The New York herald., 1878-03-28
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES.
Asssmbagss Of Manarhs and Envov Of Sovereign
Ciaes to Discuss Grave Issues.
The Meetings at RaStadt, Vienna, Lay
bach, Aix-la-Chapelle and Verona.
ENGLAND'S ISOLATION FOR FIFTY YEARS


stances the deliberations Of such bodies have boen tho
prelude to active m ltary operations The congresses
held Ia Europe during the past eighty years have rs
often led 10 war as they have been productive of
tranquil results and there Ia no assurance that the
enc TO meet 10 consider the conditions Of
peace Russia and Turkey Will not bring about
renewal on larger scale OF the contest just ended
II seems that England does not favor the idea
OF q congress, that implies very extensive
powers and almost unlimited range OF topics
for discussion: aod, IN fact, when Louis Napoleon
during the time OF the Schleswig Holstcin difficulty
proposed = congress England positively refused TO
have anything to do with It. There ID, however,
scarcely any difference between congress and q
diplomatic conference such those held IN London
In lining the tate OF Greece and Belgium. A
congress may composed OF soveregus OF tho rcp
ycsentaves OF sovereign States, and the name Is usu-
oily reserved Tor those more important meetings At
which broad schemes oil iuture policy are resolved
upon and the balance OF power among nations re-
adjusted. Such in an especial manner the
Congress OF Vienna; and the proposed meeting OF rep
yessptatves from all American republics at Panama,
aud 10 which the United States appointed ENJOYS in
182S, would have come under tho Same head AS Ber-
lin hss been agreed upon the place holding the
Congress consider the treaty OF peace II Is proba
that It will be presided by the German PIsnpo-
tentary ana that II the small Powers DO heard
thor delegates, as former similar occasiohs. will
be invited 10 present their vows without, however,
having the priveg> OF voting Notices OF all the
portaut congresses and diplomatic conferences that
have been hold in Europe appended
CONGRESS or RAsTADT.
Napoleon's first campaign In Italy was crowned
with decisive SUCCESS the operations oi Russia
sgainst Turkey during Tho recent In ten months
tno great captain had conquered i've armies under
hundred thousand mighty disciplined Austrian troops
He had taken 100. 600 prisoners ana placed hors de
combat 81. 900 OF the enemy. The turning point in
tie campaign the capture of Mantua in 1907, as
the capture Of Povna the sigma. OF the breaking
up OF the Ottoman military strength Tho Austrians
completely driven out Of Italy, and Napoleon
with his VICTORIOUS forces Immediately took up Is
march Tor Vienna AZ every mountain gorge, at
every rapid river, the Austrians stood and were
slam. Each walled town was the scene OF sangu-
.ry oonlict but the French pressed on until they
came within sight OF the imperial capital The
Archtuke Charles, seeing The desperate pos
,ure OF affairs, declared the Empire could
longer be saved by arms, and the treaty
OF peace signed al Campo Formio was the result BY
article this treaty It agreed that congress
should be held Rastadt, In BaaeD, TO be composed
Of penipotentiaries OF the several countries const
tuting German Empire Of The Fren ch Republic
for the purpose OF concluding negotiation between
these Powers Tue Congress was accordingly opened
December 0, 1897. The membors OF the deputaton
were appointed early as 1895 on tue first overtures
oi peace. ana although there was afterward great
change Of circumstances there in the
powers COZ erred tho ENJOYS They instructed
saa authorized to make lasting poace with France
the basis Of the integrity OF the Empire Besides
tho Ministers appointed thero appeared at Ras,act
the Empire. They were, however, not permitted to
jou the deliberations except ny express invitation.
