davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1876-01-04

Tho ill-hoa1th Of Speaker KERR, which
sneakership honors, haa given rise to dis
cussion as to what ahall DO dono In tho event
Of his inability to preside in tho Houso. So
seriously i'll WAS ho on Now Yoao's Day that
Mrs, Kgnn, who Ind mat!o preparation to
receive callors, WINS compelled to doclino.
The talk at Washington is TINT Mr.. Monn1soN,
Of Illinois, Chairman Of Tho great Committee
on Ways and Means, will ba elected Speaker
pro tcmpore. In this event thu unsavory
FERNANDO WooD will become Chairman Of
the Committee Of Why's nnd Menus. Tho vic
tory which tho country gainol in the election
Of A1r. KEnn Is in danger Of boin3 lost by
tho misfortune which has ovor.akon him,
His pros:ration by ill-hoalth may result in n
nntional calamity. Tho transfer Of Mr.. a1e5E-
n1soN from tho hon,l Of tho Committee on
Ways md Means to the Spoaker's chair. as
the election Of Speaker pro tenn. will p toba-
bly, become permanently, may Of itself
make no serious difference. On nil qu ,stions
Of politics he and Mr.. KEnn aro agree H. Hc
is m honest man, opposed to all ste dis md
frauds; n fair mau, and, from. expe,
rienco and nntural qualifications, better
fitted for the speaker's chair tha., for
tue arduouB and intricate dutios Of Chair.
man Of tie Committee on Ways and
Means. Tho House might make mucl
worso selection Of Speaker. But the aleva
ton Of FERNANDO WOOD to thu position, oi
loader OF tho House, the foreman of tho mn
jority, md tho or1lcio Of TINT Cnnmittee wllic}
was Of mover SO much Importance ns NOW
would be worse than d n.isfprtune,-it oult
bo positive disgraco to tho country. Il
cnnnot be said that Woop is man witl,ou
character. Unfortunately, he has b wds
sprend character 30 generally repu1syo tha
we question whether there IL. district in tht
country outside Of the City Of Now York il
which ho could bo elected. to Congress. II Il
to be hoped that Mr.. BEnn's health may b.
sufficiently restored taat ho may DO able te
fill the high Office to which he haa beer
elected with suf;h popular approval. Il
however, Speaker pro tenn. must DO elected
let there be some arrangement made b,
which FKnsA'spo WooD may not in any way
be made tie organ Of any branch Of tn
Nationnl Government.
, 1876-01-04
HQCu-pEuTsCu AND pLATr-pEuT8C :

Hocu-pEuTsCn AND p1Arr-DEuraC 4.
Tho Berlin agent OF tho Associated II ess Ia
evidently jovial fellow, fond Of cele' ,yatiug
holidays, md partial to egg-nogg as means
Of celebration. Ills consequent condition
1nny explnin tho dispatch no seut Saturday
night. He sage1y remarked that thu Govern.
msnt was " conciliating" the c, .tlolio clergy,
tho process Of couciliation 81 ems to be- put
ting some Of them In prison aud chasing the
othors across the frontiw and that tho
Empire was threatening I o absorb part Of
Switzerland md oil Bel ,ium. This double
plan of territorial agsgrs abatement ID doubt
lcsa duo to tho fur ,,lty of the hunan
eye for seeing double under Ger
lain egg-nogsian cir .utnstapcos. Tho Switz-
erland schoms may safoly DO set
down aa the shaas Wy double due to alcohol.
The other inay have aomewhat more sub
stance. Body% natcling hns always been a
favoElts pursf lit Of the crowned heads OF
Europe. Wb Oh nation becomes moribanl,
1t il soEcu- to carry out the lnetap1or-for
purposes a. dissection. 4 century ago, from
the hTHt partition In 1772 TO tho third and
last In l705, prussia, Russia, and Austriu
were RI aging THU game with Poland. The
three Empires aro again loagued together.
Fnra .n,cK tho Great, tho man OF "blood
and 'iron," finds his parallel now in D1sMAncK,
tho man Of iron and blood But the
no y plum Of partition dinszs In eomt
~ specso from the old. In the eigh.
'.eenth century, the territory that Wal
divided was ali contiguous. tits now widely
] separated. Russia mud Austria want slicos oi
Turkey; Germany wants Holland mud North
9TH Belgium. We place no filth in the re-
port that there IS any immediate danger o.
annexation on either hand but when Turae,
Is ahared, the price Of Gorlnanys consent vii
be the addition Of the Platt-Doutsch to th'
the liac1% Deut utsch, or Deutsch proper. Butth
platt-a(eutscl inhabit su1all (northosn) par
Of BaIium. II Gormany should take the fou
NORTH srn prtvinces, Lhnbsrg, Antwerp, ans
East Aud V'sas Elanisrs. sle would hay
, 1876-01-04

