davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02
The Fork.


We often laugh at the Chinese and
their chopsticks, OF small, thin sticks of
wood or ivory with which they eat, and
fancy they must make very dirty work at
their meals. vet they are Clearly and civ
ilized compared with the habits of our
ancestors some 300 years ago. Then forks
were unknown: each man had his own
knife. and at dinner seized the joint with
his hand, and cut off what be wanted; the
dish was then passed on to the next, who
did the same. The knife then cut up tie
portions into small pieces, which were
put into the mouth by the fingers of the
hand unoecupied by the knife.
In MANY parts of Spain, at present,
drinking-gla spoons and forks are
rareties; and in taverns in many
countries, particularly in some towns in
France, knives are not placed on the table,
because it is expected that each person
has one of his own-a custom which the
French seem to have retained from the old
Gauls. But as no other persons will any
longer eat without forks, landlords are
obliged TO furnish these, together with
plates and spoons None of the sover-
eigns of England had forks till the reign
of Henry the Eighth; all, high and low,
used their fingers. Hence, in the royal
I household, there was a dignity called the
ever. who, with set of subordinates, at
| tended at the meals with basin, water,
| and towels.
The officesof. ever survived after forks
came partially into fashion. About the
first royal parsonage in England who is
known to have had fork was Queen
/ Elizabeth; but, although several were
presented to her, it remains doubtful
whether she used them on ordinary occa-
sions. Forks were employed only by the
higher classes at the middle of the seven
teenth century. About the period of the
Revolution, 1858, few English noblemen
had more than dozen forks of silver,
along with few of iron or steel.
At length, for general use, steel forks
became an art le of manufacture at
Sheffield; at first they had but two pr6ngs
and 1t was only in later times that the
three-pronged kind were made. As late
as the early part of the eighteenth cen
fury table forks-and, we may add,
knives-were kept on so small scale 10y
the country inns in Scotland (and perhaps
in some parts of Englandl that it wa:
ctistohiary for gentlemen travelling to car,
nv with them a portable knife and fork
in shagreen case The general intro
duction of silver forks into Great Brit
tain is quite recent; it can be dated nc
further back than the termination of the
French war in 1914.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02
Hard Timse.

The P0pUidr Science Monthly says
Production and consumption do not have
that intimate relation to each other they
once had In old times the weaver, for
instance, was in contact with his custom
ers; he wove cloth as he discovered the
need. he cautiously set up second loom
when it became fully evident that it could
be Kept employed; and thus supply and
demand went, as it were, hand in hand.
But now gigantic mills filed with many
spindles have little accurate relation to
consumption. The power Of production
by means Of improved machinery is
something immense, and it is exercised
with no very watchful or cautious regard
TO the immediate needs Of the community.
Goods are piled up in vast quantities il
waiting for future market, or for antici-
pated change in price, or they are pressed
upon the markets at such low rates or on
such long credits that buyers are seduced
into over-purchases. In favorable times
these establishments are run at high
pressure.
The old fashioned nice relation between
producer andconsumer disappears. Srtcu-
| lation takes the helm. Much more is pro
er goods, to exchange for it. The re-
sources of the milis are great they can
borrow from the banks while they pile up
their fabrics in their warerooms; they can
| by means of their concentrated capital
keep their machinery running even at a
loss, if by so doing they can crush out a
rival or manipulate the market But in
the height of this prosperous run there is
| a check-no matter for what cause-and
suddenly the work stops. There is little
sale for goods produced, the fires must
be put out, the doors closed, and thOus-
ands of operatives are deprived of en-
ployment. This would not be so unfor-
tunate if this over production had been
diffused among the work-people. But it
had not Notwithstanding the high pres
sure and the excessive manufacture, wages
have been kept down; while producing
in six months as much as can be exchanged
in year, the Workmen have not been
paid in this way-their wages have been
upon the basis of the whole years work
las a result, they are turned empty
handed upon the street.
And, what is particularly unfortunate
they are reduced as consumers to the min
imum point. Here the evil works both
ways. The excessive production which
has shut up the mill has weakened the
power Of the community to absorb this
production-the goose that laid the egg
has been slain. Inevitably the recovery
from hard times brought about in this
way must be slow. The spindles cannot
be set in motion until the stock of goods
on hand * reduced and a fresh demand
revives; this demand cannot revive be-
acuse the great body of consumers are in
state of impoverishment This condi
ton of things is entirely sufficient to ex-
plain the genesis and the prolongation of
business prostration. Capital is not i'm
paired ut is locked UP in machinery that
is silent, in goods that cannot be ex-
changed, in money that has no borrowers
1t is the paralysis of consumption that is
the cause
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02
The wIIx so.enh.. Tactics.

