davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New York herald., 1875-09-22
THE POPULATION OF CHINA.
[From the SHANGHAI Courier. ]

The subject of the population of China is the riddle
of the Sphinx, guessed at but never solved. And
if it were solved no one would ever know it, because
there can be no verncation. In connection with
first knowledge of China taught that its popua-
ton is immense Its millions teem The delusion of
one or two generations ago that Jeddo and Pekn are
the worlds great centres Of population is scarcely yet
dispeled Many of the cities of the eighteen prov
nces especially in the SOUTH undoubtedly enor-
nous and to the casual traveller all Chinese cities
presumptively the same He has learned in his
geography read in his encyclopaedia that the popua-
ton of Tientsin is 500 0OO and that of Pekin from
l. 500 900 to 600 0OO These round numbers are gen.
orally accepted without question, and this scale
smaller cities gagged. Thus meet the most con-
ndcnt estimates of population formed scanty data
or on data at all, by every latest traveller, who
like Supreme Court, has the last guess at the
case The difference between the high scale and the
low scale of estimating Chinese cities is difference of
nearly halt There are those who cling TO the old
tradition that the population of Pekin IS 900 000 and
there are others who consider 700 900 liberal estimate
Little dependence is TO be placed on the estimates
of transient travellers Even long residents hesitate to
express a decided opinion for experience has taught
them that such conecures are often misleading 1t is
idle to inquire the number of families in large city of
''nellgent natives y as 1t would be to ask an inte
gent natven the death rate of Liverpool There s
doubt death rate, and somewhere it is recorded But
IL not in the line of any hut physicians and coroners
to know what is, unless II may have been published
in the morning paper But the Chinese have no morn
ing papers, nor any other paper Al certain yamens,
doubt some approximate statistics are on
file, but such things are utterly foreign to the
thought OF ordinary Chinese In small villages the
number of families is known to all; in large cities
1t Is practically not known at all 1t would be
wrong to disturb the worlds faith in the proposition
that China contains 400 600 900 inhabitants proper
ton generally accepted in spite of Dc Quncey's
scepticism. But let this multitude Of human beings
be apportoned in fair and equitable manner among
the smaller towns aud villages, and not thrust by hum
dreds of thousands upon half empty walled towns
where they will find visible means of support If
these remarks should lead the casual reader inquire
the population of Tai-yuan-fu he IS informed that
cordng to the doctrine of the reativity OF human
knowledge, If Pekn still keeps her 600 900 In the
Biographies then the capital of Shans has 800 OO0
Buff Pckn is reduced to $50 600, then does Tai
yuan-fu drop to 100 900, ''be the less "
The average Engshman whose faith Is said 10 be such
that il safety valve only labelled statistics he
would sit it with perfect confidence, is invited TO
fnLl .nn.ii1
The New York herald., 1875-09-22
A NEW WONDER IN CALIFORNIA.

John Muir, well known TO the visitors OF the Yosem-
ite Valley announces the discovery OF rival to that
wonderful scenery II sa valley in the South Fork Of
Kings River forty.nve miles from Visaa in right
line This valley is nine miles in length from to
west and has an average width at the bottom Of about
half mile 1t lies 900 feet above the level OF the sea,
and its walls are about 5000 feet high They pre-
cipous and Of the striking eauresof the Yosem
te like El Captain, and the Sentinel and the Cathe-
dral Rocks have their counterparts The falls OF the
new valley have water, but are less picturesque
than those OF the Yosemite.
is from Visaa. the great part Of the way by
good wagon road, through groves of sequetias and
forests of fir and pine. The trail be extended Muir
says, the Kearsarge Pass, which is $4,000 feet
height, and is located in the midst of perfect wilder
Of peaks from 800 TO a. 900 feet IN height, rising
from rare glacial meadows ladies' and adorned
around their bases by multitude OF the very dearest of
Alpine flowers company of drovers have entereda q
claim 10 the valley for the purpose Of raising stock
The New York herald., 1875-09-22
VIENNA. Sept. & ls7!

