davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19
SHORTEST ROUTE 70 CHICAGO
SIOUX CITY TO CHICAGO
WITHOUT CHANGE OF CAR

Commencing Dec. 9th. 1874.
A daily express passenger train will leave
Sioux City; sundays ex. epsed. on arrival Of
r.. and arrives ut chicago at 4, p. II.
Sleeping cars run through from Newell to Chicago
Passengers leaving Chicago. bound wet, at
arrive At Sioux City the next day at 1873 P. \.
An accommodation train Will leave Sioux City
daily, except Sundays at 500 p. m, connecting
with through passenger train At Fl. Dodge. Pas
sengeis leaving Chicago At 9.25 p. NJ. arrive at
Sioux CITY at 10 n. m.
T.ains going east connect 1t Chicago with all
trains for etroit. Cleveland, Buffalo, niagara
Falls, Pttsburg. Philadelphia. Baltimore. WASH
ington, New York Boston, and all parts Of the
East
This tyain connects at Waterloo with trains on
he Cedar Falls aud Minnesota Branch. leaving
Waterloo at ~. ~ a, m, and arriving at Mona AZ
st. Paul railroad trains, and arriving at st Paul
ut 6 ,25 D. M. and Minneapolis at 8.3Op, m.
Connections are made at Freeport with trains
on she Illinois Central main line, leaving free
port Ut 9,47 p, m, arriving At GalesbuTg ~ AS p,
no, Peoria, 600 p, M; Burlington 1t TOO p m,
Rock Isia nd at $50 p, N. Quincy 1t s.5t -.
Louis at 7,Is a, m. aud Cairo at 4,15 .. m. con.
MEETING a, Cairo with trains for Memphis. Nash;
parts Of the South.
Connections are made at Frecport with West.
ern Union trains, leaving Freeport ut 1-A1 p, m,
and arriving at Racine at SIS p, M, and Ailwau-
kce ut 7,25 p. m.
Connections are also made at Dubuque to st.
Louis. Cairo and all points South.
Baggage Checked Through
To all important points.
For through tickets and apply at
Trains run by Dubuqe time. which is twenty
minutes faster :han Sioux city time.
W. p. .1o.,.o, J0trrH r. TUCKER G Gs1ess ssn.
Gen1 Passenger Agent, Ch,esgo,
II. A. HAMILTON, Agent, Sioux ity.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19

". The latter clause 10 an addition to
the powers, aud tends e secure more
perfect attention and a larger working
body.
A resolution was passed approving the
decisions Of the grand master during the
year upon masonic j~urisprunence; also
providing a seal for that Office.
No action was taken upon the subject
Of dual membeiship. A resolution limits
to tl.rec 81 the mum Der Of visits any non
affiliated mason may make 10 any lodge
m the Jurisdiction. and this is a law to
such lodges and their officers. Discussion
was had upon the subject Of DENTS
wherein the right Of every member to
withdraw when clear on the books md in
standing was held u be unqucstionable,
but the giving Of certificates of character
was held to be the privilege of the lodge
to DC guarded 10 its exercises, but no
official action was taken.
Many other subjects received due con-
sideration aud held the undivided interest
Of the members. but several matters above
noted are those Of principal general
to the order.
The following officers were elected and
appointed by the grand lodge:
ELEcTlvE OFFICERS.
Grand Master. = George II. Hand, of
Yankton.
Deputy Grand Master II. FL. Folk, Of
)eadwood.
Senior Grand Warden-John I. Turner.
# Springfield.
Trea.urer-C. F. Mallahan, of ElkPoint,
Secretary-C.T. Mccoy, of Springfield.
APPoINTIyE OFFICERS.
Grand Chaplin-Rev. N. Hoyt.
Grand Marshai-C. w. Mcdonald.
Grand Senior Deacon VIM H. Miller.
Grand Junior Dcacon-W. p. Carr.
Grand Senior Ste ward-Porter PECK
Grand Junior Steward-A. Fl. Lathrop
Grand Sword Bearer-Geo. r. Freeman
Grand Pursuivant-A. Boynton.
Grand Tyler-Jas. E. Russell.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19
.ALEXA1DER HUGHES, .xssorSsy.
Sheriff'S Sale

