davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21
For the VERMONT FARHER.
Water; Considered as a Vapor. No. 8.

The third and last form in which water is
found outside Of the chemists laborator ry, is
in the form of vapor. Raised to the TEN.
perature of 2l2o Fahrenheit, it is converted
into vapor with considerable rapidity, caus.
ing an agitation while the escaping vapor
passes through the fluid and into the atm os.
phere. No additional heat can raise the
temperature Of water above 2l2e for the
steam or vapor carries off the heat as fast as
applied.
Evaporation is constantly and invisibly
going on from every lake aud stream, and
from the soil, unless the atmosphere is al
ready so impregnated as to be unable to con.
tain more, as in seasons of actual or immi-
nent rain. In warm days evaporation is
more rapid than in cold ones; yet in the
coldest days it is by no means suspended.
Mr.. Howard records the loss of $50 grains
from patch Of snow FIVE inches in diameter
in one night in the month Of January. And
this has been estimated by DR.. Prout to be
equal to 1000 gallons of water from an acre
Of snow 10 the same time. At oil times
evaporation is accelerated by and in proper.
lion to the velocity of the atmospheric cur.
rents. Every farmer has observed how rap
idly the soil dries up in few windy days !;
also, that strong current Of air greatly
hastens the preparation Of his hay for tn o
barn.
As in the boiling Of water evaporation
carries away heat, so, also, evaporation from
the soil must produce the same result and
reduce its temperature. Hence, wet lands
from which large amount of watery vapor
constantly escapes, are colder than dry lands,
and can be made warm Ouly by removing
the surplus water by judiciOus system Of
drainage.
1t is interesting to notice the application
of this law of reduction of heat as applied to
the human body. Without some means Of
expelliug the heat of the body, the laborer,
under the influence of q burning sun aud exer-
else, must in short time perish of cumulative
heat Hence there is given him the function of
psrspirationi water exudes through the in
visible pores Of the skin evaporation car.
ries it of with the cumulative heat thus
aVertiug disease and death, while the body
remains at the healthy temperature of 9S o +.
Evaporation from wet clothing carries
away the warmth of the body with consider.
Bile rapidity, and urges the laboratory within
beyond its capacity to supply the waste by
the combustion of food. Hence, the danger
of colds and resulting fevers lies not in get
ting wet, but in the loss of animal heat that
afterwards comes in getting dry.
1t appears, then, that the atmosphere must
always contain more or less Watery vapOr
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21

Ii would be we'll 10 note the effect of this
method, as by understanding the result 10 he
Obtained one may readily adapt his peculiar
necessities or conveniences 10 them 10 his own
way and make rules for his own guidance
winch might not be proper under other cir.
cumstances. The result desired is TO pro.
cure the decomposition of all these mingled
matters in the most rapid and effective man.
ner, SO as to render them of the greatest
Vaiue Tor the nourishment of the crop. The
most active agencies for the decomposition of
vegetable or animal matter are warmth and
moisture. These set in operation an active
fermentation by which the mass is reduced
to such a condition that its various elements
are separated and forced into new combina-
tions, in which they can enter into solution
and be absorbed by the roots of plants. ANY
thing which has at one time formed A nor.
ton OF plant or animal is thus-and only
thus-made fit TO enter into the formation Of
other plants or animals. If by i'll manage.
ment any part Of this matter is lost or al.
lowed to escape the value of the manure il
lossenod. If the heap is allowed to become
too wet, and water drains from it, there is a
loss in what the water dissolves and carries
OFT. Ii it becomes too dry and overheated,
o sort oil slow combustion takes place known
as dry.rot or "fre-fang," aud the manure is
reduced to its mineral elements only, and the
nitrogen or ammonia, its most valuable DOR.
ton, escape. The heap should, therefore,
be 80 managed that at no time should its tenn
perature be permitted to rise above
100 . If this is likely to occur the mass
should be thoroughly moistened or else turned
over and mixed with quantity of absorb
ent earth, swamp muck, or road dust. A
high temperature will cause the ammonia
that is dissolved in water even to become
volatile and be lost, aud should be carefully
guarded against. There is nothing gained
by any higher temperature than this. 1t is
supposed by some that by allowing the ma.
nure to heat any seed of weeds contained in
it are destroyed. We have found
DO reason to suppose this to be true. On the
contrary we know that heat of over 1909
will not iujure seeds Of most of the common
weeds or agricultural plants that are generally
found in manure heaps. 1t is therefore best
to exercise care that they should be excluded,
and no weeds that contain seeds should be
put into compost heap, but should be
burned to get rid Of them. In the manage
ment of 50 important matter as this the
farmer should act thoroughly, and not be
misled by the opinions of his neighbors into
doing that which he has reason to believe is
unwise. If he studies the principles which
govern the decomposition of organic matter
and the needs of his crops, he can form rules
for his own guidance, but until these princi.
Piles are thoroughly understood there is
risk in making deductions from them.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21
Chemistry Of the Fstening Progress.

