The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1878-07-15

these routes that BY SMITHS Sound Is tho least
attractive and the least important and feature OF
| the work Of Mares, who great sailor AMI . msn
OF courage and skill Is that he puts an end 70 the
foolish pretensons OF those who have mado Smiths
Sound . hobby and insist that there 10 NO
other way OF reaching the Pole. Mares finished
| Smiths Sound. There was q good deal OF
criticism about Mares when be came home-'hat no
should have remained longer and have done some-
thing more. never shared Ia these criticisms In
the first place, wsows something charity a. lsast-,o
| the men who 20 these expeditions and carry
| their lives in their hands TDen Mares had com
msndsd the Challenger ls12-74, and that re-
gard Of she most important expeditions that
over out. The work Mares did command Of
the Challenger puts HIM in tho highest rank OF
| scientific nsvisators and above criticism. So far
his last expedition concerned have no hesita
lion In saying--and think have some knowledge OF
every expedition that has gone the North and the
South Poeit has never been surpassed for skill and
courage. There have boon expeditions more thrill
ipg, more daring. more ioolharsy-where ships
| have been left IN the ice-but, as said moment
ago. am lar from thinking that the best discoverers
are those VINO leave their ships in the Ice. Such =
feat conducting vessels like tho Alert and the
Discovery through the most dangerous ice-aey IN
| the Arctic and bringing them back has mover
boon excsied. Il required moral courage for Mares
| to come homo Is did, and honor him Tor It."
HAYES AND HIS "orES POLAR sEA.'
This led 10 q remark upon the discussions about the
open Polar theory In which Hayes TOOK part,
the return the Mares expedition. III met Hayes 10
tue United States" SAID Dr. Petermann, SIN 1875.
when l ran over TO see your Centennial and was al
most KILLED by the heat liked him personally and
was prepared to ike him because knew his and
regarded him OF The foremost heross OF Arc.ic
scicntne enterprise But when you ask me what
thinS Of the Hayes open Polar sea, ask you,
the Doctor what 10 meant by IAN open Polar sea
| II you opes all the yoar rouad like the
Mediterranean the Gull OF Mexico, always pass.
able, think tho theory Is nonsense II you mean
sea less covered With ice, subject changes
| OF the season, Ike othcr latitudes-much ice
| one season, less In another, with movems nts
IN the ico resulting IN ice mountains
that fout as lar south as Ncwfoundland,
| and 10 the operations u which for ages back we
really owe tho existence Of the Banks OF Newiound
| land-I agree with Hayes-tncre must DO such sea,
and the escape from It to DO dissolved
warm waters; because Il stands to reason that II
there always accumulation OF ZOE In the
norlh-every season new growth-w'th no escape
In time North America and North Europe
would back TO the Ice ages Germany and
New England would become another Greenland
The fact that this Ice escapes dsseves and does not
Increase from age TO age shows, among other
which Or. Hayes calls open Polar sea, ana IN
which agree with bin. But the open Polar sea
which Morton saw-a calm, tranquil, navigabie sea
all the year round-must have been seen in dream
Mares in his expedition puts end 10 that dream
| Aorton's yanishss into the land Of fiction"
THEORIES or GREENLAND.
The Doctor In the course OF his conversation made
| reference to map which drawn the probable
| extent OF Greenland. He explained 10 your CORE
spondent this map q speculation based upon
what bad been discovered thus in the Arctic
g,ons and the Pre- babs trsnding al The land toward
the Pole The Doctors explanation Of this theory
very Interesting. "Fernany years, thirty ~ ioas"
he SAID, 81 have had this theory. II you will look
at map giving the OF the whole Arctic re-
gion you viii boiler understand IT, What here repro
sootcd the Arctic region 10 divided into two
oi about the sze-I should say halves.
Ono of those sections runs from coast OF Eas,
Greenland In about longitude 20 deg west, far Is
Cape Yakan, 10 Longitude l76 deg. east This covers
and embraces Bsfins Bay. Parry ISLANDS, 70 Point
| Barrow and Behring Strait. The other section
terds along ths Siberian coast covering spitzoergep
Frsns josef Land, " lar - East Greenland
| You ind each OF these sections different
| conditions different IN every way-not alone
In appearance formation OF the land and the
character Ut the climate, but in all respects. In
nrss section, which might bs called the western, the
land predominates. In the oIher there is more
than land. Tue nrst rs land-iocked, impenetrable,
rveted with ice that has bound II Tor ages In the
second there is a wide outlet. All the inforna,,on we
have Of tho Paeocrystc Sea, especially the informa-
ton that Mares brings, shows that Is
| land-lockcd. There ice forms and the cold
| is intense. the mouu,alns OF ice that
form this hemmed In. They cannot
csc ,ps through any Of these straits sounds-such,
tor instance tpontng 70 the map> as Behring sIrnn,
| Lancaster Sound, Jones sound and smiths Sound.
These straits and water ways narrow for
prodigi Of ice formed The Paieocrystio
See. Tue question might be asked, IL this Toe cannot
escape through these channels, why does 10 north
and DRIFT toward Eastern GreeniandY Tue only au-
this that here must be iand-a belt Of land
| that prevents the movement This Is part of the
land assume 10 exist IN my map"
THE ICE PHESoxESA
Tho Doctor then showed the eastern section OF
tho Aroiio region, the Polur basu, differed from
Paleocrys site Sea In the first place." he said, ''you
Will observe wide opening the Atlantic side. 1t
~ subject TO tho swift Polar currents not only IN
summer but iu winter These currents dslocnte ihs
ice asses, and consequently the ice you nd there ~
different from That found Ia tho Pseocrystic Sea
Ono has been forming Tor ages and cannot get away;
the other comes and goes with the seasons. This Is
also s~ept by currents OF warm wslor that IRON
the great siberian that finds warmth
| in the central plans OF ASA The eTsot OF this
| warm water" continued the Doctor, evil be loand
IN the Reports made by the swedish expodit,op In
1s12-73 This expsdit,ou--aud, by tue way, no ma
ton any better work In tue Arctic regions
than the Swsdes-went tire north coast
| OF spiixbergen, IN atitcde so. In January
| tho mean temperature as nigh AZ IA
degrees Fshrcnheit The average Tor the three
months OF December, January and February Was
8 de9rees fabrenhst whie the scvcresl poInt Of
cold was 80 degrees below zero, FsbrenEet In Ias,,
our Information goes 10 prove that this whole reg on
between East Greenland ana Nowaya Zembya is
tho warmest section either OF the Arctic or AMI.
! arctic zones TINS BENG tho Tact, what inference
must we drawn II we 1nd phenomenon as
unusual as this Is, aud out OF keeping with