davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12
For the VERMONT FABHER.
sOvereigns Of Industry.

Having been constant reader Of the
FARMER for some time, have been much
interested 10 your correspondence, though l
do not get quite enough OF my kind, so |
propose to pitch in for my own side little.
One OF my professions is Sovereign Of
Industry. This trade commenced about
six months ago and am growing stronger ev-
cry day, as are many friends around here.
We have good council and every week are
growing larger. We are class Of laboriug
men here. Our pay is not large but every
thing we buy is high. What must we do
Be chained down in bondage all the days of
our lives, or try and release ourselves 2
propose to unhltch from these middlemen
and runners aud let them go to work. l
have helped pay that class long enough
Why, brother labOrer, see what we have 10
meet. Hardly thing we eat, drink or
wear but has at least 25 or 80 per cent add
ed to it to support this class of men,
drummers,-whie they lounge their way
through the world with their samples, from
the smallest pin to tho largest piece of ma.
chinery, from the lightest feather or ribbon
to the coarse Overalls. Not only these
things, but thousands Of articles Of mere
sham and cheat to swiudlo every laboring
man with.
Now laboring men in every town should
take hold of this matter. Get together aud
study what we can do to save the most out
of our pay aud get what we have to buy the
cheapest way. Some say we are doing this
to injure trade. l say no we are only pro-
tecting our families interests and our homes,
and none other.
What are they doing? is not every run
ner aud middleman at work for the same
end. They have their large salaries, live
high at hotels, aud smoke the best cigars.
1t would be miracle If there were not from
one to five Of them in town every day. Look
at that healthy, robust man, with travelling
bag that may weigh ten pounds. He opens
it and displays a thimbleful of spices of diff
ferent kinds and wants your order for lot.
What does this amount to? To just this /;
Every consumer who buys a quarter of spice
has to pay his proportion of this mans $4,000
salary, and 50 it goes with everything that
is consumed
MIR. Editor do you think strange that l
am tired ? Readers of the FARMER, awake
aud arise to your feet, and let us blow Ga
briel's trumpet in the ear of every hard
working man that he may be aroused to his
own help, and We will help him.
We have just commenced TO distribute
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12
Principles of EOrticulture.

l26. Leaves are expansions of bark,
traversed by veins.
l27. The veins consist of spiral vessels
lnclosed in woody fibre they originate in
the medullary sheath and liber; and they
are connected by loose parenchyma, which
is fuli OF cavities containing air.
| l2S. This parenchyma consists of two
layers, Of which the upper is composed Of
| cellnles perpendicular 10 the cutice and the
| lower Of the cellules parallel with the cuti-
| ole
| l29 These celiulos are arranged so as
to leave numerous open passages among
/ them for the circulation Of air in The inside
Of leaf Parenchymp of this nature is
| called cGUcTH0AS.
! $50, Cuticle is formed Of one or more
/ layers of depressed cellular tissue, which is
generally hardened, and always dry and
| filled with air.
l3l Between many Of the cells Of the
cutlcIc are placed apertures, called stomata,
which have the power Of opening and clos
ing as circumstances may require.
1872 1t is by means of this apparatus
that leaves elaborate the sap which they alb
sorb from the aburnum, converting it into
the secretions peculiar to the species.
l33. Their cavernous structure enables
them to expose the greatest possible surface
of their parenchyma to the atmosphere.
1874. Their cuticle is a non non.conductng
skin, which protects them from great varia-
tions in temperature, and through which
gaseous matter will pass readily.
l35. Their stomata are pores that are
chiefly intended to facilitate evaporation ;
for which they are well adapted by powre
they possess ofopening or closing as circum-
stances may require.
l36. They are also intended for faciita.
ting the rapid emission Of air, when it is
necessary that such function should be per.
formed.
l37. The functions of stomata being of
such vital Importance, it is always advisa-
BILE to examine them microscopically in cases
where doubts are entertained Of the state of
the atmosphere which particular species
may require.
13S. Leaves growing in air are covered
with a cuticle.
l39. Leaves growing under water have
no cuticls.
l40. All the secretions of plants being
formed in the leaves, or at least the greater
part, it follows that secretions cannot take
place If leaves are destroyed.
l4l. And as this secreting property de-
pends upon specific vital powers connected
with the decomposition of carbonic acid, and
called into action only when the leaves are
freely exposed to light and air, it also fol-
lows that the quantity Of secretion will be in
direct proportion to the quantity of leaves,
and to their free exposure to light and air.
l42. The usual position of leaves is spi-
raj, at regularly increasing or diminishing
distances they are alternate.
l43. But if the space, or axis, that sepa.
rates two leaves is reduced to nothing at al
ternate intervals, they become opposite.
l44. And if the spaces that separate
several leaves be reduced to nothing, they
become verticillate.
l45. Opposite aud verticillate leaves,
therefore, differ from alternate leaves ouly
in the spaces that separate being reduced to
nothing.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12
All Sorts of Items.

