davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
Passenger Agents, Convention.

fHssenBer Agents convention.
The following prominent railroad men
have been at the Peabody a day or two
revising passenger rates between the
Southeast andSouthwest; Jas A. Semple,
Louisville and Nashville railroad; Fred
A Follett, St. Louis, Iron Mountain and
Southern railroad; Beverly w. Wren,
Western and Atlantic railroad; William
II Dauley, Nashville, Chattanooga and
st. Louis railroad; Cyril P. Oakley,
Texas and Pacific railroad; John Il.
Perry, Memphis aud Little Rock rail.
way NJ. S, Jay, Memphis and Charles
ton railroad; j. y. Miller, International
and Great Northern railroad; A. j.
Knapp, Mississippi and Tennessee rail
road. They have been laboring assidu.
ously, ard the result Of their work will
soon be made known. Mr.. j, A. Semple,
Of the Louisville and Nashville and
Great Southern railway, is the chairman
and Mr.. John H. Perry, of the Memphis
and Little Rock railroad, is the secre-
tary. They have been hard at work,
taking but little time for recreation.
We hope our people will show them
every courtesy and make the last part
Of their visit the most pleasant.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

the furniture formerly used in the
0verton Hotel, all of which is in good
order and unipjured by the late FIRE, is
for sale at very low rates by C. L. Loop,
at the Southern Express office, See ad-
vertisement. 40
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
RIVER INTELLIGENCE.


BOATS LEAVING TO-DAY.
st. Louis. City Of ~fsster. -~.~.- .......5p Pm
y ARRIVALS.
Steamer Smoky City, New Orleans.
Carrie V.Kountz,N New Orleans.
Frank Forrest, Ashport.
Rene McCready, Louisville.
City Of Chester, St. Louis.
DEPARTURES.
Steamer Thompson Dean, New Orleans.
James Howard, New Orleans.
City Of Augusta, White river.
Belle OF Texas. Ashport.
G. W. Cheek, Helena.
Phil Allin. Friar's Point.
Rene McCready. New Orleans.
Frank Forest, Cottonwood Pt.
Mary AmAnt, Cottonwood Pt.
Carrie v. Kountz, St. Louis.
BOATS IN PORT.
Frank Forest, Smoky City, City Of
Chester.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

LTvERFooL. October II, 2 p.m.-oetton is
strong, Uplands, 7ltdi Orleans. TSd. Sales,
and speculation.
Nkw ORtHANs, October is, 1850 AM
Cotton Is 10 good demand. Middllng, lS1sc;
sales. 1900 bales receipts. 5000 bales.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
WEATHER AND BUSINESS.

Weather clear and pleasant. The
river here is falling steadily with u feet
on the bars from here to Cairo, and 6 feet
in the channel between Cairo and St.
Louis. The Ohio is declining with A feet
4 inches in the canal and 5 feet on the
bars in the lower Ohio. Cumberland
river is receding with 6 feet s inches on
the shoals. Arkansas river remains at
low tide with only 2 feet in the channel
from Little Rock to Pine Bluff, and 30
inches from there out. White river is
receding with 4 feet on the bars from
| J%acksonport out.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

Wm. Floyd has commenced making
his celebrated homemade candies, pies,
cakes, ETC., which are considered the
best in Memphis, al 2S6 Main and "a
Jefferson streets. 35t
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

h. NJ. MANsFoRD, corner of Second
ond Monroe streets, agentfor DR.. Chase
Revised Receipt Book, $50 pages, 5000
receipts; price, 81. Call and examine
it. A good canyasser wanted for the
CITY. "a
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
COLEMAN hat at coheuls.

TUE attention of the ladies is called
to our new styles of boys and children
suits, just received.
NJ. S. eHAPsKY & Bro. S,
23t 227 Main street.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

BoYs' English styles of shoes, thick
soles; outwear anything ever offered be.
fore in this market. Call and zee.
THOs. B. CoFFEY & Co..
27t 307 Main street.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
STEAMBOATS,.

