davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
woodsfI cid Grange Picnic.

On Saturday the Patrons Of Husband
ry held picnic in the Floral Hall of our
Fair Grounds. The estimate of the mum.
Der present was in the vicinity OF Ave
hundred. Among them We observed
many of the most esteemed of the older
class, and some of the more promising
of the younger class.
For beauty, or what Is we'll named
"good looks" among the ladies, it com.
pared favorably with any gathering of a
like number to be seen in this region. -
There were matronly ladies whose
charms seemed to be improved by the
time which has made them wiser aud
better. Their very appearance proved
that they lived in homes made enjoyable
by their managem ent and handicraf..
And then the younger ladies--but it is
no use trying to write description Of
them in their preserce-their beauty
beats our pencil two to one.
A sumptuous dinner was spread, am
pie in it's proportions for all present. We
had the honor Of partakiDg OF the repasl
between Hon. S. H. ELLIs, the orator OF
the day. and Mr.. DAVID KENNoN, o
Guernsey County, for which we all fee
very grateful to the skill and hospitality
Of Mrs. JoHs SMYrH, Of Wayne town.
ship.
The dinner being disposed Of, Mr.
THOMAS WAY Introduced Mr.. s, H. Ell
LIS, Grand Master Of the State, who de
livered splendid oration. 1t was well
worth listening to, not only by every
one who belongs to the order, but by
every one else.
Mr.. DAVID KENNoN then delivered ar
address, which was lively and pungent
and highly enjoyed. -
1t was altogether decided success
aud was conducted in such good or
der as to convince all outsiders tha
the Grange has taught, among othe
things, the amenities and courtesies o
life t48-t af
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
PROBATE COURT,

August II Friedrich Koehler, Guar
dian of Rebecca J. and Mary e. Wat
son, minors, filed his first account hear
ing continued
August Is John fisher, Jr, Admir-
of Jacob Suter, decd, obtained an or
der to sell real estate. David fisher,
John fisher, Sr., and David Suter were
appointed appraisers.
August 2l-Wm. NJ Morris was ap
pointed Guardian of the minor heirs of
Lewis Rose, deceased Bond S1,010
Fl. B Hill, Admir- of the estate of G..
H Davenport, deceased. fled his first
account; hearing continued. One year
further time was granted the Admir- in
which to make final settlement.
Aug. 22.-Jacob Cesiger, Admir- OF
Maria Zessiger, decd, filed his final &C
count; hearing continued.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
SHERIFFS SALE.
William Bircher
John NJ: Rownd ct al.

DY virtue of certain order Of sale issued
ID from the court of common pleas, within
and for the county of Monroe, and State of
Ohio. in case pending In said court between
the above named parties, and to me directed,
will offer for sale at the east door Of the
court house in Woods6eld, on
Saturday, the 18th day of September, 1877,
between the hours Of 10 O'Clock a. m. and
o'clock p. m, of said day, the following de-
scribed real estate situate in Monroe county
Ohio, to wit:
The north half Of the northwest quarter
and the esst part Of the south half Of the
north west quarter Of section twenty two,
township six Of range seven.
Also, the south half Of the southwest
quarter and the northeast quarter of the
southwest quarter of section twenty-three
township six Of range seven.
Said property so ordered to be sold Is ap-
praised at Sc, SOC, and may sell for two.thirda
of said appraisement. Terms Of sale, cash
T. o. LITTLE,
aug2s.'77w5. Sheriff N. C. o.
JAMES 3. jones', Attorney for B. Danford
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
THE SWAMP ANGEL.
The Remark able Battery that
Threw Shot Into Charleston,
Five Miles Away.

