davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1878-05-31
Monatron. Extortion az Paris.
Paris Special to New York Herald, May 26. !

Parls special TO New 1ork Herald, May 20.
The influx of foreign and pro-
yincial visitors to Paris to see the
great exhibition increases steadily.
The English are here in thousands.
The heavy swells run over for a'day
or two and then run back to enjoy
the London season, fortified with
gossiping material that will stand
them in good stead at the social re-
unions Of the West when the war
fever and the peace party are ex-
hausted as topics. The great Eng.
lish rush will come in July and
August, when the perfect cockney
will be seen abroad in all his glory.
The French proyincials are NOV
ing on the capital in wondering
masses, but they are economic folk,
unlike the English and American
visitors, who spoil waters and hotel
keepers by their i'll. guided extraya-
gance. Prices, however, have gone
up, and many are the tales told of
the wrath of grim. .visaged Bretons
and blazing-eyed MarseillaiS at the
bills which have been presented
them after a few days stay at ii
second or third-class hotel. At the
leading hotels, where the foreigners
mostly go, the same cry is heard.
The extortions in some cases
have reached the evaporation point,
and the picture of the indignant
Englishman, who always harbors in
his heart an intention of writing
to the Times, sir, is seen daily in
the hotel bureaus. Indeed, the
feeling became so general among
the guests of one of the leading
hotels here that they organized a
veritable "strike," and eighty of
them left the building in a single
day, to the disgust of the proprie-
tor, who thinks that the world is
nearing its end when Englishmen
and Americans object to being
robbed.
The fact is that a number of very
pretentious hotels have laid them.
selves out as mantraps for the ex-
position, and the managers expect
TO realize fortune out of a single
season. They have determined that
no one shall economize, and they
run up their prices on every one
who attempts to save a little by
eating, for instance, away from
their hotel. To sight seers who 20
out in the morning and only return
to go to bed this eating at ones
hotel is a positive loss Of time, as
well as of money. The proprietors,
on the other hand, have made up
their scale Of profits, and insist that
if they do not get them out Of your
meals they will make them out of
the extras.
People who propose making a
heightened stay can soon reclify
this, for hotels where furnished
rooms are let by the week or month,
at prices to suit everybody, aud
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1878-05-31
L CURE FITSl

An Mixed Cards, With pame, Iac. Agents'
~ outfit 100. 1. JoNEs 4 Ce., Nassau, Nj.
OK Fancy cards, snowflake Damask, a.
81 sorted IN . styles, with name. f6o.
Nassau Caro- Co., Nassau. n. Y.
80 A day 70 agents canvassine Tor the Fire.
Pe side Visitor. Terms and outit free.
dress 2. y. ElOkERY, Augusta. Maine.
nRGhNc retail price $3.50 only sf5. pI-
OltUHtNo anOs-kelaA price a5l0 only
y1ooi woi ureat bargains, Daniel n. Beatty.
nssnlntton, !.
RULmohA isA certain remedy for Con-
sumption. Ask your druggist Tor h. Clren-
lars iree Address .. q. MOSES, Is CorilaSdt
street, New York. 8.sIdlE
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1878-05-31
FALL OF A HOLY MAN.
The Sacred CUAt0dfan OF the IA.
mons Idol JuEgernAtb, Sentenced
90 transportation for Murder.

mons Idol JuggernAth, Sentencea
90 transportation for Murder.
London GlObo.l
As already reported by telegraph,
the Raish of Pooree and four of his
servants have been sentenced to
transportation for life. They were
convicted of numbering religious
beggar by torture. The Rajah, as
the guardian OF the Juggernath,
has been a person of consequence
and ga holy man." and this mode
Of dealing with him has proved, it
is said, a convincing proof to the
inhabitants of Bengal of the
strength Of the government. The
following particulars are gwen re-
garding the alleged torture and
murder Of the Babaii by the Raiah
of Pooree: The statements and
depositions show that the deceased
Babaii had the reputation Of curing
all sorts Of diStemrers, which at
lracted the notice Of the Dowager
Rani, whose adopted sou the Rujah
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1878-05-31
AN USWELCOME VISITOR.
The Man who Has e25, 200, 900 on
Deposit with August BelmOnt.

