The sun. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1833-1916, 1876-07-30

Insect as over the young BROOD or the most Drll .
liant bird. Each, as II comes into the world,
thoroughly knows lite part, and plays II the bet
ter because 1t Is more free to obey the dictates
OF its instinct" He will receive new assurance
that "there presides over this great drama Of
life law as harmonious az that which regulates
the movements Of the heavenly bodies; and II
death carries OF from the scene every hour myr-
| lads OF living creatures, each hour life causes
new leeions to rise up In order to replace them.
1t Is whirlwind Of being, a chain without end"
| Many creatures which the understanding
observer would take for parasites are now
known not to be such; that Is to say, they do
not sustain life by drafts upon the vitality Of the
creature which they inhdbit, or to which they
attach themselves. They are divided into two
classes, namely Messmates and Mutualists
| Some Of the Messmates are free and indc-
pendent, leaving one host and seeking another
as within or convenience may dictate; Others are
fixed for life to one entertainer. All secure more
| orless of these beneats-lodgng, transportation,
| a share Of the food which their host obtains,
| or better opportunities to forage for themselves.
| The Remora Is a specimen OF the free messmate.
He attaches himself to the shark by peculiar
| apparatus for a longer or shorter time. An ex-
animation OF what was In the stomachs Of sew
eral OF these Ash at the British Museum showed
| that they catch food on their own account; II
was composed OF "morses OF nsh which had
served as bait, Of young nsh swallowed whole,
aud OF some remains Of crustacea."
The remora is simply anchored to his host, and asks
IKE the pilot to nsh in the same waters as the snark
SSs q ec reo even So Sch
the ship, no human power could cause II TO ADVANCE
the nshermen Of the Mozambique Chsnacl take advan.
ge Of tns fseuw to asa for turtles ana certain large
% which cord is attached then send It IN pursuit
csusat hi. kHd o. ns69s resembles % some degrees
creature could not ia to attract the attention Of those
among the anclcns who were students Of ma ure. PnY
Of philtre capable Of eItlnguishlng the names of
love.
The small crabs, which naturallsts call Pinno-
there's, are other familiar specimens OF FREQ
messmates. They inhabit the bivalve moluscs
They take their food In the same waters as their
fellow ledger, and the crumbs Of the rapacious
crabs are doubtless not lost In the mouth OF
the peaceful mussel. The northern seas contain
a large species Of Modloa (Aoiiold Pdpudnd),
which is especially found In deep and almost in
accessible parts, and which always encloses a
| couple Of pinnotheres about the sizo OF hazel
nut. or these crustaceans Pnny says;
The chams Is clumsy animal. without eyes which
opens its valves and attracts ohcr nshes watch enter
their new abode Tue pinnothere seeing his dwelling
asey closes hi. yay md XII. one after another
these presupIuous visitors that he may eat theui
| his leisure.
What In some places Ia still known as the beo
louise. the name by which 1t was formerly gen
orally recognized Ia not a parasite Of tho bee.
ltusss this industrious insect simply as a means
Of transportation. Naturalists call It melos.
Its eggs are laid near plants which bees visit,
and when those are Matched, the larve climb
into the flowers, and walt till bee comes 10
search OF sweets. Then they mount upon his
back, aud are thus carried into the hive.
or nxod msssmates, the polyp may be mem
toned a. one Of tho most agreeable specimens.
1t establishes itself upon the sponge by forming
q sheath around the bundle OF spicules which
are now known to form part Of the sponge.
Among mutualists are certain small creatures
which make their homes on birds, fishes and
other anlmils but which do not seek the blood
Of their hosts They rather perform once
that. in way. combines the duties Of scavon-
ger, valet, and medical attendant, helping to
keep the body on which they dwell clean and
healthy, removing and devourng superiuous
skin, scales, In some cases added eggs. aud
other useless or Injurious matter. but parasites
proper are objects OF greater Interest TO tie or
binary observer. Many Of them can, indeed,
hardly be mentioned In polite society without
offence, while others are subjects OF frequent re-
mark and discussion.
In general the difference between parasites
and sninlals Of prey Ia distinctly marked the
animal OF prey Kills In order to eat the flesh OF
It's victims; the parasite Is careful not to kill
IIe feeds upon, but is too prudent to destroy hii
host, and thus put AN end to his profits. But
certain creatures ordinarily called parasites have
quite as much the nature OF earnlvorous ami.
mails, as for instance, the larva Of tie chneu-
mon, which gradually eats up Its nurse. VERY
recently the newspapers have reported that In
Minnesota grasshoppers arc assailed by para
sites that af1x eggs to their bodies, and from
the eggs come grubs that bore into them wi h
fatal effect" Certain parasites are free during
their whole life; others are free only while
young still others are only free when old.
Some IRE parasites during the whole, Others
only during some part of their existence. Many
pass through transformations and metamorpho-
ses which are SO dependent upon tho nature and
Appetites OF different animals that tho plan ol
their existence seems clearly to have been lntel
gently nado with direct reference TO tue taste.
habits and preferences for food OF various croa.
lures. The dreaded trlchina, for example. ex
lists In an imperfect intermediate state Ia the
muscles OF many animals. IL the nesh contain
ing these creatures, as yet undeyeloped and in
capable OF reproducing their spe Giles, be eater
by warm blooded animal, they become per
fected In the stomach OF the eater and repro
duce with astonishing rdpidty creatures such Al
they themselves were before taken into the
warm blo oded stomach. These creatures make
their way through the walls OF the intestinei
into the flesh, and there wait TO be taken int,
another stomach In order to DO completely de
veloped.
Trchne found IN the flesh OF almost all the nam
mails II we eat thus ttchiuOu- flesh the worms beC0n,
free IN The stomach As digestion anu they
developed with ehuelic rapllty kacn female IaTs
MICROSCOPIC worm. when Dorea through tue wa OF
! the stomach W tnc lute,tiucH, and tnulsatus o
trchi odge them.clye, IN the flesh. wherr thry
MI they again introduced into another ttoulacl
Nnen the numDcr IL 4 eat their presence may tu-'
disorders, or even death Leuc karts experiments OH
animals aroused the attenuon OF physicians
and then II was found mat patients VINO hat
the Invasion OF these parasites lcucNtrt cuuutc.
7OuOuO trlchiuW IN pound Of the flesh OF man, an.
Leuk speaks OF even hYe millions Ia smi quHntt
OF human nrih Ihc trciuh hplrNls PRODUCES about
hun 10 II young worms ~ the cud Of week (NlYpur
! cue ana pls Whlch hAd swallowed puuId ut les.
lbHolnh irlcul eJ l sAi cut4ln etef sOuc day -1I
OuO,uO1 reckoning hat only hall the worms halrhr.
rere irialcs mica not tue cas for there are n e.
tcmlltu lhAu mates. u appears thNt tfltlNW can N
come sexual IA Rli iimb ludeI animals but mum
Der IN Wui, they can become cuCYstrl IN not grca
IL appears that they are not encyHtrd In hlrls.
We owe 10 Leuckart Q85G anu 1857 and 70 Vrchov
lsJSl tht kuOWcdkU OF tai pruCipt "a ~ tur his
tory Of tne.r worms, Nrchow ascrrtaiuel by ,xper.
mo. That they become srKu int ulWrutlrY CAul
at the end ~ three days m So two uutur ll-
discovered after many re,ehrcnes, tnat ricnino az.