A farmer in Delaware county, New York,
reports the yield OF his dairy of ten cows for
1874 as 265O pounds of butter, besides what
was used in Il family of six persons.
An Illinois grange is negotiating Tor the
lease of $500 acres of land in Monroe county,
Mississippi, and fifty Illinois families arc
ready to move in and occupy rs soon rs the
neg citations are completed.
A collection representing the adulteration
of seeds was recently displayed at an inter
national agricultural exhibition IN Bremen,
which contained a sample of sand, carefully
washed and colored, and put up for sale rs
clover seed, under which namc it brought 81
cents pound. Numerous seed of weeds
used for adulteration were also exhibited.
A gentleman who has resided in Alaska
three years reports that on the island OF Sit
ka the inhabitants raise potatoes which, how
ever, never fully mature, and rarely attain
n size larger than that of hens egg; let
tuce and radlshes are grown successl fully;
and grasses flourish in June and July. but
there is nothing to encourage agricultural
development.
There is a peculiar modesty characteristic
of the coal interest in the remark of one of
the magnatos that they intend TO fix the price
of coal during the coming season las high
rs Providence would permit and AS low MS
necessity should compel them.n 1t would
be Godsend to the poor il a treaty could be
made that would admit Nova Scotia coal
free. but Of course such thing can't be ex-
pected while the Pennsylvania coal kings
control the national government in the in-
terest Of lhoir oppressive and unholy monop-
DIV
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12
Biting Colts.

To begin with, colts mouth is almost
as tender as babes, when teethiug. The
tongue, gums, lips, and bars Of the mouth
are as sensitive as the readers. BY this
very sensibility to pain, nature has guaran-
teed man against any trouble in refining him
or controlling him. He yields readily aud
easily to the slightest pressure Indeed,
nothing is more noticeable than this provls-
ion of nature, by which the animal best
adapted to be mans servant is easily made
subservient to his will Now, such a mouth
so tender and senstivc--must not be rude-
ly dealt with. Now let us begin to bU a
colt according to the machine method. The
colt, never having even been broken to the
halter, perphps, is let out into the yard, the
"machine" strapped on to his back, the bit
of iron or steel jammed into his mouth, the
check rein adjusted, and the colts head
drawn suddenly up into the air, and the
trainer stands one side. The colt, of course,
struggles and rears and plunges He be-
comes enraged, aud "fghts the Bit" foam
drops from his lips pretty soon it is stained
with StreakiNgs Of blood. The iron bit you
see, as he "iought it," has grated over the
| lOuuk ttIlut OuN lulu lGuuCI iONHut, uuu
lacerated the gums and lips. l have seen
all this done lit is no fancy sketch), seen
blood come in less than two minutes after
the biting machine was adjusted Now,
what has been done2 Several things, | re-
ply. First, unnecessary pain has been
caused an innocent aud harmless creature
that alone is enough to condemn any ma
chine ever invented. Secondly, the colt
mouth has been spoiled until the lacerated
gums and lips and tongue can heal Third.
| ly, the colts temper has been soured, and
no useful knowledge impaired. For the first
few minutes he strives to keep his head up,
and the bit loose In his mouth, because il
pains him; but pretty soon the muscles of
his neck begin to ache. They were never
made To hold up the head ia that style, and
are actually unable to do it for any consid-
erable length of time. Soon the head says
the pain in the overtasked muscles of the
neck is greater even than that caused by
the pressure Of the bit. 1t is, you see, with
the colt, choice between two pains. Llttle
by little, the head droops; heavier aud
heavier the weignt Of it is laid upon the bit
and, in the course Of an hour or two, the
colt stands weary and stolid, the weight Of
his head aud neck laid solidly down upon
the bit. The colt is being taught, you see,
to "take the bit" with a vengeance. He is
actually being educated to "hog on the bit"
and be puler. No method Of biting can
be more vicious aud villainous than this, in-
hicting as it does, torture on the innocent
victim, and, in not few cases, actually
putting the animal beyond the reach of fu-
ture betterment. ... ...
The true way to bit colt is, not to bit
him at all; that is, lot him bit himself.
When my colts are one year old, begin to
teach them to hold bit in their mouth. The
bit is OF pine. some half inch in diameter,
aud five inches in length This piece Of soft
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12
WHOLE NO. 223.

