Juniata sentinel and Republican. [volume] (Mifflintown, Juniata County, Pa.) 1873-1955, 1876-06-21

Temperature with increAsing elevation
in the valleys of the Alps in the Au-
tumn and Winter have frequently
puzzled the meterOlOgist. This phenO-
menOn occurs every year in the Tyrol,
in Switzerland. and we have heard 1t
mentioned as occurring in some of the
mountainous portions OF the United
States. Professor kerner seems to
have carefully studied the subject, and
has given good reasons for the cause.
In certain portions of the Tyrol, while
frost reigns in the valleys and trees are
leafless, the grass and trees upon the
heights frequently keep beautifully
green, and flowers that bloom else
where in Autumn and even in Spring,
flourish in the genial air. The noun
tain people say at such times that the
south wind blowing al0ft induces
warmth. Professor Kerner found such
assertions to be ill founded. Careful
research showed the investigator that
this curious phenomenon presented it
self; that in every valley there was .
warm region lying between two colder
ones. Temperatures taken of the
ground showed no remarkable increase
of temperature. The explanation Ker-
ner advances is that increasing pres
sure raises the temperature of the air
as it descends. After sunset the ground
of the valley and the air above it cool
rapidly by radiation. The air thus
made specifically heavy cannot flow
off, but rests like lake at the bottom
of the valley. The current which has
flowed down the mountain sides. being
raised in temperature, glides over this
stratum and rises about the middle of
valley to rejOin the winds above. By
day the air descends from the valley
up the southern slope, and is replaced
by a current descending the opposite
mountain face. OF course, then. the
phenomenon of increasing temperature
with increased height must be more
striking when the ridges and valleys
stretch from west to east. and during
periods of polar wind, when the sky is
clear and radiation strong.
German FIlters.-The method devised
by Prof. Kletzinsky for producing
plastic carbon for filters is described
in detail in DIngler's POlytechnic Jour
nal, the mixture for this purpose con-
sisting, in the one case, of sixty parts
coke, twenty of animal carbon, ten of
charcoal and ten of pipe clay, and, in
the other, of ten parts coke, thirty of
animal carbon, twenty of charcoal and
forty of shOrt-fibered asbestos.
These ingredients, except the asbes-
tOs, are finely powdered, passed through
a sieve, and intimately mixed while
dry, and then as much mOlasses or sy-
rup as may be necessary to form .
plastic mass, about as much as the
weight of the dry powder employed.
This dough is well worked and then
formed into cylinders or disks, allowed
to dry for some time at q moderate
temperature, and then burned in q
carefully heated muffle. without access
of air. After being slowly cooled, the
phide of iron decOmpOsed, by placing
the article in very dilute hydrochloric
acid. The filter is then thoroughly
washed in running water, dried and
again heated to dull redness in . well
closed muffie. and finally shaped. by
turning, as may be desired, for beakers,
tunnels, etc.
Closed hollow vessels can be formed
by luting together two suitably shaped
vessels of the substance by means of o
certain paste. This is prepared by
covering the turnings from the washed
masses, thinly, with pure syrup-made
by dissOlviDg refined sugar in half its
weight of water-and triturating them.
The edges of the vessels to be luted
are first well fitted together, and then
coated with the paste, 90 as also to fill
all the seams and the whole, after
drying thoroughly, is burned at dull
red heat, the operation resulting in q
very perfect quality of work.
II. DeldtOf, in an article upon "PhOs-
phOr BrOnze," states that it is not an
alloy but a true chemical combination
of copper with phosphorus, or n phoa-
The union of the two may be through
the cold or the hot process-the cold
sufficing for certain applications, being
preferable indeed to combinations pro-
duced by heat. By the hot process the
introduction of simple bodies other
than the metals or metallOids is preven.
ted. The copper used in the process
must be commercially pure. OF the
three kinds Of phosphorus the operator
my take his chOice-the ordinary, the
amorphOs, and the earthly biph0s-
pilates. The amorphos is the most eX-
pensive, and is also the best. Accord
ing to DelatOt, the percentage of phos-
phorus varies from 2 to 4. between
which there may be an affinity of de-
grees, although for industrial purposes
five varieties meet all the require
ments. These are formed with 3 per
per cent. of phosphorus, 81 per cent. 3,
81, and per cent. Above phOsphOr
per cent. the material is claimed to be
superior to any other metal or alloy.
The price of phOsphOr bronze, un-
worked, shOnld not exceed that of cop
per, plus 10 per cent.
~
The Photographic appara-
tus is intended to record the angular
position of objects situated around q
given point. 1t is alternative and very
simple, the record being made by pho
Biography, and the camera used, with
the exception of certain additions, not
differing much from the ordinary kind.
The objective which is that usually en-
plOyed by photographers, Is mounted
vertically on circular platform capa-
BILE of rotating, by means of clock work,
in a horizontal plane.
The result of this arrangement is the
production on the sensitized plate of
images of the different points that lie
around the observer; the angles formed
by lines joining the centre of the plate
and the different objects being exactly
the same as those formed by lines
joining the centre of the instrument
and the objects themselves. The DO
sition of the objects thus accurately OBJ
tanned may be transferred to paper,
&C., in the ordinary way.
Specimens of paper and cardboard
made from peat were recently presen-
ted to the Berlin Polytechnic AssOcia-
ton by Herr Veyt-Meyer. The paper
and cardboard were very firm, and the
latter was 30 thick that it might be
planed and polished. Paper made of
peat alone is like that made from wood
or straw but only IS per cent. of rags
is needed to give it cOnsistence. A
large factory for the manufacture of
peat paper is to be established in Prus-
sia.
There are few who do not remem-
Der the childish wonder they once felt
at hearing the resonance produced by
placing q sea shell to the ear, an effect
which fancy has likened to 1.-THE roar of
the sea-" This is caused by the hol-
Il