davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Watertown republican. [volume] (Watertown, Wis.) 1860-1906, 1877-09-05
The Bones of Monsters.

Nature has born strange children IN
her day." says Shakespeare, and he is
not far wrong if we may Judge from
some recent discoveries in the rocks OF
Colorado. While exploring some rocks
in the white sandstone hog-back of the
cretaceous period, near Morrison, Bear
creek-the same stratum as at Colorado
Springs, few yards west of old Color
ado City-we came suddenly upon a
huge vertebrse, lying as it was carved
out in bas relief on slab of sand
stone. It was so heavy that it required
two men to lift it. It's circumference
was thirty-three inches. We stood fol
some moments looking in astonish-
ment at this prodigy, and then hunted
around for some relics. Presently one
of the party, a little in advance, cried
OUT
why, this beats all"
At his feet lay huge bone, resem-
bling a Hercules war club, ten inches in
diameter by two feet long. On digging
beneath it number of smaller verta-
bre was discovered, and at the base OF
a cliff two enormous fragments, re-
minding one Of the broken columns OF
some ancient temple or couple of saw
logs, lay on the ground, possibly thigh
bones, fifteen inches in diameter at the
butt end in the cliff above them was
another fragment sticking out Of the
rock like the stump of tree. With
the help of a sledge-hammer and crow
bar the rock was removed around it,
and underneath lay some ribs three
inches in diameter, with other bones.
The rocks in the vicinity were full OF
fragments. Selecting one of these, we
lifted off a large cap of sandstone above
it, and disclosed a perfect shoulder alma
and rGdius, of another somewhat smaller
animal, the thickness of the bones aver
aging about five or six inches. This, ly-
ing as it were like a beautiful sculpture
on the sandstone, we succeeded in re-
moving exactly as we found it, Several
smaller bones of animals of various
sizes were. discovered, but as the sun
was fast setting behind the mountains
we deferred moving our trophies till the
following day.
During the night it showed heavily,
but next morning we succeeded in drag
glng our prizes on temporary sled
down the cliff to the road, and bringing
home to the neighboring village wagon
load of bones and depositing them in a
shanty, preparatory to packing them OFT
East to Professor Marsh of Yale Col
lege for Identification The monster to
whom the bones belonged could not
have been less than sixty or even eighty
feet long In the cliff above the bones
impressions of leaves were found (Da-
kota group of dicotyledonous trees of
very singular shape, some resembling a
Tyre, and others the leaves of tulip
Watertown republican. [volume] (Watertown, Wis.) 1860-1906, 1877-09-05
SpOrtive Sparrows.

The Kingston New York; Freeman,
thus describes the antics of some
birds: "A sparrow certainly has some
idea of fun in his head. The other
evening small dog uptown made up
his mind to catch a few of the spar
rows, SO he chased the birds wherever
he could find one on the ground. OF
course they were always too quick for
him. but as he continued his exer-
tons, the sparrows began to play with
him and torment him. They would
drop just behind him, and under his
very nose, and often run some dis
lance before they would shoot out of
his reach. The more frenzied the
dog became, the saucer were the
sparrows, until finally the canine, turn
ing short around, struck SO close to
one of the birds that several feath-
ers were left on the ground, and then
the whole flock gave cry of take
care and left for safer region
Watertown republican. [volume] (Watertown, Wis.) 1860-1906, 1877-09-05

A LADY in Buffalo has Sunday
school class of seventy-fve young men
Thirteen years ago she began with a
class of seven wild boys. She gave her
class weekly receptions in her parlors,
and played the piano and led the sing
ing for them. Now her class of seventy
five have band of music whose instru-
ments cost 500, a boat club, and a lit
erary society which publishes a small
newspaper. She was only eighteen years
old when she started this work.
Watertown republican. [volume] (Watertown, Wis.) 1860-1906, 1877-09-05

A MAN ofgenius never seeks applause;
while the little minded of those who
have but small portion of intellect, try
by their vanity and conceited boastings
to build upon the mental resources Of
others their own fame and reputation
However, it is for the best, for they
soon fall to their proper level-once
they reach it, they never rise.
Watertown republican. [volume] (Watertown, Wis.) 1860-1906, 1877-09-05
WHAT TEACHERS ARE PAID.
Average Monthly Salaries Of Teachers in
Public Schools Throughout the COun-
New York Sun

The question of the amount Of salaries
paid teachers in the various States and
Territories has been often asked We
have prepared the following table show
ing the average monthly wages in all
the States and Territories:
Watertown republican. [volume] (Watertown, Wis.) 1860-1906, 1877-09-05
HunlOI..

