davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1879-08-30
Ford's Opera House, Fatinitza."

The Juvenile opera season will close with the
performance this evening, matinee will be given
this afternoon when the lutle artists will sing In
"Fatinitza."
National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1879-08-30

THE only question at stake in Ohio now
relates to the bigness of Fosters majority.
National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1879-08-30

THE Cincinnati Gazette of the 2Sth in
slant (SHERMANs Western organ) prints an
interview with General w. NJ. GIBSON, the
distinguished soldier and orator who nomi-
mated Mr.. FOSTER in the recent Republican
Convention in Ohio. In regard to the Presi-
dental prospects the correspondent asks
Correspondent-Who is your choiceifor Pres
ideut2
General GIBsoN-Could name the next
President of the United States General GRANT
would be the man, and next to him 1 should
select BLAINE. GRANT is the greatest living
American and the most llustrious man of the
age. The name Of BLAINE would also arouse
the enthusiasm Of our people,
Cor.-Then you do not favor the SHERMAN
boom ?"
Gen. GiBsoN--Mr. SHERMAN, with all his
great services and ability, is not popular with
the masses. He would adorn the office; but.
as candidate don't think ho would be
strong. We must nominate to win. II wise,
we shall defeat the Democrats In $780,
This opinion was given by the Ohio Gem
eral since General GRANT declined.
National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1879-08-30

"WEarc interested" remarks Representa-
tive HERNDoN, of Alabama, speaking for the
South, Z" in getting the Constitution enforced
"as interpreted by our statesmen before
"the war" That is to say, they are deter
mined now as they were eighteen years ago
to abolish the Nation as represented by the
General Government, and set up thirty eight
insignificant State independencies in its
stead. But Mr.. HERNDoN will find out be-
fore long that we, meaning the loyalists
of the entire country, are also interested in
getting the Constitution enforced as inter-
preted by our statesmen before and during
the war. Among those statesmen were
ABRAHAM LINCOLN the Coercionist, BEN
WADE, the Abolitonist, STEPHEN A. DoUG-
LASS, the Unionist, and hosts of intrepid
loyalists who knew the difference between
legitimate State Sovereignty and illegiti-
mate States Rights
National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1879-08-30
AMUsEMENTS. A
49, - -
okD'S OPERA HOUSE.
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1870.

FokDs OPERA HOUSE
MONDAY. SEPTEMBER /, is7O.
F'0'HS'S" ,SS EeE ?%2 PRSs''
and Edward Spencer entitled
E1LBCIRIC LIGHT
With New scenery by Schaeffer n Slemmer; Costumes
Mira CAROLINE RICHINGs.BERNARD
The Famous Prima Donna of English Opera Mr. Jos.
4. Greensieder. the Favorto Basso; Miss Annie Roe
r the e Wo RedMn $ EGmh M "
Famous Young Lyric Tenor; Mr.. Stuart Harold, the
Popular Baritone.
CAST OF CHARACTERS
Cyntsns Steep % Mira Caroline Richinss. BERNARD
Mnne Annie Annie bo moemeI
walter Bedson .............. Edwin " Hon
ltarry ,..Stuart hnIolu
"
Chairman II de La Rentrie
ShoWp1Gin Slnco 1iI ''"'';& & H9691t II Ss yanGs
Members OF tho Sewing Circle and Decorative Art
Society, Politicians, Grangers, Policemen,
Telegraph Messenger Boys &c.
Act s scsnsThS sn,l Residence Of Cot; cGs10 Clay
ss @SbSlaion st aOa 8gricalSa Fair f Xct q seene %
Col s eep's Mansion on Firth Avenue, NJ
Admission ....... ........,.......~. 80 or 25 cents
Reserved Seats can he secured nj Drews Drug Store
Without Extra Charge.
MATINEEs WEDNESDAY AND SATURDAY.
SEPTEMBER s--H. NJ. S. PlNAFoRE-
FoRDs. ' MATINEE FArlNiTzA'
TODAY AT . TONIGHT AT
LADIES AND CHILDREN 25 CENTS.
| RESERVED SEATS, 80 CENTS.
ToNIoHT LAST TIME OF FATINrTzA.
MoiNpAYmNEw AMERlcAM CM CoMIc OPERA,
| ROI.INE RlCHlNGS BERNARD
And Other Distinguished Artists In the Cast.
This charming Comic Opera, crowded with deli
cious music and rolicling fun VIII he given on Mon
day night and during next week by another Opera
| Company under the same home management.
AN UNPRECEDENTED EVENT IN AMUsE.
MENTS.
ADMISSION, 90 OR rs CENTS.
NO extra charge for seats reserved during the day
| at Drews drug store, corner Ninth street and Penn
| sylvanla avenue. auSo
| GUNNER THEATRE CoMlQUE.
Monday, august 81, Nightly and Tuesday and Friday
| MdtinCes.
First appearance OF the Daring Aerial Artist,
| NICOLO.
The Great Irish Vocnlistss and Dancers Con and
| Farrell the Great Mimic, Charles a. Grear; the Best
| Change Artist Minnie Farrell. Last week of the
| Daytons, Charles a. LOder and May Antonio. Jake
| Budd this week In High Jack the Heeer" The
Great Stock Company In n Grand Olo, cOncludlnl
| with the Great Afterpiece. "Eh What is ~"
| IT'D a R-N HI-P1S
National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1879-08-30

