The Carbon advocate. [volume] (Lehighton, Pa.) 1872-1924, 1878-02-16


that city, and thus began the long occupa
ton of Rome by the French. Under tn
auspices of Cardinal Antonelli, Council o
State, composed partly Of clergy and partly
of laity, was organized, the Papal Govern
ment was re-established, and for a period o
ten years, the temporal power of the Pope
supported as it was by France and Austria
remained intact.
The war by France assisted by Sardinia
against Austria in 1Sj9-GO, caused genera
commotion throughout Italy. A revolution
broke out in the Roman Legations,and these
were subsequently annexed to the Kingdom
OF Sardinia. In September, 1860, the Sar.
dinian troops to the number of $4,000 enter.
ed the Papal territory, took Pesaro, Fano
Urbino, Perugia and Spoleto, defeated the
Papal and French army under General
Lamorciere, at Castie Fidardo, and finally
brought the campaign to a close by the cap
ture of Ancona on September 2Sth, when
General Lamoriciere surrendered with the
entire garrison as prisoners of war. All the
territory of the Church, with the exception
of Rome, Civita Vecchia, and one or two
places occupied by the French army, was
occupied by the Picdmontese troops.
During the succeeding four years difficult
ties arose between the French and Papal
Governments, and finally, on the 18th OF
September, 1864, the famous convention was
concluded between Italy and France, by
which the latter power agreed to fix a date
for the termination of the occupation of
Romej and promised at the end of two years
to withdraw its troops and to leave the tenn
poral power of the Pope to take care of it
self. In consideration of these concessions
Italy engaged not to attack the territory of
the Holy Father, and to protect, even by
force, every attack upon that territory from
without. This convention was followed, on
the sth of the following December, by the
celebrated Ehcyclical and Syllabus Of Errors,
which was declaration on the part of the
Papacy against the revolutionary principles
of 1889, and which took issue with, and con-
demned several of, the doctrines of modern
progress, relating to the separation of the
secular 6roh, the spiritual administration,
the liberty (sume say the iitentiousr oss) or
the press, and the equality of the laity with
the ecclesiastical authorities.
In the early part of 1866 the Pope, acting
in accord with the French Government, es-
tablished a military organization, called the
Antibis Legion, designed 10 take the place
of the Withdrawing French soldery. The
of certain Italian patriots precipi-
tated cribs and caused a prolongation of
the French occupation. In October, 1866,
Garibaldi and his men invaded the Papal
territory, repulsed the Papal troops at Monte
Rotondo ahd approached the city OF Rome,
but were defeated and routed at Montana
by the united French and Pontifical forces.
Political complications between the Papal
Government and thosc of France and Italy
continued, the Pope declaring null and void
certain laws passed by the Italian Parlia-
ment regulating ecclesiastical matters. After
the deposition of Queen Isabella of Spain
the Pope refused to hold communication
with the Ambassador of the newly constitut-
ed Spanish Government, and forbade two
Spanish bishops elected to the Cortes TO take
their seats in that body. During this period
the Pontifcal Government adopted the
French monetary system and began the
work of draining the marshes of Ostia.
The French troops remained at Rome un-
til the war between France and Germany,
when the Emperor Napoleon felt himself
compelled to withdraw them. On the goth
of August, 1870, the last detachment left the
Pontiical territory, and on the Goth of the
following month, notwithstanding the pledge
Of Victor Emanuel not to invade the Papal
territory, the Italian troops under General
Cadorna. entered Rome after a short resist
ance from the Ponthcal troops, who ceased
firing by the orders Of the Holy Father him
self From the time of the Italian occupa-
ton and annexation OF Rome, which is now
the capital of united Italy, the sovereign
PontiT lived in seclusion in the Vatican,
taking no part in the grand religious cere-
monials which formerly attracted so many
thousands of visitors to Rome, and declin-
ing to enter into any compact with the Ital-
ian Government on the basis of the guaran-
tees voted by the Parliament at Florence.
Every year since the occupation Of Rome,
the Parliament has made grant of large
sum of money to the Pope, but ne steadily
refused to touch it, and its remains intact in
the Italian treasury. He repeatedly con-
demncd the action of the Italian Govern
ment in suppressing the religious orders
and schools, and confscating their property.
On April llth, 1860, was celebrated, with
great oclat, the filtieth anniversary of the
conservation of Plus *, as Priest, and, two
months later, on the 10th of June, was cele-
brated the twenty-flth anniversary of his
accession to the Pontifcate. The first of
these events was the occasion Of offerings,
amounting to about Sl,OOO,OOO, on the part
of the faithful to their Spiritual Sovereign.
On the second occasion the Holy Father
received not only the congratulations Of his