davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Illinois Staats-zeitung., 1876-05-01
16. RapiteI.
GtetS nh beHauoig.

Gs frat cine augenbltd[tbe Baule elm
Beioe ftanoen 6a unb bltGten it6 poains
@eit6t. Damn fpra9 Sioonte:
81 OIILn~k on
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12
NEW SERIES--V0L. II, NO. 2.

new nation. When the turks were told
that the frigate came from the country
discovered by Columbus, they sent on
board bunch of flowers and lamp
the one meaning welcome and tho
other friendship.
In 1914 Congress voted to make u
collection of the flags which had been
captured by our armies and fleets, and
they are now preserved in the flag
room at Washington, and in the gun
ncry room at Annapolis; but the col
lection is very incomplete, as for many
years no care had been taken TO gather
and preserve these trophies, and the
hiding place of many of them is not
even known.
1t is not necessary for us to cnumer.
ate all the victories the flag has won
and .vicissitudes il has undergone
during the long period of our history,
for they are known 70 every reader,
IL is mover idle. New stars are con
tinually added TO its cluster, and fresh
achievements shed lustrc upon its folds.
1t is now marching on to glorious con
quests of peace. Alaska is under its
dominion ii waves over new posses.
sions in the Pacific, two-thirds Of the
way to Japan Stanley is to-day bear.
ing il into the depths Of Africa, where
never yet has the foot Of white man
trod while its latest acquisitions at
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12
ORIGIN OF THE TERM BROTH
ER JONI THIN.

The story of the origin Of the above
term, as related many years ago, TO
the editor of the Norwich Courier, by a
gentleman over eighty years of age,
who was an active participator in the
scenes of the Revolution, is as follows
When General Washington, after be-
ing appointed commander OF the army
Of the Revolutionary War, came 10
Massachusetts TO organize IL and make
preparations for the defense of the
country, he found a great want of am.
munition and other means necessary
to meet the powerful foe he had to con-
tend with, and great difficulty to OBJ
tain them. II attacked in such condi-
ton, the cause at once might be hope
less On one occasion, at that anxious
period, q consultation Of the officers
and others was held, when il seemed no
way could be devised 20 make such
preparation as was necessary. His
Excellency, Jonathan Trumbull, the
elder, was then Governor Of the State
of Connecticut, on whose Judgment and
aid the General placed the greatest re-
lance, and remarked, ave must con.
suit Brother Jonathan on the subject"
The General did so, and the Governor
was successful in supplying many Of
the wants of the army, When Difficult
ties afterward arose, and the army was
spcad over the country, il became
by-word, awe consult Brother Jona-
than" The term Yankee is still ap-
piled to portion, but "Brother Jona-
than" has now become designation
of the whole country, as John Bull has
for England.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12
THEME FOR EDUCA TORS.


Lord Bacon, who was such prodigy
of wisdom that he has Narrowly es-
capped having the works Of Shakes
pearc added TO his honors, shrcwdly
said of books that some "are to be
tasted, Others TO be swallowed, and
some few TO be chcwed and digested." :"
This is one Of those concise truths,
however, to which every sensible per-
son coniesses without understanding
at all how TO apply them. II Bacon
had written some toad stools are to
be tasted, etc. he could not have been
less helpful, since it does not add 70
anybody's comfort simply to be told
that some things are polsons and others
dainties. In such dilemma the
chances, we should think, would be IN
favor of. ultimate starvatlon--oi the
body or the BRAN, according TO thc
character Oh the iood thns cinsseu' ~
is phdt books are to be tasted swal-
lowed on chewcd ana dlgestcd that
every reader needs most TO Know, ana
It IS the diliiculty oil acquiring TINS IN
formation that constantly harnesses nm
The libraries, with their en'angiilng
catalogues, simply deepen his perpiex-
ity; the encyelop@dias content them
selves with discriminating between the
initial letters OF authors names the
path which you are most hKeiy 10
tread will prove Disappointing circle.
Should the searehers quest be only TO-
wards the profitable IN literature, 1t
will, perhaps, be possible Tor him TO
stumble upon an answer; II his hunger
IS for science or art, the chance oil dls-
covering exactly suitable 1000 VIII DC
a far smaller one. we could imagine,
Tor instance, that without good guide
one might DC occupied lifetime with
the Yesterday oil science, unable TO
penetrate lts maze oil errors 10 'he
truths OF It's Today anddoomed 70
the condition OF ropes "pookiui DOCK :
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12
OUR WAY WITH THISTLES.

