davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New Orleans Democrat. (New Orleans, La.) 1875-1876, 1876-03-05
AMERICAN sTANpARD OF CLASSIFICATION.
IN IT, ntp y

The market opened under the favorable piu-
ence Of on advance Of I'd Mt Liverpool. whore
tho sales were i2.O01 bales and arrivals firm and
New York ilrmer, but not uuotably higher Tor
spots, and futures 1920 No higher. Under tn Is
s,G5s waEe more ssrnfon, IN no
but ma tho demand continued strong the sales up
to noon reached 1000 bales. after tho movement
continu ed animated and resulted In further sales
of 5000 baIes making a total for the day as noted
above Of 12Oo0 bales.
Prices were. If anything. rather stronger IN the
tago nevertheless was sufficiently on the sido Of
factors to require an addition of ie to the inside
figures of interi9rto ordinary. 'se IN strict ordi-
nary to good ordinary. htetac In strict good or
and a}r 1t Stisns and para /" ne GsSsT
grades. Tho New York market slightly recoded.
closing at a net advance of t@s3-i6e.
The Exchange makes the amount on ship
board not cleared before to-day q exports1 ljsJ9e
Havre, ~. 1874 for Tho North Sea. 1o7lo for Bro
men, ss7 for Spain, pli for the Mediterranean,
1860 for Mexico and 1914 fpr coastwise ports. loav-
m. 2o4.725 bales. If we deduct from this the
amount sold but not yet delivered the balance
WI be about 1870 bales to represesn, the 2qan
from the market, IN transit. or not yet sampled
The worlds Visible supply was set down to
excess " sys against 1884 on the 18th ult.
The weck's receipts Mt tho chief interior towns
embrace n s79 bae4. against u .63 last week aud
against II 7b2 last week, and 2,967 last year and
the stocks i23.O20 against t2tsls last week. and
los $50 last year. Compared with last year. this
shows an increase Of $500 bales In the receipts.
decrease Of 5s24 In the shipments. and an In
crcasc of 1880 in tho stocks.
Tho Exchange reports. Sales II $50 bales.
Its quotations are raised &c. on low middlng.
ordinary and good ordinary, and So on low
middling and middling. ftH
COTTON STATEMENT.
Stock on hand Sept. 1, 1875. 500. tbales) 1915
Arrived since last statement. 40A
Arrived previously /. 300 2sI-i BOG 1877
1916, 1908
Cleared to-day. ................. 6.6h
Cleared previously ........ NO G32-.077 267
Stock on hand and on shipboard not
cleared Observation-Disclosures. 800 036
Do same time last year ................ 247. 24s
The New Orleans Democrat. (New Orleans, La.) 1875-1876, 1876-03-05
Monetary.

.eE OFFICE N. O. DEMOCRAT,
Saturday Evening. March 4. 1870
NEW ORLEANS CLEARING HOUSE.
Clearings. Balances,
March A................ Legal Holiday
The New Orleans Democrat. (New Orleans, La.) 1875-1876, 1876-03-05

False Rumors Contradicicd.
Reports OF an uneasy feeling prevail
ing in Liverpool, Is declared by leading
merchants to be exaggerated.
Heavy Failure.
Lutcher& Co, a prominent firm in the
Egyptian trade, has suspended. Liza
bilities f500,000.
Miller Sons 4 Co., large colliery pro-
prietors, have suspended. Their liabil-
tiles are estimated mt Gi0,0O0. The
stock markets, however, close firmer.
Don Carlos Gene to London.
BouLoGNE, March 4.--Don Carlos
started at half-past o'clock this after
noon for London, where he will be due
at half-past this evening.
Preliminary Meeting Of the French
senate.
PARIS, March Am official notice
issued to-day informs Senators elect
that there will be a preparatory meeting
on the 7th inst. to form provisional b,i-
reauX to fix upon an order of the dav
Sr the first sitting of the Senate. The
Deputies have also received notices
DUBLIN, March A large meeting
was held here yesterday to promote tho
establishment Of a projected Steamship
line between Galway and New York
LONDON, March China is negotia-
ting loan of l0,0O0,0OO TALES.
MADRID, March 4.-The government
has offered amnesty to all Carlists sub
hitting before the 18th inst
ATHENS, March 1.-The Queen has
been safely accouched of a Princess.
Both doing WELL
River News.
,.NiCKsBuRG, March i.-Up: Katie l. NJ Down /:
utah y; m, Commonwealth n. III. River fall
ing SLOWLY. Weather cloudy cool and raining.
DOMESTIC MARKETS..
new YORK. March i.-6 .. m.-Money closed
2e@S, Gold closed sll4a. Stocks heavy and
Tor Pacific Mail and Western Union Shares
New York Central us, Erie I77h, Lake Shore
So, H. Wayne Jos, Delaware and Western isl,
The Fairfield herald. [volume] (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1849-1876, 1876-02-16

