The New York herald., 1878-03-28

, Grand Duchy of Warsaw was united as kingdom OF
Poland Russia anu u was stipulated that the Poles,
subjects o Austria Prussia aud Russia respectively,
were representative institutions OF national
character regulated by the modc oi political exi'tence
which each OF The governments 10 which tney appcr-
! tained should judge u suitable to grant them While
The masters tho situation stid engaged dvid.
ing the spos Napoleon suddenly returned from Eliza
nnd the Congress dissolved The dictators concluded
their work alter Waterloo.
THE CONGRESS- OF AIxLA-cHAPELLE.
BY tho Treaty Of Paris, November 20, lsl5 the oc-
cupation during a limited number OF years oil the
military positions IN France was agreed upon ~
me allied sovsreigns or unsi, sn inasmnty o.
thought II high time to loosen the shackes I'M
possu on the once conquering nation. IL was
with the view OF hberating France from dependence
Of any Kind upon foreign DOMINION IL was attended
by the Emperors OF Austria and Russia aud the k'nx
ol Prussia, and besides the ENJOYS who ngursd at
Vienna 1914 there appeared Prince Lleven, Pozzo
dl Borgo ana NesseIrode, General Jomini and Mr.
splendid diamonds oil Lady Castereagh were the OBJ
ject OF general admiration. Nine. Ca,iiini wore tue
magnificent brooch whcn had been given her by the
Empefor Alexandsr, and ma chIef beauties OF the
opera at Paris added the influence oil their charms 10
the saysy OF the scene. Tue conclusions Of .ns
provided that the troops should retire on or boiore
The 3Uth OF November, and that IN consideration OF
THIS evacuation France was 10 pay 10 the allies
$685. 0O0 900, lor which new debt WAS 70 be created,
the interest o which was not 10 exceed 1000 900 per
aunum Various secret treaties aud protocols were
concluded at Aix-la-Chapee, among them one bring
Ing France, under tho restored Bourbon dynasty,
into the "Hoy Alliance anu another, which was
oil more practical nature, went directly
TO regulate tho military arrangement which was 10
be adopted IN the event OF fresh revolutionary out
break in Frauce. The Congress published dcciara-
ton OF principles stating tho motives which actuated
the great inonarchica consderacy. II WAS asserted
in TINS manifesto hat NO new political enterprise was
Intended nor any desire 10 disturb the re-
lations already Subsstlng between the Powers They
s.ryat,on Of .ranaality while they engaged 10 OBJ
serve strict ovediencs 10 the maxims oil popular
rights They promised that while they would never
cease labor ia strengthening and periectng the
WORK which thoy hao so lar completed they solemny
acknowledged the duty imposed on them toward God
aud their SUBJECTS aud the Obligations OF justice and
moderation IN their actions.
THE CONGRESS- LAYBAcH
Notwithstanding the lair words and promises OF the
assem- bied monarchs anu thcir advisers At Aix-ia
Chapsle, feeling OF discomfort with the anti-l beral
policy OF the Continental Powers had been growing 10
intensity in many purts Of Europe Revolutions
broke out IN rapid SUCCESSION in Spain, Naples aud
SARDINIA 1920 and 1871 The general alarm excited
S,os,u which was reno, ed near The end OF the
named year 10 Laybacn in Styra, at which the nvo
great Powers were represented by her soveresns OF
from smaller Powers, also appeared The proceed
ings harmonious, Tor It was deter mined to stamp
out tue revolutionary spirit Austria sent an army
into Italy and overtnrew revolution almost wih
out striking blow IN the spring OF 1871 The clrcu
lar published by Russia Prussia AND Austria gave the
reasons tor au, hor,xng tho OF force
tenancc Of public order. "rhere existed, IL was
said "a vast conspiracy against all established
power and against all the rights consecraicd by that
uoctrln9 by which Europe haa eoJoyed 80 many ecu.
Of glory and happiness and that thcy regarded
dsavowed by the principles, wnich constituted the
public right of nations all pretended reforms operated
ny revolt or open hostihty."
IHK CONGRESS- VERONA.