A New Bedford lady, who did not want
to use slang, recently inquired of a shop
keeper the price of a " burst ofGeneral
Grant
Overpolite-A very polite lady, who
ed the shop-man if he had any matri-
monial baskets.
When you see a pretty girl putting on
a postage-stamp, then don't you wish
you were George Washington?
Jenny Lind didn't have that baby
after all. But Susan B. Anthony calmly
folds her arms and remarks: f" Princi-
pies, not Women
1t is proposed In Indiana to change
the marriage service SO as it will read:
"Who dare take this woman?" And
the bridegroom shall answer +" I dare
Sitting Bull thus expressed himself to
a reporter who visited him last week III
Whoop! Dana much brave Whoopeel-
He say cut down Feddel army dammit
Me too. Whoop"- Graphic.
He was kneeling at her feet and say
ing: My precious sweet, life fingers to
me as a petunia streaked with the glor-
ious golden fretting of a soul which
knoweth no love So" 80 Henryr'
said she," that's the cheese"
A man out West, who read that COP
peras put In a bed of ants would cause
them to leave, put some in his mother
in-laW's bed to see if she wouldn't 90,
| He says she was there at last accounts.
II o. h11C ho L
ball, and when the doctor came she ex-
planned: Poor Adolphus He got a
pitcher in his centre field, and he can't
walk" The doctor thought it more
likely that he had been playing short
stop for jug.
EPITAPH
BY THOMAS MOORE.
HERR lies John shaw,
Attorney-at law;
And when he died,
The devil CRIED
Give US your paw,
John Shaw,
Attorney atlaw.''
''Pull out, Bill'' shrieked an engineers
son to one of his playmates, brake
mans boy who was in imminent danger
of getting smashed by his mother, who
was coming after him. Cit on the line
and give her steam! Here comes the
switch-engine !" But before the juvenile
could get in motion, she had him by the
ear, and be was laid up with hot box.
"Sir!' exclaimed long-suffering Bur
lington creditor, whose patience was en-
tirely exhausted 'Sir! have sent YOU
no less than seventeen bills for this one
lot of goods, and what have you done
with them % "VetOed 'en1. vetoed
every last one of EN-" was the calm
reply, as the debtor lit fifteen-cent
cigar, and hailed street car
Why she wouldn't: A young lady was
at party, during which quarrels be-
tween husband and wife were discussed
[ think" said an unmarried older sen,
" that the proper thing is for the hus-
band to have it out at once, and thus
avoid quarrels for the future. / would
light a cigar in the carriage after the
wedding breakfast; and settle the smok-
ing question forever" II would knock
the cigar out of your mouth" interrupt
ed the belle. "Do you know don't think
you would be there" he remarked.
Watertown republican. [volume] (Watertown, Wis.) 1860-1906, 1877-09-05

The cheerful are the busy When
trouble knocks at Your door, or rings
the bell, he will generally retire if you
send him word you are engaged.
Watertown republican. [volume] (Watertown, Wis.) 1860-1906, 1877-09-05
EPITAPH.

BY THOMAS MOORE.
HERR lies John shaw.
Attorney-at law;
And when he died.
The devil cried,
Give Us your paw,
John Shaw,
AttOrnav.at-layy
Evening star., 1877-11-22