A correspondent writes abe SO
kind as TO inform brother editor how
Canada thistles may be exterminated.
This thistle was introduced in this
neighborhood during the war between
the sections, by feeding Northern hay
as provender to Union cavalry. 1t is
q spreading pest that VIC cannot man
age.-John ". Fnks, Warrington, Fdu-
qfier county, Virginia.
We are almost ashamed TO say how
we kill Canada thistles. The method
is so simple that our correspondent will
feel as if we were telling him nothing
new and possibly be almost angry
with us for not parading some patent
nostrum. When the leprous king was
told by the prophet of God to bathe
seven times in the river Jordan, he
was offended because it was such a
little thing, and yet that was the only
way for cure. To kill thistles, all
that is necessary is to keep the sprouts
from getting above the surface of the
ground three or four months in the
growing season. Only this and moth
ing more. Deep culture is not neces-
sary. Anything which will cut of
every sprout as soon as ii appears
above the surface viii answer. lfpos-
sible, cultivate before the thistles ap-
pear, cutting off the sprouts beneath
the surface. 1t does even more good
than waiting to have the miserable
satisfaction (2) Of seeing your enemy.
There is no need Of beginning next
season until the thistles are nearly in
blossom. Then turn them well under
with a good plow and afterwards culti-
vate thoroughly on top. Give them
no breathing place. A thistle which
cannot get above the ground dies just
as a man would die with his head
under water, only unfortunately, not
so soon. Either man or thistle would
live indefinitely, with frequent chances
to breathe. If there are largo stones
or stumps in the field the thistles
around them must be vigorously kept
down with hoe. Be sure and do all
the work in one season. Ii takes q
great deal less work TO kill this
ties in one season than in two. As for
taking three or more seasons, that is
not killing thistles at all--only cult
waiting them.-Neio York Rural
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12
AN ACT THAT SHOULD Bi
PASSED.

One OF tho early duties Of Congress
which has just been convened, should
be TO pass an act substantially like the
following;
"Be u Enacted by The Senate aud House VI Rep.
rs.eniahte. ~ Congress assemtfsd, That from and
after the passage Of this act II shall be unlawfu
for females or children 10 reside In our national
vessels voyage from port TO port 10 said vessels
and every officer or other person IN the naval
service who shall violate tho provisions Of this
act shall suffer dismissal from the navy OF The
coast survey service, or, In the ease OF naval
officers, such other punishment asa court martial
shall adjudgc.
Prorided, hoaersr, That this act shall not ex.
tend 10 tho families Of Ministers plenipotentary,
W other diplomatic officers who may be required
by their Instructions to proceed 10 their destina.
tion In -iessels Of war, nor TO persons rescued
from shipwrcck OF In distress and unable to pro-
cecd by any other mode Of conveyance
Under the administration Of thc
navy by Sccor Rooeson an immense
and dangerous abuse has grown up
which requires prompt aud radical cor
rection, and the statute proposed
above is designed to accomplish that
end,
This abuse consists in the conversion
of naval vessels into family residences
and boarding houses for the wives and
children OF officers. We are informed
that the list of vessels so employed in
cludes the Benicia, Colorado, Congress,
Frolic, Jamestown, Independence, Min
nesota, Michigan, Monongahela, New
Hampshire, Ohio Omaha, Sabine, 81.
Mary's, Tallapoosa, Tennessee, and
others; and that all the steamers of
the coast survey are similarly used.
Some other abuses which have
marked Secor Robesons career at the
head Of tho navy are Of grosser
nature, and require more radical treat.
mcnt Though almost innumerable in
form, but identical in nature, these
abuses may be described under the
general title of stealing and the House
Of Representatives should explore them
without mercy. But Robeson's con-
version of national ships into floating
lodging houses and nurseries needs no
special investigation, and may be rem
edied on general principles by such an
act as we propose.--Neo York Sun.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12