VIENNA Sept D, 1919.
have held back my letter for fresh news and now,
giving due consideration TO the lively speculation going
on in Turkish contracts and securities, | can
hardly reconcile my own knowledge of facts with in
formation which reaches me from authentic sources
must frankly confess that in estimating the chances
Of speedy end to the revolt had taken into con-
sideraton the influence which
CONTRACTS
might bring at any moment to bear upon Turkish af.
fairs Halt the contractors in Europe have bolted on
70 Consantinopls and Ragusa with unlimited brbos In
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13

The New Orleans Wrss. It now
trauspires that the Republicans, since
the retirement Of the Democrats. hav.
log only fifty.ons members with eer,
tificatea, have admitted three members
who occupied precisely the isan,a posi-
ton as tie Ave gentlemen who were
eJected. The question ariaes, why
don't the military again interpose and
put those men out as they did the five
Democrats?
Thursday was the anniversary of the
battle OF New Orleans. There were
only thirteen Americans killed in the
fight; but in the light of present events
even that was II very useless waste of
valuable lives.
Upon the Recommendation of judge
Mackey, Circuit Solicitor and others,
Gov. Chamberlain has commuted. the
sentence Of Nelson Clawson, convicted
Of murder, from death to oimprison ment
for life. - - -
Parallels in history &c the Louisiana
outrage are plentifolly cited; but She.
rldan did not advance by parallels.
The State House wae carried by as
sault.
The house Of Frank Ellis, colored
man. was burned in Surry County, Va. i.
on the 4th. and the inmates, i've in
number, burned to death.
The body of man named John
Healy, WAS found below Wilmington.
n. C., few days ago. He was dis
chnrged United States soldier.
The Augusta races have been post.
poncd in consequence Of the inclement
weather.
Mr.. Richard Cottrell. an old citizen
of Pickells. died on the 3Oth.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13
,Au4t1Fsn y@alSss!
foreclosure Of Mortgage-..Eale Of
Real Estate.

foreclosure OF M0rtgage-..Sale OF
.,,a Real Estate.
,IRY virtue OF the power Of attorney duly
- given TO the Capital Building and Loan
Association ,a OF Colambia, by George ":
Allen, and contained In the mortgage Of
ton. dated the 28th day OF September, 1871,
! will soil. on the FIRST DAY OF ,FEBRU-
AIRY Mr. XT, at IL o'clock A. NJ, before the
court House in columbia, as the property
OF said George ". Allen, all that piece,
parcel or lot OF LAND, and BUILDINGS
thereon, situate. lying and being In Waver.
ly, in or near the city OF Columbia, being
portion OF Lot No. a In plat Of said
Waverly, made by T. @. Veal, Surveyor, in
March. A. D. 1855. fronting on the North on
= street &C feet wide 90 feet inches;
bounded Oh the West by lot of J. & q. Lo.
gan; on the East by lot now or formerly
6eonginR, to O.. Waring, running back
south wardly 238 feet; and bounded on tho
south by &c: belonging 20 seh1. Pickett. 's:iA
Terms each. JOHN AGNEW -
Pres: Capital B. and L. Association.
Colnmbia, 8. o., january .. 1875. '5Ra
jams u 30 ~, av5
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13

Notice to Holders of Claims Against
the State of South Carolina.
OFFICES OF CLERKS OF SENATE
AND HOUSE OF KEpREsENrArIvEs,
COLUMBIA, 8. c., December 23. 1874.
DURSUANT to concurrent resolution.
Il adopted by both Houses, tho UNDER
signed hereby give notice to holders OF all
claims ng ainst the State, other than Blue
Ridge Scrip and BillB Of the. Bank Of the
state, to present said claims et their OF.
hces, or at the Office Of the Attorney Gene
raj. in the city of Columbie, on or before
tho 18TH DAY OF JANUARY, ae7b,! for
registration. , J. WOODRUFF, ~ 4
Clerk ofSenAte. 3,
40. JONES' selaaA.
Clerk Of House OF Representatives. !,
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13

Butter. Oranges, Apples, DC.
Ok TUBS Choice Goshen BUTTER. =,
Ac 600 Choice Florida ORANGES =
100 bbls. Choice APPLES (BaidwInsi}S ~
rs tube Leaf LARD. ;,j"9E :faps
500 Choice Bologna SAUSsAGEs ati12A
cents per pound. Just received ana for pnio
BY q. J. LAUREY,.
Jan IL Opposite PHGrIx.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13
May l66iJune l6 l5s 80; July 16 1-16,
ll634sAngpst l6 29- 80, sl6I5.i6.