BALTIMORE, November - Virgins -ixe-,
old, 52I do. deferred, 81, do consolidated, a. -
North Carolina sizes, old l-'i; d.. new, =, a..
~.
BALTIMORE, November 22.-Cotton quiet ani
hrnl- mlddliEg, l0AalOss. Flour dull, heavy aud
unchanged. Wheat, southern steady, western quiet
and steady southern red, good 10 prime, 35 q
Las do. amber, 1.3Oal .s5; No. 2 western
winter red, spot and November, 43 hd; De
Cefnber. AZ. Corn, southern fairly active anf
steady, western active and steady- southern hita
AID yellow, S9s60; old western nli Ned. spot. % 4,
November, otab4lz; December, 63Aa6a; new
western mixed, spot and November, 62a; Deem
Der, O2 bad; January, OIL. Oats quiet and un-
changed. Rye quiet and steady. 63s65. Hay
unchanged. Prov Visions, rOund lots nominal anl
order trade quiet Pork, Ia 80. Bulk meats,
Tacked-shOulders, 6,4a7 clear RIB sides, = Bacon
shoulders, -zaek; clear RIB sides, esa9A. Hams,
l3sl 4. Lard-renned, 81 Butter unchanged.
Petroleum dull-crude, sAa7ss; refined, I3GaI3x.
Coffee unc hanged. Whisky dull, i09h. Receipts
Flour, SEQ; wheat, % 900; corn; 81 900.
NEW YORK, November 22.-stock. strong
Money, s. Gold, 03. Exchange, long, asf.
short. 4-J. Governments steady.
NkW YORK, November 22.-flOur in buyers,
favor. Wheat withopt decided change. Corn a
LoNpoS, November %, u 30 D. m.-cOnsol.,
% l6 for money and 90 8 10 for the account.
) bonds, our-snd- halves, I04as; 1-6Ts,
1oer. Erie, 10z. Illinois Central. az. Penn
sylNania Central, 31x.
Evening star., 1877-11-22
kilograms to The Star.
TURKISH TACTICS.
1 Z P0PE'S ILLNESS,
FRENCH COMPLICATIONS.
MEXICAN BORDER TROUBLES.
DEaDWOOD NINE RIOTERS.
IheN DEFY the q - Eroou~

bFADN GOD, u. L Nov. 2i.-COnpany q,
IN cavalry, Lieut. E6gerly. arrived I'm this
city MS morning ,whereupon sheriff Bullock
al Lieu tdgerly imm"iistsly repair A u
lie httts mine, accO panied by a Jet All OF
ten nl'h The soldiers were stationed about
he grpunds, allowing no civilian 20 come
Mlthln a quarter Of a mile 81 the shaft. sheriff
hUiioCk and liet. Edgyrly advanced TO the
shait and demanded those below 10 come up
and surrender, as they had a warrant for
their arrest, which the sheriff procer,issl TO
read, stating that this would be the last de-
mand made, that the soldiers were here aud
requesting them 10 come forth before h,
should be compelled 20 resort 10 harsh meas
ures. After ntteeu Or twenty minutes con-
Sultaiion an answer was returned. reading:
We Will stay - long a. We can. or money!
On receipt Of this answer the officers with
drew and dispatched courier for the re-
serve. stationed In this city. which NJ once
repaired 10 the locality. GreSi excitement
exists among the miners throughout the
gulch, although no disturbance has been
mace beyond hOoting AT the soldiers.
Evening star., 1877-11-22
MEXICAN BORDER rR0UBLEs.
Itrd0 - mRaI hi kcrs Arrcsled. Ele.

MAThhoRAs, MENICp. Nov. 22.-Durlng
TUESDAY Right and Wednesday morning
about htteen prom lament citizens. who are
supposed 10 SympaihiKe w.th I.eriO. were
arrested and confined In The military prison.
This action IL understood 10 have been fastt-
gated by the discovery OF "A conspiracy in
connection with EscObedo, who, it Ia alleged,
u organizing force I'm Texas 20 eros Into
Mexico In the Interest of EN- President Lerdo.
General Csnales has officially called the
attention of the l.. =. authorities TO the fact
OF The existence IN Texas, near the Rio
Grsnce, OF a camp Of armed MeNicans VINO
are evidently preparing TO cross, and as ng
that the L. =. government cause the neu-
tThliy laws 10 be enforced against those who
are Undoubtedly using the ierritory of Texas
10 organize revolutionary movement I'm
MEXICO.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

