davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1877-12-15
WHAT IS A VACUUM PANT

In a sugar growing colony such names
as vacuum- pan, centrifugal drler, triple
effect, and SO forth, become tolerably
tamiliarS but waen the colony is small
and behind the times (Oare we hint it OF
our own without risk y the things which
the names represent are necessarily un-
known.
The writer confesses for his part that
he does not know what the triple-elfact
is, and would be very glad if somebody
who does know would explain it. Many
of our readers are doubtless in the same
position in regard to the term vacuum.
pan. AS there is TO- an opportunity
of seeing one in course OF erection at the
Factory a few words of explanation may
not be i'll timed. First of all it is plain
enough what a pan is, though between a
common open pan In which the sugar is
cooked to q sometimes delightful, some
times dirty brown, and a vacuum pan is
as great as between home spun and silk.
1t is also generally understood that a vacu-
UNI is. al empty space but as an
empty spece probably does not exist
In nature, we may define an attainabIe
vacuum as a space nearly empty. The
separate tetms vacuum and pan then being
understood, it remains to ask what they
have to do with each other. And here
we must begin from the beginning Per-
haps some Of US need to ba reminded that
we are tiviag constantly under great pres.
sure, not pecuniary Tor at least that is not
what we are now thinking o0 but atmos.
pheric. Mankind lives at the bottom of
an ocean of air Just as the crabs aud star.
fishes live at the bottom Of an ocean of
water. We can never fod the top of our
ocean as an inquisitive star fish might do
of his, because it thins off towards nothing.
ness as we get up. 1t probably has a
top nevertheless, and different philo ophers
put down the distance of the air surface
above us at 10, so, so or 70 miles.
Although the distance of the surface
from the bottom where We live is a matter
of uncertainty, the weight of the airy
ocean is easily found. We take a long
glass tube closed at one end, pour mercury
into it, and then turn the open end down
into a small cup of the same metal. The
Mercury will not st all run out, so inches
of it will remain IN the tube and hence
, 1877-12-15
ST. OR OlI.
Saturday, l5:A December 1877.

The Colonial Council is again complete
by the return 10 She island Of the two
members who were absent. 1t is now COM
posed Of the following:
Crowa memba.s; JURs, HvID, FABER,
KALMER, BRANCH.
Elected members: HANSON, CONRAD,
LEMMING, RoSENsTAND, COULTER, ELLIOTT,
FARRELLY, SARAUw, BROWN, FLEMING,
MOORE, SKE0CH, LATIMER.
, 1877-12-15

we know that q column Of air presses
with q force of a column of Mercury so
Inches high, and this is about Is lbs TO a
square inch. Over . large pan Of cane
Juice this pressure would amount to a
good deal. Let us suppose the pan to
measure 6 #. across, this would give a
surface of s ,IS4 square inches which at
Is lbs. per inch would give a total weight
of over 81 tons. Now the vacuum pan 10
a continuance for lifting q great part of
this load from the surface of the Juice.
We will first ask hoto this is done and then
wEy it is done. The first necessity is a
great air tight cover which goes over the
whole pan, and next an air-pump which
shall draw off the air from the space thus
enclosed. These two additions might seem
to be enough, and so they would be if the
liquor were cold, but now we apply heat,
aud steam is soon given off 10 immense
quantities. What is done with the ateam2
1t IS led by a pipe into another vessel
called the condenser, and here by the
Injection of streams of cold water it is
condensed again into water end
pumped away. Such then in a few words
Is a vacuum pau: but now comes the
P."O''Ool queSGIOns why dI LplS trouble
First we must remember that we want to
get the water out of the juice so that the
sugar may be left dry, and secondly we
want to avoid scorching the sugar.
Now steam, like everything else. is
more freo when pressure is removed,
and consequently the water somes away
from the juice much more rapidly In the
vacuum pan than 10 the open tache.
Ii also requires much less heat. Water
bolls at q lower temperature as we re-
move the pressure of the air from It's sur
face. Hence the juice in the vacuum pan
boils at a low temperature aud all danger
of scorching and thus discoiouring the
sugar is avoided.
The object of the vacuum-pan then is
to evaporate the Juice speedily and at a
low temperature. 1t gives a clear sugar
not soiled by scorching, and crystallizing
readily into the we'll known Transparent
little plates. In all the larger colonies the
vacuum pan is in extensive "se, but in
small colonies like ours it can only be
introduced by i1int enterprise. Three or
four such pans as ara now erected at tina
Central Factory would bill of our whole
crop. Let US hope that tho ore now in
question may be Well tried during tho
coming season.
, 1877-12-15