tho magnificent port Of Antwerp and nil tho
territory occupied by Gcrmanio people In 1'el-
giun. Tho rcst Of tho little Kingdom is Gal
Of no strength to tho Empiro Wl,at tho Int
ter wants above all Is Antwerp, with ita land.
locked port, ono Of the finest In tho world;
ita great stono docks, tnilt by NApoLEoN I.
ita enormous possibilities for foreign COM
mcrco. The acquisition OF Holland would
ntll q Protestant State mil m array Of i'm
portaut colonies to tle Empire, and the &C.
QUESTION of Antwerp mid tho adjacent terri
tory would give Germany grent start In tho
race for tho commercial supremacy Of
Europe. England would hayo mort to lose
by the arrangement, for Antwerp, with au
Empire of h0,ou0,0oo behind 1t, would bo n
far moro formidable rivnl of London than
now. It's harbor is quito ns spacious, and
much deeper. Tho Thames can bo block
aded, but to witch the many mouths of tho
Scheldt would require whole navy. English
opposition. however, would not bo likely to
count for much with Primo Minister WHO
longer au European power" And England,
too, 1aight ilud that silence paid if ito prico
should happon to 10 Egypt.
Holland has boen fearful OF absorption
since tho day Prussia aeized Alsaoe.Losraino.
That, to DO sure, WIS announced rs muas-
ure Of defense, but powor IL novcr in lack Of
prose1ta, and "defeuso" Is comprehensive
term. It IL said TINT tho Dutch Government
Inns pierced Tho dikes IN such why TINT tho
country can bo flooded ut Il fow hours notice
but tho Gormnus, unlike tho Spanish, might
be better able to stand the temporary sub
morsion of Holland than tho Hol1nndor
themselves. The most probable moans Of
annexation, moreover, is not war, but nogo.
tiation. II Holland and Belgium should first
bo thoroughly scared, and then the for
mer, with thu northern Blice of tho latter, tc
include Antwerp, should bo offered admission
into tue German Empire as a State, with loca1
autonomy and perhaps with tho special privi
1eges enjoyed by Bavaria or 8axony, tho Of
for might be accepted AS the least Of all pos
| BibIa evils.
, 1876-01-04

The election Of J. Il. BESsLET, Esq.,
yesterday, ~ President Of the Board OF Trado
for tho current yoar, may probably be ro-
gartlel ns a test vote on the subject Of corner
rules, There was little personal room for
choice between tho two candidates, both
being prominent aud usaful members Of
tho board, md Of uuimpeachable CONNER
cial record. But thoy differed widely on
tho question Of corner legislation,-
WR1aur being Chairman of tho Com
mitieo TINT framed the now rules, whilo
Mr.. Brxs1EY opposed tleir adoption, and
afterwards took an activo part in pro-
curing change to the form in which they
now stand. 1t is generally conceded that
the old rules erred in giving too much lati-
tudo to men who wcre engaged in running
cornera but there is strong ground for be.
Ieving TINT they vero changed round TOO
much towards tho opposite extreme. In
other worIa, the reform was too Bwoeping
10 be desirable, md it now seems probable
TINT nnosher change, hnck n little nearer to
the ancient conditions, will soon bo made.
, 1876-01-04

