davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18
Veterinary Education,

Since Vermont is so largely astock rails
ing and dairying state there is a positive
demand for education relating to the anat-
omy, physiology and hygiene of our do
nestle animals. The two medical instltu-
tions at Hanover and Burlington are
abundantly sufficient to supply the de-
mand for regular physicians. In the med
ical department OF the University Of Yer
mont and Agricultural College there are
at the present time one hundred and fifty
students, while the classical department
has ninety students. Whatever defects
there may be in this medical school, with
its short terms, long vacations and a
course of study necessarily somewhat i'm
perfect, the faculty has shown a good
degree of enterprise in attracting students
and making the institution, in this respect,
very successful. The old university with
its funds, its long experience and influ-
ence, and with eight thousand dollars
year from the agricultural funds, falls
much behind the younger and more ener-
getc medical department, which has no
funds, and depends entirely upon the tut
ton of its students. This would seem to
indicate growing sentiment in favor of
technical education. While it is important
to lay well the foundations, it is also still
more important to build something upon
the foundation which shall be of practical
utility. Thefarmers of the state are look
ing to the institution at Burlington for n
more direct connection between the agri-
cultural college and Vermont agriculture
than they have seen during the past twelve
years. In that time the college has re-
ceived from the Morrill, fund nearly one
Hundred thousand dollars. Recently the
experiment of sending out n professor to
lecture in different parts of the state on a
specific subject has been tried with very
encouraging success. Professor Atwater
of Middletown, Conn, has received two
hundred and fifty dollars for services the
past winter, and Professor Cressy of Am
herst, Mass, has been paid one thousand
dollars for his services the past three
years. These lectures have been received
with great favor, and the people are de-
But what is needed still more, in our
view, is permanent proiessorsaip OF
veterinary science at Burlington and
something of the same energy put into the
work Of gathering students for special
course, that is seen in connection with the
present medical department. Such Il pro
fessorship, having charge of courses o.
lectures on general anatomy and physiolo-
gy and other kindred topics as well a:
upon the more specific themes which
relate 10 the diseases of domestic animals
would, we believe, attract students. We
learn that such proposal was made at ;
meeting of the trustees Of the college somt
year or more since, and that some of The
number were decidedly in favor Of tn,
project The matter was deferred at thai
time, but it is hoped that it will agair
come up and receive more favorable con
sideraton.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18
What has been said about the treatment

What has been said about the treatment
of roses in June, and the prolonging of
their towering period by cutting off the
flowers before they fade, applies more or
less to all Towering plants. The mignon-
cite. for instance, when suffered to grow
in its own way, flowers, and is nearly ex-
hausted by autumn. 1t is indeed always
regarded as an annual plant, which nat
urally it really is, but if the early flower.
are cut before the spike has matured, the
plant will be rs vigorously in flower in
autumn rs we find it now in this pleasant
month of June Indeed, gardeners make
tree mignonnette, by cutting off all the
flowers of the season rs they appear, when
the plant lives on from year to year fol
many years if the Towering is prevented
for that period. In some cases, plants
have been obtained several feet high and
rs thick before lowering. OF course. this
treatment is only for plants grown in
greenhouses OF plant-cabinets, but il
illustrates the advantage of cutting OF
flowers before they produce seeds if We
would continue their blossoming to a late
period of the soason.-Th1S. Nehan, IN
Godey'S Lady'S Book
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18

Spinach is among the best of vegetables,
though farmers seldom raise it. They
seem to prefer to send their wives around
the lots to cut dandeions for greens, o.
their children into the swamps after cow
slips. 1t will spoil an hours time of a
pretty smart woman to cut dandelions
enough for the dinner of good-sized fam
lily, and when they are cut they are not SO
tender and succulent as spinach that may
be cut in in five minutss. A row of spin
ach twenty feet long, sown ut the end of a
row of parsneps or onions, will furnish
greens enough for an ordinary family. as
it can be cut several times, for it grows
like Jonah's gourd. Some ignorant cult.
vators pull it up by the roots. This is
killing the goose that lays the golden egg.
The true way is to cut the tops, leaving a
few leaves for the plants to breathe with,
and if the ground is rich the roots will
furnish another crop in few days. The
cuttings may be continued as long as
greens are wanted, or till q substitute is
found in thinning out beets. when the roots
may be drawn and cucumbers or tomatoes
planted in their place.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18