ORDER OF THE DAY
for tie Colonial Counciks ertroordinarv
meeting on Monday 17th Decsm5ex 1877
al 10 o'clock.
/. Introduction of and FIRST discussion 90
draft of additional grant for I877-79
of $4,000 for bureau advances
for December 1877 and January and
February 1878.
2. Introduction Of and first discussion
on draft of additional grant for
1877-79 under D - the Poor Depart
ment for $633 to cover taxes on
properties destroyed by the hurricane
Of 12-13 September 1876.
8 Third discussion on draft of ordinance
extending the immunities of the St..
Croix Central Sugar Factory Com
paDy.
4. Letter from the Presidency of 18th
inst. concerning the settlement of
the Colonial Treasury's claims against
Mr.. G.. Elliott and Mr.. P. J0rge nsen.
, 1877-12-15
ChriStiansteds Jurisdiction

nJOR WTTERLIGT: at for mig har andraget
u Planter William Mac Evoy, som Ful1msg-
tig for Enkefru Sarah Margaret Creagh, hvor,
lunde han sin forn@vnte Egenskab, skal fnde
sig bei0!et, til Overeenstemmende med Forord.
ringen eide Nal l645 s "a og Reskript site
December 164S 8 3, at indstevne afd0le Fr0ken
Bridget Smiths Tntestatarvinger, for at paa.
hore ct lovligt Tingsvidne til OpIysning ON
ct under l2te December 1876 at bemeldte
Abode oprettet skriftligt Testamente, hvor
we'd Enkefru Crea gh er indsat til Universal.
arring.
Thi indstavnes herved bemeldte a~fgangne
El0ken Bridget Smiths ntestatarvinge al
node linden Christiansteds ordinaire Bytinps.
ret, som holdes | Diet o~fentlige Restshuus No.
10 i Kongensgade / Chri3tiansted, oller paa
det Sted Rstten MATTE holdes, Tirsdsgen den
26de Febrnar 1878. Formiddag Klokken 10,
for der og da ct loyligt Tingsvidne at paah0re
som fOrn@vnI
Iii samme Ret. It'd og Sted indstavnes
berved under Falsmaalssftaf som Vidner.
Pastor Z. I. Guilbot Og Handelstuldm@giig
Sehuster.
Foreleggelse og Lavdag or afskafAt we'd
Forordningen 3die Jupi 1896.
UNDER NAN HAAND oa JUR1sDIsrIoNExs sEaD.
Christiansteds Byfoged Contoir
den l4de December 1877.
III. A. JURS.
(k. 81
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
NEW YORK.

Jay Gould in the Hands of a Striker.
New York, August 2.--Jay Gould
was this morning accosted by Major A.
Selover, a friend Of Jim Keene, the
Californian, while passing through
Exchange Place. Words were eN-
changed, when Selover struck Gould
one or two blows on the side of the
head, and then picking him up threw
him down an area way a distance of
eight feet. Gould was rescued by some
friends and vas found uninjured, with
the exception of a few slight bruises.
The trouble is said to have originated
from Gould having betrayed a COM
Shore, in which Keene and SelOver
were interested with Gould. There
was considerable excitement on the
it was rumored Gould was seriously
injured. ts.n .. III
New York, August 2.-Selover says,
in explanation of the cause of the diff
Guilty, 81 helped Gould at one time out
of the highest place he was ever in, and
/ told him that if ever 1 found him
deceiving me L would thrash him, and
l have done it. He tried to make me
sell stocks when he was buying, and
in doing so he tried to overreach me-"
A letter published before the meet
ing says it was known that on Thurs
day evening of last week, Keene, who
had been heavily loaded with stocks
on account of the great strike, went to
Jay Gould for assistance, and it was
accorded him on condition that he
turned over 1000 shares of stock-to
cover Gould's shorts-at about 3 per
cent. below the closing prices. The
market went up until Monday and
Tuesday last, when Lake Shore seemed
to be for sale whenever the quotation
reached 90. Keene's brokers discovered
that Jay Gould, rs soon as the market
had gone up, had. been selling stocks
freely, and that, his pretended friend
ship was only n myth. Russell Sage
was also partner to the bull movement.
He remained solid on Keene and said
Gould had tricked them both. He
sought an interview, and after a short
and sharp consultation, Keene decided
upon shooting his betrayer, but was
prevented from doing SO by Russell
Sage, who rushed in between the en-
ragged operators. .gEf lam.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
TICKS.

