davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19

l46 Flowers consist Of two principal
parts, namely, Floral Envelopes, and Seres.
LAT. OF these, the former constitute
what is popularity considered the flower al
though the latter are the only parts that are
absolutely essential to it.
l48. However different they may be in
appearance from leaves, they are all formed
Of these organs 10 a more or less modified
state, and alternate in greater or less dc,
gree by mutual adhesion.
l49. The floral envelopes consist Of two
or more whorls Of transformed leaves being
part called sepals, and part corolla, its leaves
being called petals.
l5O. The sexes are also transformed
leaves.
ISL. The calyx is always the outermost
the corolla is always the innermost whorls
and If there is but one floral envelop, tha
one is calyx.
l52. Usually the calyx is green, aud th,
corola colored aud more highly developed
but the reverse is frequently the case, as il
Fuchsia, Ribes sanguineum, &c.
l53. A flower being, then, an axis sur
rounded by leaves, it is in reality stunteC
branch that is, one the growth of which i
checked, and its power Of elongatiOn de
stroyed.
l54. That flowers are stunted branche
is proved, first, by all their parts, especially
the most external, occasionally rsyerting tC
the state OF ordinary leaves secondly, b,
their parts being often transformed into eact
other; and, thirdly, by the whorls of flower
buds being dslOcated and actually converted
into branches whenever anything occurs Il
stimulate them excessively,
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19
For the VERMONT FARMER
Wheat-meal or Graham Bread.

Doctor Bellows in his PHILOSOPHY Of
Eating" says Animals and persons have
been fed on pure starch or sugar, or fat
alone, and they gradually Pined away and
died. He adds The nitrates CONTAINED
in the bran) in all the fine -four bread per-
son can eat, will not sustain life beyond fifty
days, but those fed on unbolted AOur-bread
will continue to thrive and fatten, and grow
stout and strong for an indefinite period.
A French writer informs us that the ex-
pertinent was recently made in Paris, testing
the superiority Of wheat-meal bread over
common starch bread, deprived of MI the
phosphates and nitrates) thus. Two dogs Of
the same age and apparent vitality were
fed, the one on starch bread and water alone /;
he pined away and died in less than forty
days. The other was fed on wheat meal
(unbolted Aour) bread and water alone aud
at the end of forty days he had gained flesh
several pounds 10 weight" ........
Not all the nitrates in starch bread
Can life prOlOng DER any days,
This is a fact, affirmed tits said,
BY Doctor Bellows, to his praise.
The bones the muscles, and the brain,
Which 90 to make perfect man,
From poor starch bread derive no gain,
Their growth Is wholly from the brun.
In right proportions, God made wheat,
To nourish every part Of man,
afala aaehu ma sall IN al
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19
The Fruit Tree Hunbug

Another humbug to which the farmers of
New Hampshire tamely submit, Is, in my
opinion, buying fruit trees, &C., grown in
Western and Southern nurseries. Our state
is flooded at certain seasons with the agents
Of these nurseries,-good fellows every one
Of them, perfect gentlemen, sport 4 gold
watch and chain, their outfit nice "picture
book, they are very social, can tell a good
story, and are sure to tell us what sPlen-
did location Olrs is for raising fruits of their
different varieties. Whether We farm on a
rock heap or sand bed, we all have land ex-
aetly fitted for every variety Of fruit tree,
vine, &c which they wish to sell. 1t is in
vain we tell them that our lands are too poor
or too rich, too hot or too cold, their trees
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19

