davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The weekly Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1872-1887, 1880-06-06
ca.de,.rta D,rtr,os.

A correspondent Of the Bodie Free
T'Sess gives the. following items from
Cnndelaria: The great drawback to the
town at present is lumber and water;
bnt notwithstanding this, there is con.
siderable building going on. some II
stores aud small dwellings being in
course OF construction, and many moro
are contemplated when the necessary
material arrives, which is now being
delayed on the road by storms. There
are % here 8 groceries, 2 barber
shops, Is saloons. . variety stores. I
dry goods and furniture store. 2 restsu-
rants, ! news depot. ! brewery 2 cloth.
ing stores.
A to the mines, there IL not q great
deal Of work being done at present,
though, II indications amount 10 any
thing, prospecting will be very lively
during The coming season. and from
the looks Of the cropping the pros
pcotor should reap rich rewards. Tho
Northern Belle Is shipping considerable
bullion, and the Mount Diablo will
follow suit at no distant day. The
Holmes Company IL erecting q new
building. the Black Metslio is pushing
work, as are also the East Mount Dinblo,
Mount Potosi, Victor, Beaureguard and
a. number OF others. Altogether, the
minang outlook In this district In Ne.
vhda. and the Prospects Of Cahdelaria.
taking everything into consideration.
are very bright, and I predict that before
the summer is over the district will be
innch o generally known than at
present. Poor water is six cents a gal.
Ion; poorer water, Ave cents a gsllou;
ono dollar per night 10 sleep OF the
faos dollar and . halt TO sleep in
bed-iiyou can.get u.
The weekly Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1872-1887, 1880-06-06

A coRBEsPorDxSf writing from Lead.
Vile says; In all my experience In
mining camps, from Montana to Arizona
Insver struck q place like Colorado. and
.lreAdvitle In particular. for restitution
aud inter want. The labor market Is
soystdone 10 an alarming extent, and
where one man 10 at work twenty-five
arc idle. Thousands Offer their services
for grub money. and even thon are ur.
ablo 10 Rnd work.
The weekly Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1872-1887, 1880-06-06
WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS
1un AsD s,sunn,so BATH.

- Conveyance 70 and FROM tho Springs every
honr Juiing every day In The week.
The weekly Elko independent. [volume] (Elko, Nev.) 1872-1887, 1880-06-06

apa ethio. .,,,4ft ~ thn,, and Flower.
RAJ - rfrk riIngf. cnrHtrriiv IN harn snd
are for sale. IL. GAiGECHT.
Propulsion.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03
HONE AND FOREIGN.

By this time the agony is over.
Snow has fallen in several places
North.
All the weather prophets foretell
a severe winter.
The Ameer OF Cabul is reported to
have been murdered.
The Chief Secretary of ireland,
the Hon. William E. Foster has re-
signed.
Parnell has begun to throw off the
cloak and is now advocating a round
resistance in Ireland.
The Rome Diretto says that
Greece is not disposed to take the
field unless assured of the support
of the Powers.
A fire occurred in the Central Tel
egraph office at Manchester, and 200
wires converging there were melted
and the whole system OF telegraph
wires terminating in Manchester was
destroyed. . Communication with
, Manchester by telegraph cannot be
completely restored for some days.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03
Work for November.

Tender plants should be protected
from frost which usually commences
this month, in Florida. Pine boughs
placed upright, and gathered at the
top will protect young orange trees.
All kinds of garden vegetables may
be planted, except the more tender
as tomatoes, squashes and snap beans.
Sow rye, oats, barley, etc. English
peas and Irish potatoes can be
planted during this month. Canes
should be converted into syrup and
sugar and the seed for next years
crop banked. Take in sweet pota-
toes and bank them, take care to
leave a ventilating hole at the top of
the bank. A funnel made of boards
nailed together, in which auger holes
have been bored, placed in the CEN
ter OF the. bank and the potatoes
heaped around it, makes good ven'
tilator. If you have not done so al>
ready, protect pineapple plants by
placing frame over them and COW
ering with grass and branches of
trees. Clean up your premises,
white-wash your out buildings and
let your place look neat so that visi-
tors may not so away with the i'm
preston that this is nothing but an
uncivilized place. Ornament 20 ur
front yard with roses and other win
ter Towering shrubs and evergreens,
it takes very little labor and adds
vastly to the value placed on your
property. Work your strawberry
plants frequently and should the
weather be dry, water every day or
two. Gould's fertilizer has kept of
cut worms from our garden so far
this year, ami the next worst pest,
the ground crickets can easily be de-
stroyed by opening the holes and
putting down the nozzle of the sand
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03
Lemons and other Fruit.

