davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

1t is reported that the progress OF Miss
MARTINE2's suit for breach Of promise
against Mr.. DEL VALE was closely watch
cd and its issue eagerly awaited by many
other women, young and old, whose shat
tered affections, according TO their claims,
need the emollient of peouniary damages.
Tue number Of such cases in q large city
like New York Is always considerubln, for.
as tho song says men wero dcceivers al
ways, and the feminine heart suffers Il riie
liberation when the tond.ils OF its affec-
tons are torn from the manly oak about
which they cling.
Besides, there is a class OF women, put up
to it by intriguing lawyers, who make "a
sort OF business OF forcing their tender re-
CARDS upon silly or indiscreet men, and
then, when tho objects pursued evado
them, OF nxing up breach OF promise
cases against them out Of actual or fabr-
Gated aoceptanoeo Of their proirered charms.
~ course there are many instances whore
man in cold blood trines with girls af-
factions after having ruined her, and for
foitlug his plightcd word, leaves her 10
bear alone the consequences Of their joint
I'm. Some fellows mako such Outrages on
feminine trl.t nul AFFECTION their boast,
and they deserve all tho punishment the
law and tho contempt OF decent men can
inllict upon them. liut ~ such cnsGs the
public hears Of only small fraction. The
shame and tho bllghiing ara borne in
secret through dread Of making them
known 10 the world by any legal proceed
inps; and the mao gets of scot frcc. Tlore
1at 10 A l.
even less likely to reach the public oars.
They arc those where women of dellcato
scnsibility and pride become engaged to
men who stop short Of marriage, and leave
tho cxpcctant bride cast-off, with lot
Of love letters TO remind her OF her lost
swan. SIch women would scorH tue TAX
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01
Do all Rep bIicans Acquicsce ?

"All tho members arc now being admitted
SONY Az lne corporal Of the guard txaln'uea Their
crcicutaR."
50 reads despatch Of Tuesday from the
capital Of south Carolina. orr all tho many
Returning Boards that have passed in re-
Wow before the country since the election,
this of tho corporal Of tho guard ut Column
bia Is tho most unique not to say startling.
This corporal OF the gunrd-we infer
that he could read-stood Mt the portals OF
tho state House, with Springfield musliet
in hand, mounted by n bayonct ana
with Deputy Marshal, selected by CHAM
uERLAIN, at his elbow Thus armed and
equipped, the corporal entered upOn what
must have seemed to MIN, Mt least, n novel
duty. He pronounced upon tho validity
Of the credentials of the members of the
Legislature, admitting some and excluding
others, governed no doubt to some extent
in his rulings by the nod or the wink of
FatherTAFr's Deputy Marshal.
Some Republicans may regard this pck-
citing OF a state legislature with Federal
troops as farcical affair Others may
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01
VINO own. .he mmghnmten A.,lrm


Many of our citizens who have visited
the State lnebriate Asylum ut Binghamton Will
De surprised to learn thai there Is some doubt
Just been instituted In the United States Court
~ J. Turner, a resident Of Connecticut. to set
aside the Transfer OF The asylum to tho state @ (
Sew ork. Under an act PASSED In 1851 creating
tho asylum as a private corporation, and an
amend tory act passed IN 1853, more than f32 $40
was subscribed by private persons. In 1857
new amendment was enacted, aud the subscrip-
lions rose To SJO,OO, most Of which was PAID In
In 1863 "A further amendment was given To the
charter, aud accepted by the stockh Jlders. In
1871 the Legisl lturo authorized tho Issuing Of
aHl0J IN bonds. Meanwhile citizens Of Bing-
hamton had offered land and conveyed II to the
company tue trustees mortgaging II under tho
last act. Tho complaint recitos at great length
other gifts 20 the asylum. II then charges that in
1871 the individual defendants were turning the
manaeeueut OF the asylum TO their own bene-
Ut, and Ia 1867 had inserted in the New York
County Tax Levy IA provision providing for the
naying over Of ten per cent. Of the excise
license moneys 10 the asylum on condition tnat
the trustees OF the asylum would convey its
property 10 the state. IL charges that TINS was
done without the assent OF the stockholders,
and that TO carry out the transfer IN irregular
not entitled 10 be trustees were cleo cd, and
thai without consultation with several trustees
ana without their assent. deed OF all tho prOD-
efly or the asylum, amounting TO about 5000 u
IN value, was convened 10 the state. Tho COM
plant therefore asks in substance that this con.
yeyance he declared void.
Ihe Utica Obs0rtr says that tho Binghamton
In hrihte Asylum IL nothing more nor loss than
hrsl-class hotel Tor opulent drunkdrds.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01
One Of the Questions of the Day Decided in