General W. H. Davis in Philadelphia Weekly
Times.
At this period sprang into existence a
battery built in the marsh between Nor
ris and James Islands, which has be-
come famous as the "Swamp Angel"
and as such will go down to history
Its construction was early determined
upon, and the suggestion, we believe,
was that of Colonel Serrell, command
ing the New York Volunteer Engineers
1t was expected that shells thrown from
it would reach the city and probably
cause the enemy to evacuate The spot
chosen was almost a mile from Morris
Island, and nearly on line between
what. were known as the "lert batteries"
and Charleston, on the edge of deep
creek that served as a wet ditch. Ga
reconnoitering the locality it was found
that pole could be run down sixteen
feet anywhere thereabouts before COM
ing to bottom. The active part Of the
work was assigned to lieutenant of en-
gineers who, when shown where the bat.
terry was to be built, pronounced the
thing impractcable. The colonel re-
piled that the project was practicable,
and the battery must be built on the
spot selected The officer was directed
to call for anything he might deem nee
essary for the work. The next day he
made requisition on the quarter-mas-
ter for one hundred men, eighteen feet
high, to wade through mud sixteen feet
deep, and Immediately called on the sur
geou Of his regiment and inquired if he
could splice the men if furnished. This
piece of pleasantly cost the lieutenant
his arrest, and the battery was built by
men of ordinary stature. A heavy foun-
da,ion Of pine logs was laid in the mud,
on which the battery was built entirely
of sand bags. The timber was hauled
several miles from Folly Island. The
bags were filled with sand on the island
and taken to the battery in boats. AIT
the work was done at night, for the eyes
of watchful enemy we're upon all our
movements. They knew we were at
some mischief 30 far out on the marsh,
but did not realize the truth until they
looked across one bright morning, and
saw that, like Jonah's gourd, battery
had grown up in the night. 1t was COM
menced on the 4th, and completed on
the 10Th of August The sand-bags
cost five thousand dollars. The battery
was mounted with a two hundred -poun.
der Parrott and great labor was required
to put it in position. 1t was hauled to
the edge Of the marsh, where it was en-
barked on raft in the creek, and thus
foated down to the battery. The dis
tance from Charleston was eight thous-
and eight hundred yards, and the gun
was fred at an elevation Of thirty. five
degrees. The strain on it was such that
it burst at the thirty-fourth discharge =
The "Greek Fire." of which so much
was said, was the greatest humbug OF
the war. Nothing OF the kind was used
during the siege. Three shells filled
with ordinary port-ire were fred into
the city of Charleston, but everything
beyond this was due 10 the fancy oi
newspaper correspondents. The dis.
tinctive name of "Swamp Angel" is said
to have been suggested by Sergeant
Feller, Of the New York Volunteer En-
gineerS.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
Probate Notice.

A counts and vouchers have been filed In
II the Probate Court of Monroe County,
Ohio, for settlement, BY the following Ad'
ministrators, Executors and Guardians:
Second and final account of Aaron Headley
Guardian of VIM. H. Holiday.
First and final account Of Sarah L. Rose
Guardian of the heirs Of Lewis Rose, decd.
Second partial account Of John n. Rurkhart
Executor of WeLdal Burkhart.
Second partial account Of l.. 1. Upton Admir-
Of John Upton.
Third partial account of Harvey Wright
Guardian Of N. l.. N. Wright
Second and final account of Christian Cehrs
Guardian of Jsssamine Jones.
First partial account Of Daniel Kimpton
Guardian Of his minor children; final as to
Elizabeth J. kimpton.
First partial account Of q. T. Mitchell Admir-
of Edward Hopton.
Filth partial account Of Alex. Buchanan
Guardian of the heirs of VIM. A. Picksns,
decd.
Second partial account Of W. L. Norris
Guardian of Sarah O. Wise.
First partial account of W z. Gray Admir-
with the will annexed Of Henry Mason.
ANY person interested may file written
exceptions to said accounts, or any item there
Of, on or before the 10th day of Septsmbel
next. when the same will be finally heard and
continued from day TO day until disposed of
JAS 3. NORRIS,
susl4,Tvs. Prsbsse yuass n c,
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
RUSS AND TURK.
A Bloody Battle on Sunday In
Asia, ResuIting In a Russian
Victory.