Chicago and Saint Louis aro nj
really putting forward their rospec
tive claims to DO chosen as the place
for the meeting of tho national
democratic convention. Chicago
insists, through ono of her leading
newspapers, that there is really no
placo III tho country moro eligible
th"n her own worthy self, and that
st. Louis is much too hot and other
wisc disagrooablo place in summon
for the democrats to do their work.
h;ut ST. I4ouis thinks TINT she hor-
self is the incest, plcasantcst place
il "ll our broad land, and that, rs to
her bong Il hot city, il is really no
such thing. No doubt not thorc
Will be lpnny n c.-to on paper be
tween these two rivals for fame land
fortrne) rs tho meeting place oi
the Rational democracy. Up t.
this timn ST. Louis seems to br
decidedly tho moro popular.
The Fairfield herald. [volume] (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1849-1876, 1876-02-16
COMMUNICATED I
Forty Years AGO.


just forty yoars prior to this date
Fobruary 12), in response to call
for volunteers from the President Of
tho U. S. to fight tho Seminole In
dians, in :Florida, South Caroline
furnished 10 companies Of rs men
cnch. Old Fairfield, ut 'pi,blit
meeting, LIST February, rendered '12(
mcr. From this number it was 'sre
solved, in order to comply With the
requisite number, that nll tlio mar
'riel men should be excluded" Al
n subsequent mceting it was founG
that there were96 single ihNh (u,
narried) and every 1nan %na dcte ,
mined TO go; ahl they did go
They Were foccivtd By "a u. S
officer, and Fairfield was tho onl,
county i'll the State to whom 75
ra ions wcrc gN'on for 'S6 mcn
during, the campaign their supplies
were furnished III strict accordance
with U. S. Regulations the commi
sary (Jas. II. Aikon) exercised his
skill and discretion, 50 that nc
soldier could or did over complain.
or this number of volunteers (thc
original roll, VIC understand, is vet
preserved, there remain alive at the
present day, only 13 members,
whoso names NO annex: w. A.
NlcCi'oight, 1st 1t JAS. II, Aiken,
q. >. 7; Pr. Edward Gibson, DIR. II.
L. Robertson, B. II. Robertson,
David Cannack,, Jonathan Stanton,
Jesse Wyrick, n. 7. L,,mpkin, Wm.
Ellin, Thomas Sloan, Jahes Gibson,
benjamin Macon. If thore are any
M nc we would be gratiticd to pub.
lish their names.
The captain, Dcrrill Smith, who
was elected by the influence of the
'cdar Creek Rife Corps" WAS at the
;lmc engaged, AMI dill marry OH the
night before tl,s company left
Fairfield and he was brought home
Il corpse in May. 1886 OF those who
have married since, We have nothing
to Say, bit verify bclicvi their dcs-
cendai,ts are ready once more, like
their fathers, to volunteer at all times
i'll the cause Of what they believe to
be true, just and right. Tn this
company but ons soldier was killed.
bat many died Of disease contracted
in the Florida campaign. The dis
trict owes them u debt Of gratitude,
if nothing moro. Fairfield forever! ! !
Who will bo the last soldier of the
Florida war? Let the record be
e,.o"e' 'o7. .~,,,-~- RTDGEWAY.
The Fairfield herald. [volume] (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1849-1876, 1876-02-16
A Characteristic Dodge.

