The sun., 1880-10-10

nv George berkeley Wno hinouHh nlb metnou
"a distinct. is in respect OF his conclusions the
intellectual successor of Laibnitz. Anything
more thorough. Jiug and oNulicit than Berke-
lsy's nnlrmations cannot ho imagined. We are
,,h,ly i'm error hn declared. II we believe that
,yc have n ~ nsaiion or perception OF external
o,,arts: that which We have and perceive Ia only
our sensutinnJ themselves. II II not possible
Tint material things should produce anything
so wholly distinct from themselves as sensa-
tlons and ideas. The so-eallrd corporeal objects
Of outward nature exist only in our idea OF
them nnd have being only as they are per-
oolyed There is thus no such thing as mate
rial external world. Minds alone exist. Le.. SEN
tient beings whose nature consists In thinking
md willing. Whence. then, arise all those SON
cations which. unlike the images Of fancy, seem
TO como to us without our agency2 They come
to us says Berkeley. from spirit superior to
ourselves for only spirit can produce concep-
tons in spirit God gives us ideas. and as no
being can give what il does not possess ideas
exist in God. These iLeus in God Berkeley
called archctypcs. and their rcGrxes. or echoes.
in US cciypcs. This thoroughgoing subjective
idoa!lsm. 'nis sweeping negution OF matter. he
considered tho surost weapon with which to
combat materialism and atheism.
As we have seen. the realistic and tho ideal
istc 'hools. instead Of reeoncillng the opposi-
tion between thought and being had both
issued IN denials OF one or the other OF these
factors. ReaIism had made matter absolute.
ana ideaIiSm had endowed the tHo with the
ehfhe SOY r''sn a''riou'e' "ihiu "lieh extremes
nn''osDpnI was heh"ceu WIN to'ai uestructioh'
Ihch h""t arose. anu orouGh' again INTO one
eh""h'' tho TWO s"e"us winch. sepafate'
thFca'ehuu " ioso themselves ahiu 'ue sahus'
10 h"h.' "noih he uehoinlha'es the great reno
pl plilosnphy SahNyipular nllpta
'u'o' o' pHhooopu'' oenNi"Eier auois more
sp"c' '.'n 10 any "her thihKer' flato alone
oNVcpV III eh"p''t WHO'S ctear ness Is Us
Ien"rh"oo us its precision ne SHOWS now
'no p"''o'opner vi hon'.sourR rsuuced
once more 10 uhity ana to'aity the one
sioou Eiof's OF 'hose VINO hau preceded
n'm' htHt unuertook' we arc TOM 10 s.rike a
pa'"hco pct"esh ,no claiuis OIL ehipiricisn on
'no Ou' manu- anu ,u'"iIeni on ',o o'iioi' u,
an ii'N'HH sHA. 'no Hso 40 pt"0'toa, Noh,ion"h ~
o'0o ~ ~" "I'n"'.'o"vu i""
srol 'o' VIZ %
''o ''o, "Iu ~ '''1 pHouVn
en"' ""iIu' II was ~ 'ie sun .''"o ihs's'eu u'
h"n' tn"' oNen 'ue 'neoie''e"i -@o Contains .ne
WV s'st' 'uo'.L'l'N' utiu So'oe'iY'I within M
,'scii' lof H. On '''e ono huhu' eIhpiieisn may
oe I"S''"SH " '"V i"Il tn"' '"' -'''t'et "nu 'io
'so!e uo"'"ln oi All our hhowicoSo is iurnlsheo
w eAtot 'e"So' eo' VI 'io o'L'i "'n'' iue"iSih
III a'iour Nno~ieuE' ah p,'"' luclot ana ousls'
roi 'u l'noo i'se,i We ""No uso % ~ con-
eep'l9hs nW suppheu p5 cApeFiPhee' put con-
'alneu " !" '"' Ia our unupi u'nh'
Ihe negative part oi the ARniHn philosophy,
or the hahtian theory oi khoN'edEe is founded
on 'ntee chiol prihc!pes' no Aihrms' Tor IN
'stahee-NhI mere ne seems NJ hrs' Sight 10 con-
cur Win DerkeieY-tha' we know only phe-
horheh", ana not thlhGs IN themselves. The
matter OF experience ElNeh US ty the external
"orlu becomes SO aolusteu ana altered IN It's
reiat'ons Nor we apprehehu II III nrst under the
subjective forms OF space and 'lipe' and then
under TIE equally subjective !orms-whereof
hant enumerates twelre-of cur understand
lug cohceptiohsj that II no longer represents
the thlng itself in its original condition, pure
ana uhin'xed. Kant goes on. however, to
aVer-ahI mere he agrees with Locke-thnt
experience Is the only province OF our knowl-
edge ana mat there is no science Of the uncon-
dltioncd. For since. in his view. a.! knowledge
ls atWolO'I product 10 which experience con-
tributes matter and the understanding form.
and since 1t thus depends ulon the co0pera-
tion OF two factors, it follows that no knowledge
10 poeeiU' oi ou'ec's lof "h'ch one OF these lac
'o's' 10 WIZ, eAlerlence' i"l!s US hence the
questions "hich haht places al inc heaa OF ms
"hole or'Haue. VIZ Gan we Wideh our Knowi-
ouSe - '"' u, 'hOusH' "oHe' peSonu uo
D'houo"s eHpeiieho'' anu as"in' ls d knoWi-
euSo o' .ho sup'i 'ieenS'oie possiuie' arc
nns~efeu o' the phi,osoiher win an uh-
quaii'iou heHaINe' H. he'er'heiess' hu-
uan A"'"ieuGe pers'S,s IN surviving 10
o'ote'ep 'he narro" limits OF expert
ehce' l. e." 70 pecoine 'Eahscenuehi. theh'
a'oofu!hE 10 Aaht' II must lngoI'e itseh IN the
,losI E"'' ihs coh'rau,c'lohs' linus lhe ps'cno-
tosical, tosmological' anu theo!ogicai dogmas
itaneu W t'i' pure renson' VIZ 'hS iaea OF an
sDsolus sup'oe'' " g" Vi 'ne soul or oil iinmor
sAi',' t'' i'en y, 'he "o''u hs .o'"'i'S oi all
. ,' ""u i"e"oii'en"' 'Ho 'uea Vi 'hos'
po,,e.' D,'ns, u" e.; Vi 'oH' arc 80 evluen''y
,.'t, - " nv 't'o'''e' w. a'A''e anu
~. 1''ina , ~ "n,en no ooyco'
80 % >,, -, 'N'' WHcn''ei .iio'
va y. "s Ao'u"' 'N'e.'Hk oo'ee's
=. .o nosI , Uo,'ous 'sihs anu
~ 10 s".u ~ nan IN ipoes'o'e W prove
~ W " ,-. .,''l y. Inv oN's,.hoo VI uoI ~
-r y. y. 'Ho 'o'' as iea suo'ec'' n
vi VI "n "'t GUM VI ehehei'e universe inc Pc