THE story goes that Boss KELLY will be
satisfied with the nomination of CLARKsoN
n. POTTER by the New York Democrats,
though why he should we fail to under
stand If the Boss had been reader of
The NATIONAL REPUBLIcANin in the past he
would have known nearly two years ago-for
we then announced it as q fact-when the
POTTER Investigating Committee was
organized, that TILDEN promised this nom-
nation to POTTER, 1t is really none of our
business; but we cannot see any differ
ence under the circumstances between
POTTER and ROBINSON, viewing them both
from the anti-TILDEN or Tammany stand
point. Either one of them would, as Gov
prnor, simply represent TILDEN and be-
come plant tool in the scheme for the
denomination of the Cipher Ogre.
National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1879-08-30

WASHINGTON, AUGUST 80, 1879.
National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1879-08-30

THE rebels fought to enforce their con-
struction of the Constitution as regards the
question of State Rights They now claim
that no change has been made in that in
strument whereby that question has been
settled against them or adversely to their
construction of it. And although they
sometimes admit that the war settled
secession, they still maintain that the con-
stitutional right of q State to secede re-
mains unimpaired. This attitude, it will
be admitted, is not altogether consistent,
for it is apparent that they do not believe
in reality that the war settled anything.
National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1879-08-30

Largest Legitimate Morning CIR
cuIdtion in the District.
National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1879-08-30

communications for publication should be brig,
plainly Wrien, and only upon one side Of the paper
Whon anonymous heypW be ncithcrrcdd nor returned.
Rejected manuscripts tviR not be preserved nor returned.
, 1879-05-18

early and declining afterwards closing aoou1 aae
same az On Friday evening. The receipts s1 Were
LIBERAL and more outs nut IN store tne sn.R ~
Dino demand tor mixed samples having Ial'en MI NJ,
and track lots were quoted about Hc lower: dae
trading in futures was chiefly in June. Whlcn opcn
ed ut 27sc sold to 27$se gnd eosca a u cIosed at
a7ssc. Cash No 2 oats sod at CSC, which saa we
the quotation for May. Cash sales we're repo1teo
Of s. 100 bu No. Ut CSC; i, 200 bu BY sample, Re.
iected, at 30c; II, GOO bn mo. = at ~ aD29c'
j. 200 bu white at 30KGD32c, all on track; and 80,
500 bu mo. q ut 2SO291sc; and 35, 400 bu whlts'
mostly TO arrive, at. .29@32hc, all free on board
TotaL 04, 500.
RYE-WaB in good demand and A@Hc h'enes,
but the sales were light, few sellers being On TUG
floor The stock has been reduced to q low neuEc.
the shipments last week being 80, 000 bu IN excess
OF receipts. Seller the month Was saable at o!c,
and June ut 5l5ic. CARROTS of No. sold at ol&c.
Cash sales were reported OF ?, 600 bn No: as
5l4c: 400 bu by sample at 5ec on track; ana + ooo
bu at 5214153c free On board. Total, z, :00 ou.
BARLEY-Was very quiet, most grades oe1nF
nominal. 4 few country orders were filled WIN
sample lots; otherwise there no inquiry. Local
consumers it IL said, have all the barley they VIII
need to carry them through the season. Whlch 10
nearly over and the outside orders are few and small.
No. 9 was held at 64G165c; and extra ut 50a1o2c,
with sale Of A.. D. 8 Co. s at 52c. No.. s Was
dull at 4O042c. Cash sales were reported Of 4uo
bu No. at SIC; 400 bu extra at SIC; 200 bu
by sample at 10000 On track. Total, 3,0oo ou-
81 '-- 80 LATER. -'
In the afternoon wheat sold at 98h@o8sc for
June closing st oS15c. -. -
, 1879-05-18
MARINE. NEWS.
A SPECK OF MAR.