Dr. Ciur1E1, for long time In charge Of ths
AsFlum for tbs Inaano at Lexington, Ky.. II
given ~ authority for tho statement that JoHs
A. Joror waa twice confined In that Asylum.
Conformation Of this stasameat may be found ID
tho remarkable literary ot1uaions which hatt
beon put forth by JorcE since ha conviction
nud sentences to tbo Penitoutfary. Il would tf
dstluulE to say whethor hla speech 1t Jedersos
City 10 Judge aud Jury. Or bis autobiography
extracts from "hson haFs bean printed ln TIL
TluBusE,-dosesvoa tho palm for turEtd rhetoHs
and foolish thought. JOYCE may bo mad and
the {sct that he did uot plead nadueaa In mttigs+
ton OF punishment ia not proof OF sanity. Hs
would surely hAyo done 10 II ho had had tho
sense to thiuk OF Il. On tho other hand, the H.
timstions OF hla present msdness tuay bc only
proofs Of cunning tessoa. Tho subject is pr.
rlextug one, TITO contemplation Of Il u se@l
lifted 10 Iekd tho aoutost intellect into u,aze o.
speculation, from which no AA1ApAE's th1sAa
CAD show the way to asisty.
, 1876-01-04
TRIMS or The TRIBUNE.

RA1EA nY errecrrrTfcr trATADLH rr AnFANcf,.
I'rrrn6c i'FrrnfR ut this Office.
Daily Edition rott.patd.
Patts tf teAt 1t san1s rats.
Eated 10 tny adItcfs FOUR wErKs far.......,. LOO
BunhaJ EGtIon: LterHsy Anl Hollkous donb1o ,,
fr-Nsokl5. poe.- .-psid, lysae.-"....". U.0O
Paris Of ysar At rams rsta.
EEKxLY EuIGfoH, FusrrkIp.
nhetepey pot toaf.
tuh Ht hFe. per tpf$. s3M
Club Of t*dnty per ls1o
Tho portage II ID cents yeAr. which Nc will prspaS
Epeciman copies sent FREQ.
To prevent ds}ay and 1ntalstet. be aura nnd gisa
Fc,t-Oiee address IN full including state and County.
Kemttnnrea tnay he n,ada either by draft, e1rfcs%
post00ce otder In registered le'teEs 1t our risk.
1x1Ns 70 C11H aunruHlnERA.
Daily delivered. Bunday excepted. - cents pcr week.
Daily, delivered, 8unday Included 10 cents ros weef.
Address TuE TRIBUNE COMPANY,
Cosnsr Madison and Dearborn. st6.. Chicago, Ill.
, 1876-01-04
4 8LANDER Up0N REPUBLICANS.
IT


wa deny that tho Republican psy vt tls North ~
responsible 1t all for what has happsued u south
Carolina. Thr Domoe7atio party 1t tue North the
.Sa'aon tho New York ts,Mtnf, and TMf CMleAGo
TnsprFE, and haif-dozsn other uewspstera OF thu
cowar1Iy Rtripo ere responsible for wLAteyer Of
failure has befailen reconstruction.
In answer to this contemplate Blanaer, not
upon The Ca1cAao TRIBUNE rs ono Of tho
parties named, but upon the Republican
party, We deny that any failure has bGfallen
reconstruction In the Southern States. Ev-
cry measure Of reconstruction initiated by
The Republican party and supported by TIE
TR1BuNE es one of its oxpononta has been
successfully carried ont, including all tho
constitutional amendments and laws, tho
assistance through tho ngency Of the courts
In carrying ont force bills aud anti-Ku-Klux
laws, and the compromise legislation Of last
winter, Tho Republican party originated
these Legislative measures and carried them
out successfully. It has faithfully dono its
duty in rcconstructing the polIticnl relations
Of twelvc millions Of people, and huruoniz-
ing two races having little In common with
ench other except in their previous rela-
tions Of master md s!ayo. It ia
both admirable anu amazing that tho
Republican purity should have succeeded 30
well. It was accomplished In tho face OF in-
numorablo obstacles, against the dismal
prophecies Of outsiders, against the opposi-
ton Of the Confederates Of the South and
tho Democratic party in tho North, and
against the Insane mud rabid edyico Of Just
such hot.heads as the Organ, which advice,
, 1876-01-04

Tho increase Of the nnsional debt as noted!
in the curren. monthly statanent is at-~
trihuted partly 10 tho late extraordinary ex-
pent1iturea In the naval service aud the do.
creaso in revenue from the customs. Thx
former will probably DO explained by ths
President in bis promised special message OF
Cuban aflairs. In regard to the diminished
rpvenue, a small portion Of it 1nay be 90.
counted for, perhaps by tho continuation o4
hnrl times which has Induced o general dis.
position to economizo; but tho greater pa4t
Of 1t must be tracod to tho increase Of dutiel
made by tho last Congress- in restoring thu
10 per cent that Ind bonn previously takon
of the whole limo Of dutiable articles. This
oouzse haa proved prohibitory in its etToct on
oortain articles, and so cut down tbs fovenue.
Here Is point whcro tho Democrats In Con
grcss might do the country raal soryice.
, 1876-01-04

