davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

A HUGE CLoCK-The celebrated
clock at Westminster (London, Eng
land has 400 square feet of dial sur
face. The minute hands are IL feet
long. Although the hands are all
counterpoised, the entire weight of
hands, counterpoises, tubes and wheels
which has to be moved at every beat
of the pendulum is not less than L !
tuns. The going weight is ! cwt,
and the clear fall is 10 feet 1t takes
five hours 10 wind this clock up by
hand. Huge as the great machine is,
it shows an error Of less than second
on SO per cent. days in the year.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

A CURE FOR THE SMALLPOX.-Mr.
Hartman H. Gciger, of Pleasant Union,
Somerset county, writes to the Mey-
ersdale independent, describing the
"run" OF the smallpox in that village.
After relating how his neighbors and
members of his own family were at
tackled, and died or recovered, MIR
Gcigcr describes his own cure, which
is not less remarkable and unique than
the writer's manner Of telling it. He
saws: "On the Goth | had TO hang
UP the fiddle but they did not make
much off of me. | had previously
consulted with many who had the
smallpox, and they all told me that
whiskev was the best medicine to drive
them out; SO | went for gallon OF
whiskey, and kept intoxicated forthree
DAYS, and that fetched 'en. was not
near as sick as | was when / had the
measles, and the fifth day | wens out
to the stable and attended to the feed
ing, and l can say | am well at pres
entr
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

Counting A BILLIoN.-What is a
billion? The reply is very simple-a
million times million. TAis is
quickly written, and quicker still pro-
nounced. But no man is able to count
it, You count 100 or 10 a minute +;
but les us suppose that You go as far
as 200, then an hour would produce
200; day, 282 coo; and a year, or
3G5 days, lG5, 5,l20,000. Let us sup
pose now that Adam, at the beginning
OF his existence, had begun to count,
had continued to do SO, and was count
ing still, he would not even now, ac-
cording to the usual supposed age Of
our globe, have counted near enough.
For to count billion he would require
9,512 years, 342 days, 5 hours and 90
minutes according to the above rule.
SupposinG we were to allow n poor
counter y hours daily for rest, eating
and sleeping, he would need l9,025
years, 3l9 days, 10 hours and 45 min
utpS
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25
A CEMENT FOR ANY KIND OF WooD

A CEMENT FOR ANY KIND OF WooD.
Put any quantity of fine sawdust of
the same wood your work is made
with into an earthen pan, pour boiling
water on it, stir well, and let it remain
n week or ten days, occasionally stir
ring it; then boil it for some time, and
it will be of ahe consistency of pulp or
paste; put it into & coarse cloth, and
squeeze the moisture from it. Keep
for use, and when wanted mix n sufli-
cient quantity OF thin glue to make it
into a paste; rub it well into the
cracks, or fill up the holes in your
work with it. When quite hard and
dly, clean your work off, and if care
fully done, you will scarce discern the
imperfection.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

CREEPING OF RAILs-Tac tE
ing" of railroad rails has airs
some attention Of late, and, WIKI
do not attempt TO explain it. We s-a
point on the fact that. on lines ru--
North and South. the Wes.s-
'creeps" faster than the EastlnH-
that is, this strange movement @. .
rail towards the South Is more uGl
in. one rail than in the other o2
same track. Furthermore It tas q
noticed that on such q line the E'S1
rail wears ont the fastest. Bt.
these points, we think. can ne Czlsa
by the motion OF the earth g /. RI
from the West towards the y
Everything that has free n5aH
dragged after the Whirling -."h-,s-
wind that blows and every tide =
moves feels the influence. sTi 7l.H-
going North or South : Fu..-! pr
toward the East. ana naturally rs
the Eastern rail most hcavlr q.
Western rail, being relieved Q.
share of weight, "creeps" more ~
and quickly. 1t is also noticed Z
the wheels that run on the Easter, 1
wear out first, and WE can la. y
that this earth motion Is the true e.
The practical side Of this IS tA-. /
Eastern rail and wheels sloaI
stronger.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

