davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08
POLITICS.
THE NEW YORK CONVENTIONS
Both Parties Will Hold Them Early
A Kentucky Shooting Match
Mexico = Pedro Tai
mage-China.
Political.

New York, July THE state con-
ventions of both parties iu New York
this year will probably be held as early
US August. This has been decided by
the republican executive committee.
The unusual length of the ticket to be
nominated is the chief cause of the
change to an earlier date than usual.
Besides this the republican leaders rea-
lize that the campaign is one of greater
Importance than any which has been
fought for years, and they are anxious
to get under way as soon as possible.
Lieut.. Gov. Dorsheimer speaking of
the presidential outlook, says: "In
view OF the rivalries further east, it
occurs to some that it might be good
idea to take candidate from Califor-
mia, but the man whose name comes
most instinctively to the mind of every
one as fitting absolutely the presiden-
tial requirements, is Bayard.n
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08

st. Louis, July i7.-Mrs. Jno. Bandy,
wife of the proprietor of the Union
depot hotel, this evening shot Leonard
offerman, late proprietor of the Tivoli
hotel. Offerman and Bandy married
sisters. Their mother lived for time
in offerman's family, and Mrs. Bandy
says that she learned this evening of
MS outrageous treatment of the old
lady, and that she shot him for it. One
bullet shattered the right arm, and
another passed in at the mouth and
buried itself beyond reach of the probe.
offerman is still alive but Is in a criti.
cal condition.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08

st. Louis, July William Glazier,
author of book called "The Heroes of
three Wars, who has been here several
weeks organizing a canvassing force,
was taken to Chicago by detective
tonight on a warrant charging him
with abduction for concubinage. The
supposed victim is Mary r. Herick, Of
Boston
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08

London, July THE Chinese have
taken Kashgar. A portion of the Mus
sulman population have fled, but many
people were massacred and large body
OF citizens are shut up in the citadel.
The inhabitants of Kuldja have deter
mined to fly if the town and province
is restored to China by the Russians
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08

New York, July London Dispatch
es say that O'Leary, the Fenian, has
been allowed:to visit Ireland temporarily
on account of urgent private business.
Casey, an ex-Fenian, was elected
coroner for East Limerick county.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08

sassinate the emperor of Russia on the
I4th of April, is a physician from Wei
mar, Germany, who is also proved to
have procured the poison with which
Solovieff attempted suicide after his
failure to kill the czar, and to have
owned the horse by means of which
the assailants of Gen. Mezentsoff at
tempted to escape. A telegram from
st. Petersburg authoritatively states
that he has been sentenced to be
hanged.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08

Denver, July James II. Craft and
Chas. G. Wobroth, arrested at Alamosa
on Thursday for the murder of VIM.
Shock on the 9th inst, in New Mex
leo, for his burro, were taken from the
jail at l a. m. on Sunday by one hun
dred citizens, and hanged to cotton
wood. They had confessed.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08

Washington, July 7.-Secretary Me-
Crary has issued an order placing Ad-
jvtant General Townsend in charge of
the work of codifying the army regula-
tions under the recent act of congress.
The statement that Col. Roberts of
Louisiana had been placed in charge of
this work is not correct.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08
Junction Effected.

Capetown, June 17.-Via Madeira,
troops commenced to advance from
Fort Pearson to Fort Chelmsford and
a junction was almost effected with
Col. Wood who was also advancing.
The rumor that the armistice agreed to
| is not confirmed.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08
ADVERTISED ETTERS.

List of letters remaining in the
Cheyenne Postofiice, Laramie county,
Wyoming Territory, July 7th. 1879.
which, If not called for within thirty
days, will be sent to the Dead Letter
office. Persons calling for these letters
will please say advertised, F." giving
date of this list.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08

st. Paul, July IA Sioux Falls,
Dakota, special to the Pioneer-Py.ss
says Mrs. E. Lee and babe, of that city,
ana MIR. and Mrs. Thompson, of Red
wing were drowned while attempting
70 cross a swollen stream in a wagon.
Mr.. Lee and a young girl, who were
with the party, escaped.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08
A Sunday Picnic.

st. Louis, July GA panic occurred
among party of bathers at Bohe-
mian picnic at st. Paul. on the Missou-
ri Pacific railroad to-day, and two OF
them, B. Kubleck and John Drozda,
were swept away by the current and
drowned.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08
Money and Stock .Mqrke;.