It now arpears tint the original propoBi-
ton to Chicago distillers to run "a crooked" !"
came from st. Louis mnn, rs might tsnve
been expected St. Louis is not only very
wicked herself, but is always ongaged ia try
ing to iuveigle other cities into her wicEcd
Hnya
, 1876-01-04


The citizens Of South Chicago who groan
ander tho extoTtions of the hummer tux.
7atherera are organizing for joint aud mu.
nal resistance BY appealing to the courts for
;earess. Alta meeting hsld last evening a
committee WEB appointed to secure the namca
1t GOO firms who have been unclually aa-
leased, and steps wero taken to employ legal
counsel to conduct the Injunction proceed
ngs. The Special Committee Of tho Common
Council viii nsk the Inv Department for au
,pinion as to tho power Of the Coun.
ii to adord relief by granting rebates Of
7njustly y-assessed taxes, and the Board ol
County Commissioners have made arrange.
nents whersby parties nsgrieved may have
convenient ACCESS to the Assessors books In
ha Office Of tho County Clerk.
, 1876-01-04

E0 1nrDn M tn mnise nnv Rr rffNH rnf3tfctfpn In
,ho orncn1oc1, isano, wh;c,, conttnucs IN bc
IN o1oopa ~ t,,o on,orrt o,,a,nn1;n1 ,,cforo
lilo ponic. Tho nutlority Given to tho Sec
retarv to aoll bonda Mt ror In coin wos con.
fined to bonds bearing &. A. and 4 per cent
interest, OF these, all the ner conts have
been exchanged for Cs, mud tho Secretary is
now confined to the eale of tho others, which
he cannot sell at uar, or perhaps nbovo o. or
Ok, md, therefore. conuot sell at nil. Tho
act therefore rcuoius inopcraliyc, requiring
further LEGISLATION to carry out nil its proyis.
ions, We do not understand whether the
Democrats PROPOSE to repeal tic whole
net. or merely TINT mart fixing d
date for resumption. They certainly do
not propose 10 repoal tho frec.bankiug
cratic measure. Even the extremists who
propose to abolish the National Bank cuyron-
oy and issue grccnbncks In lieu Of it do not
propose to abolish tho banks themselves.
There is, Of course, large number Of per.
sona who wnnt to 10 back to tho old State
bnuk business, bnt w havo no ilca that these
aro in n majority In either House. Beyond
tho date tixcd for RESUMPTION there Is there
tore little or nothing In tho net to DO 70.
pcalad.
This brinos us ia the mint Tint tbore In q
NECESSITY for tho Republicans to iu;tiato lo1is.
lat;ou either to cerry out the net Of last win
tor or to provide substitute therefor. Tho
Republican pnrty cannot afford to 20 into tho
Presidential election ignoring the question Of
e...,., 4rto ..:,3a,.. .,,,l ..,.....,n, ~ A..
, 1876-01-04

Philadelphia rejoices over victory Of tho
Reformers over tho Ringsters in the Common
Council in elecsing ~ the President Of that
body m honest man, md defeating the Ring
candidate for Reelection. Chicago is In a
position to approciate tho valuo and impor~
tanco OF such victory,
, 1876-01-04

It almoat impossible. in wosk OF such nie'
n,tude ~ that Involved In toviewu8 tho t1tdt
and commerce Of = city like Chicago, 10 a7o'a
errors. both Ia tuaau$ofips aud In ptoof-estd'os.
We noso the following In our lAaua OF eA;usda3
i&Ht.
The receipts Of lumber Ia November ~sfs
abou. l2o, ,0oo, 900 fact. Ths sales OF Iron So
steel should read 35opo. 900, iustsAd OF 330o'oN
The p, oduot Of our confectionery mlnufActoaN
vas s2O Ooo, 600. the avsra9a maka being aos ~
ffou 10 tons per day throuzhous ths 5s1''
Number Of hands, about 500.
, 1876-01-04