How COFFEE CANE TO De Ism
1t is somewhat singular to t.. !.
manner in which arose the rs. osf
common beverage Of coffee z-b-
which few persons in any halfog--
civilized country in the wori r.
make breakfast. st tine time COIN
bus discovered America. it bal r-
been known or used. It only ra7.
Arabia or Upper Utopia.
The discovery of its use Is q t7-
age is ascribed to a superior Of a--
astery in Arabia, who. de,irs
preventing the monks from slerfs-.
their nocturnal services. made .a
drink the infusion Of coffee. Oh ts-
ports Of shepherds, who observed /.
their focks were more lively 81
browsing on the fruit Of that ~
Its reputation spread Through ts5 s
jacent countries. and in abta IS
hundred years it had reached p-a
a single plant, brought les
lTl4, became the parent s.oek aa
the French coffee plantations II G
West Indies, and the FIaa g
Spanish all over South Am.as s
the West Indies. The eztrn- ID
consumption now can harily ie 81
lied. The United States sl1-e ST
ally consumes it at tie cas-. ul
landing. of from fifteen to s-a
millions of dollars.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

To CLEAN METALLIC ARTICLES
Gilt metallic articles may be cleaned
by rubbing them very gently with a
soft sponge or brush dipped in solu-
ton of half an ounce of potash, or one
ounce of soda, or, still better, of half
an ounce of borax, in sixteen ounces
Of water, and drying with soft linen
rag. Their lustre may be improved in
special cases by warming them slightly
and then rubbing them very gently
with a soft sponge or brush.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25
A NEW USE ron CarcNEy FEATH-

A NEW Use ToR CaICNEy tEATH-
ERs.-"Accoa,iMr 10 statistics very
carefully cu.ap;il,,H p says writer in
La Nature. eve throw away yearly n
quantity of chicken feathers the in
trlusic value Ui which is equal - the
money we pay uut for cotton"
startIiny statement, but tie ;,uthor
considers it true ; and he proceeds to
explain how tLe feathers ave prepared
to make them valuable. The opera
tion il to cut the plume portions OF
the feathers from the stem, hy means
of ordinary hand scissors. The for
mer are placed in quantities in acoarse
beg. which when fall is closed and
subjected to a thorough kneading with
the hands. At the end OF five minutes.
the feathers. it IS stated, become dis
aggregated and fcited together, form
ing a down perfectly homogeneous
and of great lightness. 1t is even
lighter than natural cider down, be-
cause the latter contains the RIOS OF
the feathers, which give extra weight
The material thus prepared is worth,
and readily sells in Paris, for about
two dollars q pound. About lG troy
ounces of this down can he obtained
from the feathers OF an ordinary sized
pullet: and this, on the valuation, IS
worth about twenty cents. 1t is sug-
gestcd that, through the winter, clil-
dren MIGHT collect all the feathers
about farm. and cat the ribs out, rs
we have stated BY the spring time
large quantity OF down would be pre-
pared. Which could be disposed OF to
upholsters or employed for domestic
use. Goose feathers may be treated III
q similar manner, and thus two-thirds
OF the product OF the bird utilized, IN
stead of only about one-fith, as is st
present the case.
The chicken down is said to form
beautiful cloth when woven. For
about q square yaid % the material,
pound and n half of down is required.
The fabric is said to be almost inde>
structable, as, in place of fraying or
wearing ont at folds, it only seems to
felt the tighter 1t takes dye readily
and IS thoroughly waterproof There
appears TO be good opportunity here
for some ingenious person to invent
machines to cut and treat the feathers
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

SUBSTITUTE FOR \ CoRKscREw-A
substitute for a cOrlscrcw may be
made thus: Stick two forks vertically
into the cork or opposite sides, not too
near the edge Run the blade of a
knife through the two and give twist.
Another way to uncork q bottle is to
fill the hollow at the bottom of the
bottle with a handkerchief or towel ;
grasp the neck with one hand, and
strike firmly and steadily with the
other upon the handkerchief.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25
A BRIEF HIsTopy o-

