davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27
THE ISSUE or THE DAY.
The Impotence Of "A Fraud.


Hayes. occupying the White House through
fraud has the mpudcncc to essay the dramatic role of
"Na, shake thy CORY locks ut me; thou canst not
say did IT," lie says that his friends If they ncrposcd
TO affect the electoral count in Florida did without his
authority. II this he II Is somewhat singular that
Moves who. McIan savs. lIaycss gohctWccn in the
Florida frauds Is to-day United states Minister To France
by iIayes's appointment that McLin himself NOM.
mated by HAYES 90 he United States Judge IN New McN
co. aud that Dennis oi the other conicsors. received
nm appointment in Washington through llaycss written
recommendation II further singular that in LcuisL
ana Anderson and Wells. who committed the perjury
and forgery h which the vote OF Louisiana was counted
for Hayes both have lucrative positions In the Sew Or
leans custom ous, the Collector being their mere tool
III singular that John sherman, who went down to Ncw
orleans to boss the Louisiana maud Il now Secretary
the Treasury. aui Mr. stoughon. who went down To
assist him l. United States Minister to Russia. We might
extend the subject definitely and mud every agent of
the fraud In position of trust cmolumcnt and re-
sponsiby. that is it llaycss nomination could place
him there Some of his stool pigeon nominees failed to
I've confirmed ly the Senate.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27
The Cost Of Non-iIIumIuatingG Gas.

WASHINGTON, May 2j.-Tho Senate Com
mittec on Appropriations have reported the
Legislative. Executive. and Judicial bill in tho
old way. 10y striking out almost every reduction
Of salary and every reform proposed by the
House. by restoring the old rates. and in many
cases by increasing the pay Of subord
nhtcs who Hrc now receiving excessive COM
pcnsation. Tho expense Of running the SEN
ate with soveniy-six members. is not only eX-
orhitant but outrageous. considering the con
diton of tho Treasury and the value of
the services rendered. 1t is little more than
a close corporation. in which both sides
consult their personal convenience and inter
est. and tolerate the grosscsi abuses.
The itcms ~ the present bill. when analysed
by any fair standard Of comparison. may be
called astounding. Tho most conspicuous 81
thcm are ns follows:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27
Representative Cox OF Ohio.


Representative Cox Of Ohio is ono OF the in
vesgating committee. lie Secretary Of tho Interior
under Grant during his r.t term Mt Cox found corrupt
Rings investing the department and robng the Treas
ury The Indian RIMS and robbers. the land claimants
aud others were hcsctiins him on every hand Mr. Cox
opposed them aud ymnly tried 60 stop their racaliy
Finally he appealed Ia Grant who smoking cigars at
Long Branch where the Ring men played the aniabc To
him Cox tccurdphcd TO Grant saying. am fighting
fraud and must he sustained by the President or fail"
Grant dismissed Mr. Cox lie could not tolerate such IN
reference with his friends Now Mr. Cox has another
opportunity nght fraud by exposing It, We hope he
will icarlcssy meet ~. obligations aud spare neither
political friend nor opponent The people want more Of
tho good work Of fighting FRAUD"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

1t makes no difference to us what may be
the result of the investigation into the nj
legged electoral frauds. The Investigation
was demanded by the circumstances, how
ever II might turn out. our Government il
founded on the theory that the chief ENccu-
tive Magistrate shall Ice chosen by the pcO-
ple. Certain machinery. so to speak, is pro-
Vided through which the choice of the poo
pie is to be manifested. This machinery l.
called the Electoral Colleges. 1t was AS
sorted that certain portions of the machin-
cry had been tempered with, and, in conso-
qucnce had failed 50 to work rs to manifest
the true will of the majority. The charge
was supported by ample irhao focic owl
fence. We thought it ought to he looked
into. Then was preached the startling
proposition that although President had
got In by the most monstrous frauds. never
theless he must be kept in to the end ot the
term that successful fraud was sacred and
impregnablc.
The investigation we look upon rs equally
wise and advisable. whether It destroy or
confirm the title of Mr. HAYES to the Office.
Whatever may be the facts in this par
ticular instance, the question whether fraud
Is sacred, or whether it vtiatcs everything
Il touches. even an election of President,
will remain live question in politics for
some time to come
The Democratic party Of Pennsylvania,
which has solemnly declared FOR HAYES,
whether he WIS elected or not, has commit
ted such Il wanton abandonment az priuci-
pie, that the sooner Il sinks into an inSignii-
cant and condemned minority sooner IL
perishes-thc better for the country.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27
The Pastor OF Plymouth bethel.


