davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23
A HOT TINE EXPECTED,

New York, May IA special to
the Times from Guirgevo says great
battle is impending and already
heavy cannonading is in progress.
For several days Russians have been
concentrating large force at this
point, preparatory to forcing the
passage of the Danube. The army is
in fine condition and good spirits.
Opposite to us in Rutschuk the Turks
are in strong force, and that they will
resist our advance is certain and to-
morrow or the day after may wit
ness q
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23

VERSAILLES, May 17.-In the Cham
Der Of Deputies, to-day, q resolution
of the Left declaring that the Cham.
Der will only place confidence in a
Cabinet free to be resolved to govern
in accordance with republican prin-
ciples, which alone can secure order
and prosperity, was adopted by a
vote Of 355 to ll,
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23

Tho Keokuk Constitution SAYS !:
From some of our travelling mon
who have been along the Des Moines
valley, between Kcokuk and Ottum-
wa, we learn that the prospect for
crop OF corn or oats are extremely
blue. One gentleman, who has been
through large portions of Davis and
Van Buren, counties, says they are
nothing but vast frog ponds, and the
farmers are very respondent"
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23
OouxrY oouysNrIoN


In accordance with Q resolution adopted at q
meeting of the Republican Central Committee Of
WapellO County, held on Saturday, May 18th,
1877, the Republican voters of wapell0 County
are requested to meet In Delegate Convention, at
the Court House in Ottumwa, on
SATURDAY, JUNE 23d, 1877.
at O'Clock, p M. to elect IA delegates TO the State
Convention, to be held at Des MoInes. June 9th,
1s77; also to nominate candidates to be voted for
October 9th, 1877, to fill the following County
Offices, to-wit
STATE SENATOR,
Two REPRESENTATIVES,
TRKASUbER,
SHERIFF,
AUDITOR,
COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS,
ONH MKNBER BOARD OF SUPERVISORS.
CORONER,
SURVEYOR
The rate Of representation will be five delegates
for each Township, and one additional for each
SO votes or fractional part thereof over 25 votes
cast for Hon. Josiah 7. Young, for Secretary of
State in 1876. This will entitle the several
Townships to the number of delegates indicated
by the following table:
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23

LONDON, May lS.-A special to the
Telegraph from ErzerOum, May II,
says the Russians have just attempted
to lombard Kars with four heavy
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23

PARIS, May Is, 5 80 p. MA mes
sage from President Mcmahon has
just been received in the Chamber
prorogueing the sitting one month.
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23

WooDsvILLE, N. u, May 16.--Near-
ly the whole side of the White Noun
tains from Lancaster, Coos County, to
the Crawford House and Fabayan
House, Carroll county, are on fire.
To-day the fire is raging fiercer than
ever. Yesterday the whole town of
Whitefield fought the fire all day long
to save that village and the large lum-
Der mills belonging to the Brown
Lumber Company. The loss is con-
fined to timber, fences, etc. Another
fire yesterday on the Brown lumber
road, Wat hitefield, destroyed 200
cords of wood.
The fire at New Zealand, near Fay
bayan House, yesterday, destroyed
the wood and coal works of Henry,
James Il Baldwin, who lost over 500
cords of wood, besides valuable tim
Der. The engines and cars of the
Mount Washington r. R., at the base
ofthe mountain, are considered in
great danger. Engineers have been
ordered there to get them on the
track ready to move Unnecessary.
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23

PORTSMOUTH, N. H., May 16.-A
forest fire, two miles wide is raging
near South Berwick, Maine, and is
rapidly progressing eastward.
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23
TIE FRENCH ROW.

LONDON, May 1.-THE Times Paris
correspondent says McMahon's letter
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23
INsuRGENT DEPREDATIoNs.

VIENNA, May 15.-On the 18th an
insurgent band burned the barracks
at Grab and two block houses, two
magazines and the custom house at
Lubric. The Turkish soldiers made
no resistance, but fled, leaving con-
siderable ammunition and provisions.
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23

RocKFoRD, ILL.,, May lG.--Before
the coroner's jury to-day, Richardson
testified the bearing power of the
piers was about 20 tons each, yet there
was a weight of I30 tons on the pier
when it fell and figuring all unusual
strains in storms, there would some
times be $50 tons weight on each. He
had at his own expense strengthened
the work beyond the specifications.
Taper, of Chicago, testified the
work was in several particulars
stronger than the specifications called
for. The superintendent should have
watched the quality of material, but
the architect should also have known
this. The brick were inferior and the
workmanship not equal to the speci-
fications. Twenty tons to the square
foot was the outside limit of safety
he preferred fifteen,
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23
N=Yy#saNy&Ila GS7zxsE
SO q k|!a|I!IIp
THE EASTERN WAR.
Lively Times on the Danube.
Political Matters i'm France An
pear Terribly Mixed.
FOREIGN.
TURKISH SUCCESSES IN ASIA.