CUrnBERr, Randolph county, Ga, Nov.
2i.-lhe question AS TO who should receive tho
certificate OF election in the place Of Postmaster
lace Il Vermont seems to me to have been
settled by the Republican party Itself In thi-
state in ls09. when the Legislature met ard at
tempted to organize great many OF the mem
hers eject could not iHke The ironclad oath. One
~ T.! csc was David Con OF thi, county. and The
Republic IA, hoing IN power IN the state at tAc
tame, decided that all votes thrown for him wcre
thrown for an ineligiblo person, anl therefore
were thrown away ana James ;. Jackson, a ne
gro ReIuulicdn, VINO received several humid ed
Votes lnss than Judge Goa, was declared leg lis
elected. Accordingly lie was sworn in and
served during the term. ALLEN L. HALL.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

sides Now, however, the capital is garri-
soned on the eve of tho meeting of Con
gress, ana ships OF war are ordered TO the
Potomac, to cover the public deliberations
with unmasked batteries. Who shall dare
TO say these menacing preparations have
no meauing1
Tho FLEUnYs, ST. ARNAuDs, MoRNYs.
and other conspirators, who in 1851 gath
cred round Louis NAPOLEON, to plot the
downfall of the republic, aud to substitute
the empire rs the sure aud short cut to
fortune and power, find their imitators at
Washington now, in the CAMERoNs, the
CHANDLERs, the SHEPHERDS, and the mill
tary cabal, who despiso the plain people
and would erect n strong government of
the sword and the purse, on the ruins Of
the Constitution. II they are to he stopped
1t must be done quickly and it must be
done by Republicans.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01
Col. Forncy's restim ony
From ne Washington sunday CArop.cl-
Roftcr n Thousand fnll Ihnt thu Ron

ffrt tfe N"W'HvfW sunday fNfphi0f.
Better thousand fold that the Ropubl.-
can party become victim u fraud than a party
- II. IL can better afford to bear the IL Of one
than the short-livcd triumph II the other. II
the Republican party Is worth erpetu ting. now
is its opportunity, AMI now IL the time for its
wiscst counsel To come to the front. ana Tor tie
time being 'ay aside the cousid lratlons Of partv
control for the benefit Of the triumph OF law
ana order. IT, present embarrassment In not
the result OF any merit Of the Democratic party :
II Is not because the people want to trust the
control OF the Government IN the hands Of ifs
enemies or in any sense because the issues Of
the rebellion are failures, that cmnincipa-
tiln was wroAg, tho enfrtnchl ement OF tie
colored man mistake, or any Of the great
fundamental doctrines enuOciatcd 10y the found
ers OF tho party faulty. None 81 these things are
To blame but are rather an. Ong the imperishaO'e
records thai mako up tho glory and renoNn II
the better aud brighter days ut the plrtv. Tie
exigencies of tho hour bear quite a different sig
nihcance, and there Is not a sensible Republican
IN tho land who does not understand o., and
knows that the secret cause of the present hu-
initiation Il due TO hut one agency faise md
corrupt Leaders nip. his Is IL, aud argument
nicd mountain nigh cannot re- son D. away. mis-
has been no struggle with the Democratic party,
but with the peul le.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01
Hanged by Gnua Of Connrcrfciter..

