davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
Gushing Initiated.

Bucharest, May ga c%orrespon-
dent ~recounts the destruction of a
Turkish monitor, as follows: 1t was
one Of the most daring deeds ever
recorded. \ small detachment of
Russian soldiers left the northern shore
of the Danube in n number of small
boats, and the night being very dark,
they managed to surround the monitor
before being discovered. When finally
observed by the sentinels on board, they
were challenged. The major replied in
Turkish, friends The Turks not
being satisfied, commenced firing in the
direction of Matchin, not knowing
where the boats came from. During the
firing several Russian soldiers plunged
into the water, swan swiftly to the
vessel and placed n torpedo in close
contact with her bottom. After it had
been securely fastened the men re-
turned to the neighboring shore. The
monitor was then blown into the air,
and all on board persisted.
Bucharest, May 2S.-Two young
Russian engineer officers attempted to
reach a monitor early in the evening
with a torpedo, but were discovered
and driven back by u heavy fire. AT 3
O'Clock in the morning they returned
in two skiffs, carrying a chain of small
torpedoes filed with dynamite. No
lookout being kept aboard the monitor,
they securely lodged the chain across
her bows. On their return they dis
charged the whole series of torpedoes
by means of an electric battery, and
the vessel Immediately disappeared.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
Serious Condition at Rustchuk.

London, May 2s.-The Times Rust
chuk correspondent writes as follows:
1.-The twenty odd thousand troops Of
this garrison are the perfection of SOL
diers. They are brown, o~pen-faced,
big-shouldered fellows, and perfectly
resigned to any fate Allah may have
for them, with perfect faith in the
bankrupt arrangement, for the success
of which they shout and salaam every
evening ut sunset. The disorderly
Moslem element is in 4 state of great
fury with the Bulgarians and foreigners
generally. The Christians are fright
ened nearly to death lest some impru-
dent members of their faith should pro-
vide the spark which might light up
such a glare as would throw Balak in
the shade completely. Even the con-
suls have to he careful of their lives.
Proofs of the extreme dangerous ten
sion Of relations between the Moslem
and non-Moslem could be given with
out end. Richard Reed, the English
and American consul here, thinks mat
tiers are as serious as they can be, and
his urgent warnings are ignored, both
at Downey street and Constantinople.
1t is believed by some here, that Rus
sian influence, in the form of money,
is artfully planning a dreadful outbreak,
and there are no friends of the Turks
who do not insist upon a stop being put
to Irregularities, q firm repression of
which would give satisfaction to decent
Mohammedans and Musselmen alike.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
The Theatre of War.

London, May %. A revolu-
ton in the Caucasus a be product
i've only of petty annoyance in view of
the precautions adopted and the adj
vance Of the Russian army, which is
| closely followed by another army of
| civil functionaries, so that by the time
the Russian commands get to Erzeroum,
all of the Servians will have occupied
the chief positions on and near Timok,
| with &c, 1000 men and "a guns, under
| Gen. Henvatovitch. Ten thousand
men are said to be at Negatin; 5000 at
| Saitsehar; 1000 at Klalova; 1900 at
| Roggeva and BlievanovatZ; and Il sec
| ond corps, 5000 to 10000 strong, is
| said to he concentrating ut Banjoi un-
der Rankao Alempich. 3Iiit9S-
The Turks have about 10000 men in
the neighborhood of Erzeroum, and
about n 900 at Kars. 1t is impossible
to give a reliable account of the num-
Der of guns, as those sent from Con-
stantinople may still he at Trebizond,
or on the road. IAN
All signs show that the Russians in
tend to attack Moukhevis' position by
two flank movements, one from the line
of Ortvin and Ardonusch, the other
from Boyazed. The Turks are fortify-
ing Erzing, in anticipation Of being
forced to leave Erzeroum.
From Giuja, on the ,Roumanian hank
of the Danube, and Radujevatz, on the
| Servian bank, is a chain of sentinels to
| TurnZverin and Khadova, within call
of each other, to watch and give notice
of the movements of the Turks. The
| Russian and Roumanian detachments
| also occupy Kerb and Ostrov islands, in
the Danube opposite, TurnZverin and
| Cregonischa.S The system ofsthe Rus
sian advances seems to be that points
first occupied by one corps are coded to
another as it marches up, when the first
| continues its march to the real d~estina-
| ton: thus the men are spared the IA
| tigue of a continuous march, while the
Elinesremainss unbroken. ny
| The Turks have in Widdin about
60, 600 men and ID batteries; in Ollie,
5,40O men and 2 batteries, and IL bat
| talions at Sofia, with 6 batteries and
1000 Bashi- Bazouks further down the
Danube. The Russians will probably
cross in force between OrZova and. Mix
opolis, and again between Sestova and
Rustschuk. To oppose this the Turks
have at Orzova 8 bat~talions, l battery;
at Nikapolis. there are 9 battalions,
2 batteries and about 2,OOO cavalry, be-
sides a garrison of 1900 men; at Sisto-
va there are 3 battalions and 1 battery;
at Rustchuk there is a field army of
$1,000 with "a guns; at Silistria $4,000
men; at Anschumla352 battalions and
10 batteries. and at Varna about 20
battalions. The left wing of the field
army is from 10000 to $4,000 strong,
and rests on Widen, while 10000 men
are guarrisoning the fortress. The CEN
tire rests, IN Rustchuk, where the garri-
son, is also 10000 strong. The right
wing rests in Dobrudscha and will con-
sist Of $1,000 men to be made up of
forces from Silistria and Varna, each
of which will retain a garrison Of 49,
600. A reserve of GA battalions will be
formed at Schienila, which would bring
the Turkish field army up to 220, 000,
but "a, 900 reserves are as yet in the
future.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
ILLINOIS.
Railroad President Arrested