of farmers themselves, and on repeated e1.
periments. Where wheat is worth only 75c
per bushel, and other crops on the same scale,
ammonia is only worth half as much to q
farmer as in section where wheat is $50
per bushel. When an agent for some arti-
fetal fertilizer shows me whole string OF
testimonials as to the value of his fertilizer,
tell him that good analysis would be
more satisfactory to me than an actual trial
on my own land and under my own eye A
man need not swallow lot of Glauber salts
to tell if they arc pure. The chemist can
not tell him whether be needs a dose of the
salts, but he can tell him whether the salts
are genuine or not. Chemistry cannot tell
us whether our land needs this or that ma
nure, but IL can tell us whether the manure
is genuine or spurious. If farmers had
clearer views on this subject, the sale of in-
ferior or worthless fertilizers would soon
cease
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12
PeBa-SPGfGerS.

Brigham Young has recovered sufficiently
to sit up and get married occasionally.
The sentinel who did not sleep on his
watch had left it ut the pawnbroker's.
How dreary seems each hour,
As 1t slowly, slowly goes,
To the man who sits in anguish
With boil upon his nose
Mr.. Spencer, of Moodus, Conn.,, cast a de-
spairing look upon his twenty-first child the
other day. No wonder they call repeating
rifle Spencer.
"Can you runP" asked boy of St. Louis
officer who had arrested him. Like cuss,"
was the reply. ''Then chase me-" said the
boy, and of he went.
1t time to stop talking about the soften
ing influence of women. A Massachusetts
man who has four wives has just been sent
to the penitentiary for stealing horses.
A man who had read the New York
Times for twenty-siX years, wrote a commu-
nication to that paper, and the heartless edi-
tor headed 1t Letter from Donkey"
An Iowa paper proclaims itself an "hon-
est newspaper" and in another paragraph
says, "When man processes honesty nova
days, keep your eyes peeled for thief"
Some one wrote to Horace Greeley inquir-
ing if guano was good to put on potatoes.
l lie SAID it might do for those whose tastes
bad become vitiated with tobacco and rum,
but &c preferred gravy and butter.
A clergyman in Iowa stood in his door
and warned donation party that the first
one who entered his gate would be II dead
man. He SAID it was bad enough 10 take half
his pay int 1hbsslfs. without having his house
destroyed.
An Iowa judge named Noble, recently SEN
fenced mar. to three years in the Iowa
Legislature bot the enormity Of tho punish
ment dawning upon him, commuted it to the
psntentiary. "a, second Daniel come to
judgment"
A printer, meddling with the verdict OF a
ooroner's jury, struck out a comma after the
word "apoplexy," making the sentence read
thus: Deceased came to his death BY .ex-
cessive drinking, producing apoplexy in tfiG
minds OF the jury"
A letter passed through the Detroit post
Office the other day, bearing the following
snpersoription: "TO the Fat Kuss what ed
dts the Pontyac weekly Gazette, and sent
me dunnin letter in envelope he stole
Pontyac, Michigan. 4"
A practical Psychologist asserts that Ma
ture does all the cleaning necessary for the
inside of the ear, and that any attempt on
our part to clean it insures disorder. This
will be good news for Stone--it will save him
n large amount of unnecessary labor.
One of the boys just before returning tc
Cornell, the other day, sent young lady
friend of his u cake of Lubins finest variety
OF toilet soap. with the request that she
would draw no inference on receiving such
agift. Tho next day tho young man was
somewhat astonished when he received a
letter from the young lady containing the
present Of "A fne-toOth comb, with tho re-
quest that he would draw no differences
therelrom.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12

yellow Globe Mangol, 1868 bushels.
Norbitor Giant Mangel, ..........34t
Lanes I'm IfnDetial SuVar peet asa -