CHINESE MISUNDERSTANDING
to the San Francisco Bulletin the Chin
csc immigration, commencing in 1862
with an influx of over FIVE thousand
Celestials in that year, gives for thir-
teen years q total of 1904, Of which
less than five thousand are females.
The greatest immigration in any ore
year was 10, ,3Gs in 1872. OF these 500
were women. And this disproportion
Of the sexes gives a key to the whole
subject. The domestic life of the Ori-
entails has never come here. The
whole movement is little more than q
mere laborapprcnticcship, every China
man keeping his purpose Of ultimate
return TO his native land steady in
mind, and whether living. or dead he
goes back, unless his life is failure.
The small influx Of Chinese women
represents the rcprossivc force that has
been very effectively maintained since
the discovery that they were brought
here only for the bascst purposes on
speculation. The Oriental does not
intend to make q homs an this country,
and win never assimilatc himself with
our institutions. Unlike any other
foreign element that seeks our shores
they come in light marching order as
harvcsters of their own small sorluncs
and retire or hope 10 retire when theiI
putnoac Ia attained. And tho lnnae al
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12
NAPOLEON AND THE STONE
CUTTER.


Napoleon, when in the height OF his
power, being once at Amiens, whilst
traversing the square, in the midst Of
the acclamations Of the inhabitants who
had assembled around him, cast his
eyes upon the multitude, and perceived,
in one OF the corners Of the square, q
stono.cutter who had not been induced
to quit his work by the curiosity which
animated the crowd by whom he was
surrounded. Tho indifference of this
man excited the curiosity Of Napoleon.
He wished TO know something about
him; and, passing through the crowd,
urged on his horse until he arrived
close to him. "What are you doing
there p said Napoleon. The workman
raised his eyes, and recognized the
Emperor 81 am cutting stone" "You
have served under me-" quickly OBJ
served the Emperor, who recognized
an old soldier, alt is true, sire" "You
were present at the campaign at Egypt
You were brigadicr in such q
corps ?" ayes, sire" "Why have you
quilted the service2' "Becauso | had
completed my time, and obtained my
discharge" 81 am sorry for il; you
were a brave mani shall be happy
TO do for you any thing in my power
say, what do you require from me p
"That your Majesty will leave me cut
my stone in quiet my work sufiices
me; am in want of nothing" This
fact brings TO mind the interview OF
Diogones with Alexander; but the
modest pride of the Greek philosopher
was not equal TO the reply of the stone
cutter
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12

QuARRELING.--lf anything in the
world will make n man feel badly, it is
unquestionably a quarrel. No man
ever fails TO think less of himself after
than before. 1t dcgrades him in his
own eyes, and disgraccs him in the
eyes OF others, and, what is worse,
blunts the sensibilities on the one hand,
and increases the power of passionate
irritability on the other. The truth is,
the more peacefully and quietly we
get ON, the better for our noighbors
and for ourselves. In nine cases out
of ten, the better course is, if man
cheats you, cease 20 deal with him; II
he is abusive, quit his company and
if he ISLANDERS you, take care TO live so
that nobody will believe him. No
matter who he is or how he misuses
you, the wisost way Is TO let him alone;
for there is nothing better than this
cool, calm, and quiet way of dealing
with the wrongs we meet with. Lies
unchascd, will die fires Unframed, will
burn out, aud quarrcls neglected, be.
come as dull as the orator of an extinct
volcano.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12