From u, Ro-is.,- tuoa anil .tisft.
Many people Of Rochester will remember
some Of them rather sorrowiuily. p"rhnps-
Frank Smith. the former secretary Of the \. VI.
G.. A. Of this city. who LETT here. 10y request to
accept position under B'cchrr. Smith Inns
blo-som"d into u Reverend and B'.rhcr has
transferred TO him portion OF his li"erhrr's
ability for scandal passing Tuos' who
watched IN" course of this muu Smith hero will
not be- surprised no hi- pros ut siutu- Ho
eHne from Cleveland. ant Commenced ui- linf
here ~ Secretary of the y VI. G.. A.nnI eIiorlN
of n -h""t called the IifDu' hrdrrr. lie WIS
particularly p'ous-n wl 1lrsal" IurvayOr OF
biblical pintitudrs. and "a Nice man with the
irn9l" portion "i 'nr hl n lHh'. M lhr l. w. g.
from tu" luuguag" Of many good peovln. THAT
they brpnthed more free. as though tu"y hud
ce 'uurd snmrthius which threatened theM
while smith Was htre.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

Tho Rev. FRANK SMITH OF tho Plymouth
Bethel. Brooklyn. told n reporter for THE Sun
yesterday that there would not be anything fur
Their done in the matter of tho charge brought
against him by Mrs KITTELLE. The Inference
Is that he Is satisfied 10 let tho matter rest where
il is IL tho nev. Mr.. SMITH quite sure TINT this
is wise decision on his part? The Charge
against him is a grave ono; nothing less than
the having taken advantage OF the confidence
of a member OF the Bethel flock in hor pas
tor to work her ruin. The story told
by Mrs. KrTTELLE is n circumstnniinl
one. True. thcrc has been nm Investigation by
n committee of the Plymouth Church brethren.
and this committee has acquitted him hut Mrs.
kITTELLE and her friends protest that she did
not have fair hearing. and TINT tho verdict
was n whitcwashing on". not in accordance with
tho facts. This being SO. the proper place for
the case Is n court II law. where all parties
would stand on nm equal footing. tho testimony
be siftcd. and the innocence or guilt of the ac-
cuscd pastor bc established
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

Those who mistake the temper Of tho public
mind In this iuncture will have themselves to blame
II the belief founded the hope, OF the conspira.
tors that II they consummaicd their plot the wrong
would be condonod and forgotten IN Jew months az
the urhcst In wear They have lived 90 learn that tho
people are orgctul They pcacoahle aud paucnt
and law. ahhlms--hut they remember They feel now
that the time has come to investigate the frauds oi 1878
II late t. go Justice. and nothing Is settled
TN It Is rightly settled The work provided for under
the Potter resolution must 20 when Il Is completed.
and the facts all sccurcd-and not h thcnit will be
In order tn consider the ucNtsop Meanwhile, inycstga
uon is the dut of the hour
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27
Whca that End WIN he.



