davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31
June II. 1879.~ sn. SHERMAN & RICHARDSON.
Election Proclamation.
STATE OF Kansas, IS

STATE OF hAESAS,t &c
Lyon County,
The State OF Kansas to all to whom these
presents come, greeting:
Know yc, that I. b Moon. sheriff of Ly-
on county, Kansas, by virtue of authority In
me vested, do BY this proclamation give pub
lie notice that the Tuesday succeeding the
first Monday in November, a. ID. 1879. there
will be held o general election, and the OIL
GERS at that time to be ehosen are as follows.
to-wit: ACounty Clerk, q County Treasurer,
q Register OF Deeds, Sheriff. Coroner, a
County Surveyor and a County Commissioner
in the End district. consisting of Americas,
Agnes Gity, Waterloo, Fremont aud Reading
townships. And votes OF electors for said Of
flcers viii be received at the polls of each
election district in said county
In testimony whereof have hereunto set
my hand at my ONCE ut Emperia- in said
county, this 10Th day of October. A. y: 1913.
Il. MOON,
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31
Look out for tricks. The tricksters
are sitting up nights now.
REBuKE IMPuDENCE.

Republicans of Lyon county, let US, on
Tuesday next, stand the old Chase coun
ty bond thief, who stole ten thousand
dollars of school bonds in Rice county,
and does not deny it, on his head. Lei
us give the impudent old corruptionist
to understand that it don't pay him to in
terfere in our elections; that when we
want people from other counties to come
here to run our politics for us, who
are not even voters here, that we
have sense enough and respect enough
for ourselves TO invite somebody to the
task that has some reputation for decen
cy and common honesty.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

Leslie ]. Perry, editor of the Paola
Citizen, was held as prisoner of war
twenty months during the rebellion and
during that time was an occupant OF
nearly every military PRISON in the con.
federacy-Richmond, Charleston, Sails
bury, Tuscaloosa, Ala, Florence, s. c.,
and Andersoville, Ga. He had wide
experience in these hells upon earth, and
was lucky to escape with his life. Over
10000 union soldiers died in these south.
ern prison pens.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31
WHY BLACKBOARD PAPERS
FAIL

The Wamego Agriculturist, discussing
the various newspaper successes and fail
ures in Kansas, remarks that after all,
only respectable journalism is perma-
nent success, and says:
In the development OF Kansas there is
nothing more marked than the great
change in her newspapers. In looking
back from the present time to that of ter
ritorial days, the fact is clearly develop
ed that among all the newspapers started
ito fill long felt want" ito represent
the people," etc, only those which were
managed by men who knew the require
ments of journalism men who had the
foresight to see and know that self must
be merged into the public good, have
succeeded, and their papers are the only
ones living today. The reading public
dislike slang and personalities, and as a
general thing, had much rather read
something good of their fellowmen than
something bad Too many warty toads
have engaged in the business, and their
failure of success but demonstrates the
fact that to run newspaper is like man.
aging any other business, to certain ex-
tent-selfish motives and the pulling
down" policy must be eschewed to make
ii q success.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

With the extraordinary business boom
has come a speculative boom, not less ex
traordinary, from which it would be
bootless to advise people to hold alooi
until after multitude shall have been
pinched. The New York dispatches re
port that the excitement about the stock
Thursday surpassed anything within the
memory Of this generation of habitues
of Wall street. 1t is added that the OF
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

1t has been ascertained that Senator
Ben Hills journey to New York lately
was for the purpose of making a second
attempt to bring about a compromise be.
tween the Robinson and Kelly factions
in the empire state. In tbs matter SEN
itor Hill represents feeling (Which is
general among such southern men as
have been at Washington since the Ohio
election) that unless the Democracy can
carry New York this fall there can be
nothing to hope for IN the presidential
compaign. He is urging an adjustment
between Robinson and Kelly in the name
of all the Democrats of the south.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

The Bank of France has advanced the
rate of discount from 2 to per cent
This action is plainly attributable to the
stringency of the money market, due
chiefly to the drain of bullion to the Uni.
ted States The like drain from England
must naturally, unless checked, lead to
similar results there.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31
DEATH OF A GOOD MAN.


