The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1878-10-31

grounds. many of them producing:
fruit IN the greatest abundance. while
the old plants still remained as barren
as they ever were. 1t was therefore
clearly case in which insects had no.
agency one way or the other. There
was, he said, in plants two distinctive
forms of force-the vegetative and
the reprOductive-the one growing
out of and dependent on the other,
and yet, to certain extent, antago.
nistic; and that these forces had their
lines especially in the petaloid and
staminOid verticils, and this resulted
in producing some individual plants
abundantly productive Of fruit, while
others were almost or wholly barren.
This was the case with most species
of plants. The lines were never ex-
actly drawn between these forces. In
the case of the calycanthus, the
earliest individual introduced to cul-
ture happened to be the one that
favored the vegetable side, and in
which the reproductive had but little
power, and this individual, as often
happens in nurseries, had been propo-
gated from by cuttings or offsets and
widely distributed. 1t was in this di-
rectiOn that we had to look for the
explanation Of many similar expe-
riences, and rot merely to the neces-
Sity for cross fertilization.
NOTES ON THE GALL-MAKING
PLANT LoUsE.-The life history and
organic multiplication of the plant
l. lice (Aphid@) have always excited
the interests Of entomologists, and
even of anatomists and embryologists.
The life history. however, of the gall
making species belonging to the
Pemphigin@ group has baffled the
skill OF observers more than that of
any other. All Of the older writer's.
in treating of the different gall-mak-
ing PemphiginB of Europe, have
invariably failed to trace the life his
tory of the different species after the
winged females leave the gals; and,
with few exceptions, have erroneous
ly inferred that the direct issue from
the winged females hibernates some
where. In recent paper Ion the
Gall-making Plant Lice affecting the
Etc." by DR.. Kessler, of Cassel,
Germany, the author concludes, after
Il series of ingenious experiments,
that the insect hibernates on the
trunk, but he failed to discover in
what condition they so hibernate.
Professor c. V. Riley, led by his
previous investigations into the
habits of the grape Phylloxera, dis
covered in 1875 that some of our elm
feeding species of PemphiginiB pro.
duce wingless and mouthless males
and females, and that the female lays
but one solitary impregnated egg.
Continuing his observations, especially
this summer, he has been able to
trace the life history of those species
producing gals on our own elms, and
to show that they all agree in this re-
spect; and that the impregnated egg
produced by the female is consigned
to the sheltered portions of the trunk
Of the tree and these hibernates, the
issue therefrom being the stem
mother which POUNDS the gall inhab-
iting colony the ensuing spring. Thus
the analogy Of the life history Of the
Pemphigin3 and Phylloxerina is es-
tablished, and the question as to what
becomes of the winged insects after
they leave the gall is no longer an
open one. They instinctively seek
the bark Of the tree, and there give
birth to the sexual individuals, either
directly or in one species, through
intervening generations. These as
yet unpublished facts were laid be-
fore the American Association in
August, it being Professor Rllcy's
intention to publish shortly some new
biological discoveries relating to this
family of insects, in connection with
a descriptive and monographs paper
by Mr.. J. Mcneil of the St. Louis
Botanic Garden.
THE ULIKoN, OR CAUDLE FISH, OF
|ALAsKA.-The ulikon has long been
an archaeological curiosity, and has
attracted the attention of every trav.
eler who has visited the coast of Brit
ish Columbia and Southern Alaska.
1t is a small silvery fish, averaging
about fourteen inches long, and in
general appearance resembles smelt.
They are the latest of all known
fishes. and afford superior oil when
tried out. Dried, they serve as torch
es, and when light is required. it is
only necessary to touch the tail to the
fire, when they will burn with a
bright light for some time. No de.
scription can give an adequate idea Of
their numbers when ascending the
rivers from the sea. The water is
literally alive with them, and appears
TO be boiling. These fisheries have
not been utilized except by the ma.
tiyes. The most important of the
native Fisheries is on the Nasse river
near the southern boundary Of Alas
ka. The spot is named '.Kit-lak-a
laks,' and a Catholic mission was
situated there. Many tribes come t.
these fisheries, which begin about the
Goth of March. The first fish caught
is addressed as chief, and many
apologies are made to him by the in
dians for the necessity which compels
him to destroy his kindred for the
supply of their own wants. A feast
/ is given, with appropriate songs