May yl66iJune l8 l5s 80; July 16 1-16,
ll624sAngest l6 29- 80, 10 1915.
Z BALTIMORE, january 12.-.Cotton
hrm-middling Az; gross receipts
100; exports coastwise 95; sales 29O;
spinDers 30; stock 49, .651.
GALVESTON January I2-.Cotton
firm and in good demand-middling
l439; net receipts 1.343; gross 1,377;
exports coastwise SO; sales $500.
BosroN. January l2.-Ootton quiet
gross ]. .177; sales 335; stock 3,721.
MEMPHIS. January 12-Cotton firm
-middling l41a@ll34; low middling
l4(914}l; good ordinary 13I4(9l3Ia;
net reoaipts 1.466; shipments 1,794;
tales 2. 900; stock &C. 1886.
NORFOLK, January I2.-Ootton firm
middling I4E(0143S; net receipts
l,03l; exports ouastwlse S75; salcs
GOO; stock 1892
AUGUSTA, January 12.--Cotton
steady-middling 1414; net receipts
$40; stock 1888
PHILADELPHIA, January l2-Cotton
qniet-middling 15ls; net receipts
2l2; gross 2SS; exports Grrat Britain
339
SAVANNAH. January 12.-O.tton
-middling 14a4; low middling
~; good ordinary l324; net receipts
wise 81; sales l. 604; stock 50. 400.
CHARLESTON, January IL Cotton
firmer- -middling 1412@14sE; low
middiing l4ls; good ordinary 10; net
receipts 1877 sales 900.
MOBILE, January IL. Cotton active
-middling l42s; low middlirg 1879;
yet receipts 1875; exports to CONT
nent 1,150; coastwise 1,5G1; sales
5000; stock 75,O45
New ORLEANS. January 12.-Cotton
steady and unchangcd-middli
l4as; net receipts 6.035; gross 6,742;
exports to Great Britain 5 .A32; France
400; sales G, ,450; stock 273. lO7.
ST. LOUIS. January 12.-FIour dull
and declining snper6ne winter 4 QUA
4 10; extra 1904 25; double extra
35C@4 so Corn in fair demand snd
irn-66@6Sll. Whiskey declining
93G94. Pork nominally 1900. Bacon
dull-shoulders 8; clear rib l11,; clear
l1l9. Lard nominal
CINCINNATI January 12-Flour dull
Corn nrmer and hlRher-TO(I7l.
Pork steady--19 0O(0l9 %. Lard
quiet and easier-l31s bid, 1881 asked ;
kettle 1414@l4ts. Bacon quiet and
steady. Whlskey firm, ut 80.
LONDON, January l2.-Eries 2Tl4.
PARIS. January IL -Rentes 62f. 300.
LIvERPoo1. January l2-3 P. NJ. -
Cotton firm-nplands 7's; Orleans
rs; sales 15.U0O. including 5000 for
specn alton and export; sales on basis
of middling uplands. nothing below
low middfing. shipped January or
February, ~; deliverable March or
April. tx; nothing below good ordi.
nary, shipped February or March. tx; ;
deliverable January or February, 7
9-16.
P. M.-Cotton sales. basis mid
ding uplands. nothing below good
ordinary, deliverable March or April,
Z l1-l6. Yarns aud fabrics steady. !
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13
Wines and Liquors.