In Brown county, ON Monday night. tho
9Th inst. II. J, Ware, Deputy L. :. Marshal
whom In charGe Of party ~ men who were con-
Vrying him TO Austin, was taken from them
and hanged. lie was the uifccr who arros ted
members OF q gang OF unteIf, iters In some of
the frontier counties ana h q them confined IN
the Brenham iaii pending their trial. Having
beon arrested On a trumped-up charge, he nro-
posed 70 accom- pany the party 10 Austin to have
" investigated, He surrendered his arms on a
pledEe thht ne should he taken to our city. Al
quietly on his way, his guard suffered themselves
to no overpowered and gave HIM up To his fate
when killed he had warrants for tho arrest of
three other prisoners belonging to gang of
cOuuteTfeitCrs. "~
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

BEEcHER mentioned yesterday, in his
sermon, In an incidental way, that the whirl-
wind now blowing In South Carolina was not
manufactured to order at Washington, but de-
sends straight from the Seat Of Justice on high.
Il IS not for IA to question tie accuracy Of
DEECHERs Information on this subject, but
how does he account for the strong sulphurous
odor7 That would seem to smack moro Of the
tottomlcss pit than OF the other locality.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

The Thanksgiving Day weather was Of
just the sort to whet the appetite and make
welcome the good cheer We trust that real
happiness prevailed, and rejoice to think that
thousands OF people not used to sufficient fare
were well fed for one day at least. A perfect
dinner fingers in the memory of the epicure, tut
It is not enjoyed in the same measure as the rare
feast of the man accustomed to a scantily-fur-
nished board
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

We have been told that Mr.. HAYES was
a hish-soulel statesman and would prove a real
reformer after his election {; yet he stands by In
silence utterlng no protest against the coup
d6d, In South Carolina. We fear Mr.. HAYES Is
not the sort of man his enthusiastic friends have
represented him to he.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

Is 1t the so-called reform element Of the
Republican party that Is engaged In counting in
HAYES as Presdent2 Or have the rascals got
complete possession and put the reformers under
their feet2 Certainly, II there ever was time
when reformers should speak out, II Is now yet
they are silent as the grave. Have they surren-
dered their very souls to GRANT. CHANDLER
BABCoCk, and CHAMBERLAIN
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01
\ valley stricLeu with smn,,-nox.

ffon nc he1fhg Times 0fd Disudch
In Hertzog's Valley, every family is
stricken with smallpox. Entire families are
Frustrated, hve persons In one family are
down with The disease. tho epidemic spread
rapidly by the communication OF nclshuor-
WIN me hrst infected antilles. Ilrr1og'
Nhlley Is about ii cen miles FROM Rctding.
II Is small but forhl9 valley about Two milc-
III length by one mile wide
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

Several different companies have pro-
jocted railroads running into the Black HIS
country, but the Covueton, Columbus and Black
HIS Conpany seem to have the inside track
Their road Is intended to run from Covlngton.
Nobraski opposite SIOUX City, To Deadwood
distance u about SO miles, passing TO tho north
Of the iiill.. The road = already laid upon the
n rrow gauge plan. and In working order -
miles from rs starting point, and the prairie
grading VIII lie pushed forward IN the early DAYS
Of spring with the expectation Of finishing the
heavy cuts ana as at the Hits before the follow
ING winter. The frontier people seem deter
mined TO occupy the Black ms country, not
withs'anling that 1t still belongs to the Indians,
for the treaty recently made by GR,Nr's Com
missioners with SPOTTED TAIL aud RED CLoVD
Tor its tellnquishmeut is one which those Chiefs
had no authority To make. by the treaty of lS6s.
IA which the Black Hills country was acknowl-
edged by the United states TO be unceded In
dian territory II was expressly stipulated that
no treaty for the cession Of any portion
= the Sioux reservation held In common
should be OF any validity force against
the Indians, unless executed and signed by at
least three-fOurths Of all the adult male Indians
Government pays no regard TO its treaties with
the Indians however, We suppose that the citi-
zens Of the Northwest think that they have
equal reason to treat such agreements with
eontamut
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

