davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21

Roy. J. s. illegal, Of Wallaceton, will
again prepch in The clearheld Baptist Church
next Sunday afiern, on, 1t = o'clock.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21

MONEY TO LoAs--By the Mutual Life Insurance
Co., Of New York, in sums not less than $4,000,
on irst-clas' improved farm property. For fur
ther information, apply to II. W. SMITH,
oct. 3, '77-3m. Clcarfeld, Pa.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21

BuseiEs FoR SALE.--R. Newton Shaw keeps a
full supply Of Fredonia Buggies and Platform
Wagons for sale. To he seen at the Shaw House
yard. Call on or address him at Clearfeld Penn
sylvania. may lS-u
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21

HACKMETACK, rich and fragrant perfume.
Sold by G. d. Watson, Druggist, cleatGeld, Pa.
apr. rs, '77-eow.ly.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21

Plenty of rain during the past week,
and no food in The river yet. It's just as well,
probably. as 1t is.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21

DEAD.-The newspaper enterprise
started at Mihlin, Pa, six months ago, and entl
tied Tsies.a Week, expired last week. III,
editor says hard limes was the cause.
~ ssses-sss-saHys -. 49, /, 4
LiVAS The advert " ratss al ,sssSI~S -
the circulation is the largest Of any paper In thi
section Of the State. tf
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21

Shooting matches for fat hogs and
turkeys now In order.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21

Mr.. VIM. Radobaugh, ofthis borough,
has lot a good COW. See advertisement.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21

UsTICEg = CONsTABLEs' FEEs
81 We have printed large number Of the ssv
FER nILL and will on The receipt Of twenty
Eve sssts mall cepy 10 any address. .yn
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21

Excel in quantity and price, and not
undersell, Is John A. Stocks motto. Of.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21
Terms Of Subscrlption.

~ n =. - q ~ '",r' ~ v" y
rIs"'afSSssssssises 'r1aIs "'a X ~ sRlsisvl.sss
es- Mes.rs. S. NJ. PxrrrSemL A Co., News
paper Advertising Agents, 81 Park Row, oorner
Beekmap street, are our duly authorised Agents
Ia New York City
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21
Railroads.
Pennsylvania Railroad
TYRONE 4 CLEARFIELD BRANCH

ON and after Monday, JUNE 25, 1877, the
Trains will run daily Except Sun
days) between Tyrone and olear6eld, a. follows !
cLBARFIELD MAIL.
W. G. InwiH, Conductor.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21
aNarrifd.
qifd.

Near Houildale, on Tuesday, October sOth,
1871, William shon, son Of S. p. Shot, aged 20
years, months and % days.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21
LEAVE SOUTH.
LEAVE NORTH.


cLEARFIELD ACCOMMODATION.
VS.. PLurnrR, Conductor.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21

SUCCESS UNPRECEDENTED in the history Of
similar enterprises has atien led the
p,,hiteattnn az tha
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21
IttRras ssaoiao

aao0 10 ailIs Ili ao
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1877-11-21

"a Repository of Fashion, Pleasure. an
Instruction.
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
ARMY INTELLIGENCE.