Chicago, May 2s.-It has tra,aspired
that late on Saturday afternoon F. E.
Hinckley, president of the Chicago &
Paducah, the Chicago & Iowa, and
other roads, was arrested upon a charge
of conspiracy to defraud, and put under
$4,000 bonds. The complainant is
Mr.. Fisher, a wealthy Englishman and
a heavy b%ondholder of Chicago, and
who represents about $1,000, 600 of
bonds of the road. He alleges that
Hinckley went to England in 1873, and
by of false representations con-
corning the amount already invested in
the road, the aid it would receive from
counties, and the returns it brought
in, secured e1S0,O00 in return for
bonds. Hinckley states that the whole
railroad transaction has been honor.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
After a Military Road.

London, May 2S.lOne of the best
roads in Asia Minor runs from Batoum
along the river Choruk, through Ortvin,
to Olti, and thence to Bardez. The
road crosses the river about fifty miles
northeast of Pertarck, and follows q
tributary of the Choruk to TortOum,
guarding the northern entrance of the
pass leading into the valley of Kara, or
Western E%uphrates; thence it runs
through q swampy valley, south of
| which lies Erzeroum. The Importance
of this road cannot be overrated. 1t is
the best and shortest line of commune
| cation between Erzeroum and the sea-
, coast. The object of attack o n Batoum
is thought to be less to obtain the pos
session OF the town than the control Of
this road, and cut off communication
with Erzeroum. The Russians succeed
ed pushing their advance already to
Ortvin from Abraham. One road runs
southwark to Kars, another to Ardon-
witch, to which it branches to Erwin
and south to Tavosgerg and Olti; the
third road leads from Arabian via
Urul, across the Chanley mountains to
Oiti and Bardez.
On their retreat from Arabian, the
Turks used the roads leading west
ward and southwark, part escaping to
Ardandouch and part across the Cham
ley mountains to Olti. 49,.
Dispatches received from Turkish
| sources report that the Russians have
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

THE irrepressible American consul
must appear i'll our dispatches OF to-
night. He advertises himself by say
ing that James A. Waddell-there are
a good many Of US that know him, boys,
in this city--was the captain of the
steamer City of San Francisco. Now,
of course, we will put the %consul's
name in full print, James a. SHELTON.
n sort of SKELETON at the feast.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

OF COURSE, the jury in the Chester,
Pa, accident have rendered Il verdict
of accidental death and-but read the
rest of 1t That, while they believe
from the evidence that all customary
precautions for prevention of accident
were employed in this instance, they
are of the opinion that more ample
means, if practicable. should be provided
for the helping of this, aud for imme-
date escape.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

