The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1876-05-31


tiers on the Ottoman arms In l0sa Again. in 1880,
oicn' or Pesth, on the Danube, the most important
Turkish outpost against European nations cap
surcd, alter most heroic defence, by tho Christian
army The loss Ofcn (Pes,h) was followed by that
Of many other FORTS and in 1857 great defeat tho
banks OF the brave further weakened Turkish power
on tho Danube These results SO cxaspcraed the OTTO
man troops that. they dcposed and imprisoned the
Sultan, setting up in his place
soLMAS II.
This ruler had stormy reign, during which Bel
grade was captured by the Christians was retaken
10 1890 by Mustapha Koprili tho Turkish general In
1901 Soliman died. and was succeeded by his brother
AHxEr,
who had reign marked by defeats, particularly that
at Petcrwarden by Louis le Badc In which the Sultan
lost his Grand vzier Civil war subsequently, regned
throughout all the provinces OF the Empire In 1895
MusrArHA H.
became Sultan but his troops defeated at Zona
In 1901 by Prince Eugene In 1890 tho poace Of Carlo
WITT was concluded, which delivered Hungary and
Transyivana from tho Turkish yoke. Azof was ccdcd
70 Russia, the Ukraine and Podolia to Poland and the
Norca to Venice This treaty may be said to mark an
important stage OF the rapid decline OF the Turkish
power, which commenced with tho disastrous defeat OF
Lepantn Anyhow, It shows that Europe was begin
ming TO recover from tho terror inspired by Islansm
In the early development OF its strength that CONT
ncnt
The modern history Of Turkey in Europe begins
with the peace Of Cariowitx Immediately following
this event the efforts Of Kopri and Ram tho Turkish
Minister'S TO reform the abuses Of the State and par
ticularly in the army, created intense hostility to
these officials which finally reacted the Sultan's
popularity and caused his reinforcement in favor Of
AHMEr
In 1903 Tho most remarkable events OF this reign
the campaign against Russia in which Peter the
Grcat escaped capture only through the devotion OF his
wife, Catherine, who briDed the Turkish vizier to
make peace whom tho latter had tho Russian army
surrounded by his troops position whence
there was escape. The war was Insgatcd by
tho refugee King Charles XII. OF Sweden, who
had been forced seek shelter in Turkey after his
defeat at Pultowa by the Gar The rcconqucst Of tho
Morea by Turks alarmed the Emperor OF Germany
that he declared against the Sultan. and Prince
Eugene defeated the Turks at Petorwarden alter
sangunary battle. Tho struggle renewed under the
walls Of Belgrade, which city the Prince advanced;
but Notwithstanding tho Efforts Of the vzicr the place
with immense booty fell into tho hands Of the impe-
rial army. In consequence Of these rcvcrscs the
Sultan concluded peace at Passarowitz, after agreeing
to restore Belgrade, Temesvar part Of Wallacha and
portion Of serva to tho Emperor, the Morea being
compelled Ahmc to resign, and the throne was taken
BY
MAnNouD
This ruler, alter . war with allied Russia and Austria,
compelled these nations to mako peace on terms very
favorable to Turkey, which included the surrcn by
Austria to the Porto Of Belgrade, Serva Waachia and
0rsova and the acceptance OF the Danube and Save
the boundaries between tho two nations. Russia con-
sentcd to demolsh the fortress OF Azo TO employ only
foreign vessels her Black Sea trade and abandon all
her recent conqucsts Of Turkish territory The death
OF Charles VI caused q rcopening OF tho European
Interstate quarrels, by an effort TO deprive Maria
Theresa OF her crown. The Sultan though neutral,
underworld to reconcile the contending States but
failed and the terminated only In 154S by the
treaty of Ax-laChapelo. The Sultan died In 1754, and
WIS succeeded by
GILMAN III,
whose reign peaceful and unmarked by any i'm.
portant event. In l76s he was succeeded by
MusrAPnA H.,
who, sympathzing with Poland, declared war against
Russia, but suffered many revsrscs, and diod dur
ing its prosecution HIS son,
ABDUL HAND.
end, tie strife by signing the peace Of Kainardji,
which recognized The independence OF tho people
Of the Crimsa, Bessarabia and Kuban. Tho
free navigation Of the seas was conceded 10
Russia, and tho PARTITION Of Poland recognized Tho
peace, however, did not last long. In 1887 now
broke out but resulted unavorablv for the Porte
peace declared rpon the capture Of 0czakow where
every man OF the Turkish garrison persisted. Abdul
Hamid died in 1850, and
mounted the throne and suffered defeat from the
allied Russian and Austrian army Belgrade HIS
feet also destroyed by the English Galiipol-
ofthe French Republic to compel the Sultan unite
the general against France Solim dcposcd by
the Janissaries and followed as Sultan by
MUsTAPnA w.,
who reigned year only ard in turn succeeded by
MAHMouD H.,
who. aftor disastrous with Russia, signed tho
Treaty Of Bucharest which gave tho Gear the line Of
the Pruth his frontier In 1919 the independence Of
tho IonIan Islands recognized and Greece began
TO show signs Of revolt The vigorous measures Of tho
Sultan 10 suppress this movement eliminated in the
atrocity known the OF Solo, where 90 900
persons OF both put TO tho sword Europe,
horriled ut the barbartcs OF tho Turkish command
crs, iniercrcd and destroyed the sullan's icct at
Navarino, compelling him TO recognize tho indepcnd
cncc OF Greece in 1920 Mahmoud destroyed tho tur-
bulcnt Janissaries by organized and in
troduccd many reforms the civil and military do
partfncntS VI ms goVeTumcut NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. inc
ianatical opposition OF his people. In 1928 Turkey
was invaded by Russian army, under Wittgenscin,
and the Sultan obliged to establish his line OF de-
fence on the Balkan chain, with Shumla his head
quarters The campaign resulted in the total defeat or
the Turkish alter series Of obstinate battles
and siegcs. Tho Russians secured the or the
mouths OF the Danube and mpora privi-
lcgcs in Turkey, also section Of territory
with several largo towns In Asia and nm
indemnity Of seven millions OF Holland ducats Egypt
now became involved in a with the Satan and In
cted several defeats hts army SYRIA particularly
that at Koneh In December 1892 In 1889 hostilitics
we're renewed, and Egypt another great victory at
Nezib In the year Abdul Meijd succeeded
Mahmoud and his nrst experience q ruler not
calculated TO inspire him with confidence in his own
officers for two weeks after his accession his Chief
admiral deserted with his fleet the rcbellious Pacha
OF Egypt. In ls40 England, Prussia and Austria
solved to procure tho recession OF Syria the Porte
necessary to send armed force TO Acre and