davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04
LETTER FROM A REFORMED
GRANGER.

Mn. EDiToR;--Will you glvo me n
little space in your paper to make one
or two suggestions Sometimes, by the
most humble, some good things may
be illustrated As the country is now
being aroused TO the necessity OF re.
form, may it not be proper for each
one to enquire of himself, what can |
contributed Politically, every man
can and must contribute more or less
to accomplish this object, humble us
his condition in lite may be, by adopt
ing consistent and correct principles.
may convince some one that reform
is necessary in the administration OF
our Government Having done this,
then what should mark my course ?
Should | take up the war club and use
it, or the olive branch? Can much
good be accomplished by force, ALI other
things in point Of power being equal, or
will the calling Of vile names beget
friendship and confidence? He that
is pure let him throw the first stone
DO not a very large class ofpoliticians
live in glass houses7 Have not all al
some period of their lifetime made
some misstcp2 Now, then, Mr.. Editor
taking the position that none are bot
ter than they ought to be, let us take
in our hand, and hold out to our an
tagonists the olive branch Of peace, and
with the other, extend to all who may
come, fraternal greetings, pointing to
the general depression in all branches
Of business, except the business Of dis
counts and heavy usury; blank fu
ture, grave countcnances depicted with
care and sorrow, their homes, once
happy, now desolatc, and to many the
realities of bankruptcy and want star
ing them in the face, let us in all good
ness and honesty extend the hand o.
friendship and say, como join with us
to reform, so far as possible, those evili
that are upon us. 1t is worthy of an
effort. A change Of administration il
the National Government can max,
things no worse. If we succeed, ther
we will have accomplished blessing
upon ourselves and our posterity. Il
we should fail, we shall have perform
ed n duty VIC owe ourselves, our coun
try and our children. viii we moi
make an effort to perpetuate thai
which our foreiathers bled to establish
and bequcath to their ofispring? Car
we do less for ours2 Then let us say
in behalf of our standard bearer, Sam
uel j. Tilden, who is pledged to reform
and whose record stands out In bolt
relief to all the world, to all good ant
true men everywherc--the laborer
who is out of work and means Of sus
tenancc, the mechanic and the manu-
facturcr, and TO all, como and help us
and by union and an earnest persever
ancc, reform will assurcdly come, an,
the hammer the forge and steam whis
tie will again make our valleys resount
with resumption OF business an'
prosperity, and plenty will be the re
ward of our efforts. GRANGER.
Septcmber 30tb. 1876.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04
THE DEMOCRATIC MEETING.

Our Democratic friends had their
annual convocation ON Tuesday eve
ming Of last week, September 10th. ln
point Of number, the meeting exceeded
all former gatherings Of a similar kind,
when no special efforts were made to
gather up q crowd.
The meeting was called TO order by
Israel Test, Esq, Chairman Of the
County Committee, who preiaced the
proceedings with a few well.timed re.
marks.
On motion of Captain MeKier-
nan, of Gulich, Dr. J. W. Potter, Of
Kaithaus, was elected President OF the
meeting. The Doctor on taking his
seat on the platform, asked to be ex-
cused in the speech line, and return
ing thanks TO those present for the
honor conferred took his scat
Mr.. Humphrey, of Lawrence, then
moved that the following named gen
tlemen be elected Vice Presidents Of
the meeting: Geo. W, Dots Bcccaria
Samuel =. Wilson, of Bradford James
X. Henderson, OF Brady Adam Wca.
yer, of Bloom Andrew Gcarhari, OF
Decatur; James b. Graham, Of Clear
field Joseph II. Breth, of Chest; Ben
jamin Hartshorn, Of Curwensvlle r
G. Shaw, of Goshen; John W. Turner,
Of Graham; Robert ). Stewart, OF Gi-
rard Edward McGarvey, OF karthaus
John Fox, OF Knox; James X. Cald-
well, Of Pike; Daniel Connolly, Of
Houtzdale; VIM. l.. Rishel, Of Law.
renee; Samuel j. Gelnett, of Union,
and Thomas Sunderlin, of Bell.
The motion Icing seconded and put
by the President, was unanimously
agreed TO- and those elected were re
quested to comeforward and take Their
seats.
Mr.. James Kerr then moved that
Thos. A. Hoover, Of Curwensville, and
A. J. Jackson, of Clearfield, act as Sec
retaries OF the meeting, which was
unanimously agreed TO,
The meeting being fully organized
Chairman Test arose, and after few
preliminary remarks, introduced John
O'Byrne, Esq, OF Wilmington, Della
ware, but recently of Philadelphia, and
personally known 10 a number of oui
citizens.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04
LETTER FROM MORRIS.


