davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
Sources OF Hog. Supply.

The arrival Of hogs in Boston, for
packing purposes and Tor home con-
sumption, is fully maintained, and the
prices obtained by the raiscrs of hogs
are, in the main satisfactory About
10000 hogs are arriving at Boston week
ly, but the number will increase as the
season advances. The supply of hogs
for killing, to pack and ship to Europe,
is obtained from Illinois, Ohio, Missou-
ri. Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin, Kentucky,
Michigan, tennessee, Nebraska, Kan
sas, Minnesota and few in Pcnnsylva-
MIA and West Virginia During the
last packing season, from Nov. LIST,
1877, to March 1st, 1878, the western
States packed over 100000 hogs.
The revolution in packing has made
a revolution in raising 1t was always
the case that the bulk Of the pigs were
born about February, and the second
fall (when they were year and a half
old) they were sold to the farmers for
stock. They would weigh, say $50
pounds, and the farmer would pen
them up because they get fat more
quickly that way) and feed them ten
bushels of corn each. Now the pigs
are principally born il. the fall, fed a
little corn all winter, and run all sum
mer and are corraled for stock in the
fall; fed ten bushels Of corn and then
sold at the stock yards to the packer.
The pig is now sold weighing the same,
but they are one year old, instead of
one and three quarters The hrpods
have been improved and the meat is
more Gender, The farmer considers,
too, whether it is better to sell his corn
or feed it to hogs a carload of sixty
hogs can be sent to Chicago from Bur
lington, Iowa, for instance, for $45, AMI
the freight alone on the corn, fed to
them would cost S72. Hog raising is
profitable. The value of the cotton
crop for 1860 was 25S,000,0O0; the val
ne Of the animals sold for slaughter in
the United States is now $3.50, 000,00 a
year. Hog raising is destined to be
come one of the greatest industries of
the country, because the demand for
packing for Europe is steadily on the
increase. Amcrican CulfiratQr
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18

agent claimed that it was patented,
which we do not doubt; only it does
seem foolish for people to pay for a
right to use patented article when one
equally as good can be had Of any COM
mon blacksmith for 81. We should not
be surprised if these agents went around
among the farmers Of this region, and
attempted to collect royalty for the
use OF the old weed-hook, now the pat
ented Tucker" No farmer should be
without weed-hook, which enables him
to turn under and completely cover
the tallest weeds or cOrn-stalks
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
A Weed. Hook,
New York Tribune

About twenty-five years ago, Rural
then a resident of Cook county, invent,
cd weed hook. 1t consisted simply
of piece of bent iron fastened
to the pillow beam by a suitable clasp
We have one now, made twenty years
ago, which is put to annual use. No
one ever thought of getting a patent on
it, but, instead. it was described in the
Tribune and in all the agricultural jour
nails of the day. A few days since, we
received call from an agent who had
for sale the territory and rights Of
Billiards. Weed Tucker" which is al.
most Identical with the shook" which we
have used for twenty-five years. The
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
VECETINE E..
Nothing Equal to It.

SOUTH SALEM, MASS, Nov. IA, 1876.
Mr.. H. r. STEvENs-Dedr Sir:-I have been
troubled with Scrofula, Canker and Liver COM
plant for three years. Nothing ever did me
any good until commenced using the VEGE-
TINE. am now getting along tirst-rate. and
still using the VEGETINE. l consider there is
nothing equal to it for such complaints. Can
heartily recommend it to everybody: Yours
truly, Mrs. LIZZIE NJ. PACKARD,
No. is Lagrange Street, South Salem, Mass.
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
4'ss.