A WONDERFUL OLD MAS.-Happy
Sylvester Shaw, Of Russellville, Brown
county, Ohio On Tuesday he celc-
brated his scvcnty-ffth birthday in
company with his twcnty-onc children.
Alter dinner he took them out TO the
mud road in front of the house, and
the old man left them all in q scrub
race of hundred yards. Tho old man
then showed his family what boys
could do when he was young. lie
then jumped nine rail fence without
touching his hands, climbed n branc
Of the apple tree nineteen times, climbed
TO the top Of the wellpole hand over
hand, threw bull CALF over the house
and ripped the back scam of his pants
in the effort and told the old woman
IF she didn't fix 'om aforc mornin'
he'd knock the socks OIL Of hcrr'-
Hale old Sylvester Shaw Long live
the oldest inhabitant.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12
TEA ACHERS' INSTITUTE


report Of the proceedings of the lnsti-
tute, but the proper officers having
failed to furnish us with copy we pre-
sent this brief report, handed us by
the County Superintendent.
The Clcarfeld County Teachers In
sttute for the school year 1875 con
vened in Pics Opera House, Clearfeld,
Pa, on Monday, Dec. 9th, at ] O'Clock,
p. NJ, and continued its sessions until
Friday noon, Dec. 3lst.
During its meetings 13l teachers
and 32 directors wore present. The
different sessions were better attended
by teachers and citizens than any pre-
vious Institute The teachers came
well prepared in their work and la
bored earnestly during the entire In
stitute. and il is with great pleasure
that | state that by their well prepared
work and the friendly manner in
which they met together, it was made
the most successful Institute held dur
ing my term of Office, and only regret
that we have yet over sixty teachers
who could not be present.
As the minutes Of the different ses-
sions would prove interesting to but
very few, publish only the resolutions
adopted at the last session. The In
stitute proceedings should be published
in pamphlet form, but the scarcity Of
funds this year would not permit us to
attempt it.
RESOLUTIONS.
The committee on resolutions, con
sisting gofG. W. Marsden, w f. Shannon
and y. N. Root, reported the following
Resolved, That we heartily endorse
the methods Of instruction us presented
by certain teachers of this Institute on
phonetic spelling, mental and written
arithmetic, geography, grammar phys
ical geography, drawing and history
Resolred, That we commend those
teachers who so well acquitted them
selves on the subjects for consideration,
thus showing their enthusiasm in the
work and the diligent nerin which
they have prepared their work and
we endorse the views on the General
Lesson system especially.
pesoJ,s5 That wc deen as unwise
:, our ;ndgmcnt tbc ALLOWING Of fine
70 toacRcrs Gov visi,inc schools in their
respective districts.
hssolue1, , ln'sI We ~ ue''eNe ., ina' sisa' ~.
goou |ou,u ,I resIi' ''o'" 'V''"''' ''''
ing o'ner sonVois' ..
Hesolpcd, Ihat we recommend Vhe
conducting OF the literary exercises oil
Friday afternoon IN the form oi inter-
airy society
Resolrcd, That we look upon the
course Of school directors in lowering
the wages of teachers as unwisei be-
cause it drives good teachers from the
profession, and thus does inestimablc
harm TO the progress Of school work
and advancement of the profession.
Resoircd, That when school rooms
are granted for public meetings, there
should be an article of agreement be-
tween the directors and persons secur-
ing the use of the house, by which the
directors should hold the parties re.
sponsiblc for the school property, and
also for keeping the room clean or
having tproperly cleaned before school
is again taught in il
Resolred, That school visitations
should be encouraged, especially those
of directors, and the aim of the teacher
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12

Bishop Haven's letter has not helped
him much. The Hartford Posts com.
ment is fair sample oil the estimate
put upon the explanation by tho press;
Bishop Haven has not improved his
position by his attempted explanation
Of his third term cscapade, lie bcgs
the question in saying that be did not
rcnominatc President Grant, but mere.
ly prayed that he might be. This is
too small a hole for Bishop to try to
crawl through"
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12