Editor of the Florida Agriculturist:
After entering my homestead,
some five years since, l purchased
some Florida lemons, from the seed
of which T have raised perhaps sixty:
five trees. Last year l was informed
that they we're of no commercial
value, as not beng saleable. Being
told that should have the Sicily
lemon, l enquired whence might
obtain buds OF that variety. l OBJ
tanned buds in accordance with in
formation given, and now have many
of them, budded on my Florida
lemon stock, six feet high. The last
summer was very much disap-
pointed on being assured that the
Sicily lemon, SO called, grown about
Apopka City, were not the true
Sicily lemon of commerce, and were
of no market value; and ditto as to
my ever-bearing lemons, some OF
which may bear next year. Being
cripple, and without means to pur-
chace trees, have had to plant my
own orange, lemon and other seea'
and now have some 1000 small trees
of many varieties OF fruit. have to-
day budded many of my lemons
with what the gentleman who gave
them to me, called Villa Franco
demon. Rather than wait year or
two to learn by perhaps sad ex-
perience, have concluded to write,
asking you of the relative value OF
this species? Will you also advise
me as to what you think would be
the most advisable course to pursue
relative to say 100 four and five
year-old lemon stocks; as to the
best variety, or varieties to bud them
with, and whether so late in the sea.
son, or wait until next spring :!
Many of my trees | budded almost
at the ground. Would it be more
advisable for me, in rebuilding them,
to try and insert the bud below the
surface, rather than IN the old bud
which now forms the main stem?
Will you also tell me whether the
sand pear grows well, and is worth
lzxz.l
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03
N5ssSa1Is several &C 6est7 Varieties The

~
answer to each of these questions,
think would interest many subscrib'.
ers of the AGRICULTURIsT, and GER
tainly very much oblige one.
J. H. CARSON.
Near Apopka City, Orange Go.
If you have mad your trees bud
ded by reliable person you may de-
pend on his having put in buds OF
good variety. There are many kinds
of lemons now being produced that
are worthy Of notice, We have sew
eral around as in the groves OF
Messrs. Lamb, Bracey, Norris, Marsh,
etc., and there are some about
Marion and Sumter counties that
bring good prices in the market
Being an old reader of this paper,
you must have seen notices OF them
in it. Youmust take care who sends
YOU the buds. We noticed at the
last Orange County Fair some
oranges exhibited as the ''Navel'
which had no resemblance whatever
to that fruit and were nothing but
worthless hybrid Tangerine, quite
unworthy of propagation, If they
came from somewhere in your
vicinity and if your people home
budded from the trees they will be
badly sold. We will take care that
some true "Navel" and other choice
varieties of orange and lemons are
exhibited at your next fair. AS to
guavas there are only three or four
varieties yet introduced into this
State. you will find them on the list
of the Nurserymen if you will send
! for their catalogue, or very likely
they will send them to you Oh
reading this article. Sand pears dc
we'll in Western Florida and we SEE
no reason TO prevent their thriving
here. We are now trying them a
our place. Buds inserted below thu
surface or as near the root as posi-
BILE are undoubtedly the best, especi
allv in lemon trees.-ED.
The FLORIDA AGRICULTURIST l
! $500 per annum.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03
Agricultural Societies.