Wmttcmorc's scheme to divide
tho state into six circuits is intended
ns quiet method of getting rid of
Nlosos and Whippor. 1t will be
soon, by reference to o statement
gircn, III another column, of tho
new division, that tho counties at
present constituting tho circuits to
which Moses ana lihippr were
respectively chosen, arc to be SO
arranged rs to lcavo those worthios
entirely ont III the cold and, if our
Wow is correct, TO amul tho recent
judicial election. This scheme is
decidedly characteristic of White,
moro. a more inconsistent,
designing, barcfaccl, upprinciplod
trickster has certainly never figured
even III the broad field Of South
Carolina politics since recon.
struction. Expelled from congress
for selling n cadctshfp, ho was
collected by his unsuspcctine
dnrcs in his district; tho house
refusing to recognize him no re
turned to his homc (O in Darling
ton and was sent to tho state senate
wloro he now plays u very promi
ncnt part. This pltn to change
tho present arrangement of circuits
il u cowardly evasion of an issue
that NMttcmorc's party have forced
upon themselves, and only goes tc
prove the utterly unreliable charac
ter OF that portion of tho rodicn
pAr'y who brought al ont tho olcc
The Fairfield herald. [volume] (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1849-1876, 1876-02-16
tion of Moses and tWhipper.

ton of Moses and Whipper. Had
there been no clamor of Indignation
over their election, wo doubt not
that5Whittenore md his friends,
whether voting for them or not,
would soon have discovered that
they Mere eminently fitted for the
jSdges> crmino. BUTT 200 late
for this wriggling attempt on the
part of the radicals to evado or
modify the Sjust consequences Of
their Infamous course. Tho spirit
of tho ruling factioh'ih ~tlfo legisla-
turo found at onco it's index ind it's
uttcrnnce in tho choice of Wiggin,
Moses and Whippcr, and it is now
too lete to ovado tho just conse-
qucncos Of that action. Tho pro-
posed change fnny ihdoca appear u
very convenient method Of quietly
getting rid of Whppcr and Moses,
but this strikes liz as 'bcihg of only
secord diary Importance. That either
of thoso mon will over attempt to
sit OH tho bench in South Carolina.
or TINT such attempt would .bc
anything butt entirely abol'tivo, we
have never entertained any doubt.
There aro many peaceful means loft
to the people, tho prompt and
vigorous employment of which will
prevent ahy'such result.
Tho practical wolKing of the
changes contemplated in tho bill
strikes us as likely to bo far from
satisfactory. In tho proposed
Charleston circuit there arc in
cluded Charleston and 0rangeburg,
together with throe additional
counties. The present first circuit
is composed only of those two
counties, and it has heretofore re-
quircd hard work by the Judge to
keep tho dockots oven tolerably
clear Tlto enlargement of the
circuit to SO great a,1 extent as is
stated i'll the i,ew bill, would
occasion constant dolay atl cor
stnnt Inconvenience in tho admins.
tration of tho laws. Ti.;s obiccti on
lies with equal force against each Of
The now circuits-cxcopt, perhaps
tho southern, which is to contain
but four counties. The onsterr
circuit is to embrace six counties.
the middle five, tho western six
and tho northern six There is nc
economy contemplated in the
scheme, the aggregate amount to be
paid to tho six new judges being
just what is now received by eight. !
In all its aspects, this bill seems to
us to possess few, il any, features
to commend it to legislature more
dcslrous of promoting the public
welfare than Of cvrdinS m awkward
but richly dosorvcd dilemma. We
trust tho bill will bo sumlnarilv
killed. ''f".1 '"} -.
The Fairfield herald. [volume] (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1849-1876, 1876-02-16
JnuSS Gii' y ry.

