davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
NAVY ORDERS.

WASHINGTON, Jan. 24.-Lieutenant I. H.
Stevens and Master william E. sewel are ordered to the
Passaic at Washington and Paymaster r. W. Allen to
the Constitution. Commander b. l. Cromwell Is de-
tachcd from the Navy Yard, at League Island, and
dcred to command the Rio Bravo. Commander b. +.
Day is detached from the Rio Bravo and placed walt
ing orders Paymaster C. A. Mcdonald Is detached from
the Constitution and ordered to settle accounts
The training ship saratoga has been ordered from
Norfolk to Washington.
The monitor Passalc at Washington win take the
place OF the Wyoming as temporary receiving ship
about the 1st OF February.
The monitors Ajax, Lehgh, Catskll and Mohopao
have removed their anchorage the James River To
point opposite Brandon Place Their nearest post Office
Is Brandon Prince County, Sd.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
SINGLE-SCULL CONTESTS.

THE HANLON AND COURTNEY cHAILEEGEs-wHAr
MORRIS AND sCHARPF SAY ABOUT THEM.
PITTsBURG, Jan. 24.-The Hanlon-Moris
challenge teegraphed from NewYork yesterday creates
considerable excitement here among the boating frater
nifty. Morris he has pot received tho challenge yet
but be does he will accept, provided terms DO
agreed on. He will ask concessions but what, az
champion, he has right to. On being asked what his
intentions in regard to CourtDeys open challenge
in this weeks clipper to three miles on Owasco Lake
course for $4,000, be SAID: IL can't row any
man for that amount for the simple that can't
raseit. think Courtney wants to row. but then he
wants everything onesidcd and on his side, too will
row him. Trickett, Hanlon or any other man for an
amount that raise, distance they choose, three
or Ave miles, on these waters, IL agree terms
and will give reasonable expenses they would pos.
siby expect"
Scharf ex-champiOn, speaking Of Courtneys Offer said
there many Oectonal features IL to render
II likely that any would take up the gauntlet
Among other objections the OwascO course IL too vaa-
bic TO suit Oarsmen accustomed to the MOnongahela,
Saratoga and other better courses and the stakes
more than the majority of professionals could raise.
Schari cannot what he will do about Hanl0ns cha
enge, until the further advanced Then, II cir
cumstances permit he will accept He says, If sufficient
Inducements offered at the International regetta,
which takes place the Thames in July Pittsburg will
have ana probably two representatives IN the single
scull contest for the championship Of the world.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
WEALTHY YOUNG MANS SANITY.

A commission, consisting of Henry liagner
John W. Young NJ. D., ana Jacob Cole, began yesterday
before sherifs jury, in Brooklyn, an inquiry into the
sanity of Andrew s. Hall, young pan OF properly Nv
ing in Chauncyst in that city. The petitioner for the
commission was Matte Hall, the young mans wife, who
made affidavit of the violence Of his freaks OF insanity
and the danger which she incurred by living with him as
his wife Both husband and wife were in the courtroom
yesterday Mrs Hall, who WAS richly atited is ha1d
some woman about years OF age. She sat
with downcst eyes during tht taking OF testimony HOT
husband, whose clear eye and intelligent face would
at first sight drive all suspicious OF lnsany,
watched intcnty each witness he testified about MIN
The examination will last several days. The testimony
presented yesterday by persons employed at the
house OF Halls mother and who had seen MS conduct
there or al the insane asylum where he was confined III
the Summer OF 1876. According 10 these Witnesses nc
struck his wife frequently he attacked Hereby persons
who opposed him. he threw knife at his mother lie slid
down the stair-railns, and INDUCED IN many other
singular freaks Dr. Wctling, OF the flatDush Insane
ASYLUM, SAID that while Han at the ylum, II was
often necessary 10 confine and 10 bind him. lie mad
fancy that head tue North Pole and the South
Pole his feet tue zodiac passed through his abdomen
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
ANARCHY IN San DOMINGO.