Under a decree Of foreclosure.
Notice Is hereby given that by virtue of a GER
tain judgment and decree rendered in the District
Court of Union County, Dakota Territory, OH the
LIST day OF May, A. ID. 1873. ordering the sale of
cert ain premises hereinafter described, which
said Judgment was in favor Of K. A. J. Estes, and
against George II. Gale. for the sum Of 1921 81
100 and costs taxed at SIS. 100
And by virtue Of a certain execution to me di.
rected and delivered and now in my hands. issu-
ed out Of The Clerks Office Of the district court,
in and for said county of Union under the hand
of the clerk thereof and the seal of the said
court upon the aforesaid Judgment and decree
ordering me to sell said property to satisfy said
Judgment.
l did on the 9Th day Of May, A. ID. 1873 levy
upon the following described real estate, of the
said George II. Gale, the same that ia described
In said decree Of foreclosure, to WIT:
The South half OF the North East quarter and
fion = Township a5. OF Range As. west ofthe 9Th
i. M. Union County, d. r. And being CON-
manded both in said Judgment and execution to
sell the same TO satisfy said judgment, cos s aud
costs that may accrue.
Now, therefore by yirtne Of said execution and
Judgment shall on the 2Dth day Of lure at the
honr Of 2 O'Clock In the aftei noon of said day. AZ
the front door Of the Court Horse in the city 0f
Elk Point, Union county, d. r. proceed to sell
said property above described 10 satisfy said
jndg ment amounting TO $240.32 with inter est from
The date thereof including costs and also to cover
%accrutng costs and disbursements The same
To- be sold to the highest bidder for cash.
Dated Nay, s, 1877.
T-ai5t- ALLISON BovEE.
Sheriff of unionCo. ID. 7
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19

PIP. Mast s. Co.,
VS.
In. Flanagan, ST., and
Il. w. skinner.
NoTICE IL HEREBY GIVEN, That by virtne OF an
Execution 10 me directed and delivered, and now
In my hands, issned out OF the clerks office ofthc
Second Judicial District Cosvt, Territory Of Da-
kO'a, in and for the county Of Union upon 4 Judg-
mcnt rendeted IN said Court on September 9TH,
A. d. 1877. in favor Of T. Mast 4 Go. and against
levied upon the following described real estate OF
said Il. w, Skim CT, one Of said defendants, 10
wit: Lot eight tSl In Section ten tl0l Township
ninety-two ts) Of Range forty nine tI9), contain
Ing thirty seven and onc-half acres, more or lees.
also q tract Of land eommcDtln Ing AT a point on the
Easterly side of the Territorial rosd leading from
Elk Point to the Big Sioux bridge in Union conn
~, Dakota Territory, NJ q disiRncr Of i've feet
Twelve Mile House In Jefferson township, in said
Cuion county, thence running Northerly at right
angler with said road D SIS rods. thence Easterly
parallel to the side Of said road 13S rods, thence
thonee Westerly along the north side of said road
1211 roads TO plsce OF beginning, NIL lying and being
In the said county OF UnioE, ID. 7. And that |
shall, on Wednesday, the 10th day OF July A.. ID.
at Inc front door Of the Court House. in Elk Point,
in said county and Territory. proceed TO sell all
the right, little and interest Of the above named
defendant, E.W. skinner, Ut and since the date Of
said Judgment in and TO the above described prop.
erty TO satisfy said Judgment ard cost amounting
to FourHuudred and twenty and 50 100 dollars. to-
gether with ali accruing costs OF sale. and inlerst
on the same from the 9th day Of September, 1877,
at the rate of 7 per cent. per annum, at Public
Auction, TO The highest bider for cash.
E. W. MILLER,
Plaintiffs Attorney.
Alison BovEE,
Sheriff Of Union CO., ID. T.
Dated at Elk Point. d. T., j une 5th, 1878.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19

