davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
BY TELEGRAPH.
DOMESTIC NEWS.
THE INDIAN. TROUBLES.
Howard Too Slow In His Movements to
Catch the Indians.
Especial to the Democrat.

Especial to the DemOcratl
SAN FRANCISCO, July H.-News has been
received from Walla Walla Of date July 49, to
the effect that on the tenth instant Joseph's
band surprised party Of thirty Cinnamon
who were coming dowf the Clear Water in
canoes, and for mere pastime, and inhumanly
killed the whole party but one, who managed
to escape.
Leland, of Lewiston, in letter dated July
II. says that the enemy's operations have
been about rs or 100 miles in the rear of Gen.
Howard's movements, and that the maneu-
vers of the latter are entirely too slow, and
Joseph is smart enough to take advantage Of
them and flank him all the time. The gen.
eral impression here is that the Indians that
Gen. Howard had reports of as going to join
Joseph were from the Kamai reservation, in
stead OF Flatheads
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15

LIVERPOOL, July 14.-In the Cotton Con
vention before adjournment resolution
passed that efforts should be made to induce
all countries who had not already done so to
pass law to hold masters of vessels respon-
sible for safe delivery of cargoes. The con-
vention also agreed to recommend that when
cotton is sold on the spot payment shall be
by cash, before delivery, II required.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
Camp and Dom Dalshemer. and Misses Methua
Shelter and Wilmot, professionals.

Of the Independent Order Of B'nai Birth, whose
labors for charity since they have organized have
been most successful, and the combination which
they have eff oted TO present "Othello" st the
ability TO sncceed in whatever they undertake.
The cast is o powerful one every one OF the
gentlemen mentioned above having already
achieved histrionic distinction of high order.
we speak OF the entertainment simply as q
bounden duty, for we aro satisied thai ii re-
guires nothing more than q knowledge OF the
fact that tho entertainment will tsk4 slace,
to secure crowded house on Saturday At the
Varieties.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
MONEY AND STOCKS.


New YORK, July 14.-Gold 1855. q. S. 6's
OF 1881, ILL., do. coupons, 1124 5-20's of
1866, new issue, 1O6a4@1O7; do. of 1867, 1O91 ;
do of 1868, coupons, 112t4; 1O-4o's 1925; do
coupons, 1131s; currency IS 1241a; new SIS
111R11114.
LONDON, July -Consols-Money "a 11-16;
q. s. 5-20s of 1865, 106: do of 1867, 1867 10-40s
ITO; new fives 1O711; Erie TX.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
A Dramatic Treat.

On Saturday shakespeare's "Othello will be
performed at the Varieties Theatre by combin-
ation of our best amateur talent, including,
among others, Messrs. Tim O'Neil. Chas. Buck,
J. stumpf, d. P. oolnsky, B. Onorato, q. De
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15

The soiree to be given by Company @, Louisi-
aDa's Own, on Saturday. August 4, promises to be
ono OF the most pleasant OF the season, given at
the Pavilion at the New Lake End, where the
dancers in every lull Of the music can enjoy the
splendit breeze Lieut. Chas. ID Jnnand will pre-
side as floor manager. Gen. Jno o. Angel on the
reception committee, Lient. Philip Dunday as
cbai; man OF ths investigation com mittee, and
rangemens. Tickets 10 be had for the small
sum of fifty cent?.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
Germany Will Protect Her Citizens.

tt.1
BERLIN, July 1.-THE German settlers in
Dobrudsha are seriously suffering from the
war. The German government has COM
planned to Russia and Turkey of their i'll
treatment by the soldiers of both countries.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15

Especial to the Democrat
ST. Louis, July 4-The Choctaw and
Chickasaw Indian nation have brought suit
against the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Rail
road, claiming 100000 for ties, timber,
masonry and coal used in the construction of
that road. The examination was concluded
at Muskagee day before yesterday.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
Fighting mt BieIa ana Coress.

Especial to the Democrat
LONDON, July IA Bucharest correspond
ent under date Of Friday night, says that
rumors are afloat that serious but undecsive
fighting is going on in the neghborhood of
Biela and Corest.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
FOREIGN NEWS.
The Elections In France.
Especial to the Democrat

Especial to the Dem0Crat.l
PARIS July 14.-ft Is learned from the best
informed sources that the elections will be
held on the 10th of September and the second
ballots on the thirtieth of the same month.
The Chamber will meet Octobers.
The list of official candidates was settled
after much difficulty. 1t seems to comprise
$50 Bonapartists, 176 Legitimists and III Or
leanjsts
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
The Turks Concentrating In Great Force.

