The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1879-12-26


we'll down to the first porous stratum.
The water from the upper soil will flow
readily into the well, especially if drain
pipes or tiles be laid in its direction.
AN astronomical day commences at
noon, and is counted from the first to
the twentyfourth hour. A civil day
commences at midnight, and is counted
from the first to the twelfth hour. A
nautical day is counted as a civil day,
but commences, like an astronomical
day, from noon.
IT is quite commonly supposed that
before the time of Columbus the true
form of the earth was not known. This
is an erroneous notion. Aristotle, a
Greek philosopher of the fourth cent
ury before our era, gave many of the
now-accepted reasons for believing the
earth to be sphere.
ELEVATED situations are most suit
able for the growth of coffee; the trees
are raised from slips, which are allowed
four or five years to grow before they
are cropped; they attain the height of
ten feet, and bear from thirty to fifty
years. 1t is chiefly cultivated in Arabia,
the southern states OF North America,
South America, Java and Ceylon.
The saying Let the cat out of the
bag" originated in England in this way:
Formerly dishonest countrymen prac-
ticed the trick of substituting cat fol-
sucking pig, and bringing it to mar
ket in bag, so that he who, without
examination, made hasty bargain was
said to buy a pig in a poke" and
might get cat in bag And the
discovery of this cheat originated the
expression Letting the cat out of the
bag"
CARAT is weight used by GOLD
smiths and jewellers. Originally the
Kaura bean was used for this purpose;
hence the name. a carat is weight
of four grains, when used in weighing
diamonds, and when used in reference
to the fneness of gold, pure gold is
supposed to weigh twenty-four carats of
twelve grains each. Coin is usually
twenty carats fine, while gold used for
ornaments and jewelry varies from
eighteen carats down as low as twelve
and even ten carats. The alloy is
usually SllVer'
The first railroad in the United States
was short road built from the granite
quarries of Quincy, Mass, to the Nepon-
set river, for the purpose of conveying
the blocks of granite that were used in
building the Bunker Hill monument, at
Boston. It was small affair, with
wooden rails. It was constructed about
| NJ c,v IL
miles long. The ties were of granite,
seven and half feet long, placed eight
feet apart, and the gauge was five feet.
The rails were of pine covered with oak,
on which was placed wrought-iron
plates.
To RID well of foul air, build fur
mace of stone, brick or sod, to hold a
bushel or two, ten feet from the mouth
of the shaft Let there be closed
channel, or arched-way connecting with
the furnace, to within a foot or so of
the shaft or well. Attach to the end of
the channel, near the shaft, hose
three or four inches in diameter, to reach
within five or six feet of the bottom OF
the shaft. Build fire in the furnace
of dry wood, and you can have all the
fresh air at the bottom you please. II
you please, you can add slush or kero-
sene to the fire until the well-digger
will say: "Hold on; 1 do not want SO
much wind down here" As the shat,
deepens, add new sections to the hose
If you have to make hose, light cotton
duck will be sufficient.
The Longest Avenue in the World.
DR.. Finsch, in his just published