The Man who Has e25, 900 on
deposit with August belmont.
New York Times. May 2jI
Charles H. Atkinson, tall, fine
looking man, who, so far as his APP
pearance goes, shows no signs Of
insanity, was arraigned in the JET.
ferson Market Police Court yester-
day, The complainant was Albert
Matthews, of No. "A West Thirty.
third street. Mr.. Matthews said
that on Thursday evening, while he
was absent from home, Atkinson
walked in and said; Where arc
my servants I" Mrs. Matthews was
much frightened, and told him they
were not there. WELL" said the
stranger, I" am very tired; | guess
I'll lie down and rest" and with
that he proceeded to make himself
comfortable on the lounge. Officer
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1878-05-31
Ten Cents Per Week
NO 10

where there is no table d'hote, can
easily be found. The prices of
meals at the Partisan restaurants
are not proportionately dear. One
can lunch and dine at moderate ex-
pense, even at the Exhibition, but
must know where to 60. That is
the secret. One friend, who is a
residento of Paris, can save visitors
world of worry and extortion by
few words on these subjects, which
a column could not as satisfactorily
explain.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1878-05-31
TO THE
CITIZENS OF SHELBY COUNTY.

OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD, !
DRM0CR TIC AND CONSERVATIVE PARTY,
MEMPHIS. May IL, 1878.
THE Executive Board Of the Executive
l. Committee Of the Democratic and Conser-
vative party Of Shelby county, hereby call a
convention, to meet in the city Of Memphis,
at the Exposition Building, on
THURSDAY, JUNE 13, 1878,
at11 o'clock. for the purpose of nominating
candidates for the following ofices;lan -
Judge of the Chancery Court,
Judge of the Circuit Court.
Judge of the Criminal Court.
Judge Of the Probate and Circuit Court
(Bartlett).
attorney GeHsTai Of Criminal Court.
AttorneyGeneral of Bartlett Court.
Sheriff Of Shelby county.
Trustee of Shelby county.
Register of Shelby county,
Clerk Of County Court.
Clerk Of Criminal Court.
Clerk of Circuit Court.
Clerk Of Circuit Court (Bartlett).
As preliminary to the assembling Of said
convention the Executive Board, conforming
to the usage Of the partyin that respect, rec
ommend and request that q primary election
be held in the eighteen Civil Districts of the
county and the Ten Wards Of the city, on
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24

BuPFA1o, n. Y, July 22.-James E
Tolliver, aged twenty.six, confidential
bookkeeper for C. P. Markle & Sons, pa,
per manufacturers al Pittsburgh, was ar
rested by one of Pinkerton's men at the
Tilt House last evening and taken back
to-day. It Ia alleged that on the eigh.
teen,h oil last May he drew check for
5000 on the Farmers Deposit Bank,
and forged another for similar amount
which be got cashed at the banking house
Of 7. Mellows & Son and then absconded
At Toledo be was Joined by Runie Berry,
who formerly lived at Steubenyille, Ohio
and they fed to Canada. Last Thursday
they came to Buffalo and registered at the
Mansion House as Joe Newland and wife
Bellaire, Ohio.
Joseph Tolliver, jun, Of Wheeling, w
Va, brother Of the abseondiug book.
keeper, arrived subsequently,. The young
man and woman were Traced hiiher by G.
MarkIe and the detectives. The former
saw James Tolliyer on the street with his
brother yesterday, and when the two
sauntered into the Tiff House Markle
and The detective quietly arrested them.
The abacondipg employe broke down and
cried ike a child. At the Mansion House
81, 900 Of the stolen. money WAS found, and
Il Il thought the remainder, or 4 good
portion oil il, will be recovered in Canada,
The woman, Berry, was also taken into
custody, and all three were taken TO Pitts
burgh this afternoon.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24

sAH FRANCISCO, July 23.-A Baker
dispatch says: Col. Forsyth's command
left Robinsyille, Grant county on satur-
day. Sear Clear Greek they struck q
deep canyon, where IA Of Robins scouts
were sent ahead. In 4 few minutes they
were fred upon by the Indians strongly
posted In the canyon. Fl. "a. Freeman
was killed and two others wounded. The
scouts returned 10 the main body. The
Indiana abandoned the position before
the troops came up. The hostiles are
making for Mathew ageneJ.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
MouHDsvlLLE.
The Misunderstanding Institute
The Crops - Camp Grounds-
Democratic Cauidron Bubbiing
aI-......n IsI. %
- MouNpsyILLR, ] ny -.

