davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06
pennsylvania Riot B,iI Bribery Cases.

In the legislative bribery cases at Harris.
burg, true bills were returned by the Grand
Jury against Charles B. Salter, T.. j. Mcclure
and William II. Kemble, for corrupt solicita-
ton of members of the Legislature. mum
Der Of members testified that money had been
guaranteed them for their votes in favor of tho
riot bill. Tho case of Salter was called for
trial, but owing to the absence of counsel for
some of the defendants, and want Of time the
present term, it was postponed with the other
bribery cases until November Is.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

Tie female base ball club went to Spring
field, ohio, the FIRST of the month, and all the
sinner and rough element went out to see them
play. The result was, they killed a niger
named Ben Hayes the sinners and bummers
did not the girls
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

CARS MADR IN TIM FLESH by abcesses and
ulcers speedily disappear without leaving a scar,
when iIENRY's CARBoLic SALvE is tho agent
employed to hcal them. This standard article
cures the worst sores, eradicatos cutaneous
eruptions, relieves the pain of burns, banishes
pimples and blotches from the skin and has
proved to be emincntly successful in remedying
rheumatism and soreness of tho throat and
chest. Sold by all Druggists.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

Kalloch is recovering, and since III has he
come known that he wlfully and knowingly
misrepresented the mother of the De Youngs,
who is eminently respectable lady, he has
few sympathizers. He has evidently done his
party an injury at least himself, so far as his
candidacy for the Mayorslty goes.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06
STOCK MARKETS.

CINCINN ATL-Beef Cattle--Common, l59Nc.;
fair to medium, 2AS3c good TO choice butcher
grades sha4c; fair to good shippers 5000 i.oOc /,
lair to good dairy cows 3i soc. fair to good hca'y
oxen. 2I6a315c; fair to good Texas and ChcroEees,
250a3. Ole; common to fair stockers, 2@S1tc, and
good choice do, sA@ic. Hogs-Common, ~ SOFAS 30
fair 10 good light 81 25@s3 a, with the supply shol
Of the demand fair to good packing grades " 500
s55 and selected butchers qualities, So 55@3 60 af
10 good stockers 81 9O@3 20. Sheep-Common to lair,
2@3c and good to choice, 3A@414c, and ialr TO
good stockers, 2@s.25c. per h. gross. lamhs--
Common to fair 2Iz@Sl4c, and good to choice, 50
@414c. per H. gross.
NEW YORK.--Beef Cattle--Natiye sides 10
Ioilc Texas sides, 6l4GSc. Sheep and lambs--Mar-
ket steady at 312@l13c. per To- for sheep and 80
SIC. lambs but sales were made mainly Of lair 10
good sheep at &C., and fair TO good lamb. at 5@',Sc
per ID. Hogs-Priccs nominally quoted at " 500
) S.
EAST LIBERTY, PA.-Bcef Cattle-Extra cattle
scarce at S. per 100 lbs Sales made of ilr To g"i
cattle at 81 GOAT 30; common, 81 2o@4 per 100 lbs
Uors--Sales made Of Workers at 81 j0a3 81 ncr 10y
lbs. Philadelphia hogs, ss 7Oa39O Sheep selling at
s. 25o24 Is per 100 lbs. extra export sheep 81 80
wOOL-In Boston, price. are as follows; Ohio
and Pennsylvania heeccs, 36Gioc. Michigan pni
Wisconsin heeces, sssSes. combing and deiainc So
lsctons, 4o144c.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

Rowell and Weston, who are to contest in
New York for tho Ashley belt, have Just ar
rived from England, both accompanied by their
trainers. They met with hearty ovation
upon their landing here.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

The employees Of the Belevile Nail Mills at
Belleville, Illinois, two hundred in number, are
on astrike. The difficulty seems to be that tho
employers object to the employment of men
Union.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

