davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Vancouver independent. (Vancouver, W.T. [Wash.]) 1875-1910, 1879-01-02
THE INDEPENDENT
1s Published every Thursday.
J. J. BEESON EDITOR

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Each subsequent insertion per square,. 90
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serted free Of charge, obituary notices at reg
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The Vancouver independent. (Vancouver, W.T. [Wash.]) 1875-1910, 1879-01-02

The largest, heat made, and most complete
otock Of Harness, Saddles, Brides, Collars.
WHIPS, Horne Blankets, etc., ETC., ever offered
h VoncOuvoS.
An kinds of repairing done ON short notice
De-. 1e77. J.J. WINrLER.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20
Geology The Basis Of Agri
culture.

This subject was ably handled
by DR.. George Little, State Geo
logist, in a lecture Of an hour
and ten minutes, on the evening
of January 18th, before the Sci
entific Association of Atlanta.
After explaining the gradual
preparation of the earth as an
abode for man,D Dr.. Little demon
strated the identity Of the or
ganic elements of plants with
that Of the atmosphere, ana then
showed in the most lucid man
ner that all of the mineral con
stituents eff plants and animals
came primarily from the differ
ent rock formations.
He exhibited specimens of the
principal minerals, and explain
ed to the large and intelligent au-
dience the elements of plant food
derived from each, and the char
acter of soil formed by their de-
composition.
He explained the influence OF
Geological formations on the
meteorological and thermal con-
dltlons OF climate, and their de-
termination ofthe character and
direction of the water sheds. He
showed the influence of both ele-
walton and soil in determining
flora Of each section of Georgia,
which he illustrated by colored
maps.
1t was an exceedingly interest
ing lecture, and was highly APP
preciated bp the large audience
of both sexes.
After the exercises We're closed
many of the audience collected
around the rostrum and wcre
still further entertained by per-
sonal inspection of the mineral
specimens used by the lecturer
in illustration Of his subject.
The citizens of Atlanta are for
tunate in having an opportunity
hearing, free Of cost, such inter
esting and instructive lectures,
and should freely avail them
selves of their advantages
Georgia Enterprise.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20
Selecting Breeding Stock.

The possession of distinctive
characteristics, and the ability
to uniformly transmit these to
offspring, are, in the absence OF
an authenticated pedigree, the
best proofs Of purity of breeding,
as they are also the lest proofs
OF the value Of the pedigree, if
this be known Of the two, the
latter point is much the most
difficult to secure. With a free
use OF money, a good Judge can
secure admirable specimens of
any desired breed; but many
have found that it does not nee
essarily follow that an animal
possessing the desired qualities
will produce them in the off.
spring. The breeder is often
advised to select for breeding
purposes only those animals
which possess the qualities he
desires: A writer in the Aqrs-
cultural Gazette gives the follow
ing on this general subject, and
IS Well worth careful notice:
RULE.-Secure as few weak or
defective points as possible, rath-
er than the aggregate Of strong
points. Bad points appear to
possess the greater force. A first
class colt can only be obtained
by mating individuals having
the average of good points, the
fewest doubtful Or weak points.
ana the pronounced absence Of
pad points Or defective ones. It
Is waste of time and hard cash
70 improve n portion of the
other.
There is sound sense in the
rule given, and we commend i
TO the attention Of our vonno
breeders especially, We doubt
.he correctness Of the reason
that weak points possess greater
force than good ones-but this
does not affect the soundness Of
the rule itself. A better reason
tor making it the rule to JooL
Ior weak points, and reiectino
because of these, rather than So
lectlng because of possession Of
good qualities. is, that the latter
are very apt to blind us to Tho
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20
Large Crop Yields.

In raising crops, the object
should be to get the greatest
quality in the least space. We
want larger yields. To get these
we must manure more and cult
vate better. Most farmers make
mistakes by cultivating more
land than they can attend to
properly. Half the land with
better cultivation would produce
more In stock raising quantity
o. land is essential. In crop rails
ing quality is essential. 1t is true
that in stock raising, good quail
ty is quite important, as one acre
of good grass land frequently
produces more grass than three
acres Of poor quality; but guam
tity of land can make up the de-
fciency, and quantity cannot do
it so we'll for grain crops. The
farmer should concentrate his
labor on fewer acres for crops,
and put the balance Of the farm
in grass. This he will find will
pay better. Then let him keep
The improved breeds Of stock,
and he is on the highway to sue
.ess.-RuraI World.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20
Warm Sleeping Rooms.