Wines and Liquors.
NHAMPAGNES-po Sec,
" Ohaus d Duchatel.
Kelley's leland Sparkling Catawba.
California "Imperisl."
BKANDlEs-Drsndenburg Frerea:;
Jas. Henneecy. lii.'!S
otard, Dupuy & Co., vintages 1885. 1858,
1865.
WlNEs--Oll Private Stock Maderia-in
bottles only,
Choice Table Sherries, t
California Angelica-very delicate, ~,
+ rauGrman au1 otner rurts, H35a
Full limo OF Hooks and Sauterhas, inolud.
ing "Chsteau Yquem. "Latous Bianche,'s';s = =; 4
"Hockheimer," "' .snb enheimer," &c. ,&e. g
Our speciality 10 fne goods, auch 90 Ne
can. With confidence, recommend. ANY
rare wine not In store sse are prepared to
purchase either in New York or Europe,
and furnish at market rates. go 80
Moves I'D GEO. sYMMERs.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13

Seed Potatoes. n urE -sY.
1On BARRELS Choice Early ,.ose
1VO Seed Potatoes; warrented best
quality. now on hand and to BE- had during
the season. by the barrel, only at 30
G.: j. LAUREY'S, 80
Dec 20 1mO Opposite PHENIx Office o
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13

Two thousand pounds fresh noun.
tain butter. just received ard for sale
cheap at Hardy Solomon's. Send early
il you want to secure bargain.
Five tierces Davis diamond hams,
OF this seasons cure. Just received at
Hardy Solomon's.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13
QitY Taxes,

CITY ASSESSORS OFFICE,
COLUMBIA. 8. G., December 16, 1874.
NOlICE is hereby given that the booka
IN are now open FOL the returns of the
Taxpayers OF all property taxable By the
City OF Columbia for 1875. Property-hold-
ere snd sl! othors interested sre notified
that their returns must be made before the
18th day OF January, 1875. Blank forms
can be had OH application to
Dec II RIOH. JONES, City Assessor.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13
Look After Your Stomach.

Look After Your Stomach. eo
TINE finest Medicinal CONNECTION in tho
lunch. Chocolate for table, Walnut Nougat,
Pistsohc Taste Cocoa Caramel, Cream
Chocolate. A.theR and Mallov, Drops, Solu-
BILE Gum Drops, Cough Confections, Gin
ger Drops, Eng Mint Drops. finest Extract
Vanilla. tnost Extract Lemon, for sale at
HEiNIrSH'S Drug Store. Dto 22t
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13
MARRIED.

On Tuesday, January 10, at the residenc,
OF the BRIDES mother. in Nswborry, BY the
SILLA 4. MONTGOMERY, eldest dauch
ter OF the late Summerteld Montg omery.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13
Notice.

HNHE members OF the Columbia Choral
IL Union will please meet at the Opera
House, THIS "Wednesday AFTERNOON.
at O'Clock. conveyance for the ladies
will be provided ii the weather Ia incle.
ment. BY order: SOL. D. EPSTIN,
Jan IS Secretarv
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13
SENS SAT TIOM S.!

SENSATION PRIMA DONNAS, SESSA-
TION PULPIT ORATORS, Sensation roli.
ticiaps Sensation Parties, eohuetzep.ve-
rein Masquerade Bale, Tableaux, Choral
Union Concerts, Senaation Newspaper
Articles, Sensation New Opera Housee,
and every other Sansation vanishes before
the great impending ~
JAMS NEW SENSATION.
DURE CALIFORNIA MADEIRA.
l. Dec 18 J. O. SEEQERS.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13
Election Of Poiicemen.

A election for sixteen Policemen, two
n Sergeants and Superintendent OF
Water Works will be held on FRIDAY
NES 18th instant, at 6 p. N. Applica-
tions will be seat TO the City Clerk. BY
order OF Council. RICHARD JONES.
Jan 13 City Clerk
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1875-01-13

