, 1875-05-15

lila prolImtn1rlos, lo introduced tAotQ hud
touched upon principles which should hAvo
wider hearing than the wallis Of tho lccsure-
room. In snbotanre, the lnctur8 uaa ~ follows;
THE LECTURE.
1t ia strange that. In this couni7y, 1octurer
must appear before hla audIonco with an apology
for Frao Trade. But 20 It Is. No nation,
except Nunsla, PRACTICES Protection on
principle, ~ tho Unsod States dooa.
Utlior nations, though thoy may not
bo actually living under n Freo-Trale policy,
llare 1t loast not tlor facoH in tho right tliroc.
sion. Within fow yeGra. Austria has recognized
tho Fmo-Trade principle 40 tho t1uo one. Sho
has usauy exotic Industries which havo grown up
nntsor her rro.sction policy, and cannot mike
sudden change but sha now holds the light
ideas. Tho Statos Of ti,s Church, which wcro
psotoolioniat Under tho rulc OF tho Pope,
have, s!nco the realization Of Italihn unity,
a1opled Treo-rrado principles. Spain, too,
though sho moves very slorly, and can lsnrtlly bo
eaid to have an opinion, yot Is Frco Trade as fir
~ gho las policy. A great chanEo Is also tsl-
Ing place In our countr5 ID this mattor,-very
quietly, it Is trio, but widespread, as personal-
" have tito lnoans OF knowing, tho proofa Of
which aro n1ost encouraging.
THE AMERICAN IDEA OF L1bEnry.
Wo lssro bnilt In this country 4 social systcn,
tho fundamental principle Of who;, is, that vo
i1avo no hereditHty distinctions. VIC allow no
man advantages bockuBa OF hls fa.hcra posi-
tion. That In tho t,ilo OF orr Boolal order. We
do not undertake 10 protect or encourage any
man OF to giyo him any advantages vhatoyer.
Our wtloio Hoc|al eyBtBm 10 baaed on tue
idea TINT tho struggle for exlstencs Ia 4
FREQ contoat with no favor to any ono
and we have followed ont Tho idea to ita laat
logical rcsnlts In roat cascg. It Ia 20 with ra-
gard to liberty Of speech and tho press. Lihorty
OF speech often degoneratea; n1au gravely abuse
1t, md preach &loctsinaa which arc aubversvo Of
eociA order. You CAL got platform In tia
United States to preaoh anything You chooeo.
With tho ndvooatos of nav theorieB. the Alnots-
oAn principle is simply to let tIorn talk II tho
idons nro not good they Will fill unnosioed but,
II thoy arc good. let us hnra thom. II you e1-
piado keg Of Gunpowdsr In M open fold, there
Ia great noise, but no 1,ar7n Ia done; II sou
conflne II BY bulldngs, tlte explosion doss i'm
meuso damage; and wo follow The sanao pr1nci-
pla with theso men, With their opinions, aa they
csl1 thcm. On the whole, tt Is tho best policy.
it ia no With regard to liberty OF tho prcas.
It ia abused oresy tiay, and may 70 atul further
in tho direction Of l,nel and obscon!ty; but onr
American principle 10 to coatrol it only by tho
widest reruatiouo and, On tho whole, It is lot
ter than to try to ropsosa 1t whoily. Nov, by
l'oop!e would say: Let men alonc to trado
m,ko mouoy, iat them lose it. il they don't
know how 70 prodaoo, fos : good n,Arkes. 10:
thom suffer ,nas iot IT,. It," Tho analogy St
tho eame tlsrnctinn: that vhatsyer 10 to
10 gained by production will roach its max
lmun, under liberty. Ia lts roraonal application,
lbs libeIty OF 1ntn With regar1l to lis o.
changes without bringing tho strongest restraint
10 boar on ll. aocial development and individual
| happinesa. II, in my wo5 whatever, Oil advau-
IT Il gained ouly by t.klnR 1t from anothor. 1u
ovsry form In which protection Ia appnod, this Ia
.rue, e,--whatuer 1t h Protection tachntcelly Do
called, or Tradaa- tnions. II . Trade Union
ahuts ont persons trnna tho trado, and othcra do
tho enalc, those petsons turn into vagabonda on
| tho faco of ths ea:tb, and coma upon tho pnblo
for eupport. Advantages to porsona inside tho
traas arr gainoa at tho exponke Of persouH out.
side. Whet, slen, ts tho ,rne principle bore ?