hYLERrowN, sept. ~, 1876.
EDITOR REPUBLICAN, Dear .Sr:-
Thinking 1t best that the "great events"
Of every community should be record
cd, not only for the information of
those Immediately interested, but that
they may be preserved for the future
use Of the historian. thought | would
write you brief account OF mass
meeting, of the Republicans, held at
Morrisdale Mines, on the 18th inst, at
which chanced to be present. At
rather late hour Of the evening, the
meeting was organized by choosing
the Rev. Thompson, pastor in charge
of congregation here, as President.
The meeting was then addressed by q
Mr.. Arnold, Of Curwcnsville whosccm
ed anxious TO secure some Democratic
support for his party, whom he ac-
knowledgcd was sadly in need Of re-
cruits TO save them from disaster, and
as an inducement to join the ranks Of
the Cameron legion, he compared Til.
den with Tweed and shook the "bloody
shirt after which he gave way to the
reverend President, Thompson. He
commenced by apologizing for the
la.eness of the hour, but proceeded TO
say that all dishonest, bad people be.
longed to one party and that was the
Democratic party. He said that he
had never known but one preacher
that was a Democrat, and he had ran
off with another mans wife, and that
he and Wheeler were both from New
York, and, were IL not for the latencss
Of the hour, he would tell them of that
great and good man, but that on some
future occasion he would "fill them full
OF him. He then requested all present
to go home TO their wives whom hc
hoped were all good Republicans, and
If they were not they were not fit to
be wives. tl
Now, Mr.. Editor II this reverend
Radical, who boasts of coming from
tho same State as Mr.. Wheeler, be Of
the same class, we, Of Morris township,
don't want any Wheeler in ours, for
the revcrend's conduct on this occa.
sion was as disgusting to the greater
part Of tho Republicans present as to
the Democrats, and would suggest
that If your County Committee has
any funds to spare in hiring speakers
for this campaign, they could no. make
better use of II than by hiring this rev.
erond Radical to stump the county for
Hayes and Wheeler, as he made mum.
Der of converts that evening who will
vote for Tilden and Hendricks Az
far as his future in this community Is
concerned, | think he has baked his
bread in q cold oven.
Truly, A LISTENER.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04
PROCEEDINGS or CONGRESS
IONAL CONFERENCE.


The conierees of the Twentieth con
gressional district met at the Fallon
House, Lock Haven, on Thursday, the
2Sth ult., at Up m.
An organization was effected by the
election of ]. S. Rakerd, President, and
f. o. Whitman and Eug. j. Miller,
Secretaries.
The following conferces were pres
eit and answered to their names
centre--Geo. M'Gafey, J. A. Woodward.
Clearaeld-Jas. Flynn, 7. ii. Blandy, A. NJ
Hills. fHnH
Ciinton---Geo. J. Eldred, W. IL. Moore, c. S.
Mccormick
Elk-James Mcclellan, @. c. Brandon, Eus. J,
Miller.
Mialin--w. v. Copslin, J. s. Raksrd.
Unions. S. Barber, Il. s. GpdykuntI +. o.
whitman.
On motion it was resolved that the
conferecs from counties not having full
representation, be allowed to cast
three votes.
The following candidates for Con-
gress were then put in nomination
John Walls, Of Union; ID. G. Bush, Of
Centre; l.. A. Mackey, of Clinton
Andrew Reed, of Mifflin. na ia
Before proceedingto ballot the names
of Messrs. Walls, Bush and Reed were
withdrawn, when Mr. Mackey was
nominated by acclamation.
Committees were appointed to in
form Mr.. Mackey Of his nomination,
request his presence before the confer
ence, and to request the presence ol
Messrs. Bush, Reed and Walls.
The committees returned with
Messrs. Mackcy, Bush, Reed and Walls,
when Mr.. Mackey accepted the nomi.
nation in few well-chosen remarks
and Messrs. Bush, Reed and Walls
made brief addresses, endorsing the
nomination and plcdging an increased
vote in their respective counties,
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04


