davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richland beacon., 1880-11-06

For years no one s,.and yd that n
piece of soft coal, dug from NM. inc or
bed in the earth, possessed any other
quality than being cOmbustible, or wis
valuable for any purpose than as fuel.
1t was next found that it would afford
gas which is also combustible. :.
chemical analysis proved it to bemadc
of hydrogen. In process of time, me
chanical and chemical ingenuity de-
vised mode of manufacturing this gas,
and applying it to the lighting of build
ings and cities on large scale. In do
ing this, other products of distillation
were developed, until, step by step, the
following ingredients or materials are
extracted from it:
l. An excellent oil to supply light
houses, equal to tho best sperm Oil, ut
lower cost.
2. Benzole-a light sort of ETHEREAL
fluid, which evaporates easily, and, COM
bined with vapOr or moist air, is used
for the purpose Of portable gas-lamps,
SO called.
3, Naphtha-a heavy fluid, useful to
dissolve gutta-percha, india-rubber, etc.
4. An oil excellent for lubricating
purposes.
5. Asphaltum, which is black, solid
substance, used in making varnishes.
6. Paraffine, white crystalline sub
stance, resembling white wax, which
can be made into beautiful wax candles;
it melts at temperature of 10 de-
erees, and affords an excellent light.
All these substances are now made
rom soft coal.
Richland beacon., 1880-11-06

MALARIAL fevers can be prevented, also other
miasmatic disease, by occasionally using Dr..
S0ntorfs L,rer I',rigordtor, the oldest general
Family Medicine. which is recommended as a
cure for all diseases caused lW q disordered
liver. Eighty-psge book sent free. Address
DIR. Sanford, 1872 Broadway, New York.
Richland beacon., 1880-11-06
vegetIne.
More to Me than Cold.

M II. r. 6rBvnus:
wish 10 inform you wha v.sErxx has done for me.
have been troubled with Erysipelas Humor for more
than thirty yess, in my limbs and other pars Of my
body and have been great sufferer. commenced taxi
tag NEoErrSB year last August and truly
has done for than any OF her medicine. Ise~m
TO bs perfectly free from this humor and ne
It to every one. Would Be without this medicine =
It's 10 me tina gei-and feel will prove blesS
ing TO sshsrs - IL has o. mo-
You're, most respectfully,
Ms. DAVID CLARK.
Richland beacon., 1880-11-06

The voltaic Belt Co., Marshall, Mieh..
Will send their Electro voltaic Belts to the
afflicted upon 80 days trial. See their adver-
tisement in this paper headed, ~nn 80 Days
Trialw
Richland beacon., 1880-11-06
How They Capture Hyenas.

