davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06
Summer Care of Apple Trees.

We frequently notice apple orchards in
which nearly every tree is surrounded by
dense mass of suckers springing from the
base of the stems or larger roots. To re-
move these is one of the things needing at
tention in summer. The longer the suckers
are allowed to remain the more difficult to
romove, and the more abundant they are
likely to become. II the sap OF the tree is
diverted from the branches to produce suckers
at the base Of the stem the more abundant
will buds become at this point, hence the
continual increase of such useless and iniur-
Gus appendages,
In removing suckers, the soil should be re-
moved to their very base, and then cut them
away with sharp instrument. A strong
chisel is an excellent implement for this pur-
pose. After removal fill in the earth again.
While the base of the stem is laid bare it is
good time to look for apple.tree borers,
especially the arva of the Saperda candida,
which usually deposits her eggs close to, or
just under the surface of the ground. If one
has ashes, lime, charcoal, or even old plaster
from walls may be applied around the stems
OF apple trees with beneficial results.
The removal of what are called "sap
sprouts" from the main branches of all trees,
should be attended to while they are small,
unless one cares nothing Tor the future well
fare of his orchard. Every seasons neglect
only tends to increase the quantity as we'll
as injurious effects. Tent aud canker worms
need looking after at this season, and the
first appearance Of those pests should be
needed, else multiplication of numbers will
bring corresponding disastrous results.
Washing the stems and larger branches
with soft soap will not only remove the mass
and old dead bark but prevent insects from
depositing their eggs thereon, The fiat
headed apple-tree horer (ChrySoJothriS fem
0rqta) is very partial to neglected apple trees
with a very rough bark, as the cracks are
convenient and safe places for laying her
eggs, but when scraped smooth and well
coated with some soapy substance they are
usually avoided by this mIschievous insect.
The various species OF bark lice so destruc-
tive in some portions Of the country, may
also be kept in check by frequent applca,
tions of soap or strong lye during the early
part of the summer, before the scales of these
insects become hardened. Good cultivation
or liberal mulohng when the trees are grow.
ing in dry soils, will do much toward keeping
them free from bark lice. Stunted trees
like stunted, half-starved animals, invite the
attacks OF parasitic insects aud diseases. L
every farmer would keep this in mind there
need be little theorizing in regard to causes
of failure among plants or animals
Rural New Yorker.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06
Crop Reports,

There is no doubt that the United States
will turn out an abundant crop, in the ag-
gregate, this year. The Chicago Times Of
July ~ published reports from nine hundred
counties, from all portions Of the country
east of the Rocky mountains. These reports
indicate an extraordinary hay crop all over
the west, the result of abundant rains during
the last two months. Wheat in Wisconsin
IS much above the average in quality and
quantity. Indiana and Illinois will make
three-iourths Of crop. In Kansas, Ne.
braska, Minnesota and Iowa, the crops will
be much better than last year. In Ken.
lucky, Michigan, Ohio, Missouri aud the
eastern states, the yield of all crops will be
excellent, and superior in quality. 1t is re-
marked as noteworthy that for the first time
in % years, the south will raise enough
breadstutis for home consumption. Grain
has been lodged in some sections by heavy
rains, and chinch bugs in other sections have
damaged it some, but reports Indicate a
heavy yield, Notwithstanding. In Alabama,
Mississippi and Georgia, and in parts of Ar
kansas aud Tennessee, the corn crop is bet.
ter than it has been for years. In Illinois
Iowa, Missouri, Ohio aud Indiana, the corn
crop promises WELL Minnesota, Wisconsin
and Michigan report corn late, with prospect
OF not over half crop. Potatoes will YIELD
a full crop in all sections. ln the west thu
Colorado bug has disappeared, having beer
almost entirely exterminated by the heavy
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06

