New-York tribune., 1880-02-08

busy little town itself, face n0rtn aii9 wes. nnu
to the south the square is completed by nigh val
above which peep the roofs of cDgine-house anu
offices Between these latter the vide enlran.ut .to
gates stand open disclosing beyond witbU. sig Out
side and at considerable distance, seemingly ui
connected with the building it serves the Sref af
chimney rises from grassy inouhd 10 ,ho no's"
1G0 feet. - .,o
This, briefly, is the appearance presented by ime
exterior of one of the great factories or cotton-ls
situated in Lancashire, in which are carrier Oh po.n
spinning and weaving-the two distinct processes
that convert the fibre into calico Rows OF neao
cottages with grmy walls, but scrupulousiy a, cean
doors.eps sils and interiors line the paved streets
without Here and there the gayer wlndoW OF
dwelling turned into a shop adds variety; and Ill
side will rise. story upon story, huge factory. m
As the bell resOunds, the streets are peopiea WIN
moving throng pressing in the direction OF te en-,
trance gates Men and bows, girls ana rev women
the former making the pavement ring WIN tno pau
ter of their clogs, the latter protected against the
raw air by shawl drawn over head ana neck, S
form crowd too eager to reach the work of the day
for idle talk. Nevertheless there is not wanting an
occasional greeting TO the housewife who, through
the open cottage door with Its footooaro, Is seen seen
tho occupation of girlhood and early married days:
The bright fire, the clean children, the chest OF
drawers with its painted tray and array OF DOCKS,
the special pride of the good man who has just risen
to join the human stream without, reveal somethihg
| of the comfort of the mill hands home.
But the entrance is reached and pressing past tne
lodge not without friendly word TO oyeri0oker,
foreman, or the watchful timekeeper. tho crowd
disperses across the graveed square whist some
90 TO the warehouse the greater portion enter tine
tall buildings where the spinning is carried on. ana
Others these chiefly women, cross to the three three
stnried building ending III the low weavlng-sneuS
with their pointed semi-glass roofs
Within, the prelimlnaries are quickly completed.
The operatives have got nd OF their snperhuous
clothing. In the various rooms for scutchlg, zap
| ping cardiDg and rowing the raw fibre when lies
in snowy heap in the first of them, tho spinner or
mnder has seen that his mules and frames n are ~
working order and stands IN the narrow pain whch
divides and gives TO the different machines
| In like manner IN the shed the weaver is at her
post beside the powerlooms that are her care. IN
| both places the space above is full of driving
| wheels and enormous eathern bands to transmit
| the motive power In the englne-house, through
| whose long windows beam, crank, aud ny-wneei OF
the machinery within are visible, all Is ready ana
as the finger Of the clock touches the hour the first
abored beat of the engine proclams that the woLh M
of the day has commenced. Inside the factory. the
giant strength that has lain quescent ls allat once
In motion. In midi the great leathern bands com
mcnce their endless course. Below, mules ana
| frafnes move quickly backwards and forwards
| along the ground, cylinders revoiye at various
speeds, the countless splndles ana Dopolns 1 turn
| ment the looms work up and down as the quick
shuttle flies from side TO side. In the one place the
mnder narrowly watches the machines LOT whien
he is specially responsible, and IN the other the
weaver is equally careful to control the action
| when any hitch shall threaten flaw in the work
whilst their subordinates attend to their ndiVidua
| tasks. -.
And so, with short interval for breakfast, the
| absorbing process continues until the dnner-nOur,
when the mill is deserted and the streets are again
| enliyened by a tnrOng now inclined TO inger and
| chatter and in their broad dialect, crack their
rough jokes. Home has been reached, dinner eaten
the comforting pipe enjoyed by the men as ihey saur
| fer back and once more work begins TO cease at
o'clock Then as the clock chimes, the busy hive
We, content as they pod homewards TO the welcome
fhat awaits them as the fairly-earned reward of
long day of watchful tOii.
The cosmopolitan character of what might almost
he called our neghboring city of Liverpool is de-
scribed to the lfe:-
As Manchester aud Liverpool, whether in respect
of their working classes. or their superiors III the
social scale differ from London, so they each or
them q fer from the other. Thus, although there
are IN Manchester few families whose connection
with the town in any notable way cOuld De Traced
back to the beginning of the century. yet that clty
has more hereditary worthless still associated with
il than Liverpool; in which latter place. IN the
course of generatlon not only are there new races
but changed names. There is an obvious reason for
this difference. Success in manufacture-tbe kind
of success that is achieved in Manchester-implles
extensive property in building, land and plant,
nTonerty not only productive but readily transmits
slble from father to son. In the operations OF mer-
camille business, OF which Liverpool IS the seat,
there is less permanence and more vcissltude The
hnilders of fortune bid farewell TO the place In
which thev have built it, or dying have no freehold
to bequeath but simply money and credit dlsas-
irons uctuaton sets in, trade is bad and the money
yanishes. This distinction between mere buying
and selling and manufacture Is inevitable ana VIII
alyays continue. Again. Liverpool one oil the most
cosmopolitan capitals III the world, may be called
rho Marseilles of England. In q Liverpool morning
na ner n name such as Manuel Garcia or Christine
Niconoulos sure evidence of the nationality of its
owner will almost certainly be found figuring In
the lists of police court celebrities of the previous
dav Ascending in 'the social scale, there will be
sen in Jiyerpool something like a reflection of the
mixture Of races which is visible III the migratory
| nautical population From Scotland and Ireland,
from the United States from all parts of the contI-
| neuts of Europe and Asia, there Is a perpetual
| stream of new blood circulating through the COM
mnnitv The alieus and foreigners soon become per
| IIyeTDOOl
| merged in the hybrid mass. The infusion OF new
Hood occurs to q very much smaller extent In Man
| chester Germans and Levantine Greeks are the
| most conspicuous among the strangers who make
| that CITY their home, But these seldom become as
simulated to the native population. lhe latter IN
| narticular form distinct class, perpetuatlng the
peouliar habits OF their native land in the country
| III bealthv nujckening and instructive element in
Jivernool society is TO be found in the number Of
| nentiemen who having been abroad III India, North
| and South America. China, the colonies and else
where during part of their liycg. come to end their
days on the banks of Mersey. Often as part of his
commercial training, Liverpool youth VIII pass
some years in foreign land, necessarily
| having his wits sharpened III the process.
The very different character of the Manchester
trade affords only few accidental experiences like
these On the other hand there are more men,
ronng and old at Manchester who have received o
nnblc school and university education than at Liv
ernool The very best society III Manchester or Lly
ernool is not more accessible 10 residents than in
Iondon and Is very seldom entered by families who
have made fortunes by shopkeeping never by those
| ,vhnse fathers have been shOpkcepers IN the town
itself The social antecedeNts OF STRANGERS are less
critically examined. Military or naval officers cler-
pvmen and barristeTs are general favontes, and in
ISverpool there has been of late years perceptibe
| importation of scions of noble houses who have
| taken TO trade.
The agricultural labOrers in the " rural districts "
exhibit different type of character and routine
Z. of common life peculiar to themselves. The regular
hours of labor are ten, with interval of half an
hour for breakfast. In the time Of haynaking and
harvest the hours longer. and extra pay is given
or the work is put ont by the piece. The food con
ssts chiefly of bread, potatoes bacon. aud cheese