shall never forget the impressions of q
certain excursion | made to the old fort at
Ticonderoga. 1t was a delightful summer
afternoon, and all the land was still. We
crossed the FURNISHED lake, climbed the as
cent to the right Of the hotel, with It's beau.
tiful, shady grounds, and fingered awhile to
watch the gigantic operations on the new
railroad through the mountains the yawn.
ing tunnel, with the lamps oil the workmen
Pickering in distant dimness through its
gloom the clankiug little steam. engine
hoisting the great blocks of stone to their
places; the busy forms of the workmen, bail.
ing the rain.water from the excavations,
treading the narrow planks with their bar
rows Of earth, digging aud picking, drilling
and prying-a throng full Of muscle and
motion. 1t is indeed a vast labor to hew
down, as it we're, the hills like forests, to
pierce the solid cliffs chip by chip, to level
the uneven heights, to bridge the thousand
gulies, to fill the holows, aud then to lay
the iron track rail by rail, but the indomi-
table industry of man overcomes these dis
couraging obstacles as If by magic lit is
wonderful in how short a space OF time our
country has been woven together in a maze
Of iron threads.
Now we spproach the broken walls of the
rambling fortress. How deserted and uu-
cared for seems the war-worn and time-worn
veteran! The cowpaths overrun its grassy
interior, and the weeds are choking its
loopholes. Naught remains Of the historic
structure but its low, roofless sides, on which
the discolor and stains of age have gathered.
Faded war.reic. what scenes crowd upon us
as we stand silently beside your worn re-
mains 1t is the past in the present. The
peaceful sun of to-day shines yet upon a
remnant Of our countrys early life e:-with
what realneSs does this fact come to US !!
History seems less fable, and a new patri.
otism for the noble truth is implanted in our
souls.
Old walls still plant their and crumbling feet
Where long ago the fortress proudly stood.
Like mummied pilgrims and tho grand old wood
That rAkes their tops was once shrubbery neat.
The olinglug turf has gathered on tho stone,
Rooted In mould the years have slowly piled;
| This vines have turned 10 ruln-vy,
Aud richest grass amid the shade has grown.
Decay has feasted here a century,
Eating the fruit that dropped upon her breast
And now she slowly tastes the precious rest
And, like a spendthrift, fareth niggardly.
| She feaststh on the thin and scattered leaves,-
She preyeth on the trees, weak and old -
She steals their hearts 10 soften In tho msld
The fatted miser In her plenty grevSs!
The son shy smiIos upon the plnng one
Her face Is smooth a. when the years began;
Her azure arms old Mother Earth enspan,
| Her blushes eer fresh unto the SUI.
TIE musty ruin in the evening glow
Is gilded with an hundred lambent gleAmsi
Each juttng tip enthrones shear Of beams,
While sunllght-crOps In quick succession grow,
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19

grow on just the same soil aud situation. 1t
is in vain that we give them a most decided
no for an answer, for, in four cases out of
five, they know they will be successful in
getting an order. The wife and children
are appealed to, the picture book now is
brought forth and such beautiful pictures of
fine fruits, and we can all have them grow
ing almost spontaneously if we will only buy
our trees Of him. The wife wants this, the
children want that and finally the farmers
mouth begins to "water !" he says he will
have little Of this, (he is "goner,") the
agent "suggests" that some Of this is very
desirable. and Of course the wishes of the
wife and children must be grati6ed and be-
fore he is hardly aware of il he signs large
order. The agent politely" takes leave of
his patron, chuckles within himself, "Well,
fetched him at last" and 80 he does most
all Of US.
In due time the trees, &c., arrive, splen-
did specimens, are paid for, (though some.
times it comes hard, and takes the " bottom
dollar" and perhaps part is borrowed of n
neighbor,) are set out. How most of them
grow--''down hill"-they soon turn black,
kind of "dry rot" gets hold of them, "the
places that now know them will soon know
them no more forever"
Thousands Of the hard.earned dollars of
the farmers are annually "humbuggcd" from
them by these humbugs. These trees, &C.,
are grown on the best clay soils, made as
deep and rich as subscribing and manure can
make them their growth is forced with all
possible dispatch, and they arc too tender to
stand our Northern and Eastern climate and
soils, and, like II. Greeley's advice, it is bet
ter for them to "go West"
We have good nurseries, and honest nur-
serymen right here in New Hampshire, oft
en- in our own towns. Nurseries growing in
q soil and climate just like that to which
they are to be transplauted from which we can
order when wanted, and with reasonable
amount of care the trees are pretty sure to
live and bear fruit true TO name. Any and
every variety furnished from these "foreign"
nurseries can be furnished as fresh and as
cheap, right from our own vicinity, and by
purchasing them we add encouragement and
capital to home industry and enterprise, and
keep within our own state the thousands of
dollars which annually 60 from it to build up
those immense nurseries of the West.
In my next will try and tell how to set
out and treat young orchard.-Cor. Mir
rOr ard Farmer.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19
ST. JOHNsBURY FRIDAY MARCH 10. 1875.

