, 1875-12-24
THE ENDURE OF MODESA.
Something AbuIst tho Into Eru,ackA Y

4nlt E-A"ulhE Ur sAt.)ENAs
Sottcthitsg Abuut tho Into rruucis v.
fo,I.ian 7t,.es.
Tho map OF Enrore las suffered 10 many
transformations Hinco the downfall Of tho Aug
tran power III Lonlha1iy That Tho world has
anost forgotten tho malignant tnilnonco once
cscrtcd OVER European po.ltics by tho petty
Princes nf Italy. Tho deatl, Of the Austrian
Atch,l'lko WHO was onco known as tito Dnho NJ
Moiena may ~, set.o r. 1cnn ~ tlAt tho
painful aud !Enohlo rorlod vi Italian sorsilu.lc
IL paFring AWAY. Personally. Tho character of
tho luke had no characteristics. bal Hr
EuoG. which would enlite him to ho Remembered
in hntuty: but M elistor.csly typical his career
hnd his claims ato not unworthy OF notiro. lIe
was, III truth, representative acion Of tho Old
Monarchicat RyAtem which we wore fortunate
enot,gfi 70 break down III tho seycutecnt. con.
iury without shAtterinH tho continuity OF onr in-
Htnut:u,a which Franco mate painfully nnd din
AAtru1Hly flung of n hundred yrnrH later, ard
which, has n'w disappeared cvnn among; tho dca-
potic Empires OF tho Cant1Iont. Tho Duke OF
;tedcna concentrated in i,nself tic gIorcs nf
All tho reactionury lloyatiaa OF Europe. Ills
grandfather "ns the Arciliuka Futuiuand nf
.A.irri1. HON OF tho Emperor Francis L.; hia
Gtant!'nothee VAS tho Duchess Maria OF Estc.
daughter Of the las. ruler of tho lino which. atcs
the iifteonth century, had reiRne1 in Nodoua,
tlnastalls Reggie, nntl Ferfaia. Moreover, tho
atodeneso family Of Este, as representing lilo fe-
tna!o line Of Savoy. with tho rights transmitted
to II through ChaelcB lilo Fjrst's dhnghter Hem
Fletta OF Orleans, might, on tbo theory Of TIM
right divine Of eovcioiGnB Ilays alleged tito to
tho English crown prior to that Of tho ilo1ro Ut
Hanover, lcsccItled from Charles ttlo FlEat His
ter. Tic prctcndcrs however, with whom tlo Duke
of Modona was luost intimately coineetel wero
tho victims uf mncI moro recent revolutions
tlian tAoao which tlfoye Jamcs II. to st. Ger.
mains. Tho taAl Duke OF tho old line, Ercolo
81 Ehso, was diaposscssca by Napoleon. and Ills
Unchv was absorbed ~ tho C1salptne ltopuhlic.
lslt when, nearly twpnty years later, thu innn-
lation Of French conquest Ind subsidized. the
Allied SoyereAns. parccltnE ont Italy atn0nx
the cadets OF tho house OF flapsu1,rE, bestowed
Mo'!ena on tho Arcl.duko Francis, the aon bf
Duke Ercofo's Gully Jhi1ghtcr. Thla Prince mar
tied Princess Of the Iuuae OF savoy, mud left
His DIchy to Hon. Francis v, wllo filel Sat-
1ltd1y evening" Mt vienna, nfter sixteen YcArs 0f
czilo folluMlng q troublnl reign of thirteen
rCAIs,
Frnucs Y. succeeded to tho Duchy Of ,lot!ona
at u critical tima for tuters mlio az Was III Ills
eaAe natural from lna descent and cunnectlonH,
ucro deeply convinced OF monarchrcal trraspnn-
sibillty. 1t was In tho early days Of 1916, wi1eu
oil Italy was guivonng with the revolutionary
propaganda. When democratic apostles, patriotic
poats and passionate youthful ltia tyrs OF liberty
we1e tanning tho 1.Rmo destined to blaze out 10
tletcely two yoa1a Inter. Many ltalians hoped TO
conptotntuu with the revolution; In lew months
tlle world Has to be astonslod with the sight Of
that wonder Of wonders, q reforming Pope +;
Bnd IL tho Italian prlncoB lad boon gifted
With tho smallest measure Of foteslght they
might llAre oyaded or hEokon tho force Of tL .
l.earicst blows which fell Gil them In tho hour Of
popular wrat1. moderate policy in Church
and Stato would possibly have saved Mut1ana,
Tuecany, Parinn, mud tho rest. Dnt FrunclA '.
