davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20

Vice-P President Wilson is still swing
ing around the circle. He is going
West as every enterprising young man
should do.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20

The income of the New York Herald
last year was 81 100000, of which 5000,
600 went to j. G.. Bennett.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20

Elkton Grange, No. 4S5, will meet at
Grange Hall, in Elkton, May 22d, 1875.
The officers and members are expected
to be promptly on hand. Hour, l 30
o'clock p. NJ.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20

1t is reported that Gen. w. B. Bate
will shortly take upon himself a con-
trolling interest in a new daily paper to
be started at Nashville.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20

1t is asserted by a New York paper
that the loss of the Schiller has a per-
ceptible effect on the number of passen-
gers leaving for Europe.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20

The citizens of Alabama vote August
Bird upon the proposition of holding q
convention to revise the Constitution
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20

The General Assembly OF the South
ern Presbyterion Church meets in
Louisville on the both, instant-to-day.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20
10 Cnre Chicken Cholern.


Mix EPSON salts in the ratio of one
teaspoonful TO one pint of corn dough,
and feed to chickens. This was fur
nished Us by friend, who says he has
tried it, and thinks it the best he has
ever met with. At any rate it is worth
fbp trial - E'rrLUyga
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20
THE ANSON HARDYD PAPER cIITTEp

! 1 z
Is by Tar the REST MACHINE which can be obtained
for less price than hundred dollars IT Is ~
great strength and frmness and Is TIE ONLY
MACHINE to which is applied the Bigelow Patent
Tor moving the cutting board or table BY gears bv
which means pile of paper may be cut into smaller
ones without the liability Of getting out of Jog and
parallel with the beam, thereby securing a true cut
with absolute certainty.
The latest inlprOUed Hardy Card Gutter is pro-
nounccd the MOST DESIRABLE CARD CUTTER in the
market, for the general uses of printing office
The ioett-kRO1cn RHggles Card Gutter with nv
latest improvements, Is still preferred by many
printers, and holds its favorsm over other machines
Inc most favorable opportunity ever presented is
now offered Publishers and Printers for supplying
themselves with these Machines; liberal rafeS
i9E adyeFtiSing, in paYt=payment, being
onered 10 Publishers, and KoFinteFss' and
pea Dealers Will find itfor their Interest,
oSeIoIe Plrclaslng elsewhere, 70 correspond with
RNSON HARDY, AUBURNDALE MASS
NewsP9Pers in want of advertising, from first
parties, should send for my circular proposal.
BANK R0BBERlES BY GAGGlNG CASHIERS.
Absolute Protection given by HARDY's
DETACHABLE INDICATOR. Can be apnlled
to- ANY DIAL LOCK, at moderate {pense.
Banks having Dial Locks, wishing this security
applied TO those they have in use, will
please send for circular and particulars to ANSOM
HARDY, AUBUREDALE, MASS.
See adv, third page cover Bankers Magazine
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20
MOntrOSe Vineyard,
PULASKI, TENN.
Concord, Ives, Diana and other Wines.
lUNMIXED. PIPE GRAPF1n1Cr

I j T..T
WE HAVE FOR SALE IN OUR CELLAR
w 1000 gallons of the vintage of 1874.
They are approved by physicians and con
noisuers as genuine and of superior qualities
Can be had at the Vineyard and at the drug
store of Sumpter & Lacy. at prices so low
that all can afford this healthfui and delicious
beverage.
Also, at the Vineyard, Grape slips of all
varieties; Potato and Tomato slips, Cabbage
plants, &c, cheaper than at Nashville
prices.
teb25-tf AUGUSTINE d co.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20

Having resumed the manufacture and sa,s
OF inc Taper, and Card Cutters, with which NV
name has been identified and extensively circri
llteu LOT the past sixteen years, all parties in
vending to order Machines Of my manufac-
lure must hereafter address as under.
DAMON & PEETS' PROOF SHFET -
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20
Saturday. June s 1873

sell on the premises, to tie highest bidder,
on one, two and three years, with interest
from date, with approved security, a tract of
thirty acres Of land, lying on the waters of
Weakley's creek, about 81 miles west of
Pulaski on the Lawrenceburg road, and
known as portion of the Robt. Reed tract,
and of which there are ~ acres cleared and
the balance in timber, and would make a
very desirable hOue for small farmer
mayl3 At. Il. H. AYNETT, Clerk.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20
LAND SALE.