The action nf Judge Nlackcy i'll tho
case Of .lnnc" Hill, j:icl for assault
and battery ut the recent term Of tin,
sessions court for Fairfield county
has attracted much notice and some
comment. 1t will be remembered
that tho jury having lcnlc.cI
verdict of g"ilfy contrary to the in
8 ructions Of the court, his Honcrs
aside the verdict and ordered noM
proScY"i to be cn'o cd in
tho case Leaving out
OF the question tho merits of Tins
particular case, tho action of the
Judge naturally presents some qucs-
tions as to the province of the court
under such circumstances.
Tho, constitution Of this state
prcscribes CART. w., s2G) thai
"Judgcs shall not charge jurirs III
respect to matters of fact, but may
state tho testimony and derlarc the
law" 1t will DO observed thnt the
first clause of this section is mandn
tory, while tho second is simply per
missivc--a circumstance going to
show that the trainers of tho new
constitution, while tlcsirous of fixing
as few limitations as possible to the
Judges exercise Of his own discretion
wore yet moro Il, on; to restrict his
instructions to matters Of luw. Tlis
il most reasonable and equitable
view. The most important difference
subslsting between II trial by jury
and ono by tho court, is that in the
latter the decision of persons
guilt or innocence rests solely with
ono individual, while in tho former
it can be established only by the
unanimous Judgment of twelve duly
sworn men. It's clear that It judg,
moyIowfully charge a jury rs to the
guilt or innocence Of person, and il
the jury is bonnd under oath to b,
governcdhy the law as cvpoundol hy
tho court, it follows that tn,
trial is by tho court, and not by tho
jury. Questions Of law should OF
course be determined by one who's,
duty 1T is mado to investigate thom
md who is responsible to rropc,
tribunal for his official action. Bu,
questions Of fact should be left en-
tirely to tho decision of tho Jury
Ifthc jury err, there is left to- tn,
injured party full romedy, by tn,
prompt use of which his rights mn,
be fully vindicatod'' A jury charged
byn presiding judge to render .
specified verdict, is placed probabl,
IN most awkward position, and Ger
tainly in a most anomalous ono Th,
jurors aro sworn to follow tho in
The Fairfield herald. [volume] (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1849-1876, 1876-02-16
Special Motto e5

FIRE ! "A destructive fro occurred at
Ninety six, s. c., Dccember 2lst, by
which four stores valued ut .S2V, 900 were
burned. The further spread of the con-
hagrration. with probable destruction of
tho whole town and d loss Of seveidl hun
dred thousand dollars worth Of property
and many lives, were prevented by tie
arrival Of q Great American Fire ,Extin-
gaclsher, an Agent happening to como in
town at tho nick of timo. For full particu-
lars, see tho Abbcviflo Medium and Now
berry Herald of tho following week.
MIR. p. p. Tonle Of Charleston, S. c., is
the General Southern Agent for the Great
American Fire Extinguisher, and will
answer I'LL inquiries In regard to the same
The Fairfield herald. [volume] (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1849-1876, 1876-02-16
0 gan Zat'oh.

Within the p st two mon ms there
has been scarcely any theme moro
generally and more frequently dis
cu&scd than that of tho org,,nizn
tion of the democratic party OF
South Carullna> Tie necessity fo,
such an organization being admitted.
and the organization lavin9 beer
already determined upon by the
proper authorities, the only question
at present remaining for the con
sidcrati"n Of The people is as to its
character. With no possible desire
to dictate tn those TO whom thi.
important work has been committed
we procccl to make few s,lygcs-
tions as to the character Of the
organization. The following
features seem to lis absolutely
essential to oven II slight measure
of success
In the first place, The organiza
ton should be comprehensive. II
IS useless to deny or to ignore the
fact that at No timo since the wal
have tho demuCrats.--or conScrya
tivcs--Of this state shown their real
strength ut the polls. In 1868, tho
first time at whichanycf cffortappcmcd
either necessary or feasible, there
WAS rather II fair Democratic vote
pollcd, but there were many, very
many, who took no part il: tho
olcction1 That this has brcn tho
case in all state election, since that
time, We need not stop to show
In 1874 there wns u fair cOnscrva
tive vote east, yet there were man,
counties in which there was by II,
means general turnout. III
Grconvillo county, for example,
from which il Was expected that
kcrShaw would receive a very heavy
majority over Wallace, there was
one Of but IL few hundred. II ma,
bo that Wallace divided with kcr
shaw the conservative vote to sucl
m extent oa to pro,hl"c this result
but this is scarcely probable. Tho
true solution is to be found in In,
Mck OF proper organization among
the conservatives ana Il CONSEQUENT
lack of active interest in tho cicc
doh a most striking example O
the importance of embracing in ,
party organization crc!,y availabl,
man, vas furnished in tho n,rmicipa
election in Charleston in 1863
The majority of Pillsbury, tho radi
cal nominee, over Lesosnc, tn,
democratic, was but cightccn yotcs
And it can be proven beyond cavi
that thoro wore moro than doubl,
The Fairfield herald. [volume] (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1849-1876, 1876-02-16