A merchant of this city, who trades with
San Domingo has received a letter stating that that
country in state Ct anarchy aud financial cmDarrass-
mcnt in consequence OF the uprising against the
Baez Government Several of the Northern and south
eIn Provinces against Baez, and his Govern
ment has been unable to quell the disturbances.
General Gonzales il spoken Of the next can
dlGatc for the Presidency, aud several prominent
politicians say that IL viii merely pave the way for
General GrcgOro LupcrOn the leader OF the National
Blue Party. General Gonzales IL sad 10 he III receipt OF
subsidies 10 overthrow Baez. but il is asserted that he
does not possess much popularity. The iJuc Party.
which has ~ funds VIII therefore give Gonzales what
support can. aud II Bacz is OvcrhrOwn VIII hing
forward its own candidate dspatch from SAINT"
Domingo. January T. says political affairs continue
complicated. Neither the Government troops nor the
RcyOutiOnists advancing.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
LOCAL MISCELLANY.
CRACKS IN POST OFFICE WALLS.
EXTENSIVE REPAIRS ALREADY NECESSARY IN MR.
MuLLETI's EDIFICF.

EXTENSIVE REPAIRS ALREADY NECESSARY IN NM
MuLLErI's EDIFICE.
The Post Office building was, yesterday, the
subec; Of many startling telling OF the threat
ened fall of portions OF the roof OF the dangerous con-
don of certain of the dividing walls ana asserting 'ha
the tower facing on Broadway likely at any moment
N fall nto the street Upon inquiry there appeared 10
he very little foundation for any OF the umors so ar as
immediate danger concerned but such Is the condition
o some OF the interior VALE that extensive repairs nave
been decided upon.
Yesterday large force of under Assistant Gus
tod;an MAfec was engaged in removing the furniture
and archives from the the third ioor racing
or Broadway which are occupied by United States Mar
shal Pawn, Commissioner Belts and The CierK anu
Judge Of the United States District Court; Inc ac ea
peaance of the walls caused uneasiness some paees
showing network of cracks. The clcrK ocS t t%S
been removed to the room recently 9ceup ,ch ~
IDENTITIES of the Marshas olice aud Judge bidcnloiu
library to the Circuit Court jury room fot ie To
Judge Blatchf0rd will occupy the chahoers Vi 'u"1'
Johnson, the Park-row side. ,,or, y, po,a,rs Of
Thomas X. Jackson, superintendent OF i.ephIiS w.
Unued states buildings in this city, eft hls oCe eur
the day and his clerks did not Know lhe eAcnt VI ;
repairs proposed They said, however tiI
was 10 nc done TO strengthen the walls referred 10. IN
onry WAS made about the condition OF me T"o III VI.
northwest corner of the building over the Law Library
a. tnov, that the heavy roof settled cODscera
bly, some The clerks saiu tEaI 10 ati va
been made raise the roof but That strong sIIcrs n
been pu in hold il in place The ruDlOr mat the tower
was unsafe probably arose rom the TACT that men nau
been putting on thu finishing plates .r,o.
Postmaster James said that superintendent Jachsol
had requested him to have the furniture, etc. removed
from the rooms mentioned above because ne poposeu
to prevent the walls from sinking further. by piaeng
truss in each them Mr.. James had no fear OF any
danger as there cracks in these walls When the
building first occupied 1t was thought rnat t eS
widen Mr. Jackson had determined to repair the walls
Repairs may he necessary, also. on the Parh hoM
front the floor where large cracks are aneaS
haUtn n
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
THE FIRE RECORD.

