davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

THE English are predicting the
bankruptcy Of Russia in case a Sec
and war spsues about the Eastern
question. The funded debt Of Great
Britain is no incoosidsrabIe trifie, and
along and expensive war would no,
improve the chances Of its ultimate
payment. IN tact, it never viii be
paid. and if it should be increased
extensively even the payment Of the
interest on it might some day become
. matter of doubt. War Is fast be.
coming Q financial matter.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

THE origin of the form of disin-
heritllng . natural heir BY "cut,ing
him of with . shilling" is said to be
- follows: In former times in Eng
land it was held that will was void
in which the heir was not noticed,
on the presumption that his father
must have forgotten him. On this,
as Blackstone reasonably conjectures,
has srisep that vulgar error Of the
necessity Of giving the heir shilling,
or some other nominal sum, ~ show
that he was in the testator's remem-
brAnce.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

Tue danger of war has practically
closed the Black Sea ports Of Russia,
from which large shipments Of BREAD
stuffs were expected. This neces-
sarily throws the European supply
into the bands Of American farmers.
1t is an III Wind BLOWS 10 good to
some one, and war in southeastern
Europe. although injurious to the
peoples engaged, is of advantage, in
an economic sense, to our people.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

A REPORT comes from Munich, Ba.
varia, that colored pictures have been
produced by new process. Three
photographs are taken. The first is
on plate which is sensitive to yell
low rays only; the negative of this is
printed by photo-lithography in yel-
low ink. The second photograph is
from q plate only sensitive to blue
rays, and the printing from this Is
with blue ink, OVERLAPPING the first
printing. The third photograph is
Of red, and the proceedings are slmi-
lar with red ink. The colors thus
blended ip printing are said to give
the natural tints.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

Two NEW Courts, with all their
paraphernalia, were created for San
Francisco by the defunct Legislature
"a Municipal Court Of Appeals and
a District Court for the Twenty third
Judicial District. These positions
will doubtless be filed by some Of
the Legislators or their particular
friends.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

TIE following are the chief items
of the River and Harbor bill, so far
as the Pacific Coast is concerned /:
Oakland, $4,000; Wilmington, $780,
600; Sacramento and Feather River,
$1,000; Lower Willamette and Co.
lumbia Rivers, 100000; Columbia
and Snake Rivers, $4,000; canal
around the Columbia River Cascades,
$4,000; Upper Willamette RiveI,
100000.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06
Mas. MyRA CLARK GAINES, Il

Mas. MYRA CLARK GAINES, the
celebrated New Orleans claimant,
has offered to compromise her entire
claims to property in that city for
$4,000, 900, payable 10 ten annual in
staIments. The city 10 in such an
impoverished state that she is receiv-
ing no income from the enormous
property, her legal rights to which
have been established.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

THERE is strong difference be-
tween Senator Blaine and Senator
Conkling. The latter is always pre-
pairing a speech which he never de-
livers, while the former is always de-
livering speech which he never pre-
pares.-[ Philadelphia Times.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06
l.vs tho nailv EXCHANGE. The

SAYS the Daily Exchange: The
Governor signed the Eminent Domain
bill after all. He might have known
from the way it was struggled
through the Senate that there was q
Niger in the fence. But then he
thought 1t was big niger and
worth having as a friend in the next
Senatorial fight. 1t was q railroad
niger.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

JUDGE MYRIcK of San Francisco
rendered judgment and signed a
decree confirming the validity Of the
will Of Charles l.. Low, dated May
8, 1877, and admitting it to prob ,te'
This judgment is understood to he a
compromise between the widow and
principal legatee under the will, and
the contestant, Charles A. Low, son
Of the deceased, by which the latter
shares 10 his fathers estate.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06
STATE NEWS.