If the terrible results of the Newark
fatality. accounts of which have already
been given in the FREEMAN. calls the at
tention of the people to the dangers aris-
ing from such carelessness of filth about
farm buildings. it will not prove an I'M
mixed calamity. We firmly believe that
in many towns more die every year from
the same causes more remotely situated
or not so readily traced OF so Immediately
and wholesale in their effects. Too great
care can hardly h. exercised about the
house. Keep it from all communicating
influences; have the water pure, the air
sweet; clean out the ellars, dust down the
outhouses, disinfect the sink drains, and
the places by the back door where Stops
are thrown, and if not already done now
is the time to do it-and you can't be toe
soon about it either.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18

So important is this subject of culture
Of plants considered by botanists, that
Professor Gray, the chief Of American
botanists, thinks that the most esteemed
fruits and grains have been so improved
by human skill that we can scarcely trace
the resemblance to the original wild pro-
eenitors, and asks, Were the fruits made
for man, or did man make the fruits?'
There is pleasure in the improvement of
the fruits and vegetables which the Creator
has given us, analogous to the pleasure of
Him who created them, Saw everything
He had made, and, behold, it was very
good.h None the less good because there
was room for improvement by him who
was made in the image Of his Creator. 1t
is glorious opportunity that farmers have,
by selection and culture, to improve the
fruits, grains and roots, and he who neg.
lects to do this degrades his calling and
the civilizatonsof the age. Darwin sug-
ge~ts that one great reason why we have
SO few useful plants from other regions
than that which was the cradle of our owr
civilization, is because the other race.
have not cultivated plants and thus de
yeloped them. The Cape of Good Hope
and Australia have furnished no usefu
specs, nor America south of the Plata
No edible or valuable plant, except canary
grass and New Zealand flax has originated
in oceanic islands, if we except somt
plants that are now being tested for for
age"
One thing is certain, if farmer has no
the genius to improve his crops by careful
selection of his seed and skillful culture
he should at least exert himself not TO lie
his fruits, grain and roots degenerate un
der his management. 1t requires only
little painstaking TO pick out smooth, sym
metrical potatoes for planting, put the sol
in good heart and fine filth for thei
growth, and then to give them such cul
ture rs to encourage a development of per
feet tubers. There is work in this, W
know, but nothing good or great is secul
ed without labor. If man does not wor
neither shall he eat, is II law of HEAVIER
The lazy fellow who sat in his door smob
ing of pleasant summer day, and, looG
ing upon his potato patch said, Il wis
them potatoes were hoed," but budged nc
an inch to hoe them, at harvest found bit
few small potatoes in hill.-Nr. Hyd
4 in NeW York Times
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18

LAWNS AND GRASS PLoTs.-Grass
should be rolled about three days before it
is mown, and again directly afterward
edges of beds and verges should be neatly
clipped with the shears or cut with the
edging iron. Any subsidence in newly
made plots should be at once remedied
In every case where it is necessary to lift
and relay turf, Immediately it is down it
should be thickly covered with fine rich
soil; the unsightliness Of this for q few
days will be amply rewarded by the grass
being saved from burning, and by its be-
coming green in much shorter time than
when it is left bare as is too often the case
moreover, it fills up any interstices which
may be left, and acts as fertilizer. 1t is
also advisable to COW about two bushels oil
seeds of fine lawn grasses per acre at the
same time, lightly raking over the surface
it may then be left for Il few days, raked
over again, and thoroughly rolled; thus
treated, good lawn may be formed even
in dry weather. In all small, open spaces
surrounded by buildings, where radiation
is excessive, water should be laid on, sc
as to be available when required for tho
purpose of keeping the grass in good con
dition. A very frequent source of failure
in the case of lawn grasses is defective
drainage. On very large, open spaces
the grass may be kept in good condition
by grazing, for which purpose sheep arc
preferable to cattle,-LOnd0n Garden.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18