A4bGsAH'NA v sH'g -
Correspondence Of the Inteiliseoeer.
As the mercury ha, fallen aSou. 20 de.
grees, and humanity has once more come
ou. Of the shade, l may be able to fnd
an item or two for your paper. The cool
breeze on Sunday had the effect Of giving
our ministers pretty good congregations,
and all during the day you could see the
eject Of the change in the weather mani
Tested by the number otpersons prone
nadius our streets, and to-day II ii was
not for the wind and the intolerable dust
II would be delightful.
Prof. Bundy, Of your city, is eondue-
ting Peabody institute 10 this plAet
this week and there Is q pretty good At
tendance Of country school teachers in
town which adds little life to the
place.
Our school board have been trying The
experiment Of advertising for teacher.
for the coming sehool year. Applicants
have been required 10 furnish evidence
Of their qualifications and character to-
eether with the amount Of salary they
expect to receive. The board commenced
10 open and consider the applications, oil
which they had about hall bushel on
Saturday list but have not completed
this work yet It Ia generally hoped that
Proi. crAgo and the most Of his assis-
tants will Be retained. II they are,
though, Il will be at reduced pay.
The farmers Of our county are getting
pretty we'll through With their harvest.
Most Of the wheat Il in the barn or In
stack. Some has been lhreahed, and the
yield has been extraordinary. lam in
formed that Thomas Scott Of Round Bot.
tom, threshed one piece Of less than three
Acres, that yielded one hundred and four
bushels. What farmer Of West Virginia
can beat thatl
Oar Camp Ground is assuming the ap-
pearAnce Of quite little village. There
are now near twenty families on the
ground, most Of them from your city
and judging from appearances they are
enjoying themselves equally As well a.
though they we're At some Of our fAshion'
able summer resorts,
The Democratic cauldron has Be
gun 10 bubble 10 anticipation Of The
coming Convention At New Mar
linsyiile, and Just here let me say d
Col. Jake, Col. Dan and John Hanson
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24

that the Hchild.llke and bland smile"
Of Col. Ben has done the work for them so
far as Marshall county Ia concerned. Am
sorry for Hans.-Wouid have liked TO see
him hsye solid Panhandle, but he com.
meneed To set up the pics tso late in the
day. There ia considerable excitement
in Democratic circles over the Stats Sen.
atorship. Bush Price would like the
nomination, but be is virtually out Of the
race, and should be, for no man who il
opposed TO free schools can be elected to
the Senate from this district. The 6ght
is between Frank McJilton and Lewis 8.
Newman, with J. Boone Mcclure for q
.blaek horse," and great many Of the
thinking men Of both parties would like
Mcclure 10 win, as they think he would
make good senator, and that Ia what is
needed In West Virginia.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
Blitimossun.

IscrsptARY CuRrAMs.-A Boston com
pany which has been investigating yery
carefully the origin Of 6res in cities more
especially dwelling houses, has aseer'
tained that DO email proportion Of the
minoriosses Il oeeaiioned by the Ignition
Of drspery curtains from the gas bnrner'
at the sides Of the vindOws: In such
warm nights a. We had earlier in The
month, when It was Almost impossible 70
breathe with the sindoWs closed, case
meuts are thrown wide open, and the
tanning Of the breeze drives the Light
substance Of the curtains, more pafheu.
Iarly lace ones, into contact with the aide
burners which are placed carelessly in
this respect by many Of our builders.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
THE HEMPFIELD RAILROAD.
Report ON the Aseer.
tainment OF Liens and Distrib.
ution Of Funds-An Interesting
Question Raised.


Pitt,bursh DisPateh.
For a quarter Of century there hal
been trouble in the attempt to adjust th'
Indebtedness growing out Of the building
Of the Hemp6eld Railroad. After re
peated offering. the road =as finally sole
TO a Mr.. Keyser, purchaser for the Balti
more & Ohio Railroad for Si,l00. Mr.
Fox's original claim, with interest, wa
5000 80, but the disposition Of th'
balance or the conditions on which The
amount was whitfield down TO 81 100, dc
not appear In the report ot d. F. Patter'
son, Esq., the Auditor, appointed last
September to Ascertain the liens and
distribute the fund, now in the registry ol
the United States Circuit Court. The
report was fled yesterday. The sale was
made on the suit Of Fox, under the con
struction put on the case by the
United States Supreme Court but
Mr.. Fox is not the only cred
ilor. The Courd ruled-that under the
joint resolution Of the Legislature oi
1913 contractors hhu vAlln lien l0r con'
struction.- The question now raised ID
whether the sale Of the road on the lien
OF Mr.. Fox discharges the balance Of the
liens and forces the holders 10 accept a
pro rata share Of the fund arising. The
report IL, in brief, that the sale does dis.
charge the other liens. These liens differ
from an ordinary mechanics lien, about
which there'Is no doubt as 10 the con.
struction that would be given. The bal.
ance Of the lien holders refuse to accept
their pro rata share Of the fund, aud as
the amount, 81 100 Is too small 10 be
taken into the United States Circuit
Court, the lien-holders will proceed upon
their Judgments in the Common Pleas
Courts Of this and Washington counties,
and thus shape the case for the United
States Courts. 1t begins to look now "a
thongh the day when the ye1ed question
will Be settled il not far of. The cause
Of the trouble began in 1856, and after
going through the United States District
Court, finally got 10 the Supreme CONT,
and now gels back 10 bed rock by begin.
ming de aopO in the State Courts.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
The Railroad Combination.

