Washington standard. [volume] (Olympia, Wash. Territory) 1860-1921, 1877-07-21

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the Spok&nes. the CO~sr a Alenes.
the Pen a'Oreslles, the Flafhcads
and the kootenAys OF all these
tribes the Occur d'Alenes were the
most powerful, and IT Was not until
they were brought under the benign
and civilizing influence of the
Black Gown" Jesuit missionary,
Father de Sonnet, and finally whipped
by the late General Wright, that
thay have become addicted to civil
lied life and have pursued a peace
full life. They defeated Colonel
Steptoe's command in 1858, and
were the same year subdued by Col.
Wright, whilst Gen. Clarke was in
command of that Department. OF
the tribes on Snake river and the
Columbia, between the mouth of
Snake river and the Dalles, the Wal
Ia Wallas and the Nez Perces were
the most powerful. The latter we're
always peacefully disposed. The
Klickitats were the ruling tribe in
some respects. The Cayuses had
wandered there from the Molalla
country of the Willamette, west of
the Cascades. In 1886 the Rev. DR..
Marcus Whitman and Rev. H. H.
Spalding of
THE AMERICAN BoAHD or ,naaonse
Established Missionary stations
the first at Wailatpu, in Walla Walla,
and the latter on Lapwai creek, a
few miles from the present town of
Lewiston, in the heart of the Nez
Perces country. At that time the
Hudson Bay Company had trading
and trapping depots throughout the
whole country, and exercised more
or less authority among the tribes.
But the policy of the company was
peace. The Roman Catholics also
had missions in various places.
There was some trouble among the
Indians on account of the mission
ary establishments, but more because
of the conduct of the whites who
came from the East and passed
through or settled in the country.
But there was no serious difficulty
until the fall OF 1S47. On November
Goth of that year occurred what is
known as the Whitman Massacre, ="
in which DR.. Whitman and his wife,
and several other whites, were mur-
dered by small party of Cayuse In
dians. This was followed by the
chastisement of the savages by a
force under Gillian and that was the
first hostile movement of the whites
against the Indians in that region.
At that time Ellis was the great chief
of the Nez Perces. He was for
peace with the whites. The Nez Per-
ces had generally come under the in
fluence of the missionaries; but there
was division among the tribe on
tie subject of religion, caused mainly
by q shrewd Delaware Indian who
came to the country in 1912 with Ma
jor =. B. Reading, and who was stout
ly opposed to all religious denomin-
ations. Red Wolf. 4 war chief of
the Nez Perces. sided with Hill.
Joseph. the father of the preseM
chief Of the nanle, MAS half Nez Per
ce~, half Cavuse, and half brother To
TIwatA. the great chief of the Cav
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