GREEN FooD AND GRAss.-Fowls can
not get along well on grain food Alone
and must, in both winter and summer
the latter especially-be supplied with
some green. succulent food, or they WILL
ere long, become diseased or sickly, when
the matter of profit will be very problem
attic indeed. Many n time have we seen
persons pay snug little sums for small
flock of fine fowls, put them into neat
honses and yards, give them plenty OF
corn, wheat, oats, etc., watering them reg
ularly, but never allow them bite OF
grass or other green food. The place
must be small, indeed, which cannot afford
enough grass for flock of fowls. If sods
cannot be obtained, cut q bunch of fine,
young grass early every morning for them
and they will show you how badly they
need it by eating it up with evident relish.
The labor necessary to supply them with
this is not very great, and should be
pleasure rather than task, while the ben
eiits which the fowls derive thcrefrom arc
very great indeed.
If you do not care to give your fowl:
their green food in the shape of grass
supply them with a head of cabbage each
day. Tie it up by the roots to some con-
venient place, and the fowls will soon picE
every piece off clean This is also the way
to supply them with their green winte
food. Even if you have to buy the cab
bage, it is not very expensive; for you car
get the soft heads, which sell at very
low price compared with the hard, solid
and marketable ones, at n nominal price
l-N0OTe'S Rural Life.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18

TALLY SEVERAL FOR THE ToAD.-Mhny
gardeners already appreciate the valuable
services of the common toad, and afford
them protection for their misunderstanding
propensities, while as many more, per-
haps. are ignorant Of their usefulness.
To the latter class it may be interesting
to know that toads live almost wholly
upon slugs, caterpillars, beetles and other
insects, making their rounds at night
when the farmer is asleep.-and the birds
too,-and the insects are supposed to be
having it all their own way. English
gardeners understand these facts so well,
that toads are purchased at so much a
dozen and turned loose. and the best of 1t
is, that the toads generally stay at ihome,
so that the gardener is not troubled with
buying his toads over again every few
days.
The toad can be tanned, and will even
learn to know its master" and come
when called; the writer has not only had
such pets himself, but could give othel
instances of toad -taming that have come
under his observation. Toads can be made
very useful about the house, and will dc
not little good in destroying cockroaches
flies, and other household pests. They
are sometimes known to eat worms, whlcl
they grasp in the middle with their jaws
examining in the writhing ends of the I'm
fortunate articulates by means of the rap
, idly darling tongue. which always secure
the victim as it is about to fly or run away
/ -New York Tribune.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18

NOTES FROM TIE FARM AND GARDEN.
Almost everybody complains of " chick
en- cholera " decimating the poultry yard.
This is delusive name which covers n
multitude of neglects under the guise of
an unavoidable disease; for the disease is
preventable, and it is certain that the
trouble is caused by improper or INSULT
cient food, OF neglect of ordinary sanitary
precautions. Let me give an instance
My nearby neighbors have disposed of
more than hundred dead fowls the past
spring, buried here and there, or thrown
over the fence to rot and poison the air for
mile around This latter fact may per-
haps be taken as Il key to the situation. |
have not rs yet lost fowl. nor had one
sick one. The poultry roosts around me
are open sheds or holes and corners where
manure heaps lie, or under which odds
and ends Of rubbish of all kinds are gath
cred. In the spring the fowls alight from
their perches into pools of filthy slush into
which their corn is thrown; corn every
day, and the manure from the cattle tC
pick over are the staple food. To give
clean water is never thought of. AS the
warm weather arrives in spring, here anC
there dead fowls lie about; the flock is
troubled with foul excavations, and the
usual chicken cholera makes its annua
visit. But where different treatment pre-
walls there is no disease. Where the houst
and yards are dry, clean aud sweet
where iudicious change of clean food
and an ample supply OF clean water arr
provided, the flock thrives. A proper
change of food means corn and whea
screenings for the staple, with cooke,
meal, occasionally given warm, to whicl
meat broth, milk or meat scraps are added
and a little salt, plenty of pepper and :
teaspoonful of sulphur mixed with thu
mess. There should be ample ventilation
too much warmth is hurtful, but damp i
very injurious. Medicine is not require'
for any animal that is well cared for, an,
when one needs to physic a lot of hens
1.-the game is not worth the candle. y
NcW York Times
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18
Mhat We Saw.