A lean COW or OK is in a very different
condition, chemically considered, from fat
animals Of the same kind In the first place,
the poor animal consists of about two.thirds
matter, the fat one of only half, that is in
total weight. A fat animal is in dry con.
dition, poor animal is like some of our bog
meadows, very wet. When the fatteuing
process begins, water commences to disappear,
aud fat or suet takes its place and the in.
crease in bulk, during the process is largely
OF adipose matter. Ii is a curious circum-
stance that during fattening, the proteids or
nitrogenous compounds, increase only about
seven per cent and the bone material or inor.
ganic substances only ono and a half per
cent.
The cost to farmer of fattening an OK is
much greater at the close of the process than
at the commencement that is, increase in
bulk or dry weight at that period is much
more costly. If it costs three cents a pound
for bulk, for the first month after a Door ami.
NAL is put in the fatteuing stall, it will cost
five cents the last month. If then, a far.
mer consults his money interests, he will not
carry the increase in fat beyond certain
point, provided he can turn his partially fat
ted animal to fair advantage.
Farmers have perhaps learned this fact
from experience and observation, and hence
comparatively lean beef abounds in our
markets. While this is Of advantage to the
farmer, it is very disadvantageous to con.
sumers Of the beef, for the flesh of fat an
imnl in every case is much richer in fixed,
nourishing material than that of the lean,
and it is never good economy to purchase lean
beef. 1t is better to purchase the poorer
parts OF fat animal than the best of lean
one. The best piece of fat OK (the loin)
contains from twenty-one to twenty-eight
per cent more fixed material than the
corresponding piece in lean one, and Curl
susly enough, the wosrt piece in the animal
(the neck) is the richest in nutritious mate.
rial. The flesh Of the neck improves very
little in fattcning, hence, economy con-
sidered, it is the hest portion to purchase,
as its value is in measure fixed one.
Horse-fesh is as nutritious, considered as
food, as that of the OK or COW. The relation
OF nitrogenous to fixed material is rather
higher in horse than in an OK, and the
amount Of water is less. There is no good
reason why horse-hesh should not be used as
food. 1t is prejudice alone which prevents
its employment. 1t is a regular article of
sale in the meat markets of Paris at the
present time.-American Rurd Home.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21
For the VERMONT FARMER
Raising Pigs.

L will state here my experience In raising
early pigs. have decided it is a loss TO
winter shoats when we can get sows to win.
ter that will give litter Of early spring pigs,
then make early pork of the sows and sum
mer the pigs, and if properly cared for they
will make as heavy pork in the fall as the
shoat, as they are generally wintered and we
save the extra feed of three or four months
for which we get but little growth, the food
being required mostly to keep them warm.
l make early pigs specially; am never
afraid of getting the sows too fat, keep
them on my horse manure, and feed literally,
often weaving the pigs. make the sOws
into early spring pork for which there is
always a good demand, when beef is SO
scarce and high. l find buckwhOat shorts to
be the cheapest and best feed for sows suck =
ling pigs, except, of course, sour milk. One
year had thirteen sows that dropped their
pigs in February and March, and they av-
eraged nine pigs each, raised, and sold them
readily for 50 each, when later pigs only
brought three. make it point to let them
come in near together, SO as to transpOse
pigs from one SOW to another when some of
them have been lost. l have large COW
stable which with proper care will not freeze
in the cOldest weather In the center of
this l mako two pens for my Sows to drop
their pigs in, and there is no more risk Of
chilling than in warmer weather. The idea
is, the cows breath keeps the temperature
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21
Summer Management of Manure.