fmuNfmFnts TO- Eh's
Academy ~ Music Grand Messed tongf"A
Assoc alton Rail lecture.
Heoth's Theatre ssrdsnsp,ins.
Flower, Theatre Tide Of LIE.
Brooklyn Theptre -Ja'ili Cesar
Ineic Theatre -Nafs'y
mn Avenue Theatre A. Yol Ike n.
Giimorc's Garden BAfnum' Nfnttre. MsrrsN
Grand Opera House -une's Tom cabin.
Heficr-s W onder Theatre orr Nsvi'ts iictsL
Kelly A. L. on'- Must ei- l5a q uea lta
4, eeup III, airc-lhe tooi't Revenge.
habiilc Theatre 34tl It, and "a Az.
New York Aquarium -Hfeadway and 3s,hh
Nfblo's Carjrn-sabN
olympic Theatre Variety.
Park Thcatre-Aiu,sU.
ksr Francisco Mustrci. Brisi-ay AID ash ~
tteinway Hait-E.,poG C,ne,iL
Theatre Comique VARIETY.
Third Avenue Theatre farlne
Ieny Pastors New Theatre Variety.
fnion square Theatre Ms, Nu'.oa.
Nsilsck's Theatre shmehnun,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

Let the nervous citizen procure a copy
Of Gen SHERMAN's report. and blush for his un-
grateful fears. Every foot of the country" We
quote verb tim. "is under tho SUPERVISION Of a
general officer, near at hand, with part Of the
army proporioned to the supposed necessity TO
maintain order and peace" What could be
more reassurng and tranquil ling? \ country
every foot Of whose soil under the supervi ion
Of an army ollcer Of high rank, charged with
the duty OF maintaining order and peace, surely
cannot have ANYTHING 10 fear, ENGLAND wasn't
safer under CRoMwEIL's Major-Gencrals than
we are under GRANTS.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

n GRANT were to send soldiers to turn
out the House of Representatives. next week,
and try TO mako himself dictator, the Repub-
lican press generally would applaud the act.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

An Indiana correspondent Of the GIN
cInnau Commercial gives account Of p.cu-
hAr wedding wnirh took place recently In rerre
IIaute. \ widower from Vermont, whose iden-
tity I. discrccty yelled under the design .tion Of
Judge A." was at scnce held by noted
spiritual medium named Nrs. ANS STEWART.
and whilc there behold oncs more his deceased
wife. who mlter tllzci DO th1 most satisfactory
manner, coming forth from i dWNoucd cabinet
la the Usual sttlc OF porformins ghosts. Too
Judge at once recognized his departed spouse
aal ihc account goes on t. say that, "exhioit-
Ing considerable feeling mingled with much dig
nty Of manner he approached her with afrec-
tionate greetings placed within her gloved
hand bouquet Of rars flowers. and imprinted
upon her Hips feryeut kiss. \ Justice OF tho
Pc &c then stepped upon the pla form and mar
ned tho wilOwer to his doar departed, tho two
exchanging vows OF eternal cons llncy. after
which the bride vanished into thin air. We be-
licve that this Is the first instance on record in
which anan has married "a ghost in this coun-
try and the event suggests some curious specu-
lations. II the Judge should prove recreant to
his vows and marry a second earthly spouse,
would lie be guilty u blsamy? Aud IL the bride
should decline to matenalize again, could the
Judge, according to the laws OF Indiana pro-
cure divorce on the ground Of wiful abandon
ment? There are other questions OF an equally
serious character which will naturally suggest
themselves TO the TeaGer and which. IL they
should ever come before the courts for legal al.
judcatiOn, would be likely to pcrplex Judge
and jury beyond measure.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

The countingsin of HAYES will imperil
all the business Interests OF the country. and
produce degree Of ruin and suffering such as
this country has never seen.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01
Nursery Kh,mcs.