MAJOR WILLIAM r. PRICE, EIGHTH CAVALRY
RESTORED TO HIS FORMER RANK-ANoTHER
F1rz JOHN PORTER CASE WITH A HAPPIER
TERMINATION.
WASHINGTON, Jan 10, 1877.
BY direction of the President, on tho recomncndn.
ton of the Judge Advocate General the sentence in
the OF Major William II. Price, Eighth cavalry Is
remittcd and he is restored to his former rolativo
rank, according to the date Of his commission as
major, July 2S, 1866.
CASE MAJOR PRICE
resembles n smaller scale the celebrated ono of
General Fitz John Porter He tried by court mar
tal Fort Lyon. Co July 1875, for disobcdiencc
oil orders neglect OF duty &C., and sentenced 70 be
duccd IN rank from the seventh to the seventh
The list OF majors OF cavalry, sentence only
little less severe to sensitive officer thun absolute
dismissal. The department commander, General Pope,
IN commenting on the proceedings and approving Tho
sentence OF the Court took occasion 10 set forth Major
Prices offence as follows:-
The testimony of all the witnesses shows that accused
had tour companies of cavalry under his command u
and plain hearing Of the sound Of the said action
dy moved his command few miles In the direction of tho
remained three hours, and then. without
sending scouting party to ascertain the result of
opposite direction which the sounds OF the engage
tiles to which he had been positively ana pnr
any Indians he should tnd Gener.i court martial
s. S'is 1853 49, A'''aDA''' '' '''''' october
Alter the lapse Of fifteen months tho Judge Advocate
General no aoubt Tor good and sufficient reasons AT.
forded by the record ITSELF which no has recently
viewed recommends remission OF tho sentence, and
MAJOR Price, who has an honorable and gallant record
as o lieutenant colonel OF volunteers as we'll a
major the regular army since 1866, returns to his
original relative rank, which is now No the list
Of cavalry majors
RETIRING BOARD DISSOLVED.
BY direction OF the President the Board TO Retire
Disabled Officers, convened at San Francisco, Cal, by
special order in October, 1876, from the War Depart.
ment, is dis olved
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
MUSICAL AND DRAMATIC NOTE

Mr. Edwin Booth will appear tonight at the Lyceum
Theatre In a double bil-"Ruy Bias" and ''The Tanning
Of the shrew."
The New York Aquarium recently offered family
tickets at reduced rates II is decided that
the present month the sale OF these tickets shall
cease.
"Azurenc." at Niblo's Garden, dances and sings
along It's pleasant paths in public favor Tho Kiralfys
have produced brilliant spectacle and the ballot 10
the bost have.
on January 81 at tho Park Theatre, Mr.. Abbey will
produce Leonard Growers play, entitled Our Boarding
House" This piece has received very enthusiastic
Endorsement IN both Chicago and San Francisco.
Edwin Adams is ono OF the fortunate men who have
the pla OF reading their obituaries thus
measuring the position they hold in general opinion
He must be gratied to learn all the kind things that
SAID OF him when tho OF his death reached
the recent cities. His many admirers will be glad to
know that despatch from Mr. w J. Florence was
yesterday received by Mr. rookcr, Of Booths Theatre,
to the effect that Mr. Adams has Just arrived from
Australia looking well and improving.
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
NEW HAVEN AND HARTFORD RAIL
ROAD.

ANNUAL MEETINa--FALLING orP IN FREIGHT
AND PASSENGER RECEIPrs-w. H. vANDEr-
BILr CHOSEN TO FILL THE CoMMoDoRE's
VACANT PLACE.
BY TELEGRAPH TO THE HERALD.
HARTFORD, Conn, Jan. 10, 1877.
Tho annual meeting OF the Now York, New Haven
and Hartford Railroad held In New Haven to-day.
The report OF the directors Tor the year ending Sep
tcmbcr 3O 1885, showed total transportation receipts
OF s. 3l4 6s2 and transportation expenses So 3l3277
taxes, $3.50 1853, interest Harlem River and Port
chester bonds. $l3O,OOO leaving the net earn
ings Sl6l0,62l No additions have been made
to capital expenditure accounts and tho
tipgent account was decreased. The gross income
$2S4 SAL less than the year previous; and In
menting this, President Bishop remarked that he
had anticipated that the falling oil in froghts would be
made up by Increased rcceipts from Centennial travel
but the contrary, up to the LIST OF September
der the reduced Centennial rates, there decrease
OF passeng receipts The capital and construction
accounts not increased during the year. ami he
regular ten per cent dividend was paid and surplus
lett. II was recommended that dividends be limited,
heretofore, TO ten per cent, aud that
tho surplus earnings be devoted TO increas
ing the facilities oi the road. The old
Board OF Directors reelected, except that william
H. vanderbilt chosen to hl the vacancy created
the death of Commodore Vanderbilt and, as custom
Boswell, Of West Hartford, and Henry White, OF New
Haven, declined reelection as auditors aud DR.
William Hudson OF Hartford; Charles A. White OF New
Haven, anu william VcrmIlyc, OF New York, were
inquiry as to practicapty of a reduction of fares
per mile the President stated that would
be unwisc now, but II business rcvvcs general re-
ductlon OF freight and passenger rates will bo made
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
AN ADROlT SWINDLER,
sLrIdHr OF HAND PUT TO PRACTICAL puR-