1t is generally considered that the Win.
ter is the season for the accumulation and
preparation Of manure. During the summer
season this fundamental business of the
farmer is generally neglected. The conse.
quence is that much valuable material goes 10
waste and much time, that is equally a valu.
able element in the preparation of manure, is
lost. During the summer there are ample
opportunities Tor the collection Of large auan-
titles OF waste vegetable matter such as
straw, coarse heritage, or weeds from uncul.
uVated, helds, sWamps, road sides, aud fence
rows, the ceanngs Of bitches aud r road.scrap-
ings. These may be made to furnish large
mass OF fertilizing matter. Besides these
there are the cleanings Of village streets and
garbage heaps, the refuse Of tanneres, WOOL
Gu factories, shoe and harness shops, aud
other such places that are of the greatest
value to the farmer. The trouble is that
the proper manipulation of these matters is
not understood, or is supposed to be too la.
bOriOus to be practicable. But on the con-
trary, when rightly managed, these gathered
refuse matters which may often be procured
for the picking up, may be turned into yalu.
able manure with but little labor.
The method Of utilizing them is by pilinR
them in heaps along with all the stable ma
nure that can possibly be made or procured,
in such way as to hasten the decomposition.
We have fouad the least laborious plan is to
deposit these as near as possible to where the
manure is to be used which is genearlly upon
the fall grain crop, and there build them up
into compact pile made fat and broad upon
the top, so as TO receive as much rain as pos
sible. Much moisture is needed to facilitate
decomposition and to preserve the mass from
Over-heating or dry rot, by which the most
valuable portions Of it would bo driven of
and lost.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21


Sailing HAY.-With the following ad.
vice on sailing hay, from the Germantown
Telegraph, we can agree, but would also
keep lime away from il
We are glad to know that sailing hay as
it is hauled into the barn is losing advocates.
1t may possibly prevent the barn from burn
ing when the hay is too green and improperly
cured, but it undoubtedly damages the hay
1t is true that cattle will cat It and rather
prefer it to unsalted hay, but it is unwhole.
some and Injurious. Lime is better, if it is
deemed necessary to use either; but it is
better not to use either, but to cut the grass
at the proper time, and that time is when
the timothy or clover or meadow grass be-
gins to show the blossom, and then to cure it
carefully and enough to do without the salt.
ing or lining. Better to run the risk Of
wetting than to house hay only half dried.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21

about right. prefer to have my pigs come
in February or early in March, and they
will then be ready to sell about the right
time to get the best price. l have received
5000 for four weeks old pigs sold in one
spring besides being able to fat the sows for
early pork, having had their pigs so carly.
A breeding pen should have railing about
seven inches from the floor all around the
side to prevent killing pigs. Bed light with
hne cut straw. I. q. NARAMoRE.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21

"Justice" writes to the FARMER from I'm.
derhill, raising doubt of the truth of the
statement Of the weights Of feeces of Merino
sheep Of j. s. Goe, 10 FARMER of June goth.
and expresses the opinion that it is the duty
OF editors to satisfy themselves of the verac.
ity OF their correspondents before printing
their communications. He had supposed that
a flock that would shear FIVE pounds or q
trifie over was doing we'll. We have no
doubt whatever of the truth of the state.
ments Of Mr.. Goe. We did not suppose that
farmer living in Vermont, whose Aocks of
sheep have such a reputation for heavy
feeces that many dealers and manufacturers
refuse to have anything to do with Vermont
wool, need to be told that rams fleeces of l3
to 81 pounds and ewes Aeeces from IL to 27
pounds are very far from being all, or main.
ly, wool. 1t may be that there would not
be so great a difference in the weight of
secured wool OF these "brag Aeeces," and
common FIVE or six pound Aeeoes Of wool free
from yolk and oil. The largest fleece we
have ever taken from Msrino eve weighed
in the dirt nine pounds and clean sed six
pounds. There are very few reports of
heavier Aeeces of secured wool from Me rino
ewes. AT the same public shcaring rams
fleece weighed thirty pounds aud after being
secured four pounds.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21
swseds Orruta-biigas may be planted as late

