New-York tribune., 1877-10-12
NEW PUBLICATIONS.


The Judges of Group H. had under their con-
sideration pottery. porcelain, glass and the ike; and
Also cemonts bricks, and the furnaces aud machinery
used in these manufactures The opportunity Is taken
the report to give historical account OF the develop
Of art in Europe during the past CEN
tnry; n subject which has received attention from so
many writer's and lecturers, that 1t offers little chance
fer novelty Iu the details of awards TO tie japanese
exhibitors OF pottery and porcelain there are several
points OF interest The plastic arts in japan have been
successful In proportion the coseuess with which they
have adhered to traditional styles and antQuatcd
methods Of work The influence Of q foreign demand
has been. In many instances, uniayorable to eX-
eellenoe Of workmanship; the articles have been
made by rapid and less careful processes the col
ors and the designs have been unfortunately mod
flied 10 suit Western taste The result OF attempting 10
blend native and foreign styles has been always lack
OF harmony Ia the finished work There are however,
many japanese factories whose wares have not deterio
rated and Of The workmanship is quite marvellous
In the display OF effects which have never yet
been attained 10y European skill The report also iuT
nsncs elaborate by Prof Henry Nurtz on tue
chemistry and composition OF japanese porcelain, ana
o the rocks the materials are obtained; The
microscope, well as the chemists art having been EN-
ployed in these researches.
Ihc most valuable feature, from an economic point Oh
view OF this report is the essay OF Cen @ A. Gilmore
United States Army, Portland, Roman ana other
cements and artificial stone. The solidy of all aiem
pendent upon the trustworhinoss of the cement en-
ployed. often buried beneath the soil or sunk under
water. Especially is tins true OF modern engineering
works built upon sites involving greater difficulties ana
having far trials than those OF ancient
time Gen Gilmore corrects the popular that bet
ter cement used in works Of antiquity than now
the exact contrary Is the fact He thinks that the error
has arisen FROM the circumstance that TIE
ancient structures which have remained sound 10
the present day. have been placed In the most faVof
abe conditions Of climate and location The very best oi
the cemcns described by Piny and Vtruvius and uSed
most largely mortar in the finest Of Roman buildings
was about equal TO what s obtained with ieeby hy-
drauc hme aud sand There two classes OF modern
oements the hydraulic ana the cacareous. OF the lat
ter Hydraulic line the only needing mention IL
Is obtained 10y burning and shaking impure limestone
containing to 20 per o Silica or clay III winch s
Tea predOinaes Ii the process ofproducng" hydraulic
line tTc France. certain amountoi Portland cement
T. separated requiring only be ground TO apowder The
process described by Gen. Gilmore, diners rom thal
Of ordinary lime burning principally ~ the care 70 pre-
vent vtfing, and in subsequent shaking and screen
ing Of the lime The hydraulic cemens may be divided
TWO kinds Q) the heavy, sow-settng, of which
Portland cement is the type; ana 2l the light quick
setting. known Roman cement Portland cement
j. produced by burning mixture OF lime ana clay
tn 1t begins 10 be vltrfed, and then grinding the
material TO powder The mixture OF eath may be arth
o Or as in many minerals, natural The report gives in
detail the processes OF different manufacturers some o!
whom have been unwilling to disclose these particulars
Tbc light qucksettng Roman, natural" cemeuts,
were originally made by burning mixture OF lime Or
carbonatel with clay, at high heat Afterwards was
found that various hnest0ncs possessed the necessary
ingredients without further mixture. These cemen,s
have IN general about oneourth the strength of Port
land cement but by their quick setting become more
available for many structures which have TO be built
under water.
Gen. Gilmore has performed lasting service by test
tho NJ
cements, nearly all of the hydraulic class IN each
pertinent mixed equal proportion OF sand with the
cement each being dry. table presents the results OF
this research ii gives the tensile strength IN one column,
and the crushing strength in another, each being reck
oned to square inch and being the Of many
trials The materials moulded like stiff mortar ana
when seven DAYS old the tested in
small blocks of equal size. The hydraulic cement spcc
mems were kept in during OF the seven days
The tensile strength Of the Portland cement specimens
ranged per square inch. from los TO p pounds R0-
man aud like ccmenis % 20 4s pounds PaIan cemcuts
51 10 ISL pounds scientific cement held with % pounds
The crushing strength did not give strictly parallel SCI,
Of figures. Their extremes follows: Portland,
5sOto 439 pouud; Roman. etc, 122 to 292; PaTian,
2O5' to 1.17j: scientific, 297. The range between
the capacities Of these oements-whose tIadeRames
nre all enumerated in the reports very
large that It is evident that the difference
I'm Their value be TO careful architect,
anxious 10 buy materials best fitted 10 endure this table
0l uuQuCsi1uudble service. Inc chemistry OF
meut manufacture thoroughly eucdated in the re-
port; IL may be partially summarized follows: the
heating for hydraulic" lime eXpels carbOnic acid and
leaves anhydrOus lue scate Of me, and illuminate OF
lime Tie anhydrous lime is then saked aud
the macs falls 10 powder. Upon beng again
mixed in paste Capitalization takes place
called setting" in which the silcae and
illuminate of lime combine with water In making
Portland cement slicate lme and the double scate
Of slumina and lime are formed in use, when these
set" they combine with water OF capitalization form
ing hydro-salts In the " natural" Roman cemens.
scatc and illuminate Of magncsia are produced as well
as the silicate and illuminate of lime. The masne
sian hydro-salts are said TO be capable
OF resisting sea-water than the others. Tho
scientific lime contains gypsum. Many Of our
best-snown American cements not placed on eXLi
bou Philadelphia, hut full account OF them IS given
I'm the report Gen Gilmore also describes with illus
tratiOns the various processes OF bckmakng and sup
plies accurate and abundant information respecting
payomenrs of all varieties OF material and construction;
cumming ap With the statement that f9r street purposes,
u the htaltb Oi thc people pc GU, o." IH"t
psvemenUs stand hts stone second and wood third III
order Oi value and merit.
THE SANITARY CONDITION OF CITY AND COUNTRY
l2mo pp l45. j. Van Nosirand
TIE suggestions in this volume. which consists OF papers
read before the American Public Health Association, and
the Public Health Association Of New-York, together
with newspaper CORES p0ndence the same subject,
challenge the attentive consideration OF every inelg
housekeepcr They are based facts OF observation
well az principles OF science. The author shows
iu AN impressive the dangers which urK the
nrranrements Of tie household, and the which ar
ford a remedy against their delcteIious infU-
,ces As al present constructed, Colonel War
fne declales his belief. that there is not
butlers sink, nor a batllub, nor wash-bowl in
which does not oGord possible inlet TO seUergas into
The interior Of tie house or all the causes Of disease in