reputation of our goods, so long as the diff
ference is so readily perceptible, or "that its
manufacture and sale under any circum-
stances is fraught with the utmost danger to
the great cheese industry of the country"
1t is source Of surprise to cheese.makers,
that skim cheese is produced" by the use
of ga mixture of morning milk skinned
and evening milk unskimmed, in equal quaD-
titles" Where did the Grocer obtain this
elementary fact ?" We bad supposed it
was Just the reverse We trust that the
Grocer, in its 'intenticn to follow this sub
iect to some conclusion" is not actuated by
purpose to "go for" ga few misguided
manufacturers and two or three receivers of
this oleomargarine cheese"
If there is actual danger to the market
for our cheese abroad from the manufacture
aud sale under any circumstances, Of oleo-
margarine cheese, we would be among the
first to condemn it. But neither the princ-
pies involved, as we understand them, nor
the elementary facts" and reasoning Of the
American Grocer have convinced us of ex-
istence OF the peril in any such degree, or at
ALL
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06
! DEERFOOT," 1882, A. ,

the word factory and with the same intention
As it is our intention to follow this sub
lect to some conclusion, we have thought it
adv vsable to set forth these elementary facts
about the cheese industry as it stands at
present, in order that all interested in it may
understand the true position of the question.
If it were a question entirely confined to our
selves in this country it might, from our gen.
orally demoraized condition on the subject
Of food products, be less dangerous to the
cheese industry to deal in these inferior goods,
but it is not so. OF the l,905,97S cheeses
received here during the year ending May 81
last 1,70l 1928 were exported leaving 204,-
$50 for our home consumption, about 8 per
cent Of the total receipts. Wepresume other
seaboard markets would show similar results,
so that to us here, commercially speaking,
it is our export trade in cheese that overshad-
ows every other consideration. How is that
affected by these practices 2 That is the
paramount question. Every person here in-
terested in the export trade, and nearly every
receiver is, tells us that the presence Of these
adulterated cheeses IN the English market is
already being felt here, and that it is abso-
/ lutely CeIJaln, III tnelT nauuiaCIuTe UT SHlp-
ment is persisted in, to react disastrously up
on our cheese trade, and ultimately to drive
us out OF a market that has cost US so many
years and so much labor to establish, and
which is so sensitive to the adulteration Of
its food products as to require the most
thoughtful attention of its most celebrated
manufacturers of such products to avoid the
very difficulties into which we seem to be
willing to rush blindfolded without any re.
gard to consequences. Can the dairymen
and merchants who handle their products af.
ford to do this? Must the entire cheese in.
terest of this country be sacrificed out ol
consideration for few misguided manufact.
urers and two or three receivers Of this oleo
margarine cheese There is but one an.
swer. Those who are thus engaged must quit
it. We know the sentiment of the cheese
receivers and exporters of this city. In du,
time they will take such action as will plac,
themselves unmistakably against this article
1t would be we'll for them to say that thel
regard its manufacture and sale, under any
circumstances, as fraught with the utmos
danger to the great cheese industry OF tn
country, and that they will not recognize o
handle the product ia any shape.
American Grocer.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06
The Late Summer Seeding of Grass.

Some of the best farmers in this coutry
have followed the practice for some years, Of
turning over pieces of their moving fields,
that are somewhat run out, after haying;
spreading on a top-dressng Of well-rotted
manure, and the last ofAugust or first of Sep
tember-as the season may be-seeding heav-
lily with grass seed. In all instances of
this kind of which we have heard, heavy
crops of hay have been harvested the follow
ing year, and the plan has uniformly met
with success. If farmers desire to do so, and
are willing to try the experiment, they may
SOW on some winter wheat with the grass
seed, and see how it does They may har-
vest fair crop, but in some instances of
which we have learned, the grass has over
shadowed the wheat, which latter had given
but light yield. But for the purpose Of
securing advantage Of the main point--the
renovation of our grass lands-the plan if
worthy Of more general practice.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06
Salt for Cabbage.