To Kent.
TNHHEE CHOICE ROOMS, in the secoud
Il stvry of private house; also, the
rear room of all Office; furnished il de-
sired; only ono square East of Main street;
convenient to the most central aud bust
ness part OF the city; meals can be fur.
nished from aboari:ing house. distant only
few doors. Only those Of undoubtcd
character need apply. Apply at this office.
Jams fY&
The Andrew County Republican. [volume] (Savannah, Mo.) 1871-1876, 1875-07-23

shagreen. These are used to polish met
ais and ivory.
The natives of the aforesaid islands and
also the japanese. make quite a variety of
faLcy articles with this cane, such as flutes
and whistle and iong-stem pipes, know as
c0Lu'nsts, as we'll as fishing-rOds and ar
rows and poisoned ~javelins and pixies and
darts, the tips of which are ~sharpened to a
fine point and hardened in the fire, so that
the dart, aimed as it is with unerring pre-
cisiOn, seldom fails to run through and
through the victim it is hurled at.
Bamboo canes and switches are too well
known and too generally in use to need any
description here. Suffice it 70 say that
they have become an important article of
commerce, and, being highly valued On
account of their great flexibllity and
durability, they always command good
prices.
The circumference of some shoots of
bamboo has often been a matter of Won
der, considering the remarkably snort
space of time required for such a prodi-
sious development. The Queen of France,
Marie AntOinette, was presented by the
Emperor of China witha rare specimen of
this abnormal growth of the bambOO-a
pair of very handsome breakfast trays,
each of them measuring about forty inch
es III diameter, and, what is more wonder
full still, carved out ola single solid sec
ton of one of these gigantic canes
But we never should conclude were We
to enumerate all the uses to which this
treasure-plant has been put. 1t would
positively "~bambOozle'' us to think of
them all. But perhaps one of the most
singular is that of its having been turned
to account in the construction of ramparts.
And of this We have historical vouchers;
for, in the year 1861. it is recorded that the
King of the Macassars, being at war with
the Dutch, in order to intrench his army
had two parallel rows of bamboo stakes
planted a yard apart, and tied together
with other pieces of bamboo, and covered
over with a sort of lattice work. also of
bamboo. The space between the two rows
was filled with sand, gravel, stones, and
brush; the whole thus forming a COM
pact mass, which opposed a very etfec-
tive resistance to the artillery fire of the
Europeans.
The Andrew County Republican. [volume] (Savannah, Mo.) 1871-1876, 1875-07-23
Love, the Groundwork of Our Existence.

1t is shrewdly said. AT three we love
our mothers, at six our fathers, at twelve
our holidays, at twenty our sweethearts,
at thirty our wives, at forty our children,
at fifty ourselves" Still, in one form or
other. love is the groundwork of Our ex-
iStence.
So at least thinks the passionate boy or
sentimental girl who has fallen under its
influence. For | suppose We must all
cOncede the everyday fact that most peO-
pie fall in love some time or other. and
that a good many do it even in their teens.
70 may call it "calf love-" and so it
often is, and comes to the s~alutary end Of
such a passion
Which does at once, like paper set on fire,
Burn-and expire"
But it gives a certain amoun of pain
and discomfort during the conflagration,
and often leaves all ugly little heap of
ashes behind.
Also, it is we'll 10 be cautious, as the
fOOlishest of fancies may develop into a
real lOve-the blessing or curse of a life
time.
Fond of her?" heard an old man
Once answer. as he stood watching his
wife move slowly down their beautiful but
rather lonely garden-they had buried
eight of their nine children, and the ninth
was going to be married that SPRING
fond of herr" with a gentle smile;
&" why. I've been fond of her these fifty
years."
But such eases are very exceptional. 1t
is so seldom hat one lOve-a happy love
runs like a golden thread through the
life of either man or woman that We ought
to be patient even with the most frantic
boy OF fOrlorn girl who has ''fallen in
love-" and is enduring its first sharp
pleasure, or pain, for both are much alike.
When they come and tell you that their
hearts are broken, it is best not to laugh
at them. but to help them to gather up
the fragments" as soon as possible. AT
is possible. This or nOthing,' is the de
spairing cry and though We NAV hint
that the world is Wild, and there NAV be in
it other people at lie tst as good as the one
particular idol, still We can not expect
them to believe it. Disappointed lovers
would think it treason against love to
suppose that life is 20 be hencefOrward
any thing than a total blank. II is so
sometimes, Heaven knows! l confess TO
being one of those few who in this age
dare still to bt lieve in love, and in its aw-
full influence for good or for evil, at the
very outset of life. BUTT is not the whole
of life: ought t. be.-Miss Muloek.
The Andrew County Republican. [volume] (Savannah, Mo.) 1871-1876, 1875-07-23
EeCentricities of a Minnesota Tornado.