David Yeaklc, deputy in the Treasurcr's
Office in Butler County, Ohio, who is now
nominee for the same office, has confessed to
stealing $4,000 from the treasury since the
campaign begun to aid in the success Of his
election
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

M NJ. HEsoR d CO., manufacture m. n
w Monitor stove burns less fuel cook, ~
broils, and wears better than any stove made 'A'
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

If you arc satisfied to have poor organ, or
run the risk Of having poor one, take any
organ that is offered you. But, if you desire to
be sure of having the very bost, insist on hav-
ing a Mason 4 Hamlin, and do not BIO per-
suaded to take any other.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

A dispatch from Santa go, the capital Of
Chilli dated July 81, says serious riots have oc-
Cured in that city in consequence of popular
discomfort at the conduct of the war. The pop
ulace erected barricadc and shouted Death
TO the traitor ministry" Two persons were
killed in the conflict with troops, and several
wounded
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

The Sheep breeders and wool-growers' As
ISOLATION Of Ohio have held a meeting and un-
animously agreed to use all proper means to
keep the protective tariff on wool.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

The Western Division Of the Chicago and
Lake Huron railroad, extending from Lansing
City to Valparaiso, Ind, has been sold to
Joseph Hickman and other representatives of
the Grand Trunk railway.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06
s,.a7s.s7 Prof,,s In 40 Days.

What $40 has done in Wall street by legiti-
mate stock speculations. Pamphlets contain
ing two uncrrins rules for success mailed free
to any person upon application.
Address, A. SIMPSON CO.,
40 Exchange Place, New York.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06
Treaty of Commerce with the Unites
NonNRa.

A cablcgram from Paris says that besides tho
announcement relative to tho appointment of
Commissioners, the movement for a treaty Of
commerce with the United States seems other
wise in fair way TO success. Twenty i've
Chambers Of Commerce, including Paris, Lyons,
Bordeaux, and Marseilles, voted resolutions
favorable 10 such n treaty.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

A Couan, CoLD, OR SORE THROAT, requires
immediate attention. as neglect oftentimos re-
suits in some incurablc Lung Disease.
BRowS's BRONCHIAL TRocBEs" will almost
invariably give relief. rs cents box.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

The Greenback party Of New York State were
in convention last Friday, and nominated Harris
Lewis, Of Herkimcr, for Governor.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

Insist on having G. Gilbcrt's starches.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

Frank Gregory, young man at Blooming
ton, ILL.,, accidentally shot and killed his mother
the other day.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

A dispatch from Memphis, dated the goth,
says: Mrs. S. IL. Collins, aged nineteen years,
wife Of DR.. S. II. Collins, formerly Of Cincin-
matt, is lying very low with the fever. Both
had the fever at Lagrange, Tenn, last year,
which resulted Economically in marriage. She
came here last Tuesday, was taken sick Friday
and has had black vomit for the past tive days.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06
As'vs sf III @E:sa.


Five thousand people were at Madison Gar
den, New York, 81 IN. reception Of Weston.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

DOyER WHEEL CO., manufacturer If pos
IN improved sarven, Stoddard and PLAN MA
| alo Wusi Sucnnu Slrtnl. Clncinnau ~.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

xov for the MUSICAL RncoHD, ana Lecsiss
at,, ali the news, and plenty Of sooo music 0'
500 ps ss ,fWW noBrs, charming new SUNDAY
eahooi Song Book.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

The colored school teachers Of Kentucky held
State meeting at Louisville with large at
tendance the past week.
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

Gan. f., ,sulara and catalogue. with full li'' Of 's0'
ard singns School Books
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06
VOCAL METHOD, !,

,s..'sses leI. SOL IL q valuable new pcok TOT n,s y
l.ioy containing all the essentials o. noy, puch ~
sIspcsss, and plain explanations, ana Cys''s
imam The larger works on the sans su"'s'' aff.N
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06
% NOT BEGIN YOUR slssSs cLAsas BEFORE 81. II
I AIMING I'M / Q. EnERsOHs new 30 KiEs BOOK !,
The VOICE OF WORSHIP

i. large and valuable collection n
while containing =. ,ogm Of Tunes and Anthems, y
Church ssS for the singing School snd md Il,
well made ac ps1 DOZEN Specimen copies mal'd''
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

NIhiIlst Executions in Hu.sis.
Two prisoners who were recently sentenced to
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06
Gen. Grant. Dixon mud Dixon. widow.