A letter from Gov. Potts received at
Deer Lodge July 18th, says: Joseph and his
band passed Capt RaWn's intreuchmcnts
yesterday late in tie afternoon within gun
shot, Not gun was fired Il them. The
Indians going out BY the head Of Bitter Root
and Big Hole are about 100 strong and wen
armed The companies from Butte are ordered
hack to Deer Lodge. Secretary Mills saws he
win have so men in Big Hole valley by noon
tomorrow Volunteers are leaving town
by al kinds Of conyeyancc> Tor the Biz Hole
-
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02
Latest Markets.
MILWAUKEE.

FLOUR-Quiet and dull.
GRAIN-Wheat No, 2, S1.19i5 seller Aug
ustSI1S: seller September S1115S: MOB S1.IS
@l2O. Corn No AZ. Rye 66c. Barley, No.
26Sc.
CHICAGO.
FLOUR-CommOn to fancy, S6i59 $50; do.
Minnesota $3.50 $50; Minnesota patent 500
dl1O0; fair to choice, $S50@950: fancy
brands Sl0,O00I0.50.
GRAIN-Wheat, No. .. Chicago spring, ST.
10 cash; 81 $40 I.3S seller July; 1.1455 seller
August: S1.OS5f seller September. Corn, Axe
cash; 1875 seller August or September
Oats, 2S5i cash; 2s5s seller August. Rye,
new. 57c. Barley, lie seller September.
PRovIsIoNs-POrS $3.50 cash; S13.421s1
l345 seller August; S1355@13.57]I seller
September. Lard, $500 cash; S9.12l5 seller
September. Bulk meats, shoulders size:
lear rib &C. clear side l4c.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02
indian troubles On Montana.

Advices from 8Iissoula to the morning
Of the 2lst, report eighteen lodges Of hostile
Indians having c0meover the LolO trail The
Indians are coming in fast All the settlers
are moving into stockades- The Indians ap
pear to be tryingtO escape through the upper
end Of the Bitter Root on 10 the Big Horn
country. There i no doubt they belong 10
JOseph's band. The maiIrider says it is re-
ported quite nnmher Of Indians are wounded.
A company Of soldiers left Fort LefOrap for
Missoula yesterday. Others viii follow from
other points as speedily as possible.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02

ed in the possession Of the United States Mar
shall Pitkin. The matter vas brought TO At
torney General Devin's notice by the disuiet
attorney Of Louisiana, but he declined TO in
terfere or order the books returned. The
matter is still one at issue between the State
and the United States authorities
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02

Historians are disputing over the ques-
ton whether Queen Elizabeth knew any
thing about household duties. In evil
dence that she did, it may be adduce~
that when asked how she thought
England's goose should be cooked, She
promptly replied, aMary, Stew-it"-Nesc
York C0BlmereI Adgertiser.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02

The attorney general of the State Of
Louisiana has made a demand upon the
United states authorities for the return Of GER
tain important books and records which it Is
claimed were removed from the State auditors
Office in the month Of January, 1877, and end
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02

A Sabbath school teacher was attempt
ing to teach very small boy the mean
ing of wages in the passage, " The wages
of sin is DEATH" and asked him, sWhat
does your father get on Saturday night!'
"Drunk, ma am :" answered the boy, with
out any hesitation.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02
American claims Against spain.

Hon. Jas. Segar, of Virginia, has been
appointed arbitrator on the part Of the United
States and spanish commission organized in
1871 by virtue Of an agreement Of the two
governments, for the settlement Of certain
claims Of citizeus Of this country on account
Of wrongs and injuries committed by the
Spanish authorities in Cuba.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02

ment. mention these incidents TO give
you an idea OF the kind Of life we live
here ow.-C0nstantin6p1 Letter.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02
Hou itIs to lle noue.