AUBURN, Jan. 24.-The tbresher manufac-
tory OF Stevens, Sons &c Co.. at Genoa, totally des
troyed by FIRE last night. Loss, $4,000; sual
insurance.
CHICAGO, Jan. 24.-Several fires occurred in
Okosh, Wis, last night infIcting damage OF from
$4,000 to $2j. 200, largely on small storekeepers and
residents. A. Heard, cothier, lost about $4,000.
WHEELING, w. Va, Jan. 23.-A fire this
morning destroyed the oil refinery of ]. Warren Co.,
together with 500 barrels OF refined oil. The loss Is
about 500, 900; insured for about half that sum.
NEw-ORLEANs, Jan. pa fire at Green
vilc Miss. destroyed the stores CT C. c. L. White,
Sprieber & Punch, and John Mcnamara Loss $4,000
Insurance $1,000 Fmlay's drug store, WetheIbee &
Trggs's hardware store aud sumnerdeld's stores
damaged.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
A PRISONERS FATAL LEAP.

John Il. Thornton, a cOlOred man, under ar
rest for burglary, who was being brought from Rich
mond. Va. Newark, by Detective McManus of that
city, jumped from the window of on the Limited
Express OF the Pennsylvania Railroad yesterday at Wa
verify, and received fatal injuries Thornton was a
coacman for Mrs Baldwin, Of South Orange, and dur
ing her absence, robbed the house Of all it's fix
lures He was traced to Richmond. where his
arrest was effected. Thornton was an old offender.
Some tine he succeeded in defraudng a Baptist
clergyman OF a considerable OF money and ID was
through letter written 10 this clergyman that he was
found Tie train running al the OF fifty miles
an hour when Thornton dropped from the window He
was picked up by an Elizabeth train. and brought TO
Market street depot Newark, from whence was re-
moved 10 the hospital. I found that his skull and
lower jaw fractured the night shoulder and arm
broken the right leg pary zed and both hands
were lrlghtIY torn. He died nj ..
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
THE SPLIT IN THE ENGLISH CABINET.

LONDON. Friday, Jan %, 1873.
Tn confirmation of Sir staff rd NCrthcote's state
ment this afternoon, The Times says:
To Sir Stafford NorthcOte annono ement In the HOUSE
of Commons yesterday believe must be added the ac1
that the British feet has received orders which Indicate
\ very grave Momentous however MS are
these resolutions they absolutely rreconciiable
with the policy OF neutrality to when the h,.iS',y
pledecd itself q week ago, and we mght ue
bound to interpret them IN this sense PROVIDED
TIE same Ministers held office, but the Ear OF
rnaryon has resigned and his resigna ION mas Deeh
acceuted Lord Derby Ia also believed 10 nave
rendered his resignation or course II this Is true the Ut
most efforts are likely TO be nsed - induce him to reTace
ten which must intlict blow upon the GOV
eminent. Some compromise may De OnUrei ana ac
ccpIed but II Lord Derby sEoud have even contem
mated RESIGNATION the fact would Indicate on his part
the gravest dissatisfaction with the Governments re-
solves However this may be Lord CirnIrYons 1e5l2-
nation anc it's acceptance render II certain that IN his
Judgment the policy of the Government IA no LONGER
that of the unanimous Cabinet OF week ago, and 1t
wou,srem obvious IN what direction the divergence has
occurred.
The Iiucs in its leading editorial, intimates that
Lord Carnarvon v III probably explain his with
drawal from the Cabinet IN the House of Lords to-
night. 1t remarks that G5000,0O0 is said to
be the amount Of the vote for naval and military sup
plies contemplated by the Government Tie Times de-
mes further explanation of the reasons Tor the vote,
and adds: "rhe public viii not fail to realize that the
moment has come at which they must insist on I'M
mistikablc declarations.'
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
FATAL EFFECTS OF DRUNKENNESS.