The miners of Pottsyille, Pa, are
still holding out.
Work has been resumed by the strik-
ing miners of Hazleton, Pa.
Henry Sidley Everett has been APP
pointed Secretary of the Legation at
Germany.
President Hayes will take part in the
celebration at Bennington, Vt, on the
10th instant.
The President and Cabinet are well
pleased with the result Of the Cleve-
land convention.
The Secretary of the Treasury has or
dered the discharge of fifty employees
of the Baltimore custom house.
The handicap steeple chase at Sara
toga yesterday resulted in a dead heat
between Walter and Trouble.
]. B. Donohue, leader of the striking
railroad men at Hornellsville, n. Y,
has been admitted to bail in $4,000.
The schooner Florence sailed from
London, yesterday, for the Arctic
Ocean, under command of Captain Ty-
son.
George Baynes was arrested in Bal
timoIe, yesterday, charged with having
stolen S400.0 900 in notes from the Con-
solidated Bank of Montreal.
A complimentary dinner was given
to the officers of General JEFF G. Davis
command by the railroad officials at st.
Louis last night. The affair was
strictly private.
The remains of the late Gen. Custer
were, on Thursday morning, deposited
in a vault at Poughkeepsie, n. Y, to
remain until fall, when they will be
transported to West Point.
The cabinet makers and machinists
in New York who were on a strike dur
ing the past week, have returned to
work, their differences having been
amicably arranged.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03

THE irreverend Henry Ward Beech
er's advice to railroad men to accept
the forced reductions and economic by
living on bread and water, elicits the
following comment from the Chicago
Times: A man who caanot keep out
of debt on twenty thousand dollars a
year, with no children to support, is
not likely to be listened to patiently
when he reviles men with wives and
children for not living on less than a
dollar a day. He will be called heart
less and brutal. He is only an empiric
and q sensationalist.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03

DEMOCRATIC State Platform,

A#
Jackson, August 2.-On reassembling
to-day the convention adopted a plat
form, as follows: Fidelity to the Con-
stitution Of the United States; home
rule and the preservation of state gov
ernments, with all their reserved and
guaranteed rights unimpaired; no in
reference by military power with the
freedom of elections and with the civil
and political rights of citizens Of the
United States; the protection of equal
rights all to classes, with no discrimina-
tlon on account of race, color OF pre-
vlous condition of servitude; continue
ton OF the policy of retrenchment and
reform 80 signally inaugurated by the
Democratic party; that corporations of
every description be supervisable within
thority and subordinate to state leois-
lation, in the Interest and for the pro
lection Of the people; We pledge our.
selves to the maintenance Of the state
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03

THE dispatches from the west, re-
ferring to the Nez Perces moving east
ward, are almost invariably put in
type as heading for the Buffalo coun-
try" The Indians express it as ''go-
ing to the buffalo" Once, and some
times twice a year, the Indians west of
the mountains, where there are no
buffalo, take their household goods
squaws, papooses, dogs, camp equip
page, pack animals, etc.,-and love
into the valley of the Missouri
and the Yellowstone, for a hunting
spree. The meat of the animals IS
dried and securely packed for winter
use, and the hides prepared for home
use or market. This is Joseph's err
rand into the buffalo country. He must
replenish his larder, have q little re-
creation and obtain robes for trading
purposes. The settlers of Montana are
letting him pass through their country
unmolested, as he expresses himself
friendly to the settlers. and says lie
wishes to disturb no one in his march
through the settlements. And thus
these red warriors, after going through
al exciting campaign and having every
thing pretty much their own way, are
now seeking recreation after the fash
ion of their white brethren, in the cool
shades, angling for the luscious trout
and eating the sweet meats of the chase.
"Such is life"
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
NIGHT REPORT.
WASHINGToN
The Solid South for Hayes.