It ia tbs pr.,cipls Of libortJ. wheuovef nny mau
heglnn to t9ccty competition, rcuotnbor TINT com
petition iB another nau,o for liberty. II wc
would oxoialo compotitaon. retnombar The io-
toroat Of tho compositions. IT you wish 10 outer
aproiessioa, aud men try to crowd you cut, vol,
Houla eay: II must have profession. want
to enter hers, and compete with yon, anl mako
o livelihood. and gain q standing With the beat
Of you." You wouid be c!amorer Tor liberty Il,
that case; md the aAms principle applies
throughout tho whole domain OF induAhy md
cxchauGe.
rno1Ec11oR1pr saEon coEoknNrxo TAXATION.
Take snosher simple, comm .senoe principle.
l,ocn It do any Eood2 No; as . tax simply, II
hnsta him. Taxation b., In fact onrtain loss
which Ill honest ciaens have TO undergo GU
account Of the dishonest people In tito oomuiuni-
ty. II va #ero community Of honest mon,
| Hhnr1ri mn nnaH nnl1eh ~
as alt. II no were all governed by pct.
teet reason and conucicnce, We should not uool
9ovor,tneat nor army and navy nor any such
things. Taxatio,, Ia what wo have 70 pay fox
,ninn; nad ths object Of Social soionca ts tt
teach ,ss better, and lead In tho direction OF les,
oEm3 and navy loas priaons, courts, locks ant
bars, sud ail thu immense expenditure.
Now. reup!s turn around aud Gay tARe taxEstor
can be niado IN engine Of production. That II
the Fundamental cyltr that nndsrlios tho wl,olt
theory Ut rrotactiou. .fhfs Us no oyarstatemon
o rsesny :Yoa rresTtssrs sa xans tt
put Tho taxes Whero they will do no good" ant
told him shoy did not do any goosl any un!, OK
capt thGt they afo necessary o1oonse as society
now exists but M tx cannot, ia any way, bonsdt
productive. Tho productive idoa exponea itsel
at once as absurd aud impossible. Theeo broat
considerations coyer tho Whole ground and
: whom YOU ECO that taxation saunot proslucs ANT
involve tho saiue fnllsoY. Historically. men'
minds do not run 10 tho simple grooves OF CON
! annn sonse. but IN tue grooves Ut tradition AMI
plausible and Rophistlca! arguments.
BntrF E1rEEiEacE " YnER TRADE.
} There Is deoror method OF treating the sub
} ject tlan by tho preceding considerations; ant
that IL Historically, by facts. nns wo Lave we'll
straueet facts only from ono nation. England
and from her only kL1ca 1870, uAeu s6o bo
J cana dstlnctiye!y Fses-TpGe nation. Az 1
took time for tho system to perfect ita working
} wo haye really put fifteen Or twenty yoa1s o
Froo Trado On tho part Of this one nation, b,.
that ayea u the strongest bsais for aelsntido u
! 1uctlon.
pnoTEcT1oN SPECIAL PLRA.
In takiag up Protectiouat arguments, 70,
should obssrya that al OF them are il. thu natur
of q speoinl plea, not OF general priueple. VI
hold that Whatever Is gained by Protection
: will reach jts maximum under llbolty
, They reply that, IN. = new country
positive arguments for Protection ara all Of tha
, nature, Those arc tho arguments which is Ia al
ways The most ottncut to oxhaust, for t4oy fo1u
| Al ondlosa series of pleas shas lead nonheto
, It Ia impossible 10 take up all tho fal