davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1875-02-11
TIE ROSS CASE.
0Er ofd R7rdri oftj,coO by Moyor
.StOisiV.

a f'f'.N- y Wv ~
StOkeiH
The Ross case has again taken n
fresh hold on public interest in M
offer by Mayor Stokely ot u reward
Of $1,000 for information leading to
the recovery of the child. 4 circu
lar has been issued to justices Of the
peace and county officials in various
parts Of Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and
Maryland. asking them to personal
y interest themselves in the search
for the missing one. and 10 thorough
ly examine all places within their
jurisdiction where tho child conll by
any possibility bc concealed Accom-
panying it il u description Of the
child. of the two abductors (Moshcr
and Douglas). Of the horse and buggy
used, and of tho boat found at Bav
Ridge, and known to have been usel
by Mosher and Douglas. Anumber
of facts contained from letters writ
ten 10y the kidnappers and from 9th
- h'NSoi 'h' q iNoiii uh,i tic iS lbl
lows
After leaving Palmer and Rich
mond Streets. Philadelphia, about
six o'clock =, NJ, July |, the abiuc,
tors drove towards the city of Tren-
ton, y. j., through which they said
they passed on the night OF july 2.
and on Bridge street dropped the
boys hat--a broadbrimrned unbleach
ell Panama, with black ribbon and
without binding. After this, they
may have driven toward some one of
the streams Of water emptying into
Raritan or Newark Bay. or possibly
as far AS Newark, but this is very un-
certain. Tho ab1uctors returned to
Philadelphia July 3. where they
mailed letters during the month. In
August letters were mailed from
Now York city, and occasionally from
other points, as Rondout. and subse
quontly from New Haven, New
Brunswick, New York. aud Philaiel.
phia, down to November 20.
There is good reason to believe
that these men were in row boat
on the Hudson, at AMI near Ronlout
for two days, about August 81.
A letter from them, dated Sep
tember - and post marked Nov
Haven, stated that Charley had been
suffering from stoppage of urine, and
that medicine had been obtained by
his custodians, which relieved him
inquiry Of physicians or druggists
in your ncighborhool |, with reference
to this statement, might lead tD a
cluc)
The abluctors probably made tn,
alterations to the boat, on the Hack
onsnrk river about October L.
II is not known precisely when
they began living on tho water, or.
whether they ever had tho boy ON
the boat They may have Delivered
him 10 confcdcratcs altor first leaving
Philadelphia.
~ B-lnfJrmation as to tho route
taken by the abluctors, aftor lenving
Philadelphia with the boy, is derived
entirely from their letters, and hence
may be wholly incorrect they may
have gone in M entirely different di
roction.
\ request to county officials is also
made, that these facts be dis,umi
mated jpliciously, md that person,
be induced TO join in tho proposed
search Information may b. sent to
Mayor Stokc,y, Philadelphia, or To-
Superintendent Walling, of New
York.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1875-02-11
SNYDER COUNTY IS:

ne commonwealth
u Pennsg'rIniI 10 N. Sheriff or siii
torU'V Crcrfiu9
Whereas sarah \. Mcdonald, ~ h0r nsxt
friend Hen y Nichcll tfeo. " Dunald on
N" 2hth day of Nay A. n lsT+. preferred hsr
petition to our sat IA lge' ~ our Court of t0ms
mon VT eaS Of Snyler County, urayins for tho
causes theron so' tnrth that shs mig DO di-
'"r'"l from thr bond. ofnLtrinpnt ouieroi IN
with NOu 'cOrge NcDonsli We thor { r. com
mana you tho -nii Gco .ue NcDnnald Es before
Sou were commanded. that .cttlng ASIDE ~ oiA
cr hu 'iuc~s excuse. you he unl npp'r In your
proper person "A court at foiunOn Pleas 20
pl te'ruiTy 4, u. II 8. u answer the petition
or llho ri tho saii sarah A. Mcdonald and chow
cause ifuny "a htvo why ths sIii sarah 4
Mcdonald YOUR wife III uli not be divorced
from the bonds of Mltrimnny nVree ,Ily to tn,
at ui tho Hsnorh assembly in such CAS-, ma 10
AM provided h reot itil not.
witness the Hon. 7, 4. bucter, Iresilent sf
our said Court at Midileburx, this lIth day OF
January lsI5 J, GROUSE, PTOthy
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1875-02-11
AUDITORS NOTICE.