strnctions of the judge, and sworn
with equal solemnity to give true
verdict according TO the evidence.
If, therefore, thero should happen to
DO upon the jury ono man whose
honest Judgment of case in hand
is at variance with that of tho Judge,
. very serious question arises as to
his first duty--whother to tho con
or to his conscience. 1t never hnr-
pens, indeed, that &iudgo instructs
jury to find IN accused party gull
ty: such course would bring down
upon the judge SO acting the con
dcmnation Of ovory scnsible i,orson,
and excite general alarm fnr the
liberty of the citizen and for tho
sacrc'lncss of the right of trial by
jury. But the principle involved is
just as much Violate when iury is
instructodHo acquit for the state
has rights fully as worthy of pre-
toctlon rs those Of the individual
and lfn jury una;lvisc,liy acuuit, an
INJURY is done which is quito rs great
as that which 'f"lltws M improper
conviction TIic law gives the uc
cr''d tho benefit ofcycry doubt, and
herein lies tho only advantage u per-
son on trial should have over the
state as prosecntor Viewod in all
It's bearings, tic course of Judge in
instructing asif,rw imrcrativc,y rs to
their verdict is Il very dangerous one.
n1d Il constant resort Ia it would
very naturally evoke commont an
oalse dissatisfaction.
AS for tho action of il, lHa Mackey
in theEHill case, his rolt*sc of the
accused mattcrcl not seriously.
The man had already been in iail for
moro than sixty days, and h,d there
fore suffered quito enough Tor TIL,
act of which tho jury fo;nd him
guilty an |. had he been scntnn"cl
his punishment might properly hav,
been merely nominal. His case was
ono in which there WAS ~ positive
contrnriety of opinion between the
Judge ANIL the jury. II is also pro
per for III, IT, add t'at wo know E.
no other case. where Judge Mlckcv
h"s suGgcstoI u verdict of acu,littaI.
in which the jury worll have con
victcd. Ii Hctobcr last, at York
vile, negro wu.: trici for the killing
OF u white man, and III Jun,lary
white m II for the killing # II negro
III each Of which eases The irdgc
instructed tho jury to acpuit. So l.
tho case of Mr.. Kc;rhin, OF NY:nns,
bo"o, recently tricl for assault and
hattcry-tho jury wore instructed
t lat they wcuI be justified in
acqmttlng. In n0Ec Of '',csc case.
woul the L have II Ito !. But
the practice of 'NStrActny ilrics
dangerous il it cl, hnl that t;tr,
cannot be removed or pailiatcl by
showing tlat it has been without
l>'"'''.... ;,J,,,s, -, ,>.,i:....1"..
The Fairfield herald. [volume] (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1849-1876, 1876-02-16

A'hn bill to rcduco salaries has
passed tho senate, md it is believed
%'l] readily meet the approval of
the house and of the governor.
Thc bill contains many excellent
features, but nevertheless many
absurd onos. The Columbia
|"i"" Xerald worry sonsibly says ::
What sonso is thore in paying the
Acknowledgements as much us the
ronrtrollcr- general ? What Justice
Is there i'll giving tho ndjutant
general u compensation equal to
chat Of the state treasurer ?" Their,
ere equally Glaring Inconsistencies
in the salaries prescribed for the
clerks in the several state officers
the bo"k-kcoper Of tho comptroller
general and OF the treasurer re
r"ivlnS but tho same pay as that Of
the acknowledgement in whose Office
there is actually no work to do,
ind whose clerk, therefore, is
scarcely moro Than tiglrc.hcad.
The mistako made by the senate is
in not making IL rigid and impartial
examination into tho entire system
o paying state officers. Aftor sucl,
an enquiry, they would have bcon
able to pass intclligcntly upon the
whole subject of salaries and tc
frame II bill much moro abundant
in Justice md common sense thar
is that which they have just enacted
The Fairfield herald. [volume] (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1849-1876, 1876-02-16

expect to sink every day deeper and
deeper into al abyss of embarrass
mont, disaster and despair, from
which no power on enrth will be
able'to rescue them.
The Fairfield herald. [volume] (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1849-1876, 1876-02-16
FAIRFIELD" HERALD
NN l,.MM N sSH OR q.
.;JNC. $, REYNOLDS, Editor.
"Wednesday Morning. Ftbruaty 9, 1876