LONDON, May l5.-The Standards
special correspondent at Constantine.
pie tclegraphs: ~ am glad to report
a great success of the Turks in Asia.
On Monday, Admiral Hassan Pasha,
after bombarding the fortitication Of
Sukum Kaleh, landed a number of
soldiers, who were Immediately Joined
by three thousand natives. A violent
combat ensued, and the Russians
were driven out of Sukum Kaleh.
To-day upwards Of ten tousand ma
tives joined the Turkish forces, who
hold the Notifications. The town is in
flames. All the sourrounding coun-
try is rising in support of the Turks.
Telegraphic communications between
Constantinople and Kars, by way Of
Erzeroum, remains intact"
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23
A Small Farm for Sale

Two and half miles from Ottumwa have A
acres OF beautiful farming land. A small frame
cept II acres, and nearly al down IN meadow. Il
lies ON the main road running north from Ottum-
VA. will sell 1t ON reasonable terms. Inquire
of me on the premises
81 WY ELIZABETH HALE.
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23
THE ROCKFORD DISASTER
The TeAtimony Before the Coroner's
Jury.

y
Jury.
RocKFoRD, May, 15.-The coroner's
jury, after several meetings in which
little evidence and that unimportant
in character was taken, to-day exam
ined II. L. Gay, architect of the fallen
court house, at great length. Gay
testified that Richardson had carried
out the plans and specifications care
fully and accurately. Subsequently
four Chicago architects were examin-
ed. Willett testified that the piers
which gave way were not piers in the
proper sense of the term, as they
should be, but projections of the COM
mon wall. They should have been of
great strength and the accident would
hardly have happened. He thought
the brick was not of fit quality, nor
did it comply with Gays spccifica-
tions. The walls were built smaller
than the plans called for. He placed
the responsibility on the technical ig-
norance and incompetence of the local
superintendent, Latham. Other ar
chitects coincide in these views
Contractor Richardson gave his fig
ures, which showed that the support,
as planned by Gay, seemed insufficient
to him, and said that superintendent
Latham had called the architects at
tention to this. He did not think
Gay a man of sufficient experience
for such responsible job. The ar
chitects, under cross-examination,r re-
fused to endorse Gays plans, though
they generally upheld him.
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23

LONDON, May, lS.-Correspondents
at Paris speak of Gambetta's speech
yesterday, as the most powerfully ell
oquent ever made in the Chamber of
Deputies. The right was dismayed
and silent during its delivery.
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23
THE TURKS TAKING THE OFFENSIVE.

LONDON, May lS.-The Russians
are purchasing arms largely in South
Germany. The Russians have closed
several channels of the Danube about
Matchin, near Galatz, with torpedos.
The most effective measures are being
taken to follow up the Turkish sue
cess at Sutrum Kaleh and the posi-
ton of the Russians near Batoum is
becoming one of great danger.
Ottumwa weekly courier. (Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa) 1872-1899, 1877-05-23
CONFLlCT WITH RUSSIA,
UUNFLIUT WITH RUSSIA.
Diplomatic circles confess this
England's participation is

InSioHN PaItlClpdtlou Is
A ToREGoNE CONCLUSION.
Extraordinary preparations in the
armament of both land and naval
forces are reported in all parts of the
Kingdom. All home transports from
distant colonies are under order for
troops. Great fleets Of troop ships
are preparing from all the naval rem
devious, and prodigious accumula-
ton Of naval and military stores are
on the route to the Mediterranean
stations. Orders have been sent to
India to mobilize the Mussulman
contingent. Under these signs the
markets have become unsettled, and
corn, anticipating cavalry demands
has reached extreme prices.
War measures are
WELCOMED WITH ENTHUSIASM.
among the great body of merchants
whose busines is crippled by the
blockade of the Black Sea and the
cessation Of traffic with that region in
English houses, even among the low.
er ranks, causes feeling of
INTENSE HOSTILITY AGAINST RUSSIA
They charge upon the Cars coyetous
ambition the hardships arising from
the rise in price Of bread, the stagna-
tion in business and all the miseries
that accompany war without its ad.
vantage. England's interests will be
the preteXt and the first Russian sue.
cess of magnitude will be the occasion
for interference. That this will be
the end, the best informed men in
Parliament, the press and men in
public life concur in declaring. Dis.
raeli and officials of the government
have been necessarily in Cabine
Council since the defeat of Glad
stones peace resolution to make this
defeat so signal that their manage.
ment have contributed greatly to the
war party. The press clanor for thu
instant protection of England's inter.
ests.
The Russian Ambassador
HAS GONE HOME TO WARN THE CAR
of impending danger. Couriers fol.
low him in rapid succession with re.
ports of the situation, which are toe
compromising to be entrusted to pos,
or to telegraph.
The result of the first three days
debate on Gladstone's resolutions was
regarded by the Russians as the de.
feat of Disraeli and the war party. II
was under that impression that the
formidable feints of last week were
ordered along the line and are now
going on. Points from Gladstoue's
speech were circulated in the army
and saluted as a victory.
Immense stores have been accumu.
lated at Galatza, Braila and Ployshla
the headquarters of the army. Ma.
| chinery for civil as we'll as military
use and occupation accompanies head.
quarters, and'as soon as the army en-.
ters town, permanent officials are
to be put in charge, as though the
Gar meant to retain all conquests.
The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1877-11-22