old moss beds around their roots hide all
the roughness OF the ground in luxuriant
carpet Of grey aud green. Amid this luxu.
rance we draw up for our midday meal.
In cool nook, at little distance from the
road, our table-cloth is spread, and the
tempting repast consigned 70 bridal mag
ni6cence Of display, ere it vanishes into the
valley Of the shadow Of hunger What q
peaceful, silent scene while the first eager
ness of appetite is being appeased The
pines sigh YEARLY, as If euviOus Of our hap
pier condition the birds are still, for it is
MONDAY only the pouring Of the broken
sunbeams through the trees, the light watts
of air across the little del, what pleasant
recollection is this to me !
We have been riding steadily all day, and
now the commingling shades of woodland
and night enwrap our little company in
dusky folds Silence, brought on by the fa-
tigue Of our excitement and the sober inia.
ence Of twilight, falls upon every one. The
horses suspect stabliDg, aRd hasten over the
stony road unurged. Backward, the gloom
seems to be pursuing us: the shadows from
the high hills have spread each way, like
ripples in pool after the stones plunge,
and o'erspread the whole scene. Suddenly
we turn an abrupt corner, aud begin the
ascent of a hill, at whose top stands a small
white house,-our journeys end. Silent
and deserted the place seems as we near it,
but not long does it remain thus. The
rough voice Of mountain shepherd-dog sig
mails, as 1t were, the ming door, through
which outpours stream Of welcome. re-.
alize that am hungry-ravenousl hungry /;
will this profuse welcome subside into an in
vitation to Partake Of supper? Meanwhile
l watch and wait, sharpening my appetite
on the rough edge Of impatience, and me.
chanically exchanging the hollow joys Of
congratulation with my mountain friends.
At last we are led into the bare-hoored
dining room, aud find there at each persons
disposal mammoth bowl Of bread and milk
So our excursion after developing such an
ocean of preparation and excitement, is con
densed into single pailful of the lacteal
fluid which the meek-eyed bovine peacefully
brews on sweet aud grassy slopes Multum
in pdrUo.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19

To make a hot bed with manure, take
fresh horse manure. with which mix one
third to one-halt its bulk of leaves, if they
can be procured. The leaves and manure
should be thoroughly mixed and formed into
a conical heap to ferment. When the pile
has become well heated up, which will usu-
ally be in three or four days, the heap should
be turned over aud thoroughly mixed and
again formed into heap, and lett until it
again comes into an active state Of fermenta-
ton, which will usually be in two or three
days, when it will be ready to form a bed.
Make the manure into bed one foot larger
every way than the frame, and two and a
half to three feet deep; beat down the ma
nure we'll with the back of the fork, but do not
tramp with the feet; put on the frame and
sashes, bank up around the outside of the
frame so as to retain the heat inside, and
wait for the heat to rise; plunge the ther-
mometer into the manure, aud examine it
from time to time; at the beginning it will
indicate about 1902, which Is entirely too
hot; raise the sash and let tho heat aud gas
escape. In three or four days the heat will
have somewhat subsided, aud when the Their
mometer has fallen 70 about $50, put in
about six inches Of soil, rake smooth aud
put in your seed.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19
Notes and Queries.