Sweeds or ruta-bSgas may be planted as late
as the middle of July with good success, and
the fat turnip even 10 August upon compara-
lively moist soil. Sown among the corn at
the last cultivation, il the corn does not shade
the ground too much, or where hills are
missing, and in many an open space, he
fiat turnip will return a good many bushels
at a nominal cost. In such economies as
this are the profits of the farm largely
increased. A few Titles make up the whole.
E. II. Libby IN Scientific Farmer.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21

We are panied to learn Of the death Of
Ezekiel w. Dimond, Professor Of agricul-
ture of the New Hampshire agricultural col
lege. Professor Dimond was a self.made
man, working out almost the whole of his
education after reaching manhood. He was
an enthusiast on the subject of agricultural
education. His labors for the establishment
and development of the New Hampshire az.
ricultural college have been unremitting,
embracing drudgery of every sort. His
premature death is undoubtedly the direct
result of over work.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21

Messrs MOselOy and Stoddard Of Poultney,
whose "Now England dairymen's supply
depot contains everything which dairymeu
use in their business, have recently filed an
order for our farm for iron clad tin milk
pals. These pals are just what their name
ndicates-strong-bcing made Of very heavy
tin with an iron hoop around the bottom,
projecting downward slightly below the bot
tom, protecting it from the wear which sets
pals to leaking. The top has heavy wire,
heavy bail and stout ears. It is the best
pail we have seen, and Is just what every
farmer who has a COW to milk should have.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21

More CLovRR.-Very few men are aware
Of the amount of soil washed away every
year in this section of the country. If we
keep on with this kind Of farming many farm
ers will now do as they do in the eastern
states, and put guano, ashes, plaster, super
phosphate or lime in every hill of corn.
Farmers you should stop some of this
waste don't think of leaving nothing but
the yellow clay for future generations.
But there is a remedy for all this waste I;
SOW more clover. Keep the ground filed
with the roots or vegetable matter, then it
can't get away so easy, Plow up a clover
sod for corn or wheat and be sure to have
the clover in the rotation of the crops.
Sow in February or in March and bear in
mind next summer you can NOW big crop
ofhay from that piece of ground and re-
member that it is getting richer.
Make calculations to seed another part Of
the farm next year, aud in a short time you
can have a two.year.old clover sod to plant
corn on then look out for fine corn, big
yield, grown with half the labor that you
now grow corn on those worn-out fields that
have been in constant use for corn and wheat
twenty-five years This is the best country
for clover ever saw. The farmers east Of
this state don't pretend to get along without
sowing clover, aud to make the clover grow
they use plaster and lime. Here there is no
use Of this at present aud in addition to
the rich yield of clover or hay the clover
seed is profitable to take care Of We hope
to see western farmers giving this subject
more attention. Western Agicnitvist.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21
.qI'RSHIRE Cattle
and BERKSHIHE PIGS,
Also few
SHOKTHORNS AND JERSEYS,
Bred and for sale, at reasonable prices, by
A.. y. BALL,
Derby Line VT, or Stanstoad, p. o., May II, 1876.
sAs&ABUILDINGS MOVED.
FARM FOR SALE.

The subscriber offers to sell his farm at East Cabot
consisting Of 4O Of COOS land divided into tlage
and pasture There Is orchard Of IS young bearing
trees two good places Of 32j trees In each The
heavy tim6ered land covers i2j and includes fine
growth Of CEDAR The farm we'll fenced and there Is
a good supply Of running water and we'll water The
farm is but three and half miles from Wos Danville
depot and only hall a mile from post office and first
rate school. viii DO sold at low figures and on easy
terms. Enquire Of d. F. Rollins, St. Johnsbuyy or Of
the subscriber on the place.
J. A. r. GLIDDEN,
East Cabot. Vt
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21

A French surgeon, noticing that the foot
aud mouth disease does not attack cattle af-
tected with the cow.pox, vaccinated twenty
i've oxen, and not one of them had the
disease, though living with animals largely
infected with it.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21

The executive committee of the Michigan
state agricultural society are reported 10
have declared that the trials of speed at
their annual fairs could not be attempted
without bringing in all Objectionable features
OF gambling incident to regular horse trots,
aud have decided to abolish II accordingly.
Illinois has followed suit.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21
Manurial Elements Extracted from the
Food in Digestion.

