davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The weekly Union times. [volume] (Union C.H., South Carolina) 1871-1894, 1877-12-14

COMPELLED TO ADvERTIsE-The man
has been found who could do all the bus-
ness he wanted to without advertising, and
has been compelled to advertise at last
He lives in Florida, and his advertisement
is headed "Shcriff S Sale"
The weekly Union times. [volume] (Union C.H., South Carolina) 1871-1894, 1877-12-14

To REMOVE STAINS, FROM TABLE
LINEN.--Uso borax when washing; do not
boil, but bleach out the stains in the sun !;
wet the spots occasionally with weak So
luton Of borax. :.
The weekly Union times. [volume] (Union C.H., South Carolina) 1871-1894, 1877-12-14
PLEASE CHARGE THIS.

These three words are of immense impor.
tance to every head of every family or any
ono whose duty it is to provide ways and
means Tor food, clothing and other expenses,
incident to existence.
These three words arc like three links in
chain which we forge for ourselves. and
every time they arc repeated this chain be-
comes stronger aud stronger, till its burden
cannot lon9sr be Borne. .
These three words add fifty per cent. to
shc cost Of any one article we purchase, for
the seftcr wants, and very likely needs cash
and as car turn his'moncy over several
vtavst- t'ean r'rdarc~ hi.--elaim he
Charges in Addition to the cash price. profit
for each time he might have used his mon
cy had we paid cash on the spot
These three words, easily and pleasantly
spoken, and as pleasantly responded to,
make man the abjcct slave of the creditor.
lie tolls from early morn to dcwy. eve" "
but the accumulating interest so hampers
his energies and dcplctes his earnings that
freedom becomes boon g.catly to be de-
sired but scarcely expected. From Janu-
| ary to December he labnrs, breaking a link
Of the scrvie chain occasionally, but too
'Nl"S''y 'NOf anu IL pDtl CUu>
can be made to meet when the accounts are
balanced, the fact is made an occasion for
rejoicing.
These three words should be blottcd from
every farmers vocabulary. lie cannot If:
iord, OF all mc1, to pay enormous interest.
nor can he allow debts to accumulate when
iEtnrc and uncertain gains can only be re.
lied upon. This reliance too often proves
broken reed, and sooner or later. brings
humiliation and bankruptcy.
hrHc three words need never be snoScn
II Il sclt.dcnial be prac,iccd for year or
two Fay as ycu 20, Involves no accumu.
iatins burdens, but lightcms instead the
daily routine Of labor Ii is wonderful t,
note how much family can di,pcn,c Sc with
lfarisid system ofccanomy prevails and de.
termination To live within its means exists.
These three words may b. used a. TN.
porary means o.: bridging hard place, but
their use is always extremely hazardous. and
should never be us i when "p,.y as You yo''
Anr cash on the spot can 10y any means be
tsubsttutcd.-Son Of hc Sol.
The weekly Union times. [volume] (Union C.H., South Carolina) 1871-1894, 1877-12-14

THE BEST Cow FOR SMALL FARMS. -
1t is not supposed that cows kept ON a
small farm are placed there for the purpose
of raising calves for sale. They are placed
there Tor the butter shcy produce The
question is often asked, which shall they
be, 1looded or scrub stock ~ The qucs,
tion is easily .answered. keep only such
etoois-~--e- beet Neiopted. for tho rurp"se.--
Our opinion, and also that of the principal
darymen Of the country, is that the Jersey,
commonly called Aldcrncy, is, above all 9TH
crs, the best butter COW. They arc easily
kept, very docilc-a point not be over
lookcd-and beautiful, sking milk of su-
pcrior richness, from which is produced
finely colorcd. solid butter, having an equal
texture and flavor. Butter made from such
milk has been known to keep when placed
in dry, not cold cellar, without the use of
ice, and when taken out was in nard, firm
condition, and was then sold twelve to cigh-
teen cents per pound higher than best or
dinary butter. The cost of Jerseys is not
much more than for scrubs. and they will
more than make up the difference in price
in few months.-LiUe Stock Record
The weekly Union times. [volume] (Union C.H., South Carolina) 1871-1894, 1877-12-14

a subscriber to Southwestern ncwspa-
per died recently, leaving four years sub
scription unpaid. The editor appeared at
the grave and deposited in the coffin a
palm leaf fan, linen coat and thcrmom-
eter. Moral-well, that's obvious.
The weekly Union times. [volume] (Union C.H., South Carolina) 1871-1894, 1877-12-14

How TO INCREASE THE FLw OF MILK.
"A Lady correspondent of asoulhcrn pa
per, writing from Arkansas, Aves the fol.
Toying recipe to. increase thG Cow of milk
in L co&:: y =. -
iepld water slightly saltci, givcr. twice
day. will Increase, The flow Of milk = G:
third. If the cow will not dri11a7 It al trst
trial, scatter handful Of bran or meal
over the top of it, They soon become very
fond of it, and will drink all sou give them.
| tried this plan three ycarshgo with per-
feet success. had only ono dcow, and she
was of the common scrub Stock of the
country, and after she begad to drink the
water, prepared a3 above, furnished me
twice day two oalinary buckets full of
milk and by feeding little corn boiled
with cotton seed, The milk yielded butter
enough to supply my table bountifully and
leave me few pounds to sell every week
| gave her three gallons of water twice IL
day.
The weekly Union times. [volume] (Union C.H., South Carolina) 1871-1894, 1877-12-14
Ssll a. -aas p. r1ass 1rsf
for ~ otker thaa xf,ss Ad" Cotuelf il

,if,ss, ,Adii;. Cotulf. EsivsrsittSs says ins
phper treatment Sf swiHdS iyf he =
ton OF disease: Keep yodFh6d oySan - -:
Protect thom from the hot, rocking btd 3'
manure and close sleeping place, where the
emnatlonS from decomposinS dung. urine.
straw and other organic matter, arc added
to those o! their owp skin ana lungs when
hndIlcl together in great numbers. See
that both food and water are clean, in the
sense of being free from diseased germs,
and from the microscopic PARTICLES Of de
composing matter which, within the system
as well as outside Of it, appropriate food for
the dis' asc poisons, and favor it's increase
while they dcpycss its vital powers, and les
sen the chances of virus being thrown off,
And here it is that the porkraiscrs are most
frequently al- fault, Fifty or, l. -1lnlrrd
pigs are allowed to crowd together in 4. fiji
thy manure heap, rotesrTstraS stuck, or
under barn. subjected to the dr0ppings-ol
other animals as well as their own products
! Their feeding trou9hs and drinking waters
are so supplied that they can get into them
with their filthy feet and they must lcvou,
the most obnoxious mattcr on sthrvc. If
under this abuse. disease is developed, tn,
healthy are left with the sick, as they wi.
all have it any way, and the result is usu
ally Il clean sweep"
The weekly Union times. [volume] (Union C.H., South Carolina) 1871-1894, 1877-12-14

NATTLE FOR SOUTraNo DO nof
believe the Short, ,hdfn, orzB Blstefil ,eatt!e !es
arc Jaitcd. for the coeifh. i l.asllii. =
eausJ .hoy are too large faHl [6fkhte. M.
TO great consumers for N other thaa u
grass country
The Ocvons arc not dsrabies because
Cribs Is our cXpcriencc) thy are too deli
cate. They are like hot. u use plants and
with the same care will 4 we'll but this
cannot be given at all timeaand hence thew
are not wha; you want.
The Brahmn will keep IL. on less and
endure our climate better An INV animal
Of the cow kind but they 1il ramblc and
90 where they please if they have to Jump
over the moon," and, if AMI Ole intcrteres
with his going, he will hav} fight IN his
hands. -
We once had full-bloodd Blahu.in bull
that would stop travellers andkohccs in tho
public road. We sold him d Il friend who
sajA BE- was tho hOst plaatatiA yanl dae-+v
ever saw. 49,
The Ayrcshrcs arc gentle AMI kind, socd
mixers, and far beef cattle We think
them most desirable of any ctle we have
ever owned. You cannot BIT be pleased
with them.
We have seen great many Aldcrn>yS
and from what we could glthr by inoui:y
we think they must ultimatcl prove to b,
the cattle for the South 1t least we in
tend to give them a trial as Se have don,
al! the rest.-CoL. Aiken, q Mnhsto,
.News. =. :,
The weekly Union times. [volume] (Union C.H., South Carolina) 1871-1894, 1877-12-14

and the day Of prosperity is ear at hand
CuroliMa Farmer.
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1877-09-27
1867. 433. As
AN ENLIGHTENED ENCLiSHMAN SPEAKS
ONiREL AND.

Mr.. Cowen is representative in
Parliament of the old historic borough
Of NewcaStle-on-Tyne. We believe
Newcastle is the most radical town
and it is only borough town-in
England. 1t counts some hundred
thousand inhabitants. and sends to
Parliament one of the best, if not the
very best. English friends that Ireland
can count upon in that alien house.
Mr.. Cowen has published in his paper
the Newcastle Chronicle. an eN-
haustiye review of Irish affairs. He
dismisses the past of Ireland up to
1929 as one "unbroken oppression of
the Irish people by the English rule. :
Since that time there has been a
tendency to reform. The rotten
boroughs fell before the assault on
Wellington's house and a threatened
instruction. The governing powers.
he says would yield something to
fear-nothing tojustice. The Chartist
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1877-09-27
ON TO WASHINGTON.

The standing army of bankers, six
lousand banks strong; every bank
)mmanding pretty compact regl-
ent of shareholders, debtors, and
Hated forces of every kind-say each
regiment of five hundred strong.
thousand by five hundred-tigure
lat up with your pencil. Faith. it 5
, wonder Tom Scott would feel en-
,uraged, Vanderbilt secure, and the
lerilla coal kings certain of victory.
thousand banksl Not content with
,tting our golden yearly interest for
REGULATING the representative OF our
vn credit, they now modestly affirm
.at their very ''eNistence is ut stake
they don get clear of all tax. The
adlords are clear, and why not the
mixers? Is not one wing of plumber
as we'll entitled to immunity as
cher wing! Go ahead, distressed
kersl There is not a favor you ask
congress but You will get with all
laginable ease ii. while you strike
ainst taXpayiug. the outraged plum
red millions don t '.strike" against
Il. And "strike" the public law
skers VINO vii! dare to conspire with
IL.
rhe fact IS. we are brought face to
e, and it may be for the last time,
tn the robbers that are subverting
republic. Those six thousand
aks.acting together. ramiiied every
ere with the cohorts at their COM
md, will exercise Il power five times
reater than ever was aimed at by
United States bank. Oh. for an
der Jackson TO sweep them from
Il face of the republicl
tut their combined power will be
vso much burned straw if the peo-
only rouse themselves. The first
D to take is to follow the example
he bankers themselves, and see
Try representative and every senator
sonally. Draw up in black and
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1877-09-27

white a line Of duty, and ask them civ
i1ly. will they perform that duty! Tell
them that you have been an lndulgent
master to them-too much and too
long indulgent. That you are now re-
solved to put an end to the corruption
that has overspread the land. That
they must help you to put an end to it;
OF. il they don't. you must put an end
to them politically. Ihiggin Mu2-
IrisL HnrLG
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1877-09-27
DELAWARE GRAPE Vines,

5000 2-year old Delaware Grape
Vines first class in every respect,
25cts each. $500 per dozen, $1,000
per 100. Also CONCORD and
JAYNESV1LL Grape Vines,
DUCHESS and WEALTHY
Apple trees and general Nursery
stock.
E. G.. GOULD.
Excelsior, Hennepin Co., Mimi.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09
FALSE aMPREssIOx.

II is generally supposed bya certain
class Of ciiizeiles, who are mot practical OF
rxperirnce,l, that Dyspepsia cannot in
variably be cured, hut We are pleased to
say that GREKN's AUGUST FIowER has
never, To our knowledge, failed 10 csirs
Dyspepsia aud Liver Complaint in all lis
forms such rs Sour stomach, Costiveness,
s5ick Headache. ralpitaiion 81 the Heart,
low spirits. AZ; &c, Out of $1,000 dozen
boliles sold last wear, not single, failure
was reported. hat thousands Of compli.
inentary letters received from Druggists
of wonderful cures. Three doses will re-
lieve Any ease. Try u. Sample Bottles
10 cents. Regular size 70 cents. For sale
by DIR. o. Hooker Hillsboro. and Stephen
A. While, Mebanesyiile. t.-..s.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09

Il Is nov understood that The extra ses.
sion Of Congress is to be called to meet on
the 9Th Of June. The selection Of Speaker
will be the prominent sub rct fOr immediate
consideration. One thing is cert.in-iba,
the Democrats will 10. aid the sdminisira.
tiOo IN its hopes to choose Speaker. We
must have Demoerat at the head Of the
llcuse. I. would be the folly Of stupidity
TO surrender oint 80 nearly gnised as the
complete control Of tie whole Congress. for
the Republican majority IN the senste ba,
grosn small by degrees aud beautiful,
less a@8
Ps. Il vas decided In Cabinet session
mid Oh tbs 4,b iusi.. that The Extra .es.
siph be net e,hseDsd until the 18th Of De-
toberi afsl tIien that the called session will
merge Into the regular cue beginning Il,
December. .-s e"
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09

SA= usl = day sure ma ie w Agent
IN : SZO selling cur Chromos, Cray.
on- and R.aard Motin, scripture Text. Trans
parent, PEiure And throne iards. Loo sam-
ed Catalogue ire~. .. n. BUffORDs. SONS,
Esizblislied lssO. BUsTUN.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09

We appropriate good dosl Of our edito.
rial space 70 ibs var question. Il Is die.
liesli matisr % make : satisfsetory cobden.
s.t,on d % ssst subjso,. sad eur readers.
~e hope. vii oacuss ss that 80 are no,
able 10 the limits o. our article even to
Touch upon all thsy ough, 70 BE scqasius.
"a with. IN our psrs ws viii pursus ths
,sbiset. proposing % give soms sketches q
the ysrises eopn,ris-, The seat d The war.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09
THE WAR.

The Russians have completely Distract
ed the Danube ut the Mouth Of he prath.
Turkey IL recruiting aud drilling in jed.
da aud all towns of Arabia. and large
numbers are volunteering everywhsre. Tie
Schsrif Of Mecca finds the Sultan 4. 600
fulJ.equipped troops. 49, .~#E@aa
TIE Sultan will not nnfurl the standard
of the Prophet 70 arouse Ottoman feeling,
till other means Of defense fail.
The Times correspondent at Bucharest
believes dat Russia will do nothing be-
yond occupying certain strategic points.
Delay IL good policy Cor tho Russians
nevertheless. An officer informs the cor
respondent that Russia is fully prepared to
sacrifice thirty thousand men in the cam
paign On the Danube. should circumsta nces
compel immediale action IN that direction.
The Porte gives Official notice Of no in.
,ention 10 carr, on the var on Ser,ian soil.
Russia appears 10 hare given similar as.
s1raBce ra,[s..s
Mr. Lsystd. ibe British Minister. id.
yised the lsdltan DOT % nnfurl tie standard
II the pr"pLe'. ait W,pl1 end all attempts
=" '"e'''Ss 'e' 49, g.sa4t s..egu
LONDON. MayI --Recruiti1g has 6eon
nrgressmg igi-xiy lately. aud nearly every
regiment !" service j. foil The military
sf,ifren =. " ooiwich we're excused yss,ers
Day Irm The regular monthly drill o. &c.
s"unt ~ the emergency oi The work IN wliicI
shsy are eHgsged-=Daiaely. the repair aud
preparation Of the Wagons ahi qnIbnlances
constituting fed train. Seven aud
twslss.,op naval guns have been shipped
to Portsmouth. and four hundred tons 81
ammunition snd arms are being shipped
for Malta.
VERSAILLES. May 1.-The French
Cbambsrs rs-sssembled to-day
In fss Deputies Duke De Csrss. laying
the yellow Bod on ibe table. said the pre-
ssut complexities frsad Psnee free from
sHy spssgsmsst. Never during the last
ssssB years had her relstions with foreign
State. been better. The lnagHaee 81
beigbb0fing passr. lpf, 10 DOUBT " their.
pscifc sentiments. On the Easlcra ques-
iiOh the NOS. absolute neutrality. guarap.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09

placed "a list for service abroad should
their services be required.
The guards never leave the Kingdom
except Cor active service. The last occa>
sion was when they went 10 uanada Ut The
time d The Trent Aiair.
II was very ingenious device BY which
the Russians carried eight gunboats over
land In sections to the Danube and put
them together III the river. The superiori-
~ Of the Turkish feet in the Black sea
rendered il impossible to send them there
by water. This little feet gives them con.
troll 3. the section Of the river where they
are to cross. Il shows. too, the fullDess Of
Russia's preparations for the fight That
his necessity should have been foreseer
aud provided against indicates that other
needs have been equally met Ithas been
said that the Danube cannot be crossed BY
pontoon bridges hot people that can ear
nv eight gunboa,s from Moscow 10 the
Danube and put them in the water in |
few days. can build bridge sufficient fol
MI military purposes. baltimore Gasetie
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09

Markets for breadstuiis continue auirDst-
ed with slight farther advance in -four.
wheat and corn. The indications are that
these articles have about reached their
highest point for the present. e.t..
The Raleigh market for -four is quoted
the same as last week: 900 to $50.
Cotton steady. m:ddliDg iOl.
Tobacco IS dull. with nothing encouras-
ing in its future. We give Danyllle quO-
tztions from the Register of last week.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09

PsrsOn BrOwnlOw is dead at the age Of
Ia man more notorious than famous.
more noisy than eloquent. more malicious
than witty, more siadic,ise than patriotic.
We have no regrets TO express. - z7a ~
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09

j b. Fyrs,ihs. lie veil known editor Of
the Mobile Register 10 dead
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09
TOBACCO MARKET /.

DaSvtLLs.. Va. May 4ih.
Receipts good. bns not heavy. Market
active nj quotations: ~ A
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09

Col. Crittenden, psymaster of the yIr-
einia House Of Delegates. has been tried at
Richmond. on charge Of forgery Of pay
certificates aud acquitted.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09

The new Wing movement meets with nc
cOunteuanee from the Southern press. Our
own State press is sOlidly against Il. The
people are not in favor If il. Il is an in
sidieus scheme. having Indiyidusl aggran.
dizsaeus for no object. Itis born VI The
same spirit that gives birth to independent
candidates, the forlOrn hopes Of brOksn pO.
litical fortunes. ~A @.z=
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09

Dr.J.C.AYER&co. l., level. Msss.
f'r~efisaf $50 s<~-is<scst cx<ssssfs,
ASp .solD ktb ugsxD rms wonA
SnfcEs sf.oo PEN soTgLs.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09
LATEST,W4R NEWS.

No lighting Of any great consequence hes
yet taken place. but changes have taken
place in the condition Of the es'nbasants
which will have material bearing on the
conflict. Romania. on he North side Of
the Danube. a Turkish principality. GAS de-
clared for Russia, which opens free road
to the Danube for the Russian advance.
Austria has determined ss . precaution.
AIRY measure to occupy the Turkish pro-
sinoes Of Bosna aud llarregosipia. They
lilo on the Western frontier. ,IFt
The Turks have declared the blockade o.
the whole Of the Russian coast Of the Black
Sea. t'tt#l sls#A1 7hs .thes
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09


For the FIRST time since the war the Foli-
tical sky is serene. Whatever clouds hang
around the horizon have only future bod.
ing. At present Ill is calm. Sonth Caro-
lima is in full possession Of the Hampton
Government. the Chamberlain officials hav.
ing Withdrawn all Imposition, and the Bit
terest enemies Of the southern Democratic
party are compelled to admit that the late
history Of that redeemed State has never
seen 80 much Of order and contentment.
nor such bright prospects for the future.
The same is true Of Louisiana. Whsisvei
disturbing elements there ARE to destroy
this peace. must COME from the outside,
The State administrations will not ;.royoks
!. %'E8 }h@8 i ~ta84st~ A #mset .4 A
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1877-05-09


The Turkish element. y W ssW saiJ. is
the dominant one. idle, impruyIisbi, iiio.
Ieras, and iyr,nniesl. The scIsye ele
nent il tie one upop whom the Whole our
den Of the slais isIIs. aud that, 10 the s,-s.
segrsyaiing and oppressive form. Turkey
has no Dsism q fnssss. 70 regular mode
Of TAXATION. Tsxss are lssied % kiGd. and
their collection is EARNED OUT 70 son,rsetOrs
who sxses thsn N way raisOus 10 The far
mer and little 70 The bench. % ihs govern
meat The farmer pays from one half %
thrss fOsriks % bis crop 10 Che way o. tai.
GO, and sfter harvesting he y sOt sil'@
20 touch il % remove II Il j. 10 81 a..
tillss .sI gstbsrsr cones srVusd. 10 this
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1877-09-19
Imitation Money.

A Washington despatch says: Many
complaints have reached the Treasury
department that merchants and business
men in various parts Of the country
have been in the habit Of printing bust
ness cards bearing such o close resem-
blance to the United States and national
bank issues that many people have been
deceived thereby and quantities OF it
passed as good money by parties who
have gathered a number of these cards.
Some of the samples received at the
Secret Service Division here are Of n
character to deceive even observant
persons, while they bear upon their
face the fact that they are not really
genuine. These issues are all in viola
ton of law. Section 5,430 of the revis-
ed statutes forbids the engraving or
printing of anything in the impression
or the likeness of any United States
obligation or other security, or any part
thereof, except under the authority of
the secretary of the treasury. The
penalty is a heavy fine and imprlson-
ment. Many indictments have been
found against persons on this account,
and the department now intends to
prosecute to the full extent further
offenses of this character as a matter OF
protection to the community the poor
anil more ignorant members of which
are very thoroughly imposed upon.
The Abbeville press and banner. [volume] (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, 1877-09-19
Glass and its Phenomena.

The elasticity of glass exceeds that of
almost all other bodies. If two glass
balls are made to strike each other at a
given force, the recoil, by virtue of their
elasticity, will be nearly equal to their
original impetus. Connected with its
hrittleness are some very singular facts.
Take a hollow sphere, with a hole, and
stop the hole with the finger, so as to
prevent the external and internal air
from communicating, and the sphere
will fly to pieces by the mere heat OF
the hand. Vessels made of glass, that
have been suddenly cooled, possess the
curious property of being able to resist
hard blows given to them from without,
but will be instantly shivered by O small
particle. Of flint dropped into their cavi-
ties. This property seems to depend
npon the comparative thickness of the
bottom the thicker the bottom is, the
more certain OF breakage by this ex-
pertinent. Some of these vessels, it is
stated, have resisted the stroke of a NAL
let given with sufficient force to drive a
nail into wood a; and heavy bodies, such
as musket balls, pieces OF iron, bits Of
wood, jasper, stone, etc, have been cast
into them from q height of two or three
feet without any effect, yet a fragment
of flint not larger than a pea dropped
from three inches high, has made them
hy.