This is what we saw, as we were driv-
ing by. \ field Of several acres in extent,
near the barn, nearly enough level to be
easily worked, yet with pitch enough TO
have water drain of readily. A field wet.
Doggy. grown up to willows, swamp-dog-
wood, some scrub apple trees, and praeti-
cally utterly valueless. 1t could not be
moved; it was not pastured, Qor it was in
the moving field. and would be worth
nothing if it was. On this field were some
stones, though not in great numbers,
while near by was large heap dumped
from the pickings of other fields. Here
were all the materials Except some labor)
for an abundant fertility, but in the wrong
conditions. With a few bitches dug, the
stones laid into drains, the surplus water
taken off in them, and this field, which
now is of no value, may be brought di'
rectlv TO be one of the most valuable on
the owners farm, (Which is mostly dry
upland), and could soon be made to yield
three tons Of hay per year, right ut his
harm doors almost. And still he lets il
lie, and year after year hauls the manure
from his barn back on to the dry hillside
where its effects are diminished 10y the
drouth and seen but short time, When
more ploNing and more manuring give:
again the same result. This is a true pic
ture Of what we saw Have any of GU
reader, the materials for similar one OF
their farms? We will in another pape
give a" companion picture" dawn from
farms in our acquaintance, where thes'
condition. once existed, have been chang
Cd and what the result has been.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18

RAISING TURNIPs. We are going 10 cut
the clover on part of a field and then
plow under good coat of manure for n
crop of Swedish turnips. We shall sow
broadcast over the patch blood guano at
the rate of three hundred pounds per acre,
and put in the seed in drills made by hand,
with II hoe an inch deep, and cover the
seed with n hoe at this uniform depth.
Three-quarters of a pound of seed is
enough for IN acre. The first week in
July is the time set 10 put in the Swedes,
but it would do to put in II crop as late us
the middle. We have old turnips now on
hand and good for table use. This crop
will require but one hoeing, and can be
utilized to feed sheep, pigs and cattle. The
tops are worth n great deal to keep up the
flow of milk in the late fall. The ground
must be plowed deep and made mellow.
We shall soak the seeds at least three DAYS
before planting, and then roll them in
plaster and cover them as fast as dropped.
This will make gain in the time of com
ing up, and get the turnips Just so much
ahead of the weeds. which will help in the
care of them. The drills will be on Il
ridge made by turning two shallow fur
rows together.-C0rreSpondence of Rural
NeW Yorker.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18

4 Coon LAwN.-No greater fallacy eX-
lists than the idea that spading is better
than blowing of an equal depth. No filth
can be better than that given by the pillow,
followed by frequent and continual appli-
cations of the harrow. Leveling with the
spade can then be executed in the most
perfect manner, and the finishing touch
can be given by light cross blowing and
narrowing Seed should be always liber-
ally applied; and, instead of the various
lawn grass mixtures, we believe in the use
of simple rcdtop seed, together with a
very little white clover; and when it is
thus applied during quiet hours of the
day that it may fall evenly, two or three
years should suffice to grow a thick, vel
vetv turf. Weeds are the great enemies
of good turf, and every lawn should be
kept as free from those pests as a flower
garden, This employment of good artiti.
cinl fertilizers greatly helps to secure per.
manent freedom from weeds, since foul
seeds cannot very well lurk in them
Samuel PlrSonS, Jr, in ScriJner for June
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18