Daniel Dunn of Eureka has been
declared insane.
The tax levy in Eureka county is
$2 on each 900.
]. A. Porter succeeds Mr.. Arlington
as Superintendent of the Z K mine
at Eureka.
The general appearance of things
in Tuscarora indicates the return of
lively times.
A man in Humboldt county, while
attending funeral last Sunday, was
thrown from wagon and killed.
Considerable ore Of good quality
is being extracted from the upper
levels Of the Raymond & Ely mine.
The skeleton of James Dunning
was found Thursday about six miles
from Carson. Dunnine left Carson
the 7th Of last June and il is believed
he committed suicide.
Reno Journal: Mollie Mccarthy
and Tenbroeck are to run four-mile
heats at Louisville, July 9TH, for &c.,
900. The mare is to 60 east in Budd
D"ble's car, " hich has been Chartered
for the round trip.
Phoebe Record: At Mr.. Glissan's
ranch, in Rose valley, last Sunday, II
mare mule gave birth 10 colt coy
cred with . coat Of long brown hair,
resembling that of grizzly bear,
interspers-d here and there with
spots of a lighter color, a black streak
running from the name tn the tail.
The animal is perfect in form, With
the exception of the left fore foot,
which resembles that of bear.
Carssn Appeal The prisoners who
were tried in the District Court for
an attempt to break from the State
Prison were brought up for sentence
Wednesday. John Beleher and W..
C. Burton, pleading guilty, were SEN
fenced to one years Imprisonment in
addition To the time tor which they
were formerly sentenced. Ned Allen,
Z. Spencer, John Culra, John W.
Nelson and joe Estrada, who stood
trial and we're found guilty Us
charged, were sentenced t" t~pyear's
imprisonment in addition to their
allotted time.
Eureka Sentinel: Our total treas.
ure shipments for the month Of
March was $613,7s9 A. This sum
does not represent the total yield OF
The district, as the Richmond fur
naces turn out crude bullion much
faster than the refinery Can separate
it, and there is now stacked up at the
works nearly 5000 tons of bullion,
awaiting that process. The gross
yield Is something over 100000, the
output of eight furnaces. The lead
product is estimated at $225, 900,
making grand total IF something
over $1,0Q0,0
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

IT HAS been decided by the United
States District Court in New York
that the suit against Samuel ]. Tilden
for income taxes must go to trial. II
is more than probable that Mr. Til
den's counsel will appeal the case to
the United States Supreme Court.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06
Telegraphic Paragraphs.

Attorney General Gwinn of Mary
land declares Montgomery Blair's
resolutions designed to reopen the
Presidential question entirely inope-
rative, and Dies not think there is the
least chance of contingency arising
when his services will be required.
Secretary Sherman, before the
House Committee on Banking Thurs
day, insisted that the Government
was in as good and perhaps better
condition for resumption than the
Bank of England.
A grand banquet was given to Bay.
ard Taylor, United States Minister to
Germany, in New York city Thursday
night. William Cullen Bryant pre-,
sided, and many distinguished citi-
gems were present.
The House hy vote of 139 to 80
has declared the Office of Doorkeeper
vacant. The Southern Democrats are
indignant at the Northern Democrats
for voting against Polk,
The Greenback State Convention of
Oregon has nominated a full State
ticket.
The mysterious disappearance Of
Congressman Vance Of Ohio is now
explained. He ran away with a wo-
man not his wife and with large
sums of borrowed money.
In the Rhode Island ele ton the
Republicans were successful by in
creased majnrities.
The House Committee on Elections
has dismissed the Oregon contested
election case of Mcdowell against
Williams.
The amount Of forged paper issued
by J. W. Bugbee of Ind annapolis, the
Western agent Of Holt & Bugbee Of
Boston, is $15O,0O0.
General Thomas C. Dcvens, United
States Army Commander at Fort
Laramie died Thursday,aged SO years.
The indications now are that Eu-
rope has again settled down to an.
other period of slow diplomatic cor
respondence. Gortschakoff is busily
engaged in preparing an answer to
Lord Sslisbury's circular to the sigma
tory powers, which has had the effect
to withdraw sympathy from Russia
aud gain England the support of
nearly all the great powers.
The Turks continue to massacre
the insurrcctionary inhabitants Of
Thessaly. American, English, French
aid Austrian men-of-wa have been
ordered to Volo 10 render such aid
as p 'ssible to the suffering Greeks.
The ironclad Rupert and the iron.
clad turret ship Devastation have
been ordered to join the English feet
in the Sea of Marmora.
Drought and famine prevail to q
distressing extent in Morocco.
Mobilization has been ordered in
the four remaining Russian military
districts.
Russia has requested Montenegro
to prepare for renewal Of hostilities.
At Santa Rosa (California) city
election Wednesday the Ksarneyites
were badly beaten, the majority for
the Citizens ticket being nearly 400
in q total vote of about 1000.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06
SENATOR CosxL1xe seems to b