LONDON, July IA battle is expected al
EsN Djumandka where the Turks are concen.
trating in great force.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15

LONDON, July 14.-In the rifle contest at
Wimbledon, yesterday, Ross, of the first
Canada, made a tie with two British Marks
men for the Prince of Wales prizes. The ties
will be siftt off to-day.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
The New Four Per Cents.
[Special to the Democrat. /

Especial to the DemocratJ
New YORK, July A.-The subscriptions to
the new United States four per cents at the
opening of business to-day amounted to
$3f, ,OO0, ,0OO
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
The bridge mt simnitza Hroken

Especial to the Dem ocrat.l
LONDON, July 14.-A Simnitza dispatch of
July 10th reports another serious break down
of the bridge there.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
4 Revolution i'm san Domingo.

Especial to the DemOcrat.l
HAVANA, July IA revolution has broken
out at Puerto Plata, San Domingo, and the
town is in q state of siege. The cry is in favor
of ex-President Gonzales.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
The Russian Camp mt P1Oesti.

Especial to the Democrat
LONDON, July H.-The advance guard of
the Russian corps has arrived at Ploesti and
reported that q camp for eighty thousand
men is being prepared at Ploesti.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15

WASHINGTON, July Att is stated the
President will appoint Cowgirl. member of
the Florida Returning Board Marshal of
Dakota. The Dakotians here demonstrate.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
ORLEANS, SUNDAY, PRI

The loss of the Indians appears to be thirteen
killed and large number wounded. Capt
Bancroft, Lieut. Williams and eleven enlisted
men were killed and twenty-four wounded.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
The Prince Of Roumania Takes Comn,an,
Especial to the Democrat


LONDON, July IA Bucharest correspond
ent reports that Prince Charles of Roumania
has assumed command of the Roumanian
army.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15

LONDON, July 14.-The Gar has arrived at
Fraterish, q station on the Bucharest and
Giurgevo Railroad, where, according to some
accounts, he is about to take up his residence.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
Rustchuk RIOckaded.

LONDON, July 14.-The Times Bucharest
correspondent says: 1t is officially reported
that Rustchuk is blockaded by the Russians
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
The Claim Against Boss Hesiny to be
Pursued.

Especial to the Demoeratl
CHICAGO, July H-Judge Blodgett, of the
United States District Court, has decided that
the case of the government claim against A.
c. Hesng should be reopened for the hearing
of the argument and the representation of his
,unsel.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
A Memphis Earthquake.

Especial to the Democrat
MEMPHIS, July 14.-A slight shock Of earth
quake was felt here to-day.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
Our spanish Minister Gone Abroad.

Especial to the Democratl
BOSTON, July 14.-James Russell Lowell.
Minister to Spain, sailed to-day for Liver
npol
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15

If anybody wants good house cheap, let him
apply to W. W. Carre & Co., TN the New Basin,
who sell first class cabins for little or nothing
At 81 eyeuss, give tLem call.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
FOREIGN MARKETS.

LIVERPOOL, July IA, 2:3Q p. m. - Sales
American 5000 bales; futures firm; Uplands,
Low Middling clause, September and October
delivery, 6 1924.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
The Destination Of suleiman PasIla's

LONDON July 1.-THE Times correspond
ent at Cettinje telegraphs hatseyeral accounts
agree the destination Of Suleman Pashas
army is Adrianope
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15

new assor, ment Of p .rasols (boled silk) from
81 25 up, at Pepin & Broussard's, 158 Canal
street.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
J.R. Walker, D. D s., 1sO Delord street.

N. L. Byrne Co., 163 Canal will offer this
week blown linen suits at greatly reduced prizes.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
RIVER NEWS.