'''ss'''' ~ fss''F' fv"Fs"Vv VT
The following is a general summary
IF the receipts and payments during

Grand toial.......s7,ssa,eso O. s7.ss4,Sse o.
From the previous reports cs the
Auditor General we compile the follow
ing statement Of the ordinary receipts
Of the State Treasury since the fiscal
year 1866, INCLUSIVE: gl9ll har 'l0aa
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12

The venango Spectator says There
used 10 be some talk occasionally about
rarson Newman, Grants chaplain, but
Bishop Haven has knocked bin higher
than n kite.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12
;. JESUS or NAzsaerw pAssrvH sv."


4. ....i..4 --a,.s..sa al "
What means this oager, anxious throng sa
Passing our busy streets along, 10
Those wondrous gatherings day BY day
Voices, In accants hushed, reply, ~. .'al.r
"Jssus Of Nazareth passeth by y. r,
\. 'l..' :. f N,
Zen children feel the potent spell, ~.
And haste their new found joy 10 tell 4,
In crowds they to the place repair ...I
Hosannas minrlc with the cry.
"Jesus of NAZARETH pnrseth ~ 4" Ilit.l iN T
-''I ,'.-0- I i 1'~lNlDl ...sit 3.
Who Is this Jesus Why should lie
The city move so mightilyy
A passing stranger, has He skill lli &
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12
MITCHELL WAGONS
The Best is the Cheapest!

Thomas Reilly has received another large lot Of
Mitchell Wagons" which are among the very
best manufactured, and which he will sell at the
most reasonable rates. His stock includes almost
all descriptions Of wagonf-largeand small, vide
and narrow track Call ant see them.
aprs'74 THOMAS REILLY.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12

The remaining s35, 900, 900 being dis
tributed between seventeen other de-
nominations. Washington Special.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12

Grand Observation-Disclosures. ,5Si,65o 81
The following is a summary Of the
payments made at the State Treasury
from December ], 1874, to November
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12

II they want to pull EN- back all
the men in the land can't stop en-.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12
HOLD The FORT.

HOLD IHt FONT.
As SUNG ny NM. sAssEY.
llo my comrades, see the signal
Waving In the sky
Reinforcements now appearing,
Victory is nigh
CHORUS.
"IIold the fort, for am coming"
Jesus signals stills
Wave the answer back to heaven,
"By thy grace we will"
See the mighty host advancing,
Satan leading onj
Mighty men around US falling,
Courage almost gone.
CHORUS.
"Hold the fort" &c.
See the glorious banner waving
Hear the bugle blow
In our Leaders name well triumph
Over every foe.
CHORUS.
"IIold the fort" &c.
Fierce and long the battle RACES,
But our help Is near
Onward comes our Great Commander,
Cheer, my comrades, cheer
CHORUS.
"Hold the fort" &c.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AUDITOR GEN
--ERAL
The following IS Il summary Of th,
receipts at the State Treasury from
December /, 1874, to November 80
1Q7h innlnniro
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-01-12
Cards.
jOHN D. THOMPSON,

Justice Of the Peace and scrivener'
Curwensviiie, Pa.
eA- Collections made and money promptly
paid over. '.... z y 'so11''"
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-10-19

