The New York herald., 1875-07-17


1868. wnen the territory was added to CANADA.
JOHN wooH.
In 1876 John Wood, masters mate, Induced
the Admiralty to ft out an expedition for the dis
covery OF a northeast passage. Under his COM
mand the edge or the Polar pack and Novaya
Zemlya were carefully examined, aud he was than
obliged to return TO England.
WHAT THE RUSSIANS HAVE DONE
The Russians entered the field OF discovery early
in the eighteenth century. Peter the Greatln 1725
instructed Captain Behriog, Dane in the Rus
sian navy, TO explore the northern coast OF ST.
berIa; but, dying few days after, the expedition
was not carried out until 1928. Behring sailed
through the straIt-afterward known by his
name-separatng the Old and New worlds. He
made second voyage In 1929 and third in 174l
during which he died. IN 1770 Liakhof discovered
the islands OF New Siberia, and the Empress
Casharlne gave him the exclusive right 70 seek for
fossil ivory there. Since that period large quanti
ties OF mammoth ivory have been lound.
ADMIRAL NELSON AND cArTAIN PHIPPs.
In 17i5 the English government offered 100000
to any explorer who should discover a northwest
passage by Hudson's Strait, and, thirty years
after s5, 900 to any who should sail beyond the
eighty ninth oegree or latitude. In 1878 Captain
PhIpps (afterward Lord Mulgrave) was sent to-
ward the North Pole, and reached latitude so deg.
80 min. north.
the immortal Nelson accompanied this expedi-
tion.
CAPTAIN COOK.
Captain Cook agreed to take the command OF an
expedition, and he was ordered to proceed into
the Pacific ocean by way of the Cape OF Good
Hope ana commence his exploration on the
northwest coast OF America. He sailed
in the Discovery. accompanied by the
Resolution. in July 177o. In January.
he pushed ON to find the northwest passage into
the Atlantic ocean. In August he ascertained the
width of Behring Strait, for Benring himself did
not see the shores OF America. Alter penetrating
into the Northern Ocean to latitude 20 deg. A
min., Cook was obliged by the vast amount OF Ice,
TO return to winter in the Sandwich Islands.
Here, in February 1910, he was murdered at
Owhyhee during dispute with the natives. Cap
tain Clarke succeeded as commander and he
again attempted the passage, but alter reaching
latitude 10 deg. SO min. north was compelled to
return. The expedition arrived in England Octo-
Der 4, $780,
WHAT COOK FOUND.
The most important result OF the voyage was
the discovery OF the proximity OF Asia and Amer
lea. Cook was the first commander who made
the health and comfort OF his men a special study.
ON his Sc cond voyage, lasting three years. from
latitude So deg. north to II deg. south. he only
lost one out OF 11S men; and on his third voyage.
OF four years and two months only five died, three
OF whom were Ill wnen they LETT England.
IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
We have brought down the whole history of
northern exploration TO the end OF the eighteenth
century, and now turn to the records OF the nine
teenth, during the nrst sixty years OF which Eng.
land oespatcned-including public and private
enterprises-about forty expeditions
THE sCoREsBY's WORK.
In 1906 the elder score'by, Englisn whaler,
penetrated on the Spitzbergen meridians to 81
deg. 80 min. north. To his son William (after-
ward Dr. Scoresby Arctic explorers were in
debted for mass OF most valuable informa-
tion (D He early developed passion for explo
ration, and when only ten years OF age the was
born in 179O) no was found concealed in his
tatber's ship after 1t had got TO sea.
BucHAN AND FRANKLIN.
Captain Buchan, In the Dorothea t37o tons). and
Lieutenant Franklin in the Trent 1850 tans),
sailed Tor the north in April. 1917, by the Spitz-
bergen route, and penetrated to so deg. S4 min.
north.
wHALERS IN BAFFIN'S BAY.
In that same year a noteworthy feat was accom-
plished in the other route two whalers from
Aberdeen penetrating into the North Water OF
BafIln's Bay being the first vessels for 200 years
which had followed up hts discovery (5. MIR.
Clements Markham points out that discovery ships
have been sent up Baffin's Bay thirty-eight times
since that period, anu only on two occasions have
they failed TO reach the North Water 10y
ROSS AND PARRY.
The government IN 1918, to encourage whalers
to ATTAIN high attitudes, offered $4,000 TO any ship
which should go beyond so deg. north $4,000 TO IS
deg G3,oC0 TO 81 deg e. 900 to S5 deg. and 91 900
to SO deg. In that year the Isabella and Alexan.
dar IN nd Dar
went up Baflln's Bay and TO tie North Water. We
have mentioned that two whalers had been there
the year before, but now BalIin's discovery was
confirmed by those able appreciate IT,
According 10 the statement OF the officers,
Captain Ross returned before he had gone as far
as he might easily have done. That year also
witnessed the attempc OF Buchan and Franklin
with the Trent and Dorothea, TO penetrate the
pack between Sptzbergen aad Novaya Zemlya,
but they only reached latitude so deg. 80 mn
north.
PARRY OUT AGAIN.
In 1910 the government, nothing daunted, ,eDt
out the Hecla and Griper under Parry. He pene-
trated through Lancaster Sound into Barrow
Strait, but accumulation Of Ice and shallow water
compelled him to return, and he wintered at Mel
Vile Island. This voyage resulted in the dscov-
cry OF considerable portion or the northwest
passage. At the same time Franklin was making
land journey of more than $500 miles overland
from Hudson's Bay and the Coppermine River to
the northern coast OF America, and though he
and his followers had to endure great hardshIps.
tile results geographically were important.
Captain Parry's second voyage was made in
1928 in the Fury and nec!a. lie attempted
the passage by the channel between Southamp-
ton Island and the coast towards the north. lie
carefully Investigated the northeast coast or
America, but was prevented from going farther
by the Accommodations Office. He was obliged to
winter twice in these regions, but only lost five
men out OF 1lS ~.
TILE ICE FIELDS.
He proposed to the government, in 1927, to allow
him 10 try and reach the Pole by means OF sedges
over the 1elus OF Ice, which method OF travelling
has entirely altered the old system Of Arctic ex-
ploratlon. But IN order 10 acquaint our readers
with the nature OF these vast fields OF ice we turn
ior instruction 30 DR.. Scoresby's volume before