sLEIdHr OF HAND PUT TO PRACTICAL pUR-
POSE
wAsnISGroS, JAM 10, 1877
A swindlcr appeared at the Treasury Department
and at some OF tho banks IN this city last week and
succeeded two instances. by adroit seight
of hand trick. In stealing notes almost out OF tho
hands OF the party with whom he pretended TO be
trausacting business.
THE PLAN.
His plan was to request change OF largo note for
notes OF smaller denomination, and, by attracting
the attention OF the person behind the counter sue
ceed IN stealing noto from the package his hands
without tho act being noticod One plan was to re.
quest different from the laid the counter
Tor him, and then, pointing TO another note in tho
cashlcrs hands Zone more worm, he would announce
that IL was
to ,he purpose for which he desired II, and while the
cas- her would be looking Tor IL the swindng ndivid-
ual would denly conceal tho fret note lying Tho
counter or ono OF them II more than bad been
handed him exchange and then request that fur
thcr trouble should be taken for him, receive back the
money originally gwen by MIN 10 be changed and walk
quietly OF the He successful IN at least
one prominent institution here, and II Is SAID at the
Treasury Department to-day that information was at
hand that the same party was operating IN baltimore.
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
HOTEL ARRIVALS.

Benson J. LOSING OF Chestnut Ridge, n. r., Is aa
the Coleman House. Congressman Thomas G. Plntt,
OF Owcgo. n. Y; ex-congressman f. b. Morgan, Of
Aurora, N. Y, and Captain Samuel Brooks, OF the
steamship City OF Richmond, at tho st. Nicholas
Hotel. William g. Fargo, OF Buffalo, is at the Astol
House Jerome B. Parmontcr, of Troy is at tho West
minster Hotel Rev. DIR. Thomas II. skinner, OF Gin
cnnati; Congressman l.. Cass Carpenter, OF South
Carolina, and Harvey G. Eastman of Poughkcepsic,
are at tho Fifth Avenue Hotel Warner Miller OF
Icrkimer, n. y, Is at tho Union Square Hotel Ex-
Governor j. ". Stewart, OF Vermont is at the Evcrets
House Alfred A. Cohen OF San Francisco is ut tho
Windsor Hotel William Bliss, general manager OF
the Boston and Albany Railroad, is at tho Hotel
brunswick.
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
THE TROUBLESOME INDIANS.