For Cincinnati.
Cincinnati and Memphis Packet Company
For Cairo, Evansville, Louisville and Cin-
cinnati-The fine steamer
d. Parker,
r. w. Wise,.. Master. L. N. Kelsos. .~clerk,
T EAvEs AS ABOVE SATURDAY, OCT.
~ 10, at 5 pm.
For freight OF passage applyt 10
II. W. LIaHTBURNE. sup't. 296 Front st.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

NV YORK, Uctobof Il. Tau ~p.m.-COtt0n
Is quiet and higher. Futures are ensier,
with sales for January at l554@l3 lS.l6c; Feb
April, 14fgi4 1916; May, 4k@Au-l6, June.
Ilss@tlNc; July, ltl@l4Tc; August, llS
ala 10 l6o; October, II 1-l6 gl41S; November,
Is l1-l69lSMc; December. 1855 al3 lilo,
Sales for future delivery, $1,000 bales.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

LADIES fne sboes-front-lace, side
lace aud button-new styles, at CoHey
& Co.'S, 3O7 Main street, under Peabody
Hotel. III
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

SHELL oysters from Norfolk at Mad.
anne Viucent's Crystal Palace Saloon
served up in every style. Families sup.
piled in she'll or can. 2St
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

No FAMILY should be without the fine
illustrated family bible now being deliy
cred by w. S. Rogers. 10
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
NOW rs THE TINE

To buy your mems and boys clothing at
New York cost at the great closing.out
sale, at y. WEILER'S,
80 228 Main street.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
ADDITIONAL
Cotton.

The market this morning was quiet
aud unchanged, with a fair demand and
fair offerings. Estimated sales for the
day, 1900 bales; sales yesterday, 100
bales. New York spots we're quiet and
futures easy. Liverpool was strong.
New Orleans was active, With u good
demand.
COTTON EXCHANGE QUOTATIONS. sTANDLRD
auruT0ag n AaQfprQA Tf0N
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

PEABODY Billiard Hall. newly reGtted,
tables in frst-class order. Call and see
for yourselves. 33t
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

ONE hundred dozen choice celery at
Victor D. Fuchs Al Jefferson street.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
E
All PHIL j. MALLON & CO.'S,
204 Main street. l6.t

" you want to pass a pleasant hour,
call at Sid Cooks Peabody Billiard
Hall. 33t
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

The finest stock of boots aud shoes in
the city can be found at Kenneday &
Rudd's, 1856 Main street, corner Union.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
SALE,
NOTICE.

Will SELL TO THE HIGHEST BID
der. Tor cash. on the 18th day Of October,
1875, on the southwest corner Of Main and
Madison streets, seven bonds OF FIVE hundred
dollars each, and tbe coupons attached to tho
same. The said bcaae were issued TO the
1lpten county, Tenn, said soils being nadu
20 Pay OF the debt for which SAD ponds arc
A. 90 THOMAS BOYLE.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

Mr., Jake Leubrie, Of Acme renowu.
left the city yesterday on business con.
nected with his house. He will be back
shortly.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
DoLLYMoUyT lat at Cohen's.
Serious


A few days since Mr.. William Coleman.
brother to Esquire Coleman and Ben
Coleman, Clerk of the First Circuit
Court in this city, met with a serious &C.
cident at his plantation on Big creek, in
this county. He had some negroes up q
chestnut tree shaking down nuts, and
was underneath gathering them up,
when n of the negroes after cutting Of
a limb, halloed out, get out OF
the way" and dropped his
hatcher. At the time Mr.. Coleman
was STOPPING to pick up chestnuts and
the edge of the Ratchet struck him on
the head, shaking into the skull, Clipped
out several pieces Of the bone, but did
not penetrate to the BRAIN. Mr.. Cole
man was carried home, but, we are
pleased to learn, is doing as well as
could be expected under the peculiar
circumstances Of the case.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

GENTS full stock calf, hand sewed
Congress CATERS for six dollars aud fifty
cents at KENSFDAY & RuDD's,
80 1886 Main street.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
FRIDAYS FISH.
A Choice Lot Of
RED SNAPPER and OTHER FISH,
CHAs. KNEY's ct,

Nos. 46 and As Beal street, between
[2Stl Main snd Second.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

For boets and shoes, 20 to Kenneday
& Rudd, 1886 Main street, corner Uaion.
%
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

ORANGE Floral Bower, S79 Main st.
oct
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
Bluff City BaHdiag aaa Loan Is.
ISOLATION.

Subscription books for shares in this
Association are now open at the Office
OF the undersigned aud at the Manhattan
Bank, and at the office of l.. aud Il.
Lehman, No. 20 Madison street.
Parties desiring stock will please make
application at either place.
s. SrURM, Secretary pro ten,
Al Al Madison street.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

SPLENDID all-wool cashmere pants at
%, worth IS, at
NJ. S. CHAPsKY & Bro. s,
23t 227 Main street.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
FoR REMT or LEASE.