[Cable Telegram to the New York Herald
AGREAT BATTLE IMMINENT.
LONDON, August 81 The Herald's
special correspondent with the Turkish
army in Bulgaria telegraphs that, as q
Junction has been effected by all the
forces under Mehemet Ali and Suleiman
Pasha at Stratareges, the Turkish Com
mander is resolved to offer battle to the
Russians
THE GRAND DUKE NICHOLAS
Has assumed personal command of the
Russian forces, and, altogether, there
will be over two hundred and ten thou
sand men engaged
A SUNDAY BATTLE IN ASIA.
The Herald correspondent at Kurkan-
dara telegraphs that the army Of Gen.
eral Loris Melikoff, the divisions of
which were commanded by Generals
Heyman, Devel and Kamaroff, attacked
the Turkish line at three different points
on Sunday. The engagement was very
severe, and lasted without intermission
for eight hours. The fight began by
rURioUs CANNoNADE
From the Russian batteries all along the
line, the Turkish artillery replying with
great vigof The Russian fire was very
well directed, and did great execution
among the masses of Turkish infantry
posted behind their works Under cover
Of their artillery fire the Russian infan,
try moved out and
! ADVANCED TO THE ATTAUK
or the Turkish position. The advane.
ing Russian columns were subject to o
terrific fire from the Turkish batteries,
but the men moved briskly on, taking
advantage Of every accident of ground
that afforded a cover. and their skir.
mishers keeping up lively fusilade-
When they came within short distance
Of the Turkish line. they dashed forward
and swept in on the astonished Turks
with an impetuosity that
oyERCAME ALL RESISTANCE
In an incredibly short time. After Q
short and sharp struggle the Turks were
driven out of their intrenchments at the
bayonet's point They retired sullenly
to their second line, under cover of s
brisk cannonade, which kept the Rus
slams at a respectful distance.
THE SECOND TURKISH LINE,
Being extremely strong, and completely
dominated by heavy batteries on some
heights in the rear, the Russians did moi
make any attempt to capture them. The
attack WIS really feint, intended to
keep the attention of the Turks occupied
while movement of
GREAT STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE
Was being carried out in another direc
ton. A constant fire was kept up du.
ring the greater part of the evening,
but toward nightfall the Russians retired
on their former position, according to
the plan already determined upon. The
engagement lasted eight hours, and the
loss on both sides was heavy The
Russians had 304 men killed and 76
wounded. Among the latter are four
officers, viz: Major. Esigo ,eritzch, Cap.
tain Moellhoff, and Lieutensnts Makro-
poloff and Comoroff The Turks are
reported to have had 1000 men killed
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28

wThe Radical tinanciers apologize
for Withdrawing greenbacks which bear
no interest out of the Treasury for
bonds, which do bear interest, by saying
that the nation has no right to force into
circulation its money which bears no in.
terest.
This profound argument is gently tilt.
ed into the gutter by calling attention to
she very obvious fact that gold, so dear
10 tie hearts of these financiers, Is mon.
sy, and that It bears no interest.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
Notice to Township and Dfss
trict TreaSurers.

In pursuance Of the laws reeiir fg Che
i Township and District Tressurefs 70 set
tie with the County Auditor, annually, fof
all school moneys received. ffotA whom, ana
on what account, and the amount paid Qua
for school purposes in his district, thersfor,.
The respective Treasursrs will make thsls
settlement on the following days; sspssu-
Der and 10. 1877. Aprompt compliance
with the law 10 required.
WILLIAM VEpDLp.
sugef, rvs kuditss Moures O..
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
Resumption Law "Will BE Exc
cuted."

SHERMAN came all the way from Wash.
ington to Mansfield, Gin yiolationsof the
Presidents much talked about and little
needed order forbidding Federal officers
from becoming political ring leaders, to
give the key note of the Ohio campaign.
This is the key note be has given out on
the resumption on January i, 1,lS79-about
18 months hence:
"Tbe power can be, ought to be, and
will be executed if not repealed"
Every man who votes the Republican
ticket votes for that proposition, and II
the State OF Ohio gives a Republican
majority, that majority will be accepted
as an endorsement OF his policy by the
Secretary of the Treasury, and be will
hoard away greenbaeks at the rate Of
many millions every month.
The hard times which must inevitably
follow will be as much worse than the pres
emit, as the present Republican 6nancier
ing is worse than the flush times jus
after the war
Ohio has on more than one occasion
even when the State was lost by q small
msjority, brought q moral coercion t.
hear upon them which drove them bacl
from some OF their wild schemes.
Wherefore we predict that If the Dem
ecrats will turn out, and those who vot'
wi.hous regard to party will vote will
them, Ohio will rebake Mr. SHERMAN
and the boarded greenbacks will come
oas again AMI let the people have a liv
ing chance 10 pay sher debts
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
Judge Okey on Rexts,ra,sor,.