REPORT or THE COMMISSION ON THE NOM
TREATY Me- PERcEs-RErrsAL OF THE
CHIEF. JOSEPH, TO MovE--REcoMMENDA-
TIoSs THAT FORCE BE usED-THE oUEs-
TON OF REDUCING THE AGENCIES IN
OREGON.
wAsHISGroy, Jan. 10. 1877.
The commission, consisting OF Messrs. jerome,
Barstow and Stckney, of the Board of Indian Com
missioncrs, ana Brigadier General 0. o. Howard and
Major II. Clay Wood, OF the United States Army ap-
pointed in October last to inquire the status and
claims of tho socalled ntreaty Nez Perces to
effect settlement on permanent basis OF the DIM
cultcs existing between them and settlers (which have
recently been aggravated by the murder by white mon
OF ono OF Joscphs band), have made their report
the Commissioner of Indian Affairs
COUNCILS rmE CHIEF.
Several councils were held with the Nez Pcrcc
Chief Joseph, and his bani in viii he was urged
rcnqush his claim to tho walawalla Valley in Ore.
gon and settle In the Nez Perce reserve in Idaho
under promise Of receiving good agricultural lands
there, with aid in opening farms and building houses
But Joseph persisicntly refused either 20 any
Valley. ami insisted on his Inherent right roam
wherever inclination prompted and to his ownership OF
the waawaa Valley IN particular. 10 the exclusion OF
white settlers.
RECOMMENDATIONS THE COMMISSION.
Tho commission, therefore, recommend that, unless
Joseph removes voluntarily 10 the Nez Percc
within reasonable Time, he be forced to
thither by the military If necessary; that any dep
relation committed by him or his band be- made an
occasion Tor placing them on tho reserve by military
force, and that meanwhile troops be stationed in tue
lmmaha Valley; also that all leaders OF the sect called
Drcamcrs who have powerful influence over tho In
dians IN oregon and Washington and Idaho Terri
tories IN teaching them to despisc civilization and ig
the authority OF the United States, DC required
go upon their respective reservations or OF
iusal, that they be removed by force to The Indian
Territory.
REDUCTION AGENCIES.
The commission was also instructed consider the
subject oi reduction IN the number oi reservations
agencies The above State and Territories
but owing to the atencss OF the season were unable
10 take the long Journey necessary proper under
standing of the matter They are, however, OF
opinion tnat the fourteen agencies IN tho
Department OF tho Columbia may be re-
duccd 10 five The proceeds of the sale OF
reservations arc to be used In deirayi ing
the expense OF the removal OF the Indians and OF
establishing them in new homes. provided that the
heads Of families have the privilege OF remaining
where they and Of taking reasonable quantity OF
lana scvcralty under restrictions to alienation
and selections OF land already or hereafter made by
the Indians under treaty stipulations to bs
sacredIy observed.
The commission also urgently recommend tho ex
tension ol the United States laws ana the jurisdiction
Of tho United States courts over Indian reservations
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
,la.,vs to tonnage dues. was passed by on almost

relative to tonnage dues. passed by On almost
unanimous VOTE
SMALLPOX LONDON
According to the Registrar Generals return tho
deaths from smallpox last week to l16. against rs
she prcvious$eeK The metropolitan hospitals con.
tanned $50 smallpox patients Saturday last against
1923 the previous Saturday. About 200 re-
fused admission during the week. all available beds
beng occupied
sooLoo ISLANDS.
despatch from Madrid says:-''rhe differences re-
ported in Berlin despatch to exist between the
Spanish and the German and English governments con-
cernng traffic with the Soooo Islands represented
here to be purely commercial and Of no gravity
from diplomatic point of view The questions pend
Ing are stated TO be in OF arrangement and an
early dcfnitivo settlement expected Tho report con-
tanned In the despatch OF the probable departure
N British and German men-of-war to the philippine
Islands is regarded here as erroneous"
pAHoMEY.
special despatch from Madeira says the King Of
Dahomcy is very anxious about the intentions OF
Great Britain Tho Deople OF whydah, since British
gunboat ascendod the agoons, reported ready to
dethrone the King IL certain that tho British will
attack.
Silver is quoted to-day at 57hd. per ounce.
SUGAR
The Glasgow sugar market IS dull and prices have
declined Cd per cwt. since Saturday.
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
ANOTHER RAILROAD ACCIDENT.

TWO CARS THROWN OFF THE TRACK AND
EIGHT PERSONS INJURED.
LouTsvILLE, KY, Jan. 10, 1877.
slight accident occurred on the Richmond branch
OF tho Louisville and Great Southern Railroad this
morning. Train No 10 from Richmond TO Louisville
ran of the track at Giperts Station about O'Clock
One coach and baggage rolled fat on their
sides, but were not much damaged Every attention
has been shown tho passengers, OF whom were
dangerously injured The following is the list those
injured received by telegraph DR. George Cowan,
OF Danvc, slightly bruised; t. T. Jones, OF Cincin-
nati slightly injured; H. Boysc, OF Louisville head
cut C. Green, Of Louisville. slightly inured Is. NJ.
Burdett OF Lancaster, Ky, head and hand hurt Mrs.
Thomas Phelps, OF Richmond, head cut slightly;
X. l.. Bone, OF Hamilton. OHIO. slightly injured; Ma
linda Gentry, OF Lancaster, KY, head cut.
There were only fifteen passengers on the train and
nj! who Injured have been named. Thcy all con-
tinued tneir journey II Is supposed heavy snow
storm caused the accident.
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
STATE CANALS.