A New Jersey gardener considers salt
necessary to the development Of cabbage,
especially in places far from the coast. He
finds them more crisp, Of better flavor, and
to keep better when salt is used than without.
He used it as follows: "a few days after
setting out the plants, and when they are
damp, either after a rain or when the dew is
on, take small dish Of fine salt and walk
ing among the rows sprinkle little pinch Of
salt on the centre of each plant when the
leaves begin to grow. l repeat the sailing,
and when the centre of the leaves begin to
form the head, 1 apply salt again, scattering
ii over the leaves after this l look them
over occasionally, and if l find plants that
do not head well and appear diseased, L
sprinkle the salt over freely this will save
all such plants. A quart of salt is sufficient
for five hundred plants in a season, although
more can be used with safety"
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06
Sheep on the Farm.

Sheep are undervalued by the mass of
landholders as a means of keeping up the
fertility Of the soil and putting money into
the pockets of the farmers. The moment
one begins to talk of sheep husbandry, the
listener or reader begins to look for wool
quotations, as if the wool is all that yields
profit from sheep. One might as well look
for wheat quotations alone when there is
talk about the profits of farming.
Sheep on a farm yield both wool and NUT
ton. They multiply with great rapidity.
They are the best of farm scavengers
''cleaning field" as no other class Of ami
mails will. They give back to the farm more
in proportion to what they take from it than
any other animal, and distribute it better
with a view to future fertility of the soil.
Prove this ? There is no need of proof
to those who have kept sheep, and know
their habits and profits they yield. To prove
it to those who have not had the experience,
it is necessary they should try the expert
ment or accept the testimony Of an expert
enced shepherd. n Y. World.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06
BRINE That Will Preserve Butter Year.

Among the many devices for keeping but
ter in manner that preserves the fresh rosy
favor Of new, with all its sweetness, is the
following from the Duchess Farmer, which
is said to be entirely successful
ITO three gallons of brine strong enough
to bear an egg, add quarter of a pound Of
nice white sugar and one tablespoonful Of
saltpetre. Boil the brine, and when it is
cold strain carefully. Make your butter into
rolls, and wrap each separately in clean
white muslin cloth, tying up with string.
Pack large jar full, weigh the butter down,
and pour the brine until it is submerged.
This will keep really good butter perfectly
sweet and fresh for a whole year Be careful
to not put upon ice butter that you wish to
keep for any length of time. In summer
when the heat will not admit of butter being
made into rolls, pack closely in small jars,
and using the same brine, allow 1t to cover
the butter to a depth Of at least four inches.
This excludes the air, and answers very nearly
as well as the first method suggested"
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06
WHOLE NO. 243.
Eggs not Hatching.

Edward Fesser writes TO the Poultry
Bulletin his notion in regard to the poor
success in Matching, last spring as follows {:
For my part il is mostly and very forci-
bly, attributable to very common error
which We are all very apt to fall into, and
which posses unnoticed in ordinary mild
springs, but which papably shows itself in
such heightened and severe one as the pres
ent. refer to the practice Of setting thir-
teen and even fifteen eggs under hen in
the early part of the season, in fact, more
than she can well cover at any season, forget
ting, in our anxiety to have early chickens,
that If the eggs we're not chilled on being laid,
they surely will be at the least and shortest
exposure from under the hen.
In Wright's last most excellent work are
recorded some noteworthy observations on
the peregrinations Of eggs under the hen, by
which 1t will be seen that all the eggs repeat
edly take their turn to be on the outside !;
consequently in severe weather they all stand
good chance Of getting chilled; and that
authority explicitly recommends that no
more than nine, and better seven, eggs shall
constitute an early setting, for if more did
hatch, the hen would hardly be able to prop
erly take care of them.
l have not practiced what l am preaching,
and have consequently suffered the conse-
quences of willfully dsregarding good advice;
the average of my hatchings is little over
fifty per cent, but having broken and exam
ined every egg that did not produce chick
en-, have observed that the most of them had
been fertile, and contained either fully
formed but dead chickens, or partly so ac-
cording to the different stages of incubation,
and the least of them were added or unfer-
tile eggs.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06

Every day in the fall not occupied in har-
yestng and other work of which there is
immediate necessity should be devoted to
paying improvements on the farm, until
farmers can say farming does pay. There
are low, wet places on most farms wkere the
soil is full Of humus or vegetable m ould, and
the washiugs of the uplands. which, on ac-
count of stagnant water produce very poor
quality of grass, and are necessarily moved
by hand. A covered drain through these
places would change their condition so as to
admit of their being plOwed up and smOOthed
off, when they would become the most prof.
table land on the farm. We have had a
single drain through such bog change the
crop from coarse, sour, swale grass to a
red clover the first season.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06
Irrigation.