We publish elsewhere a circular writ
ten by Judge JOHN W. OxEY, our candi-
date for Supreme Judge. Although writ.
ten by candidate it is notdesi igned to be,
in the smallest degree, partisan in It's
character.
1t merely max ineligible the law as
passed last winter, which is so incoherent
and involved that a non.professional
could not comprehend it. With the aid
OF Judge OKEr's synopsis any question
in regard to it can he settled, properly
and promptly by those whose duty 1t is
to obey lis dictates.
BY putting forth this circular in ample
time for every one to get kno owledge Of
the law before the day CT registration,
Judge OKEY has done more service to the
people Of the State, than will West, and
SHERMAN and the rost of them in all their
roaring campaign speeches.
We venture to say tha: no lawyer in the
State, other than mere pettifogger, will
dissent from single proposition which
the Judge lays down; nor can any man
living tell by lis contents only whether it
was written by Democrat or Republi-
can. There is not word in is compost.
tion of partisan comment. 1t merely
makes ineligible to the men who must
execute it, their duties, and to the men
who fall under its provisions, their rights
As any complete synopsis must inevi-
tably do, this shows, without a word of
partisan comment that when clearly un.
derstood, the law Is harder on the poor,
who impelled by stress of hard times,
must move more frequently, than upon
those who have homes OF their own, paid
for. Thi, poorer class are hit hardest by
the law, because, under it, they are CON-
PEELED to lose time in registering which
ought to be employed in gaining their dai.
iy bread, or lose the votes which should be
employed in putting their oppressors out
Of power.
If the mat ority Of the men to be dis.
frauohised by this law had been Republi
cans, it's advocates would have denounced
It as an act to deprive poor men Of their
votes.
1t is thinly yelled under the wretched
pretext Of protecting the ballo t-box.-
Think moment of such men protecting
the balIot.box The very men, who bat
few months ago, we're making the well
kin ring with cheers, and were illumina.
ting every city with bonfres and torch
lights, because they had secured the Pres
idency by the greatest and Silest fraud
ever perpetrated on the ballot-box in
America!
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28

@Judge West was the Presidents
first choice of all available candidates
for Ohio Goyernorship Republican
Exchange '.-s7-
Perhaps; but still more important
fact is that Hon R. NJ. Bishop is the
first choice of the people of Ohio for
the came position-by large majority.
-Bellefon tame EEaminer
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
Administrators Sale Of Real Estate

TN pursuance Of an order Of the Probats
i Court Of Monroe County. Ohio, llwill Offer
for sale, at public auction, on m ass,
Saturday, the 8tk day Of Septembey. 1877,
at Q O'Clock p. m, upon the premises, the fol-
lowing described real estate, free from dover,
situate in the county of Monroe and State Of
Ohio, to wit:
The southeast quarter Of the northeast
quarter of section tweuty-four, In township
five Of range six, containing forty-two acres.
more or less. & rFsf 49,.
Appraised at $l,a0
Also the northeast quarter Of the northeast
quarter in section twenty-four,, in township
five Of range six, except ten ecres Of the north
end nov owned by George Wysant a
Appraised at $500. .,.,3t
TEHMs uF SALE--One-half cash: one-fourth
In one year and one-fourth in two years from
the day Of sale, with interest; the payments to
be secured by mortgage upon the premises
sold. JAMES M FISHER
s1as Admir- Of John r. Fisher, deed.
aug7,'7td
OKEY & OKEY, Atfya
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
SHERIFF'S SALE.
George Crosier, Admir-,
Tolbert s, Rutter and ano.


DY virtue Of certain order Of sale issued
ID from the court Of common pleas within
and for the county Of Monroe, and State Of
Ohio, in case pending in said court between
the above named parties; and to me directed,
will offer for sale at public auction at the
east door Of the court house in WoodsHsld on
Saturday,the 18th day of September, 1877,
between the hours Of 10 o'clock q. m. and
O'Clock p, m. of said day, the following de-
scribed real estate situate in Monroe county
Ohio to wit:
The southeast quarter Of the southeast
quarter of section twenty.six, In township
four Of range five, containing forty acres
more or less
Said property SO ordered to be sold ia ap
praised At s ,and may sell for twothird
Of said appraisemsnt. Terms Of sale, $20(
on day of sale and balance on conf rmation
TO. LITTLR, t
sugl4,77w5. Sheriff N. c. o.
HUNTER 4 MALLORY, At:'ys.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28

And one on Saturday after Instituts.
These examinations will commence at 8
o'clock q. m. and close at 4 p. m.
A fee Of so cents is required from each
applicant as condition of examination, and
must be paid in advance.
By order OF the Board.
aug2S.'77td. s. A. ATKINSON Clerk.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
For Sale.