The reading columns on this page will be de-
voted, mainly, to topics pertaining to FARM and
HOUSEHOLD. The farmer readers of the Bull
LETIN are requested to write for it,
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
VECETINE
Rev. 0. T. Walker, saws:

PROVIDENCE, II. l., 164 TRANSIT STREET.
H. X. STEVENS, ESQ Il feel bound to ex-
press with my signature the high value place
upon your Vegetine. My family have used it
for the last two years. In nervous debility it
is Invaluable and recommend it to all who
may need an invigorating, renovating tonic.
o. 7. WALKER,
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
DIT. w. Woods
Destroyer

1t removes all kinds of worms, 1t is one of
the best of tOnics, 1t acts surely and mildly
on the liver. II Is pleasant to take No after
physio is required. All persons, both young
and old, who are of delicate constitution should
use it. In dyspepsia it has no equal. Fry it
and be convinced. az Sold by Tabor & Tabor
and G. II. Wallace. 14-6
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18

One of the most ambitious things in
the world is the bottom of berry box.
. Its motto is that sterling old one:
There plenty of room at the top.
GHic0Q0 Journal.
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
CASH FOR WOOD.

TIME undersigned Will pay cash for Hard or
Il Soft Wood on delivery on track, or at the
Brick Yard west OF be Insane Hospital before
the LIST day of October.
1a9l also ready to contract for Green Wood.
20 be delivered next winter
Apply to NJ. j. BAKER.
AT the Brick Yard or at Kenyon & Tabor's
Hardware Store, Independence. 5ltf
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18

Less wisdom is required to make
money than to keep it securely when
made.
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18

MANUFACTURING.
INDEPENDENCE
Manufacturing Company
Wood Work.
Sherman Patent Window Blinds, screens Tor
Doors and Windows, Sash and Doors, Frames
Mouldings, Wood Turning, &c.
Machine Shop.
Machinery Repaired, Lathe work of every de-
scription, Drilling and Fitting. Corn Piow
ShovcIs Il speciality.
Blachsmithing.
Piows Repaired, Horse Shooting by an Expo
rieuced Workman, General Job Work.
Feed Mill.
Feed Grinding done; Feed kept on hand for
sale.
Reduced Prices.
All the above work at prices reduced to suit
the times. Come and see for yourselves.
Independence, Ia, May ID. ".
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
Absorption Medicated Foot Bath


cheapest, the most pleasant Convenient, surest and
osh IN @R and ape
BILE to the infant, youth and adult Of both sexes Ex-
disease that be kept in suhection or that can be
modified, by the use of medicine, but that can be
fH5f 81 Sr Che PAD Pasters and Med
Gated Foot Baths known as absorpti sal) tis al
can cure but that can be cured more promptly and
eiIectually by this treatment Certain # is that times
beyond the reach Of medicine have ed away under
the action ALONE Of these remedies: And the work
the patient. that in many the pain was gone be-
fore he or she was aware; More than million wit
idle words mi Representations, but are suscep-
tble of proof. In the name of humanity try them.
LIVER G PHD e. remedies eds viii vi ia s
Fever and Agne. Kidney Trubes,
Bilious Disorder, Irregular Action OF the
Liver Complaint, Heart,
Intermittent Fever rheumatism.
Periodical Headaches, All kinds of Female Weak
hs ggPe CaFe,, Sick Headache,
Chill Fever, Lumbago Sciatca,
Dumb Aguc, Pain in Side Back, Stom.
B Ious ndevery Kind Of ach, Shoulders and
Darrh@a, ,Catarrh, Lassiude.
Japndice, Neuralgia. Bilious Collie.
A these have their origin. directly indirectly,
IN the Stomach and Liver. If you doubt it send for
Dr. iare ca Lecin pe' T., m,o 1o mo.,s
Foot, By the pair % cents Body cents eacn,, Med
i Foot %th % cents dad six
price, either the money, postal order or registered
letter. and all will be sent you by mail free OF charge.
except the salt which is sent by express at the
expense OF the purchaser.
The following communications explain themselves:
CAMBRIDGE, ILL.
Messrs. Bates Hanley:
have been wearing one OF the Holman Pads. 1t has
relieved me from complaints Of long standing, i'm
proved my health wonderfully, and feel like new
woman would like to act your agent in this city,
and by doing believe would carry happiness to
hundreds OF families. Yours truly
AURORA, ILL.,, May LIST, 1873.
8entiemeni ! have been great sufferer with
neuralgia in the stomach, and also with dumb ague.
Having spent thousands Of dollars 10 get cured, but
all to purpose. until about the LIST of March last
induced to try one Of Hoimans Pads which has
entirely cured me, and am now engaged in selling
these Pads and doing all | can to spread the glad
news Of this cure and induce others to try it, s. Il.
PEORIA, ILL.,, June1
Messrs Bates Hanley:
purchased one OF your Holman Pads for both my
wife and mother who were suffering 18th Bousness,
Constipation and Dyspepsia. The Pad has completely
cured them Yours, j. WHEELER.
PEORIA, QLI.,) Transcript.
Address either Of the following offices:
1874 Madison ST., Chicago, Ill.
Mechanics Block, Detroit, Mich.
Hall Block, Toledo, Ohio.
Alb milwaukee ST., Milwaukee, Wis.
Best's Block, Minneapolis, MINI.
BATES d HANLEY, AGENTS for the
Northwest.
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
G.. & NV. r. r.
g. & N. wv.
T,TT1ES.