The following mode of tying hyenas in
their dens, as practiced in Afghanistan,
is given by Arthur Connolly in his Orer-
land Journal, in the words of an Afghan
chief, the Shirkaree Syud Daoud:
"When you have tracked the beast to
his den, you take a rope with two slip
knots upon it in your right hand, and,
with your left holding felt cloak before
You, you go boldly but quietly i'll. The
animal does not know the nature of the
danger, and therefore retires to the back
of his den, but you may always tell
where his head is by the glare of his
eyes. You keep on moving gradually
toward him on your knees, and when
YOU are within distance throw the cloak
over his head, close with him, and take
care he does not free himself. The beast
is so frightened that he covers back,
and, though he may bite the felt. he can
not turn his neck round to hurt you; so
you quietly feel for his forelegs, slip the
knots over them, and then, with one
strong pull, draw them tight up to the
back of his neck and tie them there.
The beast is now your own, and you can
do what you like with him. We gener-
ally take those we catch home to the
kraal, and hunt them on the plain with
brides in their mouths, that our dogs
may be taught not to fear the brutes
when they meet them wild"
Hyenas are also taken alive by the
Arabs by very similar method, except
that wooden gag is used instead of a
felt cloak. The similarity in the mode
of capture in two such distant countries
as are Algeria and Afghanistan, and by
two races 80 different, is remarkable.
From the fact that the Afghans consider
that the feat requires great presence of
mind, and no instance being given of a
man having died of bite received in a
clumsy attempt, We may infer that the
Afghan hyena is more powerful or more
ferOcious than his African cOngener.
A Detectives Story.
There is story told Of a lady and gen.
tleman travelling together on an English
railroad. They were strangers to each
other. Suddenly the gentlem<n aid:
Madam, will trouble yot--.o look
out of the window for few minutes
am going to make some changes LII my
wearing apparel"
Certainly, SIR" she replied with
great pOliteness, rising and turning her
back upon him. In q short time he
said
"Now, Madam, my change is COM
pleted, and You may resume your seat, /.
When the lady turned she beheld IA
male companion transformed into dash
ing lady with heavy veil over her face.
"NOw, sir, or madam, whichever
you are," said the lady, 81 mu
trouble you to look out of the window,
for also have some changes to cake IN
Certainly, madam" and the gentle
man in lady's attire Immediately CON-
piled.
"Now, sir, you may resume your
seat"
To his great surprise, on resuming his
seat, the gentleman in female attire
found his lady companion transformed
into man. He laughed and said:
at appears that we are both anxious
to escape recognition. What have you
done Ihave robbed bank ?"
"And l." said the whilom lady, MS he
dexterously fettered his companions
wrists with pair of handouts, Il am
Detective j, of Scotland Yard, and
in female apparel have Swallowed you
for two days-now," drawing revolver,
keep STILL"
Richland beacon., 1880-11-06

DB tu0 D0S0
surgeon, of Reaching, Pa, offers 70 send by mail,
free Of charge, valuable litth book on deafness
and diseases Of the ear-speeially on running
ear and catarrh. snd their PROPER treatment
giving references and rcs:3rl"n. y. ibs, viii
satisfy the most skerticil. Address Us above
Richland beacon., 1880-11-06

GET Lyons Patent Heel stiffeners applied 20
those new boots before you run them over.
Richland beacon., 1880-11-06

Ir you are coughing or not, but feel the pres
ence of Cold in the system, use DIR. Bulls
Cough Syrup and feel immediate relief. Price
rs cents bottle.
Richland beacon., 1880-11-06
The Day Of Judgments 1t Set for
1887

1881. This is very peculiar number.
The sum of its digits is 9x9. 1t is di-
visible by without remainder. The
remaining Quotient consists of two prime
factors, II and 10. It reads the same
both ways. If % be set under 81 and
the two added the sum is 80. If the IS
be reversed and then added to 81 the
sum is 162, the sum Of the digits of
which is 9. The 162 is also divisible by
8, giving a quotient of Is, which is a
second time Invisible by 8. If the 81 be
reversed and added to IS, the sum is SO,
which is also divisable by 9, and the sum
of its digits is also 8.
But what Of it?
Add the following considerations be-
fore you press an answer: l. Those
who have cultivated the occult sciences
have always held the number 9 to be
possessed of great significance. 2.
Those who have made a study Of the
numerical symbolism of the scriptures
have regarded the number 9 as equally
significant. It is ga number OF tinality
or Judgment, of creaturely complete
ness, says Dr.. Mahan. And he adds,
1T is the factor of all the great dates of
judgment-viz.: Of the flood, the destruc-
ton Of Sodom, the overthrow Of Pha-
raoh, the captivity, and the final de-
struction of Jerusalem" As we have
seen, it enters in variety Of ways into
the 1881. What of it now? Has 1881
q Judgment in store for the human race,
and what is it?-Lutheran and o.
server.
Word 70 Our Readers-
Whom you read Of . remedy that will cure all
diseases, beware Of It; but when you read Of
pure vegetable compound which claims to cure
only certain parts Of the body, and furnishes
high proof that it does this, you can safely try
IL, and With the assurance that it will help you.
This is Just what Warmers Safe Kidney and
Liver Cure does. It cures all troubles OF the
lower portion Of the body and none others. 1t
will not help the tooth-ache, ear-ache, nor con-
sumption but it viii put your body in vigor-
Gus and healthy state where you can enjoy life
and apprsuistsits good things. Try it
Richland beacon., 1880-11-06

