davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New York herald., 1875-07-01

Minnie Elizabeth Knoth. Bertha Schwab Emma Z. Law
renee, Minnie Biggam shields
CLASS B--betsey Baker Davis Marguerite Merington,
Jnlia Denuison. Mary Elizabeth Mcrngton, Ida Is.
Emma ) Keller. Editn Gertrude Bowes sarah r. Nrely
Jeanette strauss fAnny l.. Rutter, Kate h. 1rainor
Elizabeth q. knight Mary Adelaide Dun. Teresa A.
Murphy. Minnie Mason Kate &. Crowley, Margaret
johnson Taylor, Josephine O. Waters, Gathering har
per Julia L. lealy Hannah W. De Milt. Maggie Tewev
anna luomey, Laura L. Peterson Maggie NJ Mccarthy,
Mary V. Is. Chase. Kate G.. shields susan L. Tower,
Mary f. Lalor. Beulah Van wie Carrie @. Roberts Al
faretta soper Rebeeca NusSpaum, sarah Abro. kath
erIne 4. Cassidy ana Mary Louisa Corrigan.
CLASS C-saral CumaIlngs Caroline Euphemia Ciley
Clara American Louise i. schmidt Isabella j. Hankry,
Theresa Erdman, Annie LarGe Van Dyke, Mary r. Cal
laghcr, Mary r. Waring. Agnes Chtt, Josephine g. a-
laner, Mary CORDIALLY, sara stern SOPHIE 4 C Bhde
julia H. Gleeson sarah Barrinsto ton, Betty shuster,
Louise w. Wooster. barbara g. thomson. Alice Gertrude
schawb, hattie y. Eustace, ANNE Lake Egbert Ella A.
Morrison, Ella r. Carroll, Amy Josephine Brouwere
Kate trIsbee. Mary neatcn, Mary Il. ubrlen. Racine
Kamak, Mary r. Harrlgan, Ida II. COwel Eneline L.
Norton Mary ala Coughlan. Josephine A watson, Mary
Osborne.
GLAss D-Kate Noble Davies, Ellie Funk. Henrietta
Japha, Agnes Dovdal, Hulda Jaroslawski Cara Nina
Crane, Kate Attfidge Beam, Rosetta Mary MeCabe
Catherine Ccilla Murphy Maria z. Jury, annie liza
beth Weir, Ada kuer, Mary A, Zetznian Helena r:
Higgins Ida Rosina Webb, Jeanne L. Weaver Caroline
z, a. Heydorn Alma r. SammIs Mary Garretson Foss.
Mory Calender Brown, sylvia Honmann, Matilda He'll
man, Emra Mack Janet Russell NJ Louise Corbn,
Mary \. Prior. Leah Mich eL Joanna f. stafford, anna
MeArdle Euuce ELENA stuart, Mary Loretta Callahan.
II ger Mary A. Ward, Matilda Torrens, Hannah Snedd
whitney, Adelaide u. Whelpley.
The New York herald., 1875-07-01
ST. BENEDICTS COLLEGE.

place last evening at eight O'Clock, In the Library
Hall, Newark. The institution was founded i've
years ago by Archbishop Bayley, and Is conducted
by the Benedictine Fathers The following Is the
faculty REV. A. Heimler. President; Rev. p. NJ.
Fritz, Rev. r. M. Gutu an. Messrs. J. ]. Mccartney
J. Schultz aud J. Mlhdnlch. The proceedings COM
menced by the Right Rev. DR.. Corrlgan taking
the chair, who made an address that was listened
to with marked attention. An entertainment OF
music interspersed with Rotations, dialogues
and depate then lollowed, the principal actors
being the students, who acquitted themselves
very satisfactorily. Afterward o number or prizes
were given 10 those OF the scholars VINO mad dig
tingulshed themselves during the past year.
The New York herald., 1875-07-01
THE NORMAL COLLEGE.
THE SIXTH ANNUAL coMMENcEMENT-A LARa
CLASS GRADUATE.