Nursery Khymcs.
from ne ST. Loals I,ues.
SiuA a song a slApruCt,
noard iu|l Of In,
Four scaly Radicals
Counting Hayes In.
When the hoard was opened
,,lhr frauds Ouireached "A eteeplei
Wasn't ihat daini, dish
To set before the people?
Grant was In the White IIOufe
counting ont hi3 money;
Snsnuler In a Duck room
Drinking peach and noneY.
Hayes was Ia "a band box,
Fresh ~ any rusci
w came the lonVipts
And ui4ltd ~ Lls uSts.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01
The Views of Abraham Lincoln.


The Views of Abraham Lincoln.
1t is refreshing to turn aside from the
clamor of partsanship and the usurpatIons
of power at Washington. to consider the
calm, becoming ana upright demeanor OF
President who appreciated the dignity Of
his office, whose whole career was model
of Difference to the Constitution aud laws,
and who set the example OF exerting the
least instead OF the most, authority in the
discharge of every duty as Chief Magis-
trate.
After tho election OF 1894, Mr.. WILSON of
Iowa offered "a resolution in the House OF
Representatives dec. 10, 1864, declaring
that no electoral votes should he received
from the states of Alabama, Florida, Geor-
gia. Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Vir-
ginia. 1t was reported back unanimously
from the Judiciary Committee on Jan. 30,
1866, and passed the House against
decided remonstrance on the part of
the minority, led by Mr.. MALLORY of Ken
lucky.
II encountered very positive opposition
in the senate, especially in regard TO the
proposed exclusion OF Louisiana, which. IL
was maintained, had been fully restored to
the Union, aud of which MICHAEL HAHN
was then the regularly elected Governor
In spite OF this opposition, however, the
joint resolution was passed by the Senate
on Feb. 4, 1865. While the question was
pending, il became known that Mr.. LIN
coin disapproycd of this movement, rs he
did of the extreme policy which subse-
quontly eliminated in reconstruction, and
is now Illustrated by its deplorable conse-
qucnces.
This was only month before Mr..
LINCoLN's second Inauguration. During
the suspense caused by doubts ~ to the
Presidents final action, the now famous
twenty-second rule was proposed and
rushed through both Houses in order to
provide for the possible contingency OF n
veto Of the joint resolution. and to confer
power TO accomplish the same object in an
other form.
In the end Mr.. LINCOLN concluded to
sign the joint resolution. The reason
which he gives for that act, and his gen.
cral views on the subject, have singular
point at this time. and are worthy OF the
careful study Of all candid men who
revere the memory, the virtues, the in
to,,r,tv tho soooc,tv ana tba na,rio,isp,
OF Ana iIAM LINCOLN. Here is his short
meesagc.
10 th- Honorable The Senate and House Of Rep
,.n'9tl 'ir.s:, ,.,..,.,.,
tian dsciarin. cc.inin states NOT "ntitled 10
rrur' rnla,iou u lac electoral coilese, Ms been
yi-ws Of Congress. implied in its passage ana
~ -cnt TN 10 Inn; IN his own view, h9weyer.
the twelfth article Of tho CONSTITUTION, hare
fomPc Poi'r 10 e., (om S29nv az Sc
not conpetent for he Executivs to defeat or
tat p'"er Wv N,'o; w"nta Pe ,33e
mattcr. NJ nee 'tr' On iillt ~ me Erecptirc
=, ,,,, ' ., .' "'A Wlg " "a, mu,d' I u,' Is,
cains tn4t - signing sand RS luton lac. had
rr1na'fi ar an, iuJ'mept ~ bis avn 1n0t ,ic
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