Money ana StOcE .MQr6e,S.
New York, July 7--Silver-bars,
1884 greenbacks.
Silver Coin-ial discount.
Money-easy BOA.
Governments-qulet
Stocks closed firm.
Western Union, ,92s; Quicksilver, l4s;
Pacific, ISL; Mariposa, 4; Wells-Fargo,
96; New York Central, lis; Erie, 27s
Panama, 100; Union Pacific, 769; U. P.
bonds, 1905; Central Pacific bonds, 1904
Sutro Tunnel, A.
Leadville-1600 shares sold at 3.05
per share.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08
A Result of Pole.

Buffalo, July I'D. D. Altman, son
of the president of the Third national
bank, while at polo practice Saturday,
fell from his horse, and fractured his
skull. lie died to-day.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08
Killed in Mont Martre.

Paris, July7.-The scaffolding and
unfinished wall of house in Mont
Martre fell yesterday, killing four
workmen and wounding five others.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08
Too Old to Live

Buffalo, July Bernard Hines of
Alden, yesterday killed his wife and
himself. both very old.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1879-07-08
To be Haneed

London, July THE person who
furnished the pistol to Alexander Solo.
Wen, with which he attempted to as.
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19
Am ORDINANCE

TO T1rOUide for he construction and nlainten
@G'iee Of a SidelOdLk on the South side Of Csn-
teT street betlceeH Elm and The RGillgGy track
.. Rdtl1Ody.
SEC. I. Be it ordained by the Council OF
the village OF Ashtabula, that there shall be
constructed except in places where Il has
already Oeen constructedl and maintained, q
Sidewalk, on and along the south side Of
Center street, between Elm street and - :
railway track Of the Franklin Division OF
the l. ). & NJ. s. Railway, and that the same
snail De constructed and maintained by the
owners oflands abutting on said south side Of
Center street between the points above
named.
SEC. II. Said sidewalk shall be avs ssat
wide, constructed Of suitable plank laid
crOss-Wise, or Of suitable stone or brick an
70 the acceptance Of the sidewalk Commit
tee.
SEC. III. II said sidewalk shall not be 40
constructed by said owners, as Aforesaid
within 90 days from the service OF the proper
notice on them, the Council shall cause the
and assessed against them, and upon the
lands so abutting on said south side OF Cen
ter street between the points herein named
In proportion to the number OF feet front
each owner has. and such expense together
with interest and q penalty OF i've per cent.
shall be collected after demand and nom
payment by suit before a Justice OF the
ton, or in any other manner provided BY
law at the discretion Of the Council.
SEC. ". This ordinance shall take effect
and be in force from and Rfter its passage and
legal publication.
Passed Dec. nth 1873.
ATTEST:
JAMES REED, JR., HI. MORRISON,
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19

The way in which the Presidents Mes
sage and the report of the Secretary Of the
Treasury, were obtained for publication,
has leaked out. It was engineered by a
correspondent of the Chicago Times
named Crawford. He approached Gov
ernment printer and bargained for proofs
Of the documents for 81, 800. He made
an arrangement with several papers to re-
ceive the message and divide the expense.
The message was telegrsphed so as to close
about o'clock in the morning, when the
Chicago Tribune got wind of it and i'm
mediately telegraphed to New York, where
copy Of the New York Times, with the
message in it, was Obtained. The work of
Jelegraphing it from New YORK TO the
Tribune began at "A. m. Tenwireswere used,
and the Tribune was enabled to appear
with the message in a late edition about z
A. NJ. This is, perhaps, the most remark
able feat of telegraphing and setting .up
matter on record, as the entire work of
making arrangements, telegraphing and
setting up over 90, 900 words accomplished
in less than four hours.
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19

To prevent the thrOlOilg Of refuse matter into
ne streets and alleys OF public grounds " The
Village
SEC. I. Be it ordained by the Council q.
the Village Of Ashtabula, that it shall here
after be unlawful for any person TO cast.
throw or deposit upon any OF the streets, al
leys or public grounds OF said Village, any
paper. StfaW- grass, ieaVes, ashes, vegetable
matter decayed or otherwise or any other
refuse matter or substance OF whatever name
or kind.
SEC. II. Any person violating the first
section of this ordinance, shall forfeit and
pay to said Village, and for the use thereof,
not less than three nor more than hfty dol
lars 1ne for every such Ohense and the cost
of prosecution, and may be imprisoned until
such fine and cost are paid.
SEC. III. This ordinance shall be in force
cation.
Passed Dec. 18th, 1873.
ATTEST
JANE REED, JR., II. l. MORRISON,
Clerk MavOr
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19
fsSubstantiaI HeaIth.,,
CHERRY CREEK, N. Y, Oct. Is, lS7l
DR.. NJ. NJ. FENNER. Fredonia. NY.