SENATOR CoSKLINe SCENE to he
hiding away all those powerful
speeches 10 the editorial columns of
his Utica newspaper. One of them
reads: "Rnscoe Conkling is a strong
er man to-day than the President Of
the United States, with all the pat
ronage Of the administration at his
back" Modest and unpretentious |!
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

THE tide has turned in California.
San Rafael, Santa Clara and Santa
Rosa have repudiated Kearneys in
cen.liary doctrines and elected citi-
zeps tn office,
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

ScHULER ,CoLSAx writes to the
Philsdelphia Times what he says be
has sad ct least five hundred times,
that he j. DOT . candidate for any
Office. Hs seems to be putting him
gs!f y considerable unnecessary trou-
bla.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

r. Az Asa yhich has lately passed
tha CalifoFsia Legislature the open
ing q .bs ssaSpa for Trout fishing is
changed from the 1st Of April to the
Ut q Nay.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06
Assessment Notice.

nAYTON GOLD AND SILVER MINING
II Compsny-Locstion Of principal place
Of business. san Frsncis o. Cslifornia-Locs-
.ion Of works, DEVILS Gate ustrict Lyon
county, Nevsda.-Notice 10 hereby given,
that u meeting Of the Board Of Directors.
held on the I'd day Of April. 1878. an ssscss-
inent mo l0) OF twenty-five Cents i26c) per
share was levied upon the capital stock Of the
corporation, payable immediately In United
STATES gold coin, 10 the Secretary. at the Office
Of the Company, 3 ON 10. Haywards Build
ing. No. 4is California street. Ban Francisco,
California.
Any stocE upon which this assessment shall
reInsin paid on the Seventh dsy Of
May. 1878, ~ill be del nquent. and advertised
for sale at public auction, and "nless pxy meDt
10 msde before. wi be sold on TUESDAY,
the 18th day Of May, 1878. to pay the delin.
quent assessment. together with ctsts Of ad-
veitistng aud expenses Of sale. By 0rtisr Of
the Board Of Lir ctoFs.
W. K. DEAN. Secretary.
0flcs- Room No. ", HAywsrd's Building,
No. Al9 California street. San Francisco. Cal.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

JOHN Q. MAYNARD has been ap-
pointed Insurance Commissioner in
California.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06
KINDS SPRINGS.

fuVHE PROPAIETOR ANNOUNCES TO
u the citizens Of the Comst CT towns and
surrounding uutry ,hN h. IL prepar. 70 &C.
c0mmOdate IN un i'm ted number Of gu sts.
phe curative gu lities Of the waters Of these
Springs are knUwn far and near. particularly
In cases VI
Rheumatism. Salt Rheum,
NercuriLl An ctions. scrofuls,
Fever Sores. 9. eondsry syphslis,
And Broken Down Constitutions.
Gravel and Kidney Complaints,
Three Different Glasses Of Baths!
Each bsth combining the waters Of many
springs With various degrees Of Temperature.
~ Take Cluaesge's station to Wellington
Station. thence II 10 only ten miles to these
famous Springs.
~ The distance from Dayton 10 Kinds
springs IL only 20 miles.
Board. Lodging and Baths.
Per Week, SIS.
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06

HAVING LATELY ADDED. AND BEING
Lyon County times. [volume] (Silver City, Nev.) 1874-1907, 1878-04-06
REMOVAL.
Choice Wines 4 liquors
A Spa CIALTY.