1t is intimated in Washington that the
vacancies on the Republican national COM
mittec occasioned by the resignation Of men,
bers who are federal Office holders, viii not
be filed until the time when the committee
viii have active work TO do, and that by the
reelection Of same persons who have just
resigned their membership. II seems 10 be
the notion Of the ex members OF the commit
tee that they can retain their offices three
years and then resign and resume their con
necticn with the national committee
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02
UHLIAM D. CARLETON
Carpenter, Builder s. Contractor

Reeps for sale Doors, Sash, Blinds, Mould
ings Tor inside aud outside work, and every
thing pertaining % the trade Is prepared 70
do iii kinds OF work in his line on reasonable
terms. and in the latest and most approved
style. Shop near the residence Of i, &. Jent ks'
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02
Inc nra,hen Chinre Ennas IN snret,

The steamer City of Toxic. from Hong
Kong via Nukahama. with large Chinese
passenger list. arrived III san Francisco on the
morning Of the 2Sth The landing Of Chinese
passengers took place the same afternoon. \
strong force 81 police and a safety committee
received them and shortly before { o'clock
the immigrants were placed in wagons and,
escorted by guards moved along Montgomery
and Sacramento streets TO the Chinese quarter.
There was not IT any time the slightest dis
iurbance. The crowd At the main dock was
no larger than ordinary, ard the hO0dlum
element failed TO announce its presence there
by single boot Crowds filed the side
walks on the line of march attracted by curl
nzftv.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02

Secretary OF War McCrary has received
and referred TO Lieut.. Gen sheridan the fol
lowing telegram from Governor Pennington,
Of Dakota, which had been forwarded TO Yank-
ton from the Black Hnls:-DeadwOod ID. T.,
July 25.-TLc agency Indians are numbering
citizens and destroying property in all parts
Of the country. Twenty ranchmen are all
ready dead Seth Bullock, sheriff OF the terri
tory. has no arms or ammunition. Can 4
disposition Of troops &c made that will give
the Black Hills settlers some protection.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02

MINED the Rud.

The secretary Of state as a sequence to
the cabinet meeting telcgraphed TO Minister
Pierrcpont to give notice to the Direct United
States company that the mediation arranged
as understood ~ this government, whereby
that company proposes to release its cable
from the obligation Of a fundamental clause
of its organization, prohibiting amalgamation
with or participation in the profits Of other
transatlantic telegraph companies, will be
regarded by this government as just cause
for terminating its assent to the laying and
working Of the company's cable and for sever
inc its connection with this country.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1877-08-02
DIRECTORY
West Wisconsin Railway.

Trains arrive and depart from Hudson:
EASTWARD
Day Express. Arr. lI:06 A. N. Dep ll:l5 A.
Night Express :" S:37 ,. N. S:45 r. "
WESTWARD.
Day Express Arr $50 P. Dep. 3:39 P. NJ
Night Express Sis A. N. 500 A. NJ
Accommodation leaves for st. Paul at 700
A. NJ Arrives, returning, at 5:l5 p. NJ
Through trains to Chicago without change
of ears. Connections made at Camp Douglas
for Portage, Watertown, and Milwaukee
and points east via Grand Haven.
PULLMAN SLEEPING CARS on all night
trains, tetween Hudson and Chicago.
Tickets tor sale to all important points by
l. GEO. B. HUNT, Ticket Agent.
F. B. CLARKE,
Gen. Freight and Passenger Agt., st. Paul.
f. w. WINTER, Gen. Supt., Hudson.
q. X. BARNES, Gen. Ticket Agt., St. Paul
The Portland daily press. [volume] (Portland, Me.) 1862-1921, 1877-09-11

WHAT THE TURKS AND RUSSIANS ARE FIGHT.
ING FoR.-II must then be fully understood that
the Turk is not fighting for his own home or
his own country. He is fighting for the right
to play the tyrant-to play the Turk-in the
country and homes of other men. He is fight
ing to guard his spoils from their lawful own
ers. He fights that he may keep the power of
unrestrained murder, robbery and outrage over
as large part of the earth's surface as he can.
To the fine ladies and gentlemen at Stafford
House, and to the Duke who talks in their name
TINS seems a sacred curse" Those who try to
put check upon the doings of men engaged in
this sacred cause are spoken of as ''aggressors.
The aggression" of Russia consists in the no.
Die determination of the Russian people that
this state of things shall be put an end to, in
their determination themselves to spend and be
spent in the glorious work. If by Turkey we
mean the lands so marked on the may and the
people OF those lands. the Russians are not
lighting against Turkey, but for Turkey They
light TO FREQ tho people Of Turkey from barba-
RAN bondage. They fight to free the land of
turkey froml the exactions of basbarian tax.
gatherers. They fight to free the homes of
Turkey from the plumber and defilement of bar
6arian robbers and ravishers. They fight; in
short, to free the land from the barbarian in
truder and give it back to its own people. NAV
such aggression" as this ever prosper 1t is
grievous to us as Englishmen that Russia should
De lett to do alone the work which England
should have done at her side But we can none
The less feel our hearts beat for those who are
nolng the work in which we are kept back from
cause Of righteousness; they have jeoparded
fhelr lives unto the death to put down the
wrong and to uphold the rght.-E, 4, Freeman
en- 1he Contemporary ReUieao.
The Portland daily press. [volume] (Portland, Me.) 1862-1921, 1877-09-11
PRESIDENT HAYES.
How He Happened 10 Hit upon The Poll.