AN UNPUBLISHED LETTER FROM NIX
SUMNER.-Mr. Edward Eggleston sends 10
the New York Evening Post letter from the
lste Hon. Charles Sumner, dated Senate
Chamber, ch 10th, lS1l, in which he says
1.-The Pres has such relations with me
ss he chooses. have never declined 10 see
him or confer with him. II there is a quar-
rel IL is all on his side. The Secretary OF
State sent TO me, through Senator Patterson.
10 know how l would accept him il he came
to my house on business. I replied that l
had a deep sense OF wrong from him, but that
i should receive him at any time or confer
with him on public business. Accordingly
he came TO my house and / received hira
kindly. Afterward, when meeting him So
cially, gave him the cold shoulder. This
Schurz is speaking admirably Mr. Fish
insulIed me personally in his dispatch 10
Mr. Motley"
Evening star., 1877-11-22

LATE ADvICEs FROM MEXICO have been
received via Havana. Changes have occur
red in the cabinet. 4 resolution approving
Senor Niliarte's diplomatic course on the
American question was voted down in con-
gIess. A law has passed the senate prohibit.
ing the election OF a president for a second
term, and IL is expected TO pass the house
General TreviIo was 20 proceed 10 the Rio
GraIde with ? 500 men, making his whole
force i.os0. The state and irregular troops
are ordered TO disband. The clerical partv
urges war with the United States. and the
Bopiitrd .NdciOadi denounces the Americans
a Is enemies (,p1
Evening star., 1877-11-22

PHILADELPHIA'S CHIEF OF PoLICs IN
TRoUB BILE -keDnard II. Jones, chief OF po-
trial on a charge of assault preferred bv a
private detective. The case has grown out OF
the arrest Of one Of the men who rob bed the
money vault of Yates clothing store several
weeks ago and a dispute which arose with
regard to the custody of the prisoner. Both
parties had been watching the same house,
but the detective made the arrest, the chief OF
police aking the prisoner from him suose-
Quenfly by force,
Evening star., 1877-11-22
l:eu Grant as nsuuer

NEW YORK, Nov. "A Paris dispatch re-
ports that a magnificent dinner was given
yesterday TO General Grant and party by
Mrs. Mackay. The affair was OF a most
brilliant character. Covers were laid for
twenty-four. After the dinner a grand re-
ception ard ball took place, al which three
hundred guests were present.
Evening star., 1877-11-22
DISEASED HOG MEAr.-The recent

DISEASED HOG MEAT.-Tbe recent pre-
valent disease among the hogs has caused
yet. Thomas Evans, OF Onaucock, A ccomac
county, slaughtered a fine looking porker
the other day, which proved TO be diseased
some parts of the meat being thick with
pusiules, or cavities filled with diseased
particles, about the size and shape of No
shot; and notwithstanding the hog was ap-
pareptly In good health and appetite. or
course the meat was thrown away.-EdsterTa
Irsai sa.,
Evening star., 1877-11-22

A NOTED DEsPKRADo, Nicholas Pleim-
ling, has been arrested in Sparta, Wis, on
suspicion OF personal violence TO Mrs. Van
voorhees,, whose dead body, together with
those Of her three children, were found In
their burning cottage In the town OF Welton.
as reported on the ID instant. The accused
had threatened violence TO the lady, and was
seen in the vicinity OF her house short time
before the fire WaN discovered.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

I-IMbINA, D. T., Nov. ----I.leuI. q JvernOr
Cauclian passed through here at six O'Clock
this evening on a special four morse stage,
MS on ~ companion being the express mes
senger. lie is expected 10 arrive at Winni-
geg AT O'Clock a. IN. Everything is qu ct at
The boundary, and passengers by the stage
from Minnipeg just arrived report no ex-
element OF preparation along The road
Evening star., 1877-11-22

THE RESULT OF THE CENTENNIAL.-Iti is
stated that Belgian gentleman, who was the
comm issioner from that country 10 the Cen
tennial exhibition, Is organizing company
OF European capitalists for the purpose OF
making plate glass in America. and that he
proposes 10 return TO this country in a short
TO select location. The company's works
are 10 be situated in the neighborhoot of
Pittsb' where the firm also contemp plate
the pu q Of coal fields.
Evening star., 1877-11-22
The Popes Coudtttou.