bold decd.
The undersigned, Auditor appointed by the
Orphans' Court OF Snyder county to mako dIs.
trihution II the fund In tho hands of John X.
Hughes snd Charles sebold, Administrator of
the Estate Of Jacob seb0ld. deceased, will meet
all parties interested in said fund at Amey's
Hotel, In SelinsgrOve, on Tuesday, February
i6th, A u. 1875 at 20 o'clock A. NJ. Tor the pur.
pose OF attending to the duties OF his appoint
eht, All persons having claims against said
deeedani will please have them duly nuthenti.
Gated aud presented to the Auditor on said day.
The Exceptions to tho Administrators account
will DO acted upon at the same time.
THOMAS J. SMITH,
Jan. II iWv. Auditor.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1875-02-11
SNYDER COUNTY SIS:
Of Transatlantic 10 The Sheriff of satj

Of Pennsylvania 10 The Sheriff Of sati
County Grceiing
whereas Lucinda Dressler by her next friond
Nlrhn'l SlTsup, On tn" 2bih day of May A. u.
lh'l, picfrr"d her petition 10 our said Judge. of
nur tuntt ot c'mtHG Pleas Of Suyher County. .
r-Hy .u- 20 the ctus tlrrein So forth that sh,
m -N' hr " .r' from the l..uds ~ inptrippny
ut INTO with Nuu Thomas Urs sslrr
" tHeu fore ,luntul Nuu the sail Thnu-
t- utr-,lrr ~ h,fur' you were command
g., ihd ting asto al other hu-ihcss
eNcuses you be and appear In your proper psr
tue coanty OF snyder on the 59ui day 0i Feb.
ruhry, 4 1873, TO answer .the IetitiOn or
libel ol the SAID Lucinla Dressler and show
causa itnny you have why the said Lucinda
lresl your wife should not be divorced from
the lond' ui matrimony agreeably to the act OF
tue q neral Assembly in such case made and
provided, hereof fail not.
Witness the Hon. !. q Bucher. President of
our said court, at Middleburg, this 18th day OF
January 1870. J. GROUSE, Proth'y
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1875-02-11
The Constitutional Commission.
HARgI-JUGG, Jan. -, 1875.

iaNas'si i''sfA A-N'' ptAhAs @'' i'i'
The Governor sent to both Houses
the report of the Constitutional Com
mission. II recommends twenty
amendments, md is lengthy docu'
ment, of sixty pages. In the senate
it was refcrrcd to the Committee on
Constitutional Reform.
THE CHANCES PROPOSED.
The article on the Executive De
partmcnt is not disturbci. In the
Judiciary article the most important
change recommondedis is that business
il made the basis for the division of
the State into judicial districts in
stead of population. BY tho pres
ent Constitution any county having
10000 population is male n separate
judicial district. Authority is given
the Legislature, by the amendment
proposed by the Commission. to re-
district the State into judicial dis,
tricts after tho next leceunial census
OF 1850.
The provision Of tho Constitution
requiring all appropriations for the
benevolent institutions Of the State
to be made hy separate bills, is moii
fled so tlat such appropriations may
be- made jointly in one bin. BY this
means, the Legislature will have be-
fore il at one time the whole subject
Of appropriations of this character
Experience has already shown this
will be an advantage,
Tho contradictory provisions in
the Constitution in regard to co.
tested elections arc changed by re.
manling all contests for seats in tho
Legislature to that hody for settle
meut, through n committ"" -,
chosen 10y tho House where so
contest is made, and preside 80.
by one Of the Justices OF ti,a "
premc Court. "a for 9th.
offices are TO be - .
Courts.
Cumnl,t
directors or IA
tions, as provide,
OF Article XVI is
The principl" r'
sGnMtlon IN up-.
Commission .-.J Auditor;
is stricken frol. ... tuition. |
believe it il also uhrogutcd qs mp
p!icablo TO nll State. county or MT
cipai Offices | bc,i"ye this y tht
only principal lnbcli, thn'
the Commission ton.
This embraces all the in
changes in The preHnr' Con
recommended by tht Con 80
Others are proposed hut iueS dro
less notable charact = 4l aim Ia
secure greatercilicicuoy 1Hd harmony
in governmental affairs.
The Commission in their rcport,
supplement each amendment thoy
submit, with statement of the rea'
sons they deem it advisable. The
Amendment under the Constitution
viii have to be approved by Il ma
jointly oi the members OF tue present
eg, laturo, then published in al
lrr,t two papers in every county oI
the State, pending the next general
election, and if approved by the
Legislature elected in 1876, will then
20 to the people, and if ratified will
become part of the Constitution. Sc
that in no event can they be sub
mitted TO the people before lS77,and
this will certainly afford ample time
for their discussion aud the forma
ton Of a mature Judgment on theil
wisdom
The Commission has done its worl
without any noise, and at a cost t.
tho State that will not reach two
thousand dollars.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1875-02-11