with aaiike object IN view: Hon. PERI
neck Pussy went out to the same local
lily a few weeks since and took 1000
acres on which his brother will locate
and commence improvements. Mr..
Donne!ly's farm at the Station which,
bears his name, of several tllou sand
acres Mr.. Geo. l.. }Becker'ssof 2,390
acres Mr.. Wellington,s: OF the same
amount with 500 BROKEN, and otlNfs
are well known becausethey Tie nearer
st. Paul than the great farms of the
Red River valley. Mr.. Murdoch. late
of the Harvester Works, is the owner
of 2, 500 acres at DeGraff station, while
Mr.. Archibald, Gov. Marshall, Thomas
Grace, W. d. Washburn, Mr.. New
comb and many others own thousands
of acres in near proximity to the others
namel:e Fire be thing sabuut"it all is,
that they have purchased to improve.
The land will not lie''idle year after
year, but will be converted into fruit
full fields just us fast u.s. possible; all; of
which augurs untold wealth toAiour
OLGLc. -; ..i'I.. w. 81 49, IJ.Ix.
The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1877-11-22
IMMENSE IIEATFARMS.

l-MMENSE WHEAT IA H. NS.
The st. Paul Pionce:-Press gives an
account of some of the large wheat
farms of the State. These wheat farm
ers are:demonstrating that wheat rails
ingwill pay. There is no doubt about
it that in 4 good wheat year, like
the present, fortunes are made by Il
single crop. The Pioneer-Press says:
But while all have done well, some
have made fortunes, and among them
the case Of Mr.. Dalrymple's stands
prominent. He had 5000 acres OF
wheat which, yielded % bushels to the
acre, or 2OO, 900 bushels II the aggre-
gate. His total cost for seed, cultiva-
ton, harvesting and threshing could
safely lie estimated at $40 per acre,
leaving him SIS Margin or Il total prof.
it Of SIN, 900 OH his 5000 acres. That
lie has made \ pile everybody knows,
but that. it reaches in the hundred
thousands, seems incredible. yet it the
matter has been correctly stated to us
the above figures cannot lie far from
correct. Next year he will haze 1900
acres under, cultivation and all in
wheat. ''"'''.
But other wheat kings are coming to
the, surface :is rivals, among whom
stands prominently Mr.: John II: Camp,
Of st. Paul, formerly ii the wholesale
dry goods business III that CITY.
Mi. Camp has recently purchased
the largest tract of land ever sold by
II railroad company to il single individ:
nal, it being III the aggregate one mile
wide and fifty miles long. 1t lies along
the st. Paul and Pacific railroad in
Kandiyohi, Chippewa, Pope and Stew
ems counties and comprising the cream
of their lands in that section. Every
quarter section was personally aud
carefully examined by Mr.. Smith be-
fore purchasing, and all of it is admir..
lily adapted for wheat culture. One
thousand acres have already been brok.
en-, audit is the intention Of Mr.. Smitl,
=. to break about 1000 acres Il year until
the whole Of this immense tract is con-
vertel into a wheat field. lie will
break a section at time, erect on it a
comfortable house, and place therein a
tenant, furnishing him s ed for sowing
and be content with a rental there.
:5frOm.4f 2.,j:.>2.E - .-:4t&59.. ai.g.Y:,si
Hundreds Of others are purchasing
The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1877-11-22
GOOD CHANCE FOR FARMERS.