Especial to the Democrat
MEMPHIS, July 14.-Arrived: Joe b. Will
liams and tow from New Orleans.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-07-15
J. r. Walker, d. d. s., l8O Delord street.

n. L. Byrne & Co., 1853 Canal, will offer this
week brown linen suits at greatly reduced prices.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-03-23

The Legislature elected on the 7th o.
last November was by no means re.
form body. Had that body been or
gani1ed as elected there would
be tie between the Reformers. OF
Democrats and Conservatives, and the
Radicals in the House, while In the
Senate the Beformers would have
but two majority. The alliance Of O
large number Of the Radical members
of the two houses with the Packard In.
surreetionists has left the control Of the
Legislature In the hands Of the Demo.
Gratis and Conservatives. Thus organ.
ICED. the General Assembly has passed
some excellent measures, and shown
recently q real disposition to enter
upon the business OF reform. Per-
haps, under the peculiar and try
ing circumstances, nothing more could
have been done. But there is
one measure the House con now
adopt which will greatly benefit. the
State. It con follow the example of the
Senate and declare vacant the seats Of
those members who are aiding and abet-
ting an instruction against the peace
and prosperity of the State, 80 that
the Governor may order elections In the
parishes these insurrectionists were
returned from to fill the vacancies. In
deed we think this would be the great
est reform movement the legislature
could adopt between this time and it's
adjournment. The Packard fraud in o
short time will disappear from sight !;
not a vestige Of 1t will be left. and II
the House does not expel those OF its
members who are now leagued with that
fraud, when the Legislature assemblies
next January these men who have been
the worst and most malignant enemies
OF the State, and who are known to be
corrupt creatures, the venal tools Of
any ring monopoly or rascal who de-
sires TO rob tho State, will assemble
with 1t, claim their seats and control the
legislation Of the State. It these men
are expelled the Legislature as public
enemies, or as members who have
grossly violated their sacred trusts. the
Governor can order special elections to
I'LL the vacancies and, beyond doubt,
good men, Democrats or Republicans,
will be elected In their places. This
would be real measure OF reform.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-03-23

The work Of paying taxes goes brave
w on. The Offices OF the tax collectors
keep open house and streams of wei
come visitors are pouring into them
eager to give to the Nichols govern
ment the only recognition 1t has sought
from anybody-the peouniary support
required for It's successful operation.
When Mr.. Hayes high commissioners
arrive here, they should BIO conducted
TO the offices of our efficient tax collec-
tors; a simple inspection OF the booka
there will soon convince them that the
Nichols government is perfectly able
20 sustain itself without extraneous sup
port, and can get along without any
compromise on the senatorial or any
other question.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-03-23

The venerable relict of Judge Branch
wv. Miller, one of the earliest Of the Re.
porters of the decisions Of our Supreme
Court and q greatly honored citizen
after surviving her husband over thirty
years. departed this life Tuesday at
the advanced age of seventy-eight. Her
RENAME will be escorted to the GENE.
terry from the residence of her son.in-
law, w. w. King, Esq, Terpsichore
street, at 4 o'clock this afternoon.
Mrs. Miller was the mother Of those
respected citizens, Thomas Miller. of
the firm or j. w. Burbridge &c Co., and of
Henry g. Miller, the distinguished
lawyer, OF the firm of Finney 81 Miller,
and of Mrs. w. W. King. Through her
long life no lady was more venerated
and loved, or afforded brighter ex-
ample In oil the relations of life Of those
virtues and excellences which adorn the
character and attest the superiority OF
the Southern matron.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-03-23

The Brookses, of Boston. whose repre-
sentative, Mr.. Henry Shepherd, 80
promptly came forward to pay their
taxes TO the Nichols government, are
residents Of Boston, and are grandsons
OF that distinguished and wealthy mer-
chant, Peter G. Brooks, and OF the late
Rezin ID. Shepherd, so well known to
our older citizens as the life time friend
and companion Of that venerated phil
anthropist, Judah Touro. In his will,
referring to the service Of his old
friend, n. ID. Shepherd, in saving
his life when desperately wounded
In one OF the battles on the plains OF
Chalmette In 1876, Mr.. Touro created
Mr.. Shepherdfh is executor and the re-
siduary legatee Of his large estate.
MIR. Shepherd, in entering upon the
possession OF the property, paid of all
the legacies to various benevolent
societies and friends, and thus acquired
the whole real estate, which, added to
the property he already possessed,
made him the largest property holder
81 lHc Clhys AZ Aia acaeLs WUlCn o.
CURED since the war, this large property
passed to Mrs. Brooks, the only child
or n. ID. Shepherd, and her sons, the
Messrs. Brooks. This property has
always been managed with eminent
success and tact by Mr.. Henry Shep-
herd, nephew of r. D. Shepherd, a citi-
ZEN much esteemed in this community
for his enterprise, sound judgment and
patriotic devotion to the State and city
II which he has passed nearly his whole
life.
We have thus referred to these gen.
tlemen with the view of setting before
cur citizens examples in the conduct of
residents OF Boston, holding property
In New Orleans, which are we'll worthy
OF imitation and emulation by our own
resident property holders who have
their all In this city, and who know and
recognize the Nichols government as
the only dc jare and de facto govern
ment of the State. The strongest proof
OF the sincerity OF their devotion and
conviction will be found In their prompt
payment or the taxes due by them.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-03-23