Enough is now known of the circum-
stances attending the returns Of the Pres den-
tial vote In Louisiana, Florida, and South Caro-
lima to render 1t u matter Of certainty that IlL
DEN carried both Of the FIRST named States, rnd
that at lepst two of the electors on the TII.DEN
ticket were chosen In South Carolina. Ii ia
equally certain that the Republican managers
have determined TO reverse this result by means
Of fraud, perjury, forgery, aud the rejection Of
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

In spite of the chilled atmosphere and
the threatening clouds, thousands OF people left
their homes Yesterday to visit the several places
Of entertainment. All the theatres we're crowd
o day and night This shows that the people
Will he amused. The churches were not, as
rule, we'll nned. Exceptional instances are re-
ported where special musical features attracted
crowds. or where popular preachers were ex-
pected to trent OF public Affairs.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

The weather had n very wintry chill last
night. and this nrst dav OF winter comes In
with appropriate cold. We fear II is going to be
O hard season for the COUNTY,
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

II n new election for President and Vice.
President were to be held on the nrst Tuesday
Of December, does anybody suppose It would
be possible for the Returning Boards Of South
Cirolna, Florida, and Louisiana to change the
reault2
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01
Caleb Gushing Fini.binq Grant. Message.


WASHINGTON, Nov. 2a-Caleb Cushing
has finished that portion Of the Presidents mes
sage which Il ates 10 the condition Of affairs in
tho south, and will start back for his spanish
mission N Wednesday, Dec. 0. lie settled with
the President to-day and lett for Boston. The
Presidents message is Ill done
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

Including all those Senators who can. on
any grounds be claimed a. Republicans, that
party has a majority Of fifteen in the present
Senate. There is some doubt as to the right Of
the Colorado Senators to take their seats with
out further legislation. II they are admitted
this winter, the Republican majority will be in
creased to seventeen.
Let us assume that, so far as the certificates
20. the nineteen votes OF Louisiana. Florida
and South Carolina are declared to be for HAYES
aud that the question Of dscardine the whole or
portion OF these votes should be raised in :he
Senate; are there reasons for believing that a
majority Of that body would be found on the
right side? To produce such result nine Re
publicans must join with the Democrats.
Is there any hope OF such change? Yes, just
bare hope. perhaps. Mr. CoNKIISG is a man
OF honor. and the country ought to be able to
rely upon him in such an emergency as the
present. Messrs. BOOTH, CHRIsTIANCY, Nc
MILAN, and Angus CAMERON were all elected
to the Senate In opposition to the regular Re-
publican candidates, and by the aid OF Demo-
cratic votes. They have occasionally shown
some independeuce in regard to the carpet-bag
Administrations, especially that Of Louisiana
Mr. BRUCE, the colored Senator OF Mississippi.
has delivered one scathinc speech against the
KELLOGG usufpaton, In the course of which be
dealt Brother-in-law CASEY "A very black eye.
Here are six Senators. But even II they should
all rise superior TO the party yoke, three more
will be needed. Can they be found7 Mr.. SHER-
hAN Is reported to have denounced some Of tho
most glaring OF the Louisiana frauds. Mr. WAD-
LEIGH now and then 'nd against the car
ret bag resime and so has Mr. TUKRILL OF
Vermont.
This would make up the nine. The exhibit Is
not very encouraging, and the House may have
to carry on the fight without any such aid from
the Senate.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

To THr Enron or rus SiN-,ir: ask at
N1ui n"H acUhradicu. of ie fruoIt Of NV diy'rce,
kne" hplhlhR 81 the uMe or ull have say idea OF
sueh an event haVlus taken place UI IA fp.Dly.
lINNY L, IlEINBOLD.
The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-12-01

If it had been believed before the cleo
ton that before the first OF December the Re-
puouclns would do the things they have been
doing for the last three weeks, they could hard
IS have GO. tho vote Of single state. YER
mont and Maine would have voted against
them, and even Iowa would have been doubtful.