The telegraph has announced the
death of David Dickinson, the state
librarian of Kansas. He was native
of Kentucky, was about seventy-three
years old, and had passed his life in Ken.
lucky, Illinois and Kansas. He has
been a clergyman in the Methodist
church, and a practicIng physician
The office of librarian has been held by
DR.. Dickinson for about ten years
Under his faithful and intelligent
care, he has seen the volumes
of the library more than double
In number, a complete law library
built up, as well as many valu.
able standard works, cyclopadias, re
views, histories, and miscellaneous
books placed upon the shelves. There
is a full set of American and English re
ports, and every text book of good re
pute. The 'old DOCTOR" as he was usu
ally called, held the library in his heart
next to the affections to the Methodist
church and the Republican party. By
correspondence with publishers and
lawyers, he always found out where to
get a book to complete an imperfect set
and where there was choice work for
his beloved shelves. AS he loved his
books and his room, SO all who knew
him came to love him.
He was blunt and outspoken on all
topics; had opinions, and uttered them
believed in truth and integrity, and put
them into his daily life He was as
hopeful, as full of faith, confidence and
enthusiasm as boy, and when he spoke
of death, as he often did, it was with the
serenity and cheerfulness of man who
had no more doubt of the life to come
than he had of the life now present. A
few days ago we signed with him the old
settlers register, at Lawrence, he the
while talking about Grant in the most
happy mood, and putting down in the
book we believe, wish that the Gener
al might be the next president. There
was no more jocGnd boy at Bismarck
Grove than our specialized and gray-hair.
ed friend of three score years and ten- II
any wandering Kansas boy has a strug
gle to join him in the Better Land, the
old doctor will not only reach over the
battlements to pull him up, but will
work thousand years in building lad
ders to bring the last stray sheep into
the fold.-Web. Wilder, in st. Joseph
Herald.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

BITE ON THIs.-It was the Greenback
representative in the legislature who got
through the bill to allow the city council
and county commissioners to issue bonds
to aid in the rebuilding of the Normal
school withouta vote of the people If
there was anything wrong in that pro-
ceeding, theGreenback party is the party
responsible for it.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31
Lewinbeck tells Of an insect Sc.

Lewinbeck tells OF an insect seen
with a microscope, of which q, 900, 900
would only equal mite. Insects of va
rious kinds may be seen in the cavities of
a grain of sand. Mold is forest of beautl-
full trees, with branches. leaves and fruit
Butterflies are fully feathered. Hairs are
hollow tubes. The surface of our bodies
is covered with scales like fish; a sin
ole grain of sand would cover $50 of
these scales, and yet each scale would
cover 500 pores. Through the narrow
openings the perspiration forces itself
like water through sieve. The mites
take 500 steps a second. Each drop of
stagnant water contains world Of ami
mated beings, swimming with as much
liberty as whales in the sea- Each leaf
has a colony of insects grazing on it like
COWS in a meadow.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

A few days ago while Mrs. Elizabeth
Guthrie, of Wellington, Sumner county
was standing on the platform of twelve
foot cistern, it gave way and she fell
simultaneously with the fall, the walls
caved in, and she was buried with hel
mouth just above water level. Assist
ance was at hand and she was rescued
with no little difficulty from living
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

Psalm singing will be resumed at the
White House next Sunday evening
Cincinnati Enquirer, Dem.)
What kind of singing" would the En-
quirer substitute? Would it prefer n re
frain of I'VE won't (hic) go home til
mornin'," or Molly, Put the Kettle On
or Calico Charley" 1t may be the En-
quirer only mentioned the fact to com
mend it, and not to sheer, but, in any
case, we remind it that whether a man i
president or the occupant of a due-ou
his Sunday evenings" belong to himself
-Inter-Ocean.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