How He Happened 10 Hit upon The Poll
cy.
CINCINNATI, Sept. 10.-The correspondent of
the Evening Times who interviewed President
Hayes while en- route to Fremont, asked the
President how he came to construct his policy
which was seemingly SO at variance with his
recent views while on the stump in his last gnh-
ernatorial campaign, or did it grow upon him
gradually as circumstances seemed to REQUIRE,
The President replied as follows: We'll those
views began to take form in the words Of INV
letter of acceptance. considered the stua-
ton of things in the South; saw how
impossible it seemed to Iestore order, peace and
harmony. | saw violence and bloodshed at
their elections, how white Republicans as we'll
as back were shot down during their political
contests, and asked myself why is it and how
long must this continue: Those men down
South (the white educated cltlzens) are as good
evan as you orr. They are Christians not
thieves. nor cut-throats, nor bandits. Yet they
see these things and tacitly opproye them if
they do nyt take part in them. why is it and
how long will they continue!
While thinking these questions over my mind
reverted to the scenes OF the war and an incl
dent at Cedar Mountain came to my mind. 1t
was fought engagement and for time we
could not tell how it would end. Wei who
were in command, determined that if certain
movement resulted in one way we would give
certain orders, but if it resulted otherwise diff
ferenJ order would be given.
With our field glasses we were watching the
course of things, and all at once saw com
motion in the thickest of the fray. The artil-
lery had got to work and were throwing shells
fast and with unerriDg aim into the solid ranks
of the enemy. Heads were blown from their
bodies arms and legs torn from their sockets
and souls sent to one world or the other all I'M
prepared, and yet reioiced and congratulate
my fellew officers that we were victori Gus.
How conld this be? Why was it? 1t was be-
cause we were at war.
That one word solved in my mind the prob.
lem of the South. The people there were al
war. There was conficE going on. The SO.
cal and political relations of the people were
not natural, not harmonious. There were dis.
turbing elements among them and while they
existed or were unduly active there would be 8
conflict. Let the causes of the conflict be re-
moved and there will be peace and ultimately
harmony and prosperity.
But, said the reporter, we do not see much
| disposition in the South to manifest loving
| temper tawards US of the North
| The President mildly retorted: How do yor
know? You form your opinion, no doubt, from
reading the papers, but the editors of newspa
ees s peepe stb tie
think most of the people of the South as
| know they are in they are in the North, ar,
more disposed to encourage fraternal. harmo
| NOUS social relations than the extremists, who
unfortunately, too often get control Of th'
| newspapers, but feven these, or most of them
will come around all right in time.
The Portland daily press. [volume] (Portland, Me.) 1862-1921, 1877-09-11
WASHINGTON COUNTY.

WALDO COUNTY.
Winterport. .......375 ISL 276 lOO
The Portland daily press. [volume] (Portland, Me.) 1862-1921, 1877-09-11
MAINE.
Fire.

Fire.
NORWAY, Sept 1O.-The dwelling house OF
Peter Everett was burned this afternoon. Loss
$500. Insured for $500.
Fatal Accidents.
SKowHEGAN, Sept 10.-Sunday afternoon at
Scion, while Lewis E. Miller and Miss Jennie
Webb were out riding the horse became
frightened and ran away, throwing them out,
badly ipjuring Miss Webb's shoulder and in
juring Miller so he died last night Miller was
about % years of age and clerk in the custom
house at Boston He was spending his vaca-
ton at Scion.
BRUNSWICK, Sept. 10.-Joseph Curtis of
Topsham while working upon the new iron
bridge between Brunswick and Topsham this
afternoon, fell thirty feet to the ledge beneath
and was instantly killed.
BiddefOrd Items.
BIDDEFoRD Sept. 10.-A barn connected
with the Warto MS Hotel at Salmon Falls in
Hollis was burned today.
John Francisco, an oil dealer in this city, is
missing. He was in Manchester, N. H., Aug,
28ths since when nothing has been heard of
him. Foul play is suspected.
The Portland daily press. [volume] (Portland, Me.) 1862-1921, 1877-09-11
----.------~~----
The Efsberv Gammissiou.