Thanking the Public for the liberal patfun.
age heretofore bestowed. We AK . confirm.
ance the same In the future. and guarantee
satisfsction In prices and goods.
RIPLEY 4 HAAS.
Silver City, March 10, 1878.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1878-11-28
n SOUTH cav ST., BALTIMORE, NO.

0@WbW @Tb Ssst @FS@shMWW@B W@s
(Half minutes walk from the Postofhce.)
PRACTICE LIMITED TO PRIVATE AND
CONFIDENTIAL DISEASES.
TAR. wORTHINGTON may beconsuIted upon
- all confidential diseases which tend TO en-
bitter life and shorten its duration, including
Nervous Debility, causing indigestion, pain in
the back and loins, weakness, headache, impor-
tency, impaired sight, loss Of memory, eruption
on the face and body, bashfulness, &C., making
Married life unhappy and Single Life miserable.
The Doctor guarantees that M case placed in his
treatment shall leave his care till thoroughly res
tored TO sound and vigorous health, without the
use Of Mercury in any form, his treatment being
purely Vegetable.
NOTfCE TO COUNTRY PATIENTS.
Parties living at any distance from the Ilospi-
tai can be successfully treated by sending symP-
toms of their disease. The Doctor viii forward
70 any address In the United States, free from OBJ
servation, a printed list of questions, thereby
enabling the patient 10 give minute description
OF their case, which he requires to effect quick
end speedy and sure cure.
Ali letters directed TO DIR. W0RTHINGTON,
Lock Hospital Baltimore, Nd, will receive
prompt attention. DIR. Worthington was stu
dent Of Prof. n. r. Smith and Is graduate Of
Md. University
Office hours from 8 in the morning till 10 at
eight Sundays, till Il O'Clock noon.
Separate Consulting Roomsfor Ladies, 10 whom
the DR.. Pays special attention.
March 8, lS7S-ly.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1878-11-28
ROAD NOTICE.

nj Office is hereby given, that at the
1N expiration Of thirty days from this
date application viii be made by the
undersigned to the Board of County
Commissioners Of st. Mary's county to
open q public road from Backbone Hill
to the Potomac River, at Mulberry
Fields, in the Second Election District,
and to establish 4 public landing at
Mulberry Fields on Blay Greek.
JNO. Il. COMBS,
JACKSON REDMAN,
THOS. RIDGELL.
Nov Il, $3.50.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1878-11-28
70 FARM Frs.
WHEAT SEEDING.
OYYIcE or r. C. DAFIDeE,
Manufacturer q Fertilizers,
IS w. Lombard ST.,
n-assn~ A. - aa@9

Baltimore, Aug. -, 1873.
Dear Sir Our Agent, Mr..
Is about 20 call upon yOa. lie viii o1er cur
different grades Of Fertilizers a prices fixed with
q view 20 ruling mates for produce. whist we
ogEer Ior Wheat Seeding, two articles ~ . maize
rial difference in c1si, ne would state that the
more costly differs from the other almost entire
" In It's stimulating constiiuent-Ammonia-i
other and more lasting properties, such as Avail
able PhosphOrie AeId, Il ID substantially the
same. Yours truly,
Il. C. DAvIDGE.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1878-11-28
Notice Of C0-PaftleFShiD.

