The news and herald. (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1877-1900, 1879-05-24
SCIENCE.

engaged In the STUDY OF tue pnySlCal
condition ofthe sea on the coast of Scan.
diuavla, has published in a paper read
before the Royal Society of Science of
Upsula his views on the causes of
ocean currents, which merit the more
attention as the coast Of Sweden affords
numerous opportunities for the exam
inatiOn of currents prodnced in very
different ways. If we take general
view Of the effects produced upon the
ocean by the different forces which Or
iginally set its waters in motion, we
find, singularly enough, that each of
these forces produces both of tho kinds
Of Ofstrcam-viZ., a surface stream caused
by n limited, and deep stream by an
unlimited, disturbance Of tho eQuilib-
rum. Heat produces a surface action
by warming the water, and deep
stream by evnporattng 1t. Cold can
Lroduce an undercurrent by tho con-
traction, and still more by the concen-
tration of the water, but 1t then leaves
at tho surface Il tendency to disturbance
of equilibrium, which shows itself in
the form of Il surface stream on the
melting of ice. Rainfall causes a deep
stream rs Its immediate consequence,
and surface current Of lighter water
rs q secondary effect. Winds occasion
directly surface currents, and deep
streams by changing the Lowell. Rivers,
and similar constant outpOurings of
lighter water, give immediate rise only
to surface streams. but produce under-
currents by mechanical reaction;
streams Of this kind often accompany
even tho above mentioned. The spe-
ciiic gravity of tho water plays In all
these cases very varied part, but al
ways one which Is in some respect or
other important. 1t usually determines
the level Of the water strata, but not
always.
Ne,o car Heating Apparatus. S.-A new
car heating system has been adopted by
the metropolitan Elevated Railroad, OF
New York, and the apparatus has beer
applied to all the cars on the road,
lts ch car Is provided with two radiators,
composed OF sections of three inch cast
iron pipe, connected end to end by short
pieces of one inch wrought iron Pipe.
These radiators arc so arranged along
the sides of the car, one on each side,
under the seats, and the steam pipes of
the several cars in n train are connected
by flexible pipes. Steam Is taken direct
ly from the locomotive boiler and re-
duced to about Obs. pressure. 1t Is
conducted through the radiators in the
train upon one side. and Is returned to
the locomotive by the radiators and
connections on the other side. The
water resulting from the condensation
"l steam is discharged into tho water
tank OF the locomotive. a steam ST.
hon, which isconncctCu with the dis
charge pipe, is used to remove water
from the pipes and e. accelerate the cir
culation when required.
Not Good Use for LeUther.-The Shoe
and Leather Reporter makes the fol.
lowing sensible suggestions: 1t is
hardly ne cessary to caution tanners, or
boot and shoe makers, against exposing
boots and shoes, or harness, or leather
IN any form, to too great heat, and yet
Mt tho cOMmcncrmcnt Of each cold seq
son, we feel chat the warming ought to
be renewed. Probably there is no
other cause which destroys so much
leather. 1t Is SO easy to warm cold
feet, or dry wet ones, by holding them
close before Il CRATE fire, or a red hot
stove, or to warm up harness In
similar way, that many who should
know better arc continually doing 1t.
They forget that, IL they do not actu-
ally destroy the leather at the time,
they are actually killing It's life and
taking the dircctest mode possible of
making 1t worthless In the next emer--
gency that may arise. 1t Is safe rule
never to put leather where 1t Is too hot
to hold the hand comfortably. More
than such degree Of heat will, ordi-
narily, quickly injure any kind OF up
per leather, and its damage to sole
leather, II not so plainly apparent is
none the less decided.
P'nmbing Hints.--lt appears from the
Plumber that many people are ignorant
OF the Srrpat Wnipht Of got Aun h-.trnua Of