With secretaries, clerks and other attendants the
dred number This heavy Representatives was
not deemed TOO much, for not only was
tho Empire threatened with great loss OF
territory but with the subvcrson OF ancient con-
sttuton Besides tho Ministers oi Prussia, Dem
mark and Sweden, euvoys were scnt to the Congress
from HoivetaD, Tho Bitavian the CisaIpine ana the
Liguran republics, and aiso from the Pope. The
French government appointed NaDoleon,s Mahard
and Bonner It's representatives. Napoleon soon
recalled 10 the field, and was succeeded by Roberuot
aud Joan Debrie A greater number OF foreign
Ministers would have attended If 1t mad not beon
lrcssly stipulated between the German Empire and
France tnat the negotiations Tor permanent peace
should be conducted without the tersranOe any
other Power.
MURDER OF THE FRENCH ENJOYS.
Al the opening oil the Congress tho ascendancy OF
France bore down all opposis,ol Prussia auopled its
interests, and Austria was less favorable to the
propositions Of tho Republic. Tho SESSIONS continued
sixteen months, aud IN tue meantime Napoleon
absent IN the prosecution Vi mis- great design to cripple
England by Tue INVASION oil Egypt as step
toward The conquest OF India. The Aus
uians haa entered Italy again, aud suwar-
row, with 10000 Russians, was coming IN hunderIng
iowarl The frontiers OF France. The Congress was
dissolved Aprii Z, 1899, .eaviug affairs much in the
safne condition as beore tho peace oi campo Formo.
deco, however, was committed OF most atrocious
character and wuicn was gross violation Of inter-
Rational law Tne French envoys had hardly lett the
oily they were attacked by troop OF nussars,
who seized them, dragged them oi their carriage,
slow Bonner aud RoDerljol, Notwithstanding the
heroic efforts OF Tue vile OF the latter 10 save her
husband and slrucR down Jean peUre ny sabre blows
ditch when he escaped destruction by ieiguing
mseIi dcad lhe assassins seized ana carried oil the
y.pers OF me legation. Tnicrs remarks on ,his
Irassoy :--'srhus The war between tue Two systems
that aivided tne world was implacaoIe Inc repub-
ican Ministers, III received AZ hrsi, then nsuited
QurInK ycsr OF peace. were at last murdered Ia
= most unwor by manner and WITH ieiOcity
Characteristic o savagcs aIone Inc law oil nsons, ov-
served between the iDOst hvctcratc enemies, vas
violate only iu regard TO tnen." High hvnors were
pAiu France TO nc vi The victims In the
CouIoit oil Aucents Tue PrcsucDt tufncu lowafd ,ucr
chairs, on wn'cn Jay tbeir Oltcia! costumes oeuL
over tnon and, proDOuucipg the names oi RoOefuot
aud BONNER adlca IA solemn zone. "Assas natse at
The Congrcss ol Raustudi' ImmcdIatejy all the rep
Fesontatvos responded, May Their brood be upon the
henCs oil tneir murdeTera'
CONGRESS OF vfESSA.
The Congress OF Vienna, woich assembled ~ 1914
nitor the ia oi Nspooou and his exile EDa, wac,
Iof the magnitude asJ variety oi 'nlercsts u.uer-
took to settle, unparalleled IN The annas oi history.
il was meeting oi "ctatvrs ior Tho arrangement ~
the aIalrs Of Europe according 10 ,heir amoit'oas
vIews anu IN elect required the smaller Powers TO
EuDuit 10 their decrecs without snare in their de-
liberation The Emperor vi RUSSIA and tue King Ui
Prussia arrived at tho Austrian capital November l,
aud were ioIowca Jy The kings Of Denmark, Bavaria
ana WurtcmUurg, the Ei.ctof oil Hcsse, tho Grand
Duke oil baaeD, tno Dukes o brunswick,
Nassau, Cobufg aud otner princes The
principal Ambassadors wero:-Cardinni Con
Bavi, iron tho Pope; Prince Metternicn. from Aus
tria; the Duke o. Wellington anu Lord CasticreagL,
from England Prince HardenDerg and Baron Hum
Loldt. IRON Prussia; Taiieyraud, IRON France, and
Prince Basumow. ki. from RUSSIA. SPAN, Portugal,
tue Netherlands, Denmark, owenen, Bavaria, Han
IA Sax e0vOyh TO the COngreBa