I'm glad The barbarous idea
that 1T Is healtl:ful TO sleep IN
frigidly cold rooms is being
comba'ed. For my part, when
| recall all the discomtorts, yes,
and absolute pain I've ehduied
in cold bedrooms, I'm ready to
pronounce a sentence of perpet-
ual Punishment to the Arctic re-
gions, against the inhuman mon
sler who first promulgated the
idea that it is ''unheallhtul to
sleep with a fire" If a fire is a
good thing during the day when
our bodies are at a higher tenn
pera,ure than during sleeping
hours, why isn't it a better thing
at night? People pile on a hun
dred weight or so of bed-clothes,
shut doors and windows to pre-
vent the entrance of even a
breath Of fresh air, and In spite
of their precautions, what with
having to breathe the cold air OF
the room and the liability there
is of the clothes slipping oft.
they are not comfortable. There
is another thing to be consider
ed, heavy covering is weaken
ing. Many delicate women and
children are made weary by
sleeping under great quantities
Of covering. Then, it has been
demonstrated time after time, in
medical reviews and in newspa-
pers centrally, that pure air is
absolutely necessary to pei feet
health. What sort of air is that
which has been breathed and
rebreathed scores of times dur
ing the night: Have a fire, and
open your windows an inch top
and bottom. Instead of laying
in a heavy stock OF blankets
and comfortabl.s, just invest In
a stove the children can then
make their toilets instead of
rushing through the house half
clad to dress by the kitchen fire,
thereby impedin. breakfast pre-
parations. Besides, it isn't nice
10 have washing and combing
going on in the same room and
at the same timeas cooking. A
fire need not be kept in the bed
rooms all day. From eight in
the morning until about six in
the evening it could be dispensed
with, and the expense and
trouble would thereby be les
sened.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20

mate no, unlike the s. nth. If
the intelligent farmers there will
press steadily forward In the
work of inaugurating sheep
husbandry, all that country will
vet become famous, not only for
wool but for mutton also. But
it must be remembered that
where dogs are plentiful, focks
of sheep are few and far between.
-Pr0rie BURNER.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20
t EBkUARY gb.

former. When We find an
mai of unusual excellanca
some point 70 which We ~.
much Importance, III, ra.
for this 10 outweigh Gesa..
other directions. in the nj
it is a safer recommendat..
m animal FOR breeding burn
or for every day Use. TO ,.r
has no weak places, than
dwell on one or two prom;ru
excel!enceS.
The writer above quoted -.
important truths in the ,o''.
ing sentences:
Harmony of construc.
should be our aim "EXcsu
developments, when in orr-.
ton, mean weakness.
1t is almost safe To ador,
to animals, the rule As ~
machinerv--the whole
stronger than the weakest MI.
Oftentlmes marked deTs'..
ment of a quality desirable
itself may cause the more ,re.5
failure OF a weak OF bad noi,.
The horse with powerful mn.
cular development and too rg..
bone will more probably
than will one alike poorly dew.
oped IN muscle and bone.
Dc not, then, balance an ...
viOus defect with an admitt.s
excellence. The bad will
probably be reproduced as n
good, and may alone reapprar
Rather reject where there
marked deficiency this don.
secure as much excellence a.
practicable, but make IN h.
high aggregate by a larger nun,
Der OF fairly good points, rather
than one or TWO of remarkable
.development.--N National Ia
Stock .Journoi.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20