"A bhiEs history OF AIc.r-
Alcohol was invented Gao
by the son of a strange worssfs seafs &.
Hagar, in Arabia, Lal;aa N' naos
with a powder to paint themss,,l- USE .
they might appear more haa0..se I've Il
this powder was called alcobni q;
ing the reign of William and " De
act was passed encouraging no ~ 1i''F3 {
ufacture of spirits. Soon .le .S R'a
temperance and profiigacv NE. Que, h
such an extent, that the r., -la
Intoxicating drinks put ~, 3
public places, informing n. b
that they might get drunk ~
and have some straw 30 oct
In the sixteenth cent9rr
spirits spread over the c..,.
Europe. About this time i ''-'-, | G
troduccd into the colonies : p
United States were then caIle3 &" l& L
first notice We have OF lis ne .a
life, was among the laborars .'~s
Hungarian mines in the fiftsor.,' 3
tury- In 175l, it was used - '-
English soldiers as a cordial N L
cohol from Europe was r5o5.
grapes and sold in Italy and &.
medicine. The Genoese af - - 5
made it from grain. and eoll !. o 2
medicine in bottles. under The .. !, 5
the water of life." Ur.fl -.
teenth century 1t was kept Ev -. =
carries as a medicine. DEg;r, - :
reign of Henry VII. brandy w.s = =
known in Ireland. and sono H. -,
ing effects induced the rove,-,---
pass n law prohibiting It's raaDn5,s,-'
About l20 years ago il waS n..- y.
beverage. especially amonr n. -
diers ia the English colonies 10 r..
America, ,underthe preposterops -,s
that it prevented sickness and w.,
men fearless in the field Of bafls l.
was looked upon Is q SOVEREIGN .-.
Such Is brief sketch Of its ir.-..-
ton INTO society IS 4 beverage r.
history of it is written in the r--
edncss, the tears, the orasns tE.r-
erty and murder of thousands t-
marched through the land z,a =
tread Of a giant. leaving the fa..
OF its f 'otpiin's in the bones ..-
and life blood of the people.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

SUDDEN KNoCKs.-Inc cases ofsudden
jar. knock or jam of the hand or fir
gers, Immediately after the blow press
the injured part with the uninjured
hand, say between the thumb and fore
finger, AMI gradually lessen the pres
sure. twill nearly always remove the
pain, and generally any swelling that
might occur under the circumstances
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

AT this season Of colds, it may be
useful to know that hoarseness or
tickling in the throat may be relieved
by using the white OF an egg,
thoroughly beaten. mixed with lemon
Juice and sugar. A teaspoonful taken
occasionally is q dose.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25
LA BILITIES.

WE, the undersigned Auditors of Cambria conn
ty, de respectfully report that we have carefully
examined the V Iuchers and accounts of the Re
celpts ami Expend lures of the said county from
the list day of January. A D. 1875. to the Goth
day of January, A. ID. 1876, and do find them to
be as stated, as also the foregoing statement of
Liabilities and Assets of said county.
Given under our hands at the commissioners
Office, Ebensburg, this 20 day of January. A D.
1875.
FRANCIS p. MCCORMICK
JOHN Il. ROSS. Auditors
JAMES A PORTER
Given under our hands this goth day of Janua-
ry, 1875.
JOSUE y. PARRISH
REES =. LLOYD,
JOHN CAMPBELL.
Cemmissionsrs.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

y ECEfVED. JAN. 90. 1876. Or
T. A. u. Cris:e. Esq, late Treasurer. the sum
of Two thousand anu Fif:y-nine Dollars and
Twen:.--seven Gents being the above amouat in
his hands in full.
s2O5o.27 N FREIDHOFF. Treas
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25
A CHEAP DIET FOR HARD TINES =

A CHEAP DIET FOR HARD TINES
In these times of slack occupation the
experimental deduction of investiga-
ting economists become valuable. y
working mechanic with reduced pay
writes as follows to the Philadelphia
LedJer: II have tried hard to keep up
with the times by lcssened expenditure.
Having read the newspaper accounts
of the man who lived on 50 a year,
gaining twenty pounds, under q regi-
men of corn meal. we tried that article
but found it insipid, and finally naus-
eous. The Endorsement of buckwheat
as sustaining food by an eminent
Judge induced us to try it. We found
buckwheat nonsusceptible of variety
in cooking, and we soon STALLED" on
slapiacks Potatoes failed to keep mp
our bodily strength. Next we tried
oat starch, with this result: My wife
son and self confined ourselves to ra-
tpns Of three pints Of Thick porridge
per dav. varying the dip dressing
with butter, sugar, nutmeg, lemon juice
or molasses. We enjoyed excellent
health. with regular digestion. At the
expiration of two weeks | found my
self four and quarter pounds heavier.
My wife had gained three pounds,
while the lal had increased over five
pounds Our food outlay for fourteen
DAYS was exactly tlcO dollars ard
ej9hty cents, or less than seCen cents
per day for each person We are now
pursuing the same course, with an oc-
casiOnal mixed meal"
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25
A MOUNT DUE FROM CONSTA,
| MOUNT DIE FRON CONSTA.