H. NJ IN T.
DR. NJ. FENNER, Fredonia, NY.
Dear sir:-I was a great sufferer from In
digestion, Liver Complaint, Nervousness
and Constipation of the bowels I have used
your Blood and Liver Remedy and Nerve
Tonic with the effect of restoring me TO ro-
Dust and ubstantial health. Yours truly,
Mrs. DORA WEIDMER.
DR.. Fenner's Blood and Liver Remedy
and Nerve Tonic may well be called ''The
conquering hero" of the times. Whoever
has ''the blues" should take it, for it regu-
lates and restores the disored system that
gives rise to them. 1t always cures Bilious
ness and Liver Complaint, Jaundice, Dys-
pepsia, Constipation, Headaches, Fever and
Ague, Spleen Enlargements, Scrofula, Ery-
sipelas, Pimples, Blotehes, and all skin
eruptions and Blood Disorders, Swelled
Limbs and Dropsy, Sleeplessness, Impaired
Nerves and Nervous Debility; restores flesh
and strength when the system is running
down or going into decline; cures Female
Weakness and Chronic Rheumatism, and
relieves Chronic Bronchitis, and all lung
and throat difficulties. 1t does these things
by striking at the root Of disease and re-
moving its canses.
DR.. Fenner's Improved Cough Honey
will relieve any cough in one hour Try
sample bottle at ten cents.
DIR. Fenner's Golden Relief cures any
pain, as ToOthache, Neuralgia. Collie or
Headache, in 2 to 30 minutes, and readily
relieves Rheumatism, Kidney Complaint.
Diarrhea, etc. Try sample bottle at 10
cents.
DR.. Fenner's Vegetable Blood and Liver
Pills. The best family physic known.
For sale by Swift.
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19
LEGAL.
AN ORDINANCE

To pTOVide for Tee construction dgad glafl,ten-
daee Of q sidelCaLk OH the 1Oest side OF Elm
street, beflCeen Center street and ne soifhern
terminus Of Elm street.
SEC. I. Be it ordained by the Council NJ
the Village Of Ashtabula, that there shall be
constructed Except in places where IL has
already been cOnstructed) and maintained
a sidewalk, on and along the west side OF
Elm street, nom the corner OF Center TO the
terminus Of said Elm street, and that the
same shall be constructed and maintained
by the owners Of lands abutting on both
sides Of said Elm street, between the points
above named.
SEC. II. said sidewalk shall be 4 feet wide.
constructed OF suitable plank to be laid O. Oss-
wise, or Ol suitable stone or brick, all TO the
acceptance OF the Sidewalk Committee
SEC. III. II said sidewalk shall not be
so constructed by said owners Aforesaid.
within sixty days frOnt the service OF the
proper notice on them. the Council shall
cause the same TO be done at the expense Of
said owners, and assessed against them and
upon the lands so ahutting on both sides of
said street as Aforesaid. in Proportion 10 the
number OF feet front each owner has and
such expense together with interest and a.
penalty Of . per cent, shall be collected after
demand, and nOn-payment, by suit before a
Justice of the Peace, or other court OF conn
petent jurisdiction. or in any other manner
provided by law at the discretion or the
Council.
SEC. ". This ordinance shall take effect.
and be in force nom and after its passage and
legal publication.
Passed Dec. nth. 1879.
ATTEST:
JAMES REED, JR., H. L. MORRISON,
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19