u. O. IN. wv {.
LINES-
r,,p cu,c AGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY
rsu,br.ces under one management the Great
Trunk Railway Lines OF the west anu ~, ~,
west and with its numerous Drancnes 'i 1 oo.
nectons forms the shortest ana IN Illinois Wis
ronsin Northern Michigan, Minnesota' doMa'
Nniraska California, and the western IefrF
tories. Its
OMAHA 4 CALIFORNIA LINE.
Is the shortest and best route between Chlcago
and all points in Northern LIMOS Iowh HaS.o
"a Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, Utan, Neva-
da' CoIifornia. Oregon, China, Japan and Aus
trala. Its
'CHIcAGo, ST. P. u MINNEAPoLls LINE
Ia me shortest line between Chicago ana an
,,o;nts in Northern Wisconsin and Minnesota,
and for Madison, st. Paul. Mlnneapoiis' ~
and all points in the great Northwest -.
LACROSSE. WINoNA u ST. PETER LINE
Is the best route between Chicago and La
Crosse, Winona, hoGhester "a and all noints in
southern aud Central Minnesota. us
GREEN BAY & MARQUETTE LINE
T. tho only Line between Chicago and James
-.;,la WatertOwn Fond du Lac, OSHKOSH, Ap
nietop. Green Bay, Escanaba, Negaunee, Mar
eIuette, Houghton, Hancock anu 'ho h" "
perior country. Its
FREEpoRr & DUBUQUE LINE
l. tho only route between Chicago and Elgln'
Rockford Freeport and all points VIA. rree
port. Its
Chicago & MILWAUKEE LINE
T.. the old Lake Shore route, and is the only one
nosSin0 between Chicago and evanston, Aaho
Forest. Highland Park, Waukegan' hacihe'
Kenosha and Milwaukee.
PULLMAN PALACE DRAWING ROOM CAho
arc RUNNING on ali through trains OF TINS ro ia
This ia the ONLY LINE running tntse Cur i 10
tween Chicago and ST. Paul and MnnUapoIis'
Chicago and Milwaukee,, chicago "hu w ii'''
Close connections are made at Chlcago, VIII
the Lake Shore g. Michigan Southerh Mi x
Central baltimore g. Ohio, Plttsburg, u w as o
& Chicago, Kankakee Line a anu and
Nth the Chicago s. Alton and Illinois Cehtrai
for all points South. ,., ,,,,aa with the
Union Pacific L. r. at Omaha lof "li i'' ''
points. sa o+ junction points
with trains of all cross points. Co,,non
Tckets over this route are sold py All So n
Ticket Agents in the untea noa,e1 Tcsets via.
fhe Chicago & North-W Western Railway anu '"ho
pOne other. ,,. poo+op office
No. state street; Omaha Office, go falllisi.,i
street. San Francisco office, 122 montgomery
street: Chicago Ticket offices, w Clark s.,eJ:'
Under Sherman House; 20 Canal corner T Vest
son street; Kenzie Street Depot; corme1 nan"t
Kinzie and Canal streets: wells olree' Dopo''
corner Wells and kinZie streets. e
For rates or information not attalnaple from
your home ticket agents, apply W
Nv IT srrNSrrr. MARVIN HUGHTrT.
Gcn Pass. A0t, Chicago. Gen. Man. Ch'ca9o
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
VEGETINE.
Recommend It Heartily.

SOUTH BOSTON.
Mr.. II. II. STEvENs-Dedr Sir:-I have ta-
ken several bottles of your Vegetine, and am
sia Kidney Complaint, and General Debility
of the system. can heartily recommend 1t to
all sufferers from the above complaints.
Yours respectfully,
Mrs. MUNROE PARKER,
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
WoRGI-SI

Worms cause seven-tenths of all the diseases
that the human family are subject to. Many
are sent to u premature grave whose ailments
have been computed to disease. Prevent these
melancholy results by the timely use of
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
vECET|NE
She Rests Well.

SOUTH POLAND, Me. Oct. II, 1876.
II. r. STEvENS-Dedr Sir:-I have been sick
two years with the liver complaint, and during
that time have taken n great many different
medicines but none of them did me any good.
l was restless nights, and had no appetite.
Since taking the Vegetine l rest well and relish
my food. Can recommend the Vegetine for
what it has done for me. Yours respectfully,
Mrs. ALBERT KICKER.
Witness of the above,
GEO. NJ. VAUGHAN, MedfOrd, Mass.
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18
FOREIGN.
vECETINE
Rev. j. P. Ludlow writes:

178 BALTIC STREET, BROOKLYN, N. Y.
Nov. IA, 1874
Mr.. II. r. STEvENS-Dedr Sir: From person
al benefit received by its use, as well as from
personal knowledge of those whose cures
thereby have seemed almost miraculous, can
most heartily and sincerely recommend the
Vegetine for the complaints which it is claimed
to cure. JAS. p. LUDLOW,
Late Pastor Calvary Baptist Church..
Sacramento, Cal.
Buchanan County bulletin. [volume] (Independence, Iowa) 1869-1891, 1878-10-18

The practicability of importing live
hogs from America is, the British Trade
Journal understands, about to be tested
by parties in Liverpool, who have .pur-
chased steamer, and are fitting IT up
to accommodate $500 hogs and a largo
number Of cattle.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-03-16
1IiE ELEyENTH WARD TR.iGEDY.
Hrumbnncr's Account Of Saturday Evenings
Drinking In Koch's saloon.

Detective O'Connor effected the arrest
yesterday in West Hobokcn of Valentine Brun-
bauer. who. it is alleged. killed Gustav Koch.
proprietor Of the lager beer saloon at32G Eighth
street, ON Saturday evening. Coroner Flanagan
committed the prisoner to the City Prison Al
the registering keepers desk in the City Prison
Brumhau"r said that he il 81 years Of age, mar
rini. Und ihr proprietor of the confectionery at
summit aF, nue. and HohoNen street, " II llu-
nprnn, when a.,rl what HIS religion is hH
g.pu.N have no plstl u.ar religion. am Il
irwthmErr
l.W,uti I? Ko'h's saloon on saturday even
Grok and CHRIS Vondrrnnd in the most
friendly way. kuoh and had been friends for
years. and and my friends dropped IN To have
a glass OF Deer and chat with nm, But Ko'l
was drunk and quhrrelspm". II" drains hard
for years. and wa. put no nm inrhrate asylum
twice. Koch Snnpprd. ms insrrS IN my
'lon't like it,, H. sud. 'Wharn .,yoq
said, Ii you don't stop Nll give you ons
meaning that would hit him. Pshuw! he
exclaimed. and he twisted my nose four or five
times between his fingers making u scratch
on the right side OF my face. My nose BLEED.
was angry. and caught I'M the stone china
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-03-16
WHY THE Morse ADJOURNED.
Congressman Leonard Dead mt Havana OF
Yellow Fever-Desn Against Field.