A CONFESSED LrAR.-Thc following
fair sample of the baseess charges
against Gov. Tilden in connection with
bis income tax I'D
From the New York Tme., Sept ST.
Fees during the year from the Toledo
and Wabash Railroad Co. $4,000
From the New York Timss, Sept. al
In Judge Sinnott's letter II is assert
cd that the Toledo and Wabash Rail
road Company never was n client of
Mr.. Tildcn, and that neither In 1862
nor at any other time did he receive
any fees from IL. THAT WE MUST Ac.
cErr As CONCLUSIVE. Proof Of our
charge was promised from authorities
in which we had confidence, but in lie
absence THAT ITEM Must M WIN.
DRAWN. 1fNt
Tho New York Tines, Is the circu-
lating political medium in this section,
and wc should think that the confes-
sion should provo a heavy discount on
the veracity Of that organ iNN e
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04


A Kylertown correspondent draws
a pretty heavy bead on clergyman
of that vicinage; but he informs us
that he can prove a great deal more
than he relates. We, therefore, allow
him to have his say, believing it to be
utterly impossible to get more out OF
order than the clergyman, If only half
of what he relates is true. A political
priest is pest in any community, we
care not which party he adhercs to,
Brother Thompson should be given n
wide berth in the future. He will learn
something as he grows older.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

"KoRRrcr. r."-"Whcn see says o
reflective correspondent OF the Spring
field Republican, Hayes organ,) "sncl
men as Butler of Massachusetts, Rol
lins, of New Hampshire, and Chandler
of Michigan, put in the front ranks by
the Republicans, and such men NJ
Charles Francis Adams, Of Massachu
setts; Robinson, of New York, an,
Hubbard, OF Connecticut by the Demo
Gratis, then | think | ain JUSTIFIED in be
licving and saying that the Democrat
are showing more OF a disposition AM
capacity for reform than the Rcpub
lcans.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

WHAT THE REPUBLICAN PARTY HAS
DoSE.-ou our fourth page is record
Of facts known TO all, and dare not be
disputed, because their own record cs
tablishcs all that is necessary to damn
any party and drive tho leaders into
exile, Il not into penitentiary. Read
this statement Of facts and Judg,
Blacks letter and then hand this copy
of the REPUBLICAN to some conscien
tious Republican ncighbor, and ash
him TO peruse those documents. N
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04


RADICAL MISSIONARIES .-"The aged
and scholarly gentleman" Morris,
told us oil about Calhoun, and other
things fifty years ago. But he knew
nothing about Grant, Belknap, Bah.
cock 4 Co. We presume he never
heard Of those tribes because in his
two hours speech he did not alludc to
them, although this gang OF political
desperadoes had robbed him Of half Of
his liberty Qike the rest of us) and
millions OF our revenue.
When Christian starts out to lee
ture and instruct the heather be
should tell the whole truth and moth.
ing but the truth. We hope that here
after, when those two Radical Mission.
aries (Shapley and Norris are sent
among us heather they will set us an
example for sobriety and truthfulness,
if they have nothing else TO dispose.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

BAD TREArMEST.-From the long
faces we have seen on our streets since
Wallacc's scalpcrs left, we are satisfied
that neither Morris nor shapley will
ever be sent for, no difference how
many scalps are demanded from this
section, by the Radical State Commit
tee. Those two gentlemen, like Bel
knap and Babcock, were the creatures
ofuniortunate circumstances, and while
trying TO scalp their neighbors los,
something more than hair on thor
own account while here.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04
GREAT liza RS.


We mean Tue i"a'c", s'""p.'S s'"
craiiy' "A sc"o'a''y o'' s'"'""
as no was roprefen'c' W ~ "a"''' -
Joy Morns' wAs o'oue"' ~ Wv W.,
nom rh'laae'ph'" "'' ""' " ~
dress inc haoSo' our Vo""'9' "S "a'
been 'ed .. .hep"o"''''o' 'y'v ',;'
years ana mas oraw" o"' y, '"o p"D",
treasury over one "a"'''" ''o"'"'" ~.
'd's ho n"o 'no o''nv' ""''V,' "
stand up III 'no oour' no''' "'' e"s
tha' INC 'oru'ser anu U'''",'s' '.""
Morrlsey' anu "noSs iweea werv W '"'
lam''lar asSoc'a'oso o. oanue' - ",'',
ana thht tno 'o"'euo'a'' No"s 'o'' '""
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

TnE DR Is Asr.--We have late in
tolligcnce from Ex-Gov. Curtin, wbt
is now in Indiana stumplng for Tilden
He says the State will go Democratic
next Tuesday by handsome majority
Even Ohio looks comfortable just now
To-day the tide is flowing wonderfully
in favor Of the Democracy in those
swo States, and the tact is visible in
thc face Of every prominent Radical.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