my son, T. r. C. HERBERT, has been ad-
w mitted into partnership with me In the
conduct Of the Mercantile Business at my old
stand, Head Of st. Clements Bay, the Co-part-
nrrship to date from the Sth Of November, 1878,
and the new firm TO be known Sc
T. F. C.. HERBERT s. co.
Persons indebted to me are notified that a set
element IL now expected ard win be insisted Ca
Having just returned from Baltimore with
new and eOmplete assortment Of
nRf e0oDS, eREcERleS. NOTIONS, ETC,
which will be sold ut lowest rates for CASH,
ask for the new firm q continuance OF the favor
Of my old customers and also that Of The generai
public.
Nov IL, lsSS-tf Nov Q, 1878
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1878-11-28

GREAT Mails, Nd, June !, 1878
anAyINCs very great desire 10 accommodate
the travelling public, coupled with q heavy
debt Of gratitude owe to the whole humankind,
I have determined to. convert my very large,
thoroughly ventilated and deliberately furnished
dwelling into q Hotel, and in announcing the
same to state that IL will always be my very
great pleasure TO receive old patrons, and shall
EEL most sensibly any neglect on their part. ]
hope that my terms win suit the means Of al.
Board, per day, $1,000
For each meal, $50
Lodging, z.3O
Horses ~ livery, 500
PsysSfe alEsys IN adraHes.
Trusting that I may receive in the future the
very liberal patronage extended me in the past,
Very respectfully,
Jos. 8. ALLSTAN.
June 10, lsTs-em.
Saint Mary's beacon. [volume] (Leonard Town, Md.) 1867-1983, 1878-11-28

~ Raw and Dissolved 60nes. n
South Car0iIna bone Phosphate. PEI
ana, and all Fertilizing ingFedie
manufacture.
Aug ., 1873.
The Hillsdale standard. [volume] (Hillsdale, Mich.) 1851-1909, 1878-09-03
portant element in the question of our
ability TO maintain resumption.
r,rrtrI nn,,r,r.r nr AnnIl.ItI ,rIrRr

portant element in the question OF our
ability 10 maintain resumption.
DEVELOPMENT or AGRICULTURE.
Then, again. the development Of our
agricultural production, the chief en-
pioyment Of our people, gives a source
OF wealth and prosperity unexampled
in any nation in modern times. From
the Atlantic 10 the Pacific, from Cana
da To the Gulf Of Mexico, our country
has been blessed with harvests, assur-
ing plenty Of food 10 all our people
and an increase Of our exports TO Eu-
rope. / understand that rich stream
of wheat is now pouring into your port
for shipment.
II is this industry which lies at the
foundation of our prosperity, and
which invites now millions OF laborers
To aid in the development of uncaiti-
waited lands. The war withdrew from
agriculture millions Of laborers who
are again invited 90 join ia this most
healthful aud happy pursuit OF life.
aud the crowds Of cities are freely in
vited to their surplus population to
fruitful fields, and bountiful harvests.
After the war of 1912 the migration
commenced which peopled Ohio, Indi-
ana aud Illinois, and, although there
are no such rich lands open now for
settlement, yet Texas, Kansas, Nebras-
ka, and the whole tier of States west
Of the Missouri River, together with
the undeveloped Territories Of the
West, invite migration and insure to
labor a Just reward, anc offer them IA
cilities for transportation and settle
ment that our fathers did not enjoy.
He closed with a reference to the
condition Of labor at home aud abroad,
saying that far greater degree of Dis
tress existed in Great Britain, France
and Germany than here, that our laws
and institutions were more favorable
TO the laboring men than those Of Eu-
ropean countries, and that the Govern
ment and the Republican party were
willing to do anything that could legal
ly and justly be done to protect the
rights and interests Of labor.
The Hillsdale standard. [volume] (Hillsdale, Mich.) 1851-1909, 1878-09-03