The following letter was given by ex-Presi-
dent Grant to Mrs. Dixon, mother of Mr.. Henry
Dixon, lately killed in Mississippi. Clarence
P. Dixon, tho young son Of Mrs. Dixon, now
holds an appointment in the Treasury Depart
ment, having been appointed on tho presenta-
ton of the original letter, certified copy Of
which is now on file in the department, with
other testimonials:
WASHINGTON, d. c., Aug. 4, 1865.
" To Hon. A. ". Rainfall, Postmaster Geaerot:
DEAR SIR Permit mo to recommend ms n
most worthy lady for employment in the Post
Office Department, Mrs. Dixon. of Virginia,
now resident of this city. Mrs. Dixon is a
widow of loyal Virginian, who was
driven out Of the State at tho beginning
Of the rebellion on account of his 10y
atty. He took service in the Union
army rs paymaster, and continued in
IL tin the close Of hostilities. Last
year he var murdered by Virginia cx-rebel
officer, leaving the widow and eight children
who found their home so unpleasant for thom,
and even dangerous, that | sent government
teams to move them to this city. They are de-
pendent for support upon what they can earn,
/ regard this as a worry deserving case, and
shall he glad if suitable employment can DO
given to Mrs. Dixon.
every respectfully, your obedicnt servant,
"U. S. GRANT"
Macon beacon. [volume] (Macon, Miss.) 1859-1995, 1879-09-06

zoo MADE IN 81 DAYs.-oyer Ina
OOO Send Stamps for 7U-page CatalorS.
But kEiE NOVELTY CO., q and Is Arcade, On
"a HE CROWN MANUFACTURING CO. c;S.;,
l want few reliable men 10 handle tbeir ~
Good men can make from O. 10 $40 day. srs
Tor Circular.
National Republican., 1879-03-29

wise, discreet, or cautious man in the world
in his female acqunintances and relations.
We have nothing to do with that. But he is
kind-hearted, generous, andsympathetic, and
with these attributes is associated eminence
opposition and wealth, all of which make
him very desirable object, the shining
mark for the attentions of the heartless and
artful conspirator and the vile blackmailer.
At all events he appears to have been Sc
lected as candidate for such distinc-
tion, and he has been pressed at that
point, until the aggressors encountered the
Scotch firmness of his nature, which said to
the advancing foe, Thus far shalt thou 90
"and no farther" When that point was
reached, and the CAMERON stubbornness
could not be placated, then came the law
suit for damages, upon the merits Of which
we do not propose to touch so long as the
suit pends in court.
Now this case has proved colossal seam
dal, out of which we may next expect TO
see the Democratic party in Pennsylvania
making the most, for it is upon such ofial that
1t feeds and grows fat. No doubt the hands
of that party will be held high in horror at
the gross immoaities of this affair, forget
ting that ACKLEN lives and thrives on Dem
ocratic favor, though his case has no mitiga-
tions. But no matter; Mr.. CAMERON has
made noble and successful fight against
the blackmailers, and we agree with the
Cleveland Herald in saying:
The stand which Mr.. CAMERON has taken in
this unfortunate matter cannot he too highly
commended. He has rendered thereby a sub
stantial bereft to society. If all men who find
themselves entangled in the treaeherous arms
of those social deviliish, the blackmailers,
would fight so well for liberty the race would
soon be exterminated. That Mr.. CAMERON has
long been annoyed by tho attentions of one OF
the most vicious of this species of monster is
being pretty clearly demonstrated, aud how
ever much mud there may cling to him when
he succeeds in throwing her off he will be en-
titled to hearty sympathy and applause. The
blackmailcr is a snake which should be stepped
on and smashed wherever found, but unfortu-
nately the number who have the courage to
put their heel upon him is so limited that the
breed, it is to be feared, still thrives and fat
tens
National Republican., 1879-03-29