others. and that III d III faetp govern.
ment which holds the public purse.
Defaotoism was odious to Us four years
ago; we looked upon 1t as 70 monster
OF such hideous mien, that to be hated
needs but TO be seen j" but, having had
to endure 1t for so long time. and
having grown familiar wi th it's face.
now thht we happen to be the de faotos
ourselves, we are ready to EN- brace It
and give 1t a fair trial. IT we may be
pardoned the ineleganoe Of the re-
mark. the boot is on the other leg, and
we find loeomotion more pleasant than
before,
On the whole, with de faeto govern
msnt to administer public affairs,
strengthened, as ours is, by the fact
that it possesses also the best possible
do iure claim to universal recognition
and the wherewithal to sustain itself.
we think we can worry along quite COM
fortably and allow our hapless and
hungry adversaries the largest license
OF protest. II they will refer to the lies
OF the city papers Of the spring Of 1879
and of 1875, they will find there large
assortment Of resolutions, protests and
speeches, all cast in vigorous and ele-
waited language. These we commend to
them for their own present use. We
tried them at the time referred to, and
found them an excellent safety. valve
for the indignation which oppressed
our souls. Let the leaders summon
their clans around them and protest
and protest; 1t may relieve their feel.
ings, and as this Is the only kind of
relief they will obtain, they will do
wisely to make the most Of It.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-03-23

Our subscribers will confer q favor
upon us by reporting at this office every
FAILURE In the delivery to their address
of the DEMOCRAT, % we are particularly
DESTROYS OF achieving absolute exaoti-
tude and punetuality.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-03-23
ny AITTHORITY,1
tBY AUTHORITY
Appointments by the Governor. Francis
r. Nichols, by ana with the Advice
and s0nsne of the Senate.

and COnsnt of the senate.
Administrators Of tho Asylum for the Blind, ut
Baton Rouge--Wim Fl. Goodsle, q. D. WaddiD,
J. West Mo MAN, Robert Morris, William Garig.
Harbor Masters for the port Of Now Orleans
George M. Phillips, B. 0uorsto, Robert Brewster
Wardens for The port OF New Orleans-W. W.
Hunter, John T. Davis.
Justice OF the Peace FOR the Fourth Ward, par
isb OF Natchitoches -Nume Deblieux.
Constable OF the same ward, same parish
Jules Sompeyrae.
Parish surveyor for the parish of Caldwell
Robert r. Humble.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-03-23
FOR SALE.

AHANDsONE PLACE OF TWO ACRES irons
acres of excellent, newiy-fereed lana. Of whteh
60 are admirably adaptei TO the cultivation OF
sugar, cotton, or corn: the balance eonsistinR
is situated. The whole property Will be gOaA,
consisting Of the land above mentioned. and d
residence, kitchen, cabins stable. vegetable and
fruit gardens, and all necessary aDpurtenancee.
This offers an excellent opportunity TO any one
wishing to raise stocK. or 10 eultivate cotton or
sugar on small scale, there being cotton rim
and sugar mill In the nstghborhood This
property has never been Inundated. Tha
dwelling house is comfortably furnished. ard
will be sold with or without furniture
Box 530, New Orleans, fels ~ Il
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-03-23

wnp once Of the New orleans DEMO-
sswAT mas been Removed from "a Camp
sssest tn s0p saravier street.
The New Orleans daily Democrat. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1877-1880, 1877-03-23
ADJUSTMENTS rms EvtNENG,

Aaarsnr oF Elut1o 49, Milton Mobiles 49, Dia4
tuunds Ia The Rough"
National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1877-05-07
WHENCE The PERSECUTION or TIE
IEWyP


