New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1879-09-12

adapted TO insure the safety OF tho operatives
The objects sought for the last tweNo years may W
summed up follows:
FYrsf-Tbe successive study OF all the machines EN-
poycd in factories with respect TO the dangers whcn
they present and the search for simple, practical ana
inexpensive means OF obvating these dangers; A.,
kecOnd-Statisics of accidentsthe non ~ ,,n
circumstances which produce them. ana tho uliza..ou
OF the observations made for the purpose OF preVe"nE
Third-Publiciy--The publication OF preSan'lon os
against aeeidsn,s and The multiplication anu "'0
fonrth-Competitiou among inventors. stimulated pS
the offers OF medals and prizes for The in'eh'on VI '
hest preventive cOntrivances -, -. .a,o
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. 10 members all the bene-
fits sccrning from common researches - =,
From he outset the association was fortunate IN o.
tauing the services OF jealous aud compe'en,. M
epr,icy.d in The factories and workshops e.
| cared his attention; he examined eacn n%
iny"ivirs Ihe slightest risk, ana often the
precautions proposed 10y HIM were sufficient 70 sl
the most complete security Besides ths s, Sisiis of
searches this Officer devoted much time 10 ms Nsl.s ~
Inspection and tins ives not the easiest par o Ms cora
he had 10 other means OF persuasion .in aria@s
appeals The association has Instituted various I'S
superintendents who have intIodneen une Nv. hert
contuvances into their mills ana inventors H"'' w.
shown whe e direct their efforts. - .,..,,.o
Frou, lis nature the association requires extensive
publicity for Its works winch We're retarded ns 20 ~
lowed TO the pre- sldcnt. NJ. Eugc -Dofus. WHO e1hlt
frame upon which were placed twenty a. @
are shown by statistics be OF very frequent oC-
curreice. The collection was mate ~ lhe oAnn,v . i
r,fy 81 oDeTrives in Tie factories had been realized
| and to Gail attention TO this important SUI
| i.ct There were collars 10 prevent such accidents
as arise the glpngof loose pueyH on urn
when nos properly iuDncaed or ADJUSTED Ihei' MvI0
iiara cosnder rolls and calico printing h"cuinS.
when. wAe they prev vented me aha ai .,"'nso W
operatives Iom "chR ciuHu, pot"e,n nc 'I.", '
no. interfere in tne least with tue ehcl'ht "oiHihE ~
the machines tn mselveS TLeie we're coyeis lor ~
posed pieces a. n,els shafts, wedges cOupiinE-.!T
anI srr VS. Tner, were HOOKS for cleaning horlzoia
Skating There was IA electric ai-ensvsrnf
There numerous eontrl'ancrs Tor ii1inins - ~
shppng belts prevent their contact win horizontal
shafts lr ucn source Of rghtul acc DENTS III spIe
| o. rerea ed instructions and eNAoi tat iOhS. -
Professor Watson gave account OF piece Of appa,
IRON tine Use If the circular saw, ana closed WIZ
an account OF the Work OF inc Ooi ii o,
pose 0f preventing law-suits betwe masters
and worsnen n eases OF factory acciden,s us
officially between master ana workman. 10 enhsnton
each in regard to ms proper aJ 70
quent relations have been ata ned an. ther are many
"a rs Of wOrkmeu who, after having requested III. ,vA
ventlon of the Commission to obtain an indemnity 'oI
accidents to themselves. have sl continued To worn III
tue same mill. During the two years OF ITS existence.
