New-York tribune., 1876-07-11
NEW PUBLICATIONS.

WAGES SS ya.sds srS %Asr Ok TAsrs se pp
AIS H Holt Co.
Strictly speaking, the wages class lnciudee
IN those who receive payment for services periorou
for the benefit Of another, rs distinguished Iron "o'
whose labor remunerated from the pronts Oh 'no ~
suspess or industry. In this sense the lawyer VINO '
fac for conducting In court the clergyman VINO
aravs salary for presiding over the pupne worship VI
xne church and the artist who Is employed 10 paii'
ns.tnre mold statue, or represent character III ue
drama are no less receivers OF wages tnah te hou
man who is paid by the master-masoh ior ca'i' nus
eertain number of bricks the hersmsn VINO 'ehuS '
cattle OF stoek-breeder. The writers on pohVca eoo
smy as rule do not offer any rigid or exphclV
Of the term In the present treatise it used oy
w.ns, under certain limitations which he clearly ex-
o,ans restTtcting IL to O less comprehensive iatuu0
thsp has usually been given TO 1t by eminent ecohonS
Thus be comprises in the wages class only 'h'se WV
have no command OF the resources OF proouc"on 1"N
vbo dnd their subsistence in the service VI 0
blowers The great body of peasant propre'ors ~
Errppe for instance, and the American iarnei' We"
avn the land they cultivate do not belong 10 the "ass
GLASS On the same principle of not being oN
another for employment, are exeiuoeu hoin '' 0'~'
large bodies of mechanical aborers ana srus"ue' NJ"
nossess the instrurentaes OF produenon ana are '''
.nabled to create wealth by their own labor without 'ne
nonsept Of any person. In addition to THESE ci"'s
bch constitute the great bulk Of the industrial popu*
ian ot the world Professor Walker excludes those VINO
though IN the employment Of PRINCIPAL are e"P'!
on shares. Ia it of the essence OF the w"eo'' ~
they are stipulated in amount. But In ING '"oo "
Iahorers working Oh shares, amount is supn-
lated It Is only the proportion oi al uhoei 'ai' az
product that goes the lSborer. lie shares WIN h'
smnloyer the risk Of bad and accidental los'
and participates in the advantage OF every lor'u"'
venture He lie, in fact the partner OF Ms mP'o!0'
though with no voice in the management ana NOV
laborer ON wages who receives q fixed remuneration
-.,,tf, arfe ~
wages class ali persons who are employed on VI
,tinends with no view of receiving financial auNahse
rom their lsbors Thus the domestic servant WHO To
ceiyes stipend is not employed as means Vi NS
masters profit The income OF his employer iS h'' Uu
!, any mart TO his employment. A man grows rieh'
,sys Adam Smith, "by employing multitude OF man
rfacturcrs but grove poor by maintaining mu'uuo o
neuis servants" The Of the laboTer Oh wages S
different lie IN employed for the cake OF us master
prodt and tue masters income is tie result Oi sIeh cur
oloyment Of labor. The wages class Is thas reoucou V
The svsteu OF the author TO . limited traction oi
humanity but it still comprises not less thah t"o-'nnu
o, the so millions of English speaking people.
The reaon of wages 70 the currency is made tue sun
,ec of clear and iorcbie discussion. No class OF men
suffer more fictitious currency than te iao'er On
wages. He is called upon TO meet sudden ana Nloi'H
fluctuations In the value OF money, without the m
tenieeuee TO adjust his demands 10 the facts OF the
sttuaton He is thrown INTO vehement contest WIN
his employer IN which the weakest are sure to oe
tramplod down Nor is he placed at less dlsNdNanta%e
IA his relations with the retail dealer from WGo he oD
tsns tie neccssares C life He Is o3hged u eNpe' "s
earnings in multitude Of small purchases But il he l.
paid in deprecated paper, and Is charged Tor com
modes at inflated prices he never he certain o the
ground he stands on He knows nothing about the con
dons OF production, and has 10 longer UJ'di'ohti
price TO guide him Under fuotaatlng currency TINS
hold is lost by the retail buyer When prices 20 UP De
cannot Judge where they should stop he learns 10 BOY
without Gisputc whatever ccmGn"cd o'o 10 P''eSu "
:he uercy OF the retail dealer.
Professor Walker mas some discriminating remarks oa
the question Of wOIaaHs wages, IN which lie taxes He
ground that the current complaint OF tie madelN'S 'I
such wages s founded Oh uiscoEctpuon 0. t"a dv'''
constitution OF industrial society accuno assertion
that women ar. paid bus Oaea!f or onetLIr' dS "uo'
us men FOR performing the same work But s'ich s's"
nents usually involve an evident fllacy. B"canse
woman in a woOeu tdcCTy receives but Twelve stnhss
week while gets tweIty-!our II Uoes h't lVcN
that the man gets twice guth tile woman ioi th
Same work since he work dome factory Is OF many
different kinds, requiring different degrees oil strength
Intelligence ard skill Even though the women PER
formed he came kind Of WORK men, and received
less amount Of wages cannot assume az matter o.
eourse that their wages inadequate to their SET
vice There are gIcat differences III The eheehcS o
l,bor that a Iuan and 2 wOInan working at the same
table or in the same icd, may receive wages IN Ne!
different aounts and yet be exactly recoapcnsed
for their different services Still III author admits tna
plthouchthcre wuch mSapprehensOn GA tue su'Jeol
there can he no question tAat 1Ae wages OF somoh as
rue arc IL degree inadequate TO the service rendered
after due allowance FOR all differences OF amount ana
quality The cause this, he airms IS TO be founa ia
the failure OF cCmpt t0n TIE dnJoh OF correct I"e"
mus; furnish the remedy.
Professor Walker discusses at considerable length The
subject OF cooperative industry OF whose benefits ne
takes less gune view than is asual with economists
OF the phiathrOpc school The system. he inln%lhs
81, Tho sfaIis lut, u
employer oS middlc,aau Ts principal advantages may
be deScfbcd as prevention OF btIes, Tie STIMULUS l"
greater industry and care, and the incentive TO ueay
In addition IL tends 10 improve TIE character OF tie
workman bg giving him larger stake in society, making
nsremuncrgi,Ou pend more largely on uis o" personal
conduct and allowing him 10 share III the counsel OF
industry. Bot tnese considerations WHICH oeIohS
rather TO the lnorast and sia;eGan than TO the ccOn0
mist As matter Of fact, Professor Walker alleges that
coGper ion In mechanical industry has hitherto aCAefe1
but very slg ght and even doubtful success
In the general treatment OF his subject the auhor aims
st the c!ucidatiun principles. rather nan the establish
ent o. theories The object OF his researches Is not 80
mue the accumulation % facts, the anal} tic cOnclu
sons which they suggest His large experience as sta
tscau il signal aid t. his reaOnings az an economist
I'm the disson Of cOntgoyeyted points, while lac is al
WAYS fair aud Judicial, he is never meay yinoned HE
are founded strong convictions, but he Is
not unjust 70 his opponents fol the sake of victory
over their IDEAS Confident of his own grounds, there
no timditY IN his tone promise III bis argument
Hehancles his subject with mastery grasp, dealing
less with abstract subtlees than with the hcts OF com
mon life nor does ms fuency OF expression which Is re-
uarkabie In cdactic treatise, impair the masculine
eor Of lis statements In point OF style and ilustra
tion the work in fact, Is model II not completely eX
bsustiyc In character or ncontroyerbie in theory IN
execution Il is classic aud viii give It's author nigh
rank III the literature II the subject.