The question often occurs to a thoughtful
farmer, how much is the manurial value of
food reduced by the animal. An exchange
says;
Mature animals take nothing out of their
feed that is OF any manurial value, pro-
vided they are yielding no product, such as
milk or wool, which is taken off the land.
This is true whether they are laying on fat
or not, since fat is composed of material
In the food that has no manurial value, and
If the milk is not carried away, but only its
fatty portion separated and sold as butter,
while the skim milk is fed to mature animals
that are fatting, there is no loss. But i f
this skim milk is fed to young animals that
are growing, and are to be sold away from
the land then the loss is nearly as great as
if the milk were sold in the first place.
If the digestive power of these young ami
mails is perfect enough to take out all the
food material from the milk, then the loss is
just as great.
When cheese is made, the loss is nearly
as great as when the milk is sold since the
whey contains but small part of the manu-.
rial value of the milk; and if this whey is
fed to growing animals, the loss is total or
very nearly so.
Unwashed wool takes away considerable
amount Of fertilzing material that has been
derived from the food consumed by the sheep
from which it came. But if this wool has
been tub washed, aud the wash-water added
to the compost heap, the loss is greatly re-
duced, since nearly all the potash land the
quantity is large) which unwashed wool con-
talns, is washed out and saved The amount
Of fertilzing material left in washed wool is
very small, compared with the total amount
Of food consumed by the sheep during its
growth, and hardly need be considered in an
estimate of profit and loss.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1876-07-21

1t is estimated that there are about 900
American youths, aged from twelve to twen-
ty years, who are engaged in the business of
"amAteur journalism
The Rutland weekly globe. [volume] (Rutland, Vt.) 1873-1877, 1876-05-19

1t is all we'll enough for the papers in the
third district, in the endeavor to defend
the representative in congress from that
district from the charge of neglect of duty,
IN that, during one session Of congress, he
was absent or not voting one hundred and
seventy-one times being present and voting
only forty-five times, to slur Colonel Joyce
by saying that if Hendee "has not flooded
" the country with his speeches it is credit
able to him. and there is one other dis
trict which would be glad to have its
member learn the same modesty and
prudence" 1t is all well enough for a
certain Rutland paper to approvingly copy
this slur, although it knew the contempti-
BILE insinuation to be false. But when a
southern paper refers to speeches made, and
sentiments held, by members Of congress
from Maine, Massachusetts and Vermont,
and in commenting thereon we say-and it
is true-that elf it were not for the first
" district, 1t would never be known from
anything that transpires there that Yer
"mOnt was even entitled to a representa-
4" tive IN congress-" the ID is to pay
generally. But our comment was true
nevertheless
The Rutland weekly globe. [volume] (Rutland, Vt.) 1873-1877, 1876-05-19
The Imneachment Question

Those senators who are "learned in Nv u
enjoyed another day, Wednesday, of con-
fidential discussion on the jurisdiction
question, and it is evident that it will con-
sumo the remainder of the week. The
general opinion is that the democratic sem
ators will vote soldly in favor of exercising
jurisdiction, and that enough republican
senator's will vote with them to furnish the
majority necessary to carry it. But while
thiriy-eight or more senators may thus de-
eide that the senate has jurisdiction and
secure the trial of Belknap, 1t will require
much larger number to declare that the
senate has the right TO find him guilty.
The question will be put
"Resoloed That William w. Belknap,
late secretary of war, is guilty of high
crimes and misdemeanors, as charged
against him in the articles cf impeach-
ment,
and then twenty senators who do not
believe that the senate has jurisdiction can
vote no and acquit him, declaring that they
believe him guilty on the merits of the
case but not guilty on the ground of want
of jurisdiction. This adds to the com
plcations of the question