Norwalk Fruit and Vine Club.-Col.
R0bt. Bard, pres; DR.. Geo. Rogers, sec.
Florida Fruit Growers Association.-Dr
J. G. Kenworthy, pres, Jacksonville; D
II. Elliot sec. Live Oak; D. S, Place, cor
Sec, Waldo.
Orange Ridge Agricultural and Immi-
grafton Society.-Dr, B. B. Bennett, pres;
John Cannon, Sec; j. Y. Parce, cor. sec.
DeLand. Volusia Co. Weekly meetings
New Smyrna Agricultural and Fruit
Growers Society.-Dr. j. NJ. Hawks. pres,
NJ. B. Rolfe, vice-pres.; Mrs. r. NJ. Rolfe,
sec. and treas.
Lake George Fruit-Growers' Assocla-
tion.-Judge A. B. Bartlett, pres, George
town; w. w. Hawks, E. Kirby, Mrs. E,
A. Manville, vice-pres'ts. A. III. Manville.
Sec, Lake George; r. O. Hammond, cor,
sec, Fort Gates; George H. Thorn, treas,
GEORGETOWN.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03
ToCorrespondents.

Articles relating to any topic within the
scope of this paper are solicited.
We cannot promise to return rejected
manuscripts.
Recommendations intended publica-
as a guarantee of good faith. Names Will
not De published if objection be made. No
anonymous contributions will be regarded
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03
THE FLORIDA

bellows containing insect powder
and blowing some down, immedl-
ately closing the hole again. No
cricket will trouble you after that.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03
Proceedings Of the Board Of County
commissioners.

Enterprise, Fla, OCTOBER Is, 1880;
On this day the BRard OF County
Commissioners tor y olusia County,
met as provided by law and final
order OF last meetlpgi
Present-Joseph P. Price, IL. n
Voorhis, Joseph Underhill, John W.
Dickins, clerk.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03
AGRICULTURIST.

On motion, it was ordered that
the assessment rolls for 1880 be taken
up to be compared.
On motion, it was ordered that M.
n. Voorhis act as chairman pro tenn.
On motion, the minutes of the
meeting OF October 4th, 1880, were
read by the clerk, approved and
signed by the chairman.
Board took recess until s o'clock,
A, IL, October 10, 1880.
Board met at 8o'clock, "A. NJ. October
10Th.
Present-M. N. Voorhis, Joseph
Underhill, Joseph D. Price, John w.
Dickins, clerk.
On motion, the examination of the
tax book for 1880 was continued.
Petition for change of the voting
place in Clifton precinct, dated Au-
gust 1st, and petition TOR establishing
a new district in the vicinity of
Strickland Bay (not dated) rejected
in accordance with law, being re-
ceived within six months previous to
a general election.
Petition asking that Strickland
Bay bridge be altered for the i'm :
provement OF navigation on Spruce
Greek, laid on the table. Said bridge
being already altered.
Petitions tor the removal Of the
County Site, laid on the table, not
being OF sufficient strength.
On motion, it was ordered that the
books Of the assessor be approved
after examination, and the certificates
of the members Of the Board thereto
attached and signed as required by
law.
On motion, it was ordered that the
following bills be allowed, viz:
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03
Inc ftd N 5pposlte thIs on

me red n opposite THIS on your
paper denotes that your subscription
has expired, and that you are ex-
pected to remit if you wish the paper
continued.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03

The subscription rates to Tile
Florida AgriceItxrist, IN the Vest
indies, and other British possessions,
as II shitlings per dnraetne, postage
tree. e5 B0aak of EaaqL0tad note
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03
NOVEMBER 3.
LOCAL INTELLIGENCE.
LaneerSa65li8 est Ver0 VirtatS.