WE will shortly review, at considera-
BILE length, the novel entitled cat
Swords Points," by Edward A. Thorn,
as, and published by Clayton, Remsen
and Haffelfnger, Philadelphia, 1877.
1t is the pioneer novel of Wyoming and
from a hurried glance at its pages, is
certainly no mean addition to the fc-
ton of the day.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

Washington, May 2S.-The Secre-
tary of the Treasury has directed that,
at the close of the present month an
amount of greenbacks will be added to
the special fund, under joint resolution
for the issue of silver coin which, with
the six millions already set apart, will
bring the fund up to the amount called
for at this time about 81, 000, O00--S6O0,-
600 being the legal tenders received in
exchange for the silver held for the re-
demption of fractional currency.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
Greece After Privileges.

Constantinople, May 2S.--It is stated
that Greece has sent a note TO the Porte,
asking that the same privileges be &C
corded to Thessaly and Epirusas TO the
Slavonic provinces. The Porte replied
that the only privileges they had a
right to were already accorded by the
constitution. GREECE sent n second
note, bat the Porte had not yet replied.
The Turkish feet have arrived at
Crete.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
The U. s. Supreme Court.

Washington, May 2S.-A story is
current that President Hayes will offer
the vacant seat on the bench of the
United States Supreme Court to At
torney General Devens, who is not con-
tent with his present position, which
has interfered with his lucrative prac-
ticP rs n LAWYER.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

OMAHA is in trouble with her river,
the wild Missouri. 1t is rising rapidly
and will cut n channel across the bend
and carry away the whole bottom above
the bridge. Now, then, Omaha should
send for George Francis Train.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
Cavalry Engagement.

Constantinople, May ga cavalry
fight took place Oh Saturday. between
1900 Turks and 1000 Russians. A
heavy rain stopped the fight as soon as
it commenced. q
Bucharest, May 23.-The Turks are
~stationing pickets of thirty men at in
tervals of two and a half miles, along
the whole Turkish bank Of the Danube,
communicating with each other by sig
mails. -
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
instructions Regarding General Gran,

Washington, May 28.-The Secretary
of the Navy yesterday addressed letters
of instruction to commanders of foreign
stations, stating that when ex-Presi-
dent Grant, now making a tour of the
world, reaches their vicinity, they will
show him proper attention, and facili-
tate his mean of observation abroad,
in accordance with previous under
standing.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
GEORGIA.


Columbus, May 2S.--Three negroes
We're lynched, Friday, for the murder
of Mrs. C. G. Chambliss, of Stewart
county. They attempted to rob the
house, and were resisted by Mrs. Cham
bliss, when she was shot dead. The
murderers were hanged with u trace
chain, many negroes participating in
the lynching.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
TEXAS
Mexican Murderers.

Galveston, May 2s.-The News Cor
pus Christi special says: Francisco
Flor's, n prominent citizen of San Die
go, and his son, have been murdered
by eight Mexican robbers, who got
seven hundred dollars. The same par
ties committed other robberies, and the
whole country is hunting them.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
The Russians at Galatz.

London, May 2s.-A dispatch from
Galatz says the Russians have measur-
ed all the vessels in the harbor here,
stating that they will shortly require
them. Many RATS have arrived from
the Sereth all ready for bridging pur-
poses.
A large number of fresh troops are
expected soon.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

On the first day of June Erastus
Brooks will retire from the editorship
of the New York Evening Express.
From that date a stock company will
run the paper in the-not in the ground,
but In the interest of the Democratic
nnrfu
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
White House Retainers to be Relieve

Washington, May 2S.-It is no longer
considered expedient to retain army Of
ficers on duty at the White House, and
Col. H.. G. Corbin, Twenty-fourth In
fantry, who was detailed at the Presi-
dents request as N of his secretaries,
will be relieved at the end of this
month, and, by direction Of the Presi-
dent, assigned to important duty in the
War Department.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

st. Petersburg, May 2s.-Ohicial re-
ports from Tifls state that the greater
part Of the Turkish garrison of Arda-
han have been dispersed. Some fled
towards Batoum. The Russian Erivan
column is stationary near Surpa-Hones,
collecting prisoners.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
Preparing for a Siege.