NOR sALE-NEW FORM OF TRUSTEES
e DEEDS. just out for sale at Ledger office.
HOR sALE-LOTs ON LAUDERDALE,
\ Orleans, st. Paul and Carolina streets,
suitable for cheap residences.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14

BoYYroN hat at Coben's
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1875-10-14
LEE LINE.

For Arkansas River.
Memphis and Arkansas River u. S Mail
Line For Red Fork, Auburn, New Gas
eony, Pine Bluff, and all points through to
Little hOcR.
Belle Of Texas, .As \
John j. Darrash.. &aAE&G&
Fort Gibson
y. u. Smith. ..........~... master&2&A48
Legal Tender,
Rosa Miller, lIIE
John Woodburn" ..D... .......m master GRs4
One Of these fine Passenger Steamers will
leave Memphis as above positively every
TUESDAY and SATUnDA.. at 5 O'Clock
pm. Fer freight or passage apply to
- JNQ. n HARDIN, suplt, 2g6 Front ST.
% K. ?. GLENN Agent on Wharf boat.
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1875-03-04
MORE REPUBLICAN FIDELITY.

Mr. Dunnell is trying III his official capacity,
to reward the Winona l. st. Peter Railroad
Company Tor the vigorous support given him
by that corporation last fall. 1t appears that
the title to portion of lands inuring to the
company on account of its western extension
remains in the State Of Minnesota, aud several
attempts have teen made, in the last hours OF
the Legislature, to obtain a transfer OF the
same to the company without protecting the
rights of settlers thereon. On Monday, OF last
week, Mr.. Dunnell sought to come sharp
trick on the State by securing the passage ny
Congress of bill that would convey this land
direct to the company. He moved to suspend
the rules and bring the bill before the House,
the only way in which its passage could be Sc
cured this session, but thanks to the good sense
of Congress. the motion WAS rejected, and the
matter remains to he disposed Of by the Legls-
| lature lust as it should be-where full justice
will he done both the companies and the set
| tlers.-Mankoto Rsriet0.
Will the people never get their eye:
open!
Will they never see that the Republi
lican party Of this State, as at presen
managed and controlled, is simply . Rail
road party
Will they never perceive that all thei
finely -wordcd declarations against Nc
nopolies are to catch votes; and tina
when it comes to substantial work the,
are superserviceable tools Of the yer.
Monopolies they denouncc!
low long, oh Lord, how long!
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1875-03-04

The ANTIQUITY OF lRos The Iron Age says
that a wedge On plate of iron has been discov-
cred imbedded in the masonry Of the great
pyramid. 1t has bsen great puzzle 10 those
VINO attributed the rirst use OF Iron to . date
not much more than $500 years back, how
such sharp and we'll defined hieroglyphics
could have been cut on porphyry, granite and
the hardest stone as are found on the tomts,
temples and sarcophasi OF ancient Egypt. But
the piece OF iron found in the great pyramid
shows that this metal was produced and
wrought in the age of King Cheops, which Is
placed by some authorities as tar back Is 5 .4OO
wears ago. The similarity OF cartier inscrip-
| lions on stone to those made in the time o.
King Checrs suggests the suppositlon that iron
may have been IN use more than SIX thousand
years ago.
The rapidly accumulating evidences
furnished by Investigations geological
and archaeological. oil tend to remove thu
period Of man occupancy Of the glob'
farther and farther back into the realm!
Of antiquity : and the work Of invest'ga
ton has only begun. Our age will ye
be looked back upon pityingly IS one o
the dark ages Of science.
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1875-03-04
POVERTY.

The chief curse of poverty is, that the ex-
cessive physical toll it demands prevents the
cul ure OF the higher faculties. But that curse
is extended most needlessly and culpably over
domains where poverty has no hold ana Dy
those who have no such excuse to plead
Philadelphia Ledger
Poverty is the one great evil OF society.
1t begets sin and suffering; it fills the
prisons and houses of prostitution; it Is
the chief incentive to intempcrance; 1t
crowds with its victims all the swarming
haunts Of vice and degradation. Napo'
leon declared that his great purpose was
''to drive mendicancy out of France; ;
and if he had succeeded it would have
been nober triumph than Marehgo or
AusterlitZ.
There is room enough and wealth
enough in the world to make all Of Gods
children happy and prosperous. If jus
laws and general intelligence could bu
open the avenues to them. Now, tith
Of mankind riot in superintendent atflu
ence, while large majority can scarcel!
meet the demands Of their bodies TO
food and clothing.
| The evil works in . circle: those VIII
arc compelled to continual physical labo
have not the time for the development o
their intelligence; and those withou
such development Of intelligence are III
able to extricate themselves from tn
| paccssitv for continual labor.
Every device that will increase tn
knowledge and intelligence Of the com
mon people should be encouraged by tn
laws of the republic.
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1875-03-04