w. B. Boland writes from the North
Platte, Neb, to the Jackson, Mich. }
Citizen a description of how the stock
business of the plains is conducted
We make the following extract:
The grazing regions of the plains ex-
tend from kearney, near the ninety
ninth meridian, to the Rocky Noun
tains, and embraces Southwestern Da-
kota, Southeastern Wyoming, Western
Nebraska, and part of Colorado and
Kansas. Through this vast region cat
tie and sheep range winter and sum
mer, feeding on grass, and requiring
no attention except branding and driv-
ing to market when fat The whole
country is occupied by ranches, from
three 10 forty miles apart. Ranches
are the houses-mostly made OF sod
where the herders eat and sleep Gov
ernment owns the land, except the
stock owners generally own 40 or l60
on the water-course where his ranch is
situated. and this ownership of the
ranch settles his title to the rancho, as
the State law forbids any other party
to allow cattle to remain on a rancho
already occupied more than three DAYS.
A ranch rs generally occupied by from
two TO five men; one rancho can care
for from 500 10 1000 cattle or sheep.
Men having over . 900 head of cattle,
and there are many who have 1000,
aud some 0,000, generally have contig-
nous ranches about twelve miles apart.
The whole cost Of keeping cattle a
year and marketing them ranges from
81. - per head for small herds (small
herds are less than ! ,000) to less than
II per head for large herds. Three
hundred wo-year-old heifers will keep
family in moderate comfort after the
second year. and make the owner rich
in ten years. The supply of cattle is
kept up by natural increase and by the
importation Of Texas cattle, which, lat
ter are driven in herds OF many thons-
ands to Ogalalla, a small station on the
Union Pacific railroad, some forty
miles west OF North Platte. aud sold TO
stock growers all over the grazing re-
gion From June 10. till the latter
part of July, these Texas cattle are ar
riving at Ogalalla in such vast numbers
that IL is beyond doubt the greatest
cattle market in the world. No choice
is allowed the buyer except as 10 age
aud sex-a thousand is a thousand
and the buyer takes his number, drives
them to his range, brands them, and
turns them lose The present price at
which cattle are held in Ogalalla are
for yearlings heifers, IS: for steers, 50:
for two-year-old heifers, sl2; steers.
Sl3; for three-year-old heifers. sl3:
steers, S16. These bring at about four
years old, grazed one year, about s25,
sometimes a dollar more or less. Chi
cago buyers are always in North Platte
in shipping seasons, though many par
ties prefer 10 make their own ship
ments
The Hillsdale standard. [volume] (Hillsdale, Mich.) 1851-1909, 1878-09-03

POSTAL STATISTICS. During the fs-
cal year, ending with June 30th, 1878,
there was distributed by the Ninth di-
vision of railway mail service, which
division comprises the Through mails
via Buffalo, Suspension Bridge. Toledo
aud Detroit, the lines OF the Lake
Shore 4 Michigan Southern railroad,
and the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, .
lT2. SIS, $50 letters, aud 90.66l, 400
pieces of paper mail. This distribu-
tion was performed with one error TO
every 2,033 piece Of mail haneled. OF
this amount the New York and Chicago
post-ofiice distributed 107, ,6ss, 600 lee
ters and 6s.036, 800 papers. The mum
her Of registered packages in transit
during the year was ga, ,62S.
The Hillsdale standard. [volume] (Hillsdale, Mich.) 1851-1909, 1878-09-03

Trains are run by Chicago time, which IL 81
m nutes slower than Detroit and,Columhus time.
All trains run daily. except sundays.
CONNECTIONS Close connections made az p
siantl, with NJ. G. r. r. FOR all points east and
west At Manchester, with jackson Branch Of
l. $ 4 VI. :. n. r. At Hulsdale; with L. :: NJ
s r. r. AT Bankers, with II. W >. A ;. X. X,
for points north and south.
The Hillsdale standard. [volume] (Hillsdale, Mich.) 1851-1909, 1878-09-03

-Four burglars entered the house of
Strong, wealthy farmer OF Greenfield.
Wayne county, "Wednesday night. and
robbed him of S202, all the money in
the house. Strong and his hired man
we're the only occupants Of the house.
They were tied and gagged.