CLASS GRADUATE.
The Normal College, Of the city OF New York,
held It's sixth annual Commencement In the Col
lege chapel yesterday, at ten O'Clock. The exer-
cises were enjoyable In every degree. very large
audience was present and lao young ladies were
graduated.
Long before the hour announced for the begin
ming of the exercises the large hall was filed. In
the corridors and recitation rooms happy faced
young ladies' athred In white Swiss and lace
we're seen laughing ana chatting In groups and
uttering speculation regarding the future. Gath
cred upon the platform were many prominent
men, Mr.. william Il. Nelson, OF he Board OF Ed
ucatlon presided. The following was
THE PROGRAMME.
Trio, Sentence, From Thy Heavenly Kingdom. Guck
Reading 'seeSs Sss S rsbd Hwy cnaSer and
ssatat9Ty Ss, . Pss asr,ngoa
Ps.av raie tdit6 hpsss
Rseiaton Iic oanisi Dae Mary MacfafSas HSa
Chorus IRON mass IN b nap, "Dona NobIs Pa
Es.ay, "a Plea Tor xantippeI Carrie O. Robe rus
Solo; s1hs Lover and the Bird" Snr't
ouotstcns from graduates
Duet ihe Fortune ieller" :Gabuss
Trio 1.-The star OF Iove'
award OF Henry Ridoe
Solo. The Wanderer". Schubert
Tho Protsci Us Through the Coming Ssat
Essay The Power of Ridicuie" .lsouise W Wooster
Solo, THE Maid OF Judah".. .......Aary Mernston
Recitation from "As You Like IT. Minnie Mason
Trio, Dolce zefron from 1'kliser Amore". Donzct
bssay, hphesus As IL Was and Is' Hester Roberts
Duet 20. Swaliows Happy swallows". kucken
EssaY. ''Et Quorum Pars Magma Fu. sthcr Baum
Distribution Of hOnors, Hon William Wood
Song OF praise, Chorus la CaDells".. Sc hnabel
posoioTy. the old hundred P:am' Frame dSSs
CLASS HoNORs
Ottendorfer gold medal dor proficiency In GERMANY,
Elizabeth n. Uoherty.
0tIendorisr silver medal dOr proficiency in German
Barron prize ior eiocutIon $50 in GodI, Mary Mac
second prize for elocuuou s25 In slver Janet Russell
Barron priSe tor singing $50 In godh Mary A. zotz
Second prize for singing 1875 svOr) Mary Msrins
ton
Kelly silver medal methods and principles of teach
ingl Mary Merington.
Kelly bronze medal 0ame), Ellie Funk.
Kane gold medal uor ply sloogy) kdtth Bowes.
Alumn@ gold medal tor physicsl, Betsey B. Davis.
Hunt gold medal uor LATIN, Marguerite Mertngton
Kate n Davies Marguerite Meringion, Euphemia Gil
elaoeksr Mary Mshony, Ada Hrsnnan kiie Funk, Ida
y. Lindhemer.
Tne following 10 the list OF
rHR GRADUATES FoR 1878.
CLASS A-Algnonstie krbschloc. FANNIE Grady. Annie
O, Audubon, ksther Baum. Nary A. Lyeli sarah lisa.
bella Aoker, Rachel walters Mary NINA Cannon Mary
r. Qeary, Ella Louise Van Peake Katie 0raham Thomp
son, allen n kng, Alice Lenora Fros, sarah lhers.
Hester Ann hCDeFl Mary MAciarnne, kdna Louise
phapin, kaher 9. kshy Nay He'll Urommeln, aary
Alice hanssy hosa A. Aooevssn4 MaFg tsahest Bsswn
The New York herald., 1875-07-01
HAMILTON COLLEGE.

UTICA, June 30. 1878.
General Joseph r. HawleV was to-day elected q
trustee OF Hamilton college by the Alumni under
the new amendment TO the charter. 1nere was
no choice iOr the other trustees.
The attendance a. the commencement exercises
Was Vofr large.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
Food for the sick-Hygteue.