few feet, SO as to make a hollow
or dish shaped receptacle to col
lect the drainage from the ma
nure heap. Round poles are laid
across the cistern and rails upon
these, to make a firm bed for the
manure. A common wooden
manure pump is fitted in. This
may consist Of a wooden tute
made of strips four inches wide
nailed together at their edges
and furnished with a spout, a
lifting valve and iron rod to
work it with. The valve is made
of a piece of thin, hard wood,
hinged by a piece of leather to
an iron frame which is attached
to the lifting rod. The valve
opens when it is pushed down,
and closes when it is drawn up;
the liquid is retained in the
pump by means of a check-valve.
Any handy boy can make this
pump and a blacksmith can
make the rod and valve-seat in
an hour.
A water cistern is very handy
to have in a barn yard, and will
furnish a large supply Of water
for stock. 1t may be lined with
cement and for a building 5Ox24
should be ten feet deep and eight
feet in diameter, which will hold
$500 gallons, or. 100 barrels.
The total quantity of water fall
ing on the roof Of a building Of
the size mentioned, in the year,
will be $4,000 gallons or over
500 barrels, giving more than
two barrels a day through the
year. A cistern Of this size will
easily be filled III a week of rainy
weather, in spring or fall, and a
heavy thunder shower two inch
es of rainfaln would fill a third
of it.
SEED RACKS.
No barn-yard is complete with
out saving fodder and preserving
cattle from injury caused by
fighting over their feed. There
are many simple methods of max
ing them one is by mailing
fence strips to posts. By this
means a rack for four COWS is
made. A sufficient number of
these may be provided for all the
stock, and che or two in excess
may be useful. A long rack at
which twelve to twenty COWS
may feed, may be made by set
ting fence posts in the ground
and fitting two strong rails into
them, as IN a past and rail fence;
cross laths rest upon the lower
rail, and the upper one serves to
keep the fodder in the rack. A
rack Of this kind for twenty head
should be three panels, or thirty
feet long, and four feet wide.
This will give ample room to fit
stakes and posts to the rack at
intervals Of three feet, so as to
make a species Of stalls in which
the cows can feed, and which
will prevent them from crowd
ing each other. Similar but
smaller racks should be provid-
ed for sheep.
WATER TROUGHS.
are as needful as feed troughs
for q constant supply of pure
water is Indispensable to health
and profit from the stock, of what-
ever kind it may be. Troughs
for winter use should be made to
be reversed, so that at night
they may be turned over and
kept free from snow.-RHal Neu
Yorker.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20

A correspondent asks US hoa
he can keep his winter app.y,
until late In the spring, say I'll.
the end Of May. There is Jg
one answer to make: |. The az
pies must be good keepers, tI.e
from bruises or blemish.
They must be spread out o.
shelves or packed III barie's, al.
Kept IN an atmosphere Of from
4Oo to so, better from II t
4o0-that IS at a temperature D.
equable as possible. Some &C.
lars are just the thing, and pre-
serve them beautifully. Other
are too moist. Where this ],
the case a few bushels OF stoAe
lime should be used. S.idin-
shelves, six inches apart, lattice
bottom with a single layer o.
fruit are extremely convenient
as they allow Of constant exam,
nation without disturbing the
fruit. A friend informed Us tia.
with a large stand Of thee
shelves in his cellar, with ii few
inches Of lime on the bottom %
the cellar, he kept his apple
until May in perfect condition
and good fiavor-Spjrt NJ A.
kansas.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20

Charl tie Otserr,r: GI9n.
merchants Of Charleston ar. hl-
Ping fertilizers by SCI ooncr II
Wilmington, thence by The Caro-.
INA Centrai Railroad to point,
on the Charlotte, Columbia aui
Augusta road. The longest way
around is sometimes the chea. e.,
way through.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20