We are in almost daily receipt Of
propositions from manufacturers Of pi-
amos, organs, melodeons, ETC., TO take
their Instruments, paying one-half in
cash and one-lalf in advertising. We
could accept a number of these propo-
sitions if we could find purchasers for
the Instruments. One farmer llas al
ready applied to us for an organ, and if
there are others who wish to secure in
struMents, we can furnish them 1T COLI
slderab!y less than they can be lIad any
whcre else.
The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1877-11-22
THESEASlDELIBRAR

CHOICE books no longer for the few only. The
best standard novels within The reach Of every
one. Books usually sold from 81 to g given (,ln
changed and unabrdged) for 10 and 20 cents.
l East Lynne, BY Mrs. Henry Wood (Doub-
John Halifax, Gent, By Miss Mulock. Il. 2 2oc
Jane Eyre, BY Charlotte Bronte, double
"A Woman Halter, Charles Reade's new wv
novel. N,c
The Black Indies, Jules Vernes latest. 10c
Last Days Of POmpeii, BY Bulwer. lOc
I Adam Hede. by George Eliot. (D'ble No. 2Oc
The Arun'iel Motto, b. Mary Cecil Hay lOc
9 Old MyddletOn's Money, Ry Mary c. Hay lOc
~ lhe woman III White, by Wilktr Collins zoe
II The Mill on The Floss, BY George Eliot. Zoe
IL The American Senator, BY Anthony Troll.
lope. 2Oc
- A Princess of Thule, By WIN. Black. Zoe Zoe
II The Dead Secret, BY Wilkic Collins. loo
is kOmo1a, by George Eliot. Double No. &c
Is The English at the North Pole and Field
Of Ice, In one book. By Jules Verne. 1Oc
II Hidden Ierils, BY Mary Cecil Hay. lOc
i BarbaraS History, BY Amelia b Edwards zoe
l9 Terrible Temptation, BY Chas. Keasle. 10c
20 Old Curiosity Shop BY Chas Dickens zoe
q Foul Play. BY Cllas. Keade. 1Oc
Y Man amt Wife. BY Wilkie Collins. 20c
% The Squtre's Legacy, BY Mary Cecil Hay. q c
For sale by all booksellers and newsdealers.
or sent, postage prepaid on receipt OF price BY
GEORGE MUNROE, Publisher.
q, ., and IS VandcWater st., n Y.
+. O. Box 5657. =. 5.5i
The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1877-11-22
FOR XI1LECHEAR

Just received at the Worthington
Bookstore and will be sold at; low
rates:
Journals, Ledgers, Day Books, Rec
ord Books, etc.
Composition Books for Schools.
The New Andrews States.
C;lrter'S blue-b black school inks,
Carter's violet copying Fluid.
Pocket maps Of Minnesota.
Spencerian and other pens.
The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1877-11-22

NOTICE. U. S. Land Office, Worthington
~ MIMI, Oct. Is, 1877
Complaint having been entered 1T this Office by
for abandoning d. $: Entry No. ii, a5, date'i
June !, 1871. upon the northeast quarter of
section ", township 10, range 80, in No.
bles County, Minnesota, with 4 view to the
cancellation OF said entry: the said uarties are
hereby summoned to appeay at this Office on
the list day OF Nov. 1877, ut o'clock a H., to
respond and furnish testimony concerning said
alleged abandonment.
MONS GRINAGER, Register.
81 j. 4. MOULTON. Receiver,
The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1877-11-22
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMEND
l. f3,sft T MEV1N.

atftutl0nNf Observation-Disclosures OH atrtAe>
recent election are adopted. The ma
jority on the three providing for bien-
NAL sessions runs from about 5000 to
$4,000, as far as Heard from. The, ma
jority for the amendment forbidding
the appropriating of money for the sup
port Of sectarian schools has SO far a
majority of nearly $4,000 and is un-
doubtedly carried. The amendment
allowing women to vote OH the liquor
question and exempting stock holders
from liability for corporation debts,
have majority against them, as far as
heard from, but it IS hoped that the
counties yet to hear from will show they
are also adopted. We regard these two
as among the most important ever
submitted to the people. and we hope
they have been adopted. The biennial
session amendment will amount to
nothing practically. 1t will he regu-
larly evaded by what is called an lad
journed session." 80 that practically we
shall have annual sessions, and the
State ought to have them, as they are
needed.
THE RUSIL
Hon. Pennock Pusey estimates that
10000 people have come into the State
since harvest, the majority of whom
gre hunting land. They are looking
for the promised El-dOrado and will
A,,I nj, oe DG
railroad, and it only needs to be tick
low grain, for richer land and a more
favOring climate for wheat culture does
not exist under the sun.-Pioneer-
Press.
There is no doubt that the great tide
of immigration has been fairly turned
toward Minnesota and the Northwest.
The great rush this fall is only an earn-
est Of what we may expect for the next
ten years. There are several reasons
for this: ~ the splendid reputation
the State has for llealthful climate; (2)
the magnificent wheat crops raised
here, amounting this year to about 10,
OOo,0 900 bushels; (3) the fact that the
great tide of immigration which has
heen damned up for several years has
begun to flow again and will come with
a rush. Have your plates right side
up for dinner is coming.
RAILROAD MA TIERS:
Minnehaha county, Dakota, voted
against giving bonus to the branch, and
we understand that work will, for the
present, he suspended. This will prob
ably postpone the extension of the
branch to Sioux Falls until the Sioux
City & Pembina begins to push OH a.
gain.
The Winnebago City Press, of No.
vemberG, contains the articles of in
corporation of the Southwestern Rail-
way of Minnesota. The object is to
build and operate railroad from VIII
nebago City, through Fairmont, Jack
son and Worthington to the State line.
Among the corporators are w. r. Ben
nett and NJ b. Soule, of Worthirgton.
This is another effort to secure the
extension Of the Southern Minnesota
line to this place and we heartily Sec
Ond the effort.
The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1877-11-22