WASHINGTON, March 15.-In the House
Mr.. Robbins Dem. n. CO. reported a substitute
for the bill to promote the deposit Of savings in
the Treasury and the refunding OF the national
debt. Referred to the Committee OF the Whole
II provides that. for the purpose OF refunding
the outstanding six per cent. bonds into bonds
bearing a lower rate OF interest. any person
may deposit at any postal money order office
lawful money Of the United States in sums not
less than one dollar. and shall be entitled to re-
ceive therefor a postal money order on the
Treasury: and that. when such money orders
shall he presented TO the Treasury at Washing
ton. they shall be entered to the credit of the
depositor: and when such deposits amount to
the sum of fifty dollars. they snail. at the option
oil the deposltor. be converted into four per
On motion OF Mr.. Springer Dem. ILL., the
mornings session was set apart Tor private
sideration OF the contested Gle ton case OF
p"on against Field from the Third District Of
Mnssachus It's.
Mr.. Gambler Dem. Ga.N who signed the mi
norlty report declaring Field entitled tc the
seat. mad. an argument in support 81 the
claims OF Field. us did also Mr.. Hiscock rep
Slr. Williams, Dem. Ala. } thought Dean, the
Democrat" contestant. entitled TO III" sort
Mr.. Potter Dem. y. y D said that the state Of
MASSACHUSETTS, had provided Tor a rg.ount
That recount gave Fold the majority. Unless
count he did not see how 1t could hr imprached.
! the Democratic House laid down the doctrine
that they could REJECT the returns Of such re-
count. they would discover one day that they
hal made a n stake.
The Spraker-The Chair believes 1t his duty.
very ~ niul one. to lay communication be-
fore the House.
He then handed TO the Cork and had read n
Telegram from William NJ. Eyaris announcing
the death in Havana. OF yellow fever OF Repre-
sentative j. T.. Leonard Of Louisiana.
Mr. Ellis lDem.. La)-l am sure the an
nouncement Just made will carry sincere regret
20 every heart that heats here. To those who
knew Judge Leonard well. who had opportu-
mites to meet him socially this announcement
Will carry very great sadness. | move that. rs n
mark of respect to the memory OF Judge Leon
arr. the House do now adjourn.
Ine motion nreNnllaN.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-03-16
ARREs1rxo A school PRINCIPAL.
Two storie. abcut the Whipping that Pupil
got In Jersey City.

