The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1876-08-10

and legs; but all these evils disappear entire
" on the discontinuance Of the remedy, no
permanent i'll effects having been observed
to follow its employment.
DWELLING IN CAVES.
The Recent Wonderful Discoveries In
Derbyshire. England.
The Pail Mall Budget, in late issue, re-
cords the following interesting discoveries:
| On the northeastern border Of Derbyshire
| a picturesque well>wooded ravine known as
Cresswell Crags, penetrate low range Of
hills composed Of magnetism limestone, with
stream Of water flowing through it, and
with caves and rock assures opening into it
on either side. In one Of these, some forty
or fifty yards long, known as the 'sPin
Hole,'' was an accumulation Of sand with
big blocks Of stone, pebbles aud large guam
titles of bones and teeth. The sand and
pebbles had obviously been introduced by
the stream flowing past the entrance, the
big blocks Of stone had fallen from the roof
in the long course Of ages, while the re-
mains Of the animals were scored and
marked with teeth in such q manner as to
leave no doubt as to the possessors having
fallen prey to some carnivore which had
eaten not merely their flesh, but all their
more slender and marrow containing bones;
and this creature was proved to be the spot
ted hyena, now found only in central and
southern Africa, by the associated jaws and
teeth worn down to stumps from its bones
eating habits.
The victims identified by Pro. Rusk be-
longed to the grizzly bear, wolf, common
fox, Arctic fox, glutton bison, reindeer,
Irish Elk, horse, woolly rhinoceros, and
mammoth OF these the Arctic fox, SO abund-
ant in the northern regions Of Asia and
America, is new to Britain, alth ough it has
been met with in similar accumulations in
France, Germany, and Switzerland. The
cave had evidently been lair Of hyenas,
into which they had dragged the fragments
of their food. And the victims which came
within reach Of their jaws are of course to
be looked upon as samples Of the animals
then living in that region.
We picture to ourselves the majestic Irish
elk, the unwieldy mammoth and rhinoceros,
the small horses, and the bisons and rein
deer inhabiting the woodlands Of the Upper
Trent, and coming down to the stream at
Cresswell to drink, to be scared by the
echoing laugh of the hyenas, and to become
their prey. grizzly bear would of course
beat hyena in fair fight; and we can only
account for its presence in the hyena den y
the supposition that it met with an accident
or was overwhelmed by the number of its
foes, which frequently hunt in packs. We
may infer from the presence Of the Arctic
fox and the reindeer that the climate was
more severe in Derbyshire during the time
the cave was inhabited than it is now. It
was probably analogous to that of America,
north Of line drawn from Omaha to San
Francisco, where the summer heat and wins
ter cold are excessive.
i These discoveries were promptly followed
up last autumn by the exploration Of another
cave close by, known rs ''the Robin Hood
"a familiar name in Derbyshire for caves
which revealed the presence of q man in
the neighborhood, while the animals men,
toned above were roaming over the district.
On the floor was layer of light sand with
out animal remains. on which rested de-
post Of red sand of the same kind as that
in the Pin Hole, and containing the bones of
the same animals, with the exception Of the
glutton and the Arctic fox. and with the ad :
dition of the lion and the wild boar, and the
brown bear. These had evidently been in
troduced by the hyenas. Above this was
o stratum Of red earth also containing the
same species, but in addition a large num-
Der Of rude implements Of flint and Of quart
zitc, triangular fakes which had been used
in cutting, oval instruments with cutting
surface all around, and scrapers, which
from their likeness to those in use among
the Eskimaux and North American Indians
were intended for the preparation Of
| hides.
| These last are Of the same sort as those
which have been described as being in use
in 1873 among the Soshone Indians Of north
western Wyoming, 1.-The Soshones,' an
observer writes, .though mostly provided
with tools Of iron and steel Of approved
patterns, are still to be seen employing as
scraper in the dressing Of skins mere tes>
boa. consisting Of a small horn boulder,
thinner at one end, split through the middle
in such manner as 10 furnish u rough cut
ting edge at one side And he adds:
| There seems to be q considerable adyan-
| tage in this over any form Of knife or other
tool which has yet reached them from with
out, and it is probable tina, it will be retain
ed 50 long as their prcsen, method Of pre-
pairing hides is in vogue"
1t is not a little strange to meet with this
very tool in q cave in Derbyshire. The
whole group Of implements from this bronze
is Of the same type a. those found in the
caves Of Mous.ier and Auvergue and the
loves; strata in ken:'s Hole, as well as
| those which are scattered through the de-
posts VI ancient rivers 10 association with
The extinct animals from the Alps and Py-
reness as far 10 the north AZ Lincoln and
Cambridge, and which hare been met with
in Palestine as well as in India. They all
belong 10 man in the hunter stage Of exist
ence, and their presence here in association
With the remains Of animals brought in by
| the hyenas. proves that the cave was occu-
pied sometimes By the hyena aud sometimes
| b. the hunters during the time that the red
earth vas being slowly deposited By the
action Of the rain
The third stage in the history Of the care
| is represented By the breccia. layer Of
earth stones. bones Of rhinoceros, hycna
and reindeer, charcoal, and implements
| cemeniei together into a solid mass By d
calcarsoas inhiration, and covering up the
1 ed a. Hr-n - H..