"
The iccent decision of the state
supreme court, in which it is held
thM trial Justices havo exclusive
jurisdiction in oil leases Of petit
Inrccny, is calculatcd|to accomplish
much good. Ever since 1868, the
Hockcts Of the several circuit courts
'havo been encumbored with insig-
niicant criminal cases which should
have no place there. Tho trial of
such cases in a higher court defeats
the very purpose for which inferior
courts are institutcd-that Of relicv
ing tho former of business of an rln
important nature, and ut tho same
Internationally diminishing tho cost
incurred, by tho state Or by private
parties, in tho disposal of such mat
tcrs. The decision is backed by
"oty strong opinion by the chief jus
,Icc, and both tho associates concur
We may hereafter look for greatly
1ncroasel expedition in tho trnnsac
ton Of business IN tho circuit
courts.
The Fairfield herald. [volume] (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1849-1876, 1876-02-16

Bal toms Universal Seed plontoI


a Tn regular communication os ,,;,
r1Mn'rpcn IL. "a Grange, Patrons of II, sbnnd :
H., ~ NO ,o11 ~ St"tc of sonth Carolina, held
rm,y roa3 ,,i"n, ,nm, tno @ following preamble mud
teS2 ie:$ n'lohs were offered by Brothry n M
Miller, and unanimously aitbi@1a':: u "
,.n mtrluns, mno, we me Members of Middio.
"s" "soa v"sS II s r%ntG7Ihh" \" Tx hh"vinK oao Of "s
Planter and believing it to hnyo t,rn;d J,",'
,nl'r. tul't"''oh second to mono, and further.
,%ItI' n11 ,hnt ttfhoyins that it fully "ccomriishes
nach;nn ms % - ,Ean ol,.'mGd for it Ms hhor-sayinr
a., M,cSolvGd' 1t, that we heartily c,idorso il oa
,nrn,ln s"on, ana recommend it to tho pIantors t. re-
thronRhont the Southern States, l'''''''"
i, luton be Published in rho Srws S',~ ioH' o",
i',,Ir, ~" nis, ION Of theScil and Rural Cnroiin.
III Ln' ~ Hts1 Is n cons of the simc be furnishs'1
L" > l,nrtoh, the pa!cntcc. ava '''"'''
+ ii GTAMLIG, Sccrctnrv
ian On ,xo, k T. ELLISON. ST Agent
.-:-.--,.,..'.s''l ', 'A~l Winhsboro. S G.
The Cairo bulletin. [volume] (Cairo, Ill.) 1872-1878, 1876-02-03
A SPECIALITY.


The BuLIrriN printing
M<~r.'"Hll'hmcn' makes 4"
speciality of Bin Heals.
Note IIca,ls, Letter Heads.
statements, ,arl. tie. Lock at these prices:
small size hill head.. per Ia, ~ .........."sI 80
Medium size hin hcSds, per thousand........, . 80
All on fourteen pound paper, carlisle mills,
rated two cents per pound higher THAN paper
used ~, any other Office ruled ~ "nltr st The
mill, especially for This office.
Statements. 'ariy,lc PC, i'"................sj ~
Letter Head, ,irly.lc, pet l"H ........... -
Note Heads. Carly-lc, per l'Fu ..... = no
Visiting carls ger packagc 'c
Bushes carts, NJ. j-rly Bristol board,
yer - ~ IL 10
Business car,i., M blink, per l"rl....... j ~
puNrtcr-shcci, half~hcti, tull-shc AMI three
-lrct poster, anl culuIcl work below - ioui,
prices.
Pamphlet, Book Work and Price I.i-is made
= ,l,cclal,y
The Cairo bulletin. [volume] (Cairo, Ill.) 1872-1878, 1876-02-03
CAIRO.
ILLINOIS.

The Trustees of the Cairo City
Property ,lcsrc 10 call public attention
to the merits of their property, comprls-
ing n considcrablt portion OF the City Of
Cairo. In Alcxaudrr County, In the State
Of Illinois. aud Lnds immediately ada
cent thereto.