Il11noerSd6il5S est Ue70 05TtatS.
Messrs. Ashmead Brothers are our
agents in Jacksonville, and authorized
to receive subscriptions and advertise
ments for this paper.
Sabbath School next Sunday afternoon
at 3 o'clock, Mr.. J. Y. Parce, super
intendent. Preaching by the Rev. Mr..
Lewton, after Sunday School.
Prayer meeting Thursday evening at
the school house.
Mr.. Whitaker, of North Carolina, ar
rived last week and intends settling.
We call attention to the advertise
ment of Professor Cheney in our Cheap
Column.
The composItors of this Office return
thanks to Master Jim Baker for bunch
of bananas.
Our school opened on Monday with
thirty-five scholars, under Miss Fiddis
the new teacher.
A large and elegant assortment Of
Notions, Gloves, Hosiery, White Goods,
&c. Dreka & Co.
We are pleased to note the arrival of
B. F. Nor ris, Esq. and Mrs. Norris at
their Spring Garden home.
We welcome home Mrs. J. Y. Parce,
who arrived last week accompanied by
Mrs. Mead her step mother.
Mr.. W. A. Cook will soon open the
hotel at Spring Garden and be sure to
make his guests comfortable.
Mr.. Jewell brought down a handsome
boat which he has placed in Lake Leila,
and taken up his abode with DE-. jack
son.
Owing to delay in getting our paper
we have been obliged to print portion
of this weeks issue on two separate
sheets.
The Lake George Society have fixed
on Friday, the 10Th inst. on which the
essays will be read and the premiums
| awarded.
Dreka & Co.'S New Apple Butter and
Keystone Mince Meat are boss, also fine
new Prunes, Raisins, and Dry Fruits
generally at the same house.
Mr.. D. Royse, wife and five children
OF Tower Hill, Illinois, arrived here last
week with the intention of settling, he is
an old subscriber to this paper.
Banta 6 Huffman have made a good
job of the school house, the plastering
was put onby j. j. Kelsey, who also has
the contract for plastering Mrs. Fudger's
| house.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03


pointed committee to advertise for
sealed proposals for the care Of the
paupers of this county. Said paupers
to receive good and sufficient food,
clothing and lodging. All bids to
be forwarded to the committee on or
before the first Monday OF January,
1881.
On motion, Mr.. G. R. Bloomer
was appointed as road commissioner
in district No. 5.
On motion, Mr. H. J. Clifton, Robt.
Brelan, James Price, be and are here
by appointed road commissioners in
district No. 10.
On motion, J. w. Stockton be and
is hereby appointed road commits
sioner for district No. 5, 0ice L. W.
Odum, who declined to act.
On motion, the clerk Of this Board
was instructed to make list of all
public roads, now recognized as such
by the records in his Office aud pub
lish the same at his earliest conven.
venience.
. On motion, the Board adjourned
until the 1st Monday in January 1881,
unless called together by the clerk
for SPECIAL purpose.
JNo. W. DICKLNs. Clerk.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03

Advertising Rates:
Rates for advertisements furnished on
application by letter or IN person.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03

Dreka & Co. s ''Best" is the -four that
received the medal of highest ercelzencv
at the Centennial Exposition, also supe-
rior New Oatmeal, Buckwheat and Gra.
ham Flour, kept constantly on hand.
Thanks to the energy of Mrs. Parce
who worked for us when north, we have
q fine large SEQ ID bell for the school
house. The DeLand's and other citizens
OF Fairport contributed literally to-
wards it.
Mr.. Morris E. Mead, of Jacksonville.
who has started cigar factory in that
city, sent a sample box of cigars to this
Office for which we return thanks. They
were we'll made and worthy of notice.
We wish him success in his new enter.
prise.
1000 yds. Of prints from cts up, also
q large assortment Of Ginghams, Domes-
ties, Cottons, bleached and brown, Al
apacas, Cashmeres, Flannels, Flannel
Cloakings, Casinetts, Suitings, etc. at
corresponding figures, now open at
Dreka Il Co.
Mr. Harmon Brown has purchased
forty acres of land from Mr.. Ganev for
the Misses Paterson of Huntington.
Ind, who are ladies of considerable
wealth, and will shortly be down. Mr.
Brown has good Judgment in land, has
received orders for the purchase of land
for other parties.
Rev. Hildreth gave lectures to large
! audiences on Thursday and Friday last,
on Temperance. On the latter evening
fifty persons signed the pledge. The
following are the officers of the club:
| j. B. Jordan, President; Prof. Cheney.
Vice-President; Geo. Fudger, Secretary.
The Sunday School Convention last
| week occupied two days and was we'll
attended by our people and others from
Beresford and Orange City. Subjects
of much interest were discussed and the
meeting addressed by several clerical and
lay members. We were promised
! synopsis Of the proceedings but it has
not yet been sent to the Office.
a lot of Furniture just received to ba
sold at Jacksonville prices, freight
added. Chamber sets, Woven Wire
Mattresses, Moss and Hair Mattresses.
Bed Springs, Bedsteads, Oak, common.
Wood and Cane sett Chairs and Rock
ers, Mirrors, ETC., at Wilcox & Cooney's.
A large congregation listened with
much interest on Sunday to an impress
sive sermon from the Rev. Mr.. Bohan-
non of Georgetown, Ky. After the SER
vice Rev. VIM. Hildreth gave short
farewell address as he was leaving on
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03
Terms {:

Terms
TWO DOLLARS Year, in Advance.
Single copies. FIVE cents.
A copy to the getter-up of club OF five
~ Subscriptions should be sent by draft.
post-office money order on Jacksonville, or
registered letter, Otherwise the publishers
will not be responsible In case of loss.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03

Mrs. Newberry. $11.75
y. ii. Philips w
G. Codrington. $500
NJ. n. WORMS. 1880
Geo. Sauls. 1900
Mrs. r. Watson. 1000
.ToSeDh Underhill. Observation-Disclosures. $500
!. d. Price. $500
Reniamin Richardson 1000
Reniamin Richardson. 1S437
BarTOn Brooks. 1928
u. !. Mcbride. 800
.Jnsenh IJnderhill. observation-disclosures. 400
Ora Carpenter. 400
John w. Dickins. 1900
- . 1923
:" Z" .. 1900
.. $50
Board took recess until o'clock,
PM.
Board met pursuant to recess
quorum present.
The Florida agriculturist. [volume] (DeLand, Fla.) 1878-1911, 1880-11-03

THE FLORIDA AGRICULTURIST is
$500 per annum.
Gallipolis journal. [volume] (Gallipolis, Ohio) 1837-1919, 1880-04-22

In regard to the deadlock in the
Legislature, upon the appropriation
bill, the Columbus correspondent. Of
the Cincinnati Gazette says:
For the little that has been allow
ed Longview in this matter In addi-
tion to the effort of the Hamil-
ton County delegation, Senators Hol-
iingsworth, Horr and Marriott, and
DR.. Greene, Maj. Townsend and Mr..
Beman have been mainly instrumen-
tai. BY accident Mr.. Beman. whose
views upon the appropriation were
not known, but whose geographical
location might be supposed to rem.
der him hostile to Hamilton County
was appointed on the last conference
committee. It was through his eff.
fort that compromise was agreed
upon, otherwise the committee would
have disagreed, and the appointment
of another conference committee have
been necessary. 1t hastened ad-
journment and cut off further mali.
cious work and unnecessary Iegisla.
tion.
Gallipolis journal. [volume] (Gallipolis, Ohio) 1837-1919, 1880-04-22
June Taxes.

HNAX PAYERS will take notice that
Il the undersigned viii attend at the
Treasurer's Office at the Courthouse for
the purpose of receiving the June Taxes
on the Duplicate of 1873, from this date
until June 10Th, 1880. Pay your taxes
in June. If you fail to pay them, the
Auditor is By law compelled to add l5
per cent, at the semi-annual settlement
with the Treasurer. and 10 per cent. for
six months equal 80 per cent. per an
nnm. Ii June tax is not paid, the tax
and penalty will be added to December
tax, and If not paid by December Goth
the same property viii be advertised
and sold ION the Sd Tuesday of the next
january for the delinquent June tax
and all the tax for the following year.
Please bring your December tax receipt
for 1879.
w. W. MARTINDALE,
Treasurer Gallia Co., Ohio.
April %, 1880.
Gallipolis journal. [volume] (Gallipolis, Ohio) 1837-1919, 1880-04-22
Bridge Notice.