4 correspondent OF much merit and
s..ndizE eLH- Ees-eriIy to the defense OF
the Turks AsEi-st our pEeyiOus charge OF
cruelty 10 the Jews. seeming TO labor under
the iEprCSsio7 that re imputed TO the
Porte the recent ot5else Of tse ROunanisns.
II he VII tzke the trouble to Rad more
el-sfzry he VII Observe that IL vas prop
s-iy zssizas1 TO tie allies o. Russia in the
p-ese1i ca7PSSr-by which We meant
Eo1CsniI, Of ooGrse. Is no other people
has given even tlcit adherence to the
eIEse-a,a that &c called upon the Car TO
cheek their Christian zeal within limit,
oousis.sai with the march agaius. the in
io,sEzrce q tie Turks
Oa- e5-reSpua3en; also iatinztes that II
Is = u=I-ke. peculiarly American, 10 a.
uI5zf= % the Turks special violence in the
persecution OF the Jers. suppOsiag. IS we
ooaclr1s, thzi tie whole matter Is 4 MS
zpSrShs.ss0z Of lie times. in Consequence
published A. Re~S But this il 10, the
het- Our information Is no; c1rreut and
American. bat ehroaicled aed European,
tsrfved from the most noted OF all Eaelish
clyeOPediiS, which briars the whole sub
jset down 70 IS4l. since which tine We
have 10. heard Of any general reformation
On the part Of the Sultan in his treatment
OF either Jews OF Christians.
Nov, While nc have rOs before thought
70 make the Turks responsible for the later
o1flses upoa the Je-s in RCunanil, We
are very much Inclined To think that they
o7Ehi nevertheless 70 be 50 ehAr.eAble, for
tie rexs1a thGt since 1886 that country has
besa- s1csP; in brief periods. down to
1SSa, = T1ssAl State OF Turkey, and her
people have ih0s been degrsded and cen
traliEed BY the yarisli OppressiOrs Of three
hundred yeArs-A term sufficiently long,
al vii s5mif, 10 stamp the character Of
the ruler uPoa the people and make them,
80 ar as tie &ssimilaiiOOs OF time can AZ
fsci sympathy Of feeling. one in senti-
meat in many. Il rot in al things. Hence
II : bot just TO EScribe the present bar
lITisus Of RJ1mAniA 70 the teachings and
tyrEEny Of the Turks. IL il msy not be said
taaF The goEernrlsni Of the Sultan formed
thci- ehuactsr Is 4 people. as il is, il
ciz :, lsSs, e sid that iI has trans
formed lEs-r "a ionll sentiment IL ever il
- t4=SAist, ITO Eruss ssnsuAlity and
ss1eEia- tsgrETIry- We do no; nov speak
oi the higher cases, which, although in
clinei 10 2.p9; al he A-eEcirs OF modern
c.vlhLtr.on- sre Insignificant in numbers.
batofNhe great Heterogeneous masses which
ol1y.t-r- tbe p-s PIE WILLIAMSON, in Al
aasaan. n WanschiA and Nold.vi,. says
tli' -'Jh= people IN general are an ignorant
Al iiir race, dspraved BY tho loog ty-
rzEEV a their Turkish masters A. well as
tEsir oEp, and that when asked Why
lhSy did rot enlriSais their fertile lands,
National Republican. (Washington City (D.C.)) 1872-1888, 1877-05-07
GIVE OUR COMMERCE 4 CHANCE.

As We have said before. under the pres
ent hus OF our country, should q general
var occur in Europe. the United States
could not profit by j, to any extent The
provisions OF that delusiye legislation with
which the American ship builder has
sough, TO protect himself prevents the
American trader from profiting by the
struggle Were the harbor Of New York
crosded with English merchaatmea and
their owners were willing to sell them al
one tftieth Of their cost the presen, law
would not permit an American to purchase
. jibboon- Not foreign-built ship can
be purchased by an American citizen, nor
get an American register; and though 8
HOttento, or Hollandsr can buy. use and
make money out Of these ships, the laws
OF the United States say to its citizens,
Hands oil, and let thSse men coin the
wealth which you could have but for the
protection We owe our ship-builfeTs- Ger,
tainly if there Is any money to be made
o1i OF the European war. our country
needs il This tying The hands of thou.
ards to benefit q small monopoly Is per-
nicious and delusive political economy.