IN PURSUANCE OF AN ORDER OF
Giles County Court, in the cause of R, J
Garrett VS.. James F. Frs in ct ais, at its
May term, 1875, will on
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1875-05-20
GOING NORTH.

TRAIN No. connects at NazhvilIe with
y u q 81 L. Ky trains going west for
Memphis, and with through coach for Ter-
arkana, where direct connection is made with
Texas Railroad for all points IN Texas Al
Cave City with Stages for Mammoth Cave:
at Lebanon junction for points on Knoxville
and Richmond Branches; N Gin. Junction
with L c. q L Ry for u North and East:
At Louisville with o. q N. R'y, and j.. NJ.
q |. R'y for the North, East and Wet.
TRAIN No. connects at Nashville with
Glasgow Junction with trgins TO and from
Glasgow; at Cave City with Stages TO and
from Mammoth Cave; az Gin. Junction and
Louisville with L, c. q L. R'y for North
and East
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09
EG-SIaN- P<neeefIs.IpS

NEW YORK, \ pril 9.-Tnere were fewer
spectators in attendance AZ tine trial this a. m
than usual. The plaintiff was the first of tle.
parties directly connected with the ease 10
enter the court room. defendant and wife
came in shortly after ATTENDED by "A number
81 nlendS. MI Beach was absent from the
trial, and after the court was opened Mr.
Fullerton rose and said that they were much
embarrassed this a. Ia. by
THE ABSENCE o. Mr.. BEACH.
who was Ill ard labOring under an alta K OF
neuralgiac headache, and counsel asked for
few nlomentS tOcOnSult with his coile3 CUES
a. To the course they should take. Fullerton
after few moments consultation. rose and
sand: Your honor. considering the impor-
lance of this case, and the great responsible
ity That rests on counsel, IL is proper that we
should ask that this case would Tie over un-
Ill Monday, unless Mr.. Beach should come in
soon. We are without the aid of our asSo-
clate, General Pryor and as far as Judge
Morris and myself are concerned in IL are
unwilling 10 take the responsibility Of con
Gucting this case. A. 4 matter OF course the
evidence OF tie witness il OF very great i'm
portance. and events Ia which his a tention
lie hereafter TO he called will have
A VERY GREAT INFLUENCE on THE CASE
and we desire the presence of Mr.. Beach he
fore we proceed. Your honor il probably
aware that he il to present this case to the
Jury, and he would certainly be taken at a
disadvantage If not present 10 near all the
testimony and derive an the advantages
which follow from the presence OF counsel in
court. have had no message from him this
morning. He may be here, but ii not / will
have to ASK for an adjournment.
Mr.. EYarts.-No doubt the suggestions OF
my friends are quite suitable 10 the position.
Mr.. Beach unfortunately, from draught, took
cold day before yesterday, and intimated 10
me that he felt fears OF some serious couse
quenccs of this kind-th is, neural gic pains
The expectation on our part was that we
should conclude the evidence of this witness
to-day, but think IL proper To intimate that
THERE NAY ARISE SOME CUES rIONs
as 10 the admission Of "Nidence, and under
that view the day might be one on which the
attendance of your associate might he more
than ordinarily important, and If the evil
dence was closed il would be incapable OF re
consideration.
Ex-Judge Porier.-He ought not To have
been here yesterday. He would be here to-
day if he could. and never knew HIM To fail
at the post ofduty unless in case .; absolute
or dire necessity.
Jddge Nelson remarked that the kindly
manner in which the proposal was received
on the other side was very gratifying. land
we VIII now adjourn the court until Monday
q. m"
The court then adjourned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09
THE Personal TAN.