Tho following is the conclusion of DIR. Cros-
bys lecture on tue care of the sick, part of
which we published yesterday =
A man simply because he il sick is not to be
starved, nor, on the other hand. can man who
is sick, as rule, take such articles OF food AZ a
well man would be likely to take.
1t may be doubtful whether man, when first
taken sick, should take large quantity of food
but one of the articles which he may have IL In
dian cruel, if not made too strong. In making
Indian Cruel, there should be no more than u
dessert or table spoonful of the meal to quart
OF water and this should be boiled for a long
time, keeping the quantity Of water good
throughout the entire boiling process.
Prepared in this manner, 1t may be made de-
cidedly salt, and then administered to the patient
during the first few days Of his sickness.
There is one article of diet which all persons
may take under all considerations, and that is
milk. There are those who say they cannot take
milk, that it makes them bilious, etc but that is
not true. person who is sick may take milk
with the greatest possible advantage because 1t
contains i'll form easy OF assimilation, all the
elements essential for maintaining nutrition
1t il the natural aliment of the young animal,
and certainly answers good purpose for the old
animal, provided it is used properly. New milk
do not hesitate to say, may be taken, as far as
disease is concerned, in any and every condition
Perhaps it will require the addition of lime wa
ter, il marked acdity of the stomach is present (;
and perhaps a little gentian may be requisite to
stimulate the stomach somewhat and it may
be necessary to give it in small quantities and
repeat it often but ice cold milk can be put in
to very irritable stomach if given in small
quantities and at short intervals with the hap.
piest effects. We have now come to believe,
contrary to the teaching of our fathers that cold
water, even ice cold water, is most beneficial
drink, and, therefore, permit our patients to
have it as often as they may wish, provided too
much is not taken at one time.
Now tea is very comforting, especially to a sick
woman, and may be gwen without harm, If it is
sufficiently diluted with milk. When made very
weak, just strong enough to give flavor-well
supplied with milk, and perhaps little sugar, it
gives the patient trife Of nourishment in very
palatable form. IT, however, youwil make beef
tea according to the directions / now give you, it
will be found to be most serviceable article
among the dietetics OF the sick room.
Take pound of the very best beef that can
be obtained in the market the butcher will tell
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
The Fire Record.
a DYE-HoUsE BURNED IN MAINE.
A.aOein,aa press s,,oeint 1,crenrnn

n
Associated Press Special telegram.
LEWISTON, MAINE, Dec. 3.
A fire broke out in the dye-house OF the
Bates mill, last night, and did damage which is
roughly estimated at hundred thousand dol
lars. Work will be resumed in that part of the
mill which was not burned.
Asi0,000. FIRE N CINCINNATI.
CIScINNATI, Dec 3.
This morning building in the rear OF the
Methodist Book Concern caught fire in the
fourth story and was coon completely guLted.
The total loss is estimated at 100000.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04

you that any kind of piece answers to make
beef tea Of, but that is not true-cuti it into small
pieces the size Of the end Of tho thumb, piace 10
IN pint basin, cover WITH Soid wstef ana nn snon
or stove, where the water will gradu-
ally get warmer and warmer, but will not reach
the boiling point. Let it stand and Sim
mer in this manner two hours,
Then bring it forward and boil
over quick fire twenty minutes, and .imme-
diately after pour the fluid from the beef, at the
same time allowing the little particles which be-
come detached to flow off with it. Now,f there
is any fat In the tea, it Ia well that 1t should be
removed, for the reason that the bile e.and pan
creatic secretion may be unable to emulsify it,
and it may do more harm than good. II you
wish to be very precise upon this point, the tea
can be set aside, and when perfectly cold all the
fat can be removed from the surface in flake;
or the fat may be taken up by dropping piece
OF flannel upon it as it floats upon the surface OF
the warm tea
1t is not good plan to strain the liquor, be-
cause this property will remove more or less OF
the little particles Of beef which are very essen-
tial to the value Of the tea. 1t may now be salt
ed and given hot or cold, as the patient may
wish and it may be given rs soon as the pulse
indicates any diminuton in the force OF the
hearts action.
In case the patients stomach s very irritable.
80 that large quantities OF any substance cannot
be borne you may resort to beef extract for
nouSsbment
The proper method OF making this article is
to take a pound of the best heef, cut il into
small pieces. and place it in good sized open
mouthed bottle-a pickle jar is perhaps as con-
venient as any. Cork the bottle loosely, and
then set it into kettle Of water, which is to be
kept boiling for two hours. II the bottle is now
removed, it will be found that it contains con-
siderable quantity of fluid, which may be turned
off, and the beef subjected to slight pressure
to remove still more. In this fluid we have a
concentrated article OF nourishment, and it may
be given, after it has been seasoned, either pure
or diluted. according to the condition of the
stomach. Beef extrac. is not nearly so paata-
BILE an article OF food as rich beef tea made in
the manner described.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04