NooLEr's TuEATNE-Randniph s.rset, between
Clark and las3alt. Engagement Of tbs KtcS3 0pesa-
Company, TITS Rose Of C4sl!!e,T
, 1876-01-04

Hungary is to have real King in the per
ION Of Archiuko RuDoLrHE, Prince Imperia
of Austria, lie will bo crowned In July next
, 1876-01-04

Greenbacks, yesterday, ut the Now York
Sold Exchange, closed at 88I.
, 1876-01-04

Mov1CKERD T1lEATRE-h1adisna street. betweeu
ot1tborn md Btate. Engagement Of ths OAles Opera
Company. Lea rfta Ut. GervAia."
, 1876-01-04
SOCIETY MEETINGS.

vATTEST1oN, SIR KN1anTs STATED Cono!Avs Of
ipolo conInandsry, Mo. !, \. T., this tTnesdayl
venng At 9 o'clock, 1t tho Asylum. for buhtutas,
kmcndnlent W bylaws. 4 full attendance Of msfn-
ser8 deaised. Dy order Of tho F.. C..
u, j. ". LOCKE, Recorder.
, 1876-01-04

NEW CHICAGO T1EATnE-Clark s!rtat, between
randolph shd Lake. Engagement Of tbs Hsfrigsn And
Tart Combination. 3" Tho Doyle Brothers."
, 1876-01-04

HAnaIs LuD1so7oH, tho Republican Gov
.rnor-clect Of Wisconsin, was formally in-
lugurated at Madison yesterday.
, 1876-01-04
DEuocRAr1c ACTION OH F1nAncEs,

Senator MCDONALD pt 1nutnnn, WHO AGB
been enjoying somewhat ct national repu-
tation upon the subject Of finances, l,as
recently expressed his opinions upon tho
probable action Of the Democrats In Congress.
Taken in connection with the utteranccs OF
Representative LAspEns, OF Indianapolis, 1t
would seem TINT tho Indiana Democracy aro
preparing sort Of Anaucipl platform upon
which to place hir. HEspn1cgs Ms candidate
for President. Mr.. MCDONALD, who has won
his distinction as m opponent Of Initiation
mud M advocate Of specie resumption, frank
ly declares that in his opinion the Democrats
in Cougrcsa will vote unitcdly to repeat the
net of last winter which fixed Jan. !, 1870, as
tho date for resumption Of specie payments
by the Government. Ito inclines to tho
opinion TINT The repcaling act will certainly
pass tho House, and asserts confidently that
Speaker KEnR ia in favor OF It. lie also do
clares himself to be In favor OF tho nomina-
tion Of HENDRICKS. md insists that Mr. KEnn
is also enlisted for HESpn1cks. Wo mny
therefore accept the repeal Of tho act Of last
Congress rs the Indiana OF uIApn1oKs plat
form.
Though Senator MCDONALD exprosses some
aount o. 10 sho passage OF tue repeating 1as
by the Senate, he assumes TINT II will receive
tne sotoS u n' Inc oea'ocfat'o sehatofa.
tots 'a.tcF statement 10 tsao' !hen II VII re"
qniro tho votes Of but very few Republican
Sonators to Its passage. Last year the
p'1s received tne unanimous vote OF Tue lie.
| pap'lcan members OF both tloases, AMI
noshlna has elnee occurred mat Ii !okosy to
nave eaangea tno't ]"agmoas. Even senator
AioA1oa lbs sai'ce ti1en oeienacd his vote ios
taa' o's1' Inc ocJeot 0. repeating thet law u
!,o1 clearly apparent II IT, III whatever lgns
" may 10 looked at, very harmless nnd In
hoceot piece Of legislation. ~ declares that
, 1876-01-04
Oh Gb1r;!gp Q(r{l'n,re.
Tuesday Morning, Janunry 4, 1879.