AT n meeting of the citizens OF the District
OF Columbia, held at Lincoln hall on Mon
day, the 18th of March, 1875, 20 consider the
tax law recently enacted by Congress, the
undersigned were appointed a committee 10
confer with the Commissioners of the Dis
trict, with a view 10 induce a revision OF the
schedule recently prepared by them FOR the
assessment OF personal property.
On the LIST OF April the committee hal an
interview with the Comm ssioners, which
failed 10 result i'm concurrence of opinion.
In this condition OF affairs, and in view of
the apparently irrccouCilable difference OF
opinion, the committee do not feel Gale |
upon a present TO make any specific recon-
lDeGdatiOn. They express the cOnViC ION.
however. that the law was not intended by
Congress to be as comprehensive AMI Onerous
as 1T has been made by the interpret AZ ion Of
the Commissioners. ami that il fairly admits
of different and milder Interpretation.
They call attention 10 the fact that the act
of Congress eXac;S from the taxpayer a state
ment only OF what is subject To taxation
under its provisions, without comforting any
special ant lOrity upon any one to interpret
il, or TO determine what is SO subject TO tax
alton. Hence the decision of doubtful queS-
lions arising under the law must be RENTED
10 the conscience OF the individual taxpayers
The citizens of the District may rest as
sured that your committee will not leave
anything undOne 10 protect their rights and
interests, and To carry into effect the Gbiecr
of the citizens meeting.
JOHN L. GIVEN, WALTER 8. Cox.
CROSBY g. MOVES. GEORGE TAYLOR,
JOHN II. SFNMEs, J. w. THOMPSON.
WI. A. Cook, SAMUEL NORMENT
GUsT'VE LANSBURG, w. q. METZERorr.
WIN BALLANTHNE,
3
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09
MR.. BEEtHER'S NARRATIVES.
His Relations with Mrs. Moulton.

After our Geographic report of the Tilton-
Beecher trial closed yesterday the eXamina-
ton of MIR. Beecher was continued TO the al
jOuTnment of the court without being con-
cluded. As on the preceding days his evil
dence very largely consisted of denialS Of
matters alleged by the prosecution. He
denied that Oliver Johnson had been en-
plOyed 10 edit the Christian Union on account
of his knowledge of the troubles. Then he
went on 10 explain his acquaintance W tn
Mrs. MoultOn. and to further establish an
alibi as a contradiction OF that lady's teSti-
mOny in regard 10 the avowed confession he
made To her on the III of June, 1873. Mr.
BeecEer spoke also of
HIS LETTER OF RESIGNATION
from the Plymouth Church paStOrate, and
his extreme depression when he meditated
such sep, and was writing and speaking
To his intimate friends in gloom and de
spOrdency. He denied, however, that ar
2 ny time he ever contemplated suicide, even
when he spoke of his WOrld-life drawing near
10 an end and his feeling that he was about
to spend his last Sunday and preach his last
sermon. Mrs. MOultOn was handled very
tcnderly, Mr.. Beecher not having been
pressed to the point of answering whether he
ever made a confession TO her as she stated
from the witness stand. a sharp tiff be-
tween the opposing counsel, in which some
bad temper was displayed, was one OF the
incidents of the day.
IN SPEAKING OF MRS. MoULToN
Mr.. Beccher said: She was companiOnable
and ladylike, and learning from Mr.. Moul-
ton that She was aware of the difficulties and
troubles / conversed with her about them.
was received, / might say, as if was a
connection or relation in the household. That
is TO say, after being shown into the parlor,
/ went up to her chamber, where she received
me with strict lady-like prOpriety. l never
knew her TO do an unlady-like thing. In the
latter part of my acquaintance she some
times kissed me in the presence of her huS-
band, and never but once in his absence.
Witness then explained how Oh one occasion
she came TO him and said: "NIr. Beecher
don't believe the stories told about you. |
believe you are good man. / looked up
and said, Emma MoultOn, / am "A good
man. She then bent over and kissed me on
my forehead. 1t was kiss of inspiration.
but did not think ii proper to return il.
Witness explained that by kiss of inspira-
tlon he meant a token ofconfidence, not the
ordinary kiss of conventionality; il seemed
| to Inc that, as have seen ii in poetry. il was
holy kiss. / did not return the kiss, be
cause did not want To offend her sense Oi
delicacy. / often went 10 Mrs. MOulton 5
after Mr.. MOultOn had gone 10 the ware
| houses and would COUP stairs and lie down
on the lounge, and we would talk on differ
ent subjects until his 4eturn. After May,
| 1871, Mr.. MOulton spoke to me in the sevcreSt
terms of Mrs. Tilton's conduct to her hUs-
band
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09
THE SCaFFOED.
Execution To-ssay.

