, 1877-06-02

80" S''""SC ~ Sd dpIedTeu uS net piO~
tector, and actually savel ConstautinopIe
from capture. To this event we Shalt pre-
seutly return but will first notice the last
quarrel between the two Powers, that
which began in 1853. A petty dispute
ubout precedence arose between the Greek
and Latin churches in Jerusalem. The
Car came forward as the protector of the
Greeks, and the Emperor Of France as the
champion Of the Latins The dispute was
finally arranged, when the Car started a
new ground of contention, by claiming q
right of protection over all the Greek sub
jec:s of the Porte. AS this calm could
lot be allowed without sacrificing the in
depeHdcnce of the empire. the Turks re-
fused to allow it, and the Car thereupOn
led an army into MOldavia. The Sultan
replied by a declaration of war, and a large
army was sent TO the Danube under Omar
Pasha, who defeated the Russians az seve'
raj points. In the mean time England and
France declared war against Russia, and
sent a large army to the Crimea with tho
view OF destroying the famous naval arse.
nal of Sebastopol. After severe Losses on
both sides, The town WAS at last captured.
and ITS arsenal ana Notifications destroyed.
Russia WAS compelled to sue for peace, and
bad not only to abandon the pretensionS
with which she bad commenced the war,
but also to give up the mouth Of the
Danube.
The years Of peace which followed bring
US down to the present day and the war
now commenced. Before recapituIating
the chief points in the history of the dis
putes which have at last ended in war, we
will 60 back in our story to sketch some
o her causes which have led to the
ruin Of the Turkish Empire. We have
already in these articles spoken Of the in.
teruaI difficulties which have arisen from
tie attempt of a small body Of invaders to
maintain a military government over peO-
pics differing from them IN nationality and
religion, and lr exceeding them in number;
bat the perusul OF Turkish history reveals
the fact that dangers equally great have
arise. from d'suuion and contention among
the Turks themselves. II speaking of the
condition of the empire after the peace of
1872, we alluded to troubles springing from
the ambition Of high officers Of State. The
|alIusion was to the Pashas, who governed
the provinces with a ~despotic and almost
independent rule. At the period referred
to, most of these officers were pro6ting by
tie weakness of the Empire to aim at set
ting up Independent kingdoms of their
own. Here for example is the story of q
Pasla in Asia Minor. " Chapman OgIu. a
Turtoman of ancient family, was in every
respect an Independent prince. and success
fully resisted every attempt to crush him.
From Ooscat, his capital, in the interior of
the peninsula, he gradually extended his
rule over an extensive territory, and
did rot abuse his power. Endowed
with great talents and enlightened un-
Outstanding, he improved his dominlons
by encouragioga agriculture, carefully avoid
lug those rapacious measures Common with
the Turkish governors, which scattered ruin
and desolation through their Provinces
His people, aware Of tho comparative
security ana happiness which they enjoy.
ed under his government, were always
prepared to defend him to the last extrem-
ity, and the peasantry from the neighbour
ing pashalics came in crowds to place
themselves utder the protection OF
CHAPMAN Oglu. In a few weeks he
could muster an effective army of forty
thousand men. H. lived in great SPLEEN
dour. having a large revenue derived