DEAR MARIA-I have saw lots Of things sence
cum to Nashville. / went to the circus, and
to see the man that makes Coussens Lightning
Liniment that cured Jim's sprains. He don't
belong to the circus, but his Liniment beats 'em
all hollow for curing rhulnatiz, lame back,
sprains, etc. Yours, Jack. For sale by all
druggists.
Richland beacon., 1880-11-06

VfGETINE.-The great success Of the vege-
tine as cleanser and purifier Of the blood is
shown beyond doubt by the great numbers
who have taken il. and received immediate "a.
lief. with such remarkable cures,
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19
81 Numbers of scribner,s for $5.

The richly illustrated November
number of Scribner's Monthly, the De-
cennial Issue, appears in a new cover,
and begins the twenty first volume.
The increasing popularity of the maya
zine is strongly evidenced by recent
sales. A year ago the monthly circnla-
tion was about 10000 copies; during
the past nine months it has averaged
1l5,OC0, while the first edition of the
November issue is 125,000.
The first part of the now famous Sc
rial by Eugene Schuyler, ''The Life of
Peter the Great" was finished in Octo-
Der. With November begins Part H.,
Peter the Great as Ruler and Reform
err" which will be an advance, in point
OF popular interest and wealth of illus
tration, upon the part already publish
ed. 10 enable readers to secure Part 1.
the publishers make the following spec
lal offers to new subscribers after Octo-
Der 10th, who begin with the November
number.
~ New subscribers may obtain, for
$500, Scribner's Monthly for the com
ing year, and the previous nine num-
6ers, February to October, 1880, which
include Part |. of 'fPeter the Great"
Mrs. Burnett's Louisiana" etc. In ac-
cepting this offer, twenty-one numbers
will be had for $500.
~ They may obtain the previous
twelve numbers of Scribner's, elegantly
bound in olive-green cloth 1.-TWO vol
umes), containing Part 1. of "Peter the
Great" all of Cables novel, "The
Grandissimes," with the numbers named
above, and years subscription, for
$3.50. (Regular price, $4,000
All book sellers or news-dealers will
take subscriptions and supply the num-
bers and volumes mentioned in the
above special offers, without extra
charge for postage or express or the
publishers, Scribner & Co., 743 Broad
way New York, may he addressed di-
rect: The regular price of Scribner's
is S4.OO year, 35 cents a number.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19

and then, with nineteen other younj
men, accompanied by five tutors, ht
was sent on a tour through Europe
Africa and Asia to receive the finishing
touches of his education. After foul
years of study and travel he was awak
ened from his happy dream-life by 6
summons home to take part in the un.
successful uprising of 1862 and 1868
His father fell in the cause, and his
mother, sisters and brother we're sent to
Siberia for daring to wear mourning
for the dead. Mr.. Baker received taste
of Russian justice on his back, the mark
of which he now bears, and then he
too, was packed off to the frozen re-
gions of Russia's prison land. On the
way there, however, he was rescued
and escaping from the country like many
another exile, lie turned to these shores
In our army he sought forgetfulness
from shis sorrows, and he fought with
| the Union soldiers till the close of the
war. With the end of the strife he
found himself again adrift, and drift he
did from one end of the United States
to the other, continually adding to his
strange experiences, till he brought up
in Springfield.
Here his bed has not by any means
been one of roses, but he has won tie
respect of the community by his purity
of character and honesty of purpose
People were little shy of him at first
because of his assumed name-plain
"John Baker," being akin to anything
but the w-dislocating titles of Poland,
and the mystery which enshrouded bis
life. Had he chosen to appear as no.
bleman, the retinue of title worshipers,
which would have gathered about him,
would not have been small. A sworn
enemy to the present Russian govern
ment, it was necessary to conceal his
true name, for Russian spies are active,
even in this country, and the discovery
of his identity would have been attend
ed with greater visitation of seventies
upon his friends in Siberia, were they
still alive.
Mr.. Baker is a ssNihilist"-not a
Communist or Socialist, as he will ex-
plain in his lecture, but a Revolution
ist, who seeks to overthrow the present
despotie government, which grinds the
Russians into the dust, and to establish
free constitutional rule similar to our
own. Beginning in a small way by
talking in churches, in fraternity rooms,
before reform clubs, and anywhere
where opportunity offered, and by con-
tributing to newspapers, Mr.. Baker has
done much to change the sentiment
against Nihilism in this state. He now
receives quite frequent calls to lecture,
and he contributes often to the newspa-
pers. His high education, large ac-
quaintance with men and things, varied
experience, combined with an easy ad-
dress, make him a most interesting
speaker.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19
Passumpsie RaIlroad.---oc.ober 4. 1850.
st. Johnsbury Church Directory.

