, 1876-05-12
cchoo1 of Rousseau and the
manchester School to Be SUI
perscded by the Ger
mau Historical
School.
r.,tGoyernment in Town and Country
-Unprofessionalizing the F.
Public Service.


Dsp.r,;mentary proceedings, both in Reichstagg
n,I ,r3tae. ciyc much aid to the full co1npre-
tsnz;on , of The real tendency Of things,-of the
~, .,o,1 national life is driving at It is only
'1.ar the nerusM Of iuau1nerable pamphlets and
s.sI.e after hearing numerous lectures By
AN-..,,on+ Professors aud other eminent men,
ts.. thc seeming chaos dissolycs itself into
ro1,ctb;ne like order, or, at least, or
se- II hattie. For battlc there is be-
.s.,on .ntaronistic sets Of principles, the issue
aT1 ~ rrh;ch 3 OF grand import not to Germany
:, .,,na 1do not refer to the Culturkampf."
rhat forms mere episode in the standing cam
1.;,, ,,etv,cen Science and those forms of re-
F1iors he1iefs which have outliycd themselves.
,Ny subject is, this time, the
nIp ASTAGoS1sM BETWEEN STATE AND soc1Erf,
and ,hc rev and remarkable attempt at its So
tu;ion in rrussia-Gcrmany. Ihe theoretical
foundations Of the edidcc nov going quickly up
rand were laid years ago especially by Prof.
cnc;.t in his works on Government and Al-
n,;nist ration f::Rechtsstaat y, all based on
uost luxurious researches into the origin and
5fy.lopneut OF English institutions. But, before
sncist and his co-wor&crs, NC have the historical
school Of writer's and statesmen, founded BY
Slcbuhr aud Sayigny, continued by Dahlman
md Geryinns, and at the present time in pos
,ession of most of the Chairs Of German Uni
,ersjtics: We find this school placing itself in
,onostiou to the then general views on State
md socicty, their origin dating back to Rousseau
md the French Revolution Of 80. The State is
dcined by Rousseau as the mere sum OF fndiyid
ua1s liyi,1lr in it; Society and State cover each
5tbcr, or, father. the former is absorbed by the
latter. Ill citizens arc to have equal rights;
the general wll Ga yolante gencralee-in fact,
fhc {possibly tyrannicaD will Of the numerical
maiority-is 10 be the supreme Law, not onlr in
regard 10 State affairs proper, but {aceording to
The definition Of Statc} to all affairs. The State
was to be I'll, the individual nothing This
theory WAS translated into practical Govern
ment By the men Of the Convention. France
the nsiion was chdnsea from an organic to 4
mechanical one, An all-powecfn1 Bureaucracy
performed in reslity all functions OF political and
administrative nature; i became, in fact. the
government. The absorption Of all national forces
into the hands Of professional caste OF officials
Eas bten
TIE CURSE OF MODERN FRASCE,
Just the cnrse Of the Gnltea States has been The
prsctca ABSORPTION OF all political action by the
professional politicians OF both the great parties-
For both cases, the problem has been how to clan-
cpate the citizens from the oppressive yoke OF the
nieions consequence Of this omu{potcnt $tate-vfew
has been Communism. The State being all and
everything. the solution Of all possible problems
nj Government Of Frederick the Grsat Ut Prussia
appears intensified under q democratic serm.
IN opposition to this view. the Manchester school
!and partly even John stuart Mllt puts an excess.
Ire accent OH Society. and negatives the state as
much possible. The State appears to the lalssez-
ll,er doctrine at modern Political Economy more
.nccessa-y evil. to be abated a as much as posslele
lnha.npered TO perform its miracles BY way OF fse:
tssocations; yelrntaryism is to take the place &
the old The snted Statss
+ fal enactment and development
than in older a,9sa eonntrieH i,, dIsrte s
he consequence. The power Of great interests
(msnu.aetnres, rai.oads- etc. will rule the Lsgls-
iatnre: partvism Will prevail over the considerations
of general welfare, Of which even the phrase Will
ty and by, entirely vanish. The history Of France
furnishes the most efficient weapon for the arsu-
Ecnts against and the condemnation OF the theory
above mentioned, upon which its ADMINISTRATION
hiss bern based under the Republican as well as
under the Cssnristic form Of government. No
where has the people done Us much voting: made 80
many revolutions; nowhere has there oeen snch
endless talk OF cuua rights; and nowhere, too has
there been
so LITTLE FREEDOM AND sELF-GoyERfNEST,
Liberty had buta negative meaning: its positive
side never cane into consciousness We hear great
deal alwass about rehts but little OF the al -impor-
tant duties corresponding and correlativc to them
The historical German school endeaFors to con-
C4u1LG Inc ceQtfIuE21 10rCES VI u1JGCIA SUI4EkJ@
to dissolve the nations into antagonist
&c classesanl the centipctal forces OF the STATE,
By meaRs Of political and administrative 'nst1tu-
tions, by which each citizen is called upon yes,
to perform his share n the exercise OF
public functions, by which eaca citizen becomes
governing as we'll as governed This general pub
lie service ands its prototype IN the ANCIENT Ger-
cal INIT Of the old tribal life Of Germany. At the
same time when England. that, by tue preseF'a,,
ton Of thnse old institutions, remained Tree and
shows some iutiuatioa OF leaving its local self.
and Of placing Important branches OF
administration into the hands ola paid bureaucracy
GERMANY is occnriea ith tasasn il former self
government principles and If trying to bring about
a. compromise by which the professional knowlcdsc
oi bureaucracy and the invaluable initiative OF the
c!ilzen are blended into one by which new cement
1niou State and Society. The dangers and difficult
ties Of such IN undertaking arc numerous. nor arc
they overlooked or uuddcshmated- futy years
have elapeed since the |
FIRST STONE OF sELF-GovERSMEsT
{toun city, was laid By Stein in his Municipal
Corporation act Of 1895. The country outside of
s.hai lSa e the the y Tie
bureaucratic State in The ''circle" {@Tasl Or
county, and, as 70. the share OF the subjects in
sat and sdninistlatlo9 Of c gsnerat
one, II any. 1S4S made Germany constitutional
according to the French pattern' PaT!'amentar1nm
Sas everywhere snpcrposed on the ola outcaucsaegi
date between conu,oner township, city, and
nanor) and the General Government being want
lng., Parlismeatarism WAS literally hanging
IN the air and all attempts at giving il power,
1t making it tic real ruler, have as yet been In !
F2In Bureaucracy rctaincditshod- and its monopoly
q furnishing ths Cabinet Ministers out Of it's ranka
Etitutional Monarchy, in he accepted English or !
ffcnch sense Of the word Prussian Ministers aFe
rot The representatives. Tor at:nts) Of the party IN
In