SUPREME COURT-CHAMBERs.- Nos. pd. l05,
1906 lO7 III 100 l4l lig los, 100, l57 100 no l73
lss l7S, lgl, 1914 Assessment Ca endar IN Ia ll2
ll3 IA li5 ltd li lAp, l50 l5l, ~, 1913 l55 100
1877 1873, l5a 100 loi 1872 1853 1874 1875, 100 1877 los
lGg.
suPRYNR Court GENERAL TERM ipd lps
20a 2O7, COS en- go 2li. 2l2 l65 lol l7b 1850, 2Oo
1872 13s, 1884, pa 2l5. 21d.
SUPREME CouRI--PKoIAL TRRh-Law and Pact
kO- nS 49, 36l bgl lac, 33i, 40 822, 47l i7l a7p
4S7 4pi 4pp b77 5O2, h04 BOD SEQ b2l. a2l $40 $50
81. b4a big Dol Sl5, 55s, bsl, ass. 5oi, III 900
90 GA 81 6ls O2le, 622 62d d2S go. GJl, G32 ga
0i5 $40
SUPREME CoURT-CIRcUtT Part Noe. en-. 1919,
1u5l 1862 1877, 1917 2udl, 309 lblpe a3il ~ lM,
2Ull 2Nj l6ll en- 1888 giu7. 1723t ~ ~ 1870 1850
ltH5 igj7 1888. 1883 1898 2O27, 29a 2ll5, Part II.
Nur. s7S 1882 lf1ih 2is2 l2!S, a3l0 lals l2s2 l12
2SiS 2Sbt 1852. Oi6p9 p5ilu pjhle .opd ssAt S'iNS
St,ls 1898 5li 2iS, 1874, lS2l, 2tH = r. Ill. Ms.
174ii. lHls 2pbS as B57, 3d 7d5, l5ipte. III hpl
on y RlN3 Hl3. lA25ie 22Ob, 3ld3, ln7 .lhS 500
SUPERIOR CuuRI-sFkolAL IKKA Issues VI f"ct
lIsr D.. 10 80
SUPERIOR CouRr-TRIAL TERM-Part I.-Nos; q, Esq
2lN $40, i-5 3O5 2b3 2uI 81. 2di ISL ,,'@ d'i ~
CuMaoN PLtAs lRfAL lfRN narl ~ So n,;'
(oaMoy I'If.s EQUITY TrnN. Nos 9S 90 49, b.
4. ~ OK. 81, ~ ..o
MtelNE tegRraTRLAL TggnN Ps,t lSN ,s,, .5 e g.
isgs 1929 4s9i 49, Av9I; l%!, .i',S - ~
4sin 2,o2 4N3. ~ III No ois3, ~, 7i7a 11l2
1loi 0 40 i5ls, 7lio 0dSs, deis 1867, 1854 1900
0eiA 75ll
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-10-19
THE HiRI At THE BiTTERY.
L. the Ca 1und Asked Tor by Rapid Transit
Below Hish " sier MHrkt


The suit against the New YORK Elevated
Railroad Company by jeremiah Spader, was
brought to trial yesterday IN the Special Term
Of the Superior Court before Judge Curtis Mr..
Spadsr seeks to restr in the company from using
any portion OF the Battery for their road. lie
owns the premises NJ Bridge street, and says
that In 1872 tho block bounded by State, Bridge,
and whitehall streets and Blwlllg Green,
known as the Government Grounds, was con
veyed 10y the state - the city. which thereuLon
sold II In lots, covenautng that what are now
the Il itteTy and Bowling Green "shoud never
be appropriated by the grantors or their success
sors to Iriyatc use." The Bttery then consti-
tuted puuhc pleasure ground. and was con
veyed by the Site 10 the city, In l19O, with
urnvision thet II should re used " Tor erecting
puIIc buildings and WORKS OF defence, but
without power to dispose OF II Tor any othef
purpose, or to sell any part.
1t is cnntcndei 10y the company that where
they propose to construct Their road IL between
the original hlgn and low w.ter mark, but one
point touc ing the Original upland, which Dor
lion passed to the city directly from The crown
bv the Dong n and Mon gomery charter. and
invoke the act OF lT9O against them. But Mr..
John f. Parsons, for the plaintin, points out
that the upland of the Battery WAS Fort George,
which was save to the Crown by the DODRah
charter for "wOrks OF defence" and that pre-
GUIDED the use oftne reclaimed lands in front Of
the CITY.
Mr. Parsons asserted that the attempt TO cross
the Battery only prelude TO a design tn
use the Battery for depot purposes, unless the
whole project was checked oy the courts.