Stands unrivaed as a specific for groups, coughs,
colds and all bronchial affection. prompt, safe
and reliable remedy pleasant TO take. sold whole
sale and retail ut FOSTERS DRUG ST IRE,
Cor. Front and West streets.
full supply OF fine felt lung protectors for weak
lnnpg
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
DEMOCRATIC THREATS IN THE HOUSE.

Washington letter to the New York
Tribune sets forth at LENGTH the marner IN
which the Democratic House intends to cut
down appropriations for the conduct of the
Government. Supplies for the Indian service
are to be reduced from seven millions to four
millions clerks are to be discharged by the
wholesale from the departments at Washington
"there is some talk of refusing to pass any river
or harbor appropriation bill !" the Navy De-
partment is to be vigorously attacked, and
Secretary Robeson is to be set to work answer.
lug the questions Of smelling committees,
as soon as the House gets its quarrels over the
Speakership and other Offices settled, and
effects an organization. As for the Army, that
will be considered, too, the desire Of many
members being to cut it down in size, but it is so
entirely non-politcal in its character that there
is difficulty anticipated in effecting this.
The fulfllment Of all this sound and fury in
sets may be awaited with entire equanimity.
The House holds the purse-strings, and can con-
troll appropriations, but it cannot do anything
more than block general legislation. So far as
it may aid in the just and proper reduction of
expenses, it will be doing good work, and will be
sustained by the people. but If it proceeds to
partisan extremes, striking at the departments
of the Government for political reasons, and,
according TO the intimation of the Tribune let
ter, refusing to appropriate money to pay Jones,
Brown, and Smith, because they are Republi-
cans, the damage will fall, not so much
on the Administration, or on Jones.
Brown, and Smith, as on the Demo-
cratic party. The strength of the two great or
ganizations, as the recent elections showed, is
nearly equal, and any mistakes which the Dem
ocrats in the House may make, this Winter re-
sponsible as they are, by their large majority in
that body, will be of precious Importance to the
Republicans. 1t has been said that the Bureau
of Education is to be abolished this was a
threat made year ago and the Department OF
Agriculture, it is also rumored, will not get any
appropriation. We shall see about this. The
refusal to appropriate money for either will be
resented by the people, and so will any Other
blow which is manifestly inspired either by par
tisan motives or by narrow, illiberal theory oil
government.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
Fresh Medicines.

Remedies Tor the EpizOOtIc.
POWDERS. LrEINEETs.
Mlller's, y. il. II. Liniment
Roberts, Tobiass Liniment,
Foutz's, Roberts Embrocation,
Heave--Miers 4 Dareys tiargling OH,
Mexican Mustang Linl-
ment
full supply Of eli kinds of horse medicine whole
sale and retail at FOSTERS DRUG STORE.
Front and West streets.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
Convicted of an Old Crime.
MAN WHOSE OFFENCE HAD BEES COVERED
FOR TEN YEARS SENT TO THE PESITENTIARY

MAN WHOSE OFFENCE HAD BEES COVERED UP
FOR TEN YEARS SENT TO THE PENlTENTIARY.
The case Of Charles Jefferson WAS concluded
in the Circuit Court for Talbot county, at Eas-
ton, Nd. on Wednesday. Jefferson had been
indicted for the robbery of Richard Day, in st.
Mchaels, some ten years ago, he being able ia
cover up his tracks until a recent period. The
murder Of Jno. T. Ford, in July last, seems to
have been the entering wedge into the disclo.
sure of the robbery, and Jefferson was arrested
charged with the murder also, but the bill of in
dictment was ignored.
1t required two trials to reach conviction on
the charge of robbery. The fret was begun al
Eston on Monday and ended on Tuesday, The
jury retired to their room at 1890 p. H.
Tuesday night, and at ~. 20 the next day were
discharged by the Court, being unable to agree
1t was understood they stood six to six wher
they retired, but at the close stood sever
for acquital and five for conviction. A new
tnal was Immediately commenced before the
Court, which resulted in the conviction Of JEFF
ferson, and his sentence to confinement in the
Penitentiary for four years.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
tFrom our Late Editions Of YESTERDAY. ]
Another school girl Murder.