They were placed in the same cellar; q cell
lar that have always called good for keep
ing roots without their willing aad shrinking.
Now, at the middle of February, the Norbi-
ton Giant is badly wilted (; is soft and corky.
My stock does not relish them. The elbow
Globe is somewhat 30, but not as bad. The
Lane beet is brittle, fresh and nice for the
two years previous they remained so
until the 1st Of June, as late as | care to
feed roots. When a root willis, perhaps il
loses nothing but the water it contains, but
| know my stock does not like them as well,
and my observation tells me that they do
not thrive avreel on them. 1 imagine stock
sees the same difference that we do in eating
a shriveled, vilted, dry apple, in compare
son With juicy, brittle one. A fresh, brit
tie, Northern Spy does me more good than a
dry, wilted, Russet apple. l think we
should raise roots that viii keep fresh and
succulent, if we expect the best results in
ieediug-T S. Fry, Bennington Co., w.,
la Coa1ltYu Gentleman.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12
And one copy free for every ten.
Free of Postage to amy Point In the United
states or Canada.
Advertising Rates.
Ultimate business advertising, rs cents per IL
Insertion; each subsequent insertion, Is cen
Special Notices, 20 per cent additional.
"oNLY A FARMERS DAuGHTER., y

'Shes only farmers daughter"
A stylish lady said
With scornful glance Of her handsome eye,
And a toss Of her naughty head.
She was frilled and hounced and furbelowed
In the very latest style;
Her head q wonder OF crimps and curls,
And her train something less than mile
Her hands that sparkled with many . ring
Were shapely and fair 10 Wow
As they we'll might be, for no useful work
Were thoy ever allowed 10 do.
To hear her talk Of tho clover class"
OF their sins against proprioty,
of"her family" and Of ''eountry girls"
And her horror of mixed society,""
One would think that among her ancestry
She numbered at least an Earl;
(Ier father was once a carpenter,
And her mother a factory giri)
They say she is brilliant and beautiful;
will not their words deny
But ah the farmers daughter
Is fairer by far to my eye.
She is not in tho height of fashion,
But is very becomingly dressed
With hounces enough for comfort,
And they look as If made Of the best
Mrth aud innocent happiness
Out of her blue eyes shine;
Her hair is untortured by crimps and curls,
And she wears 1t by right divine.
No mother tolls in the kitchen for her,
While she on the sofa lolls,
Novel in hand, dressed in her best,
Receiving her morning calls.
A share in the heat and the burden Of life
She willingly, cheerfully takes,
And duty, and love, in that happy home,
A pleasure Of labor makes.
And though you may smile at this curious TACT
have seen her with hoe in hand,
While she planted the corn, or waged war on the
weeds,
When mans help was scarce in the land.
And her fowers-w0ll, next summer you'l sec
them yourself
As you ride past the farm on the prairie,
And mark the home, covered with roses and vines
The work Of this Martha or Mary.
And I'm sure you will say, spits the verdict oil
those
Who live out in fashions gay Whirl,
That "only a farmers daughter" means
OHiy a sensible girl.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12
votes ana Qssertes.

Being desirous of starting an orchard am
raising, by planting apple seeds. should
like to be enlightened on the subject through
the columns of the FARMER. Does it make
any difference from what apple the seed is
taken? What is the time to plant, and in
what mann eiP If planted next fall should
the seed bo taken from apples grown last
year, or can they be taken from those grown
next season. You've FARMER.
LudlOtO. March 3.
Will Mr.. Farrant, and others who have
the necessary knowledge and experience, re-
ply to Young Farmers" queries?
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12

j. G. Y. on page 60 inquiries for reme-
dy or preventive OF cows retaining the after
birth. believe in the old adage, that an
ounce of prevention is worth a pound OF
cure. The treatment which have practic-
ed with my own cows for some years, with
perfect success, is to feed two quarts of rye,
boiled, per day, for about week before
calving. The rye needs boiling until it
swelIs about double its ordinary size. L
have had no trouble in this direction since |
adopted the above system. A. BAssETT.
Green County, ~ Y.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12