A M IN MOTHER A DRUNKEN FATHER AND THREE
STARVING CHLDREN-THREE SUDDEN DEATHS.
Officer Davis, of the Nineteenth Precinct,
was Informed early yesterday morning that something
was wrong at the tenement house. No 800 East Forty
sixthst On the second floor in the two rear rooms tue
officer found Maurice Murphy, aborer in the Manhat
tan Gas Works heplessly drunk his three young chill
dren in baffrozen and starving condition, and his
wife Mary twenty-eight years old, lying dead on the
remnant of bedstead The inmates of the house stated
that the children had been crying ali day, and TINS led
to the discovery of the familys condition The
wife who had probably been dead twentyfOur hours,
was living with her head between the stats or the pt
stead and ia believed that becoming intoxicated sue
was smothered The husband, who was So drunk mar
no information could he obtained from him, was lying
across her bodv The oldest child boy seven years
old and from the relish with which they ale WHAT hc
officer furn sled, II was evident they nad hai not'S
for some time. They were placed III charge OF the
Society for the Prevention OF Cruelty 10 Cnlldrt1
The husband was taken before the Yorkville Police
Court and held in ~ 900 ball. on the charge or cucHy
to children Murphy, last evening, was suffering from
was induced believe that his wife was dead lie said
that she ar times drank heavily, ana Lad done so scc
Monday His brother James, lie said was teacher i'll
the Fiity-first Street Public school . MI,
George W. Harrington, age forty, OF Dean-st. booh
lyu was brought to the First Precinct Police Staton
Wednesday night. under the influence OF liquor; Nheh
nut into cell he ell INTO drunken Stupor ana yesier-
day morning his dead BODY found on the hool OF e
cell Coroner Woltman found that death was caused by
long and heavy drinking. - ,,.,.
The police OF the Twenty eventh Precinct saw BldsCt
Coakey rcelng in the streets, Wednesday night: hucn
updcr the Influence OF liquor This morning she was
found dead in the hallway of No. 81 Westinghouse sac
was a confirmed inebrate and without home
selia Symes. a cOOrcd woman abOnt thlrty-1Vc years
old, died suddenly III miserable room Ill inc re;I ~
No IS sullvan-st., early yesterday morning, probably
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
PREPARING FOR RIFLE CONTESTS.

Ward g. Olyphant, of the Coal and Iron Ex-
change have presented to the National Rife Association,
through G.. s. Schermerhorn, bronze trophy 70 he shot
for in Soldiers Match" The match TO De open TO
teams OF eight from each company, troop or battery III
the National Guard. The first OF the match VIII he
firing by file. five rounds .fOr each competitor, at 200
yards. The second stage Will be firing by vOlley, five
VOeys for each team, "a, the distance. TIE prize
IL shot for monthly and To be awarded ut the close
Az tine meeting OF the DT, ctOrs Of the
NewJersey State Rife Association, yesterday IL
ported property ElzbethpOr $500 feet, along
line OF the Central Railroad of NowJcrscy, could he
leased to the Association for Il nominal sum.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
CLASSIFYING CUSTOM HOUSE EMPLOYEES.

Among the recommendations OF the Jay
Commission that all the employees of the Custom
House should he classified according 10 the amount OF
pay received, and that the yearly salaries should be
either 81 200, 81 400 81 800 $4,000 each. In
forlnIy with this recommendation a classification
prepared by the Custom House Commission but il was
found that number OF the employees including the
chiefs of bureaus and the hquidatng clerks, must
under the scaling OF the jay Commission, either
be down 10 81 500 their must be increased to
So 200 In the latter the appropriations for the
expenses OF the Custom House would be exceeded by
considerable sum- The classification was finally
changed by the Secretary OF the Treasury 70 allow
some of the employees, including the chiefs OF Bureaus
and the lqndatng clerks $1,000 year. The only per
Sons who will receive 5000 year are eight entry
clerks The classification, at present arranged Will
probably 30 into effect about February 1t will not
VolVe the total salaries paid at the New
XurAC Iiousp.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
AMERICAN LEATHER GOING ABROAD.

crn war began the demand from Europe, especially from
England for sole leather has greatly increased One OF
the T, suits OF this demand il is said has been the clos
ing up Of q large number o. the German tanncriet
within two months, large shipments of leather pruc
pally sole have been made to Russia an6 the as
materially advanced. The supply. Il Is reported has
kent up with the unusual demand. During the last we
shipments England amounted 90 $4,000 sides of sole
leather average price Of - per side, making an
aOp f. a
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
MEDALS FOR SAVING LIFE.