LONDON, Nov. "A special 10 the Tunes,
dated kOme, November n, says: "rhe Pope
received some French pilgrims yesterday.
he spoke few words, with great difficulty.
The feebleness OF his voice, aud his suffer-
ing, which was apparent, made q mslan-
choly impression. he was carried by four
chalImen."
Evening star., 1877-11-22
The Shnmoktu Rtoser~

SUNBURY, PA Nov. The Jury in tue
case OF the Shsmokin rioters, who were tried
here this morning, rendered a verdict OF
guilty against Goss and Nicely, and acquitted
T1riiy. Ebrignt, Richards, and Campbell
pleaded guilty before the Jury retired.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

MAJOR GENERAL HANCOCK has been
beaten in suit the result OF which is OF
general importance to hotel keepers. The
action was brought TO recover the value of
three thousand dollars worth of jewelry
stolen while he was living at q hotel In New
York city. Having made a contract for
board IL il held that he was not q guest but a
boarder, which released the hotel proprietor
from III regpOneibilitY.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

MASKED ME- HANG PRISONER Tues
day night a constable OF Gsauga county,
Ohio, with two deputies, arrested q man sus-
pected of roobing q clothing store While re.
turning with the prisoner the constable was
set upon by a party OF masked men near a
piece of woods, who bound the officers and
hung the prisoner.
Evening star., 1877-11-22
The yauder,,,i, Wedd;,v

NEW YORK, Nov. - The wedding last
evening OF Miss Florence Adele Vanderbilt
daughter Of VIM. III. Vanderbilt, TO Hamilton
Nick. Twombly, al the Church OF ST. Bar
tholOmew, was a brilliant affair.
Evening star., 1877-11-22
Supposed 20 Have Been Muraere,,

Nav YORK, Nov. -. A Harrisburg Pal
dispatch says: "John Nisley, II clerk In the
cfhce OF the county treasurer, is missing aud
- supposed TO have been muraered. The
money IN the clerks safe (over SlO0 ,O0O) Is
iound to be Undisturbed, and Nisley's ac-
counts are all straight. He was last seen at
railroad depot waiting for his wife, who
was on an incoming train"
Evening star., 1877-11-22
That Cuban Expedition

NEw YORK, Nov. 22.-Aldsms, cont1den-
tial agent for Cuba, in an interview yester-
day attached no importance 10 the ramor
that an expedition was lifting out.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

Two A ACoUITTALs.-ln Philadelphia yes-
t. rday Francis DAILY, charged with the fatal
shooting OF Wallace Armstrong, was ac-
quilted by the jury on the ground of insan.
ity. Agnes Parr, the "baby farmer" ac-
cused OF granddaughter, was also discharg ed
the Jury finding not guilty
Evening star., 1877-11-22
SCARF.


SCARL FEVER IN A FEMALE COL
LEGE.-- Boston dispatch announces the
temporary closing of Wellesley Female Col
lege on account OF the prevalence OF scarlet
lever. Some of the young ladies have re-
turned home others 10 the houses of friends,
and the rest will be provided for by the trus
tees. About thirty patients are under treat
mprt
Evening star., 1877-11-22
The FRENCH CRISIS.
How Co Ind n.

PARIS, Nov. The kepUbLgue Fruscaisc.
.Gambe;ta's organ, demands tnat President
MacMahon summon a Congress of the Sea-
ate aud Chamber OF Deputies Ia put an end
Ia . D. f.FZ
Evening star., 1877-11-22
Ihe New Cabinet.

The difficulties reported this morning 20
have arisen In the formation OF the new caoi :
net, RELATE % the ministry of the Interior aud
10 the ministry OF justice, for which MonS,
lel Nelch and bepeyer are respectively prH
posed and other appointments In their stead
" ia he made
Evening star., 1877-11-22
THE WAR IN THE ElST.
Iurki isb Tactics

LONDON, Nov. THE operations near
RustcLuE, reported by Russian and Turkish
bulletins. Indicate a disposition on the part
OF the Turks To attempt a repetition OF Ne
hemet Ais tactics for relieving Plevna by
the threatening of the Czarewitchis army
and the nanube crossing. The Turks have.
repeatedly asserted that the Czarewitch's
force has been materially weakened I'm order
20 strengthen other positions. Suleiman
Pssha seems 10 be still in command on the
LON.
Arms for Turkey.
CoA AsTANTINoPLE, Nov. The steamer
j. Il. Walker, from New York October D.
with a cargo OF arms and ammunit ION for
the Turkish government, arrived here yes
t6rday.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

THE COLORADO CONTEsT.-The III 1use
committee on elections have postponed
action on the Colorado contested seat until
after the COLI mencement of the regular ses-
sion.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

THE CHINESE are removing The WoosunS
railroad, which Was built by an English n r q
on speculation, against the wishes OF %
authorities. II 10 the only railroad within
the Celestial Empire.
Evening star., 1877-11-22
A Brilliant Meteor.
The n arkets.

