The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1877-04-01
THE TELEPHONE.
Latest Wonder in the Art
of Telegraphy.
TELEPHONE REHEARSAL LAST NIGHT.
Melodies from Philadelphia Heard
in Steinway Hall
INCARCERATION AND ITS EFFECTS.
Distance Lends Enchant-
ment to the" Ear.
HOW 1T is DONE.
Explanation Of the Electric Organ and The
Receiving Apparatus.
HOW 1T IS DONE.
Explanation Of the Electric Organ and tht
Receiving Apparatus.
THE TALKING TELEPHONE.

telephone eclipse any that have hitherto marked the
progress OF the science OF electricity ana when re.
auced by the skill and perseverance, Of
the level Of common like the ordinary telegraph,
will prove one or tho most important and useful i'm.
provemcnts In the art Of telegraphy. Commuuca-
lions between distant points will be longer liable
the neutrality-suspicious. inseparable from the sig
nal system, and instead OF being transcribed
and forwarded written matter, will be-
como conversations between indIYduals perhaps
thousands Of miles apart, in which the voices OF
friends will be recognized and the sigh Of grief
or the laughter of joy will be heard distinctly If
those communicating with each other sat In the same
apartment BY means Of apparatus operated by ecc-
riclty ana tho ordinary telegraph wire 1t is possible
TO transmit fac-simile OF writing and OF the outline
Of aplcture. This success deemed the funlment
OF the ultimate expectations of electricians regarding
the use Of the telegraph for tho reproduction Of pre-
uiso motions and their effects. But an
trely new field for invention and application is
opened up by the discovery that sound tone, music
Inc utterances OF tho human organs Of speech. the
oudest reports and tho fantest tinkngs repro.
duced ~ distance Of many hundreds Of miles.
SOUND.
Sound Is the final effect produced on the ear by
vibration or impulse transmitted through any elastic
medium, aerial, liquid or solid When u sudden blow
II delivered to the air, when q Is fred
slectric spark s made to pass, the impulse is propa
gated through tho and ultimately reaches the ear as
. NOISE. The energy Of tho shock of propagation
ermines the loudness of the noise resulting THIS
be simply illustrated by asking the reader consider
The effect OF dropping a pebble into tho centre
Or large pond Of still water Where the
pebble strikes the surface a shock is nd
ministered, and the surrounding water is
disturbed in equilibrium. Immediately a circular
wave il developed which extends less rapidly
from the point Of It's generation and continues prop
agate ITSELF AZ Il werc, until 1t meets with OBJ
struction, say the margin Of the pond Now, In like
manner wave 10 propagated IN volume of mir, and
70 transmitted Dom particle particle OF the atmos-
phsrs until u with obstruction as r the
case Of tho water When It meets with resist
Ing surface II is detected and tho shock OF detection
propagates another return wave which the cp-
prociates In the phenomenon of echo But In apply
Ing the foregoing illustration 1t must be remembered
that noise Is the result OF impuIse-the impact
OF one layer or air against that one next
outside It. 1t has wave length. To
produce o wave of sound as distinct from
noise II is necessary that tho impulse which
produces tho latter, BIO repeated periodically that Is
certain number OF times per second say 100 then It
Is clear that the particle Of first affected will be
also affected by an impulse every one-hundredth part
OF q second or will viDrate 100 times per second. As
the original impulse Is propagated ut the OF 100
feet per second, each succeeding impulse vibration
follows the preceding at the distance OF eleven
icet which the length of tho waves OF sound when
the vibrations occur at 100 per second This sequence
Of vibrations Of the air produces as distinct
rom noise. The structure OF the is especially
adapted tor the reception of Impressions produced by
sound. thin membrane, called the tympanum. IS
strained across the passage OF the ear, divid-
Ing tho organ into outer and inner por-
lions. This membrane vlbrates with the
aerial impulse sound wave, and transfers Il
through the three minute bones OF the inner
TO the labyrinth convoluted passage whence It
ceved BY the brain through the auditory nerve. This
delicate apparatus capable OF distinguishing rather
Analysing composite sounds. musical tones, noses &c
The wave length being physical fact independent OF
tho ear, but dependent the number of impulses or
vibrations caused in the medium Of transmission the
greater the number Of these the higher will DO tho
pitch OF the tone transmitted the car and tho
the vibrations the owcr or gravcr will be the tone
VIBRATIONS IN soUYDISG BODIES
When q string is stretched and vibrated by striking
or pulling the vibrations produced in It arc dependent
on It's nature tension and thickness and these vibra
tions give to a musical II their number per
second sufficient TO produce that effect Tho range
Of vibration per second for musical sounds Is between
lorty and 10000; that IS II the number falls below
orty per second tho sound or motto grave as TO
become noiso a series of noises or beats. II the
aumbor exceeds 40, 900 tho appreciate tho
nose which Of tho highest pitch. Tho actual range
music rarely passes above 5000 vibrations per sec
ond but sometimes In organ pipes Ialls below forty.
To return TO the subject OF vibrations IN strings the
following properties Of these have been deduced by
pertinent
l. When the strain is constant the number OF vibra
otu lapo 9TH ~
string.
The number OF vibrations varies invorscy the
radius OF the string
g. The number also varies directly the square root
Of the strain.
4. The number finally varies inversely Ms the square
root OF the density OF the string
The foregoing in ornaiion VIII DO found useful in
deed necessary, to tho reader In conprehendng the
operation and effects OF tho telephone.
TIE DEVELOPMENT OF ELIcrRIciry.
As electricity is tho potent agent employed IN the
operation OF the sound telegraph or telephone, IL
also necessary understand something OF It's nature
when studying that remarkable Instrumcnt. For the
sake Of simplicity OF description and to convey
iutegibc idea Of tho mobility and scnsItivcncss OF
this subtle force II Is usually called fluid, although It
Is DOT such IN tho strict meaning OF tue term IL
flows, however, along conducting media NJ IDS follow
chanucls out Is uninIuenccd by the force OF grava
ton Perhaps this property VIII better understood
when II Is stated lnat electricity arrays seeks to escape
from condition as iorco ono OF laiency in ma
lure which IS its normal condition. Electricity per-
vadcs cvcrything-thc earth, the air tho water all
thIngs thereon and therein. Matter Is therefore,
Natural reservoir of electricity whence II can be drawn
By process oil development aud ycd for various
purposes while II is returning to It's original condition
10 make simple comparison this regard is only
necessary to pout out tho process by which water Is
nAAs 10 serve = Msshsuioal moior whea raised 70