John Husscy, 'Longshorcman, well-known
in sou-st has applied for Of the Government gold
medals which by the act Of Congress- Of June ~ 1874.
Secretary OF the Treasury is authorized to bcstow
upon persons become prominent in saving the
lives of others, at the peril OF their own.
Mr.. IIussey medal presented 10
nim eIchants SOuth-st., and he also
has medal of the Society for the Prevention Of Cruelty
to Animals for saving the lives Of number Of horses.
IIussey claims have saved the lives Of nineteen
sons and horses. Yesterday, his AFFIDAVIT before
limited States Commissioner Shields verified by "a
number persons rescued by him. ana Others cOgnizant
OF the facts and the papers Will he sent 10 Washington
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
A NEwsgoY BLOWN FROM A TRAIN.

John Green, newsbOy, about eighteen years
old employed on the New Haven Railroad, while pass
ing from car to anot Wednesday. TN
ful OF books, was blown from the platform and over a
fence distance OF twenty feet. He wa, not missed
IRON me tram until near New Rochelle. The cOndictor
caused special engine to he sent 10 lock Tor him. II
was ascertlned that the lad, after recovery had made
us way 10 Mount Vernon and had his wounds dressed.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25


The Illness Vienna correspondent says III
spite Of the ucsontoEs preparations for defending the
line. of Cou.tautnHpc in carried on with great
activity According trustworthy o..ta some 10000
mrn arc available for this purpose.
lie Berlin pondcnt ol ne iDcs says the Rus
SLAMS do not Ia olirct 10 tie En-ish squadron
ancorne IN the Golden Horn. provided 40 attempt Is
made 10 proven, thc army of the Grand Duke Nicholas
from occupying portion OF the metropolitan forhcA-
uoI-.
The Te's4rophs correspondent NJ Fcra saws g 10 be-
H,y,d impossible fer the Porte 10 consent o the occup-
lion OF CDnsIutiuOpir
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS.

HARRISBURG, Jan. 24.-The Pennsylvania
state Editorial Association met in the Senate committee
rooms this afternoon Among tue resolutions adopted
was the following:
We, therefore, upon all members OF Congress 70
oppose passage OF any law which, under the glse OF
providing machinery FOR determining hat Journals shall
enjoy nd what shah be deprived o. privileged rates VIII
s the heretofore unt.ammelcd press ~ the United
States 10 m Official supervision, which Is the first step "
n fpusolship.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
A FOUNDRY IN 4 STATE OF SIEGE.

The Long Island Foundry, at lind and
North Eleventii-sts. Williamsburg Is held by men
armed with clubs and pistols under the leadership OF l.
r Everett. Yesterday Police Captain Wagom was in
formed that Mr. Jones' who claims 10 be The lessee,
would take fOrcblr possession but owing 10 the presence
OF the police no made Mr.. Everett SAYS that
or account o difficulties In the firm OF H. T. Wat
son CO.. who upicd the building. receiver was ap-
pointed Everett was placed In the foundry keeper
Colonel Hunt agent of the property, dspo>scsscd the
firm for nofpaymen Of rent. Two weeks ago Colonel
Hunt ceased the foundry Mr.. Jones' and since that
time has been trying 10 gain possession But 80
vii no rel
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25

The Union Ferry {
THE USE OF CALCIUM LIGHTS CONDEMNED

BALTIMORE, Jan. 24.-The Coroner's jury in
vcstigang the Of the death Of James Knapp who
died to-day from injuries received by the explosion
OF gas cylinder at Holiday Street Theatre
yesterday, tonight rendered q verdict that his
death was caused by tho explosion, and that
carefully used Is dangerous, aud its employment under
such circumstances, ought TO DO prohibited by the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
INDICTED BANK OFFICERS IN PATERSo,