NEW YORK, Nov. "A brilliant meteor
was seen in Richmond, Va, yesterday al ,.
minutes past O'Clock ln the afternoon.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

A WRECKED STEAMsHIP.-Tne steam
thip Strothtay, that left Montreal, Canada,
on the 12th instant, with grain for Aberdeen,
fcotland, was lost on the island OF Mtgue.
Ion, Gulf of st. Lawrence. Capt Small snd
his crew of 25 men were saved.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

ON THE WRONG SIDE OF THE LINE
The Press intlmatss that Sam Randall, and
not Sam Ttlden, will be the next Presiden-
tial candidate Of the democracy. Randall
doesn't live on the right side of Mason and
Dixon's liue.-I NogrfNO.cn Herdd
Evening star., 1877-11-22

THE FRENCH CABINEr.-A hitch has oc-
cnYIf d in the formation of the new French
cabinet, and the Dames will probably not be
announced to day, a. was expected,
Evening star., 1877-11-22

THE NATIONAL GRAHeE met In Cincin-
natl yesterday. Delegates were present from
all The stares. The executive committe ad-
wise the continuance ofgeneral agencies, and
that the grange establish wholesale and re-
Evening star., 1877-11-22
Deputy in Place Of Grexy

Al tioclpn IN the toh reimbursement of
Paris Tor N deputy In piaOe OF Jules Grevy,
VINO was elected for bolh that place and DoIe
department OF The Jura, but sits for the LAT.
Ter. has been Il XeA fnr bee. a.
Evening star., 1877-11-22
THE EVENING STAR.
Washington News and Gossip.

GOVERNMENT RECEIPTS To-DAY-Inter-
nal revenue, s32s 936 &c; customs, $3.50 81 25.
SENATOR CoNovER defines his position
quite clearly in the Senatorial election co1-
tests. He says be will vote to seat Kellogg
and Eustis from Louisiana and Butter from
South Carolina
Evening star., 1877-11-22

AMONG THE CALLERS at the White House
to day were the Secretaries of State aud
war, Senators Cameron, (Pa.), Allison,
Matthews. Chaffee, Teller. Cockrell, Lamar,
Herbert, Maxey and Oglesby. and Rspre-
senfattyes Harmer, O'Neill, Ballou, ice,
LOhlo), Crittenden, Durham. Humphrey and
Evening star., 1877-11-22

A BURGLARS vIcrIM.-Charies Allen.
the young man AZ Grafton, Ohio, who W a.
wounded while defending the post ON .
from the inroads Of burglars, died last ev. A.
ing Of the wound. His murderer n still AZ
large.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

BABY GEORGE, the infant acrobat, has
been brought before the courts In New York
by the Society for the Prevention OF Cruelty
10 Children, his theatrical eustodians having
persisted In making him perform dimculf
and dangerous feats. He 10 In custody Of the
superintendent of police pending action.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

THE SENATE COMMITTEE oN.CoMMERCE
met % day and agreed To report favOrably
upon number of appointments before the
committee which are not contested. The
docket is now clear for the consideration uf
cOntCste cases.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

CHILD CHoKED TO DEATH.-Friday eve-
ming two small children OF Daniel Whitman,
living about six miles from York, Pa, were
playing about the house, when one OF them,
a lille girl between seven and eight years
old, got piece OF apple In its throat IL was
strangled To death before any assistance %
relieve IL could be rendered.
Evening star., 1877-11-22

THE EKELLOGG-SPoFFoRD CoNTEsT-At
a meeting of the committee on privileges and
elections last evening ii was decided to bring
the evidence in the case of Kellogg VS. Spot
ford TO a close to-day. The evidence was
declared closed at the meeting this morning.
The committee will be guided in making up
lis report by the reports of the Howe, Sher-
man, Morri son and Field commissions.