rETtr JUsoBs.
Alams--Jacob Binsansn, wilson Dree-s,
George Smith.
Beavcr-Hilliam n. Dresse, Oliver "
Ko-r Henry smith
W Beaver william krsbts. Solomos
Hrcb- Henry schroysr. Reuben j.
Smith
Centre Harry BowsrsoS,
Ch,pmsn Frederick VI Herold. J. Kohl
cr Peck. Daniel Rohrer.
Frauslin--EiI- Hummel, Abner Howell.
Jsckson--Georar Brouse, Joel J klingler,
Miidlrburg-U. T. Rbosds.
Nonroe-M U. App. Henry d. Fisher.
Daniel Ssss,msn. Jacob =. Wagner.
Penn Philip Urecse. John +. FISHER,
Philip Hilbi-h. Isssc Morr.
Perry William Arhogast, Samuel Darr
Benjamin Aiit"rling. Simon walter,
". Perry-John o. weiney.
Selins grove--Lswi Amig. Albert Arbo-
gsst. John u Schsrf. Jose ph wenrick.
UDion-S. y. Duudore. Lewis Houser.
John Kelly, Hiram & Kelley. Issac
g. Longscre, Aaron II. Seeebrist, Daniel
T. Thurshy.
Washington Philip Apple, wm. Hacken.
brought, John VI. Hoffman, Philip u.
Meyer, Lewis Meyer.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1875-02-11

Smallpox has a;ain broken at
Lyllcn1 and Wisconisco. On last
Wednesday thirteen eases wcrc re-
ported n the former place.
Eight minister's Of the gospel ia
Harrisburg havo volunteered to sup.
ply the Sruate with free prlvcs at
the opening Of each session. This is
in consequence of II want OF auth orlty
to elect chaplin.
..Govqruor ilartranft has signed
doath warrant Of Ernst Ortwoin,
'ctcd of the murder oi the Hnm-
family in Ailcghany county,
Jlvania, last sun mer, and he
executed on February 23d.
week one day c1rriagr
lyo persons was procipltat-
r,nicg a. Mt. Washing
7ircd feet high.
"rs we're seriously
wo slightly.
e. recently caught
sight ,ce's elephant going
IT, water :, harged on him. Tho
man who owned the bull said tina,
there was nothing worth saving ex
cept the ring in the nose, and that
was badly bent.
..On Friday n week, in McVcy'
town, Il fine Newfoundland dog, be-.
longing to Rcv S q. Sykes Wa,
coaXed into a stable, aud tLrr, shot
for tho sake Of his hide. The p.
pctrator Of the outrage, ~ issppprSrd
was ilenry II i'ckson. who ha, b -
arrested and bound over t. ausw r.
.George Peters, of Ahuvill,. l. h
anon county, vino confessed sever
months ago 10 having killed his Wit
many years ago. died on "Wednesday
The most remarkable coincilpncc at
tached to his case is that he died %,
the same day aud about the sam
hour, upon which the act which h.
confessed was committed. ninctceI
years ago-on January ~. 1886.
Six largo cannon that wer,
buried at Warwick furnace, CLcs'e
during the Rcv olutionary war for til,
purpose of keeping them out Of tn,
hands of the British army, are 10 b,
unearthed and sent to Philade phia
for the centennial exhibition, by Mr.
Thomas J, Potts jr., residing on tn,
premises. The cannon were east IL
Warwick furnace, and have lain en-
bedded in field near by since lha
tiue'
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1875-02-11
Jury List---February Term 1875.