THE SIMMONS HOUSE, in New Matsmorast
i is for sale on very reasonable terms. The
house is in good repair, aud stabling goeds
Address JOHN MARTIN, Clarington, Monroe
Co., o., or DR.. r. P. MARTIN, New Matans.
ras, Washington Co, o. aug2l,77wS
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28

Gen. Crook tells the authorities at
Washington that the Indians are better
armed and shoot surer than the soldiers
When the Indians add to these advanta.
ges superior force it is not wonderful
that the soldiers are shot down in great
Numbers
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28

EFIt 10 probable that a battle will be
fought within few days which will de
aide the question Of superiority between
the Russians and Turks for this season,
at least.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
MARIETTA ACADEMY,

THE next term of this Institution will be.
i gin Thursday, August 80. Whilst
the primary design of the Academy is to fur
nish a thorough preparation for College, it is
also adapted to furnish more
THOROUGH ENGLISH EDUCATION
than can usually be obtained in district schools
Glasses will be formed in such studies as Nat
ural Philosophy, Rhetoric, Physiology, Geom-
etry. Book Keeping, ETC., as occasion may de-
mand. 1t is designed to make this feature of
the school more complete than it has been here
tofore, so as to reuder it unnecessary for any
to leave this region in search of such training
NORMAL INSTRUCTION.
There are many young men who wish to en-.
gage in teaching, and who desire to take re-
view of the elementary branches. with special
reference to such work. To accommodate such
persons Normal Glass will Be ormed at the
commencement of the term, the instruction be-
ing specially adapted to their needs From
time to time lectures will be given upon theory
and practice and general questions of school
management. 1t lis designed to render this de-
partment one of such political character ss will
render it unnecessary for any teacher to incur
the heavy expense necessarily attendant upon
visit to some distant institution.
For information, address
GEO. B GEAR,
Principal Of Academy, Marietti, Ohio.
auge1 ,7T9w.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
Chicago.

August 24-Flour 5 00a9 90; Wheat
96al OF; Corn 4la42c: Oats 233c; Rye
524c; Barley 70c.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28

HGeneral Howard cannot tell for
che soul Of him (aud be thinks a great
deal Of his soul) whether be is running
from or whether he 10 running toward
The hostile Indiansi
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
From the Bellaire independently

A large force of men is at work upon
this road in this and Harrison Counties.
Messrs. William and James Findley, of
this city, have contracts for bridge ma
sonry north of st. Clairsville. '8a
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
PhfladelphIa.

August 24-Flour O0aS CO.; Wheat
/ 35al 4S; Corn 57a60c; Oats 30a35c /;
Rye 60c.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
New York.

August 24-Flour 2 75aS %; Wheat
+ l5al IS; Corn 50a55c; Oats 2ea44c
Rye roc; Barley 92c.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
CtncIIYInQlI.

August 24--Flour 6 40aS s.; Wheat
! 0Sa1 Is, Corn 47a4Sc Oats 25a3lc ;
Rye 57a5Sc.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28

"Can be, ought to be, and will be exc.
ruted." John Sherman on Resumption
Act.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28

"Can be, ought to be, and will be exc
cuted." John Sherman on Resumption
Act.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28

"Can be, ought to be, and will be exc
cuted. John Sherman on Resumption
Act.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
Democratic District Ticket.
Yor State Senator--l9th District,
SOSEPH B. WILLIAMS.
Democratic County Ticket.

Democratic County Ticket
For Representative,
HENRY MAURY.
Auditor,
WILLIAM WEDDLR.
Treasurer,
John GATCRELL.
Sheriff.
WILLIAM READ.
Prosecuting Attorney,
JOHN P. SPRIGdS.
Commissioner,
JACOB AFFOLTER, Ss.
Recorder.
JAMES MYERS.
burveyor,
dOHN K. MIRACLE.
Infrmary Director
HENRY SMITH.
Coroner,
9OHN MUHLEMAN.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
From the Bsllaire independently
The Tobacco WareRouse.

The Commissioners to locate the to-
bscco warehouse were in town on Mon
day and Tuesday, and while here pur-
chased ground near Bute's mill.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
WooasfieId stock Market.

August 27-Cattle Sa4c per pound ;
Sheep 4t@5o per pound. Hogs 4a4ac
per pound.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28

Democratic State Ticket.
For Governor,

For Governor,
RICHARD N. BISHOP,
Of Hamilton County.
Lieutenant Governor,
5ABEZ w. FITCH, Cuyahoga.
Supreme Judge,
s0HN w. OKEY, Franklin.
Clerk Of Supreme Court.
u +. TANNING, Franklin.
Attorney General,
ISAIAH PILLARS, Allen.
Treasurer OF State,
ANTHONY HOWELLS, Stark.
echoel Comm ssiouer,
JAMES J. BURNS Belmont,
Board Of Public WORKS,
MARTIN sCHILDER, Ross.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1877-08-28
Notice to Teachers.

"HE Board of Examiners of Monroe county
u will hold meetingsfor the examination Of
Teachers, ,as follows: