The Hawaiian gazette. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, 1877-03-07
Earthquakes.
ny rroFrssas ,oSsru IL ooNrs,

THE following Interesting article on the sub.
ieoI Of eaSthquaSos is taken tfom lata nam,
Der OF the uaiveJSiy Eehe," and is nom the
ten 81 Professor Joseph IL Coa,e Of the Unit
vcrsiry Of California. The subject matter is
deNs,eah,e. and an ably expressed opinion on
any side OF the various theories will be read With
Interest.
there u no sabjee, connected with dyaamieal
geology Which has 50 excited the Interest AND
bafie3 the poSes 0i Selenee, as that Of earIs
laskeS. Until aboat tsenIy years ago there
was really no SeieuUte knowledge on the subject
al ALI DISSERTATIONS thete were. Il Is uae--au
eveSiaeyvAs,Ug mass Of Rubbish in the loru Of
lulSc popular obSeyva,,0p-ont not Sibg,e
tyaly scientific observation. uot a single attempt
evea 10 reduce 10 oy,ier the crude materials al,
READY on hand The reason Of This slosassS Of
SeteOti6c development in s0hjeo, OF sreh vital
Importance is Partly The real d,eieul'y aud con,
pisSily ~ lha pl-,D0ma9S, deep beNsAlh the
surface Of the earth, and therefore far removel
from direct observation but principally their
sa3jvaneSS and the terrier they inspire utterly
pudttiDg The aiHd loS Selepu6e observation,
We ReSer cSn reduce 10 order the chaos which
Still exists. uotd ne have observers which cannot
be Affected NTH terro5-autil we have selI,re-
e0rll1s Instruments or lsmons,srS-diStrbG,.
I'd ~ seguisOcs over every earthquake regiou,
WNhiu the last IWsuty wears, however. aud
Ws,uiy by tho Use OF seiSmometers, the foaHds-
uoo Of true science Of earthquakes has, we be.
hsve. been laid,
rESQCENcr or SlErH0VANES
Mallet. in his earthquake catalogue. has col.
leeIed the rVeosds ot 6,SS0 earthquakes, occur,
Cns in the S,456 years previous TO 1850. OF an
acreage OF aboGL no per snuGm for the whole
period. OF tins uam6er. 3.240. or nearly one.
half occurred ia the has, iiNy years. or about
Sixty-6vs per angum and during the last four
years the reeord gives Us aoou. two per week. or
oas hundred per Snnums not because earth.
QuAksS wore more frequent. but reeoriS were
more perfect When We rseollect that three
fasrths Of the sarIb-suriaes is covered with the
ocean. AID tina. bat small portion Of tho re,
uSinipg oue-tocrta is occupied by civilized man
we may safely say that there is eeTtaiely not
day aud probably not an hour. ba, the earth is
trembling in some poTtsou Of its surface.
coSNScrIoS WITH orHEE FORMS OF IGxeoUs
AGENCY.
That there Is close Connection between earth
qaakes AMI volcanoes is piaiuly shown by the
.Ollo1irg facts: l. Violent volcanic eruptions
are Always preceded and accompanied oy earth
9cSksS. ,. Earthquake regions are also volcanic
regi0oS. or have been 50 IN very recent geOlosi-
cal times. ii Sc hAvs TWO maps Que shaded 10
exhibit the volcanic intensity. aud the other Tue
earthquake Intensity OF dltfsrent pOr,iors Of the
saryb-suri2cs the portions OF the ezrth shaded
aud the tsp,h Of the shading will be found near-
y the same IL two cases. ). Bat while there Is
an uui0uoted association Of the two phenomena.
