The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1856-1888, 1877-05-19

portions Of the continents Of Europe. Asia an,
Africa, and consists of Turkey Proper, which /
under the direct rule of tie Sultan, and of numer
Gus dependent and tributary States. governed b,
their own Princes. Turkey Proper is partly II
Europe and partly in Asia, and is divided into c
number Of provinces, or eyGhts.
The total area of the Empire comprises l ,8I2.
O44 square miles. divided as follows:
Area Population
Turkey in arOpe---. 2o549s 9soo.oOt
Turkey IN e5os10 I6,55o,o0
Turkey IN Atrca.-------.---. sA3,T40 eoo,oOS
g7I50o01
The States dependent upon Turkey are eithe,
subject to hereditary chiefs-as Egypt, Servia, and
MOntenegro-to elective rulers, or 70 Vieeroys
appointed by the Sultan, must, on their accession.
be approved by the Sultan, must acknowledge
his suzerainty, and pay tribute; in all other re-
spects they are on the footing of independent
rulers.
Turkey Proper, as the immediate possessions
of the Sultan are called, is bounded by the Aus
TRAN dominions, ROumania, and the Black sea
on the north; by Persia. the Persian gulf, and
the Arabian Desert on the east; and by the Red
sea and its outlet, Egypt, the Mediterranean,
Greece, the Adriatic sea, and the Austrian En-
pire on the south and west.
Turkey in Europe, the smaller of the two di-
visions of Turkey Proper, is generally billy and
undulating, traversed by a mountain system
which has its origin in the Alps, whose eastern
extension, the Julian Alps. enters the country
at It's northwest corner, runs IN q southwest di-
rectiOn as the Dlnaric, also keeping parallel with
the coast line, and after entering Albania, where
it becomes Mount Pindus, assumes an almost
s%outherly direction till it reaches the Greek from
tier. This range, which forms the watershed
between the Adriatic and Kgean seas, has its
eliminating point in Mount Dinara & 1853 feet).
and sends out numerous otfshoots over Mont
enegro and Albania.
The great river of Turkey is the Danube.
which, with it's tributary, the Save, forms the
northern boundary, and receives in Turkey the
Bosnia and Drina from Bosnia, the Morava from
Servia, and the lska and Osma from Bulgaria.
The Martha whose basin is formed by the great
Balkan and its two southeastern branches. and
the Struma and Vardar, in Macedonia, are also
considerable rivers, but those which are situated
to the west of the Dinarie Pindus range.are, from
the proximity of that watershed to the sea coast.
insignificant in size.
On the highlands the cold is excessive in winter,
owing to the northeast winds, which blow from
the black and icy steppes of Southern Russia,
and the heat in summer is almost insupportable
in the western valleys. Violent climatic change
is, on the whole, the rule in E European Turkey:
but those districts which are sheltered from the
cold winds, as the Albanian valley, enjoy a
comparatively equable temperature. Although
the soil is for the most part very fertile, but
little progress has been made in the art of agri-
culture, and the most primatiFe implements are
in common use. The cultivated products are
AItiGO III tLC OoN lANCg NOllOu. I've. III In
the center, and millet in the north; the natural
products are the pine, beech, oak, linden and
ash, with the apple, pear, cherry, and apricot in
the Danube basin; the palm, maple, almond,
sycamore, walnut, chestnut, carob. box, myrtle.
laurel, etc., in the provinces south of the
Balkan; large forests of fir and pine in the north
west; the olive, orange, citron, vine, peach, plum
and other fruit trees in Albania; and abundance
of roses in the valley of the Martha. The mine
raj products are iron in abundance, argentiferous
lead-ore, copper, sulphur, salt, alum, and a little
gold, but no coal. The wild animals, are the
wild OK, and those others which are generally
distributed in Europe. The lion was formerly
an inhabitant of the Thessalian Mountains.
This portion of the Turkish Empire is more |
billy than the other; the two almost parallel
ranges, Taurus and Anti-Taurus, which are the
basis of it's mountain system, cover almost the
whole of the peninsula Of Asia Minor or Anato-
with their ramifications and oashoots form
ing the surface into elevated plateaux, deep
valleys and inclosed plains. From the Taurus |
chain the Lebanon range proceeds southwark
to the coast of Syria, and diminishing
in elevation in Palestine, terminates on the Red
sea coast at Sinai. Besides the Euphrates. Tt
and Orontes, the only important rivers of
in Asia are the Kizil Frank, which rises
on the borders of Cilicia, and after a devious
course across the peninsula, falls into the Black
sea near SamsouD; the Meander and Sarabat.
which flow to the Egean sea-; and the Sakaria
which empties itself into the Euxine. On tina
whole, Turkey in Asia is i'll supplied with
and though the mountain slopes afford
of excellent pasture, the plains and
many of the valleys, especially those of the Euph-
rates, Tigris and Jordan, are reduced by the par
ching droughts of summer to the condition of
deserts.
The fertile portions produce abundance of
wheat, barley, rice, maize, tobacco, hemp. fax,
md cotton; the cedar, cypress, and evergreen oak
iOurISh on the mountain clopac. Tho noo,oo-
md mulberry on the lower hills; and the olive,
g, citron, orange, pomegranate and vine on the
ow lands. The mineral products are iron, con-
lead, alum, silver, rock salt, coal Tin Syrial,
nd limestone. The fauna includes the hon
east of the Euphrates), the hyena, lynx, pam
leopard, buffalo, wild boar, wild ass, bear.
Volf, jackal, jerboa, and many others; and the
amel and dromedary increase the ordinary list
f domestic animals. Notwithstanding the prim-
state of agriculture in Turkey, the extreme
ertility of the soil, which returns from twenty
We fold to one hundred fold, makes ample
mends for this defect, and supplies materials
Dr. the comparatively unimportant manufactures
nd industries of the country. The products are
raisins, dried figs, olive, oil silks. red
10th, dressed goat skins, excellent morocco, sad [
lery, swords of superior quality, shawls, carpets.
yestufs, embroidery, essential oils, altar of
oses, plum brandy, etc. The ommerce of Tur-
ey is extensive and important, and under the
lhuence OF Judicious regulations is rapidly in c
reasing. Detailed statistics are not obtainabIa.
he average annual value Of the imports of Tur-
ey in Europe es estimated at 800, SOC, 600; and
the exports at $50, 900 900. The exports are U
he surplus of the aforementioned natural and
products of the country, also wool, a
BATS hair, meerschaum clay, honey, sponges, II
rugs, madden, gall-nuts, various gums, and
sins, and excellent wines; the imports are
Manufactured goods of all kinds, glass, pottery,
paper, cutlery, steel, amber, etc.
The merchant marine included, in 1873, 224 A
.iling vessels of a total burden of 34,7l1 tons, a
I'd 9 steamers, agregating 3,049 tons. The
tai tonnage of the merchant marine is estimated
$50, 900.
The sovereign is commonly STYLED Sultan. bnt =