naturally carries weight with IL whom II Is
injected into the mind Of "Reformer" whose
sensitive inclination TO assert Judicial
equipoise in public affairs overbalanccs
his knowledge of the alertness with which
the opposition always takes advantage Of any
relaxation in the energy of Republican cam
paign management But it is easily answered.
The truth is that the present national election
system is based upon the theory that the supper
visors shall represent both parties. For this
reason the law explicitly directs that one super
visor from each party shall be appointed for duty
at any poll where either party, under proper
and equal restrictions shall petition to the
United States Circuit Court for their appoint
ment.
Aud these supervisors-not the deputy mar
shals--are the officials whose duty It is, and as
the title of the office signifies, to supervise the
elections. Beside this, the deputy marshals
are sworn TO perform the especial duties de-
volving upon them, an oath which renders
them as liable to service, and as subordinate to
the requirements Of Democratic as of Repub-
lican supervisor. 1t is therefore apparent tina +
unless these deputies violate their official oaths
and become insubordinate or refuse TO do their
duty, they are as liable OH occasion to become
the official allies of the opposition as they are
to serve the behests of the party from which
their appointments may have omanated.
But after all is said, thc.fact remains that the
law in question is intended TO protect the
purity of the ballotbox, and that any attempt
to repeal 1t is an effort to remove preventive
of fraud 1t is, as It stands, no more liable to
abuse than any other human statute for thu
faithful execution of which free and independ-
ent citizens are solemnly obligated, and If the
Democrats themselves now had the sole ap-
pointing power of the chief supervisors and
marshals and their deputies, they would insist
on its retention as the permanent law of the
land. As it is they violently claim that it is n
partisan lava claim they cannot sustain
without the assumption that every man who
serves the Government under it is guilty of
direct and palpable perjury.
National Republican., 1879-03-29
PERSONAL.

D. A. IRWIN, U. s. A., is quartercd at wormleys.
GARDNER C. HAWKES., of Boston, is at Wizards.
JOSEPH b. GLOVER, of Boston, is booked at Worm
ley's.
DIR, J. II. KISsMAN, U. s. N. has taken rooms at
Willard's.
JUDGE HuGH L. BOND, of Baltimore, is registered
at Wll0rds.
W. BEDFORD and family, of Philadelphia, have
rooms at the st. James.
COLONEL JAMES r. PLAT, of New York, is among
REV. J. Henry SMYTHE, of Philadelphia arrived
at Wizards yesterday
CHARLES II. CLARK and wife, of Philadelphia
have rooms at the Riggs House.
JAMES II. NIXON and John j. Morris jr. of New
York, are at the St. James Hotel
D. N WELSH, general manager of the Pullman
Palace Car Company is at Wizards
JoHS A. MCCLINToCK and s. J. Jordan of Bed
ford, Pa, are among the guests at the st. James
Hotel.
GENERAL GEORGE PAYsoN, of Chicago, counsel of
the Western Railroad Association, has rooms at
Wizards.
Mr.. Il. NJ. PULsIFER, publisher and proprietor
| OF the Boston Herald, and wife are guests at the
Riggs House.
II. IyIsoN. of the firm of Ivison, Blakeman Tay-
the Riggs House.
W. r. GARRISON, R. c. Livingston. Chester Girls
void, and A. p. Woodruff, of New York, are guests
at the Arlington
GEORGE f. PUTNAM and wife, Miss Putnam,
George j. Putnam, and Miss S. II. Putdam, of Bos-
ton, are stopping at the Riggs House.
| JUDGE HARVEY WATTERsoS has gone to Louis
vile, KY, TO Join the editorial staff of the Courier
Journal of which his son is the editor-n-chiof
W. A. HADDEN, U. 5. N; W. +. Briggs and wife,
| Brooklyn; c. J. Leeds, New Orleans, and o. II
Greenleaf and wife, Springfield, are registered al
the Ebbit House.
| CAPTAIN ID. Z. DOBBISs who is In charge of the
lie-saying stations on Lakes Erie and Ontario has
recently been in this CITY, but has returned to Buf
ialo his post of duty. Captain Dobbins is the in.
which whnp
capsi2ed, Immediately rights herself. 1t is much
lighter and more available for surf service than the
best yet furnished by the English marine service
The model is in Captain Kimballs Office, at the
Life Saving Bureau Treasury. Captain Dobbins Is
commissioned 10 build the first one for the public
service by way of experiment.
National Republican., 1879-03-29
POLITICIL NOTES.