To BREAK A Cow OF KICKING.-A meth
cd which will break the most vicious COW
and is the work of but II few minutes, is rs
follows: Take n strap the size Of n common
bridle rem and buckle tightly around the
COW Gwhile milkingl just forward OF the
bag. This practiced u few days will effect
the desired result, as we are aware from
actual experience. p. V. HIGBEE.
West Charlotte.
We have often seen the above recon-
mended, have known it to be tried, and never
heard of failure.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19

GooD MILK.-IIaving an idea that our
COWS were giving very rich milk this winter,
measured one hundred quarts, and from
the cream taken from this milk l ohurned
thirteen and one-half pounds of butter, Civ
ing n trifle over seven and three -ninths
quarts TO the pound. SA. NICHOLS.
Fact0ry P0int. VI.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19

Can any one tell how to enrich land in
such way rs not to delay the ripening
processP Con.
Use superphosphate.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19
Would you increase your earthly wealth,
The starch and bran do not divide,
But form a marriage the same,
And in the aour the bran retain,
From casting this rich part away,
May you henceforth both watch and pray

zone pound Of wheat bran contains more nutrition
and actually contributes more to make brain, bone
and MUSCLE and give vital power both muscular and
mental, than four and a kaiT pounds Of Rne starch
-four. This Is scientifically confirmed by o. s. Hubbell
M. d., distinguished pharmaecutist Of Philadelphia.
MiddleJurv, w., Feb, 1875.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19

Now We are among the hill-roads, be-
tween banks where the shade of the over
hanging Overgreens is so day-deep that the
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-19
Principles of horticulture.

Weathersfeld BOro. VI.
The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1875-03-06
TAXATION.

The tariff BILL which Dawes forced through
the house last week, but which it was believ.
ed could not be forced through the senate,
and which, on Monday the senate actually
| did lay on the table, was finally, by the per.
sonal interference of President Grant and
Mr.. Bristow, on Wednesday forced through
the senate in the exact shape in which it pass
ed the house, and has thus become law.
The bill, it is estimated will add some $685.
10000 to the revenue, and this, 1t is almost
needless 10 say, will be more than half drawn
from the people of the west; for the increas
ed revenue thus raised will be by an increased
tax on highwnes, which are made exclusively
OF western corn, the consumption of which
will thus be diminished, depressing the
price; and by an addition to the tax on iron,
wooden and cotton goods, all OF which are
prime articles of consumption in the west,
1t is tru the East consumes her proportion
of the same articles but she also manufac-
lures them, and while for every dollar of tax
the East pays she gets SO back by the increas.
ed price of her goods the West must pay this
double tax; or, in other words, while the &C
tual increase Of taxation will be sixty or sew.
cnty millions, the treasury will get but $685.,
100000, and twenty or thirty mo:e millions
will go into the pockets of the eastern manu-
taCturers.
The bill pretends to have for its object the
maintenance of the sinking fund, while it was
not pretended, during the discussion In the
senate, that, with an economical administra-
ton of the government, additional revenue
was needed for any other purpose But the
pretense of the necessity to keep up heavy
sinking fund is the shallowest Of ALL The
national bonds stipulatc for no such fund,
and while the bonds are from to Is per cent
above par in gold, no such fund Is needed 10
masnlain the public credit The real motive
at the bottom OF this additional levy is, to
PUNISH the south and west for their vote last
fall; and secondly, TO provide funds for the
enormous grabs on the treasury that both
houses knew lay concealed in the "defcien.
Cyl or omnibus bill that would be smuggled
through amid the confusion, drunkenness and
disorder of the last hour of the session, as
turned out actually to be the case.
The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1875-03-06

What has become of all that radical clamo,
with which the minor republican newspa
pers' of the state were filed few weeks ago
about the arbitrary rulings of Speaker
Haines' The first bold, factlous dash of tn,
radicals to break the Speaker down havin:
SO signally failed, it seems they have giver
up that job as fruitless one. We have no
tlced, in the last three weeks, very few ap
peals from the decision of the Speaker, ye
where there have been any, he has been sus
tanned by republican as well as democratic
votes The furious assault of the republicans
on Haines at the beginning of the session
and its disgraceful failure, have given him
such prominence and awakened towards
him such a general good feeling that there is
dagger Haines may wake up some morniny
and find himself popular man-all the re.
suit of the insane Vaccinations OF his en-.
emies.
The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1875-03-06