AdUent-Paddock Village. Sabbath Services at
lO:50 a. m las and $3.50 p. m. Sabbath School IL
M Prayer Meetings at 7:30 p. m. Sunday, Tuesday
and Friday evenings.
Baptist-Railroad Street Corner Maple. Rev.
E.. 4. Sandford Pastor. Preaching 1850 A. M S.
School 12 M Prayer meeting $50. Prayer meet
ing Wednesday evening at 1880.
Free BapiSt-Main Street Corner Prospect.
Rev; Z; 5 Frost, Pastor. Residence at Mrs John
U. Chubbs Spring st. Sabbath services, 1890 A.
NJ, and $50 P. N. Sabbath School at 70 NJ. Prayer
meeting Wednesday evening at 7:30.
Church Of the Messiah-( (Universalist1 Eastern
avenue, corner Cherry street. Rev. B. NJ. Tillot-
son, Pastor. Sabbath services at las p M
Sabbath School at 12 NJ. Wednesday evening meet
ing at 1870.
MsthOdist-Central street. Rev. E. S. Locke,
Pastor Residence head of Summer street Sab
bath services at 1890 A. NJ, and $50 P NJ Sabbath
School at IL NJ. Wednesday evening meeting at
7:30.
North CongregatiOnaI-Ma street. corner of
Church. Rev. Henry W. Jones' Pastor. Sabbath
services at 1890 A. NJ, and $50 P. NJ. Sabbath
School at LAS P. NJ Wednesday evening meeting
at 1870.
South ConSregational-Main street Rev. Ed
ward L. Fairbanks. Pastor. Sabbath services at
1890 A NJ, and $50 P. NJ Sabbath School at IL M.
wednesday evening meeting at 1880
Presbyterian ChuTch-Rev. W. R. Laird, pas.
tor; Services at Presbyterian Hall, every Sab
bath at 1880 a M, 800 p. m Sabbath school 300
Prayer meeting 6:3O. Bible reading Wednesday
evening 7:3o.
st. AndretO's-(E (Episcopal) Main street Rev.
n. F. Putnam, Rector. Services Sundays at
1880 a. m, and p m. Holy days and Fridays at
a. m. Wednesdays at 7:3O p. M Sunday School,
at $3.50 p.
Roman Oatholic-Cherry Street Rev. J. A.
Boissonnault; Parish Priest. Mass and 10 ;
Vespers and Benediction at 8 p. m. On the
second Sunday of the month, service at $3.50 M,
and p. m. At Lyndonville same day at 1890 a. m.
z. II. @. A.-Meetings at the rooms of the Y. M.
c. A, Browns Building. Main Street, Sunday
mornings at $50, Monday evenings at 7:30.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19
How to Advertise (P)