III, q. Y, whose inquiry noticed on
page SO, will milk his COWS as soon as cou-
venIent after caiying, and give them this
milk to drink, he will have no more trouble
from his cows retaining their aiterolrth.
The best preventive is COOL warm stable
at night aud in stormy weather, with two
quarts OF meal aud of bran per day, for
three weeks previous TO calving, consider
Que bushcl Of grain fed before calving worth
two fed after. y. DUELL.
Salem County, N. J.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12
JOHNsBURY FRIDAY, MARCH IL.

goods from our council, and with good luck
so far. We expect to do better when we
get more used to IT, Let us hear from 9th.
er councils. HARD WORKER.
Whits6eld, ~ H., March 4.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12

For three weeks or more before calviug,
give the COW full tablespoonful Of wood
ashes in 2 quarts of wheat bran, per day
This has been my practice for three years,
and has never failed. j. NJ, Bedford, NJ Y.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12
Retention of the Afterbirth.

We take the following answers to que
ry on this subject from late number Of the
| Country Gentleman, and recommend them
to our dairy readers:
In answer to j. @. Y.s inquiry, as to
whether there is any medicine that will
cause it to come away, | answer yes.
About three years ago | saw a remedy mem
toned in the Country Gentleman. have
not time now to look up the number aud
| give the iniormauts name, which | would
like to DO, aud thank him for his valuable
| Information. Although at that time had
never had occasion TO use such medicine, J
made a copy Of the formula for the remedy
mentioned, thinking it might be Of use some
time, as l have for several years kept
dairy OF twenty to thirty COWS Only lew
days elapsed before [ had COW which ra.
tanned the aIterbirth I waited until the
second d'y, vhea gave her the medicine.
On the third day she was entirely relieved
Since that time I have found it necessary ~
give the medicine 20 three or four COWS dug
iug each year, aud always obtained the le.
sired result. / think this one recipe worth
at least Gve years subscription to tho
Country Gentleman, saying nothing about
obtained from its porusa
The recipe is as follows: jumper bcr-
rles, o.. bayberrles, 2 oz. gum myrrh,
OF. nitre, | oz. asafntida, ! oz. anlse
seed l OF. well pounded together aud gwen
in quart of ale, made warm by the add-
tion Of one quart Of hot pennyroyal tea.
have never given the ale, but used the pen
nyroyal tea, and only in one instance did L
have to administer the second dose. Ii the
COW is not relieved Of tho afterbirth in twen-
ty-four hours after calving, L give her the
medicine, and if not relieved in twenty-four
hours more, l repeat the dose. The milk
will be fit for use at the expiration Of the
usual time after calving, say six to ten days,
according to the views and tastes of the con-
sumer. s. NJ. G. District Of Columbia.
Your correspondent j. q. Y. inquiries for
preventive for cows retaining their after
birth. If the COW is in thrifty condition,
neither too fat nor too lean, she will seldom
be subject to this infrmity. In order to
prevent it, have known farmers that have
fed on hay only, to feed moderately with
oats for awhile before ealviug, to increase
the thrift of the animal. Wheat bran mash
is an excellent feed, healing, cooling and
strengthening in its effect. Another one
have seen practiced, and which to many
will no doubt appear very simple, is to wash
the back with the first milking, rubbing the
whole extent of the loins. 1t has proved
very successful as far as L have known.
Whether this new milk, so rubbed in, oper-
ates as a laxative, others can judge as we'll
as myself. The rubbing no doubt strength
ems the lolus, Be careful not to allow the
COW to take cold drinks for forty-eight hours
after calviDg if the water is up to blood
heat no matter. By all means take the chill
off. w. B.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12

Four copies one year. to separate addresses, 81
Six sopfes 10.
Ten CoDios I6.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-03-12
VOL. VINO. Is.
Aermnnt 4atmtt
ROYAL CUMMINGS, PRopRrEToR
WIN. II. WHEELER, EDIToR.
TERMS, Always in Advance.
PUBLISHED WEEKLY,
1T ST. JOHESBURY. VT.

One copy year insinge wrappers bundles, t00o
nlA m0nLha. l.u0