Tho Investigation about TO be commenced is
the beginning of ihe end And the end Will not he until
the deep AMI dannins conspiracy shall be exposed n It's
mn proportions. from %. inception To is elimination,
and its authors mlorod before tho gaze OF the world
And an tins will hr done not as revolutionary proceed.
Ing hat with entire conformity to the laws OF the land
The exposure and punishment ot fraud are rcvoutona.
~ only 10 tho diseased Imagination. Of Republicans
who havc reason to ircmh m anticipation Of such expo
sure guI ruuishmput
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

Tint British resident of Ilavcrhill who
revealed to Mayor BEAuDRY Of Montreal the
Fcnan plot for combined attack on Halifax.
". John Toronto. md six other points ought
to have monument erected to him forthwith
10y the Government at Ottawn Tho imngna-
ton reels Mt picturing the multtudinous forces
which must have been provided for attacking
simultaneously nine distinct strongholds on
line thousand miles long; md we'll did the
llnvcrhlll BritOn add: This is beyond doubt.
the greatest preparation for great struggle
that has ever been undertaken in this country
Yet to such lne points Of detail had this watch
ful exile figured down the plot that he was ablc
to- say: They have taken their guns from their
stores here and have shipped them 10 New
York In boot cases marked Boots and Shoes ="
Anybody who will examine the enormous yuan
tity of such cases still in this city. bearing the
seemingly innocent but notorious mark thus
described can estimate the prodglous scale on
which had boon prepared the nincfold attack
thus frustrated by the vigilant man in Hayer-
hin.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

Tho United Slntcs Of Colombia have con-
coded to Mr.. LUCIES n. u. WYsr. rs representa-
tive IL the civil international lnteroceanic
Canal Society" the exclusive privilege to oXca-
vate canal from the Caribbean sea to tho
Pacific. in Colombian territory. the duration of
the privilege to be- for ninety -nino years from
the opening of the canal. The route is to be
determined at the latest in 1881, unless pre-
vented by extreme necessity, clearly proven :"
then the grantees are to have two years within
which TO form a universal stock company to un-
dertake the work. and than twelve years to
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

We published I'm Yesterdays SrS n de-
tailed nccuunt Of the arrest Of Mrs. Nos-
BuRGm, in this city, by detectives from New
Jersey. rs taken down by one Of our re-
portcr- from the lips ni the lady herself.
According to Mrs. NosnURGH's story. being,
n was most natural for wife. Reluctant To
testify ON the trial of her husband, she had
rcraircd to the house of a friend. Mr. FLAN-
pERs. in New York. 10 cludc the officers
she believed To be- In pursuit. she had as
ccndcd to the roof of the house and seated
herself behind two chimncvs While in this
position she was acco-tod by n detective
with the rude aud reproachful remark:
Mrs. NOsnrRGn. Bop are AZ ho bohom Of
hc rhoie hhg | want you 90 como down
stairs" He thcn called to his aid another
officer She declared nothing would induce
her TO go down with them. whcreupon the
In conner Soi.cJ hcr riotcniiv bg the arm dpd
suii. "CDmc oH." She disputed the authority
~ tine detectives. when they again ordered
her dawn. Being. as she SAYS and no won
der she was So TERRIBLY frightened. she
obcycd Al the hallway of the third story
one Of the detectives told her that
II she did not hurry he would show
her that they could take her. Mrs. NOs-
nrRGH, instead Of following further. went
into her rlnm and lay down on the bcd.
In few minutes she was informed that Mr..
LAvERTY WINS down stairs, and that il she
would sce him he would explain matters to
her satisfaction. She reluctantly consented
on entering her room he accosted her with
his hat ON. and showed her his shield. lie
Wa the Sheriff from Jersey city. She dis
putcd hi. authority, but be- told her he had
reQui-iiion from Gov. MCCLELLAN. She
refused to gov He told her She must. She
ohcycd, feeling, as rhc says, completely
| hcnrthrokon.'
On arriving i'm Jersey city Mrs. VOsnURGH
WIS taken to the Shcrir@ house. whore she
/ wa kept prisoner until Friday. when. at
her earnest cntronty, she WAS permitted q
return to her home.
with what occurred in New Jersey tho mn
thoritcs of New York hive nothing ~ do
but with what occurred in this Stltr they
have everything to do. and the outrage is Of
such n character as tu demnnd the most
prompt and efficient action. II Mrs. Nos
| BuEGH's statement is correct, ere June.
sweet roses blow her ahductor- should be
hnmmcriug stone at Sing Sing.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