gbe Tarm.
n-Yar


tory of the manure as we'll as a
place where the cattle spend a
large portion of their existence
1t should therefore, be arranged
with a view to the most perfect
fulfllment of both of these pur-
poses. 1t is all the better adapt
ed for the latter purpose IN pro
portion as it is more effective for
the former, and a well-arranged
barn-yard that will preserve the
manure in the best manner, will
be convenient and comfortable
for the cattle.
THE SITUATION.
\ barn-yard should never be
made upon a steep slope. A
slight slope to the south is desi-
rable, but the site should be SO
nearly level hat the rain which
falls upon it may not flow Oft and
carry the wash to lower ground
where it will be wasted. The
surface should be somewhat hol-
lowed to the centre to retain all
the water that may fall upon it,
and keep the manure or litter
that may remain a. moist as
may be necessary to keep it in
good condition. The manure
and the litter of the yard should
be heaped in this lowest spot in
square pile built up with per-
pendicular sides and followed
at the top to retain what rain
may fall upon it. When the
yard is scraped up, fresh litter
should be scattered over it to pre-
vent the surface being poached
into mud. A muddy yard or
one slushy with soft manure is
unhealthtul, and contributes
greatly to disease of the feet,
lungs and udder. The trouble
some affection of the hoofs and
coronets, known as hoof-ail, foot
root, ETC., is caused by the wet
filth of muddy and sloppy yards.
Cattle take cold if compelled to
lie about in such yards, and in~
Vulnerable cases of pneumonia
and garget are caused in this
way.
THE DRAINAGE
of the yard, and stables as well,
may be effected by mean of a
manure cistern in the center of
the yard. This is a most valua-
bic adjunct to a well-ordered
farm, and may be made to re-
turn its cost every year, either
in a supply of liquid manure for
crops that can be fertillzed In
that way-grass, clover and low
growing fodder crops being es-
pecially suited to it or by fur
nishing the means for greatly
enriching the manure heap it
self. Drains from the stables
and pens should be led into the
c.stern, and this should be COW
cred with stout poles upon which
the manure may be piled. A
pump should be fixed in the
cistern, by which the liquid ma
nure may be raised and poured
over the heap to molsten and
enrich it, or into manure tanks
for spreading it upon the field.
The leaders from the roof cutters
may be connected with the ma
nure drains, so that the liquid
manure may be diluted sutfi-
GENTLY for use, as 1t IS far too
concentrated to be safely used
without being mixed with at
least four or five times its bulk
of water. During the fall and
winter, the leaders should be
disconnected from the manure
drains and turned into the water
cistern.
CIsTERNS.
A manure cistern may be a
very simple affair. All that is
needed is to excavate a hole
large enough, say twenty-tour
feet long by twelve wide, six
feet deep, and with faring sides.
The bottom and sides are cover
ed with a coating of cement
made of one part of hydraulic
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20

I'oULTICEs.--The commonprg..
tice in making poultices of mix.
ing the linseed meal with la.
water and applying them dirr.
ly to the skin, is quite wrou.
because, if we 10 not wish 10
burn the patient, we must wal.
until a great portion of the heat.
has been lost. The probe.
method is to take Il flannel ba.
(the size Of the pou,ti.c u.
quired), to iii this with the la.
seed poultice as hot as it cal
possibly be made, and to put be-,
tween this and the skin a sccola.
piece of flannel, SO that the
snail be at least two thickness
Of flannel between the skin ard
the pOultice itself. Above Il .
poultlce should be placed mo-
flannel, or a piece of cotton woo
to prevent 1t from getting col.
BY this method we are able to
apply the linseed meal boiling
hot, without burning the pa
tent, and the heat, gradual
diffusing through the flame.
affords a grateful sense of relic
which cannot be obtained b.
means. There are tca
ways In which such marked r.
lief IS given to abdominal pan
as by the application of a poo-
tlce IN this manner.-Dr. l.
Brunen, IN Bruin.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20

Pulverized alum possesses the
property of purifying water. A
large spoonfol stirred into a hogs
head of water Will SO purify it
that in a few hours he dirt will
all sink to the bottom, aud it
Will be fresh and clear as spring
waters. Four gallons may be
purified by a teaspoonful.
Show people say that Mary
Anderson has a moon-struck
lover, who was a student at Prin
ceton some mouths ago, and who
follows her all around the CONT
~, puts up at the hotels where
his inamorata stops, and often an.
noys her SO much that she is
compelled to take her meals in
her room.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20
The PRICE OF NEWSPAPERS.

THE PRICE OF NEWSPAPERS
A friend asks why is that the
price of newspapers does not
drop with the price of clothing
and provisions? It is a reason
able question, and we find it
frankly answered by the Hart
ford Ctuvant. The newspapers
OF the tirst-class are better now
than they were a few years ago,
and the cost of producing them
is more, while their receipts fo~
advertising are much less than
formerly. The newspapers have
shared to the full extent the
hardness of the times. Few of
them have made much money
since 1878; many of the most
important newspapers have been
published without profit, some
at a 10 S. Every daily paper in
the country, so far as we know,
is sold at much below it's cost
it depends wholly upon the ID
vertising for making up the de-
felt. When business is poor the
newspaper is the first to feel it.
The failures in newspapers much
exceed the successes. The fact
is that the cheapest thing thata
man buys or takes into his house
is a good newspaper. The mod
ern journal with the news OF all
the world freshly gathered is In
deed a marvel of cheapness.
The farmer and mechanic. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1877-1885, 1879-02-20

A manure cistern may be a
very simple affair. All that is
needed is to excavate a hole
large enough, say twenty-four
feet long by twelve wide, six
feet deep, and with faring sides.
The bottom and sides are cover
ed with a coating of cement
made of one part of hydraulic
lime and three parts of sharp
sand, and laid directly on the
earth with q common trowel.
The cement should be carried
over the edge on the top for a
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1879-07-29
EDG.9E ERE ByTEE3.