quickly showed that TO had no synlpathleB With
moderation. Tho Jesuits ,Soro dominant ut his
Court ns they had been at hls father'A. Scarcely
bad ho assumed tho government when ho pro-
ceedel openly to ileutfY himself With LAo ia
patLcs OF teactlon by negotiating marriages for
boil, his sisters with tho Dourton Prctc1lders to
tho Fronch md Spanish thruucs. Tho elder Of
tAoso ltinccsses became, in 1916. tho VITO
Of tho Comic dc Chamborl, and the younger, in
1877 tho wife OF Don Juan hour to tho protein
sons Of tho frat Don Carlos. Il ~ probable
that tho political orcct OF tleso ofodcness 1nAr-
IageB has not bcen lcsB than that uf Nary Of
Este. the moshor Of "Jamo4 ILL.," 1t has heol
often Hurinised Tint the otR,slacy With n l1ir!l
the Comte dc Chambold declines I'LL t'transac-
tioslA with Liberal ileaa may Lave been sll-
couragel by lotnnstic lniluonccs. We May. per-
haps, aso moro clearly road tho character Of tho
Arroghut Bourbon who III lnaiutaiulng q frnilloaa
contest in Hpain II no ronionbcr that lis lnptl-
or was sister Of tho DHko nf Al0tleua. The pUllcr
indicated III thcso alliances was subsequently
Ptrsue4 with HO mich lct1sItY nL MuileiA t!lRt
yoAr after his accession Francis V. had become
ono OF tic most dGtcYtGd of European rlllutn.
In 1917 and the beginning Of 1913. bis 0oyer,.-
nlent was only upheld ly Austrian bayol.etH !;
ulk klO AU6kI4AIlH l44 6ouH uoI9 kIlQ GlQnhl
to do to hold thoir own ground against lied
nlaut, Hungary, and tho rovo!usion wlieh oven
meuaco1 tho uaTHbnrgs in thoir capital. FItss,
tito JesuitB fled from alodena; tho Duke noon
fOlo"cl then he crept lack again for whiio,
onco moro under Austrian projection Sec
oLd time ho took to flight upon tbs eve Of
Noyara au1, iina}ly. lIu returned wllcn tho
hopes Of tho lta!ians had boen swop. away for n
aoason by tho dctcat OF Charles Albert. Tint
WINS tllo atluInot OF cufuplacott Conservatism as
Errof,o Tn it1trr mir. i1ou ftnx
national nnIty werc queIed for 3 tlme Mt o.
mutt; in Italy, tho Astrians, the priests. Rnl
tho r1incelinEa cyesywhcre seized aud Divided
pDwer oco moro.
Tho Duke OF Modons camo bacl; to Ills
Duchy In lS4y with soothing prun,isca OF
ltber<l policy md reformed administration /;
bat Your later tho JeaiiitB eane buck too, anu
ts,s ducsl promises were forgotten. Molena ,saa
hcandalously in,sgoyer1Iod during tho decade
wh:eA c4sslcd tue people wcso not only baked
Of tho national ldoal on which thoy lIai aot their
hoArts. hut were worried by n gnliing petty
tyranny. Tho cup MAS oyertlowiuE when
Cayour's subtle craft prec,pitato1 tho opoulnK
Of Tho Italian Question IN 1S5D. Tho victories
ot tho Fsonol and sattlintan armies IN LON
bar1y gaye shock to all tho petty rrinclpa'ltes
which cIuny to tho skirtH' OF tho Austrian
dominion, md affairs III hfodenn became no
threatening that in juno, 1859. tho Duke iled-
this timo Y,-lcnVig power in tho hands of a
1icgcpry, Which explrol cunplo of days later nt
el.eer terror. The popular Yoico lMrsratiyoly
demanded annexation to tho sub- -Alp,uo King
dom. The political compromises concocsel by
tho ingenuity OF 1mpcrlal statesmen wsrs plaf.l-
~ seen 10 10 out Ut dale. The absorption OF the
puchica was recognized NJ inevitable, aud IN
March, 1860, Klux Victor Emmanuel decreed :"
tho union Of aiudonR and its dncal netelbors 10
the Kingdom Of bArdlnia. Agalnat tl,iH sacrl-
leg[ouB violation OF divine right the e1ilod Duko
immediately fnlminatod protest: bat his
appeal 10 tbe conscience OF Europe lad al littIo
practical otfsct on tho popular mind III the
nolemn warnings tho Cosnta do Chamboni
sonils forth irom Frohsdusff, OF tho velcmous
denunolationB Of the revolution which Don Car
lnH pours out from tho mountains Of Navarro,
Tho nmalgsmation OF Tuscany aud tho Emi1an
Provinces with tho kingdom formed i'll Northern
Italy by the union of Piedmont and I4o,uba1iy
proceeded with raptdily and thoro,iHlness willcl
proved separation to DO MI uHnatural state. Tho
hul,scquant ncluiattona by which tho work Of
Italian unity llaB bocn accomplished have boen
moro htriking iu their incidents, and
moro important in Tho intoroa.a airectol j;
but their. assimilation has not beon 30