TORONTO, Sept. 1O.-The decision of the fish.
cry commission that in fixing compensation
to be paid by the United States for privileges
accorded by the Washington treaty, it is not
able to take into consideration the privileges of
bait, ice and provisions and of transhipping
nsb, these not being specifically granted by the
Halifax special says:
The decision narrows the question before the
commission, and no doubt will largely diminish
t tne prospect OF obtaining just compensation
i To- d privileges now enjoyed by the Americans.
n one respect, however, the decision is favora-
pie 70 ;Oanada 1t establishes the fact that the
.,;,h; only possess right to catch fish
WITHIN three miles limit. Other privileges thew
are receiving through favor of the Canadian
people ?. T.. Inc Canadian parliament may by an
from purchasing bait, Ice or nrov;snn vesse seq
from transhipping fish at Canadian portsMif
indeed, the existing laws do not aIrea iy dehar
them. Stripped of these privileges the right Of
Americans would be reduced to small dimen-
kions.
The Portland daily press. [volume] (Portland, Me.) 1862-1921, 1877-09-11
FOREIGN.
The Turco-Russian War.
THE BULGARIAN CAMPAIGN.

LONDON, Sept. 10.-The Daily News cores
pendent, under date of Biela, Saturday noon,
says:
I'VE broke up camp at Baritzka at sunrise
this morning and marched direct to Biela in
hopes of being able to reach Girvegen by Biela,
the Rustchuk road and Prygos ferry. rode
among the foreposts down the valley at the
Baintzka LON to Buzeovatza.
found the town deserted except by few
Cossacks, who reported that the Turks had
taken the Damoglia part of the road and oc-
cupied Pyrgos, breaking up the ferry commu-
nicatons, farming back to Briela to make the
trip by way of Simnitza. I found the Econfir.
nation of this unwelcome tidings and also the
fact that the Czarewitch who had been at
kaprivltza on the Barretza LON, whittier he
had retired from Kopace when it became i'm
possible to hold Polomarka and Gambroya was
expected at Biela this afternoon. The town is
full of troops who are bivouacked about in the
immediate neighborhood. Supply trains are
crossing the bridge. Some are retiring as far
as Psvlo. The army of the Czarewitch will
hold the line of the Yantra near Blela with the
18th corps.
AS far as can learn the eleventh corps still
holds position east of Tirnova. The twelfth
corps has retired across the Beta andIRustchuk
road, holding Tersteink and Metalkan. The
Metalkan. The camp at Tersenk has been for
titled within the past few days. and is situated
on hill overlooking the Danube.
The Portland daily press. [volume] (Portland, Me.) 1862-1921, 1877-09-11

shocks and heads at BIC; Brig Frontier, hence to
Martinique with small sugar shocks and heads at
SOC and back from Navassa to Boothbay with Guano
at So per ton; Schr Grace Webster to Martinique
shocks and heads at CSC and back from Navassa to
Wilmington, Guano at So so per ton. Coastwise,
Schrs Lizzie Wilson loads plaster at Windsor, N. S.,
for Alexandria at 81 So Cassia Jameson ice in Ken
nebec to Baltimore or Philadelphia at SOC per ton
Teluma do to New York at 6Oc; Oliver Dyer and
Pearl, hence to New York with lumber at 81 so per
M; Brig Serena P. Smith and Schr VIM. Connors,
sugar to New York at 9Oc per hid.
The Portland daily press. [volume] (Portland, Me.) 1862-1921, 1877-09-11
FINANCIAL AND COMsIERC1AI
Portland Wholesale Marie,

MONDAY, September 1O.-The markets are quiet
to-day and show little or no change. Sugars are
very strong at 1ac for granuated and 1Osc for Extra
c. Corn is in fair demand at CSC for car lots and &c
for bag lots and Csc for meal. Oats are Offering
quite freely at 45c Flour is selling well and the
supply is fair. Pork and Lard is dull and unchang-
ed.
FREIGHTS-The business in freights has notably
improved the last week and we have the following
engagements to note Ship j. B. Brown To load
with grain at Philadelphia for Belfast or Dublin at
6s Sd; Bark Daring hence to Irvine, Scotland deals
at 7Os; Briggs Martha A. Berry and Merriwa. to Ma
tanzas or Cardenas with cooperage round sum $500
gold; Schr George Walker, hence to Matanzas with