If you have goods to sell, advertise.
Hire man with lampblack kettle
to paint your name and number on all
the railroad fences. The cars 90 whiz-
ziDg by SO fast that no one can read
them, to be sure, but perhaps the
Obliging conductor would stop the train
to accommodate an inquiring passen-
ger. Remember the fences by the
roadside as well. Nothing is SO attrac-
tive to the passer by as a well painted
sign: "Millington's medical mixture
for mumps.n
Have your card in the hotel register
by all means. Strangers stopping at {
hotel for a night generally buy a cigar
or two, before they leave town and
they need some inspiring literary foot
besides.
If an advertising agent wants you
business advertisement in a fame,
frame at the depot, pay him about 2OI
per cent. more than it is worth, and lie
him put it there. When a man ha
three-quarters of second in which t.
catch a train, he invariably stops t
read depot advertisements, and you
card might take his eye.
Have a few posters pasted all owe
town mixed up with nigger minstre
streamers and theatrical bills they wi
appear very prominent and attrac
about as much attention as blac
spot on speckled dog.
Have thousands of little dodgel
printed and hire few boys to distril
ute them. You've no idea how IL
junk dealer and paper-rag man will +,
spect you.
/ Don't fail to advertise in every circl
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19
. 1t will help the circus to pay

program. 1t will help the circus to pay
its bills.
Patronize every agent that shows
you an advertising tablet, card, direc-
tory, dictionary or even an advertising
Bible if one is offered at a reasonable
price. The man must make living.
But don't think of advertising in a
well-established, legitimate newspaper.
Not for moment. Your advertise
ment would be nicely printed and
would find its way into ali the thrifty
households of the region, where the far
mer, the mechanic, the tradesmen in
other lines, and into the families of the
wealthy and refined, all who have arti-
cles to buy and money with which to
buy them, and in the quiet of the even
ing, after the news of the day had been
dlgested, it would he read aud ponder
ed, and next day people would come
down to your store and patronize you,
and keep coming in increasing num-
bers, and you might have to hire an
extra clerk or two, move into a larger
block and more favorable location and
do bigger business, but OF course it
would be more expensive-and bring
greater profits New Haven Register.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19
God Knows.
BY RBEN z. REXFoRD

In the times of toll and trouble
When the way was hard to find,
And with tears from the heart so weary
My eyes were often blind.
have always found comfort
For all my bitterest woes
In the thought that whatever befalls me
My loving Father knows.
Our feet may miss the pathways
That lead to the happier lands;
Our backs may be bowed with burdens,
And cares fill our heart and hands:
But when the way is thorny
And the wind of sorrow blows,
We've friend. that will never fail us,
For the good God sees and knows.
So in the shadow and sunshine
That checkers this lower land,
God always seems close beside me;
can reach and touch his hand.
Deep is the peace, and lasting,
That the comforting thought bestows,
There never shall come a trouble
But the dear God sees and knows.
Shiocton, Wis.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19
st. JohnsburyaPost Office.
ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE OF MAILS.

ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE OF MAILS.
Boston and intermediate offices. Arrive 44O 2
m. Close $3.50 m.
Boston through mail. Arrive pit m. Close
800 pm.
New York and the West. Arrive 2:17 m and
1906 and 4:40 p M. Close $50 m and 500 m.
Newport and the North. Arrive 1015 m
Close 400 p m.
Portland and the East. Arrive 800 m. Close
$3.50 m.
Swanton and intermediate Offices. Arrive 1O15
a Close 400 pm.
Waterford. Arrive $40 a m. Close 400 m.
North Danville. Arrive $50 m. Close 1876
a
West Concord and East st. Johnsbury. Arrive
1015 IN. Clgse 4: m.
CHAS. P. CARPENTER, I'd, P. NJ.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19
John Baker, the Nihilist.
From q Private Letter. /