A SPECk OF w Ak.,
There was little trouble on board the bark
Acorn last evening about 6:30 o'clock. Capt.
Muir shipped several Union scau1en about noon'
aud towards evening they notified him that they
would not sign articles because non Union, Or
so-ealled scab," was employed as seaman or
SECOND mate. The Union men demanded pay
for their. services Of half q day, which the
Captain refused to give them, aud or
dertd them oil the. vessel. They declined
to 20, and crowd OF sailors and others
eoou collected around the craft, which was
living at the coai-dock, near the Airline Ele-
yator, foot Of North Market street. The Cap
tam sent for police officers, and two OF them
went across the river in a tug, alld when they
cluupcred up the stnrboard side OF the bark the
sailors left tile deck and got over on to another
vessel lying alongside The Acorn was then
towed down the river. to the north pier,
with the Captain and two mates only on board,
and the crowd oI sailors, including Union men,
dispersed. The policemen returned to their re-
spectlye beats. 1t will be remembered tlat tie
Acorn was the vessel which Union seanlcn were
occused Of boring an augur-holc In for the
allep cd purpose OF sinking her. during the re-
cent sailors' wages war, and which was stated to
be false by tile Seamcn's Union officers.
, 1879-05-18
Let There Be Brfd1e- Paths
in fhk EfIffnr of The Tffhu1t6. :.


CH1cAuo,. May 17.-Cannot the subject Of proper
accommodations for the people ffcquenting the
South PARK On horseback De agitatcd:
There should pe nice soft bridle-paths, not only
alongside the boulevard to the park. but also IN
the park, ,-brld1e- paths where four to six horses
could 60 abreast This cal be done with but little
expense compared to the building of roadway
A. good stretch for brid1e-path would be
straight across the lawn from the and-house, in
q. southeast direction, to the lighthouses, say
twenty feet in width. ::
Our word for 1t there can be seen. from twenty
five TO 100 ladies' and gentlemen any pleasant even
ing after such road Is completed.
Central Park abounds in briole- paths. The mum
bcr OF persons on horseback, as compared to fast
horse drivers, they are seen any pleasant even
ing ut the park, is ns two to one. - :.
The Park Commissioners should know this, that
to ride over the present roads ata sharp pace is
teariuly uncomfortable IT, the rider and ruinous
to the horse. There Is q vast difference between
horse travelling rapidly with l25 to 200 pounds on
his back, and being hitched to a light buggy.
Tho road that will suit one is totally unit for the
other. 'i,~ =
Parties who hare visited the ''Row " in London,
with its horsemcn and horsewomen, describe It az
one Of the most animated sights In Europe
kise up, Messrs. Par:1 Commissioners, and say
why cannot We have these roads, of ct which an
vehicles shall be Kept. PAROLE"
, 1879-05-18

Sfnce Hou.
/,
1878.
.Arffcles.
Ttek eBd-ESInce Mop.
IN .1ffIU Is l..
The Cincinnati Price Current says: 1.-THE pro-
vision market haa imnrnYed matcriallY since week