The Corporation Court meets next Monday.
The torn will probably DO 3 short one
The weather was more pleasant to-day, 81
though still warn enough !or oil practical pur'
poses.
The Commissioner 9: tho Rcvonuo IS engaged
IN taking the staso Of tho MOtlcts belt punches
icr July.
A marriage license was granted in Washing
toa Yesterday t. George T. Pullism and L'Hsie
j. L!lla!d b5th CT Culraper county, Va.
The recent obstruction IN tho canal near the
Great Falls caused considerable delay IN the
transporting of csrgoes, only two canal boats
having cleared yesterday. Tho sand bars arc
now entirely removed and everything IN running
order.
The cantsts Of Esther will be repeated IN
Wsrrenton on Thursday, whom the ladies' OF lha;
town will be assisted by several distinguished
amateurs. An orchestra has been engaged from
Washington, and charming entertainment ls
promised.
A man named Levi Murray, employed on the
sloop Dansl Sheets, was knocked overheard by
q line at Reeds wharf this morning, and being
unable to swim, sank twice. He would have
boon drowned but for tho efforts OF Capt, jerry
Robb, who rescued him at the last moment.
It is reported that, in consequence of the, rigid
enforcement Of the Sunday law. number OF
social clubs are to DO organized here with view
Of hiring rooms or gardens for tho purpose OF
enioying themselves on Sunday and psrtaklng
of their fsvorite beverages.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1879-07-29

WIDE AWAKE! New STRING STYLES
BOOTS AID SHoEs.-Tbc largest bes. selected,
and cheapest stock OF boots and shoes ever offer
sc in this market
EFery man ought to consider whore he can
&c. tie mos. value for bis money. A penny
saved, is penny earned. All we ask our friends
and patrons is 10 favor us with q call, and con-
vince themselves Of the fact that We can NEE!
the demands Of sill.
Wo are resolved 10 sell our goods al so small
profit that the people must buy.
Thereby enabling lis TO keep oar stock always
scasonable.
A failure 70 examine our stock is an opportu-
nifty lost
We con make il 10 your interest to trade with
U.s.
Our goods are bought from first Misunderstanding
double prof! and giving our customers the
bcncI..
Country merchants will find 10 their advsn-
Lage 10 examine our stock from which equally
good selections can be made at prices that vii!
compare tsyorsbly with those OF the northern
cities.
Ladies' Pebblo Cost Button Boots, ST. % to %
" French Kid " l IS TO 4 50
g." Lasting Fo.od -" rs to CO
" - Polish " 100000
" - " /. - 75 to 81
Slippers in greet variety % to-
n ems Calf Eoote 80 to 5 W
u Coarse Shoes (Solid) ~ TO 81
Fine Cali " All Prices
Misses Boots 100 &c l 30
CildrUn's Boots II 10 .5C
W.B. WADDEr,
No. 10 King Street,
Alexandria, Va.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1879-07-29

LIGHT INFANTRY Excursion. The Alex,
audria Light Infantry propose to give a grana
excursion to Fortress Monroo aud N5tfGik %
Monday neat Oh the steamer Lady oil X LAKE
The tickets which have been placed OF Inc low
rate of 81 arc bsiug sold rapidly, snd ills hoped
that all who desire 10 20 will purchase early as
the number vii, &c limited, 80 as not to over
crowd the boat.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1879-07-29

LUSAcY.-A commission dc lnnattco IN
quirea.7o was held at the jail this evening by
Justices Lnvejoy, Whittlascg and Thompson
and Drs. Gibson and Stublcr, On Joseph Taylor,
q young man accused Of Iuorcy. ll2 WIS founo
to BE- insane from tho effects Ct epilepsy, had
certificate piYcn accordingly.