SARATOGA, July sS.-The matters Of
difference between the Great Western
and Canada Southern Railroads, about
Western freights and passengers, referred
to Col. Scott, Of the Pennsylyania Cen
tral, hAs been decided by him. Fiity.fve
per cent Of the competitive treights l.
awarded TO the Great Western road, and
sixty per cent Of passengers; forty.fve
per cent Of freights and Iorty per cent Of
passengers are awarded to the Canada
Southern road.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
A Japanese Jul nk Found Drifting
nj Sea, None Buf Dead on
Board-Bodies Shackled To-
rether-Hoy Did it Happen:

SAN FRAsc1sco, July 2s.-The schOon'
er Parallel reports that on the 9TH inst,
OF the coast, about one hundred miles
north Of this port, fell in with 4 japanese
Junk, not living person was found on
board. A number Of corpses were found
some were shackled together. They must
have been dead At least month. No food
wu found on board, some Of the bodies
we're dressed In costly material.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24

NEw YoRK, July 23.-ArriTed-
Steamships Labrador, from Hayrs; vii,
lard, Hamburg; City Of New York aSC
Algeria, Liverpool.
IosDos, July 23.-steamships Ethio.
piA and Australia, from New York, and
ArtrAlo, from Boston, arrived out.
BALTIMORE, July 23.-Arrived-Cas.
plan, from Liverpool.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
CATHOLIC CHURCH,
AUSTRIA.

vienna, July 23.-The Austrian au>
thorities expect considerable trouble In
Herzegovlnia and Bosnia, and are even
prepared to encounter armed resistance
similar 70 the Rhodope insurTection. Ar.
rangements have been made for an ad.
vance Of strong reinforcemenb TO the
frontier and neighboring garrison towns.
The Turks diSplay very unyielding dis.
position in the negotiations about the
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
stenIr,ship overdue.

SAX FRANCISCO, July 2S.-soms ankle.
ty IL felt concerning the Pacific Mail
steamer City Of Toxic, noHsix days over
due from Yokohama. The agents here
say that the ship Vas In hrst-class condI-
ton In every respect on leaving port.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24

THE contract for building the new Jail
at woodsfeld, Ohio, has been awarded to
Messrs. Hays & Burroughs, Of Bellaire,
for the sum of s7,762, lees $3.50 for the
old jail. The building Ia to be finished
BY the lat Of January, 1879.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24

TIE Treasury Department announces
that the Philadelphia Mint will purchase
the United States trade dollars and the
Mexican dollars at one,hali cent per
ounce less than the London gold quota.
tiOn for silysr bullion, payable in stan.
dard silver dollArs. asqgs a
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
lneendIary Tramps shot.

81. PAUL, July GA report was re-
ceiyed here tonight thSt farmer, near
Pairbault, shot and instantly killed two
irampa who be caught in the act otsetiine
Ere % a harvesting machine In his wheat
aEld. He gave himself up bot was In
slAutly released.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24

taken to Monterey, but it Is doubtful
whether he will reach there alive.
GALvEsroE, July "a special from
Austin states that Stephen Il. Larden,
the present Comptroller, has been renom.
mated for that Office. The Convention is
still in session,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
The MILITARY Commission al
white kulDhuF.

GRKExRRrER, WHITE suIPHuRsPR1sos,
W. Va, July 2S.-The Military Com.
mission met today. Present Senator
Burnside, President; Senator Butler
Represeutatiye Banning, Harry White
and Dibrell Strait. The Commission
passed lresolution thatis sessious should
Be in secret for the present.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
BUSINESS ENTERTAINMENTS
mir. Gladwin q LIttIe short.