The Cincinnati Price Current says: t'Thc pro-
vision market has improved materially since week
a marked increase in the demand from southern
consuming districts. This has not been confined
to spot transactions, but liberal purchases haFe
been made for July, and trading would have been
laree for July and August but for the hrmness OF
holders at extreme igares The advanced prices
for cotton, and the present method OF dealing n
futures encourage Southern dealers to more freely
advance supplies to planters, as they are enabled
to contract for the sale OF the crop to be grown 9
prices which give assurance OF security FOR tce aa,
vance, For ths me DC
PROVISIONS than for some years past. At the pres
cnt time the distributing points in the sonth are
but scanty supplied with stocks so iar "a ieglti-
provemcnt in the markets. But manipulation hy
strong parties may wholly overcome the natural
tendency OF events"
closed l5c above the latest prices OF Friday Sales
were reported of g. 600 brls seller June at So. 900
8. 70; and l6 0oO brs seller August at 50 -071sqo
9. s2M. Total. 9, goo brls; The market eloeed 5 ed
firm at 50. G7s09. 10 for cash seller May, So 10
90. TEX for June and 50. 5000. S2h for July.
August was nominal at 10c above July. Old pork
was held at So 90. Prime mess pork was nominal
at IS. 7500. 90. and extr1 prime at 81. 1908 U0.
LAnD-Declincd 2116a5c per leo 1bs. but closed
the same as Friday afternoon. Sales were report
cd of 500 tcs spot at S.. l,; 500 tcs seller June
At Ss 9 tcs seller 9aly 9a ., ats8 a.H
10 ESQ tcs. The ,malket closed steady ut ~. y
6sG. 221z for July; and ST. 25@0. a7M seller Au-
gust
MEATS We're less active and shade easier on
short riba with little change otherwise. The trad
ing was chiefly in local futures. Sales were re-
ported Of ECO boxes shoulde1s at 81 S.. 65M; Soo:
81. T0G24. - seilert July; and SAsoG4. s!4 los
August: 100 tcs sssweet-plckled hams Us ibs)
cut hams at SC spot. The following were tue
closing prices on the leading cuts:
, 1879-05-18

Grain frc,ghts were dull and weak. Carriers
asked Sc for corn to Buffalo, and 2Lc was the
highest bid spoken Of. The decline in rail
fretghts was the cause Of the dul1ness: The prop
Idaho was reported for 10000 bu corn through
to Boston at 1o,, and the prop Antelope for
220CO bu corn to Buffalo on owners account.
Tie echr Nellie Wilder for 10000 bu corn to
Kingston, aud the prop Commodore Friday
night for $4,000 bu corn through to New Ell
gland. ....... -
The demand for lumber vessels was good yes
tertav. and could be but partly supplied. Capa-
city was wanted for Ford River and Menominee,
and could not be furnished. -. -.
The following charters were reported during
the day ut the Lumber Vessel Owners Associa-
ton headquarters: schr L. B. Shepard, iutnner ne1
from Ludngton to Chicago, nt S1.37}9 Der LOCO
fect; schr BERTHE Calkius,. lumber from Ford
River, sl.37114; schr Clara lumber from Ludtng.
Ford River, sl:37111l; schr Lena Johnso95 dry
Lumber from Traverse Ci'y, S1.37319; schr An
ME Toutne, lumber from SaueatucE. 51.25;
schr Coaster, lumber from ,Saugaruck, Sl25;
schr Louise 4. Burton, lumber from Manistee; t.,
Sl.50: scl,r Jessie Phillips, shingles frum Red
River, 16119c per l,000. 49,.
, 1879-05-18
Progression or RetroEression.
tn the Edffor 1f The Tribune ID.