INV BRUNSWICK. y. J.. April a.-Nichaei
sullivan was gel This a IN. Tor the muir
der Of Daniel Talmage. A. 1896 a m tine
cuudsm1ed n9l igf; has cell and en- tered tn
yard with the sheriff. two priests. the TAILOR,
and hangman. N1o wa from New York. a
short PRAYER wa~ had. Al 10 s. the sheri \ .
Jailor and han oman babe sullivan farewell.
Al 1859 the drop fell and sullivan Sprang
into the air. Su iiNan looked hagyari, pa q
and exhausted He made no confession. IA =
less To hts priests. There were only a few
convulsiye motions. aud five minutes after
the dnon fell the hody was lower,si. and a
feeble aSd SpaSmeiic pulse OF about 81 was
detected. At liil o'clock the pulse hal
ceased beating. Tho holy hung nfty m inute<.
The body was taken i'm a hearse ca Halfway,
wick by an immense crowd of tigrps AMI
children. The father. mother. and sister
came Ia SEE the prisoner this n. nm. a. the iail.
but were refused admission by advice Of the
priests.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09

ANoTHER BROOKLYN PARsoS VINO \ AVS
HE II FALSELY ACCUSED nv GONsPERA-
roRs.-The Rev. George X. Woodward. eN-
pastor Of the Evergreen Methodist church in
brooklyn, who cult his pulpit last week
because OF "A dis.lflection among his mem
hers, a few of whom had accused nim OF tell
ing five lies. has had W. III. louugs. one of
the members. arrested for libel. aud has in-
structed his lawyer, Mr.. James J. Rogers. To
begin four civil suits against other members
who have slandered him. \ cause of the
action -, that one of the trustees legged that
when Mr.. Woodward paid hts hatcher, he
said that he thanked Tod that he dii not
owe another CCut. whereas he owel Mr.. BAR
ling 50. Numerous witnesses are % be
summoned 20 les -ify Ia this point. Toe other
accusations are a. nOnScnslca There are
thirteen members I'm the disafiecte1 part of
the church, and tine other thirt
are only forty-SiN mcmbcrs-have united to
have Mr.. Woodward stay in the neighbor-
hood. and are "a meet tonight 10 organize a
new cOngregatior. The case of loungS j. on
Justice seniors calendar for tomorrow.
Mr.. Woodward AYERS that MIR Noung~ has
publicly accused him of unchaSttty, aud has
threatened personal violence toward him.
The secret oi the whole he says il "A con-
Spiracy among tie trustees of the church
v. u NlIg. NH.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09