In the discussion in the House regard.
ing the reduction of the army. delegate
Maginnis, Of Montana, made the state
ments containing these facts and figures:
1.-THE district Of Montana, swarming
with hostile Indisns and with q menacing
force across the border, is defended BY
two small regiments of infantry aud three
companies Of cavalry in Idaho, $3.50 sol
diers are watching 5000 indians; in
Indian territory 700 soldiers are guarding
10000 wild Indians aud policing $4,000
semi civilized Indians; in Arizona 1000
men are in charge of 20.640 untamed saw.
ages il. New Mexico $40 soldiers is the
force which holds in check $4,000 war.
like red men and attemps to guard the
frontier from Mexican invasions; IN Da.
kota 5 0,911 Sioux are guarded by a force
OF 1879 armed men,"
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19

eAls III psatsfty II which be was ! part
eWnsr. ~ course he rejected indignant.
M hs same liuns the injunction unneces
~. Then they e,st ! paLfui Of dirt and
gravel from 4 rack gard in Deadwcnd,
ssaitcdr. 1t with o2,6O worth III trndc dust
and tnpk that u The Judge as 4 specimen
Ut tte dirt lii their claim He panned ii
out in ! toDmon ~wash-pan. lost sonae
but realised e3l6. and. Of conrse, felt
delighted Il tlls prospect Then the
RlnsseFe chAmOrcd agasn Tor an injnnction.
1pIlsy declared thty could no longer hold
liAck II II the1F humber, Gan Attorney;
tbat hc was preparing the papers IN the
cAse, and would present them In . few
days. "Hs will have To wait and submit
the matter t. Judge Barnes who will
hold c0upt for me- here next week. said
the Judge. That wnuld not 10: they
aknto ~ iswy~r wnii insist upon nm
0rsier al once. "Then" said Judge Ben
nett / shall simply tell him the relation
i spstaiA ntl,e property, and thu reason
i cannot hear him = and, acting more
pxUgBpely on this conclusion than the
c0aepifatpe Imagined. be started soon
utter III the Office OF the lawyer referred
%. and while the two with whom he had
lust had the c0urcrsation were reporting
il in tho back nsice, he himself In the
front Office Informed the determined in
j~unctor that he was-going away i that he
could not hear his application because
. fifth Interest In the property
with him, and that the matter coaid be
admitted u Judge Barnes. The con-
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19
Nasty thus explains the troubles he

Nasty thus explains the troubles he
has met with in the investigation business
All the trouble we hev is to keep the
fellows away which VIC don't want to
testify. We hev too many witnesses,
for they don't all know what to swear to.
For instance, Deekin Pogram. the blessed
old imbeci!e, wanted to come on here aud
testify to his giyin $500 10 arm a com
pany nv Democrats in Mississippi to carry
that State for TildeD, and it took nifty
smart iggsrin to keep him away. There
amt goip to be no trouble about it. We
hev men here which will swear to any
thing, and-in fact we have m embar-
rassment of swearing material.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19
ALEx.A.xDEs HUGHES, .zss.r..v.