Owing to dissa; isfaction N regard to wages,
SAYS the Telegraph, the Crescent City mills At
Fall River, Mass, have closed THIS IS mild
..ay OF announcing . strike This thing Of
striking operatives has become so common
during the past eighteen months, that MANY
will read tn 8 announcement without the least
emotion But the matter takes = deep signif-
cane. when it Is known thAs Of taese particu-
lar operatives, one thoysas I'd viii 90 to Engias1
for e1sploy1eat IN the mills Of that cosstry.
This course is advised By the officers Of the
Union, and i taken sftsr due considerations
OF the rates Of ragss If tie t,oo cosstries.-
ExeAsage.
After fifteen years of-high tariff for the
ostensible purpose Of increasing the rate
Of wages for workmen above the level Of
the pauper labor Of Europe; and thereby
promoting the settlement, growth and
prosperity Of the nation; ~e have the fore
going results.
Not onlv has immigration stopped but
emigration has commenced; and our Il
borers are flying across the Atlantic t.
free trade England and competition with
pauper labor, rather than enjoy starva
ton. high-prices and liberty in America
| But then they evidently don't know
what they are about; and few word
from Judge Kelley and Henry c. Care,
would convince them that it . better t
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1875-03-04
SENSIBLE.
The Winona Republican says

ne w AAOu0 AVCPsSNtsOtASS
In regard to our own law the clamor for its
repeal is thus far confined t. few newspapers
whose editors seem to be panic-stricken by
the present dullness Of trade, and rashly at
tribute the hard times and scarcity of money
in the State wholly to the influence Of a law
that has not been in operation i've months. It
is the firm belief of nine enths Of the people
Of Minnesota that competition alone cannot be
depended upon to regulate and equalize rates;
that some kind of railroad law in respect to
fares and freights is necessary and that it is
not advisable to repeal the present law until
fair trial has demonstrated its impracticability
True, every word of it.
To ascribe the hard times to the rail-
road law Of last winter is the sheerest
nonsense. You might just as we'll as.
cribe them to Coggia's comet. The hard
times we're on us before the railroad Law
was passed, and will continue long after
| it is repealed; and repealed it evidently
will be.
Prosperity will not return to Minneso
ia until it returns to the whole country
and it will not return to the whole coun
try until the tariff law is changed. S
that we will not DO taxed every day G
our lives to support the manufacturers c
New England and the miners Of Pennsy
vania.
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1875-03-04
A Coed Suggestion.

Cclman's Rural contains the follow
ing sensible suggestion relative to the
changing Of seed:
.sSeed need not be brought from great
distance. but the transfer from one local
ity to another, though but few miles in.
tervcne between them, is often productive
Of the best results, not only by an IN
crease in the yield, but in quality Of che
product. A few bushels gained in this
way, on each acre Of ground grown, would
increase the aggregate yield Of the State
to several millions Of bushels. Now that
SO many Of the farmers are organized
into oranges. it is perfe city practical for
the secretary OF each local or county
grange to act for the members in each To-
cality. and effect such change Of seed ~
We propose, in the most economical man.
per. In reference to the corn crop, It il
very desirable that the larger varieties
should Be grown farther north than they
now are, and that the change involve ear
lier maturity also, 50 that the crop would
be sufficiently matured to Withstand the
early frosts without injury.
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1875-03-04
whe II % Blanae /?