"a BLES FOR 1875:
J. u. Raymond. Adams township. eleI 60
August Eckeurode Allegheny township, SIS o;
!. \. Beih. Barr township. % o.
William itracken, BlackiIck township, l. e.
Edward owens. Cambria township, oil u
Fred. ArblO, Carroll township. 2 so
a. !. StoltZ, Carrolltovyn borough, rs 20
l'atrick bilion. Chcst township. IS ~
John Waencr. Ches Springs borough. % 55
J. II. Douglass. Clearfield township. l52 So
NJ. Quinn, COnemaugh borough. ! ward rs %
NJ. Quinn Co1emaugh h r ugh. ii Ward 25- %
Joseph Adams, Cr0yle township. lS2 I3
AlcNa nder GougheuouT. l. Conrtnaugh 3S 50
{. J. owens, Ebensburg. East Ward. IS l.
George Gurley, tbensburg West Ward ss Is
John FurlOnC franklin borough. az;
Il. Wise, GalitZin township. - 6S
George Warner. Jackson township, 3I o.
J ". James. Johnstown. 2d ward - ~
NJ. Mcnamara. Johnstown. 81 ward, cq3 -
4. B. Davis. Johnstown. 4th ward, ~ on
> l. Harris. aohnstown, 9th ward, 81 26
August Eckenrode. Loretto orough "a 53
NJ. Maloy Millvile borough. GO 81
IL. NcMo aegal, Prospect borough, a. ~
g. t. Wolf Summerhill township go -
Jacob Byrne. Susquehanna township, l7I s.
G. -. Bowser, 1aylor township. 331 -
:, .,os.pn Va MNerS; W sshlng ton township, los -
j. A. Gates. w hite township. 152 a.
George Gilinger, Woodv.Ie borough. So a.
te ccos
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

How To FEED Corn STALKS PROP
ERLY.-The rearing and feeding OF an
imaIs is receiving, as it should, from
farmers and herdsmen in all parts OF
the country greater attention every
wear: ard especially is this true of
dairvmen whose only hope of gain
rests i'm their success in obtaining pay
inc Yields from their cows. Corn
stalks enter largely into the fall feed
of dairy cows. and how to feed them is
theimportant question. The common
practice is to feed them in the bundle,
as but few farmers feel able or willing
to use a cutting machine. This feed
inc in bundle without any preparation
] am fully satisfied is very wasteful, as
not only are the butts left, but fre-
uuentlv nearly the whole stock.
I have learned 10y experience that y
little brine sprinkled upon the stalks
once evcrv day. just before feeding, is
of material advantage in many re-
spects. The weak brine viii cause the
COWS to consume nearly all, even when
fed whole the flow OF milk increases,
the condition of the COWS improve, and
they show greater contentment. Espe-
ciallv is the last remark true on cold,
windy and rainy days. | find it much
better as a general rule, when it can be
done. TO feed salt on the food, instead
of feeding it alone In mo case should
more than one day be permitted to pass
without IT, Cows should have access
to plenty of water: the brine food Will
cause them to drink more and thus
increase the flow Of milk. Let my
brothers try it and they will hereafter
place n greater value upon corn stalks.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25
LOOK WELL TO YOUR UNDERSTANDINGS
JOHN .. Ti:OhAS,
HOof md Shoe ~, txo..

Tf'HEunderSigncd reSpcCtfuIIN inIOrmS his nII.
L mcrouS customers AID the public generally
that lie is prepared to manufacture BOOTS and
SHOES OF any desired size or quality. from n .
finest French caif-Skin boots TO the coarsest
brOganS. in the VERY BTST MANNER. on the
shortest notice, and at as moderate prices as
like work can re obtained anywhere.
Those who have worn Boots and Shoes made
at my establishment need no assurance us to
the superior quality Of nay work. Others can
easily be convinced OF the fact if they will only
give me 4 trial. Try and be convinced.
go Repairing OF Boots and shoes attended
to promptly and in Il wOrkmanike manner.
Thankful for past favors feel confident that
my work and prices will commend me to a cen
inuancc andin crease OF tlc same.
JOHN d. THOMAS
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

THE STATE House N NLSiA-.'-- T
is on exhibition in tie :, /,
ing of the Guarantee Trust " :
Deposit Company, Philad7lP-Is +
model of the old State House = =.
made of German silver the 'fg !
tion being of red gilt, to initiate ~ I.
work. The miniature edlhce : ~
scale of three eighths Of an in'l = y,
foot and is complete in all is - =.
every article of furniture IN y. ~. n
nal, even to the gavel which fl5,,, 81,
Caven wields in the couEeil ca
being correctly reproduced. i. I9i 4
through the windows on the m = !,
you may see Independence !.s+ i !.
all its relics and antiqNI'SI. ;.
through the back door ma! - V.,sa
the old bell. In the basenlei'
works of The clock, and the -i-- -
the dial mark the tine as syi ~ .
as those on the tower Of the o.-
House itself The model W., Il
Mr.. J. Dean Benton for Nj -',aa
Knight, and occupied rs ~ :,l,
maker over wear. Mr. MI -
tends to exhibit it at the Ce'@'
before removing it TO his nous
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