NOTICE is hereby given that the
IN Commissioners of Gallia County,
will sell to the lowest responsible bid
der, at the times and places named, the
following jobs OF bridge work, to-wit
The building of bridge, at Clark's
Ford, across Campaign Greek, in Spring
field township, on
Monday, May 18th, 1880,
at 10 O'Clock a. m.
Also, repairs to fill and bridge, across
Raccoon Creek, at Sylvester Woods
mill, in Raccoon Township, on
Monday, May 17th, 1880,
at o'clock p. m. Plan and specifica-
ton made known at time of sale.
Also, on
Tuesday, May 18th, 1880,
at o'clock p. M, they will sell on the
ground, to the highest and best bidder,
the old bridge across Racco0n Creek,
and known as the Koontz bridge.
By order of the Commissioners,
JOS. STAFFORD, Auditor.
April %, lSS0-2w
Gallipolis journal. [volume] (Gallipolis, Ohio) 1837-1919, 1880-04-22
SIXTH ORDER OF SALE.
Sheriff s Sale of Real Estate.
Laura r. Z. Henson. by her guar
dian, VS.. Taylor W. Hampton

DURSUANT to the command OF an order of
sale from the Court of Common Pleas of
0allia county, Ohio, and to me directed L will
orer for sale at public auction at the front door
OF the Court House in the City of Galipolis. in
said Gallis County and State of Ohio, on
Monday, the Oath day of May,
A. d. 1880,
at one O'Clock p. m, on SAID day, the following
described lands and tenements, to- wit:-situate
in the city Of Gallipolis, county of Gallia and
State of Ohio. beginning at the south west cor.
ner Of Fourth and Sycamore streets; thence up
said Fourth street, along Ciendinen,s line 10
3 stake on the northwest corner of SAID lot
thence east along said Clenlinen's line TO s. M
Ayers line; thence to Sycamore street: thence
west along said street to the place of beginning
containing three acres. more or less together
With the privileges and appurtenances 70 the
same belonging. or in anywise appertaining
Appraised at seven thousand two hundred
dollars, tS7. 800 .O0.)
To be sold as the property of Taylor W.
Hampton ct al, at the suit Of Laura r. E. Hem
son, BY her guardian.
Terms OF sale-Cash in hand on day of sale
Given under my hand this 18th day OF April,
A. ID. 1880.
c. B. BLAKE,
Sheriff Gallia Co., Ohio.
SIMEON NASH, Atty for Pl'ff.
April p, 1SS0-0w
Gallipolis journal. [volume] (Gallipolis, Ohio) 1837-1919, 1880-04-22

The Republican Central Committee
of Gsllia County met at the Court
House, on Saturday, April 18th, in
pursuance to call.
The following persons were elected
as delegates and alternstes to represent
the Republicans Of Gallla County, in
the State Convention, to be held at
Columbus on the 2sth of April, 1880,
to-wit:
DELEGATES. ALrERNATKs.
VIM. Nash, D. w. Davies,
J. Fl. Evans, w. w. Martlndale,
BENJAMIN Martin, W. S. Mathews,
L. NJ. Beman, CIV. Eagle,
Jacob Riggs, s. r. Bush,
j. A. Eaken, A. j. Carter,
VIM. Symmes. VIM. Bradbury.
The Committee also fixed the time of
holding the County Convention for
June 26th, and the election OF delegates
to said County Convention for June
18th; in Townships between the hours
of and 6 o'clock p. M, and In the
wards between the hours. Of and 8
O'Clock p. IN. of said day.
The number of delegates to which
each Township, Ward and Precinct is
entitled to in said County Convention
was fixed at the ratio of one to each 80
votes cast for Charles Foster for Gov
ernor In 1879, and one for each frac-
tional vote of Is and over.
w. Fl. C. ECKER, Sec.