New YoRK, July 23.-The suspension
Of Wm. II. GlAdWin, an old member o.
The Stock Exchange, !. announced. Mr.
GladNin was short Of the market, and
several hundred shares OF stock wert
bought in under rule for his account.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
FIRE RECORD.


C1scrxSA1r, July 23.-The latest reli-
able estimate OF the losa BY the CatleLts.
burg, Ky, ERE is $780, 900, upon which
there Is about $50, 900 insurance.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24

vrEsSA, July 2S.-IntelIisenee has
been received from Brod, on the Bosnian
frontier, that an detachment OF Austrian
pioneers have crossed the River Save last
Saturday, TO prepare lor the construction
Of bridge. They were we'll received
By the Turkish officers and local author.
iiies.
The Arch Duke John Salvador, Of
Tuscany, has been appointed to the com.
mAnd Of The division Of the army Of oeeu.
patton. This appointmsui is believed to
have some connection With the future
administrative arrangements.
DEAD.
Professor Karl Rokitanosky, an emf
nent physician and Anatomtst, IA dead.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24

LONDON, July 23.-The return match
between Capt. A. Il. Bogardus, the Amer.
iean pigeon shot champion and ChatmAn.
deley Pannell, Of Hurlingham Park, and
Gun Clubs took place to-day. They shot
at one hundred birds each for one
thousand dollars aide. The match Was
won by Bogardus By two birds.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
SPORTING NEWS.


SARATOGA, July 23.-Tbe attendance
at the races oday Was good.
The Alabama stakes, for 6llies foaled
in 1875, one and one-eighth mile,wa won
by Belle, Balance All second, Inver
More third. Time, 1:5s.
The Flash stakes, for two year oldsr
half mile, wss won by Harold, Idler sec.
ond, Lula third. Time, 4si.
The Handicap race, one and one.lourth
dash, was won easily by Garrick, Nee
hanic second, Spring Branch third. Time,
2:l3,.
The free Handicap steeple chass was
won by Trouble, Derby second, Freder-
CIEvEIasD, o, July 2S.-Tbe follow.
irg Is summary Of the frst days races;
234 class-Dame, trot, !, /, l, Alfred,
2, 9, 9, 6raysalm, 4, 8, 8, Mild Air. 8, 5,4,
Polar, z, 4, 6, Volunteer Maid, 5, Z, Q,
Up and Up, 9, 9, 5, John MeDougall,
6, 9, z, John Il. S.arin, s, 81. Time
2:22i, 2:25t and 2:25.
g class-Dick Swiveller, !, ], ], Ly.
sander Boy, 2, 2, 9, Silver Sides, 8, 8, 4,
Lew Scott 4, 4. 8. Ethel, g. s: 8, Lady
Pritchard, Q, 6, S, Deception distAneed,
time, 2:22t, 2.2l and 2.2li.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
nExICAN NEWS.


NEw oRLEAxr, July ga special
from Eagle Pass to the Galveston NsrI
reports the capture Of General Escabedo
BY DiaE troops under Col. Nuncio, near
Cnatro CupiRAs.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
IDeath Of lIInnir warren,

FAIL RrvER, July 23.-Minnie War.
rem, the well known dwarf, died here 10
day 10 child birth.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24

ssSs hIi.5 ai.s ...l /. lbrs,k.n,u, wa. run
sSR S0s NHhVills add Deca.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
DEAD,
FRANCE.

PARls, July 23-Ths Amazon Mining
Company resolved to inform the stTiksrs
that when they resume work their claims
will receive fair consideration.
.nI..., -
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
WASHINGTON.


wAsHIseros, July 23.-The Treasury
has Just issued call for the redemption
Of s. 100000 Of 8 20 bonds Of 1855. ST.
500 900 registered and S, 500, 900 coupon
bonds, interest to cease October 23d next
FOUR PER CENT.
. The subscription to the 4 per cent loan
sl,077,70o. ~ S.yas =
IScREAsED WOOL PRODUCT.
The wool crop Of 1873 il about per
cent greater than that Of 1877. s
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1878-07-24
Menther lndlcntiona.


war DEPARTMENT,
OKucr or fHH cHIU slsNAL OVYIcEI.
za-s|a1W WLmIsgToH, D. C, July 3t-i 4. y
For Tennessee and the Ohio Valley,
and Lower Lake region, warmer and
clear or partly cloudy weather, light
variable winds, stationary or lower pres