The most impudent thing we ever
heard of Is Sam Wood, who is not a
voter here, undertaking to run the poll
tics of Lyon county. He thinks the
people here havn't sense enough to look
out for themselves. Let us give him a
rebuke that will learn him something.
He is the only man in the state that has
the cheek to go INTO county where he Is
not voter, for the purpose of attempt
ing to control its local politics. Set him
afioat.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

The twelfth annual meeting of the
Kansas Academy of Science will be held
at Topeka, Thursday and Friday, No
vember 9th and eth, 1879. Numerous
papers on scientific subjects will be pre-
sented. A full attendance of the friends
of science is requested.
B. F. NUDGE, President.
E. A. PoPENHoE, Secretary.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31
Admin,stratorIs FinaI Settlement.

Notice Is hereby given that the undersign-
ed, Administrative of the estate Of W sfSon
GrinneIl deceased, will make final settlement
an Saturday, November - 1873, At O'Clock D.
m at the Office of the probate court, in Empo,
ria, Kansas. &. a. GRINNELL.
W43t4 Administrators.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31
Notice.

EMPoRIA, Kans.. Oct. IS 1879.
Notice is hereby given that the following
described school land. situated in L3 on coun-
", Kansas, will be offered for sale at public
auction at my Office in the court house, in En-
poria on Saturday. the 8th day OF November,
1873; said sale to be open for bids from 10
oSeI m IN 0sclncE o.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

The Pueblo Chieflain says that three
OF the Las Vegas express robbers have
been captured. Two ofthem are brothers,
named Stokes. The names of the others
we have not learned. The evidence
against all three is said TO be conclusive.
Commonwealth.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

TIMBER.-Partiesh having timbertracts
of from ten TO sixty acres may find
customer by calling on US at once.
y40tf SToTLER & GRAHAM.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

Put no confidence in any statement
made by irresponsible, lying secret
circulars, gotten out on the eve of cleo
ton, by set of desperate political hacks.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31
DISCONTINUED.
Oxford, Sumner county.

POSTMASTERS APPOINTED.
Clear Dale, Summer county, Mrs Mar
garet Loid. Clinton, Douglas county,
Merton A. Payne. Fort Larned, Paw
nee county, Claude Clerc. Greenbush,
Crawford county, John Nicolas Lane,
Franklin county, L. Hendrickson. Nil,
waukee, Stafford county, w. X. p. Dow
Mineral Point, Anderson county, John
Rizer.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31
POSTAL AFFAIRS.

Post Office changes in Kansas during
the week ending Oct %, 1879; furnish
ed by VIM. Van Week, of the post office
department.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31
ESTABLISHED

Achilles, Rawlins county, Armstead
w. Morris, p. N; Perth, RawlIns coun-
ty, Lorenz Demmer, T. NJ; Vertner
Rocks county, Vertner j. Magown, Jr
p NJ
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31
CLEANS Of HUMOR.

At forty eight she at length did mate,
And her spinster life did sever.
The day she wed, to herself she said
"It'S better late than never"
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

nd consequently that has added very largely TO GU
to offer the best grades of prints for cents, and
for six cents he fOun outside Of the largest
bleached and unbleached, before the advance, and
age Our entire stock been still farther reduced
three weeks to have grand clearing out sale.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

E. A. PopENHoE, Secretary.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1879-10-31

One year has passed since opened our store in
to the post Office Onr trade was very small at the
qGanted our custom has been gradually increasing.
ing new patrons, until our trade mas become eDorm
add to very large stock OF boots and shoes and
The New York herald., 1879-09-28
THE TURF.