THE Nashville american thinks there is too much
levity' on the part Of the press writers, who speak
Aippantly Of the visit Of General Grant the heights
of Mount Sinai
THE Burlington HdlUteye suggests Tilden and
Oliver (Widder) for 1880. OF course such ticket
as that could only be successfully met by one en-
titled Butler and jerks.
THERE are fourteen ex.Governors In the Senate
Messrs. Anthony, Booth, Burnside Coke Garland,
Groome, Grover, Hamln, Hampton, Harris Hous-
ton, Kellogg, Kirkwood, and Vance.
National Republican., 1879-03-29

NATIONAL THEATRE-Mr. jefferson will take
leave Of Washington with the performance this af
ternoon and evening Of his celebrated character
Rip Van IYiHkc
FoRD's OPERA HoUsE-"II. NJ. s, Pinafore' will
be given this afternoon at the matinee, and will
reach Its final performance this evening
THEATRE coMIQuE,-The final representation of
ing. George France Frank White, and the acting
dogs will appear. Also the Jaspers, Miss Mo!ie
Wilson, Miss Belle Clifton, et dl.
No opium No morpha, or other dangerous drug
Is contained in DR.. Bulls Baby Syrup for the re-
lief OF collie, teethlng, &c. Price, 25 cents
National Republican., 1879-03-29
DEMOCRATIC PURITY,

The Democrats are holding up their hands
in holy horror because Secretary GoRHAM
revealed the " true inwardnessn of political
campaigning in the Republican party last
fall and admitted inst how much money
was raised for campaign purposes and how
it was expended by the Republican Con-
gressional Committee. When this was ont,
then TRAY, BLANCHE, and Sweetheart"
were of on loud bay all over the country,
and every Democratic kennel in the land
has been vocal with howls and yelps Of hor-
ror Mt such violations of civil service and
such corruption in our elections There is
not a Democratic yelper from New Orleans
to Maine who is not almost paralyzed with
astonishment that money is subscribed, paid,
and used in the conduct Of political cam
paigns, and he makes more noise over the
expending of 100000 in the whole coun-
try tospromote the election of Republican
Representatives in Congress than he does
over the offer of an equal amount TO bribe
a returning board to gain single State to
TILDEN in 1876. That is the difference. If
the Republican party rolled out its money
in bar'ls, la TILDEN, what then would
Democrats have to say? The world would
not he large enough to contain the noise of
their distressing howls.
The Republicans in this instance have
done just what duty, propriety, and usage
have countenanced and justified in all par
tiac Cin,a ba Of a,,t
1t is no new thing to raise money to defray
the legitimate expenses of political cam
pnigns, and this new spasm of party purity
and essential goodness is simply put on for
immediate effect, TO help float the Demo-
| cratic party over q sand-bar ON which il
has struck, and now sticks in an ill-ad-
vised, unfortunate, and damaging extra ses-
| sion of Congress. All manner of side is
sues are being resorted TO, rs they use
| floats, and pumps, and buoys to light a
grounded vessel over an ugly bar; for, il
ever party was exposed to the damaging
effects of its own foolish blunders, that
party is the Democratic and now is the day
| of its disaster The Democratic guage ol
tactics is to endeavor TO make the country
believe that the Republican is no better
than the Democratic party in matters re.
latng to the elective franchise, and hence
nobody will be wronged or damaged by
throwing our elections open to violence
outrage, fraud, and corruption, without any
power to prevent either or TO punish the
crimes committed after their perpetratiOn
But this cannot be done. Each party will
be held to strict responsibility for The
makeup of its own history, and the Demo
cratic record is so dark and damning tha
it defes competition, and will be in no de
gree relieved by comparisons.
National Republican., 1879-03-29