A pine stick two inches square was div
en- into an elm tree with such force that it
was fairly bedded in the living wood. A
woman, Mrs. Patrick Tully, was carried a
distance of five rods. clear across one ra-
vine and deposited in another. The lady
is still suffering severely from the injuries,
having been badly cut and bruised.
A farmer named Edward Pareau, living
two miles south of Mendoza, owned a little
flock of fifteen sheep when the storm
struck his place, and of this number eleven
were missing. subsequently, eight of
them were found in the tree-tOps, fully
one mile from his house. Two of them
were found pinned together by a board
that had been driven through the bodies
of the poor animals and then into the
ground, Il fact which will be considered as
suggestive of a new mode for " stringing"
mutton.
The fencing on Mr.. Pareau's farm was
blown from the ground, posts and all.
Mr.. George Gage, living six miles south
west of Mendoza, had ten acres of heavy
oak timber OF his place, and they were
swept clean by the wind, as if an army of
choppers had passed through the track on
a tour of malicious destruction. Some
large trees, roots and all, were carried a
distance of one and a half miles.
John Berke, a farmer living four miles
from Mendoza, had his house lifted bodily
from its foundations and torn to pieces
while whirling in the air, and crushing
against other debris of the storm.-Min-
nenpoLis Tribune.
The Andrew County Republican. [volume] (Savannah, Mo.) 1871-1876, 1875-07-23
MISSOURI STATE NEWS.


Ii CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.
july 12.-The report of the Committee on
Revenue and Taxation was taken up and several
sections disposed of.
JULY 13.-The report of the Committee on
Revenue and Taxation was further considered.
The majority report of the Committee on Ex-
ecutive and Ministerial officers was read and or
dered printed. a minority report was pre-
sented by Mr.. Ray.
July 1.-THE whole session was occupied
in discussing the questions of revenue and taxa
ton. 49,. 4 resolution was passed unanimously
exculpating President Johnson from the imputa-
tions made by a Globe Democrat correspondent
in reference to his action on the Blair memorial
resolutions.
july l5.-Fbrther consideration of The re-
port Of the Committee on Revenue and Taxa
ton.
july 16.-SeYeral sections of the Revenue
and Taxation report were adopted, among them
one declaring that State tax on property, exclu-
sive of that necessary to pay the railroad indebt-
800, and when the taxable property of the State
shall amount to $500 600 600, the rate shall not
exceed fifteen cents.
July l7.-Mr. Taylor, of Jasper. offered a
resolution that the Convention adjourn en- the
:4th inst. 70 meet on the second Tuesday of Jan
uary, 1876. Ruled out of order The same reso-
luton was subsequently again offered, and tabled
by 3 vote of IS to l3. ... The report of the Com
mittee on Revenue and Taxation was again IN
der consideration.
The Andrew County Republican. [volume] (Savannah, Mo.) 1871-1876, 1875-07-23
General Notes.

DR.. shannon. State Superintendent of Pub
lie Schools. has issued a circular TO County
Commissioners requesting them to present
before the Grand Juries of their respective
counties the names of all district school
officials who have failed to comply with the
requirements Of the law as to making reports.
keeping fUll record of the proceedings of the
School Boards. and accOuats of the money
received and disbursed for school purposes.
A strict compliance 70 the law by all parties
is absolutely necessary in order that the pub
lie school = stem may be a benefit. and that
taxpayer may see where and for what pur-
poses tha money is expended. The County
Commissioner have had the time for making
their reports extended until the first of OctO-
Der next in order that the district officials
may yet comply with the law.
The Hon. CELSIUS Price, of st. Louis, has
been commissioned Insurance Commissioner
for Missouri. vice Blair, deceased, to con-
tinue until March 22,1S77, and subject to con-
firmation at the first session of the State Sem
ate.