onv tnre cases which uhsbt have been settled by the
COMMISSION have been referred 10 hc courts, WneIoaS'
duug the three previous years egn' tuis TOOK place,
which would have been proper subjects Tor the actoh
OF the COmniisson
CHRISTIANITY AND TIE COMMON LAW
Avery long and erudiie paper on the question: " How
far Is Christianity recognized In the Common La" =
was presented by President Anderson. Of Rochester Uni
versty. This considered the growth OF Roman ana
English law discussed various features Of the Roman
law qxhaustrvely traced the relation OF the canon law
and The civil law Of England, and gave quotations from
many decisions Ia the English aud American Courts
The purport OF celebrated doctrine Of Sir Matthew
Hale that Christianity is parcel OF fhe canon law"
WIS ex mined closely. President Anderson's general
conclusions may be summed mp briefly ne follows;
Frst-when The total code Of country has religious
m" Romans. the Jews and Mahometaus, 1t is due TO
the that the people have accepted NE religious eSs
ten winch they hold as "A body oil eva Jaw arc -,
Scoond-la all suen cases tendency Is u1'nnestea py
the cVi aud human elements invoved III ID, s!-c 70
come the administration TO segrt gate themselves
from he religious oriion. aud to grow into sJstem
Third-Whcn "A code has purely civil origin II must OF
niece, 4, eIunody VITA more or less completeness ana
accuracy thc aver age mora opinions oI me hhtih when
sdnos II or submits Laws being the Outgrowta ~
III prevalent morality, changes IL them not Only reveal
iuse aud accelerate these changes a. WELL Cvl law ana
morality ANY nation act and react upon each oiher re-
foarlt-wherc a civil code and religious system dis
tinct IA origin exist sac ny sac; tnS
ne civil sanctions and penalties TO The neglect or de-
creed aud i,os of the system est blished The portion
OF such religious system thns adopted tnen becomes a
part OF tne cvil code and differs from otntr Ns ohi III
their sulecmatter anu origin ms statement II mus
trated by the fact tnat ~ ENGLAND an ScersI l.
causes arising In the establishment are ul'lnneN iItu
before courts, and Aai a" clerical Oh spiiAS lhN.N
ing ecctneut from cure OF souls Is ~ tac'' not n
| name. 1t matter o. ciVl admin stratiOn.
| rI6h-I 10 country III CDrsendcm has the body
ny pny sical penalties Certain rights ana dogmas
founded IA tradition. 81 uion the scIpiuree' or 90 H.
h.x u..n made piit OF the civl law III AL Christian
cOuutri,s wacIe church has been established "a all
IL Is this ,rpton OF ecclesiastical rules AID pn-
clnes INTO the body of CONSTITUTIONAL ana nublcipa
"yfb The common llw has taken account Of Christi
arv - "A positive system for the purpose of pun sing
b'aspieny amt malicious ricue OF chris ian doctrines
| anu r,fe- Inc common l,W recognized these gs
crimes agasi the State. aud not sins az INST GoG IL
aus regarded tBeu III the hgut oil moral huisnu'es.
agaIus the believers Ia Christianity have risht
:" SSSes%-ihe principle upon which blssphemy Is pun
i-hcd would obhge common law court TO protect the
worship. and regard Ihe sentiments, OF MahomeIans
prevalent IN community over "hch ~ ."u Juiisd.o-
ton Tis protect on of course, could b, gwen 0.y 10
the extent ner rites ami worship did not INF so
upon he laws 81 natural morality aud lus,ico
| E,qhth-Evcry code of morality IL intimately con
ana ~ whca il finds As every civil code In
It's formation and growth adopts the moral coce vi inc
tno com mon Jaw OF England ana tue United States Las
absorbed and is -lI absorbing, into Itself the moral
tue moral OF AN undetermined hut very large
part VI common, Us well as oi our statute law In
The common law. and also Ia the code OF JuSnian aud
! the legal systems OF al Chrisiendom
/ N{pti-fhal portion Of the common law which makes
ssscnblIes mdctable offences seems naturally
10 la INTO the with those laws winch provide Tor
| thc community protection against nulHahoos whether
physical or moral Ia their nature
T,nM Unless taken with tie limitations here sug
q. tied the maxim under discussion a. comparatively
meaning Literally understood, II cont ins dan
g.rous princple liable TO be u-ed III justification of
juocial cisons which may Infringe upon real liberty
OF conscience.
DR. WHARTON on THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT.
An important subject which took up most of the
time of the morning session of the Depart
ment of Jurisprudence was the considers
ton of theories of punishment. Dr. Francs
Wharton. of Cambridge the weil-kuown author of
legal works. in opening the discussion read long
and interesting paper. In conclusion he said IN
effect.
The only true basis of punishment was retrbution
l. e. the assigiui, ut OF punis ment proportlOiate
ID
way the objects oil the rciOrInatory and proven
| tive theories could be best reached and that
we would al the same time promote nj object stu
more important, thai OF pI0cainug that crime Is to-
a Il I'm ui- "