, 1876-07-29

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more brains than the worshipped Senator
and occupied, according to European ideas
a far higher social position. Naturally, q
Senator's position, which is very often
held for life, is extremely valued, and natu-
rally also the man who has obtained it is
most reluctant to forego the patronage
which secures his consequence, which en-
ables him to crafty so many friends, and
which, IN his own judgement, at all events,
he dispenses fairly we'll. Until his reluc-
lance is overcome, no change in the di-
recti0n of a permanent Civil Service can
be made, as it would require q law aul
it can be overcome only by constant
appeals to the country to send up Sena-
tors who will consent to make the sacrifice.
A strong President, no doubt, who was
convinced of the necessity for change,
could make those appeals with great effect,
aud would after a few years, be pretty
sure of q response but he would have q
wretched life meanwhile, all his nomina-
tons being rejected by the Senate, and he
might not succeed in the end. The people
are very Jealous of a Civilian aristocracy.
It has taken a great war to induce them
to bear West Point with anything like
contentment, and a West Point for
Civilians would at first be too
much for the American yeoman's
patience. He would declare, and with
some truth, that if this were government
for the people, it was not government by
the people, and that the trainers Of the
Constitution intended him to enjoy both.
Then, granted a President like Macaulay
that is, q President who could convince
the masses by appeals on paper, and such
Presidents are rare-there remains the
difficulty that the Senate ia only complete
ly renewed in six years, while the Presi-
dent v8cates office in four; and that in
nine cases out of ten, the impression
would be made Just at the moment when
the man who made it was quitting public
life. Mr.. Hayes may be as honest as his
friends say he is, and as strong as English
men hope he will prove; but John Bright
himself, if President of the American
Union, could not destroy corruption in
the only permanent method, by making
it the interest of o~tfico-holders not to be
corrupt, unless he were secure Of a double
term.
The second difficulty is the position of
the Cabinet. The instances of direct cor
ruption which have of late attracted so
much attention in America have been in
stances within the Cabinet itself, no less
than four of its members having been de-
clared tainted, and this possibility would
not be effected by any change whatever,
however sweeping, in the Constitution OF
the Civil Service. 1t is true that the
heads of American Departments, having
no seats in Congress, and being response.
BILE only to the President, there is no
constitutional difficulty in the way OF
declaring them irremovable, but the poll
teal difficulties appear to be insuperable.
In. the first place, the President could
hardly remain responsible, as he is, for the
entire Executive, unless he could appoint
and remove its chiefs. He is not, be it
remembered, a Premier, nominally only
first among his equals, but a responsible
King, whose orders must be obeyed, and
whois liable to impeachments for acts done
by his "clerks"-that is, his Ministers-in
any department of the State. We cor.
trive, no doubt, in England to meet thst
difficulty in the separate Departments
but English officials have been trained for
generations to enlightenment, and even in
England the permanent Heads do not
meet together to advise the Premier. To