/ Vienna, May 2S.-Admiral Kerum
Pasha, the Turkish COMMANDMENT
chief, has informed the inhabitants of
Rustschuck, Varna, Shumlan and Silis-
tria that all persons not having six
months provisions must quit within
twelve days.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
MASSACHUSETTS.
Another Fool on His Journey.

Another Fool on His Journey.
New Bedford, May 2s.-The schooner
New Bedford, twenty feet long, with
Capt. Thomas Grape and his wife on
board, sailed to day for London. An
immense crowd witnessed the depart
ure Of the boat, which is the smallest
that ever attempted the feat.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

The miners dream of life is ore. Sill
yer World.
In vein the pick-tures fancy drew
Georgetown Miner.
From cuts and shafts to gold he'll
pass. And in q sluice box placed at
last.-Black Hills Times.
You fellows will reach bed rock if
you keep on.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

New York, May 28.-This afternoon,
while a lighter loaded with oil was be-
ing unloaded at the foot of Forty-first
street, North river, o terrible explosion
occurred, from some unknown cause,
and in an instant the whole body Of oil
was in flames. When the flames were
extinguished, it was discovered that
three men had been burned to death,
and another received probably fatal in
juries. The names of the dead are:
VIM. Smith, captain of vessel; Charles
Luke, mate; and a man belonging to
lighter, name unknown. Rudolph
Bremen was burned so badly that he
cannot survive. Loss small.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
FOREIGN.
Don't Want Any Interference.

Constantinople, May 2S.-Eyerything
quiet here. The council of war has
asked Muktar Pasha what his plans
were. He replied that there was a
scheme in process Of execution certain
to insure success, and begged to be left
alone.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

NIGHT REPORT.
SHINGTO

The National Workshops to be Closed.
Washington, May 2s.-Preparations
are being made by the ordnance bureau
of the War Department to close the
national armories and workshops after
the first of July, there being no appro-
priations to continue work. Six hum
dred mechanics will be thrown out of
employment.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

We call the attention OF our readers
to Rapherty's special telegram from
Camp Robinson 70 the editor Of The
Cheyenne Leader.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

YES, Germany and Russia have ar
rived at the conclusion that the war
will be localized. Localized means
Europe, and the wal will be general.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

Washington, May 2s.-General o. c
Ord, commanding the Department o
Texas, arrived here for the purpose o
having an interview with Gen. Sher
man regarding the management of af
fairs along the Rio Grande.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
Papal Pilgrims.

Rome, may 2S.-The Pope, oil re-
ceiving the Austrian Pilgrims, deplored
the change in Austria's behavior to-
wards the Holy Sea, whose rights she
formerly defended even by force of
arms.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
TICKS.

The Levant Herald has been sus-
pended for a month for disparaging the
Minister of War.
Ex-Governor Chamberlain has sold
his residence In Columbia, S. c., to a
brother of Wade Hampton.
Washington, May 2s.--The cabinet
tomorrow will considert the Rio Grande
question. Gen. Ord will be present and
receive instructions.
A lighter, laden with petroleum, was
burned at the foot of Forty-tirst street
this afternoon. Two men are reported
killed and one badly scalded.
a FIRE on Franklin street, Chicago,
Monday morning, injured h building
occupied by the National Printing
Co. to the extent of $4,000, and print
ing material to the amount of Si5,oU.
Proposals for Hay.
orrIeE CHEYEsNE AND BLACK nnis(
SrAGs, Mail AND EXPRESS Co.
CHEYENNE, WYo., May 20, 1877.
Sealed proposals, in duplicate, to fur
nish hay to this company, will be re-
ceived at this Office until 3 O'Clock,
June Dist, 1877, or at the Offices of the
company, by their agents, at the fol-
lowing named stations: At Cheyenne,
for Cheyenne, Nine Mile Ranch, Pole
Creek, Horse Greek, Bear Springs,
Chugwater, Bordeaux and Eagle Nest;
at Fort Laramie, for Fort Laramie
Station, Government Farm, Rawhide
Buttes ard Running Water; at Hat
Creek, for Hat Greek station and the
stations between there and Mountain
City; at Custer City, for Custer Station,
and all stations between there and
Deadwood.
Proposals for less than % tons will
not be received. The hay is to be free
from weeds, brush and old grass; to be
put in good and well built stacks at
each station, not less than seventeen
feet high, nor less than twenty feet
wide at the bottom of stack. The hay
to be measured by the company's agen,
after thirty days from the time ths
whole amount contracted for shall bt
delivered. Not less than 20 tons mol
more than 80 IONS at each or any sta
ton; 5l2 feet, measured the usual way
of measuring hay in stack, per ton.
GnMER, SAL1sBuRRY, PATRICK & Co.,
LUXE VOORHEES,, Supt.
may27-dawtd.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