A complete history of his life, full Of
lights and shadows-mostly the latter
and wonderful in its contrasts would,
1 fancy, be as fascinating as the work
of skillful romancer, but this cannot
be given. Mr.. Baker is native of Po-
land, and there his early life was spent
His parents were his first teachers; a
course in a Warsaw college followed,
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19
A Model Letter.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 7.-The following
letter from Gen. Garfield was received
here few days since by a gentleman,
who is near friend. As will be seen
it was written the evening before the
election, and it is interesting as showing
with what calmness the general was
surveying a field where the contest
about to open involved SO much for
him:
MENTOR, OHIO, Nov. l, 1880.
Dedr-: The evening mail brings
me your letter of the 3Ist, and 1 take a
moment in the lull before the BATTLE to
say how greatly glad am for all the
earnest and effective things you have
done for me. Whatever may be the
issue of tomorrow / shall carry with
me through life most grateful memories
of the enthusiastic and noble work my
friends have done, and especially my
college classmates. The campaign has
been fruitful to me in the discipline
that comes from endurance and pa.
tience. hope that defeat will not SOU
me nor success disturb the poise which
l have sought to gain by the expert
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19
Trauelers' Gnide.
st. JOhnsbury s. Lake Champlain Railroad.
October 4, 1880.
TRAINS MOVING EAST.

MAIL-Leaves Swanton 600 a. M, Cambridge
Junction TIA, Hardwick s24 East Hardwick IA
Greensboro SAG, Walden 9.l2, Danville Gas ST
Johnsbury arrive 10. 10 leave 10.40 East St Johns
bury 10.54, West Concord 11.04 Miles Pond IL d
East Concord l1-3S, arrives at Lunenburg ia
Portland at 5.57 p. m.
EXPRESS-Leaves Swanton 5.35 D. M. Cam
bridge Junction 7o2 Hardwick s.25, East Hard
wick s3S, Greensboro SAG, Walden 9.1O. Danyille
s2s arrive st. Johnsbury 1000 p. m.
g. M4t4Ep-St 4eS Johnsbury to Lunenburg-Leaves
81. Johnsbury 46 p. m. E. St. Johnsbury SOS W.
Concord 525 Miles Pond O5 E. Concord 6.22, ar
rive Lunenburg 6.l5 p. IN.
TRAINS MOVING WEST.
MAIL-Lesves Portland s25 a. m Lunenbure
IS5, p; m Last Concord 1.41, Miles Pond 1.56,
West Concord 2.17, East st. Johnsbury 2 2s arrive
st. Johnsbury 2.40 leaves AS, Danviie $40, wal.
den 5.44, Greensboro sos, East Hardwick GIG,
Hardwick 62s Cambridge Junction 7.4s, arrives
at Swanton at 910 p. m
EXPRESS-Leaves st. Johnsbury $50 a. m.
Danville 7.21, Walden 7.42, Greensboro sos E'
Hardwick s13, Hardwick s.25, Cambridge
Junction s.34 Maquam Bay Ills a. m.
MIXED-Lunenburg to St. Johnsbury-Leayes
Lunenburg $50 a. M. Z. Concord 6.5O Miles Pond
7OS, West Concord 7.45, E. st. Johnsbury sos ar.
rive st. Johnsbury $50 a. m.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19
East ST. JOhnsburY.

Oongregational-Rev. F. B. Phelps, Pastor
Sunday services at TO- As a. and $50 p. m. Sab
bath school at 1900. Wednesday evening meeting
at $50; Experience and Enquiry meeting at par
sOnage, Friday evening at $50.
Nethodist.-Rev. j. Morse, Pastor Sunda,
services at /. 80 d. IN.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19
st. bloomsbury Atbepaum

Library and Reading -Room,-Free to all. Opel
from A NJ. to 12 NJ. from to 6 P. NJ, and from
to 1-2 Saturday evenings.
Art Gallery-Open Tuesdays and Fridays.
W. w. THAYER Librarian.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19
VOLUME 44---NUMBER 226O.

sickly smile aud said he could not be
always pulling out his money.
Ignorance seems to be stalking
through the land like a Kansas grass
hopper on stills.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19

ences of life. From this edge of the
conflict l give you my hand and heart
as in all the other days of our friend
ship. AS ever yours,
j. A. GARFIELD.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1880-11-19

Western Union and IT. Interndtional-in Post
Office Main St. Open from a. M, to D. IN. Sun
days, 9 to 10 a. m, to p. m. Night messages al
half rates.