oRAND JURORS.
Beaver Aaron J. Middleswarth, Ab1er
Middleswsrth. Henry Rearick.
W. Beaver Emanuel Shook, Samncl r.
stumpf. WIN. O. wagne r, Samuel wey-
and.
Chapman-John A. Meyer, Benton Moy.
er.
Frank klin--George Hare.
Jnckson-Lewis Ritter.
Middleburg-llenry Zerbmau.
Monroe II. h. Hetlriek, Jas. NJ. Kesslcr,
John Ritter. senr.
Penn WIN. u. Woodling.
Perry Wes,-John suck,
Selinsgrove- Henry Bcrnheim. X. Y. Sa
lem. Charles W. Winters.
Uniou-U r. llufiley, Hiram O'Seii.
Washington George q Glass.
, 1875-02-15

OF tho matrimonial oxporienca Of ths ,.t.
NELsE SEYMOUR, the minstrel, Mrs. Drns.,,
writes to tile St. LouR Republican: IA gu1
many yeara ago. NkLaR mot Errlr GEnaos,
the aoubrette Of WALLAoK'B Theatre. EPFIs ill.,,
been married to Carlo PATTI tile violinist {sIo
died In st. 1ouis), hut separation had taiea
place, and the War Ind broken Out. Casio MA
down South, and ErF1E In PHILADELPHIA; Tvs
came through that PATTI WAS killed, nul Ef1,c
considering llerzelf = widow, marriod NJ u
SEYMOUR. Tliey wero living very comfortably
together, When 6ErMoun found IN paper lilo
announcement Of Carlo PATr1's Hatotv. AMI ia.
mediate return to tito StatcB aud, With hoa7t:e1t
sorrow OIL both sides, tho two partsl to ctao
togethor no moro. He 1ived n long time nth
lis nlothor and pissor. vito fairly idolizal l;:,.
and finally married again, lle lady th,s I'm,
being a ,.on-profoseional." 1t eeon,s as tM *,
Mrs. DunNuAar. whoBs own domestic lnfel,c IT,.
had leaked out by tile death Of hr. Fos, lad
mado up her mind to haul the skeleton :s;s1
every available closet every time dGatl oc-
Cured III family.
, 1875-02-15

leading fmportations from dntios altogether,
such rs ten and Coffee and thus reduce tho
customs receipts.
0. Another renRon why tho customs re-
ooipts have fal1en off, wo may suggest to A1r.
DAWES, is on account Of the greatly increased
smuggling, ovasions, and adulterations con-
nived at by the revenue officers generally.
Harl times nre always MI aggravating con-
dition to smuggling md other kinds of row
cnus frauds. 50 per cont tariff in hard
tirnca will produce twice as much smuggling
A. tie samo tariff in good times. The temrta-
ton ia increased with necessity, which knows
NO law. Tho opportunity for smuggling Is
greater In this country than anywhere On tho
faco of the earth. Tho political organization
Of tie Custom Houses, aud tho prevailing
corruption Of tho employees, Is tho first
facility. Tho noxt ia tho proximity Of Cana-
da and the easy ACCESS Of that country to
our own. The averago thrift in Canada Is
only u per cent; our average tariff is about
col por cent. Tho boundaries between tho two
countries, extending from bIaino TO Oregon,
are in many cases purely imaginary lines; tho
passage is at nll places easy. The amount Of
smuggling ls regulated in part by tho neces-
sihes Of the people, in part by the facility
with which it can 10 accomplished, and tho
unlikelillooa OF punishment. The customs
receipts hive fallen of, therefore, on account
Of hard times, Of increased smuggling, and
revenue frauds growing out Of the financial
distress. 10 increase the tariG 10 per
cont will be to increase smuggling and swin-
ding in sill syreefnr rrnnnrtion
, 1875-02-15