THE CANAL TOLLS ON COAL.-The direc-
tors of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Com
pany having duly considered the resolutions
adopted by citizens of Cumberland, request
ing further reduction of freight on coal
have determined that the present rates are
as low as the material interests of the canal
VIII permit, and this determt.atiO having
been made known to the board OF public
works of the state, that body has approved it,
Inc canal directors publish an explanation
and defence OF ten action in the Baltimore
papers. and say that while they believe that
reduction Of twenty cents per ton is neces-
sary IN order TO secure the canal its fair pro-
port OF trade, yet they have reduced the
cost of wharfage and tolls as much as they
can afiord-irom tifty-nine to fifty-one cents
per ton-3nd they insist that reduction of
Ten cents per toii De made by the boatmen
and five cents by the coal companies.
The boatmen are willing, IL seems, TO come
down, as the Boatmens' Union held meet
ing III Cumberland Tuesday night, at which
resolutions were adopted pledging the boat
men TO make such concessions as the circunl-
STANCES Of the coal trade demanded, and To
meet the canal company, coal shippers and
boat builders half way in reducing the cost
of the shipment of coal by the canal. A
schedule OF rates at which coal will be fire. CHIT
cd was adopted, subject TO the following. at
Is also To be understood that as soon as old
fTeights are resumed by the railroad compa-
mics the freigbts heretofore obtained on the
canal ace 10 be resumed.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09

THE LATE C0mec,icui- The
total vote for governor of Connecticut on
Monday was A, 30l republican, 53,7S5 demo-
cratic 2,sG9, prohibition. and Ii scattering.
leaving democratic majority of 6,66l. The
total vote for Congressman in the state was
AZ 81 republican, 81 1888 democratic and 900
total vote is 1861. The prohibition vote is
almost wholly drawn from the republicans
The total vote for governor is larger by !, 5S4
and that for congressman by $3.50, than any
previous vote in the state.
Rhode Iddm-Full returns of the Rhode
Island state election give the following vote:
For governor-Hazard, independent republi-
Cutler, democrat. 5.iGS. For lieutenant GOV,
ernor-Day, independent republican, 8, 135;
Sisson, regular republican, 1912; Pierce,
democrat, 5,12l.
MtssOsai.-At the election in st. Louis Tues
day seven democrats, three independent
democrats, and four republicans were elected
W
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09

VERDICT IN THE LITTLE MURDER TRIAL.
The argument in the case of Lycurgus Little,
chan ged with the murder of his brother, Clin-
to.l, In Clarke county, Va, which had been
for two weeks was concluded on Wednesday
night. Yesterday morning, at 10 o'clock, the
jury came into court and rendered the follow
guilty of murder in the second degree. and
tx his term of imprisonment in the peniten-
tiary al five years" This is the second trial
of the case, the former sentence having been
which an appeal was taken and a new trial
granted by the court Of appeals, with the
result above named.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09

a MAN WITH \ BAD REPUTATION
Dana, OF the New York Sun, is making a
great fuss because certain persons in Wash
lngton whom he has foully accused are Try
ing to capture him in order to try him in that
city. But he does not obtain much Sympa thy
under this persecution, because if he has told
the truth he can prove the fact before the
court, and il he has lied, "a he probably has,
ne deserves TO be I'had:'eiphi1 Bit
heffp.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09
@Small-poX IL raging with violens
throughout Iucatan, Mexico.

throughout Nucatan, Mexico.
HSA compulsory education bill was de-
feated in the Illinois legislature.
nvThe Sacramento board Of education
have decided TO admit Chinese children into
the public schools.
1Belgium is apparently the little lamb
who disturbs the water of the stream from
which the Prussian wolf says he wishes TO
drink.-M L. Herald
0The Mormons are holding general CON-
ference at Plano, Ill. Numerous delegations
from the surrounding districts are In at
tendance.
~ The strike at the Potemska mills in
New Bedford, Mass, ended yesterday, an
agreement having been made between the
corporation and its operatives.
UA new flower has bloomed In the nous e
Of the japanese minister At Washington, the
first baby of the race ever born I'm the United
States, a little female Jap-oaica.-N. Louis
Repa6.
MA Portland chap, who, during court
ship. sent his girl some poetry beginning,
WAS IL is a CLEAN Of golden hair?' was
mortified after marriage 10 see her hang that
"gleam- over the lack OF chair
81 OF Talmage's sermon ON the publica-
ton OF the scandal, the Detroit Free Press
says:-"Tbe curious are inquirinG how r,
DE Witt can possibly know 20 mnch about
this internal stuff unless he reads the Pa
per."
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09