One Of the most serious obstacles encoun-
tered by husbandmen in this country is
drought In our excessively hot summers
there is usually great deficiency of rain,
and crops suffer to an enormous extent.
There are but few who practice irrigation,
although many farmers have facilities for
retaining water and turning streams upon
their lands when parched drought prevails
There is not the slightest doubt that irri.
cation might be carried on much more ex-
tensively than it is, and that, too, with
profit. Our country is intersected with a
network of streams and rivulets, and only
the skill Of man is needed to turn the water
to useful purpose. The amount Of water,
however, required to irrigate an acre of
ground in the hot summer months, when rain
has been withheld for several weeks, is enor.
nous. If the means of irrigation are at
hand, it is not well to allow field to be-
come parched before water is let on, as in
this case the advantages are in measure
lost, and the labor greatly increased. We
have had some experience in irrigating
vines, and this experience leads us to sug-
gest that no more than two or three days
should eIapse after rain before water is
allowed to flow in moderate quantities, and
two days later more should be applied. The
intervals must not exceed two days in hot
weather, and by this management the earth
is kept in retentive and absorptive condi-
tion, and plants flourish luxuriantly.
The plan usually adopted in watering
plants, flowers, DC, is erroneous, inasmpch
as the interval between the rain and the
watering pot is too extended. II one has
valuable plants out Of doors in summer time,
which it is desirable TO nourish aud sustain
against drought, it is better to assume at
once that drought is certain, rather than to
wait for rain through days and weeks, OF
months. In a day or two after a rain, wa
tering should commence, and the amount
applied need not be large. If the practice
is continued every other day, the plants will
at no time suffer from either redundancy OF
want of water, and If the rainfall is scanty
the plants cannot suffer as they will if wa
tering is only resorted to when it is absO
lutely necessary to sustain life.
Water is not alone needed to supply moist
ure to plants it Is required to render sou
BILE the food in the soil which they consume
The most complex vital changes go on in thu
soil aud in the plant under the influence o
water, aud it it is withheld for a considera
bic time check is experienced which N
subsequent supply can remedy
Irrigation need not necessarily be an ex
pensive undertaking. If a stream can b
secured at an altitude, so that gravity vii
cause it to flow into cultivated field, tn
labor of turning it from its accus
toned channel may not be great
; The subject is worthy the attention Q
farmers, and we hope many mountain O
5 hillside stream will be made in the futur
| to add to the crops on farms in all section
Of our country.
! Boston Journal of Chemistry.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06

The grain harvest is now here. 1t is a
question Of importance to the farmer who
hires most of his work done how to raise,
harvest and thresh field of oats, and not
have the cost of labor equal the value of the
grain. We have had but one hired
man for eight years that would earn more
than his board binding grain. Several of
the last years of our raising grain it was
cut with a mower and handled as so much
hay would be with great saving of labor
and expense. The threshing costs a little
more, and more room is needed for storage.
If farmers who raise hoed crops would seed
to grass without grain, it seems to us they
would make more money.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06