The announcement that the Railroad Com.
niseioners Of Wisconsin have decided to rec
ommond thu repeal OF the Potter Law will bo
generally received with pleasure. The oyil
effects Of the Law have been nowhere 20 Ap-
parent as in tho West, ind especially in tho
State which was sought to bo benefited
by its operations. Capital has Stunned
Wisconsin since the late decisions sf tho
Courts sustaining the Potter law were render
I'd ~ Il 1t we're plague spot; md We fear
that even the repeal Of the law will not i'm.
mediately restore confidence In the integrity
md intelligence Of the people Of that State,
however deserving of 1t they mny be. We
do not, for ourselves, doubt or question the
hoaest intentions OF that people. The very
fs.tthat thsy havs SO quickly confessodtot their
error, and are now preparing to rectify It,
b. for them greas justification. But capi.
aal Is not geueronz. The Commissioners do
not go the whole length Of advising the on
lire freedom Of railroads from State control.
They propose to havs the main lines regulat'
ID in their charges by tables Of maximum
rates; and only the second-elass roads vii
b latt 10 do az they please,
, 1875-02-15

out In tho fact TINT no provision was madc
for rnising the enormous sim Of money, md
TINT it will now 60 into tho Senate for
passnge, to become law, when there is not
funds enough in tho Treasury to pay tho
current expenses Of the Government, and tho
very men who advocated and urged the
passage Of this ctain-agents' bill arc haraasing
Congress to impose oncrouH and sweeping
taxes upon the alrcady ovcrburlened people,
in order to raiso rovenuo to support tic
Government. This measure in the interests
Of claim attorneys and bounty agents coul1
not have been introduced at more inoppor-
tnne time for obtaining money 1t is q bill
which has had no merit heretofore, or it
would have been introduced and passed
long ago. Tho miscellaneous class Of
persons whom 1t proposes to fasten like
1ccches npon tho National Treasury hive had
tl,cir claims extinguished long ago, If they
evor had any. The valiant homo guards havo
alrendy drawn State pay and hountios for
their arduous services in loahug round D cona-
fortable camp at homo and fighting nothing
tlercer thAn mosquitoes and whisky bottles.
But, waiving the morits or tho dcn,erits
of tho bill in question, whero is the money
to CONC from? When tho House here
after passes money bills or draws orders
upon tho Treasury, would it not bc we'll for it
to provide tho money also, lest ita checks DO
dishonored? IN this instance, would 1t not
hayo been advisable for the House to havo
passeda bill levying direct tax of $40, ,ooo, 900
upon tho real and personal property OF tho
people Of the United States, so TINT the
means could have been forthcoming for the
settlement of the bounties? This would havo
brought the matter straight homo to the
comprehension Of the people, and, when tho
tax-oo}octor commenced 1ovying upon their
lands, houses, and stores, to raise the money,
tho dcmngog1e members who voted for tho
bounty bill would then hnvo chance to face
thoir constituents and explain their reasonafor
voting the tax on them. When the public are
called on to pay tho forty or fifty millions OF
bounty proposed to be voted away, those
demagogue members will make a discovery in
regard to the popularity Of their bill which
they will wish they had known sooner.
, 1875-02-15

It turns out, as previously foreEhhaowed in
Dur dispatches, that tho failure Of the at
tempts at compromise betweenthe contond-
ing faetiona in Louisiana was due mainly to
Democratic politicians at the North, who up
pealed to THAR Southern brethren to keep their
grounds open for the eake Of the party. Now
that tho truth IL bnforo the people, tho
pitful shifts and ovasions of those jolly beg
gsxs in Louisiana will be condemned and
punished, wo hope, as they deserve. Tho
organized fraud known a. tho Kellogg Gov
ernnent n almost tolerablo when plnced IN
comparison with the political institution
which ths Democratic pnrty hos established
And is maintaining In New Orleans.
, 1875-02-15