The report is prevalent at Washington tina
Grant, to quiet Pnchback's opposition to tn,
Louisiana compromise and let Casey hav,
his seat in the Senate, has promised hin
Washburn's place as minister to France, Mr.
W. desiring to be relieved Pinchback, a.
the representative Of modern radicalisn
abroad, is just the man for Paris, having N
an eminent degree that peculiar qualification
which makes Schenck such a success in
England. While Schenck is delightng the
Cockney's with his lessons in draw poker
Finch, who graduated years ago as the door
Keeper of gambling hell in New Orleans
can delight the Parisians with valuable infor.
falion In regard to the II ysteries of three card
monte and the game OF brag 1t is reported
that, few nights ago, at Wizards, Casey,
Sheldon and Pinch engaged in social game
OF brag that occupied some 10 hours, at the
close of which Pinch was 10000 ahead
The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1875-03-06

During Vespers at st. An lrew's Church
(Catholic) In New York City on lhursds,
night of last week, wall of the church fell
in, crushing several persons under its ruins
but many others were killed and fearful
number badly injured by the rush to get out
OF the building on account of the pane
created by the falling wall. 1t is noted as a
strange coincidence that at the time of the
crash, the pastor had just reached the climax
OF an eloquent discourse on the uncertaint,
of human life
The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1875-03-06

The meanest act of omission on the part o
the late congress was its neglect to pass som,
act to settle the troubles in Louisiana. As l
IS, that unhappy state is again left at the mer
cy of Grant and Kellogg. The effort of the
President to patch up compromise, on the
basis that the conservative Legislature should
elect Casey to the U. S. Senate In place OF
Pinchback, was squelched by Pinch himself
so efectually that Grant dropped the business
in disgust The chances new are, that the PEG.
pie Of Louisiana will work themselves out of
their complications by calling convention
and adopting new constitution after the
plan Of Arkansas
The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1875-03-06


attention to the fact that mot single raj
road company, operated exclusively in Ill
nois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa or Nebras
ka-states which have adopted strlngen
railroad laws--pays a cent of dividend"
This may be true, and yet not justify thu
inference the Democrat tries to draw from il
that our home railroads have failed to pa,
dividends because W have stringent railroad
law. The case with the Illinois railroads i
about this: The people along the proposed
route of new railroad got their interest ex
cited on the subject and proceeded to snh
scribe stock enough to procure the right o
way, prepare the roadbed and build thu
bridges. Then set of contractors Of thu
credit mobiier genus would come along ant
offer to take the contract to grade, iron and
equip the road at about three times its rea
worth, and, taking the subscriptions along
the line, amounting to half enough to pay fol
the whole thing, would take mortgage on
the road for the balance of their contract
three times as much as the road was worth
and then would proceed in slovenly way to
build and equip it. Should the road, even
from the start, earn enough to pay decent
dividend on its actual cost, it is plain, being
mortgaged for three times that amount, the
earnings must fall far short of paying the in
terest on its first mortgage bonds. The next
step has been to sell the road under the mort
gage and strip the local stockholders-cities,
towns, and indivlduals-of their stock, and
then the mortgages run the road to pay
themselves. Where it happens to be good
route, and the profits more than enough to
pay ten per cent. interest on the mortgage
bonds, the balance is used up in high salaries
to officials; and against that expedient no
western road, or eastern either, for that mat
ter, can ever be able to stand up and have
a surplus to pay over TO stockholders as divi
dends. Of course no western road thus bailt
ever pays dividends, and never will. The
mortgages of the road, who paid about 25
IT'S. on the dollar for their bonds, own and run
I, and howl because the road don't pay 10
per cent, interest on their semi fictitious bonds
md dividend on a watered stock besides