SYRACUSE, jan. 10, 1877.
Tho committee of Eve OF the Canal Convention re
ported this evening IN favor OF organizing in the city
OF Buffalo nvo COMMISSION houscs undcr the manage
mcnt OF one president. one secretary aud one treas
urer and board OF directors chosen from Ave sections
of the state The report was adopted, and the follow
Ing officers elected:
j,rcg,dcni--Jelcrson Collins. West Troy.
I',ce pyrs,dent--W William FostDndcr. Ithaca
Trcasurer-.Iamcs l.. Breed, phnnx.
Secretary *. H. Fmn I.ocLfort . .
Dircc,ors--wlllam Wlucr, Durnamvlllc; Z. Z.
Meyer. Rochester - -,
A resolution was adopted approving OF the uso VI
the Belgian cable towing system as the most prnctca
be use ol steam yet demonstrated, ana recommending
lis Introduction upon the entire length oil tho canal
Yha Convention adjourned SINE dc.
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
OBITU AIRY.
GEORGE j. HOPPER.

George Hopper OF the oldest and most respected
Of the citizens OF Utica. N Y, died at his residence
in that city, tho 7th inst In the seventy year
OF his age Mr.. Hopper was born IN England, but
came Utica with his parents In his early boyhood
HIS father purchased large farm, which embraced
Park avenue aud Hopper street and extended nearly
tho cemetery Aftor the fathers death the mnnage-
mcnt of this estate dcvolvcd George Hopper aud
his younger brother, Thomas Hopper who discharged
thclr trust with singular npscushness, seeking 10
develop and improve the city rather than to enrich
Themselves. The deceased gentleman had been gre
sufferer with asthma tor more than thirty years and
Tor the past ten years had borne up bravely under
complic licaton OF diseases which would have rendered
life TO almost any other man. In polItics
he always acted with the democratic party. lie served
for several years as treasurer oi the city tUtcs and
not in tho line OF his tastes lie possessed a deer
religious nature and was man OF the most strict IN
tccrity and honor.
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
attack on the State House, maintenance OF present
position and delay In the election Of long term Senator
ELLIS
LEVY and
GIBSON.

LEVY and
GIBSON.
WHICH THE LEGAL LEGisLATuREf
The subjects before the Cabinet yesterday that were
referred to tho Attorney General referring to de-
cison as to which s the legal Legislature In Louisiana
Is still before the Department OF Justice II Is be-
leved that the President will DO advised by Judge
Taft within very short time. but that he will not act
in the premises until action by tho entire Cabinet is
had on the subject The Attorney General has been
very reticent thus far upor the tenor of any advice
officially given to him the Impressions which
govern him III his consideration of the matter.
INTEREST AMONG orYIcEgs.
The greatest interest felt in all quarters here, ana
nowhere is It greater than officers of the army
for the preservation of peace in New Orleans
At the War Department the impression is positive
that the military authorities fully able carry out
the orders OF the government and fully sustain tho
position OF the President
COMMENTS IN WASHINGTON
Among those who watching official movements
in Washington there is belief that matters grow.
ing into condition which viii necessitae the adoption
by the government of still stronger and moro
determined policy regards affairs in New
Orleans Indeed there Is good reason TO
believe that something further will be
done by the administration Of moro than ordinary
member of tho Cabinet this evening he replied with
somewhat angry look
'some,hns moro must bc dono shortly, and am
not but that 1t Will be done very soon."
TREATMENT.
When comment was made upon tho Presidents
change OF policy, seen in his more conservative
course as regards Louisiana and the protection OF the
republican faction there and the remark made that It
seemed President Grant was weakening, answer was
returncd:--
"0h, no; he is not Weakening and Is not going Ia
weaken; but Whenever consultations are had upon
Southern affairs ana the proprIcty Of applying hcrois
treatment to cure existing evils
oSE MEMBER CABINET
Is always offering suggestions and throwing objection,
in the way which leave the President undecided for
time. but no is going to act cncrgetcay."
Further inquiry as to who this member Of the Cabi
net is brought out the opinion that Secretary
Fish, who insisting upon q conservative and con
ciliatory policy.
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
ATTEMPTED BANK ROBBERY.

