New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1878-03-25
THE Observation-Disclosures VIEW.

MUSIC COMPARED WITH NOISE.
Now. we come TO The question OF the difference be-
tween noises musical tones noise is the result or
course OF vibrations but the vibrations are Irregular,
They do not follow each other at regular intervals.
whereas III every musical have tAe vibrations
following each other at perfectly regular rates. The
suit is that the Is pleased with SION OF regu-
lar intervals OF vibration and displeased with those
which are irregular. a tone md q noise, then dileI
simply in This respect and, already told }u,
the pitch OF the height of the note depends upon the
number of Vibrations produced in n given time. u |
start the and allow II 70 run for GER
creases the tone becomes higher and higher until GGaNy
we can get quite shrl tone from what nj first quite
"a low tone The Professor 10 this point
performed the experiment satis acory amid applause
Now, what is the difference between the tmife, Or
quality OF the produced by The siron tDat produced
T6,c c What IL the foccnapis1 OF nr5drcioo? II can
be answered ia this way: Every tin,Ga musical SOUND
Is produced such would have IL the pu,kinH 81 3
striug or by the sounding of pipe we hear, only
sounds are known OveItOIcs or hnuOnCs. There is
The fundamental tone which Is the principal o- aad
when can distinguish by sounding thc inning forh
carefully - thus. Now, see II can produce another
tone from tuning fork Dong SOL There differ
ent one and here producing still another tono is stl
different Both " those are sounded 0AOu tho IUu
dancntal tone is produced, Nu; they aIe not nearly SD
loud as WREN make them especially These
then, give ,he peculiar quality 10 the various kinds
OF Instruments and 10 the human voice, ana re
mad these oveT-tOnes produced IN the matle
matieal ratio. For example. il we take the note &C" rs
the starting point We ma s mrs. oVeFt0Ac IS ltS oV
taye which twice many vibrations a. tie or-iId
note Then the next OTertOne or harmonic Is the tl
Hat ana We have then succession ~ tones
which overlap or are mixed WIN he Ir"iHnlgiih
ton of l, 2, 8, T. ., 8, T. s, 0. 10. Thai ~
to say the first OyertODe or octave OF the
fundamental tone mas twice as many Is tht second Tie
second three times many, the third four tImca as
and7ouineSs of these as they mix with NE iuLd4nenh
whether there is produced either TIE sound or the
for example, on the organ IautDoy OF c"IIohet SHOP
have peculiar tone Now we via tax, .Ac trumpet
etop and The piccolO sec how different they are
The human voice has IT. pecGialles IL the same way
and, the vowel sound must oe aHay "a very
liar ptch them arc all To- 0Snzcd, and IA this manner
appreciate the various qualities OK sound Or ils
umDre.
THE MECHANISM OF HEARING.
Now let us consider some Of the points connection
with the reception OF sound by the The is q
voryNcuriOus piece OF apparatus-the most complicated
probably of any that exists in tine body. Too car -
capable OF approaching about eleven octav.s 81 sound
The eye capable of appreeatng but ono octave IN
color shat the has far greater range Of pprc
ton than the eye. There certain pccuarcs about
the ear by which ere enabled 10 appreciate these
sounds and We must not forget that our appreciation
OF sound-the subjective condition Of sOuud-' We
already see very different from the actual condition Of
things OF matter which produces The sound. aOuDd
OF vibrations and the ear takes those Vibrations
by peculiar sympathetie process when v" WI 9hGtI
peculiar condition which understand as sound. II
We lrTafe lie nerves which 60 10 TIC ear We feel 10
main bui have a runbl!ng sound. II The !rFa'c u 30
even thgt the vibrations taps OF the nerve follow
each other at regular rotations ara equal utci a-
music is the result: IRE ar, noise is tho result hut
the acoustic transmit 10 other sensation 10
tie brain but that Of sound Ii IKE manner thc optc
II 1t be wounded fash Of lt foOws; # the ac0us lic
aIe some nerve diseases the result o. disturbances
ring ia the ear, where there IS continuous sound or
pccuGriiies Of those nerves We can appreciate then
the subjective conditions, and wish study now tie
manner Inch the sound is carried t0t1e There
are two distinct sets o. apparatus u the cac, FOR
the reception Of tie sound and transmission of II exter
naly, and then the internal arrangement ~ means Of
which the sound is received and United 10 the BRAIN
CONSTRUCTION OF TIE EAR.