For Tlden and Hayes the people care but
little the grent question being The conspiracy against the
people by which i,r verdict nuilncd and the
against whom they voted placed in the seat 10 which
another had boon chu.cn It's contest of fhe people
on one side aui com, piracy and fraud the other
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

the mire of tho Fraudulent Count. Tho old
respect OF the people for their Judiciary
and OF their Judiciary for itself, has been
rudcly shaken. The stream Of justice will
not flow clear again until the fountain head
has been ccanscd and purified.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

Hayes WINS put into office by ignoring the facts.
II he should now rut oncc It would he hccauso
the fact.. dnlv proven. warrant the cccmcut Rcvou
ton The Republicans. with the record OF i~7o7 rosh,
In the popular recollection will be- wise it ihey say
little possible about revolutions Tho revolution they
wrought wrought not through the sword hut through
moro iusidous ana therefore more dangerous weapon
that ui fraud
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

paitY q pages. by malt. SIC. mouth or $3.50
year. postpaid. with sunday edition. $40.
SUNDAY - pages, St.2O yer year. postpaid
wEEKLY ~ pages. ~ per wear. postpaid
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

SIR: You will obligr mo by letting mo know
Whether am American born lsHchtc 90 catholic can lac
President OF tl't mttd Stairst QrfN.
nu0kiNN. May -.
Yes, IN Amorican-born Israolitc Catholic,
Protestant. or mti.lol. or any other native Amer
lean citizen of the United Stni"7 can ho presi-
dent. ou the condition that he be elected Ia that
office according to the methods provided there
f,,r
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

whirligig OF time might bring bnck TO us some
OF our lost carrying trude from the very quarter
to which, seventeen years ago. 1t was taken
away
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