Jusr LIKE TnKx.--lt now turns out
that the Radical Assessors in Philade.
phia have Jumped 10000 namcson the
Registry lists of that City. That
number Of names are fictitious and
are put on for the purpose of rcpeaters
who will vote five or six times, giving
different name at each election win
dow. OF such Is Radical rule.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04


"Brick' Pomeroys paper supports
Cooper and Carey, the Grcenback
ticket. Four years years ago, Brick,
Blanton Duncan 4 Co., kept up side.
show, ostensibly in the interest Of
OConncr; but then, as now, Radical
cash creased the machine. Brick
Pomeroy has been purchased by Grant,
Hayes 4 Co., just as in 1872. Ho was
too godly to vote for Greeley for Pres
ident, but swallowed Grants brides
like sweet plums. Such is "Brick"
and he might be handed a 100000
every four years, and be still would be
without money or Democratic princi-
nlaa
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

CENTENNIAL COMFORTS. Those Wis
itors to the Centennial, who complain
ed Of being crowded when $4,000 per
sons entered the grounds, will fee
moro comfortable at home when they
learn that 257, 1856 persons tramped
over that territory on tho 2sth ult., fo'
the purpose Of looking at the sights on
Pennsylvania's day. Think OF II Gvs
TO onol IIIl nI
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

A REUNION The surviving mem
bers OF the Constitutional Convention
of 1873 had a reunion in Philadelphia
on the 9th ult. Two members, Theo
dore Cuyler and VIM. d. Baker, both
of that city died, during the year. FIX
Governor Bigler was reelected Prcsi
dent, II. A. Lamberton, Esq, of Har
risburg, Secretary, and Committee o.
Arrangements, with Hon. James W
NJ. Newlir as Chairman, was appoint
ed, to whom the selection of the time
and place of the next meeting wal
referred.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

READ AND STUDY Ir.-The greatest
document of the age will be found on
our first page this week 1t is Judge
Blacks letter to Rev. Gen. Hon. John
A. Garfield, of Ohio, and should be
read by all men and women. The
clergyman, the General, and the dem.
agogue, is furnished with old ideas
newly coined, and must be proftted
by careful reading of this keen, cut
ting review of hypocritc in religion
a buiioon in Gcneralsbip, and a dem
agoguc in craftsmanship.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

The second Tuesday of October does
not trouble us as much now as before
the adoption Of the Constitution Of
1873, In Indiana and Ohio they are
having rcd-hot times, which will be
settled on that day. How glad we
are that the corrupting influences Of
an October election are removed from
our borders
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

SENATORIAL CoSrEnEScr. I'VE have
been requested to announce that the
delegates Of this Senatorial District
will meet at Bellcfonte, on Thurs.
DAY, the 18th Of October, for the pur-
pose Of nominating Democratic can
didatc for that position.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04


Is THAT SOFA Radical exchange
says that the soldier element which
supports Tildon, all belonged to the
rebel side. We hope our contemporary
will inform us on which side the fol
lowing named individuals were found
during the war, all Of whom openly
support Tl,len aud Heudricks' Major
Generals Mcclellan, Hancock, Hooker
Badly Smith, Slocuin, franklin, Bart
lett, Sigle, McCandless, McClcrnand
and Morgan, of Ohio. The names o
Mosby, Babcock, and Belknap, are no
on this list. They are for the othel
| fellow.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

The Radical Senatorial question in
the Jefferson district has been settled
by Mcknight, Whites NAM hauling
off and giving the nomination to DR..
st. Clair, of Indiana, who is bitter
opponent Of White.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04
GREAT ALARM IN THE WEST,