SheriH,s Sale.
county Of Of u Ras1rA' IS. ind n T.. ssIt c count IN IN
Charles Beebc, Plaintiff,
John Hoist & Cris:lene Hoist
Defendants.
Notice ia hereby given that by virtue Of iude.
ment and decree Of foreclosure and sale. rendered
In the District Court of Union county. Dakota
T%ersitory on the lot day Of May. A; y 1873. in
u" Z in isyer Of Charles 3 B.ebs. The pi.ln,ifa. and
againet John Hoist and Cristiene Holet the
defendants, for the sum Of One thousand three
ding costs taxed At Ten dollars and 2o.ioo also 4
decree OF foreclosure and sale Of the premises
hereinafter described, In favor OF Charles Beebe
plain tsff. and against John Hoist and Cristine
liolst. defendants, 10 ratisfy said judgment.
And also by virtue OF An execution to me d.
rected and delivered and now In my hands issued
and for said county Of Union, b. +. under ihe
hand ~ the cIerk thepsof. and tho seal sf the
said court. upon the aforesaid Judgment and de-
said Judgment.
Ibid on The 18th day of May, A. D. 1878. levy
upon the following described real estate Of the
said John Hoist and CYistiena Hols. the same
that is described in said decree and execution.
to wit:
The East Half OF the Southeast quarter CT Sec
Aouthwest quarter Of Section Ten, Q0) aud the
West hal of the Southeast qnarter and the East
half Of the Southwest quarter OF Section Nine. co.
IN Township Ninety two. ga Range Fcrty-nine.
t49) west OF the 9Th r. M.
And that ! shall on Thursday the nth day OF
June. AID. 1878. at the hour Of two ~ O'Clock
IN the afternoon Of said day. at the front door OF
the court honse in the eity Of Xix Point. Union
county, Dakota Territory. proceed to sell all the
right, title and interest Of the sbuee named de
PENDANTS John Hoist and CfistIcne Hoist In and
10 the allowed described property, or 80 much
thereof as will he suficie nj to satisfy said jndg.
men. and cost. snnonnting % One rhodsand
Three Hundred and Scventy-two dollars and
twenty eight ccnts, and interest on the tame from
the 1st day Of May. A.. d. 1879, and all ~accruina
cost Of sale At public auction 70 the highest bid
der for cash.
Dated. Elk Point. Nay IA. n.
Alison BOVEE,
a. HEOHEs sheri6 Of Union Co. D. L
Plaintlfs Atty.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19
UNIONS.

TERRITORY OF DAKoTA, . Il.
County OF UNION, 90
In.District Court, Second Judicial District, In
and for Union County 1T,
Alexander BADEN. Plaintiff. against The Farm
ers National Bank of Salem. Ohio, and Lncien L..
Gilbert rs Assignee Of the Aetna Manufacturing
Company Of Ohio 4 efendaEts.
To the defendant above named: You and each
OF You are hereby summoned and required to
aus WEI the complaint of the plaintiff in this ac-
1877. died with the clerk of the District Court OF
the End Judicial District of Dakota territory in
and for Union cout-, ID. T., and serve a copy of
your answer on us At our office in the city Of Elk
Point, in said coanty Of Union D.. T within thir-
~ days aAer the service hereof upon you exclu-
sive u the day OF service; IL you fail TO 80 an
swcrs said complaint the plaintiff will apply to the
court for the relief demanded in the complaint.
Dated, EIk Point, D. I. Oct. 9th. 1877.
STrcKNEY Il BRACKET.
Plaintiffs Attorneys.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19
NUGMEs, .zasor.ey.
Sheriff,s Sale.
Territory Of Dakota, In district court Of
Second J Judicial Dist. Union county.
M. G. Bcgue, Plaintiff.
vs..
NJ. b. Kent Il Hannah r, Kent1
Uefcndauts.
Sherin,s Sale.

Notieei is hereby given that by virtue OF q jndg-
ment Of foreclosure and sale made in the above
entitled action. on the Bird day of May, 1878, and
an execution TO me directed and delivered ana
now in my handle, issned out Of he clerks Office
OF the said district court upoa said Judgment. |
have levied upon the real estate and n.ortgaged
premises situated In Union County, Dakota Ter
risory, and directed In said Judgment and execu.
tion 10 DO sold, and therein described as follows,
to wit:
Fifty feet Of from The soush end of lots
one. two and three. q. 2G3.) In Block twelve.
On OF the original plat Of the town OF Elk Point.
linton county. Dakota Territory. commencing
on the alley and Running parable, with Franklin
street atty feet, and across three lots one humid
red and fifty feet, making one lot.
And 1 shall on thursday the 9Th day of june
1873 nj the hour Of II O'Clock In the forenoon OF
that day at the front door Of the court house. in
the county OF Union, Territtry aforesaid sell at
public sHction 10 the highest bidder for cash the
above describe real estate 10 safety said jndg
mcnt AID coe,s amountine TO two hundred and
nine.y-nine dollars AMI IN irty eight cents, with
interest thereon from tho date Of said judymen'
and all aclraiBg costs 81 sale.
Dated May 18th. 1873.
Alison BOv IE,
A. HusHgs, Sheriff Of Union Co. Oak
Pitf Is Atty.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19