THE surest remedy ioI a. -.
hands is to rinse them vel ~, 80: !:
ing with soap, and dry theul = Ia o 4
ly by applying Indian nsA'
powder.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

FARMERS, GO TO HirNTLEY'S and
* get the best MOVING AND REAP
ING MACHINE made. PRICES GREATLY
REDUCED.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25
ECEIpTS and EXPENDITURE

Ia, OF Cambria County, Penna., from the 2lst
day of January 1875, to the Goth day OF January,
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

gOUSEK KEEPERS GO TO HUNT
.E3s-s. LEY'S and save % per cent. by pay
Ing cash for Table Knives Forks, Spoons, &c.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

Redemption Of Lands -.......
Commission TO fousta hlcs .
By bXonera:i0ns to Cnnstahlcs.
BY generations ON Duplicates
and Registry .....-....-......
BY abatement to tax PAYERS .
BY amount remaining in Consta-
blcs hands Tor 1873 ...-...
BY Trcasurcr's commission on
s55.827 ST at 3 per cent ....
BY balance in IIe1 urer's hands
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

TT UNTLEY will sell you WALL PA
-sz~2s PER as cheap, if not cheaper, than
any other dealer i'm Ebensburg, and Trim il into
the bargain without extra charge.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

TTARMERS, GO TO HUNTLEY'S and
-, buy your HARVEST TOOLS, which
he sells CIIEA PER FOR CASH than they can
he bought elsewhere in Ebensburg.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

GO To HUNT
s.rs5, LEY'S and buy the BLANCHA r.!
CIiURN, the best in the world. Sold for CASH
at manufacturers prices.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

TARMERS, GO To IIUNTLEY'S and
-fz get the best HORSE HAY RAKE
ever introduced. CHEAP FOR CASH.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

Sr o TO HJ-NTLET FOR CLOTHES
vi WRINGERS. He sells them at great
ly reduced prices for the ready cash.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

GO TO HUNTLEY'S and
a. buy the BEST CORN FODDER AND
S "RAW CUTTER ever sold in this county.
Their cost more than saved in one year by cut
ting YOUR feed with il.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

vE-S HE BEST TSILNER-PLATED WARE
-. in the market a: % per cent. less than
city retail prices. Sold for cash 1T
Ii-iS- '.5.-tfi HUNTLEY'S.
The Cambria freeman. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1867-1938, 1876-02-25

A.D. CRISTE, Esq, TREASURER, DIR.
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1876-06-28

WoonnuIY George Barrett was brought be-
fore Justice T. G. Putnam and D. q. Jewell, on
Thursday. the 22d inst, charged with the crime
Of incest Satisfactory evidence being obtained 10
Justify the decision, he was bound up in the sum
Of one Thousand dollars for his appearance at the
County Court Failing 10 obtain bail he was
committed to Jail on Friday by Sheriff O D.
Town. Two Of Hanetts children, eleven and
thirteen years of age were also arrested for milk
Ing g. B Voodrys cows, and converting the
same TO their own use, and other small thefts,
aud held in custody twod days, but were finally re-
leased ON the promise Of good behavior, This
family have been noted for their lawlessncss for
years and 1t Is only the patience OF the community
in which they live that keeps number of them
from the reform school The gold excitement
is increasing every day not many days ago a
practical miner fresh from the gold diggngs Of
the Pacific Slope, by the name Of Butler, disooy-
cred particles Of gold In what Is known ~ tho
Gulf which led To a thorough investigation, aud
being convinced that the precious metal existed
In paying quantities, he at once purchased the
right to dig and wash ON two lots OF land, and at
once commenced the experiment lie has been
at work washing several days, and the fact has
been demonstrated that It will pay well to work,
and that 1t is even richer than the Worcester
mines. There are several men now at work who
are boarding at 4, Towns hotel, aud preparations
are being made to increase the number to ten
men at once 1t is generally conceded THAI the
entire Gulf from IIardN lex line to Calais will soon
be dotted with squads Of laborers digging ioI
gold Now that the fact has been demonstrated
that six dollars per day has already been saved,
the public generally are getting considerably
wrought up, and we only hope their highest an
! tiepaions may be realized