During the year 1921 royal insurrection occurred
In the north O Spain, to which Francs SO far extc nded
aid TO allow the insurgents to gashor along tho
boroe to retreat across The boundary line III case oil
need and TO make open preparations in men and
money Frerch soil. A Congress had been arranged
" meet IL Verona, when that Vt LayDach broke up.
tho principal measure TO be considered WAS armed iu
tcrlerence In the affairs oil SPAN. which, II UNDER
taken was 10 be tho work OF France. Tue revouto
lists mad possession the government, tho army, the
Treasury and the fortified places, and seemed as If
all ancient Institutions in tue south OF Europe were
about fail TO pieces. Tho nortu itseliku-sia and
Germany-elt themselves penetrated in their inmost
veins by that passion for renewal OF things, that
pouring o youthful blood into existing systems which
is calied Inc soul OF modern times Influenced
partly BY their sympathy with revolutionary
efforts. and partly BY tne tnrst Tor extravae gains
the capitalists OF England had largely embarked In
adventures connected with The struggles for inde-
.peudence IN South America The luoa Of healthy
young republics arising in the New World and equal
ling the United States in rapdisy OF growth
tent ol CONSUMPTION OF Brush man ufacturos infu-
euced s0me the prospect Of enormous rates OF IN
terest loans, and tor few years regularly paid, at
actsd otncrs the idea OF liberty spreading over this
continent carried away stiil greater multitude. No
doubted that tnese young republics, which had
thrown oil the Spanish yoke, would speedily
ossides snrlch,ng the fortunate shareholders
OF the mining companies that were daily sprtngibg
Win q large return OF tho gold au0 Bttver OF
Mexico and Peru II England and Franco came to
blows the spanish question, IT was obvious 10 all
that desperate Euroocan slfito would be the result
the throne OF Louis XVIII rested on q volcano, and
tue revolution making Rapid strides In 0rdor 10
avert what WAS considered u common danger, con.
gress, as montonci above, was resolved on ana We.
roma liked as tho place OF its assemtsge. The Duke
OF Wellington, Lvrd Strapgford ana Lord Burghesn
represented Engmnd; NJ. de Montmorency ana NJ. do
Cnateuubri.nd, France; Metternich, Austria, and
Prince Hdrdenberg auu Count BernstOrn Prussia
The Emperor Alexander was there IN person, accom-
panied Uy MesseDrooK NJ Oe TakricheH, NJ de Stroyo-
nof his ambassadors at Vienna and ConstantinopIe,
and Count Pozzo III b0rgo.
A BRILLIANT AssRMBLAGE.
Verona exhbileu when Tue Congres opened within
It's walls IN the winter oil 1872 even more than the
usual union oi rank. genius, celebrity aud beauty
wnicn usually attracted by such assembIages The
Empress OF Austria was present, the ex.t impress
Mare-Louse was mere, but the widow OF Napoleon
had sunk into The obscure wife OF her own chamber
lam The Queen oi SARDINIA, Win her daughters, the
Princesscs OF tuscany, Mouena and several OF ths
German Powers. emDelisnca the saloons by their
charms Tho principal actors aud actresses from
Paris and Vienna mad arrived; splendid balls suo-
ceeded other in RAPID succession, intcrminged
wan coucerts, IN which Inc genius or RossEi shone
form with he highest ustre In the MIDST OF ali This
pomp the business OF diplomacy proceeded abreast VI
that Of amusement Tue nrst matter brought under
the consideration OF tho Congress was the
Greece anu the complicated reia,lons oi RUSSIA ana
Turkey. Piedmont next came under discussion and
II was resolved TO remove the Austrian army oil
patton IRON It's territory. Tue most important SUB
jcct OF ali was The Spanish question, for the solution
vi which the Congress had been assent bed England
while France was determineu tO march au arm, over
the Pyrenees. he Empeio Alexander from the first
declared his readiness to support any measures which
France ma ight deem essential or is safety. Prussia
adopted Tue same views; Austria was moro doubtful,
but MetterLlch was fully impressed with lne danger
monarchtciI Institutions from the revolutionary
principles acsed upon Ia Spain. The Duke OF Wsliing
ton declared mat his sovernment would not paruci-
pate in any such proceeding; uat Engand would not
even attempt 10 pcrsuaae Spain 10 coniorm 10
tho views Of the Congress, and that the june
tIon of any foreign Power In an enter
SPAIN Soulh
rican coioucs would be waved BY the BRUSH govern
entIrely Dew question, and one upon which
would take such actiVu as its interests snt ro-
qufc. Inc BUSINESS Ui the Congress turned out en-
tiiciy 10 The advantage OF France and according 10
Alison 'lor the Irst time Tor very long period Eng
land iouud herself ISOLATED on the Continent aud
doomed 10 be tue impotcnt spectator oi operate
wLicn she nci,hcr approved oi nor couiu prcvcnI"
French army entered spain and proceeded M lar as
CadiZ The COrtes was Ovcrturown and the KING Te-
stored to liberty. In reercuce 10 tho south Ameri
eau coionies all the Powers, with tue cxcap, zion OF
England, declared mat tuoy would never recosBiZe
tner dependence 80 loug Is The King 81 spain lad
not lormaay r,nounced his rights OF sovereignty.