money. oven II innocent. 70 save hrr reputation
from stain and her person from indignitics.
Decoration Day" was the theme ycster-
day Of the Rev. DR.. TALMAGr. the Row. DR.. SIMS.
the Rev Mr.. MiLLEN. the Row Mr.. HNERis. tho
Row MIR AtGrn. the Row. Mr.. STEELE the Rcv.
Mr. Woopslpr. the Row. Mr. Bowpisn the Roy.
Mr.. LLOYD. and the Roy. Mr.. LyM,N. Tho Rev.
Or. NrwM,N went back to Confucius." the
Rev. Mr.. BuEcH to Moses = the Row. Mr.. RIcH-
MoNp. 10 " Hannah" and the Rev Mr.. HATFIELD
to Jonnhs Whale" " Is Professionalism q Fail
urpt" asked the Rev. Mr.. SwEETsEH. Must
Profess Religion ?; asked the Roy. Mr. WRIGHT.
The hcv. Mr.. AtsryNE uttered a Cry for
Help" The Rev. DR.. KiNG depicted The Young
Man :" the Rev. Mr.. FrnRIs Tho New Man.
ana the Rev. Mr. RowrLI. The Now Creature
rho Row. Or. CooKNt,s took Three Children "
for his subject; tho Row MIR. kfrP took " -Four
Steps Of FAITH; the Roy. MIR. SrARLEs took
"Lcaycn." l.oavc~ and Fishes attracted the
Roy. Nj. MNrrYNs eye. Tho Eev. Mcssrs PAR
HrH and Ht1r rnrh saw " Handwriting on ;hc
WALL" bishop SNow saw Signs ~ the Times -
tho Row Mr.. HrrwoNru saw The beginning
and the End" The Rev. Mr.. CoRBfT unrnvclled
Tho Devils Strategy" The Rev. Messrs.
Roche and BROAD described He'll and the
Row Mnssrs. MOMENT BowDIsr. and FERRIS.
" The Fiery Furnace the latter giving black
board illustrations. None Cast out was the
Rev. Mr. CoLcoHp's doctrine; Good in All
Things. tho Rev. Mr. SEAMLESS. The Roy. Mr.
PALMER felt Cody Sorrow" while MIR. krE-
san. in tho interest II temperance rcrited
" Ugly sam " Burdens were handled hy the
E,v. DR.. ARWtrAoE and the Rev. Mr. Hull.
The Rev. Mr. WILD annly2"d Tho Jews and
the Pyramid" Tho Rev Mr.. HALL cNpatiatcd
ON Married Ilfo.' and the Rev. Mr.. GuLIcK
SITTER was for Standing on Ones Lot" while
the Hev. Mr.. IlrNriIRFY denounced "Tcnting
Toward Sodom."
II Is coincidence worth noting mat the
FIRST Indian troops eyer employed To- uphold
Eugland'- llaE in Enrnpo arrived at Malta on
the Empress IT lnia'- birthday.
Inc revolutionary design thht nhdS
most favor IN Tn" tall tower Is thnt ol rotary
pump with piston reaching from ul' editorial
rooms to Il beer k"-; IN the sub-''llar
-, .... , H. A.. H..
Nv 81 ~" ~ "'' '''''o ="
"i'Sh' INV p''n nlol' 'N'i7''n, ""' '.l' an
army "i"''I n'',n.S 'l'oi',.' Wv ''.'',.'''y
sn5 Gen. -, Mlrs '" G, S"a been as bitter 10.
..t .t,. i, a. i,,. NIGHT nli.,to Tho
Wafd inc Whltr-" s hIs name l'lEh' lh'''"'' no
,,t'.,,..','.i, w. 49,, He, 1,,,,,,s.
..-,,.,ti,. t.. ,...rii u.ns r,r,
n. .'...'.., nt',,,, I.',,IroI s,r,,,,
~, r'r,s n,,,rd and
','" "''''''" -
N""
49,. ,.,.,. ,,.,, ,,,.'.,, n.,r,,,,', H.
| , ut.ir ,,,.,,y 80, tI,,Is,,,
NJ. t'. t.',,,'.,'..,,iI,,.,to s.'ri..,s
.,1,,.i.,, 'e,t,t, S,,,, mia s,,,,t.
'i', ,,I... si,.,Ii ,ri,I,,',,
,,.r,,, .,,,i,ri, t,.'i,i, s,,i,,o ,d co,'nnc an,
.,,.,i i,.,i..i, 49, ri,i,.,, o,,,' ,,hor
,,i,,. i,,,.,,, ~, ,.,.,,l ,,i,'.. ,,rs,,, ~ Il.
sent our 't 'hl' STATE agA'nS' ms VIII S""''
"p'" .''''' ' - ''''' !,
~ '''' ~ -, 'S'" ",' ',' ~
- ,'' w" J., '''n ''i'' '''
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

finish the canal. though six years more may BIO
allowed IL one-thrd OF the canal shall have
been built and extreme necessity Is shown.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

The frequency with which respectable
women nave been arrested of late on false aecu-
sations of shorlifting suggests the possibility
that those charges are sometimes made for pur-
poses of hackmail. woman of retiring and
timld disposition. suddenly confronted 10y the
terrible charge Of theft. exposure on the street
and prison cell. with all the degrading accom-
panimenis looming up before her. might easily
be- frightened into paving a considerable sum Of
money oven II innocent TO save her reputation
from stain and her person from indignitics.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

A bieus headache and all the uncomfortable symp.
toms asc Ompanyng disordered liver, may he speedily
gotten rid ofby the use OF Dr. Jaynes Sanauye PAdr
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