=; CH1cAso. May 15.-1Arc we advancing towards
perfect civilization, such as the believers in
millenium so enthusiastically describe, or are We
rctrozrading towards the baEbarisu from which VIC
sprung?
: The great philosophers and sages OF our Gu
1ightencd aye aver the former in strong and en-
phntic anguace; yet fact, and what is SO conyuc-,
ing what so logical IS simple fact, seems to con-
tradct them. >-.
; The nineteenth century is IN age OF wonders.
Marvellous inventions have sprung into life from
the mighty bruins Of genius; .Btcam moving every
species OF craft from the saucy tug our rivers to
the majestic ship riding the ocean wnve. Then
VIC have the magic telegraph, whose whispers cir
cles the world. :.
Every branch Of industry has had its wonderful
improvemen1s,-ateam acting like 9 living power
In machinery The agricultural implements now
in use would surprise aud puzzle our slow-goipg:
ancestors. Could Dcnjamin franklin walk into
one Of our great newspaper printing-rooms to-day
aud watch the workings OF Bullock press, he would
he could bring himself to believe the scene an un-
enchanted one, and TINT the mamm 9TH iron monster
moving with lghtnne:li rapid'ty. and alone 90
ing tile work Of an army Ut men. W1s the 1ntell1-
gent offspring OF his crude hand-ureRs..
Esiiaon's long. array OF inventions ID truly won,
derful many Of them being yet in their infancy.
and susceptible OF marvellous growth: Certainly:
We ase better housed. better clothed. better man
s,ered, and the masses better educated, as the
Viii Increasing wealth comes desire for dis
ntay. Ma.niicent buildjngs grace our Cities and
henu,ifnl honses onr guDurbg. Refinement and
rne has chance to become. less Ignorant, more
enlightened. =. ;
Nc lave shining lights in literature, the arts
mannfactnre
In ,i,l,r III :ll this immortality is more common
nov t:,an ever before
rhe ca arniya] Of crime extends over the world.
Every couatry fee]a yanue unrest that becomes
*mote uulpabl. with each euccecding day
:. goyernmcnts seem hclnlcss to STAY the eyer-in-
crensng strength anu swelling numbers OF the law
less. -
Legislators are SO inactive that 1t would seem they
, 1879-05-18
More Activity in Governments
- ---Foreign- Exchange''
=. Moakarr ,~-:
Cook County S Per Gents Sold Out
Chicago Discouuts-Stoeks
Rising; Il.
The Produce Markets LESS Active--Wheat
1rregularly Lower-corn Steady -:
Oats Easier.
Provisions Quiet movement
OF Produce During the -.
Week.


Business In Governments WIS more active
thsn it has been, but dealers report that their
sales would be greatly increased if they could
and would make concessions on the price.
Quotations remained at the figures Of the day
before. The Is OF 1851 are 1001 bid and 10iA
asked. the IS are 1031k bid and 104 asked, the
46s 107A bid and 1915 asked, and the Is 102334
bid aud 103N asked. >.... g.
Foreign exchange was quiet. The Chicago
supply Of bills has not been increased to any.
great extent by the outward movement, show
ing that the shipments are made to New York,
and not abroad. In Chicago sterling grain bills
were 4S5A for 6o-day bills and 4SGA for sight,
and French we're strong at 52o@5l676 for 6o-day
bills. The actue! Chicago rates Tor sterling
were 4s7 and 4Sss<: In New York the actual
rates were the same as in Chicago. The posted
rates for sterling were 4SS and 46919. French
bankers bills were 526H and 513N. -
.Consols were IS 1l-16.
The large shipments OF grain to New York
are causing the repayment Of many heavy Board
OF Trade loans negotiated before May !. The
tendency Of the local loan market is therefore
toward greater ease. Rates are 6@7 per cent
for call loans, and 7@S per cent for time loans,
with some call transactions at per cent, and
some small :ime loans at s@l0 per cent The
supply Of New York exchange is greater. Cur
rency shipments to the country were more
active on Saturday than the previous days Of
the week -.
Chicago bank clearings for the week are re-
ported as follows BY Manager D. r Hale, Of the
, 1879-05-18
MOODY, THE EVANGELIST.


NEW YORK, May 17.-Many efforts have been
made during, a few months past to induce MI
Moody to take charge OF permanent religious
charge IN this city,: a number Of prominent
mud wealthy citizens have interested themselves
in the movement and are ready to guarauteeits
fnantial SUCCESS. The idea is to secure Cooper,
Union Hail as the central point and to establish
around It q quadrilntcral Of four service ha!'s.
two in the lower and two in the upper part % o.
the city. When ,Mr. Moody was 1ecen!l!'
this fal1. BE said, however, that he
had decided to labor In St. Louis next winter.
The following year it is expected to secure hi na
for New York, and to keep him here a. x. VIC
head OF a large company OF revival WotaKsT sras
financially independent OF the churches. ins
movement is purely lay one. Merchants ana .qa
other business men expect much interest 10 LUG
project, and are ready 70 help sustain 1t. = wv
, 1879-05-18
:. Notre Damo University.