Old Prob. predicts decidedly cold weather
:or this locality to-day.
, 1876-01-04

ADELrUI THEATHE-Dtarborn street, corner
Monroe. "Ths Forty Th1asoa."
, 1876-01-04

ACADEMY or btEBIC--1Ea1stci atrtss, between
i.st,jhon and Monroe. Engagement of thu Goofgis
nIhstftlS.
, 1876-01-04

WOODS MU9EUM-aionros street, between Dear
toFn and siate. Afternoon, " Hsd Ruling flood
ind " Dssd Shut" kven,rr, !" Tha AdsaatUras Of \
Country 0!rl And :" Dead Shot.n
, 1876-01-04

ART circles in ClncluultI hAvo besu much a.
turbsd Of !ste by tbs ssport that Esan!ns W.
rlllo Haa rossatls bought for u u auction ~
u RoN osnsa !u tiAt dly. Ths ka9uissr Aa's''
, 1876-01-04

thnn any one expected II would or could do.
Tho future Of South Carolina md all The
other Southern States depends upon tho
Bo,,thern people themselves.
Bozeman avant courier. [volume] (Bozeman, Mont.) 1872-1882, 1876-06-09

In speaking OF the murder Of Sam
Alexander the New Yoak Herald saya
It 10 known that the girl had comaDited
what 10 with the Jews among the worst
of crimes She was not married, and
she was to become . mother. Undee the
|sgsesI ssQgP u Cue Jewish Law hef pusish.
ment would have beed her death. Ruteh.
stems crime, on the assumption that b
WAS partner in her guilt, would have
been the same. The wife Of the accused
Vas about to join him from Europe.
and the discovery aud expostss of the
illicit connection seemed 70 Be inevitable.
Il IL assumed that At this point the faaas-
ic, Rubenstein submitted the case Of him.
self aud partner IN sin to religious O..
:horities q fanatical Is himself. If thsir
judgment was that scandal might proba-
bly, Be prevented and exact justice-ac.
cording to their creed-inficted By Con-
pelling Rubenstein himself 10 be execu-
TONER of the old law, the girl would have
suffered death. while Kubensteis, In
being made an instrument Of Gods
wrath would haye been compelled to -
swer for the crime of murder in the next
world. while bling obliged to kill ct once
the woman he illiei,y loved and his own
imputed offspring ct the same tine.
Bozeman avant courier. [volume] (Bozeman, Mont.) 1872-1882, 1876-06-09
Driving Horses.

There are many ways Of driving horses.
and we think, ~ We see the vast army OF
drivers on the streets every day, that it
wonder there are not more balky
horses than there arr. Tho true way to
drive 10 to let the horse drive himself.
the driver doing little but directing which
Ia horse alone gets In himself while ho
feels guide and friend ID back OF him.
The most vicious and inexcusable style
of driving is that wi b 20 many drivers
adopt. tc.wit: wrapping the lines
around their hancs, and pulling the
horse backward with oil their might and
main, SO that the horse, in point of fact
feels the weight back of him with hie
mouth, and not with his breast and
shoulders, THIS they DO under the i'm.
preston that such dead pull b needed
IN order to steady the horse. The fact
is, with rare exceptions, there should
never be any pull on the horse 1t all. A
steady pressure 10 allowable, probable
dvisable, bnt anything beyond this has
no justification In nature or reason. For
nature suggests the utmost freedom OF
the action Of the head, body and limbs,
10 order chat the animal may attain the
highest possible rate OF speed. In speed.
! horse the lines need seldom Do grasped
10 both hands when tho road d strai2ht
md FREQ from obstacles.
Bozeman avant courier. [volume] (Bozeman, Mont.) 1872-1882, 1876-06-09
Cabinet Meeting-The Indian
Question.
WAsamaron, Nay a.

At the Cabinet meeting to-day, the du-
ration Of which was nearly three hours,
the reply of Fish 10 Desbyts nots va
read. Il il 4 document Of great length.
md thoroughly reitersses tho position a.
ready taken BY this Government under
the subject Of the Winslow sxtEsditton
cnse. There wa little discoasioo on the
general principle involved. The Csoiset
considered to some extent the situafiou Of
Affairs in the Black Hills country. Assur.
soees hare been given that a influential
hand Of Sioux are willing 70 Eelinquisa
their domain there and remove % resef.
vatDon In the Indian Territory. Al cor.
IN that particular y referred
70 IL Secretary Of the interior. Who Will
give instructisns 10 the agents Of The In
essior Department regarding - proper
in Inst direction. Should
ehis portion Of The Sioux nation positively
usxnlfy 10 willingness 70 settle II ths
Indian Territory, The hope i expeessed
lAae the entire formidable pATs Of III
hossile Indians my soos - do0iel)ed
lhMA