THE TURF.
L1ATR GROUND
Il UNION AND MIDDLEsEx COUNTIES MUTUAL
AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION. PLAINFIELD, N. j.
TUESDAY OCTOBER T.
Purse 500. for sl class: open to all
THURSDAY. OCTOBER o.
Purse $500, for double open To- all.
Purse $780, for single horses free for all class open
to all
Purse SIS for PAGERS: open TO all. r
The above purses divided into three moneys entrance
fee 10 horse the Held shall only
be entitled to first National Association rules 70
Entries TO close Tuesday, Septem 80 r. NJ,
Mansion House. Plainhed, N. j. 'nrrt .ff So
Address
JAMES s. vOSSELLER,
Secretary.
Plainheld N. j.
The New York herald., 1879-09-28

OF n TO$ 900 INVESTED IN WALL STREET STOCKS
s)lUmakes fortunes every MONTH send for pamphlet
explaining everything. SIMPSON 90, 40 Exchange
place Now YORK.
OO1 WEST 43D sT-sPIRITUAL CIRCLES MON.
OZldays and thursdays; evenings and sittings; mag.
netic treatment, 25c. 81.
The New York herald., 1879-09-28

ADVICE FREE.-DR WHITEHEAD. PROFESSOR OF
AMidwifery, 2ij East 4jth st near Sd av
WORD TO TIE AFFLICTED. DISEASE IN
tchcr sex promptly cured: poor iiberay considered,
Dr. CAN PBkLL, 40 wcs llth ST., corner 9th sw sun
days ~ IL
The Cincinnati daily star. [volume] ([Cincinnati, Ohio]) 1875-1880, 1879-12-13
Police Court.

According to orders from the Police Com.
missioners the following parties were ar.
rested last night, charged with giving the.
atrical performances without license:
John Stewart. No. 1876 West Sixth street
VIM. Davis, No. .15l Longworth street;
John Ryan, No. 297 West Fifth street;
John Guhman, No. 400 Vine street; Sig.
mund Gabriel, OF the Eldorado; Edward
Green, of the Belle Union; Thos. Snelbaker
OF the Vine-street Opera-house.. s
The cases.were called up before Judge
Fitzgerald this morning. and all continued
until next Tuesday except the case of Smell.
baker. He failed to put in ait appearance
and his bail of $25 was forfeited. A capias
was issued for Snelbaker. About 10 O'Clock
Snelbaker appeared in Court, when the
case was opened up and continued until
next Tuesday along with the Others
oJOhn c. Hays, for disnrderly conduct,
was sentenced to $1,000. His father had
testified that JOHN got drunk continually.
and that he could do nothing with him.
Wallace Davis was fined $25 and costs for
carrying concealed weapons. e$G,
The Cincinnati daily star. [volume] ([Cincinnati, Ohio]) 1875-1880, 1879-12-13
KENTUCK KNlCKKNACKS.
Choice Currents Collected In the Corn.
cracker Commonwealth.

Specials to the Star.
HARRoDsBURa, Dec. 13.-A man by the
name of Cox, residing near Nevada, in this
County came to town. purchased some
strychnine returned home and took it and
died from the effects of it the same night.
SOMERSET, Dec. 13-Thursday evening q
little Scotch boy, about thirteen years Of
age, named James McKechnie, arrived
from Paisley, Scotland, having made the
trip from Glasgow in thirteen days and
came all the way alone.
STANFORD, Dec. 13.-Three years ago the
wife of Crit. Surber, of Pulaski County, was
murdered, and three of the husbands sis.
ters were arrested, tried for the murder
and acquitted, though they were popularly
believed to be guilty. Two of the sisters
are now in the Lunatic Asylum at Lexing
ton.
VERSAILLES, Dec. 13-Gen. Abe Buford
the veteran turfman, met with very pain
full accident last Wednesday, his.right foot
being severely crushed by being stepped
upon by his celebrated racer; Gen. Pike, 9
81, 900 horse.
N1cHoLAsvILLE, Dec. ia man named
Walters, of this County. was taken from
his house and severely whipped last night
by party of masked men. Walters has q
bad reputation. ........ .....
BRADFORD, Dec. 13.-Andy Lundigan,
while hauling walnut logs near here yes
terday. had his team to run off with him
the loaded wagon passing over his head
killing him almost instantly. He leaves 6
family.
MOUNT STERLING, Dec. 13.-Jim johnson
and John Duuthitt, two negroes convicted
of petit larceny, who were serving out a
sentence of thirty days each, at hard labor,
made their escape yesterday. H
The Cincinnati daily star. [volume] ([Cincinnati, Ohio]) 1875-1880, 1879-12-13