DIscovERy AND ARREST OF HER SUPPOSED MUIR
DERRR.
associated Press Special telegram
WATERFOWL, N. Y, Nov. 8.
In Rutland, six miles from this city, on Tues
day afternoon, Sarah Conklin, aged fourteen
years, while returning from school through a
piece OF woods, was murdered. When the body
was found it was supposed the girl had received
fall which caused her death. Yesterday, an
officer from this city visited the spot and found
Indications that the girl had been murdered .and
strong evidence against boy, aged l6 years,
named Rutar, who lived near the scene Of the
murder. 1t is believed that he attempted to
ravsh the girl, and failing in that killed her
with small hammer. He WAS tracked to and
from the spot, and a hammer was found which
fits the indenture in the girls forehead RutaI
has been arrested
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04

A painful STIR amongst the majority in Coun-
cil..was caused, on Thursday night, by the
nouncement that on a ballot for the election of
an accountant in the City Treasurer's office, the
present incumbent had not been removed. As
lie votes the Republican ticket, his removal had
been put upon the programme, of course, but
the machinery shipped, and he didn't go out.
To save the trouble Of search through the bal
box, and an inspection of the ballots-these
Investigations being begun-Mr. Hayes let it be
known that it was he who had voted for the
present accountant, and that it was by his vote
the intended descapitation had failed. He
took the extraordinary view that as the account
ant now in Office was competent person, IA
miliar with the duties Of the place, it was bring
ing partisanship down to rather fine point 10
put him out because he voted the Republican
ticket, and that it was his, (Nr. H.'s) duty to
vote for the citys interests, first and his partys
afterward. This is not the usual view of tho
majority in the Council, and the Morning Her.
aid signifies that it feels very badly over such
Aeresies. Mr.. Hayes, however, believes he will
be able to survive its displeasure.
The impression has gone out, and il being in
HuS'iiO"7if u4SHotnihetou tiiaI uueiISIs III belh-
ware are liable to the soft embraces of the whip
ping-post and the tender clasp of the pillory.
This is mistake ; the laws for pilloryng and
whipping were intended to apply especially to
colored people, and not to the chivalry who
incline to duelng. The penalties for fighting a
duel in this State are one thousand dollars fine,
three months imprisonment, and disqualification
for holding seat in the Legislature. II the
blatherskites who recently pretended to fight,
ont at shellpot are trembling for fear of the
whipping post, they may cease their shiyers
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
oriental Pile and Burn Saive.

Prepared bs Mrs. DR.. Foster. An infab!e rem
edy for piles (internal and externaD and burns.
Read the testimonials on circulars accompanying
each box. Price rs cents each
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
The Malay Rebellion.

RESISTANCE TO BE MADE TO THE ENGLISH TO THE
LAST.
associated Press Special telegram.
LONDON, Dec. 8.
Advices from Penang to the 10Th of November
say that servant who was captured by the Ma
lsyans at the time OF the murder of Mr.. Birch,
the English resident has succeeded in making
his escape and returning to the English head
quarters. He reports that the Maharajoh Leila
is constructing strong stockade for defence,
and the latter declares that the Malayans will
resist the English to the uttermost.
Sir William Jervois, the Governor OF the Straits
Settlements, is at Penang. The preparations
for attacking the Malayans are making rapid
progress
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
10 The Ladies'.

Mrs. DIR. Foster Keeps always on hand full sup
ply of truses braces supporters pessaries syrlnges
breast pumps and many other articles to numerous
to mention. Ladies In want of the above line of
goods can be accommodated by calling at the pr-
vate entrance on West street.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
Fosters BLOOD Purifier.