Washington, August 2.-Major Hear
sey, editor Of the New Orleans Demo
crat, called on Secretary Schurz and
Postmaster General Key, and, after
wards, with the latter, visited The Pres
ident. He expresses himself as much
gratifed with the very kind sentiments
of the President toward the south.
The President said he hoped to be able
to visit New Orleans during the holiday
vacation Of Congress sHearsey says
there is literally no opposition to Presi-
dent Hayes in Louisiana, and that the
people of the entire South entertain as
friendly feelings toward the President
as those of Louisiana.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
PENNSYLVANIA.
The Strikers Hold the Fort.


Wilkesbarre, August 2.-Governor
Hartranft arrived at Kingston at l
O'Clock this afternoon with 1000
troops. The strikers feel ugly but
cowed. The track of the Lackawanna
& Bloomsbury road was torn up in
several places and distractions placed
IN the way Of the train, which made
the progress of the troops slow. -Four
companies of Gen. Brinton's command
have been sent to Plymouth where the
railroad has been barricaded and the
track torn up. The strikers there are
turbulent and collect in crowds of two
thousand and upwards around the
depot.
The superintendent of the Wyoming
division to-day notified the mayor that
all peaceable attempts to run trains had
failed, and called upon him to take the
necessary steps to protect the company.
The mayor has conferred with the mil
itary and tomorrow an attempt to start
all trains on that road will be made.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
MISSOURI

The Penalty of Belonging to the Work
ingmen.
st. Louis, August 2.-Judge Cody,
of the Criminal Court, has decided
upon $1,000 as the bond necessary to
release the members of the Working
mems party, against whom warrants
have been issued.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
Partially Settled.

Cleveland, August 2.-The general
manager of the Lake Shore railroad
had a conference with the strikers
committee this morning. The commit
tee agreed that the train men would all
return to work at 7 O'Clock tomorrow.
Freight trains will be started east and
west from this city tomorrow morning.
The shop men and freight house hands
are still out.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03

London, August "A Times cores
pondent at Pera, says the Mussulman
population are a unit and will fight to
the last ditch, u~nfurling if necessary
the Green flag.
1t is believed there that the Russians
have SO long a line of communication
for supplies that the Turks are almost
certain of attaining the same result as
in Armenia.
The battles north of the Balkans
have been adverse to the Russians.
The attack of the Turks was against
the line of communication, and if suc-
cessful will greatly embarrass and posi-
bly, defeat the advance of the Russians.
South of Balkans three great battles
are in progress. 1t is almost certain
that the Russians have extended their
advance too far beyond the base of sup
plies, and defeat is inevitable.
England is endeavoring to secure an
alliance with Austria, being totally UNI
able alone to cope with Russia. The
English army is capable of defense but
incapable of offensive operations against
first class powers.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03

system Of free schools; We favor grant
ing such aid ~ may be extended
without violation Of the constitution of
the United States, or departing from
established usages of the government
to the Texas Pacific railway, and for
rebuilding and keeping in repairs the
levees OF the Mississippi river.
In a speech, last night, Senator
Lamar warmly endorsed President
Hayes policy, SO far as it affected the
south.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
FOREIGN.
The Turks Again Victorious.

The Turks Again Victorious.
London, August "A great battle
is still going on at Softcha. The
blow struck at. the Ninth corps by
Osman Pasha, at Plevna, on the 10th
ult., was so severe that the Eleventh
corps, on the outskirts of Rustchuck,
were compelled to move seventy miles
west. 1t was not until yesterday that
the Russians were prepared to renew
the engagement. At that time the en-
tire force of the Russians consisted of
about $1,000. They were drawn up in
three columns on the plain beside the
river Vida. The order was then given
to advance on Softcha, where Osman
Pasha, with so, 600 men, was entrenched
behind hastily thrown up earth works.
Great embarrassment was caused by
the hardness of the artillery train,
which could only be dragged through
the mud with the greatest difficulty.
A halt was made on the heights over
looking Softcha, and upon the spur
jutting from the ridge one could see
the white tents of the Turkish army
pitched by the river side beyond the
town. The attack was decided on at
all hazards, and the artillery was
brought into position. The first roar
of cannon was promptly echoed from
the Turkish entertainments, and then
began a most furious artillery duel,
from which the Russian troops did not
escape unframed. The 18th and 18th
regiments of infantry, of the advance
guard, were swept through and through
by iron missiles, piling dead and
wounded in %sickening heaps together.
In the midst Of this the order was given
to storm the positions, in accordance
with the usual Russian tactics. Gal
lantly the Solman's Cossacks, of the
9th corps, rushed to the attack down
the road, under the shelter of a cloud
of smoke. The fighting was for a long
time almost hand to hand, the Turks
making frequent sorties from behind
the shelter of their earthworks. The
Red Cross attendants were unable to
carry off the wounded, so fearful was
the slaughter. At last the order was
given to retire, and the Russian guns
gradually ceased firing. The Turks
did not follow up their success, evident
~ expecting a renewal of the attack on
the morrow. The total loss of the
Russians so far is not less than 5000
killed and 5000 wounded.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
Election Riots in England.