Little sl,avers of from six to twelve
years are allowed torun the streets and
gather in public places, when they
Should be otherwise engaged at home.
We were shocked the other day ut hear
ing three or four little boys, six and
seven years of age, swear like sailors
over some trlfling matter. The boys
were scions of some OF our best fanli-
lies.-lting Organ.
This attack upon the boys of Worth
ington IS giving our town bad repu-
tation and ''injuring immigration. -
Will the boys submit to it? Will the
''bcst families" sit by and see their boys
thus attacked and <,the town demol-
ished, ruined and these prairies made 4
bowling wilderness?
The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1877-11-22
BOOKKEEPING,

Young men studying Bookkeeping
are requested to call at the Worthington
Bookstore and get an outfit Of Ledg-
ers, Day-Books, Journals and Cash
Books, gotten up for students. Z
The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1877-11-22
LOOK HERE!
FOR SALE, '0KABENA
Home

Or tho Farm known as the ''Sykes Place.
Said to he one Of the best farms in the county,
being the east fractional half of section q, Il.
N2. x. 10, containing 200 acres, surveyed in 10
acre lots situa ed Oh the north shore OF O&abcna
Lake, one hi e northwest of Worthington coun.
ty-seat Of Mobiles county, MINI, Tie land
slopes to southeast a full view OF the lake and
town and of the trains Oh the rairo ID for eight
or ten miles from any part Of the farm. G6 acres
under a good state Of cultivation; 1000 trees on
eight 'crcs in clean thrifty condition l,2OO
bushels Of crops grown this season on IS acres,
$40 being wheat, balance oats, potatoes, buck
wheat and corn. The nlea low land, nearly 20
acres is in one body on east side of farm. Near
l0) tons OF hay cut this season. A number OF
beautiful residence sites near lake Shore Not
five acre lot excepting meadow-land) but has
a fine building spot on it: An abundance of
stone on lake shore for building purp. ,ses Title
perfect from Uncle sam and al transfers down
to the present owner. Good reasons for selling.
Price $l,Gco: Enough down to make owner Sc.
cure. Would take an unimproved quarter near
Northlngton as part payment.
Call on or address the owner.
JOHN SYKES,
~ REFER thompson, Agt WOrthingtOn
The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1877-11-22

NOTICE. y. s. Land Office, Worthington :,
Complain having been entered at this office
oy Jacob Sanger against Samuel Urban for
abandoning Homestead Entry No. 1887 dated
range H. in Mobiles county, minnesota, with a
view to the cancellation OF said entry; the said
parties are hereby summoned to appear at this
o'clock q ~ to respond and furnish testimony
concerning said alleged abandonment.
., MONS GKlNAGER, Register,
81 j. p. N1OULTON, Receiver.
The Worthington advance. [volume] (Worthington, Minn.) 1874-1908, 1877-11-22

NOTICE, y. $; Land Office, Worthinston,
~ Mimi, Oct 9Th. 1877.
Complaint having been entered at this office
by ncius II. Beck ey against Leonard II. Gil
clist for abandoning D. $. Entry, No. l6 55s. d.
102, range Al, In Mobiles county, Minnesota,
with view t" the cancellation Of said entry the
said parties are hereby summoned to appear at
this office on the 10:h day of Nov 1877, ut o'clook
p. m.. to respond and furnish testimony concern
ing said alleged abandonment.
MONS. GRINAGER, Register.
u J.P.MOULTON, Receiver.