Already notes of warning come from Paris
that the money prodlsay voted for the Evposi-
ton is insufficient, and that another npprorr-
nuon will hr required to foot the cNlrayagant
bills OF McCoBMrCK and his long tail of Com
mlssioners Congress give sljoOO0 in cash,
and five shius were detailed from the navy to
transport the articles for exhibition free of cY-
prns'. with a number 81 pet officers Of the navy
and Of the Marin" Corls thrown i'm. Somc of
these vessels were school ships and were with
drawn from the only service for which they are
useful, 10 furnish accommodation forhc favored
dradheads. at largo cost to mo Treasury Tor
repairs. alterations. and supplies. Mr. HEWITT
is responsible for the Original biz. and we
shall soon sec who will take tho responsibility
Of asking another appropriation for This show
and also who will vote for it when the demand
shall be made through tho Fraudulent Secro-
tary Of State.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

The excitement on the Canadian border
over expected Fcnian raids continues TO become
moro intense. Everywhere rifles aud ammu-
milton are to be- seen, and men go around in
some Of tile villages with arms in thoir hands.
The correspondent who tells Of all this adds
that Canada docs not propose - be taken by
Fcnlans." which is no doubt safe reuNrk
The present juncture of affairs in Europe
should lead Congress TO consider tho cXpe-
diency of Immediately amending the registry
laws, SO that vessels owned by citizens Of the
United States may hereafter have the rights and
privileges Of vessels built within the United
States. In case OF war. merchant ships of Great
Britain could take advantage OF this change to
come under American ownership: and thus the
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-05-27

II is coincidence worth noting that the
FIRST Indian troops oyer employed to- uphold
Eugland'- nag in Turopc arrived at Malta on
the Empress If IuiH'~ birthday.
The weekly clarion. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1863-1882, 1878-07-17
TRUSTEES SALE.

Under and by Virtue of the provisions Of
" a certain Deed of Trust made by Gustave
Asher, Elise Asher, his wife, on the fourth day
of December, A. d. 1874 to secure to Thomas
E. Helm, President of the Capital State Bank,
the certain Indebtedness therein mentioned
the said deed being duly recorded on page
number one hundred and sixty-six, in Record
Book of Deeds number six Of Kinds county,
State of Mississippi, |, the undersigned Trus-
tee, will proceed to sell, to the highest bidder,
for cash, at public auction, at the front door Of
the City Hall, in Jackson, Mississippi, on
Saturday, 18th August, 1878,
the following described property to-wit: Those
certain lots of ground, situate, lying and be-
ing in the said city of Jackson, County of
Kinds, and State of Mississippi, known and
designated on the original plan or map of said
city, as lots number three and four in square
number Ten, North, in said city, situate on
President street, and now occupied by F. T.
Cooper, as a residence, together with all ten
emepts, hereditaments. and appurtenances
thereunto belonging The title to the above
property is believed to be good but shall
only convey such title as is vested in me as
trustee. THOS, HELM Trustee
July17, 1S--4w.
The weekly clarion. [volume] (Jackson, Miss.) 1863-1882, 1878-07-17

The Circuit Court of the First District OF
| Kinds county, Hon. 5. S. Calhoun presiding
| which has been in session for the Last two
weeks his tried the following cases:
George Livingston, grand larceny, not
guilty.
Ellis Stewart. two eases burglary. guilty
eight years in penite ntiary.
| Albert Robinson, burglary, guilty, six
years.
James Peterson, larceny, guilty, four
years.
George Whitney and VIM. Burrell, man
slaughter, guilty, with extenuating circum-
stances, on day in jail
William Echols, larceny. guilty two years.
Moses FIusser, larceny, guilty, eighteen
months.
Calvin Griffin, larceny. guilty, eighteen
months
Squire Cranberry. obtaining money under
false pretenses, two cases, one not guilty
ard one mistrial.
VIM. Henry Robinson, mayhem, not
guilty.
Malinda Hicks, bawdy-house keeper, gull
ty, seven days in jail.
Lucy Mckenzie, same as above.
vi the aooFe one sent 10 tue pehitcHlldl1
was white. A number of liquor dealers for
retailing without license and for selling on
Sunday plead guilty and were fined. Yes
terday the trial under change of venue of
Stephen Greer, (col.) for murder in Warren
county commenced.
The Court will finish its business this
week having oAe week to spare. This will
be the first time this has occurred since re-
construction.