Tho advices from Washington in respect to
the new Tax bill arc conflicting Our special
correspondent snys TINT Secretary Bn1sTow
threatens, IL some measure for tho increase Of
the revenue is not adopted, to divert enough
from tho regular appropriations to meet the
nece saitios Of the sinking-fund. The eecre-
tary would begin, Of course, with
the appropriations for public buildings
and xivers and harbors. Now these
are the special objects Of the soicitude
Of perhaps hundred congressman, who
ato elected apparently for no other purpose
but to "get through" soma small items fol-
the villagos which they represent. II 1t bo.
comes generally known TINT the Secretary
m oditatoa IN attack upon tbesa sacred funds
II, case the Tax bill is defeated, active log.
Yelling will begin at once, md ths bill viii be
pretty certain to pass. The Associated Prest
dispatches, on the other hand, say that 1
strong opposition to the bill has been de-
ve,oped, and TINT 1t is not unlikely to bs de
5eatod. Wo ara very much afraid that th'
special hsa taken correct view Of tho aitua
ton
, 1875-02-15

contract, and has cost even loss than tho
original estimates. It ia ons Of tho honest
jobs which Chicago can point to with PRIDE
Ono Of the mot admirable accessories Of tho
now tunnel Is the establishment OF about
twenty largo reservoirs, distributed along its
line. where the water rises to tho leval Of the
lake, and which eau be- reached and used i,n-
netliately ut any time the Wnler-Works fail.
Had tllcao Rubtorrnnean reservoirs existed at
tho tiino Of the Great Fire Of 1871, they
might have been tho mems Of saving largo
portion Of tho property destroyed.
, 1875-02-15

The Rev. NEWMAN HALL has an article in
the last Independent, in part Of which he
sketches some interesting facts in the recent
history Of the Church Of England. The trial
OF the Rev. Mr. MAoKoxoou1E is one OF them.
This pugnacious parson is one Of tho ex-
trsmists who pin thoir piety on big wax can-
dlos, smoking consers, prstty robes, and
genuaexions. lie made his congregation mad
by turning his buck On them during the cole
bration Of the Lords Supper, and ono OF tho
ecclesiastical courts laid violent hands on him.
He pleaded for his playthings manfu1ly,-
or childfully, but the court suspended him
from tho ministry-we beg pardon, the
priesthood six weeks. The conscien-
tious criminal took an appeal to higher
court, and ia bowing and burning his
ccndles ~ before. There arc other
similar cases. Meetings are held on
both sides Of the feuos--the very high fence
which divides the extremists OF the Church.
Tho Ritualists tell the Evangelicals they
ought to leave the fold they disgrace, and the
latte. return the compliment. Dean STANLEY
Is thorn in the sido Of Ritualists. Ha a.
lowed MAE MULLER to deliver hia noteworthy
lecture On - 11lhaA0Aa@J AaSAk4VA9 III Athk.
minister Abbey. Readers Of tho Saturday
Rers,o will remember Its plaintiye grief
thereat. STANLEY has now sinncd lin Ritual
istio eyes) still more griavously by asking Dr..
CA1Rp, Of the Scotch Church, to preach in
| tho Abbey. OA1nn did 10. His sermon
was called lecture. but the dis
tinotion was that 'twixt twaedlsdum
and tweedledaa The douohtv naen eaa1ad
his declaration Of Independence by Inviting
Bishop coIxsso to preach. Ills bishop Of
London had forbidden ColxNso to use any
pulpit within his Diocese, but Westminster
| Abbey, thanka to one Of the anomalies oi
English law, ia not under the B!sAop's juris.
diction. coInsso, however, declined Dean
eTAslzx'a invitation, because be did not wiBh
to embroil him farther with the ecclesiastical
powers that be. The most notable recent de.
| paxtu1s from established uss IL that OF tha
lev. Ar. HAwus. sn Episcopdian. who ID
known In this country by Ills book On " Auaie
, 1875-02-15

and Morals" Hs has lsotnred In London
course which corresponds to that given by
ths Sunday Lecture Society here. Ills 1Gsl,on
demonstrated, but he went On tho platform
nevertheless. The London Sunday League /,
somewhat jubIlaut over tbs fact, auI sIr.
HAwE1s las been Rpattcrod with praise and
blamo in various lenders"
NEWMAN HALL draws tho Inference fron
these facts that "ths Church Of England
soema to be fast disestablishing itself by IL
divisions" CHAMBERLAIN and Jons 1.n1orr
have already said this. They arc not aloreiu
their be1ief