Is Il they were p,odGcsd by similar causes /; yet
there Is also Complementary relation as If vol.
canoes are vents through which tue forces which
cause both find relief 'Thus when the smoke
wreath disappears from C0topaxi the iuhAbitants
expect earthquakes. StrombOh Is 3 rare exam
pie OF volcano IN IueesSaat activity 10 lTS3 it
ee4Sei for the first time 10 the memory Of uan :
the great Cala0Cian earthquake followed soou af
ter The great earthquake OF RiObdmba in
South America, (II9I) followed close upon the
sudden checking Of activity 10 ueighhoring vol
eAn0. fhe ueigboorho0d % the town of Carae-
cas-, South 1lsricz- vas for several years Infes-
tel with earthquakes, ooe Of shieh destroyed
Ihas i0Wn in 1872. These troublesome sbakings
ceased o. the bursIiug cut Of ! volcano in The
neig5 boEhood.
These facts would seem to Indicate that in
both yolczuoes sud earthquakes powerful foses
OF some kind i generated within the earth ii
the crust breaks aud the force finds yeeI We
have volcanic eruption; bat Il not, ~ earth
quake Is produced.
Taere are also soma pbenOmena which connect
earthquakes with another foam Of igueous agency
VIZ gradual bodily elevation and depression OF
the sarth's crust. Ia 1855, aiLer q great earth
quake which shook the coast Of South America
oFer 10 area Of 10000 square miles, the shOle
coast hne Of Chile AMI Patagonia Vas rodnd ele-
waited above the lsEel OF the sea 20 teet.
Again, in 1872, in the same regiou. after simi-
ar earthquake. the coast line was again raised ,
to : feet above the sea level. Nov ia this very
~
fruu 100 feet to some l 500 feet above the
SCI and e1tsniing 200 miles aIoCg the coast
o. each side Of the southern point Of South
America plainly showing thss the whole south
sru cad Of this continent, daring very recent
geological times, has been bodily raised cot Of
the sea 10 th4t eIteat- Ii seems impossible to
doubt that the force which psodgeed this CONT
nentIl elevation vas also the e4Gse OF the &C.
eo1pa1Ei1g earthquakes Again, IL 1919, after
I severe earthquake which shook the whole re-
goa sbllE the mouth Of the Indus and Gauges,
: lrgs tract OF land : 900 square miles 10 AREA
vas sQ1s, and beezus salt l4gu0n, while sR-
other area 6ftg niles l0ug and ten TO sixteen
miles vas raised tea feet In counsnorsriou of
tbs SOajzFfsI event. the raised pcr1iou was
called Utah o1nd.H the Mog0d Of God. Again,
n ISL. seysre earthquakes (probably seyersr
than any yet fslt IN Callfornial shook the valley
cf the Mississippi Rlvsr. In the region Little
below the mouth OF the Oaio River, where it
EG< mast severe large tracts of land we're sznk
bodily several fee; below their former level and
have been covered With water ever since. Ii Is
Tow called the = Sank Coautry.N II the tSo
cases LIST usatiouet there was =Eiis1tly formed
! fazI. or dIsIocatioa l. =, there z1z 6ssure OF
the earth'z crust and oue side dropped DOM
Lover thar the ether. S1eh Esszfes ard faults
are faQnd iutersecti1Z the strata almost every
shers- We see than n these cases formed u
Der cur very eyes II connection With earthqoakes-
CLrDATE Ckrsz oF KkETEQCAKEs
Tie connection Of earthquakes With the tzo
othEr f0Cu-s OF ig1soCs sgsecy =1ggssts each Of
them possible eaz=s- Preceding za6 seeou-
panyiug volcanic srgpEiOa=. oeegr s1bserr4Eeaa
eIplesio1= - yioleas that Ihey are heard Dis
ta1cs Of gIndrsis Of mil=s- IL the great erup-
tIou Of To1boro, II 1914. thsss eXpIcEio1= we're
heard OTsr 500 niles Also. IL L vel knozE
thzt L yGtcaulc eruplio1z, especially Of the ex-
PlozIEe type, g4s and (s=peciaIly) zLsan escape
Il zzch eoorIzozs qzs1tiEi=S - 70 leave hriIs
d1ht thai the force Ct tie eruption L IA fact The
slLztlc torcs of steam These izetz, together
with the association q earthquakes With ToIca-
nc erugtouzs has suggested tie id@a that the
z1tisc rsF0lEta5c O. the =15ien collapse Of Va