Michael Monahan is the son OF Thomas
Monahan. nm honest. Woodworking mechanic
oi Wavcrley street. Jersey City Heights The
boy. who is about ~ years of ngr. was n pupil
in Public School NJ. G, on Central avenue OF
which Jotham w. Wakcmnn is the principal.
On Wcdn shay at noon. Miss LOUISE II. Slun-
ley, his teacher. complained ol tue lad 10 the
principal ~ being dieohrdcni. subsequently,
she sent him to tho principal to Nc punished
with the rattan. The lad. Immediately after
being punished, went home. and ON his fathers
return home ut night. he exhibited n bruisc on
his leg. just above tho knee where. he said. the
principal had kicked him. He also rcpresc ntcd
that Mr.. Waterman had bratcn him on ,hc hands
and back with the rattan. and that when
h. fell 10 the ground the Principal fell upon
him. The father WIS incrn-"d at the alleged
beating of his son. and he forbade the lad's re-
turning To the scnc"l.
The hoy before Justice Nicoll. and yesterday II
warrant ~ rest tor the pr,n 'ipal was issued.
Justice Niroll, appeared n court and ave 5000
hail to await the at on of the Grand Jury.
Mr.. Wakcman. who IL II ri"nsant ieMnred
man. in an interview with a reporter for TIE
SUN. knowlr0ged that he whipped tN' boy.
but dcni"l pos,t vcly that he kirkrd or Eel! upon
hin. IL s',ys TINT. uuon being called upon by
a. hold out his hand. and hr r. fused. sowing,
You amt whip mo, oi. ~ YOU arc. H. thcn
ana ATTEMPTED TO Bite him. and IN the strueg IL
he fell several times once against n ben IN.
which WIS probably the cuusc o. the hruis'.
Mr.. Wakrman says that he dit not strike hum
on the head. and The boy fought go that he lid
not really receive adequate punishment.
Miss Stanley says tuat the 10y Is tie most
Troublesome IN III" class. hnbtunliy disohn ditnt
and in-olrnt. Shc w4S present at the inili ton
of the pun.shmrnt and she declares that tho
boy was not kicked or cruelty heItru.
justice Nicoll. IN holding Mr.. Wake man. de-
clnrpd that und r the statute every teacher who
Furnishes a pupil in the manner pres ribrd by
The Beard ol Education is guilty OF assault and
battery and can be- pun shed.
Tho boy shows no marks of violence on any
other portion Of his body AMI although tho
principal * reported To- b" severe disciple
mar an. his version Of the story is believed to be
thctrue one.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1878-03-16
NINE RAFTING BATTLES.
TES TCIfESTTR AGifv UORsTED ~ PR
TING G.IME BTRDS
Eleven Fighters Weighed by Long Islanders
Hundred. III Ii"iinrs Wngcd on - single
Fight-New York BROKERS out ct Packet.


Eleven Fighter. Weighed by Long islanders
Hundred. III Ii"iinrs Magcd on ~ single
Fiaht-New York Brokers out Of Pocket.
Several politicians, II few Wall street bro
hers. = ore or more of bird faucicrs. and
about leo farmers and residents OF Long Island
villages. in all about 200 persons. presented
tickets nj the door OF a we'll known tavern on
Thursday evening" but before any one could
hc admitted. cach had to be vouchcd for To the
proprietor. because. in pit close by. u raitling
main WIS TO be- fought. 1t WINS continuation
Of the many battles between Long Island and
Wostchcstcr birds. The articles Of agreement
were that seventeen chickens should he shown
on each side. ut weights ranging from three
pounds fourteen ounces to five pounds.
md that all that weighted should he
fought for 800 each battle. and $500
on the odd fight decisive Of the main.
tho customary allowance of two ounces in
weight being mutually agreed upon. The Long
Island birds were OF strain derived from
crossing the Derby black-rcds with an impor-
tant irish breed. and they were all furnishing
Fighters and dead games. The West hester
birds wore OF the Samson. Walton. Ludlow. and
Jlcaihwood strains. After tho birds had boon
weighed Il was announced that rl'v"u pairs had
hr"n matched. and the Long Islanders brgnn
Offering 800 to $50 that they would win the
main. Tho odls were freely taken.
fIVsr BNrrir--rwo hNc.nouM bird. werc brought ont
Lon Island ing foYrc.rnt"d hv inch.red AMI West
chester hN wHir hHrkc The irtrn- wa. heavy ~ 500
N htrk red some time tuIpr.n those
tail~ had seemingly tho ir 90 TIVE hhr-ln huf alter
rghing ior nincn minutes tile wostchesrr nird wa.
knpcNod dead IN the Nl
SECOND NArrti.-1hr hrht weights ironl ht ont
Long Island showing hinck.r,d mun. ana Wcstchrsor
huck.rcd Long Island had the Gait in tie betting. \
more exciting battle was never tonight First bird
so1 ~. o OF an" ann, 'n,m e ",.f' Spi ls
neai IT woniy.,iS niinu', ,'c Wc.,chcsicr bird ois
taincd apparently Il, ended advantage ana heavy IT,.
were waier, ON hi. winning. sudden gpa accidental
slrokc rom ti nun lnoc.cl The blaeAred helpless with
sly tlI,ii lihl, "'h ,nui'> .,.. D., . L.