New-York tribune., 1875-05-14
PAPER BY II. A. HILL.
CAUSES AND ASPECTS OF IMMIGRA

CAUSES AND ASPECTS OF IMMIGRATIONl
This subject has already been treated before
by this Association in paper OF much breadth and
ability by Mr. Friedrich Kapp, read at the meeting held
in New York in October, 1863 The questions, Why do
people emgrate who are those who emigrate, and why
is the United States the fayorc land Of the cmgrant
were then so well and fully answered that nothing
more need be attempted under these heads The further
questions discussed by Mr. Kapp to the capital value
of immigration to this country, the relation of immgra-
ton TO the population and wealth OF this country and
the respective duties Of the General Government and Of
the several States TO the immigrant will be referred to-
more or less directly in presenting such considerations
"A NAV now be suggested. and may perhaps receive
fresh clucidaon from what has been taking place during
the last five or six years -,
Onr attention will naturally be first directed TO the
present falling of in the emigration 10 the United states
The tide from Europe reached its maximum hight in
1854 when the arrivals 427s We believe that
ia calendar have they ever reached 100000
aoi sos In 1873 they touched the same high point
which thay had reached in 1862 about $4,000 In 1874
T3c reason for this decline will moi he dicult find
Mr. Kapp tcrsely stated the rule which governs the
movement of immigration to the United states " Bad
times in Europe regularly increase and bad times In
America invariably diminish Immigration. In the pres
en instance certainly there can be no doubt that bad
times in America" have led to the diminished numbers
However serious the great failures Of the Autumn
ont the country subsequently been felt to be by those
AZ home they have seemed much more serious when
regarded from abroad. and especially by foreigners who
know comparatively little Of the resources and under
strd still less the reeupeaye powers OF this young and
vigorous country Nor does the press OF Europe AT such
times a. the side of estimating iaIcla and III
Iustral difficulties in the United States ON the Cont
ncnt the ruling influence is directly opposed 10 cmigra-
ton to any and all countrcs and In Great Britain not
unnaturaly prefers and ayos the British Colonies -
stream In this directions there has been strong current
s,rns Earn The General dancss Of trade in America in
connection with unpreeedentedly low rates OF
railway and steamship fares, anSrea tsn an oI,ica opP-
larly TO those engaged In mechanical and
na S 1s there f9 Cr Of
temporary employment or for the two purposes com
competition among both the railway and the steamship
companies passengers were taken on through tickets
The number Of those who landed from hoIneward
bound steamers at Queenstown and Lyerpoo IN ls5i Is
rrported as II 1i6, against about 900 III l-I3
This brings s To secohd point the probabilities with
regard the extent of immigration to this country III tine
The exceptional circumstances and conditions which
I'm past years increased Irish emigration to such large
governed mainly by the considerations which affect
emigration III England and in Scotland In 1877 up,
ward of English arrived in size United States. and
as times improve with us we may expect rope-
on of these numbers, and probably an advance upon
Of England, aud especially the younger men among
them and the sons shall come me 10 rs s So. t%sn
y settlement In this country, where there pehy o
land and free scope where they can at once Deeoo .
the rental for year would be In England, or lcss
there will he such "a movement hther from among this
class as will take most of us by surprise.
The settlers the British colonies are English In about
the proportion Of two to three hut treeourts 0i the
total emigration from the United Kingdom IA to the
United states Scotch emigration has taken ne
start since ss and Is abOnt 10000 year Of TINS
number the United States receives rather more han one
half ,., -
required cutvatiug the soil presses the alternative
OF emigration upon the attention Of farmers anu eii
sons Mr. Card says that farm in the LotlIans.
rented 900. while s25 was the outlay on foreign
40 years ago mt the present day twice he rent
would be hought cxrayagant expenditure on er
tlizers and cattle food The emigration from sweden
and Norway has become important since 1866 Nearly
the whole OF 1t Is attracted 10 this country FROM
Russia some important communities, Mennones ana
Others have begun their homes Ia the United
states The arrivals in 1873 and 1874 were more than
In all the previous years together and arc only the ad
yanced guard Of great movement :.
Germany has already sent US more than Two ana "a nalr
largest OF supply TIE laws OF the Empire rcat
ing military SERVICE and conscription, together win
the OF further continental wars stimulate
emigration than all other considerstions combined
The recent Enactment OF the Imperial Parliament,
which, In the event OF win render overy iebodied
betweou tho ages Of IL aud ~ In tho Empire usDo