Merchants Loan and Trust Company, Of Paterson were
TO have been begun Wednesday but an important wit
ness Joseph c. Todd the first receiver, could not be
found, a postponement asked IL was stated that
Mr.. Todd had gone West Notwithstanding the protest
of Courandt Parker counsel for James F. Preston the
case adjourned until next Wednesday. Tie cases OF
the other indicted directors were also adjourned DIT.
Preston was admitted bail upon his own rrcognznuce
in the of 81 000 upon an additional indictment II
charges Preston and William f. circuit tnc bOokkeepcr
of the bank al the time ii suspended, with making false
entries i'll the hooks. and with embczzlng the FUNDS
Orcutt is in Connecticut but Governor Hubbard mas
refused 10 surrender him upon the rrqstIOn made by
Ex-Governor Bedle, of New-Jersey, while he was IN
III
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
KILLED WITH A STICK OF WOOD.

FTaNCIsCO NtsaII, OF NJ OF NUTU'TI! ~
died yesterday, at the Chambers street Hospital, oi
compression OF the bran caused by injuries Icccl'ed hc
night before. CESAR was sitting III his room, wheh
Francisco Sano who lived in the same house. entered
CESAR had been i'll terms with Sltdgio Tor some lmc
and he ordered him ont Of the roOm Sraro went oui'
aud presently returned, carrying stick OF wool VIII
which he struck CESAR blow on the hcah, ana thcn
went out again There several witnesses 10 inc as
sault hut no alarm until an hour after when
CESAR became unconscious. Oaiccr john j. MIl0N was
then called In aud Cesar taken To the Eouiocnih
Precinct Station whence he sent - the tnalnDeis
street Hospital where he lived FOR nearly twelve hours
Sit0riu has thus far escaped arrest.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
KNOCKED DOWN STAIRS.

Coroner Woltman, yesterday, took the ante
morton deposition Of John Bedacht, fNo POS Wliamst
wbowasrepresened as dy ing from the effects Of fracture
OF the skull The injured man found be inscnsi-
ble and his is Improbable David vandervoor
made the following statement " Last night Bedacbt
who IS proprietor OF the saloon the above number
qusrrelled with Charles Wolf The latter Bad
echt, when they had gone outside, and knocked him
down stairway into the basement rendering him in
sensible" Wolf was arrested yesterday.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25
RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA NEGOTIATING.

The StoHdWds Berlin correspondent tele-
graphs a. follows; According 10 s"Inofcia ropor.
frlu Vienna ussia longer opposes the demand that
n European Conference shall IA ify the clauses 81 n
pclcc treaty winch affect general nte.e's II is said
that Prince Bl marck advised Russia before concluding
a ffr Is como to undp r~iandug Win Prussia ana
Austr1 escape the r-h losing n thc minority
~ the CONFERENCE. Russia cousfq uentiy. b ROW bcEu
tl.f.ng with Austria. and So seem, almost certain
that thcy will arrive 40 agreement " - believed tn
I,n,riucut cifrir, tnlt RUSSIA propose the 0ccu-
rlfiDr Of COattautuoile by iu,r,s sent by al the
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-01-25

TRAIN UP CHILD, ETC.-Mamma: "Maud.
could YOU eat another piece or bread and ~ Mauu
" Yes" Mamma: Yes What ~ Maud: " Yes What
Yes please; but you ought To say Yes what dear
Judy.
Blue Jeans Williams is what may propcrly
be called hotel invalid. After he had concluded his
midday meal recently at q Cincinnati hotel, one colored
waiter remarked to another: Jes tell yer Jcames
that Injann amt sick alligator When he fls
done sot down 10 de table Taxed him would he see de
MENU an he jes look at an say. No, don't mean
nobody Den he shout up Boy, fotch me some hog an
hominay; an fotcn i'm TO- plates oh dat, an Wen lie
done finish up an stop dat plate he VS. eatn' orn
didn't want no scourin.' Yer har me 8