The New York herald., 1875-12-06

looked Ine Jesuts for t prin-
cples OF action, VI not its political principles was
impossible that the jolly band Of whom halleck sung,
There q barrel of a. TammAny Hall
And the Buektas are swsgns \ Al NE nlgh, & long,
FOR seat and cigar mid the joyiA throng.
should long refrain from active participation in the
politics OF tho time, especially as the organization Of
the Jacobns Just then potent influence and x
ample among republicans In every part OF the world
This was the most celebrated Of the clubs OF the rst
French Revolution. II organized in the same year
with Tammany Hall, and soon acquired such promi.
nence that all who aspired 10 political influence sought
admlss 70 ~ and every political question OF moment
debated BY its members before was offered in the
Assembly. II became not only the controlling power
o. the keSoluloh IN Faris put throughout France, the
affiliated societies implicitly obeyng the orders issued
from headquarters In spite OF It's discussions
ana debates u was in fact secret society
Of the closest and deadlest character and compare
lively small number Of persons assumed direction
kobesperre Was al once its creature and master,
and his fall overthrow Il IS not 10 be doubted
that the Jacobns accomplished great good They dis
seminaed IN every part of the kingdom the revolution
AIRY principles which overturned the throne and began
the Revolution itself But the good they accomplished
was more than overbalanced by the evils which sprung
from their organization. They upheld the Reign OF
Terror as well as inspired the revolutionary ardor OF the
French people, and all the horrors of that era OF MUS
toe and boodshed directly traceable to the manpu
ton OF the Jacobin machinery by the consprators oi
whom Robespierre the ablest the most subtle ana
the most impacable
LATER POLITICAL socErIEs-rHE cARBoSARL
After the Jacobns and the kindred societies or the
French Revolution OF the most noted secret pot-
cal organizations Europe was The Caroonar o. llIy
and France. So stringent was this society IN the
preservation OF secrets that any revelations touch
ing its organization purposes were punished With
death The members OF the society were all supposed
to be charcoal burners and the place Of meeting was
called the baracca, or GOLFERS hut Each hut was
represented in the republic OF the society as whole
Its existence first became known in 1870 when the
Neapohtan republicans opposing the usurpaon OF
Murat and the rule OF Ferdinand Their numbers and
their political influence rapidly increased in both
countries, and all the insurrectonary movements from
1919 ls2Z attributed to them. The
purposes Of the society seem plain enough
even in its motto Revenge upon the wolves who de-
vour the lambs. - Carbonarsm had no hxed political
purpose. II called upon men 20 overthrow, but did
not teach them how TO build up. Its numerical
strength very great, but among its members
many malcontents who were only happy in the work
OF destruction But the Carbonar1 did not know how
TO turn their strength 70 account Their leaders were
not OF the people and had hltlo real sympathy with
the people. When the preservation of secrecy became
impossible and the necessity or action, which the
consequence, became apparent not having principle
upon which 10 their purposes they sought
unity in mana prince-and this was their ruin
Charles Albert used them to aid him in his intended
usurpaton OF his brothers. throne, but when he had
no further use for them he threw them OF and the
Carbonar expired The whole strength of the society
in It's secrecy but absolute secrecy and effective
action are Incompatible and SO when 1t stripped
of its strength II fell TO pieces.
Young ITALY AND YOUNG EUROPE.
Among the members OF the Carbonar Joseph
Mazzin who subsequently became the most noted con-
spirator of his time Mazzni had little faith in Car
bonarism because IL did not fight for unity well
liberty he subsequently, formed his association OF
Young Italy upon broader principles than found in
the symbolism OF the CarbonarL This organization
was begun IN 1881 while Mazzni was refugee at Mar
seies Its leading spirits young men, most OF
them unknown to the world or TO each other. Their
principles OF action education toward nsurrecton
and insurrection to revolution. In less than year
after It's foundation IL the dominant association
throughout the whole OF Italy From 1882 until 1884
Young Italy was actively at work disseminating repub
lcan principles and iomentng nsurrecion The secrets
of the society well kept and everything in read
ness for a rising when an betrayed part
extended throughout Italy, and II had many members
in the Sandman Army. Two artillerymen had quar-
rel about woman and one OF them made threats which
led to the arrest Of the other and the ruin Of the asso
cation. AS in the Of the Carbonar secrecy
the weakness we'll the strength OF the society
and the preaching Of deprived 1t of the sym
pathes of many Of the rienas OF liberty. Even MAJ
tells that in the councils OF the association
Farin used turn up his coat sleeves 10 the elbows
saying, my lads, must bathe ia blood =
After the failure OF his revolutionary designs MazZini
organized society similar in design and purpose TO his
Young Italy, which he called Young Europe but
only TO agitate and educate, and IL
promoted any insurrectionary movements anywhere on
the Continent
AMERICAN socrErrRs-rHE KNOW sornNGs
In the United States secret political societies are
necessary and outside of this city with the exception
OF single instance, they have scarcely existed at ALL
The exception was the famous Know Nothing move
ment from 1853 to 1855 The organization OF spon-
taneocs growth and the existence the society was
known until influence felt in the elections
Its principles, far 1t had any principles, hos
tity 10 the Roman Catholic Church and TO the natural
zation OF citizens. Its first successes owing
the glamour Of secrecy which surrounded IT. but when
its existence became known 10 of all parties and
all creeds rapidly fell into disrepute and to-day few
public wiling TO acknowledge that they be-
onged tot Its effects baefu every respect and
the only who pro6tsd by II the political adj
venurers who directed councils dictated It's can
didafes for Office The society known the Grangers
is modelled alter II TO extent but is scarcely
cret political organization, and its influence Is unmpor
tant Tammany Hall is not so elaborate IN It's forms
organization, and few men WELD all the political
power of the organization. There time when
William NJ. Tweed a fugitive from justice welded
all the powers Of the democratic party in this city and
State and at the time Of hls downfall he seemed able
dictate the policy Of the party for the whole country
John Kelly assumed all the authority OF the fallen
Boss but with less success and at the last election
the people admonished him that secret political soce
ties were hateful TO them,