rains. II is most active now in the east,
and no complaints are heard west of the
Ohio. The cotton crop in Tennessee, Ar.
kansas, Mississippi, Georgia. Alabama and
Virginia will be the largest ever produced.
The army worm appeared in but few Sec
tions, and has been prevented from doing
much injury by the weather.
The latest reports from Europe indicate that
there will be an active demand for all the sur.
plus we have here. In Southern Russia, the
great grain fields Of Europe, wheat has been
almost failure, from drouth, and in France
and some other sections vast areas have been
destroyed by food. In Great Britain, bad
weather has injured the harvest considera.
bly,. The result Of all this is a rise in mar
ket prices of breadstuffs all over Europe. In
France the rise is from one to three shillings
on wheat, with prospects for further ad-
vance. Under these circumstances there has
been most extraordinary activity in the grain
markets Of this country during the last two
weeks. The receipts Of wheat at Chicago
week before last, were $4,000 bushels
nearly twice as much as for the correspond
ing week last year, aud the same proportion
Of excess is noted at other heavy grain mar.
kets. Last week, more grain changed hands
than in any other week for five years, per.
haps.
An active stimulus has been given, moi
only to the grain trade, but, more or less, Ia
other branches Of trade and it looks now a,
though we were entering more prosperous
times. 1t is barely possible that this ex
traordinary movement and rise in price ma
be largely of speculative nature, and if so
it will not long continue. There was de.
cline in prices Saturday, Oath inst, showing
that the price had been pushed beyond what
the market would bear. Spectators never
neglect such opportunities as this, however
and though they may cause slight huctua-
tions in the market, they cannot create or
destroy legitimate demand such as the sit.
uation in Europe tells us is now manifested
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06

il. 1t is doubted if it will thrive elsewhere.
We cannot inform our correspondent, with
certainty, in regard to the best time for SOW.
ing, but should suppose that it would do
quite as well sown in the fall in time to get
rooted in the soil Autumn is the natural
time for seeding to grass. 1t will be neces-
sary on soil adapted to blue joint, to either
SOW in the fall or prepare the land so that
the seed can be sown early in the spring,
without the use of team.
We have had quite as good success in
sowing red top in the fall as in spring. We
always SOW it with timothy, but have not
had good catch with any uniformity. A
peck of timothy, bushel (elght pouuds) of red
top aud ten pounds of clover is our rule. A
lot sown three years ago, by hired man,
"in streaks," the seed not meeting, gave a
striped field, timothy and rcd top alternately.
We have supposed that the red top was car
ried along by the south wind and was more
evenly distributed than the timothy, and drew
poorly where there there was timothy because
the latter choked il down. The soil was a
rich, moist, gravelly loan. The second year
the clover being gone, gave at the first cut
ting, two tons by the scale, to the acre, o
well.curcd hay, of this peculiar mixture.
Alfalfa is a valuable forage plant in 9
milder climate than ours. Our winters are
too severe for it.
1t is true that the grass crop receives to'
little attention. Farmers should give more
attention to choosing varieties and take I
great deal more pains to keep the moving
aud pastures up to their highest capacity o.
production. Therein lies success
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06

From the first | made J lbs, IL OF good
butter iu the last three days. She calvcd
May 10. From the second | made in the
last three days ) lbs and 3 OF of butter.
She calved March 81. They had no grain
nothing but pasture. l feed grain from
March until or into May. 1 have older
cows that have made from IA to l6A lbs
without grain. Heifers' milk is not as rich
in cream as it will bo when they are older.
Isaac T. PARRIs
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06
Butter Product of a shOrt-HOrn Heifer

In looking over your paper from week to
week, any one would suppose the Jersey
COWS were ahead of all other breeds in the
state for making butter l think there are
other breeds that will make more milk than
the Jerseys, and make butter Of as good
quality. / have thoroughbred Short-Horn
COW, four years old last March, that made in
one week last January eleven and three
fourths pounds of as nice butter as was ever
produced by a Jersey COW. 1t was but seven
minutes churning by the clock. Her feed
was but four quarts of shorts per day, aud
as much good hay as she would eat Ifany
one has Jersey hefer three years old past,
that will beat this should like to purchase
her. Nj. Il. Wilder in Maine Farmer.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-08-06

We have from J. w. II. Scovill, Paris, N.
Y, chairman of the committee appointed by
the American Dairymen's Association Ito
which commit tee the care of dairy products
at the centennial exhibition at Philadelphia
next year is entrusted), circular addressed
to the dairymen of the United States, an
nounciug that ample space has been secured
and that it is desired that butter and cheese
in every variety and form manufactured in
the country should have its duplicates on
exhibition.