The New York herald., 1877-09-08

ing Colleges viii cxpIain the mysteries oil ITS philoso
ply, science and art; but the dignity OF Ansrlcan
the white race ana au elevated and Christian civiza-
ton alike demand The exclusion OF coohe Immigrants
On motion Professor Gabba, OF the College oil Pisa'
Italy, was made corresponding member
INTERNATIONAL PRISON CONGRESS-
Mr.. Sanborn read communication from Dr. E. @.
Wines tho international Prison Congress, and on
motion tho following was adopteJ:-
addressed os Invitation 's al o1Sn s.ac 70
take part IN me roh .s IN esmoanee With
sno nG' sSs f Dr. IN "s Wines United
oa and
the at sHs soe
session saratoga, a. ~ hear With saiisiactlcn O. the
sary Of State Il r the Goonies Right lion the
National proa eonssss ss 10
desires 20 10 Us part ro"aa tue prison
in the United states; ,,u ..,,.n.
that Tho delegates here represented
will take csetvs to secure
,is in their respectiv and that
they will also TO have their States duly repre-
e;vs That have learned Win usa % nas
prison discipline and Reform throughout the civilized world
% 's !' ,sS I" he ss s
helpful to the cause ITSELF
STATE AND MuSIcIpALrY.
Samuel Bowlcs, Of springfield, Mass, read paper
and tho reforms o! the latter Hc said:-
The American system OF government. when organ
lied out o Tho original independent aud incohercrt
colonies magnifed the State. " consisted first OF
strong intimate representative State government,
dealing closely with all the affairs OF society and bust
ness, and nakins itself tho ui expression ana execu-
tor OF the peoples will There were The towns, with
their free dcmocracies, for purely local alairs; but
their province government vas barrow, their cgis-
lature Tue open Town meeting and their officials
The executors o merely local Affairs and but limited
repositories OF State authority. The general govern
ment was federation OF the States tor the ex-
crcso OF a few common and outside affairs
The changes OF "A century have trencbed slowly but
seriously from both directions upon the State Tho
lntt ter has become great dcyrec cble and
laboy affair rho multiplication and growth Of Cities
transfer OF our populations from moderate collec-
ions farmers and small mechanics and storckeepcrs
into mammoth centres OF man uactures aud CON-
merce with tho constant tendency 10 indivIduaiize
the principle local segovernment, nave built up
series OF subsidiary representative governments
within the State, and have come very much TO DIVIDE,
absorb aud dlsspate Tue power OF tue state lseli ON
in interest and feeling, aud the cxigencies OF
grca, civil war have assallcd aud reduced the States
The real imperialism Of our government has come
10 in the cIes on the one hand and In The iedera
t,on on the other. Nearly every state has city or
Giles ore powerful than ITSELF The State continues
10 make the general laws but has far surrendered
the execution OF them 10 tne muncipay tnat instead
OF being coherent whole, IL is little more than tue
loose tor hundreds OF independent munici
pacs each with shade OF difference, at least, iu Its
execution Of the same laws each maintaining distinct
machinery Tor dong the same things, ana each IN
sort OF rivalry with all its neIgubors for
ward renown or tue local currents o popular favor
THE MUNICIPAL SYSTEM
This has been The OF the development of our
munc'pal system, its powers. It's imperlectons and
its abuses To prevent any person or body DONG
any wrong we have engraItcd on 10 municipal govern
ment cunnlrg system OF irrcsponsibity. There was
such ingenious combination oil checks and balances
aud mngiing OF power That NOBODY could be to
blame for ything. II took everybody to do any
was YOU and not me- aud everybody was right
Many OF these evils are passing away with the
healthy reaction that has come over the American peo
pc The realization Of abuses and the burden OF their
conscquenc always furnish, In II republic tueir
abundant cure. We must not expect TO maintain good
government by patent machinery Tne intelligence
and tho Of the citizen in his public duties
the first essential Of good government wise system
can only make his Intelligent labor the easily
effective. There can be system good MS TO run
well without his uid; there can be no system so bad
that his vigilance Will not forbid grave abuse under 1t.
