repent Ut tho duty M suit. and pro-
testing nKsllnst tile farmers bufnY 1nlctcd iii tue
interests Ut IL few 1nonopol!sts Of tho Btato Of
, 1880-05-01

A vEnY severe storm prevailed in tho
neighborhood Of Long Island Sound Thurslny
might. No steamer v0ntlrel cut Us lou9 us tho
storm lasted.
, 1880-05-01
GU the ruin.''

n. II. DE- YOUNG. tho surviving proprietor
OF the Buu Francisco cAruAtcle, was ARRESTED
yesterday on tho complaint Ut Mayor KaItoch VII
tbs Charge 0! libel. Tho l!bul consists III rvpub.
hshlnx III tho Chronicle IN editorial from tho
New York Yoi3l which accused KAlloch OF In
duplnx Clununtahuw to sWear at tho Inquest
held ou ctauacA DE- Young that young kalloeh
ehut tu elf-dcftrlaa.
, 1880-05-01

DURING q fire Ill MDravtan town somt
malicious scoun.lrrls attacked tho jewish In.
hnbitants, killing ono Of thonl ind seriously
4nJurlng several othora.
, 1880-05-01
POSTAGE
Enttrtd at tAs Port Dfts nj Chicago, H.. Al SseoH6-
Etats Natter

For tho bnncht Of our pntrnnA Who desira to sund
ffngt0 copios OF TIE TRInuNE through tho mall. no
RIye hcrcHth tho tsnnat1nt fRt1 OF posthgot
Dcsntsttc. Pr tubH,
Eight xId Twelve Page Paper. .........-.....2 cana
Eixtccn raGo papar..u. cehA
F1rttptA
EGht and Twelve Page rApor. cont4
GxtecH IN2e fhpor GUILE
, 1880-05-01

TIE recent heavy ralnA have glatllened
tho hcarts OF the Kansas faetuors. Imports
1rom avery part OF tho 6tate are to the us1eot
that lncalen!nb1c good haa boom done TO the
wheat orup, a.Ni, notwithstanding previous dole
1ul reports, many Hero RaAgnlne enough yes.
tcrlAy 10 predict moro thah average pEpp.
Oil the ruin"
, 1880-05-01

clark stseot, between Lake md Randolph. Va1itt1
entertainment Attern1on md nvenlHg.
, 1880-05-01

mendattona Of tho representatives chosen
directly by the pcop1o.H In fow In
stances, less Hthan, 20 nHcoreS permission
was given him to hpbdInt Ills relhsives and
members Of his family, bnt this concession
only increased tho determination h ,usurp all
tho other thousands OF plnces, Tha 1tsNrp-
Ing members divided this power among
themselves: tho Sonntors graspett all tho
principal Offices In their respective States,
allotttn9 to Representatives tho patronage Of
tholr respective districts, ts,-eaeh Senator and
eac'i Representative In Ills usurpatl Juristlic-
ton exercising tho full power vested by tho
Constitution In thu President, and NIL cot1,-
blntng 10 sustain caoll ot1lor by what was
called "the courtesy Of tlio Senate" The
rrcsfdont made an appeal to Congress for
retiet by reforming tho Civil Service, but tho
recommendation WINS laughed to scorn. aid
Civfl-Soryice reform became mn object Of do
rlsion inCongress among s,1ctl members as Zen
Dutlcr, John A., Iognn, Conkltng, Po'ucroy
OF Kansas, Matt Carpenter. Simon Cameron.
Spencer Of Alabama, Gorham OF California,
Patterson Of South Carolina, md tho like. As
n natural rtsult, d few yoars developed n
degree Of ofilclal dishonesty, corruption, IT.
competency. bribery, a1,d fraud TINT shocked
tao "lolo country I'LL" alSef"ee" 1''e 4sop"o-
hcn! Cyl, par1s: ..,..
lno Nep"u,'cal' p"t,s, ~ tl,o w., anso y. t',.s
leeola, cuuH' oo ne iess IL loto 1nal W ~
noanee ll1e "ho,o sssto'u VI oo''p'Uriu asule
Mr., Hayes, III accepting tho nomination,
promised to do what WIS i'll his power to
curry ont lis pledge. III his Inaugural hean-
n',.a1eu 1n't ."'s "ouu " "ls pe''.y, ~.
una oecaaso ol 'ills' a''u oeealuSe u n's
elor" 10 tei"ove eonsio.eu 'heo'apo.eAeJ
IRON ollce ano SECURE III Aol.s. .
Puolc ser'lee' he nas Mon lltu
aecl"'ea pesso'l''' "1'a ol'lc'". h''t,e" ~ ~!
tto 'lsc'i WHO NOW compose tio oo,'A'ot1"1
aaa tone'7ess'o'l'I' ~ oSnulca.e WHICH ,As pto'
poseo dol'' ataht as cahan"te, uhaef I1eie
especial patronage, 1or tho ltepao'ioa'l nouns
""tton III losV' some OF u'ese spo'ls'net
openly poast tl'at taey nave never ennlea
the ties'aents io"se' nor eSc'"nset, "ofos