PIAIN TALK.-Gen. Stewart L. Wood
ford, OF New York, showed his manliness
by addressing at New oueans. on the 29th
ult.. the largest meeting held in that city
since the war-gAthered TO listen to PO-
litieal speech. Il was SO eloquent, brave,
and truthful effort. It was in substance
just such political teaching as needs to be
uttered in the magnanimous spirit with
which it came from the lips Of the speaker,
in all Of the leading cities Of the south.
This demand is as much in the interest Of
the white As the black man.
Referring to the saying Of Gen. Grant
when the confederacy grounded its arms
at Appomat0x, ''Let US have peace, Gen.
Woodford asks: How shall peace BE- as
surely His answers to his own question
were admirably given: ''0nly be equal and
exact Justice by all and for all This will
give II. and nothing else will, or should,
or can. The manhood Of the white Re
publicans Of the North viii bot aud can
not aeeeTt less. II we granted less to you
YOU would Justly say We were ungenerOus
in our victory. II We asked less you would
despise us in your hearts. Look this
thing squarely in the face and answer me
frankly: Do you deal with the Southern
white Republicans as fairly and as gener-
ouslY as we have dealt with your Look
into YOUR own consciences and answer for
Yourselves. No man has been shot by the
National Government since the war ended
for having tried by force Of arms to take
the nations life. Has no mau been shot
in Louisiana since the war ended for hav-
inc simply tried to vote Republican
ticket2 There is a simple pathway out
from all this bitterness. There is no need
that we should wander forty years in the
wilderness of passion and hate. There is
no need that alb lshould die who left Egypt
before We enter Canaan. In one word
Wen have no more midnight whippings,
no more White Lesguers, no more tissue
ballots inside the ballot-bOx, no more shot
guns in politics. Give us only this: free
vote and an honest count, and the cry Of
sectiOnalism will forever cease in our
Northern politics. Deny US this, and the
North will grow each year more and more
solid by the ever increasing and more resO-
lutte majOrities. The Republican party,
he urged. Sis the party Of education.
The shotgun must forever go out Of our
politics. The schOOl-hOuse must come in.
Those among you who are wisest and
braYest will lead the way in this path Of
peace, education. and progress. Let no
man sit down and idly NOPE or weakly
sigh in the shadows of the past. The
present is here with great demands, with
large rewards. The future waits to swing
open on the hinges Of justice and educa-
tion. its doors that open to power, 10
wealth, TO culture"
Such language under such circumstances
and surroundings are worthy place in
the memory.
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19

A statement comes from Delta, Cosho-
ma county, Miss. to the effect that ''Dsve
Armstrong was hanged on Sunday night
R. H. Brown-late Postmaster, was hang
ed, and ex-sheriff Peck, whipped and
stretched on Monday night, and that 25
others had run away from the parish
Terrorism is complete. The Democratic
majority in the county is 1900. This is
rather more to the point than the evidence
offered to Congressional Committees! On
Wednesday night of last week, mayorali-
ly candidate of a town in Georgia, coolly
shot his opponent-in public. The elec-
tion took place the day following. Is it
necessary to say which of these gentlemen
was elected mayor?
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19
Sale of Lands

DY virtue of an order Of the Probate Court
ID OF the County of Ashtabula, Ohio, 1
east end, and l6acres of the west end Ofthe
farm owned by the estate Of Horace W.
Brown, deceased, being part OF lot No. 4, in
the township of Saybrook, in said County.
Terms OF Sale:-One third down, and the
balHce In two equal annual installmentB.
Propositions invited by letter or otherwise.
HENRY FASSETT, Administrator
of the Estate OF Horace w, Brown, dec.
Ashtabuls, Dec. 4, 1873.
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19

The hanging of Tracy at Smithport
Pa, on Thursday of last week, was a
rather bungling affair, and enforce the argu-
ment against the use of the halter as mode
of capital punishment. The moose was ad-
justed so Inartistically on Tracy's neck
that it slipped when he was swung off,
and the wretched criminal dropped, halt
choked, to the ground, from which he
was lifted and rehanged after an interval
of five minutes which were consumed in
religious services. Is it possible to i'm.
agine a more horrible sight?
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19
THIRD YEAR.


1880. THIRD YEAR. 1880.
Every one, young or old, interested in mechan-
ical subjects, especially all Machinists, Engin.
eers, Founders, Boiler Makers, Pattern Makers
and Blacksmiths, should read the
AMERICAN MACHINIST,
A live. independent, sixteen page weekly, Illus
trated journal Of practical mechanics and steam
engineering.
Has no Patent Agency, no Purchasing Agency,
no Machinery Agency, nothing puffed for pay.
Original articles are constantly appearing in
its columns from such standard writers on me-
ehanical topics as Prof R. Il. ThurstOn, Prof
John E. Sweet. Charles E. Emery, Phi. D., John
W. Nystrom, c. E, John w. Hill, c. B., Park
Benjamin, Phi. D.. Richard H. Buel. C. E., Chas.
T. Porter, Lewis F. Lyme, N. L, VIM. H. HOf-
man, n. E, and many others.
at is, so to speak, an educational weekly in
mechanics, and occupies field which il has made
peculiarly its Own."-Chicd0O Daily Ne1Cs.
engineer, machinist and inventor should keep on
his desk. Phil. ". Il.
-'One of the best of our popular scientific jour
nails. Y. Com. Advertiser.
zone Of the most ably edited and comprehen-
sive Of our mechanical serials.''
N. Y. Evening Express.
ats preserved numbers would give an interest
ing history of current invention and discovery so
far aa mechanical matters are concerned."-
Brooklyn Onton-ArSlLs.
"PGblishes no paid articles under the guise OF
editorials. ."-NetUcGStLe COurdRt.
Subscription price. $500 year, Postage prepaid.
E Order of any newsdealer at six cents per
week, or send subscription to
American Machinist Publishing Co,
SO Fulton Street, ~ 2,
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19
Causas ana Rneet.