THE French Minister of the Interior,
NJ. de Fourtos, aristocrat of course, has
announced that the Marshal MacMa-
hon is " Order and Peace"
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
Butler in a New Role.

Washington, May 29.-Gen. Butler
intends emigrating to Colorado to tnrn
sheep farmer, and come to Congress as
senator from the Centennial state.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
Forced to Retire.

VIENNA May 2s.--A dispatch has
the following: tMuktar Pasha tele-
graphed to Constantinople that he
would have to retire behind Erzeroum,
as the passes of Soghanla and Dagh
were being turned by the Russians.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
Sporting.

London, May 2S.--Robert Watson
Boyd won the .e400 race for the cham
pionship of the Thames to-day, beating
John Higgins.
Rob Roy is the fayorite for the Derby.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

THERE are fears that Abdul Hamid
will abdicare. They will undoubtedly
ham-string him.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29
WAR NOTES

Rumors from Vienna state that Sui
tan Abdul Hamid will shortly abdicate.
The steamer Essex, laden with Krupp
guns for Cronstadt, %foundered off Swe-
den.
The Turks landed 3, 1000 mountaineers
in the neighborhood of Adler on the
ODD inst.
The Circassians in Trans-Caucassia
have surrendered their arms to the
Russians.
The waters of the Danube, Little
| Sereth and Aluta are considerably over
their banks.
There are fears at Constantinople of
internal troubles. The ministerial cri-
sis continues.
The ministerial bill for the issue of
! paper money, meets with great eppOsi-
ton in Roumania.
the Kanbin district to occupy the
mountain passes.
A Turkish force of 10000 from Van,
which had been concentrated at Bar
guirir, is advancing toward Bayazed.
Gen. Melikoff, with eight battalions
and some artillery, and Gen. Dewell
with seven battalions, have left Arda-
han to join the forces near Kars.
A Bayazed column made a econ
n~oisance towards Van Kurdish. The
%irregulars, who had been threatening
their rear, fed before the Russian adj
vance.
1t is not yet decided where the Car
will stay during his visit to the army
Of the Danube, nor how long he will
remain. Lii. t.....
New York Money and Stock Morke'.
New York, May 2S.-Silver bars,
1875 greenbacks, 1174 gold.
Silver discount.
Money--1R02.
observation-disclosures.
Stocks-Opened weak, but recovered
in the afternoon, and closed firm. West
ern Union, 63s; Quicksilver. 145; Pa
cife Mail, 2O4; Mariposa. 3; Wells
Fargo, 80; New York Central, Oh;
Erie, 81; Panama, 96; Union Pacific
stock, 955; u. p. bonds, 1919: Cen
trail Pacific bonds, 40.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

Now let US have the other side Of
the story from Columbus, and this time
from the negroes; if permitted to speak.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

able throughout, and that this arrest y
merely Q Matchmaking scheme which
will not work.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

VOLUNTARY Bankruptcy.

New York, May 2e.-Register
Little has received a warrant
in bankruptcy against Glass Bros,
linen importers, No. II .Lispenard
street, On petition of two members of
the firm. Liabilities nearly $500, 900;
assets nominally s233, OOO.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

TIE Turkish fleet has arrived at
Crete. The English feet will arrive
shortly.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-05-29

Pinney Arrested Again

San Francisco, May 2S.-Geo. NJ.
Pinney vas arrested to-day IN n charge
of embezzling funds of the Ida Elmore
mining company, Of which he was for
merly treasurer, to the amount of fifty
eight thousand dollars. His bail was
fixed at thirty thousand dollars not
obtained.
The rain in the northern portion of
the state to-day will improve the feed,
and probably in some localities benefit
the wheat crop.