Mn1soDisr Observation-Disclosures Ut the Church
or Pleasant Street, between Jackson and Frank
lin Streets, every Sabbath at 1880 A N and Z Pm.
Sabbath School at 3 O'Clock r. II. Prayer
meeting every Thursday evening.
w. F. GLEASON.
Pastor.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19
mn

TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. l..
COUNTY of Union.
In District Court. Second Judicial District. in
and for Union county.
Jason c.. Smith
VIZ @a
Hattie 1. Smith.
The Territory OF Itak0ta greeting:
To the above named defendant:
You ire hereby summoned and required 70 ans,
wer the complaint IN this action. wbich was hscu
on the 18TH day Of Msy, A. II. ISIS, IN the once o.
the clerk Of the District Court IN ana TOT ahc
county Of U MON, Territory Of Dakota, n ms once
In The city Of Elk Pc4nt, county OF Union. D. -,
and serve @ py Of yeuf ane wer on the suoscr'p n
at heir Office on Main street IN the ci.y VI CIA
Point, Union county, b.. r.. within thirty asys
after the services Of the summons on you, eAetu-
sive OF the day Of service. IT you isfs 10 answer
the complaint within that time, the piatn,in VIII
apply to the court for the relief demanded III Inc
complaint.
E. W, MILLER,
Plaintiffs Atty.
TERRITORY OF DAKOTA. Z.
County Of Union.
/ hereby certify that the complaint In this aefion
was flied in said elcE k's Office on May Is, 1873.
Z. W. MILLER,
fsEALl Atty fl PHI and
Notary Public.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19
EMITTED STAES LAND OFFICE.
Sioux Fails, d. T., May 23rd, 1878.

stead law requires final proof OF settlement and
cultivation TO be made within two years after the
expiration of five years from date OF entry. and
West quarter Of Section 33. Township ", Range
so, dated May 18th. 1871, the time fixed by the
s,ainte has expired without the requisite proof
being fted by yon. You will. therefore. within
thirty days from date Of service OF this notice.
show cause. before us, why your claim shall not
be declared forfeited. and yonI entry Cancelled.
for non compliance with thc requirements OF The
law, so that the case may be reported TO The Com
missioner of the General Land Oiiice for the
proper action,
7-.S-4w. b. r. CAMPBELL,
J.. NJ. WAsHBUBN. Register.
Receiver.
TO Jacob T. Danielson, Elk Point, y. T.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19

ErIscoPAL.-Divine Service on Sundays at II
A. II. and 8 r, Il. and on Holy Days at A. ~.
Sunday School Immediately after morning
Prayer Meeting every Friday evening at 8 Pm
Mission School every week day but Saturday.
Rev. W. w. Fowler. Rector.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19

u. II. CHURCH,. Services Ut the church on
Sabbsths at II A. NJ. and Z p. N. Sabbath school
At $50 A. =. Prayer meeting "Wednesday evenings.
s. r. MOORE, Pastor.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19

BAPrzsr CHURcH.--Divine services at 1880 AN.
and 7r. =. Church prayer meeting Thursday
evenings At 7P. n. Sunday School at u NJ, Il
W. Miller. supt. The public are cordially invit-
ed to unite with us in all these services. Sittings
free. REV. GEO. W. FREEMAN, Pastor.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19
SllerfAs sale.
p. p. Hast s. Co..