The main cause of nervousness is indi-
gestion, and that is caused by weakness of
the stomach No one can have sound nerves
and good health without using Hop Bitters
to strengthen the stomach, purify the
blood, and keep the liver and Kidneys ac-
tive, to carry of all the poisonous and
waste matter of the system. See other
column.
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19

This is an age Of great works and wonder
ful inventions, Steam, electricity, water,
air, all are made 20 serve man, but unques-
tionably the greatest inventions are those
which preserve mans health and prOIong
Kings New Discovery for consumption. Its
effects are truly wonderful and hundreds are
happy to-day, who once looked forward to
an early grave. For Coughs Colds, Bron-
Hoarseness, Group, or any affection whatever
oI the Throat, Chest or Lungs, DR.. Kings
new discovery will positively cure. We can
cheeIIully recommend 1t to all, and can un-
hesitatingly say ii is the only sure cure for
IhroaL and Lung Affections. Trial bottles
ten cents; regular size 81. For sale by Gee
& Rogers. Ashtabula.
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19
Club Prices for The best Home and Foreign

C"POssessed Of the LIVING AGE and one OF 9TH
er Of our YivaciOus monthlies, subscriber will
find himself in command Of the whole situation"
Phil. EUen'g Bulletin.
For 5000 the LIVING AGE and either one Of
the American 81 mOnthlies, or HdrpeT's Weekly
or Bdzdr. will be sent for year, both postpaid :;
G. for S. so the LIVING AGE and the st. Nicholas.
or Appl tons Journal. Address,
LITTELL & CO., Boston.
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19

CONGRESS-. There has nothing been done
in either House to increase the dread lest
Congress should do some mischieyous med
ding with the business interests of the
country. Gen. Gordon's policy of keep
ing quiet" has effectuallY prevailed and
Democratic exhibition of legislative states
rensbip is not earning very lucrative
dividend to date. But we suppose it is the
necessities of the situation impels them to
do-nothing.
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19
AN ORDNANCE

To amend section tlUo Of An Ordinance entitled
An Ordinance to License shOt0s, the1tres
ETC., Passed Nay 23d, 1873.
SEC. I. Be it ordained by the Council Of
the Village Of Ashtabula, that section two OF
the above recited ordinance, be 50 amended
as 70 read as follows:
SEC. II. Neither said Mayor nor Clerk
shall deliver such license or permit to any
person, until he has received for the use Of
said Village, the following sums therefor.
For any theatrical exhibition, from one to
three dollars, at the discretion Of the officer
issuing such license, for every day or night
performance. For circus riding or feats OF
hOrSemanship, or menagerie OF animals, not
less than ten dollars nor more than twenty
at the discretion Of the Mayor, for every
tWenty-fOur hours performance or exhibt-
ton or less. For any panorama or diOrama,
exhibition Of painting, or statuary or natur-
al curiosity, two dollars for every twenty
four hours or less time. For any concert or
musical entertainment, two dollars per day
or night For all other shows, exhibitions
or performances for gain, nom 81 70 s. for
each day or night.
SEQ. II. Said original section two OF the
above reeited ordinance is hereby repealed.
SEC. III. This ordinance shall be In force
from and after its passage and legal publica-
ton.
Passed Dec. 18th, 1879.
ATTEST:
JAMES REED, JR, HI. MORRISON.
CLERK MaEnr
Ashtabula telegraph. (Ashtabula, Ohio) 1874-1880, 1879-12-19

In the past few months there has been
more than 500 900 bottles Of ShtlOh'B Care
sold. Out OF the vast number Of people who
have used il, more than 900 cases Uf Con-
sumption have been cured. All Coughs,
Group, Asthma, and Bronchitis. yield at
once, hence IL Is that everybody speaks in its
praise. To those who have not used Il, let
US say, II you have Cough. or your child
the Group, and you value life, don't fail to
try il. For Lame Back, Side or Chest. use
Sniloh's Porous Plaster. Sold by SWift and
Thurber & Co. SS-Os