IL must bc confessed however that systems have
come to bs bad The revolution IN our populations,
the great changes IN our social and business
Of our principles OF government, but simply
tho inaptness OF much of the machinery
by which ws garry ,SS Ihss nsr has
strong in,,mat adj! scas State govornment-to tho
full absorption In the State Of all matters that 1t pro-
lesscs TO control at all OF all that concerns the per-
sonal rights and duties OF It's ctizens-the rcsponsi
btes oil the Stato TO them and their responsibilities
TO IT, 1t is in the intelligent progress aud organza
ton of this reaction that the bcst solution Of the evils
of our municipal governments will probably bo found
While at the time all the mutual relations Of tho
and society," ai that undertake TO do by
aud for each other win 10 much moro simply, eco
nomicay and in,egenty performed.
THE FORMULA STATED.
Perhaps the formula may be tnus broadly statod:--
That the State which makes the criminal laws the
school laws and the charity laws shall carry them out
under common system throughout us borders, by
It's own organizations and agencies, ami no longer d.
vide those duties with counties or municlpalitica II
IS easy TO see without illustration, what gain there
would DC in symmetry, IN cost In character and in
elicc,weness under this rule. Inc police would all be
State police operated throughout the whole borders
of the state by single heau; removed by the very
principle being from the weaknesses oI iGtimats
local and individual relations anu capable, by Its
gauization and discipline, OF beng moved ana mssscd
with effectiveness upon any local emergency. Tho
PRISONS beng all State PRISONS cou % maintained
Upon u common principle OF Organlzati- u as to LABOR
ana food anu discipline, and their inmates classified
VITA relation their oleuces, their age aud Sex. their
vciOusness aud thar capacity Tor reform. The aims
houses, alike State institutions. would present The
same opportunities organized administraton--ior
economy OF support and LABOR, aud Tor separation Tor
the greatest personal benefits while the centralized
State system would break up tho expensive coniicts
over local settlements and Increase tue motives TO
scfsupport ana friendly intervention. The schools
would take on q higher and more Uniform Character;
would be- less avor,sm IN the choice oil teachers
thorough supervision, ana every way more ic-
sults for the money Invested
OBJECTIONS ASswEREp.
II Will naturally De objected that the proposed ab-
sorption OF powers by the State will make
greatly centralized and possibly dangerous autnority
Certainly, unaer the modern habits OF imposing
national political divisions upon state affairs and OF
.uDordinatng The civil OF the state to the uses
OF the same national parthershi the Objection could
gelhcr impractca5c unless there is 10 be reform IN
Incse particulars. But the signs OF such rcicrm are
aounuant and along with tue tcndcnty 10 aggregate
the State is accompanying disposition 10 separate
its ar and especially civil service from mere
par,isauship
All this II should be borne in mind, is far different
rom the Legislative exercise OF special authority over
paiss that has been Que oil the Iata Iailurcs
Of our recent municipal government experiments
Tho basis OF these SUE escstUns IS au invarabe system
OF general eglsatiOD applicable 10 all cuniCIIaitics
ana 10 the whoe people alkc and requiring strong,
intimate aud possibly flexible executive Tor ad.
mn,s ,stration. Many practical diIhcc'tes Will of
coursc present themselves; but as IT Is not
possible improvse the radical changes, as
a whole. these may bo trusted 10 ind their solution
IN tho progress OF tue experimental development
o present tendencies ana siiles, which, ~ nearly
all The olier states al least, III the direction Ihat
has been outlined The obJsct OF this paper Is not 20
much lay down liked pan for tho division oil staio
and municipal authority as 10 point out lntcgcntIy
these present tcudcncies in "a new dreciion-which s
Uut back example OF our iahers--to SHOW the
why aud the wherefore OF the same, ana 10 stimulate
no ruIar thous ht and effort tho wscst and most
practicable rapid movement ii. Tho direction itself,