5s.4n-AcFarland Va City.
S.<g-Cunningham w stadler.
E636lS-Boehm vs. WilliamS.
4o-Cunlingham va Stadler.
SUPERIOR. F
Before Judge Harmon.
Before Judge Forakef
%.4sT-Newberg. Stein, Lauer & Co. vs. Lieber.
a4SS-Gottleib & Mayer vs. Same.
N,496-Mendefs0n q Co vs. Same.
81, 3,6SS-Beddeu W.. American Missionary Asso-
citation ct al
Before Judge Force
S2,98S-Kahley W. RothfuS
S,H7.McClintic et 81. vs.. Charter Oak Life In
surance Company.
33.541-Gebhart vs. The City.
. A,923-Ruhl vs.. Hauss
roncE -
Drunk-Harry Kimball, bail forfeited
Henry Miller, VIM. Frankfort, B. Collville,
,&; 8. Redmond, IS; VIM. Justice, 5000,
suspended; Thomas Conners, 80 days.
Disorderly Conduct-John. C. Hays, $50
and 80 days
Assault and Battery-George Thomas,
Charles Thomas, So, remitted; Kate Nc
Donald, continued; George Huston, $40 and
costs
Miscellaneous-Joseph Lindeman, abus-
ing family. dismissed; Charles Gales, VIM.
Price. petit larceny, dismissed; Charles
Henry, same, continued; Ed. Green, J. J.
Riley Mark Burns, keeping place, &c, con-
tinued; Willis Jones; gaming devices,
continued; Thomas Snelbaker, VIM. Davis,
John Ryan, Sigmund Gabriel. John Cub
man. <. w. Green, John Stewart, giving
performance without license. continued; ;
Wallace Davis, carrying concealed weapons,
$25.
The Cincinnati daily star. [volume] ([Cincinnati, Ohio]) 1875-1880, 1879-12-13

1t you want to tickle man out Of his
boots 80 to Wilson Bros. 90 and IA Yves.
Fourth street. and buy him a half do.sn
shirts. Every bosom Of those shirts will
swell with gratitude toward you when he
puts them on. u
The Cincinnati daily star. [volume] ([Cincinnati, Ohio]) 1875-1880, 1879-12-13

L. F. Wehrman & Son, at II and 10 West
Fifth street. have some of the most hand.
some furniture goods on exhibition which
we have seen. Camp chairs, easy chairs,
fancy rocking chairs. music cabinets,
bouquet stands, pedestals, easels bIackine
cases, foot rests of beautiful design and
elegant finish, which, for holiday presents,
can not be surpassed, combining useful.
ne~ with ornamentation. Parlor, library,
chamber and dining-room suits in great
variety meet the eye. A visit to the es.
tablishment and examination of the goods
will be pleasant and profitable to all. '
The Cincinnati daily star. [volume] ([Cincinnati, Ohio]) 1875-1880, 1879-12-13

A driver of one of our wagons was cured
Of frozen ears by using st. Jacobs Oil; we
have also observed the happiest results
from this remedy in cases of neuralgia.
~, ROSTER & bal,
Tribune Building, New York.
The Cincinnati daily star. [volume] ([Cincinnati, Ohio]) 1875-1880, 1879-12-13

The Ladies Aid Society Of St Paups
Episcopal Church are getting mp boxes of
provision and clothing to be- sent 10 the In.
terror Of The State to alleviate the wants of
the destitute so numerous In. that section.
Ladies charitably disposed, hand there are
numbers Of such in our midst, should assist
the good ladies at St Paul's Chufch In this
noble act Donations OF the articles, named
The Cincinnati daily star. [volume] ([Cincinnati, Ohio]) 1875-1880, 1879-12-13
Died.