r.. ". sMxkkER, .ffsorSey.
TERRI TORY OF DAKoTA ca
County Of Union.
Union County courier. [volume] (Elk Point, Union County, D.T. [S.D.]) 187?-1913, 1878-06-19

Dated at Elk Point, ID. T., June 5th, 1878.
The People's vindicator. [volume] (Natchitoches, La.) 1874-1883, 1878-11-30

HBCorrespoudents would confer, a favor
upon the advertisers by mentioning tnat
The People's vindicator. [volume] (Natchitoches, La.) 1874-1883, 1878-11-30

ri, 4,2s.ly.s~J ~ .tt:as.,l jt.'t az
] : 81 .oL t&s.ed@ bs1gGou
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1878-07-24
The Water Commission.

The water commission, whose duty it is to
ext end the mains to the East Division, last
week advertised for bids for doing that needed
piece of work. In response to the advertise
ment the name of R. F. Lincoln appears as the
lowest bidder. This R. F. Lincoln has app cared
before as the lowest bid der and when
he was called to come in to court,
failed to make his appearance. It
is hardly necessary to say that his bid was SO
low in the other instances that there was a
large opportunity for loss; hence no substitute
appeared. But this time Mr.. Edgar Folsom
appeared as substitute for the minus Lincoln,
with an assignment of the contract. MIR. Fol
not next in rank to the loved and lost r. F.
The most careful inquiry through the
city failed to develop any one who knew the
invisible R. F. Lincoln; and SO, the susp cion
is rife that Mr.. Lincoln has thoughtlessly failed
to be born in this unhappy vale of tears and
that Ooh, most unhappy thought) possibly
Folsom has had two hacks at this contract.
If the water commission purpose running
things in their line on straw bids, the sooner
the people find it out the better. Unless bidders
are personally on the ground, it would
seem that their bids should not be considered.
That commission is composed of intelligent,
honest business men, and they surely cannot be
ignorant of the vicious corruptions which have
crept into the public service through the agency
of straw bids This action may be considered
a precedent the GLOBE suspects, and if SO,
Messrs. Winston, Nichols, Sphinx and Brown
may take due notice, and have convenient
Lincoln or two in the field to provide for emer-
gencies
If the GLOBE is deceived and there is Lin
coin really in the field, let Charley Ross father
be at once employed to search for him.
Daily globe. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1878-1884, 1878-07-24
MONEY AND TRADE.
FINANCIAL.
Money and Stocks.

money ana SCOCkSs
New YORK. July 23.
Gold steady at 100H.
Borrowing rates 1@2 per cent.
Bar silver here 115H in greenbacks; 114X In gold
Silver coin S@1A per cent. discount.
Governments steady.
Railroad bonds firm.
State securities dull.
The stock market in early dealings was heavy and
depressed for Granger shares, which were attacked
sharply by bears and broke 1924 per cent. Towards
noon there was recovery Of A01 per cent. Trunk
line shares, although irregular, we're in the main
firm, owing to favorable results expected from the
Saratoga conference. Lake Shore was most active,
ranging between 65h and 649s. and Western Union
declined to SO. During the afternoon the market
buoyant, the entire list recording advance Of 40
IA per cent, the Improvement being fully main
tanned. At the close there was sudden advance in
Granger shares in consequence of decidedly more
favorable advices in regard to crops. Trunk line
shares strong and Erie at the close advanced
171s, and Western Union rose to "a.
The transactions aggregated 146 900 shares of which
1900 were Erie; $4,000 Lake Shore; 5000 North
western common; 900 Northwestern preferred 3d.
600 st. Paul common; 10000 st. Paul preferred {;
1000 Lackawanna, and 1900 Western Union.
Money 1h@2 per cent.
Prime mercantile paper 2M1A per cent.
Custom receipts $2O7,O0O.
The assistant treasurer disbursed S89, $50.
Cearings $s,500,0OO.
Sterling, long 82h; short 85A.
Produce exports 81, 100000.
The following were the closing quotations: