The Democratic advocate. [volume] (Westminster, Md.) 1865-1972, 1877-05-19
Ghe Naturalist.
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
Compiled for the Democratic Adcocate,
BY ]. S. O.

Animal organizations consist of ten
classes, depending on their bony structure,
their warm or cold blood, their mode Of
rearing their young, lungs or gills, and
having bony or no bony parts.
/. Mammalia have double heart and
warm blood, with an internal bony skele.
ton and brain, and they suckle their young.
2. Birds have the same, but do not
suckle their young.
3. Reptiles have lungs, and jointed or
divided members, but single heart and
cold blood, with n brain and cartilaginous
skeleton.
4. Serpents have lungs, and a single
heart and cold blood, but no jointed mem
bers, with brain aud skeleton.
8. Fishes have gills and fms, and no
lungs, with single heart and cold blood,
with brain aud bony or cartilaginous
skeleton; and no jointed or articulated
members.
All these having vertebrn, are called
Vertebral Animals
But the following have no internal skel.
eton, and no brain, as
6. Crustacea, with articulated members,
and circulatory system, with gills or
branchia.
Z. Insects, like the former, but with
trachiG and no circulating system.
s. Mollusca, with simple nerves.
8. Worms, with knotted nerves.
TO- Zoophytes, with no nerves and no
vessels, but without articulated members,
and no skeleton or brain.
The last five are, therefore, called In.
yertebral Animals.
The Linnaan arrangement embraces
Minerals, Vegetables, aud Animals, in
Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, and
Varieties, with names and characters.
In Animated Nature he has six classes,
consisting of Mammalia in Z orders, Al
genera, and 5T7 species; AYES, 6 orders,
80 genera, and 2641 species; Amphibia,
2 orders, 10 genera, aud 366 species
Pisces, 6 orders, 66 genera, and SS9 spe.
cies; Insecta, z orders, 13l genra, and
1886 species and Vermes, 8 orders, l1s
genera, and 1896 species. In all 194O5
species.
Mammalia are divided into 3 orders by
Cuvier, 10 by Blumenbach, and Z BY
Linneus.
Linneus distinguishes birds into 6
orders Accip5tres, angular projecting
beaks; Pice, compressed beaks, with
climbing feet; Ansares, beak with skin,
and broad at end; GraiIG, with three or
four toes Galiino, convex bill and arched
upper mandible; Pap9es, conick and
pointed bills.
Birds are divided by Cuvier into 6
orders, by Blumenbach into 8, by Linneus
ipto'6.
Insects are divided by modern entomo.
logists into $50 genera, and every genus
into many species. The study Of each
genus, its habits, economy, and wonderful
ingenuity, according to its powers and the
sphere Of its existence, has afforded en-
ployment for years and this branch Of
nature is so infinitely varied as to render
the life of man unequal to its perfect
knowledge.
Linneus adopted orders, defined BY
the wipgs-l. Coleoptera, with covered
wings; 2. AngiOptera, uncovered wings
3. Hemiptera; A. Aptera; and, 5. Vermes.
This system he afterwards varied as fol.
lows:-
Order /, Coleoptera, as beetles.
Order 2, Hemiptera, as bugs, locusts,
aud cockroaches.
Order 3, Lepidopetera, as butterflies and
moths.
Order 4, Neuroptera, as dragon flies.
Order 8, Hymenoptera, as bees aud saw
flies. NJ
Order 9, Diptera, with two wings, as
gnats, flies, CAD flies, &c.
Order Z, Aptera, without wings, as
feas, lice, spiders, mites, centipedes, crabs,
&c. safpts arg ~ N \
Fishes are, by Linn@as, divided into
five orders; Abdominales, Apodes, Car.
talnginii, Ingulares, Thoncaci. Air is as
necessary to them as to animals, and they
respire in sleep twenty-five times in 4
minute. The air is extracted ffom the
water by an apparatus called bronchial
small, but extensive when spread out.
They die 10 water deprived Of its air, under
ice, or ia having their gills tied up.
Amphibia are cold blooded, and their
lungs and heart are differently formed
from warm edanimals. Their lungs
are like bladders or membranes, and the
heart has only one yentricle, with vein
to convey i in aud an artery to carry il
out &,
Their limbs and tail destroyed, grow
again They are torpid IN winter, freeze
with and in water, aud revive when ID
melts. Frogs do not procrcate until four