We have the portion OF the head what 10
called, ordinarily, the Now, this supposed. III
human being be OF itte far collecting
sound is concerned because from recOrds have OF
practices in savage countries where been
cut on we have found that the hearing is scarcely im-
paired but 10 the lower animals undoubtedly, by put
ting the ear IN various positions, they collect the
sound and cause it TO enter the interior portion Of the
ear. In the interior Of tho car, as we pass
ia from this exterior position, there is a
little piece OF mcmbranOus tissue which IS
known "a the drumhead membrane tymplui, ana
the OF sound impnging against this cause II %
Vbrate and tie Vibrations transmitted inwaIds and
they set IN vibration, by means OF peculiar cham Of
little bones. another menbrane, ana this covers cavity
1led with fluid, and within this cavity are the 0aments
Of the acoustic nerves. These haents are attached 10
little strings, and by sypathcc vibrations these PICK
UP the tcnes-nOt Only Inc iuhtamentaI ioNts, out an
tie oVeT-lOnes which have seen 10 exist every
musical sound-and there vbrate according 10 the
intensity Of the original tone produced.
This particular part Of tie mechanism OF the ear Is
inolosed D0ny-DOX and the complicated enent
which with is enough lifelong study.
The general conditions which, have mentioned are that
we have these carefully protected that We nave waves
produced IA nuId ana mat Tie uhu@a'oi " waves ~
INF, ud thc direct by which The Examinations
Of the acoustic nerves are set N motion and these pro
duce q sensation OF sound Row, d question "Ouhi
naturally Grso 20 whether or not these ht'lo mem
membrane Were simply FREQ u 1t was simply attached
around opening with uOtLiDS d'o III
wien fuudanenial tone vac sounded, uii5
ringing IN ears; but nature has provided peculiar
which you viii to De beautifully represented ~ the
taikugua chine here, namely, that has dauYci, that
II has checked this fundamental tone About The centre
there hte bone winch Is attached 10 tins membrane
aud this Is IN connection with several oAors &Ed acts az
portion or membrane IL viii not respond to the
the fundamental tone but by forced vibrations other
sion o. the fundamental tone continually dIummed IN
ears And this membrane instead OF beng MAJ, Is
else tic fundamental Tone The result Is that have
perfect arrangement for transmitting sound.
VIBRATIONS OF SPEECH SHOWN on HE SCREEN
Here is little piece Of iudia-rubDer with little
mirror in the centre and when certain tones arc spoken
In this tube which is the carrying portion to the
shall that this is thrown into vibration VII generate
here on intense beam OF light from the electric lamp
Now you the light upon the screen and II We sing
note in the tube you will zee the membrane 10 thrown
into vibration II those vibrations could be photographed
We could enayze the number and character OF the har
monies. Now We will say the words "One," two"
"tbree suiting the action TO tho wOrd and now WHOM
sound ~ vOwol"u" we see also TAG peculiar effect
produced on the screen. lAppause.l This then 10
method OF ANALYSIS OF tone
Now then let us follow out completely the mechanism
OF the production Of the sensation or sound The wave
Is generated and IL throws into agitation the mebrana
iympani, aud that membrane carries 1t INTO tbe inferior
OF the ear by means OF chain OF bones OHe OF these
bones comes in contact with another membrane situated
deeper In, which closes over cavity containing hnd.
Ills fluid receives the wave IMPRESSION and as these are
received, the undulatlons arc transmitted deeper
into the structure Of the ear, and tho strrc-
lures here take up the vibrations and throw
into citation certain little chords, OF which there are
about 8 600 in The ear, and these little chords viOrate
unison sympathy 10 tue peculiar tone that has been
produced by the sound. AS they ybrats they agitate
the internal aaeEts OF the acoustic nerve, ana thus the