London, August 2.-Desperate riots
occurred at Grimsby last night. A
mob of 6,OOO wrecked the hotel where
watkins. the elected member, stayed
and they tried to burn it. Three per-
SOM were injured. Troops were sent
to the scene and twelve rioters ar
rested,
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
The Strike al Bethlehem.

q Bethlehem, Pa, August mo
trains on the Lehigh Valley have been
allowed to pass Penn Haven Junction
since yesterday.
A committee of strikers called on
Receiver Lathrop to-day, and asked to
be re-employed at old wages.
Three hundred regulars with artil-
lery. under Gen. Brannon, reached
Phillipsburg at noon to-day. They
proceeded to Easton and remained two
hours. They then moved to Odel-
weldon, near Easton.
The regulars and marines who were
guarding railroad property ut West
Philadelphia have been ordered to
Scranton.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03

To COPE with the San Francisco mob
required the services of 252 policemen,
1900 militia, 5000 organized citizens,
the force of marines and sailors on the
Pensacola, and some troops in the for
~ti6cations.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03

THE news of the death of Mr.. Thos.
jackson, the late wagon and forage
master at Fort Leavenworth, on last
Tuesday night, calls up to memory the
fact that he was one Of the oldest men
in the employ of the government, hay
ing served it for nearly fifty years, and
leaving it at the time of his death, at
the age of 81 years.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
OHIO.

The Blockade Broken in Toledo.
Toledo, August 2.-The citizens and
police turned out in force this norm
ing and raised the freight blockade on
the Lake Shore road, and under their
protection trains are being started in
all directions. -r H
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
FRIDAY. AUG. ., 1877.

GENERAL HOWARD is still in search
of "Joseph," and the Secretary of War
has ordered Flipper, the colored West
Point graduate, to join Howard in the
chase after the chief of ''pierced
snnnts y
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
Ninety Prisoners TAKEN

New York, August 1.-Some u. s.
troops while Oh the way here last night,
when near Plymouth, found the track
torn up and the switches misplaced.
They captured ninety prisoners and
brought them to this city.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
A Pile of Postage Stamps.

New York, August 2.-Eighteen
female clerks in the Treasury Depart
ment have arrived here, with the COM
mission appointed by Postmaster GEN.
eral Key to count 176, 000, 900 postage
stamps Of the different denominations,
reported to be in the vaults of the post
age stamp agency in this city. F
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
Commercial Job Printing

tiously executed. Cards OF every shape and
kind, Bill Heads, Letter and Note Headings,
Blanks OF every kind, Posters, etc. prlnteo
on short notice. Having n new lot OF type
and Presses, we can do handsome WORK at
low prices.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03

Glasgow, August 2.-The National
Rifle club of Scotland have addressed
a letter to the National Rifle associa-
ton at New York, protesting against
any so-called British team being allowed
to compete for the American Centen-
NAL trophy, fearing that should the
trophy pass into the hands of the Brit
ish team, the right Of Scotland to enter
a team next year would be denied.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
Denver Pacific & Kansas
Pacific Railways.

The line to Greeley, Evans, Boulder
Central City, Topeka, Lawrence,
Kansas City and Leavenworth.
sy-THRoUGH TICKETS AND BAGGAGE-Gs
CHECKS TO PRINCIPAL CITIES.
Pullman Wallace Cars Rum Daily from
Denver TO RAausas City
4. F. CAKES, I. E. CORNELL,
Genl supt. Gen. Pass'r. Agent,
If Kansas City
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03

The English Goodwood cup was won
by Hampton.
The Cheyenne daily leader. [volume] (Cheyenne, Wyo.) 1870-1884, 1877-08-03
Wheeler
Mower
No. S.

and Has o large Stock on Exhibition at His
New Brick Shop on 18th Street, Between
O'Neil and Bent.