Litchfield enquirer., 1879-09-11
WHOLE NO. 2779

not be too proud to look upon as our ancestor
 in the fiesh-say native Australian ora
 Bushman-we find it to be considerably small CT than an ordinary European brain it's con- volutions, which are the highest nerve-centres of mind, are decidedly fewer in number, more simple in character, and more symmetrical in arrangement. These are marks of inferiority,
 for in those things in which it differs from the ordinary European brain it gets nearer il struc. | ture to the still much inferior brain of the | monkey; it represents, we may say, stage | of development in the long distance which
 has been traversed between the two. A con- | parson of the relative brain-weights will give | rude notion of the differences: The brain-
 weight of an average European male is 40 ounces that of a Bushman is believe, about | B ounces: and that of a negro, who comes
 between them in brain size, as in intelligence, | is A ounces. The small brain-weight Of the
 Eastman is, indeed equaled among civilized | nations by that of a small-headedo or so-called | unacceptable idiot. There can be doubt, then,
 of great difference of development between
 the highest and the lowest existing Aiman | brain. There can be no doubt, furthermore, | that the gross differences which there are be- | tween the size and development of the brain l of low savage and of an average European | go along with as great differences of intellect
 ual and moral capacities-that lower mental
 function, Answers to lower cerebral structure.
 It is well-known fact that many savagescan-
 not count beyond five, and that they have no words in their vocabulary for the higher quail | ities of human nature, such as virtue, justice, | humanity, and their opposites, vice, injustice,
 and cruelty, or for the more abstract ideas. | The native Australian, for example, who in
 this case, having no words for justice, love,
 mercy, and the like, would not in the least know what remorse meant; if any one show l ed it in his presence, he would think, proba-
 bly,, that he had got bad headache He has | no words to express the higher sentiments and | thoughts because he has never felt andthought
 them, and has never had, therefore the need | to express them he has not n his inferior | brain the nervous b-strata which should min.
 ister to such sentiments and thoughts and
 cannot have them in his present state of social | evolution, any more than he could make a particular movement of his body if the proper
 muscles were wanting. Nor could any amount 1 of training in tue world, we may be sure ever
 make him equal ln this respect to the average | European, any more than it could add sub l stance to the brain of a small l-headed idiot and
 raise it to the ordinary level. Were any one,
 indeed, to make the experiment of taking the 1 young child of an Australian savage and of l bringing it up side by side with an average
 European child, taking great pains to give l them exactly the same education in every :e- | spect, he would certainly have widely differ | ent results in the end in the one case he | would have to do with we'll organized instru- l ment, ready to give out good intellectual notes | and fine harmony Of moral feeling when properly handled; i'll the other case, an im- perfectly organized instrument, from which it
 would be out of the power of the most patient
 and skillful touch to elicit more than a few
 feeble intellectual notes and very rude and primitive sort of moral feeling. A little better feeling, certainly, than that of it's fathers but
 still most primitive for many savages regard
 as virtues most of the big vices and crimes,
 such as theft, rape, murder, at any rate when | they are practiced at the expense of neIghbor- | ing tribes Their moral feeling, such as it is,
 is extremely circumscribed, being limited in ap-
 plication to the tribe. In Europe we have,
 happily, got further than that; since we are
 not, as savages are and our fOre-fathers prob
 ably were, divided into multitude of tribes
 eager to injure and even extirpate one quo; her
 from motives of tribal patriotism; but man.
 kind seems to be far off the goal of it's high
 calling so long as, divided into jealous and
 hostile nations, it suffers national divisions to | limit the application of moral feeling, counts
 It high virtue to violate it under the profan-
 ed name of patriotism, and uses the words | "humanitarianism" and ''COSmopOlitaniSm" as
 crushing names of reproach. There is plainly
 room yet for wider expansion of moral feel
 ing.-Dr MGudsley, in F0rtnightty Reoie,o. | CESAR, HIS MEN, AND HIS ARMs.-He was | the ablest Roman then living, and he had the power of attracting and attaching the ablcst l men to his service. He had five years in
 which to look about him, and to act at his leisure-as much time as had been given to | Pompey in the East. Like Pompey, too, he | was left perpectly free. No senatorial officers | could incumber him with orders from home.
 The people had given him his command, and
 to the people alone he was responsible.
 Lastly, and beyond everything, he could rely
 with certainty on the material with which he l had to work. The Roman legiOnaries were
 no longer yeomen taken from the blow, or | shopkeepers from the street. They were men
 more completly framed in every variety of &C., | complishment than perhaps ever followed General into the field, or ever since. It was
 not enough that they could use sword and lance. The campaign on which Caesar was
 about to enter was fought with spade and pick
 and axe and hatchet Corps of engineers he | may have had /: but if the engineers designed
 the work, the execution lay with the army.
 No limited department would have been equal
 to the tasks which every day demanded. On | each evening after march, fortified camp l was to be formed, with mound and trench, capable of resisting surprises and demanding
 the labor of every single hand. Bridges had | to be thrown over rivers. Ships and bargcs
 had to be made and repaired, capable of ser l "AoO oSdAhoI dh Ou a oCdlC SO requirements of an army, and in a haste which
 permitted no delay. A transport service there | must have been, organized to perfection. But | there were no stores sent from Italy to supply the daily waste of material. The men had to
 met,d, and perhaps make their own clothes
 and shoes and repair their own arms Skill in the use of tools was not enough without the tools themselves Had the spades and mat tocks been supplied by contract, had the axes been of soft iron fair to the eye and failing to the strokes, not a man in C8sar's army would | have returned to Rome to tell the tale of it's destruction. How the legonaFies acquired
 these various arts, whether the Italian peasant
 ry were generally educated in such occupa-
 tions, or whether on this occasion there was a special selection of the best, of this we have n0 information. Certainly only 1t was that men | and instruments were as excellent in theirkind
 as honesty and skill could make them; and,
 however degenerate the patricians and corrupt
 the legislature, there was sound stuff somc- where in the Roman constitution. No exer.
 tion, or no forethought on the part of any com. | mander could have extenpOrZed such a vari- | lety of qualities Universal practical accom- Iplshments must have formed part of the training of the free Roman citizens Admira- ble workmanship was still 10 be Lad in each l department of manufacture, every article with which Cesar was provided must have been
 the best of it's kind. - CRsGr Froude. l A brother of Miss Mary Wyatt, whom it has
 been reported that the Rev Newman Hall in- tends to lps.ry, writes letter to an English
 newspaper to say that his sister is not the per
 son whom Mr. Hall has selected for his second
 wife. He says that his family opposed his
 sisters intimacy with MT. Hall, but ouly be- cause he was nonconforuIis; clergyman, and
 of her correspondence with him the brother says:
 | "A word upon the fact of their correspond ence being carried on in cipher. Nr. New
 man Hall was very busy man he was mas
 ter of shorthand, and he soon found that a vol
 luminous correspondence (they wrote once
 week to each other and at length) upon all
 sorts of topics-religious, literary and artistic | -t0ada to0 prpat a demand nnon hie tiD,o ho