CH1cAeo. May 17.-Thcre are many claims iuss
now pressing On public attention, and some over.
zealons people are pushing up too much the 10
called University Of .Notre Dame What arg lts
succta. claims on the public! 1thas been in exist
ence forty years. yet literature or oratory i silens
about the claims OF one single scholar It produced
or one book that ever came forth under its patron
age. A.. University no scholar knows 1t; til
CLAIMS as school for teaching ultsamontans doc.
triues Is certainly well founded. I wonder will
thev solicit from those OF other or no denomina.
lions subscriptions to replace the large image ot
the Virgin Mary which was heretofore 80 conspt-
nous ant so useless: Its claims for practical eda.
Of our distinguished medical men, how many me.
; clanics how many engiueeru-fn short, how many
useful members Of socaety-has It turned out IL
il il curious fact that in Catholic France thu.
opinion Is nearly universal that the old echool,
that the prefix 10 i name Rev. does not make the
holder respectable, or his opinions wiser than
otucrs Ol his fellows. any more than here The Hon.
William Tweed, the uou- George Won Hollen, or the
Hon. Charles Angel can give them title to ths
least problty or respect The defenders OF the
ancient Faith, most extraordinary TO sts.e. Tor
the past twelve years have bcen those educated In
oiher churches and beliefs. and have been con-
ycrted = the chief writers in magazines and books
on the Continent In defense OF Uliramontsnism
for the time named have hitherto been Protest..
Take for example the French Institute. Bow
many protesting tho faith ot their fathers have
been elected the past ten yea1s! Recol1ect those
arc the creme de 10 creme OF French literary So
cIety. The real friends of Notre Dame may be
succcasfnt with the ignorant, but uienlightened
people will strive TO get value for their money
, 1879-05-18
A Protest from the North Side.
1,n fha Editor Of I,he ITih1tne.

Cu1caoo. May l7.-TteEe are but few. cities
where public pasks are located to suit theconven-
ieuse of its inhabitants as In Chicago. TheS South
and West Divisions have their, grand systems Of
parks, and tha North Division haa Lincoln Park,
which is the oldest and nearest, not only to the,
residents Of that division. but to the business por
tions and hotels OF tho whole city, and is easilY
accessible by numerous streets, BY horse railway,
and By inc driveway along the lake shore. i.
This driveway, up to the present time,s has co1t
$50. 900, derived from special assessment and
taxation OF the people Of North Chicago: =; :;
Yet in the face Of this the residents OF Dearborn
avenue aud other streets propose to convert said
streets into boulevards at the expense Of the people
Of the North Division, more than nine-tenths OF
from public use Dcaroorn avenue, one OF
the most important thoroughfares on that
sde OF the river, and bring additional taxation for
its maintenance rs boulevard. Lincoln Park IS
eu1nently park Of the people, and easily reached
By street. railways, driving or afoot. II any ono
will take the tronble: To investigate the suo1ecI
who have toiIcd all the week walk quietly with
tiieir families from that portion OF the North
Division west OF Clark street into the Dark THESE
men are we'll 1-behayed- useful citizens, and need
not Dearborn avenue "a a peasure-dr1ye: neither
do they Wisn 70 be deprived OF II loT pus
poses. .....-
wcaltby citizens Of tho North Division having the:
interests OF this great city ut heart. who ieox
unon this scueme with absolute disfaroE,
who, taxing into consideration our present
financial condition, are - opposed to any
schemc that will enhance taxation. and who,
moreover, regaru the appropriation u: streets in
portant for public use ro purposes of 'iu1ury'as
Unnecessary, aud establishing a; dangerous preee-
dent. :.
The North Side differs from the other portions Of
the city in having been almost entirely deyastaedhy
the great conaagration Of 1871. To rebuild Their,
homes has cost many struggle, and addlnonat.
taxatiou would be the last straw to -'ireak the
hack OF the camel The great fault Of ta1payers
ia that they are not awake To the many schemes
that are legislated 10 put burdens upon them, for
the profit Of the few, until too late to.defe1t
them.
. rhere Is yet time to give this its quietns. but
vfofunce and nction are REQUIRED, THORNTON.