dame Wrenetta,n in Ohio FarnaeT,
puts out Cio us) new idea for washing
butter. 1t may wash out the butter milk,
but what will wash out the milk? Dame
Wrenetta has not quite touched bottom on
the gilt-edge" question. The stock
broker borrowed the phrase from the
paper-maker, who formerly gildcd the
edges of extra fine qualities of paper.
With the broker it meant notes of the
very highest class in safety and security.
This morning we churned in an ordinary
" Yankee upright chuIn, with staff dash
er, from ten quarts Of cream, nine pounds
and thirteen ounces of golden-yellow but
ter-to add coloriDg 10 which would be
" to gid refined gold, to paint the lily, or
perfume the violet 1t " came" little
soft, which handful of broken ice soon
rcctlied, and it gathered " in firm pei
lets, from which | poured off the butter
milk, and poured on a painful of sweet
skinned milk, which propose as COM
washing" factions of butter makers. 1t
answers all the purposes of water, wash
ing out the butter milk, and certainly will
not dissolve the milk-sugar," and SO in
jure the quality of the butter.
A correspondent inquiries the origin and
meaning of the term "gilt-edged," as
applied to butter. 1t is borrowed from
the vocabulary of the stock broker, and
was first used, so far as can be traced, by
Paschall Morris, in introducing an extra
fine quality of Chester county butter,
to the notice of customers in Philadelphia.
Its appropriateness to the natural golden
hue of the Alderney butter was so APP
parent to all who knew that inimitablt
article. that it was Immediately adopted
into general use.
DAME WRENETTA.
Tie Wreu's Nest, Pa.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18

No PROFIT IN CHEEsE.-According to
the report of the New York state dairy
mems convention, there is no profit in
making cheese mt present prices. The es-
timated cost of keeping COW for u year
ranges from Sl5 10 $50, and of labor
about 81 per head, and the cost of manu-
featuring cheese 81 .25 to 81 per one hun
dred pounds. The total expense per COW
is about $40, leaving not far from 81 per
head on an average as profit, out of which
must be taken the cost of carrying milk to
the cheese factory. The conclusion reach
ed by members of the convention was
that not one dairy in twenty had during
the past year paid expenses. The remedy
proposed was to make more butter and
less cheese, or reduce the number of COWS
kept. Over production is the general
complaint in all farm products. and still
the number of farmers is increasing at
the west, if not in the eastern states.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1879-06-18

PICKLING IN SALT have picked
butter in brine for thirty years. Washed
fresh butter in brine ten years. Packed
jars in dry salt one year. am of the
opinion that butter can be carefully made,
packed and preserved, that it will so ripen
and improve that it is really better ut six
months old than it was ut six days or six
hours old. AS a proof Of my opinion, |
send you n sample made and packed in
June last. After supplying two families
besides my own with butter from one COW,
there was Il surplus at the end of each
week, left to be saved and packed for my
winter use. | used three gallon stone
Jars. Alter pressing down the butter at
the time any was put in, | poured on
about two quarts of brine. At each addl-
ton poured off the brine, put in the butter,
and returned the, brine. When nearly full
left brine about an inch in depth. Pre-
pared box, the inside of which was
about two inches in diameter larger than
the Jar; placed at bottom Of box about an
inch of common salt; set in my jar; on
all sides filled and packed down salt; ovel
the jar placed an earthen plate; then ovel
that placed about two inches OF salt; then
board and set the box away. In thi;
way the butter had an additional protec
ton against the changes of atmosphere
there may be in a common cellar, and the
butter being doubly excluded from all air
When the steel trier probed it at our fair
something new had made its appearance
to our committee. The butter was hare
and firm, rs when first made, and retained
all the rich aroma it ever had, and become
well ripened. The tcreamy buttermill
taste it first had had disappeared. Here
have Il success from my experience in The
use of dry salt upon the outside of thu
package by keeping an even cool temper
ature in the butter, and the butter in ;
place where it could lose none of it
natural dampness. Thus salt proves to be
cheaper and better than ice.-C. g. Tag
| Tor.