JOYCE-Saturday December 18th, 1879, Nfrs.
Elizabeth, wife Of John Joyce, aged sixty years.
Funeral from residence, Harrison Pike, Monday
morning. High Mass at st. Bonaventura Church
at 9 o clock.
Friends invited to attend.
The Cincinnati daily star. [volume] ([Cincinnati, Ohio]) 1875-1880, 1879-12-13
? vEGETINE.
"''vEGETINE,"'.

=
saysa Boston physician, "has no equal Is blssa
puIiner, Hearing Of It's many wonderful ca.o
Laboratory, and convinced myself Of lis genuino
merit 1t is prepared from barkS roots and herla
each Of which Is highly effective. and they aD
compounded in such manner al 10 prOdu00
tonishinS results"
svEcETINE gs9
Iszthe great Blood Purifier
vEcETINE H
win cure the worst case Of scrofula
vEcETINE rl
recommended by physicians and sposhecada
VEcETfNE
Has effected some marvellous cures in casaa
Cancer. .s.
vEcETINE
Cures the worst cases OF Canker. .I
VEcETINE
Meets with wonderful success in Mercuna a.
vEcETINE
VIII eradicate Salt Rheum from the system.
vEcETiNE
Removes Pimples and Humon from the faoa
vEcEfINE
Cures Constipation and regulates the boweia
vEcETlNE
Is a valuable remedy for Headache
vEcETlNE
VIII cure Dyspepsia
yEcETiNE
Restores the entire system to q healthy oosNlisa.
vEcETlNE
Removes the cause Of Dizziness. .-
vEcETlNE
Relieves faintness at the Stomach.
,vEcETlNE
Cures Pains in the Back.
" VEGETINE
Efectually cures Kidney Complaint
,VEGETINE .F
Is effective in the cure of Female Weakness
.vEGETINE
Is the great remedy for General Debility.
VEGETINE
Is acknowledged by all classes Of people to BE- H.
best and most reliable blood purifier in d
world.
v { G { 7 | N. {
II. r. STEVE; ms,
Boston, Mass.
Vegetine is Sold by all Druggists.
myls-3tM.w
HOLIDAY GOODS.
The Cincinnati daily star. [volume] ([Cincinnati, Ohio]) 1875-1880, 1879-12-13
Sporting Notes.
FIFTY NILE CHALLENGE.

FIFTY MILE CHALLENGE.
NEW YORK, Dec. 13.-Dr. L. G. Thomas,
hacker Of W. E. Harding the ex-champion
fifty,mile pedestrian. issues challenge Of
fering to match Harding to walk any man
in America, Halker or Toole preferred, fifty
miles for $3.50 to $500 side.
TO SHOOT SIX AMERICANS.
The latest advices from London state that
DR.. Henry Halford is making arrangements
for an international rifle match in which
he is to select six of the best rihemen in
Great Britain to shoot against the same
number of Americans for five hundred
pounds and the championship trophy.
The Vancouver independent. (Vancouver, W.T. [Wash.]) 1875-1910, 1879-01-02

l. Any person who takes paper regularly
from the post-Office, whether directed In his
name or another's or whether he has sub
ocrlbcd or n0t-is responsible for payment.
4 II person orders his paper discontinued,
he must pay oil arrears, OF the publisher may
continue to send 1t until payment is made, and
then collect the whole amount, whether the
papcr is taken from the Office or not.
& The courts have decided that refusing to
take newspapers and periodicals from the post,
ollcc, or removing and leaving them uncalled
Tor, IL prima facia evidence of intentional
fraud.