The Industrial Age, of Chicago, says
The working people have not been extrava-
CANT. They have not gone wild because ot
earned good wages, and, as rule, made good
use Of their accumulated capital. We most
emphatioally deny thst the industrial CLASSES .k
financial disasters which have iallen upon our
country. Wedeny that economy among the
industrial classes is the remedy for our afdlc-
tions. Did these owlish philosophers ever
stop to think that it is the practice Of rigid
economy which stops the mill and puts out
the fire Of the forgef If everybody wears the
same suit of clothes one year instead OF SIX
months, is it not plain enough to see that only
half Of the usual amount Of cloth is consumed
This is exactly what has taken place. Our
manufactures have been running upon snorl
time, or not at all, for no other reason under
heaven except that the people have been Prac-
ticidg economy in dead earnest. It Is, there
fore, plain enough to well-informed person
that it is not our want Of economy that Is q
fanlt
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1875-03-04
1.-THE CAPITOL OF DoNNELLY.n

The Senate has passed bill to remove
the Capitol Of the State to kandiyohl
county and establish it at the city OF
ssDoSNE1.LY.' There is an attempt IN
some quarters to represent this as joke
but we protest against any such construc
ton. 1t is sober and serious effort to
elevate the moral status Of the whole
State at oar e:rPense.
Even the jaundiced and bilious editor
of the Pioneer is compelled to admit this,
ard says:
The proposition to name the site OF the pro-
posed new capital 'Donnelly," is touching
tribute to undeparted worth which we make
haste to commend. We could cheerfully see
| the capitol removed for the sake of witnessing
this ante mortem tribute to the virtues of .
gentleman who is at once philanthroplst ana
a statesman. It was doubtless this feature OF
ate, and secured its almost unanimous passage.
If any man deserves monument Of THIS
commemorative character, Donnelly does.
Very we'll said, David; and true as
gospel. every word of it.
And what better name could then be
for the future great city of the State
than Donnelly! Has not that name &C.
cupied three-fourths Of all the editorial
} space of all the newspapers o. Minnesota
, for the past fifteen years! What would
Minnesota be without Donnelly! Al
arid and silent waste, like Tadmor in tn
: Desert. Who would ever have heard
: 10. Wheelock or Dave Blakely if Their
n had been no Donnelly? How would An
drews ever have covered 'the escutcheo
: of the State with glory and boiled bean
amid the diplomats Of the etfete mona'
chies of the old world, if there had bee
y no Donnelly!
And it is said that Kandiyohi is
sshowling Wilderness" Let it how
J. Call the Capitol "Donnelly,'' and the
let loose all the ''blizzards'' of the Rock
= Mountains on it's devoted front, and the
will affect it no more than three colun
editorial in the St. Paul Press wou
affect its great original.
Joke indeed! The eternal fitness
It things suggested that name to the d
h tinguished statesman from kandiyo
who drew the immortal bill.
~ Think of the Press and the Phone
n and Bill Kings Tribune being publish
in the City cf Donnelly!!! Think
l. the universal grin on the face Of natu
p when 10. Wheelock should be appont
postmaster of the City Of Donnelly!
q Let the bill be passed. Fiat justit
" ruat c9ium which means,-call
Donnclly if it b,sts Wheelock.
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1875-03-04
RAILROAD EXPEDITIONS.

A Howard Lake correspondent of the
Wright Co. Eagle thus alludes to cry
ing evil:
Business in this part OF the county is dull
and money very scarce: Farmers arm depend 1.i 50
pay for their railroad land and settle store
debts, that the small demand for either cord
wood or bolts causes hard times all around.
Messrs. Hill, Griggs & Co. have monopoly OF
| the wood trade, and, as matter OF course, pay
what they like, deduct enormously from the
right measurement, and establish rules of their
own against which men are powerless. Wood
is dull in ST. Paul and Minneapolis, but the
way in which men have to call twelve cords
| ten and always submit to exactiOns OF this sort,
is simply shameful If you make protest, you
| can keep your wood to rot on the bank. Ex-
actly so. The company have US just where
they want us. Farmers owe money and must
sell their wood many have borrowed at Is
per cent. interest and are compelled to take
er in the long run it will pay the st. P. & P
R. r. to impOverish the settlers; whether il
will pay to drive men to desperation and torct
them to be dishonest; whether it will pay Y
make their railroad Kissing and a by-word
is a matter Tor themselves 10 decide. At All.
rate. we so tar agree with Mr. Donnelly tina
the railroads, rolling in ILL gotten wealth, hav
not half the right to ask for an extension Q
time on their taxes as the settlers whom the
habitually pluader.
An enlightened sclishness would die
tate to the railroad companies that t
impoverish the people is to ''kill the COOS
that Jays the golden eggs" But too Of
ten the companies arc themselves the vic
Tins of inside rings, who plumber bot
the people and the corporations.
, There is no necessary conflict bctwee
the people and the roads, and the latte
should be amenabe to wise and just law
to prevent just such extortions as are d.
tailed above.