II you wish to soften and beautify rough skin,
take Fosters Blood Purifier.
If you wish to cure pimples and blotches, take
Fosters Blood Purifier.
II you wish to cure tetter and rngworn, take Fos-
ter's Blood Purifier.
II you wish TO cleanse the blood from Old and In
uolent ulcers, take Foster Blood Purifier.
our Blood Purifier does all we claim for II. 1t ls
purely Vegetable, contains no poisonous nsances,
II has cured hundreds OF cases given ur by physl-
clans as incurable. We challenge the world to pro-
duce any medicine TO take the place of our Blood
Purifier. letter Ointment used in connection with
the furiher for all eruptiots Of the skin. Sold
wholesale and retail, at
FOSTERS DRUG STORE,
Front and West Sts Wilmington, Del.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04

PUBLISHED EVERY AFTERNOON, tsv''days
ercsptsd1 at the COMMERCIAL BUILDING, SoutA-sesf
corner FitrA and Market Streets. 1tSo cents copy
Ten cents a ,seek DELIvKRRD rRxE BY carriers
throughout the City. The COMMERCIAL W be sent oy
mail TO any Post OTce In Neso Castle County at soo
ser ann.,n; sl.25 for months; 50 cents per month
to Post Offices outside Of Neu Castle county, *ooo per
annu,n; 81 40 for three months; 80 cents per no''l
TgE PUBLISHERS PREPAY POSTAGE In al cases.
COMMERCIAL STEAM PRINTING ROOMS, pro
vtdsd nth arstolass machinery and skfll1l 'Oor'ns
for executing Book Job and Mercantile Printing OF aa
descriptions, at prices be'O'0 the kadfn9 Printing
Hotlses Of the large cities.
DBLAWARE TRIBUNE, (Weekly) the Penfns'ilar
orqan Of Farmers and Ftlitgroicers; great Family
Newspaper; published every Thursday morning al
Too Dollars year, rosrAss PREPAID By rHx PUB
LrsHKRs.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
A .IU, UUU. FIRE II CINCINNATI.
CfNcINNA Dan 2
Fatal Accident.
A MAN BURIED IN VAULT AND KILLED.
Assoc,1te5 prrss S,,eejal Thurman

PoTTsyIILE, Pa, Dec 8.
This morning, while Jas. Wilds was digging in
vault, under brewery, in this city, large
mass of loose ground and coal fell down, break
ing both OF his jaws and leg and killing him III
ata
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04

Subscribers sending single copy Of the COMMERCIAL
auay by mail are informed that ti0o-oent stamp is
required Uan ordinary wrapper be used sent TO the
post office ,oth cent stamp u uil probably neoer
reach its destination The paper Nth no tordppT al
all. or a Eiqht one, can be mailed for one cent.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
Rarbers, SUPPLIES.

Pomade soaps, bay rum, hair and shaving brushes
BARRIERS combs, fayOrs shaving cream, Auter'l
B,ckingham's and Japanese hair ayes Razors and
razor straps Cosmetic, Hambleton's toilet POWDER
French rose ponads. fnl supply OF extracts for
the handkerchief, viz: White Hose, Heotrope,
Jockey Club, Jassamlne, etc. sod wholesale and
retail, at FOSTERS DRUG STORE,
Front and West sts.
BARRIERS wouli do well to give US a call before
purchasing elsewhere
Wilmington daily commercial., 1875-12-04
To PhJsicians.
"CACHgTS DE PAIN"
FOR RENDERING THE MOST BITTER MIDI.
CINES TASTBLESS.
vapOrixfng Inhalers.

These Cachets are made OF simple hour paste and
adapted to substances In powder form; they dis
solve very readily in the stomach, thereby allowing
the contents to act at once. They are prepared as
the physician requires them, therefore the contents
are fresh material. The most nanseous and bitter
medicines Qunine, Aloes, etc, as well az those
OF unpleasant odo-. like AssafGtida can be taken
with perfect comfort by the most sensitive patient,
the taste aud smell being perfectly and completely
disguised. To be up with tine requirements OF the
times and the demands OF our customers we have
supplied ourselves with the requisite apparatus for
neatly and expedtiously iiil ng and preparing
Cacnets for use which are much approved by both
physician and patient.
Il. BRINGHuRsT Il CO.,
APoTHEcARIEs