NEW LONDON, Conn, jan 10, 1871
Charles Brown, stranger, entered tho savings bank
Of New London at to-day, with false key, while
the officers were aiming. confederate was Watching
on tho corner opposite, and another was short dis.
lance of with sleigh. 1t was known that tho trio
were in the city with the intention OF robbing the
bank They first appeared here two weeks and
one entered the bank at on two successive days.
Tho bank officials wcrc informed of the circumstance
nnd crnploycd n watchman. The thieves appeared
four days later, and then disappeared until to-day
Shortly after the departure OF tie bank officers thc
stranger tered the bank, seized by the watch
man. broke away, and was captured alter long chase
during which ho threw away bag OF burglar s mple-
ncns lie has been placed under bonds Tor an cx-
am nation on Friday. His coniederatcs drove hur-
rledJy on on pcrceving their plan was frustrated.
The New York herald., 1877-01-11

MIDNIGHT WEATHER REPORT.
WAR DEPARrMEN'
WAX IIETNKTMENr,
OFFICE or THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFPiCER,
TAsHIsGToy, Jan. Ill A. n.

OFFICE or THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFfCER,
TAsHISGToN, Jan. Ill A. NJ
Indications
During Thursday In the South Atlantic States, fail
ing barometer, westerly Winds backing to southery
or soulhe,sery, and generally warmer, clear or partly
cloudy weather.
In tho Gulf States Tennessee and tho Ohio Valley,
falling barometer, rising temperature, increasing
souhcrly casterly winds and cloudincss, probably
followed by from tho last named section q
the Southwest
In The lower lakc region and Middle Statcs, rising
followed by falling barometer, rising temperature,
westerly winds backing TO southery eastcry clear
or partly cloudy weather. and in tho former probably
light SHOWS
In New England. falling or stationary followed by
rising barometer, winds shining to westerly, aud
warmer, clear or clearing weather
In the upper lake region falling followed by rising
barometer, winds shifting to colder northery
erly. and generally cloudy ana stormy weather. with
snow.
In the Upper Mississippi and Lower Missouri valleys,
falling followed by rising barometer, warmer east to
south winds shifting to colder northsrly cloudy and
stormy weather. with snow, partly turning into rain IN
the southern Portions succeeded by clearing weather.
The New York herald., 1877-01-11
AUSTRALIA.

4 sLAvEn WRECKED AT BLUFF HABBoR-A NEW
NAIL LINE TO BE ESTABLISHED.
SAN FRANCISCO Jan. 10. 1877.
The Pacific Mail chartered steamer Zealandia, from
Sydney via Auckland and Honolulu, arrived mere to-
day, bringing the British mails.
The Sydney Herald says the notorious SLAYER, tho
brig Carl, was wrecked at Bluff Harbor. South Aus.
tralia.
The South Australian Register states that contract
has boon entered into with the Netherand India Steam
Navigation Company for tho establishment Of mail
service between Port Adelaide, Port Darwin and Ba-
tava, the South Australian and Java government to
pay an annual subsidy.
The shipment of California salmon to Now Zca-
land has resutedin complete success.
New discoveries of argentferous lodcs are reported
from New Zealand.