The excitement and alarm which
the Modoc and Sioux wars caused in
West, while they ragged, did not pro
ducc half ,hc alarm in Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, that
is now manifested on'tho part.of the
Radical leaders in those States, because
n few prominent pennsylvanians have
saw proper to make trip across those
Commonwealth. The indianapolis
correspondent of the New York Times,
of tho 2sth ult., is greatly alarmed at
what he discovered. The invasion Of
those States by Pennsylvaniansis is what
troubles the "Christian Statesmen" at
Washington, and elsewhere.
The correspondent in question in
sounding the alarm says
"Therc arc many signs that Tilden Is about to
attempt his coup dsiat In political rascality.
Gen. Manson, Chairman Of the Democratic State
| y.s,a,Jay a, I.f.,s,,. n. .,o,dea his aid Re-
publican friend. as If ashamed to meet thsm. On
in ,Ss br"sLfss.'r room of ths Grand Psciae
Hotel, at Chlcngo. Here, to-day, ! met Gen.
McCandlcss and sam Randall, OF the same state,
at the Occidental. Tho mission OF the latter, !
ain sue, Ia entirely legitimate, ior he hsnnounc,
cd to make speeches, being Of liberty 70 select
his own places but appointments for McCand-
less nfe declared of, although he has been In
the State many dsys-certainy IN this city since
the lith-and Il Is understood that he u not 70
speak He sticks close TO his room In tho oeci'
dental, and has many visitors, With each Of waUu
he has conhden''ai iatcisiews. What he 10 doing
~ 'h's way, vna' ,he p'mocfau sApcs. MI" 90
here aud the presence Of lvailae. At cAsayo. III,
s,dsa, that ui,asns s ",.l hasr ss,,d y iad'an'
Tho, IL = wonderfnl s,.,o og affairs
Wbv n iew Pennsvlvanians should
alorm Indiana Radicals 10 such mitch
ia mast our comprebension unless, /,
IL that thew are impartinp the truth tt
,ho voters ot that State ON the otbc,
hand we have tho alarm sounded b,
. the Cleveland correspondent of th,
' Columbps (Ohio) STATE Journal VIII,
oxcla;ms aH|a
Republicans bewarei Our State is being in
vsded by lot Of political ,rarps iro'a rsnnsyl
and is now in Michigan and Wisconsin sowin
hS ,S,a o. ~na ON, ps.P
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

Read our first page, and learn what
the leading Constitutional Lawyer of
this country thinks of the thrice-titled
gentleman, who halls from the Western
Reserve, of Ohio. The Yankee slave
code and the Puritan idea of war and
humanity are exceedingly good in
theory, but as p racticcd by them, a
humbun.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

THE DRiFr OF THE TTDE.-Whcn a
prominent leader like Judge Hoadley,
of Alabama, who has voted twice for
Lincoln and twice for Grant, comes
out for Tilden and Hendricks, the Re
publican organs call IL returning to
his first love-" When men like Adams
and Bartlett announce their intention
of supporting the reform candidates
they call it "dcsertion.' This "rcturn.
ing to his first love- and "desertion'
is what will place Samuel J. Tilden
where Lincoln was put in 1860.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

Hayes and Hard Times are what
the office holders are fighting for; but
the tax ridden and most shameiully
outraged and insulted people say no,
give eus Tildcn, Reform, Prosperity and
Good Times.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

CLUB MEETING. "A Tilden and Hen.
bricks Club meeting will be held in
Pies Opera House, next Saturday ev.
cning. VIM. M. Mccullough, Esq, the
Democratic candidate for District At
tornoy. will deliver an address.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

TnE TEsr.--Thrcc States, Indiana,
Ohio and West Virginia, vote for State
officers on Tuesday ncxt The party
carrying two Of those States on that
day, will elect tho next President,
Mark the prediction.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

VIcKy FREE.--Victoria Q. Woodhull
lately obtained an absolute divorce
from her husband, James II. Blood
She is. therefore, no longer a slave,
but free woman" and will no doubt
enjoy herself hereafter. f1i.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

No candidate for President since the
time Of Andrew jackson has been SC
maligncd and slandcrod, as Samuel J
Tilden; yet like "old Hickory" the
Great Rcformer, will be most triumph
antly elected by robbed and indig
nant people.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

Moody and sankcy have broken out
in Chicago woll, IL they can break
up the CROOKED whiskcy" busincss,
and mako honest mon ont Of tho guar
dians Of that Radical plupderod city,
thcy will have accomplished good
work. 4luif atIrMI
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

BLAISE's LrEs.--Wc have the truth
at last about the result of the late cleo
ton in Maine. The Blaineitcs lied their
majority up to II, 900 and kept it there
for the purpose Of misleading the pub
lie, but on Saturday, when the official
count was made, but ll,is3 is pro.
claimed of the result of the hardest
contest ever had in that State, lead by
Blaine himself and defeated just as
badly at home as at Cincinnati, as the
result proves. Their Credit Mobilier
champion is on his last legs. His late
falseboods are as apparent as his stock
jobbing while in Congress.
Clearfield Republican. [volume] (Clearfield, Pa.) 1851-1937, 1876-10-04

No UsE.--Thc trial of Grants ex.
Private Secretary, Babcock, for COM
plicity in the safe burglary, is about
closing at Washington. The testimo-
ny shows that Babcock knew more
than an honest man ought to know
about the business, but the Admins
tration will not allow him to be con.
victed. You can't convict any Radi-
cal rascal in Washington court. In
icw days Babcock will be discharged
as innocent and left at liberty TO help
in the canvass for Hayes and Wheeler