, IHE CURTIS MALPRACTICE CASE-rn fb,,
cou.. ol general sessions, yesterday. counsel
for Nine. hi. the iocireSS Indicted Tor ,,,al
practice on Tie person of the deceased vocal
ISL, Mrs. Annie Josephine Curtis. renewed his
motion Tor The release of the prisoner on hail
inefe was no evidence against the woman
but the dying declaration OF Mrs. CARTS
which could not be accepted as evidence in
any court Of justice. The charge was fiimsy
ia the extreme, and would not stand before
any jury of sensible men. District Attorney
Russell said that he would give counsel for
me prisoner an opportunity OF demonstrating
Ia Jury The hlmsinesS OF the case for the
prosecution during tine present term. He did
not think thar the woman ought Ia he aiDnit
TED 10 bail hut he would submit TO the deci-
sion o! the court in TIE matter Recorder
Hackei' took III" papers and reserved his de-
ciSlOn-A J. T5uleS IN
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09
VERDICT NOT GUILTY.
BEECHER TRIII.
A POSTPONMENT.
TWEED'S PLUMBER.
PRESBYTERIAN CONFEDERATION.
THETRoUeLeS ATTHEMINss
PAYNE ACOTITTED OF WIFE
MfRDER.
His Step Daughter Afraid Of Him.

lNPtttW 70 Ne EFtI'ItJ SJttT.I
ROCKVILLE, Md, April BY agreement.
the case of the state vs.. Payne, on trial for
the murder OF his wife. was taken up this
morning and submitted 10 the court. After
the examination Of some new witnesses. The
court said they would give the prisoner the
benefit Of all rational DOUBT, and Therefore
found him not guilty. At this point Sarah
+. Johnson step daughter OF the prisoner.
stated 10 the court tha1 She was afraid Payne
would take her life. when he was bound over
To keep the peace and. failing 10 give bail. he
was Iemanlatl 80 MI
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09

NEW YORK, April y.-IhIs htOfnlhg the
longshoremen's strike became general,
Union No. I having last evening adopted
resolutions agreeing to take part in the
movement with other city unions. The men
declare that they will hold out for their de-
mands, and stevedores on the other hand en-
phatically declare that they will never give
In and will not under any circumstances re-
employ men who have struck.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09

HEAVY DAMAGES.-Some time during last
summer Mr.. Joseph knepp, an engineer in
the employ of the Cumberland and Pennsyl-
vania railroad company, was killed by the
explosion of an engine on the road of that
company, in the neighbOrhooi OF Mount
Savage. His widow, in the name of the
state, Instituted suit against the company
for damages in the sum OF >20.0o0. and the
case was removed for trial To Montgomery
county. IL was concluded on Tuesday. the
jury giving verdict for plaintiff in the sum
OF : 10. OOO.-( sunbcr10Il1 Times.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1875-04-09

DESTRUCTIVE TCRNADOS in Arkansas.
southern Illinois and Nebraska are reported
by telegraph. Numerous houses were blown
down by each. AT Edinburgh, III, church,
IN which some thirty or forty persons were as
sembled, was demolished, and a number OF
a lady was killed and her two daughters Sc
riously injured. The occurrence OF three
just such wind storms in localities widei y
separated is remarkable. even in connection
with these mysterious and little understood
phenomena.