The reversion Of the Democracy TO TIL
DEN and HENDRICKS promises to be as
fruitful of material results as the discovery
of n last years birds nest and one of the
foul kind wherein the occupant had thor
OughlY befonled it.
National Republican., 1879-03-29

Now let the Widow OLIVER take TO the
lecture forum; or, better still, let's have q
walking match between her aud the Widow
(. BIJTIER
National Republican., 1879-03-29

IT would be good thing for this county
fevery one who is seized with the walking
mania would do all their walking in Que
direction. They have following
National Republican., 1879-03-29

THE supply of backbone in the Demo-
cratic ranks is not sufficient for the present
emergency. There is nn over-abundance of
IL in the Republican camp.
National Republican., 1879-03-29

THE Chicago Herah is new-nedged
Democratic paper which has lived nine days
and still its eyes are not open TO the truth
of history. 1t says SEWARD, CHASE,
BATES, and WELLEs, of LINCoLN's Cab
met, died in the opposition in which
MONTGOMERY BLAIR still lives" This
would not have been said of SEWARD,
CHASE, and WELLEs while living without
arebuke; but, being dead, Of course young
Democratic organ is brave enough to SLAM
der their memories. This young candidate
for Democratic favor starts off well. 1t
graduates high in the class Of misrepresent-
alton.
National Republican., 1879-03-29
The Greatest Living Authority.

New YORK TTibuncI
Senator Beck will get the first Democratic ap-
pontment to the supreme Court bench, of course.
Hes the greatest living authority the constiu.
tional rights of caucuses.
National Republican., 1879-03-29

admonitory finger in this wise: "If any
member of the Cabinet, or any person in
any way authorized to speak for the Ad-
ministraton, or any Republican Office
holder, arrays himself in hostile ntti-
tude, it must be distinctly understood
that he does 50 on his own responsibility,
and at his own cost. He casts his lot with
" the Democracy, and will go down with
the Democratic defeat. The Republican
party is united, and there must be no
compromise with the enemy.n
National Republican., 1879-03-29

RIGID BACKBONE HAYES is the new name
the Bourbons have given him since they
have aroused his "amiable obstinacy."
National Republican., 1879-03-29

As THE Republicans become more stall
wart and determined not TO fiuch, the Bour-
bons begin 10 look around for lines of re-
treat
National Republican., 1879-03-29

IT is suggested that Sergeant BATES shall
arm himself with an American flag and pay
q social visit to Okolona, Miss. In return
the editor of the Southern States newspaper
of that obscure burg might arm himself
with his dearly beloved Confederate flag
and march to a lunatic asylum. But the
better plan would be to hand-cuff BATES
and the editor together and march them
both to Tophet.
National Republican., 1879-03-29

IT now looks as II the Southern people
would soon have to learn to work and earn
their bread and manage their household aE
fairs by the sweat of their own brows, instead
of those of the disgusting niggers," YER
lily, Providence works in mysterious way
TO vindicate the principles of American in
dependence