davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
Mushroom Caves,

The famous mushroom caves of Paris
are, in reality, deserted stone quarries in
the suburbs of the city. They are entered
by shafts, and consist of series of dark.
low, long corridors. Their floors are COW
cred with long lines of narrow beds, made
of rich compost of earth and horse ma
nure. The paths between the beds are
kept scrupulously clean. and the mush-
rooms are carefully cultured. One of
these caves at Montrouge, just outside the
Notifications of Paris, contains miles of
beds and yields an average of 800 pounds
of Mushrooms daily.
Near Frepillon, an hours ride from Paris
there is another class of caves or old quar-
ries, that have lofty interior, with some
thing of the aspect of a vast cathedral.
In 1859 one of these caves had a run Of
q miles of mushroom beds. During that
same year over 5000 pounds of mushrooms
were daily sent to Paris from FrepilloD.
The crops vary according to certain atmos-
pheric and other conditions, and at inter.
walls the great quarries refuse to Yield {
profitable crop, They are then thorough.
ly cleansed, the very soil being scraped
out. and are left to lie fallow for year OF
| two,
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
w. u r.. r.

The new time table on the Western I'm
ion railroad, which is now in effect, in
cludes changes and improvements which
will be appreciated by the public. The
morning train leaves at s:45, and arrives
in Racine at Gas P. NJ. and Milwaukee at
7:20 P. NJ; the night train with palace
sleeping coach, leaves here at 10 P. M,
makes close connection at Freeport with
Illinois Central for Dubuque. and arrives
in Racine at 9 "A. NJ. and at Milwau-
kee at OBS A. NJ. All night trains are
slespers, Trains from Racine aud Mil
waukee arrive in Rock Island at & p. NJ
and 5:55 A. NJ The Western Union is a
favorite road, is well managed, and all its
employees are very careful and attentive
to their patrons,
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
THE OHIO DEMOCRATS.
Sharp Comments Upon the Reputation
Policy Adopted.
From the New York World


1t is not worth while to discuss fiscal
policy founded upon such ignorance and
fabricated with such absurd incoherence.
1t is sufficient to say that political plat
form is no suitable place for the enuncia-
ton, and the cheers of political conven-
ton no sufficient guarantee for the sound
ness OF the administrative measures which
are to lead back and establish our finances,
public and private, upon sound and dur
able basis But political platform is the
proper place in which to point the direc-
ton whittier such fiscal policy and such
administrative measures should tend. And
whithersoever the Democrats of Ohio or
Indiana may wander, misled by the boot
ing OF blind guides and the silence and
cowardice of guides who are not blind, new
ertheless and notwithstanding the Demo
Gratis of New York, like the Democrats of
Illinois, and the Democrats of most of the
other states Of the Union, will travel in
one direction and one direction only, who
ever goes with them or whoever refuses to
60 with them. And this is their guide
post:
l. Gold and silver the only legal tender;
no currency inconvertible with coin.
2. Steady steps towards specie payment;
no step backward.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
Board of Water Commissioners.
COUNCIL Room, June q, 1875,
So, l.


IA O'Clock P. N.
The Board of Water Commissioners
met in special session. Present, President
Mitchell and Commissioners Butler, Carse,
Davenport, Eggleston and Moore
Com'r Moore stated that the laying of
water pipes through the culvert near the
horse railroad stables would be completed
tomorrow.
Com'r Mitchell stated that proposals
were received from four plumbers for
laying the waste pipe from the hydrant at
the horse railroad stable-the bids ranging
from $l8 to $2S. Mr. Yates was the sue
cessful bidder at $lS.
On motion of Com'r Butler, Superinten-
dent Riley was instructed to confer with
Messrs. Weyerhauser & Denkmann and
make some arrangements with them as tc
their supply of water.
On motion, President Mitchell was in
structed to confer with Mr.. W. H. Ferry
receiver of the Rockford. Rock Island and
st. Louis Railroad, as to supplying them
with water at the round house of the CT
l. & P. r. B. Co.
On motion Of Com'r Davenport, it was
ordered that the City Council be requested
to amend the water ordinance so that the
water rents shall be paid to the city clerk
On motion, adjourned
S. +. Cooke, Sec'y.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
A. O. u. w.

Mr.. j. M. McNair, of Pittsburgh, Su-
preme Master Workman, National Lodge,
Ancient Order United Workmen, has is.
sued a call to the A. o. U. w. lodges of
Illinois to select delegates to meet at Rock
Island on Monday next for the purpose of
lnstituting the Grapd Lodge of Illinois
There are at present five lodges of the
order in this state, two at Rock Island, oue
at Moline, one at Sterling and one at Rock
Falls. Three others are ready to oganize,
The lodges mentioned will each send three
delegates, and the Grand Lodge will meet
in the hall over the Rock Island Stove
Co. g salesroom.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
The Fourth in Hillsdale.

The ARGUS Office has just turned out a
supply OF posters for the Fourth at Hills
dale for Saturday the Sd, at the Coe and
Canoe Greek fair grounds. Hon. E. Fl.
Johnston, of Port Byron, is the orator.
Other speakers have been invited. Moline
brass band furnishes the music.
The procession will form in Hillsdale at
$50 o'clock, and march to the grove ac-
companied by the full band, j. johnson
leader. The Declaration of Independence
will be read, and then an grafton will be
delivered by Hon. Edwin Fl. Johnston.
There will be other speaking, and toasts
with responses, Wheelbarrow and sack
races will conclude the exercises. There
will be booths for the sale refreshments;
also dance floor in the grove. Hacks
will run to and from Hillsdale at any and
all hours of the day.
The officers of the day are-President,
Perry Henderson; Vice Presidents, Wes-
ley Hanna, Yuma; Geo. Allen, Coe; L.
D. Edwards, Hampton; Wilson Fleming,
Port Byron; Henry Kempster, Kemster' s
Mill; j. V. Williams, Cordova; Jesse s.
Daley, Coe Joe Marshall, Newton; Sam
Heagy. Hampton; Henry Saddoris, Coe;
Marshals, John A, Liphardt, j, L.
Walker; Chaplain, Rev. P. Smith.
There will be ball at Concert Hall, in
the evening.
All are invited, both day and evening,
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
A SuRgasEion.

We suppose that at least some members
of our city council are aware that a portion
of the tracks of the G. r. I. & P. R. R.Co.
at the upper depot, are occupying public
street or road, within the city limits, which
has meyer been vacated, and that those
tracks are liable to be removed at any time
when ordered by the council. 1t is also a
known and admitted fact that the approach
to the upper depot is dangerous in the ex-
treme; that the lives of people are in dan
ger every time they 20 in or out of that
death trap-and their property liable to be
damaged or destroyed.
Now, instead of arousing any feeling of
sntagonism between the road and the city,
would it not be we'll for the council to ap-
point good, discreet and unohjectionable
committee to confer with Sup't Riddle
and Asst Sup't Kimball, and see if some
thing cannot be done to get the depot re-
moved near its old .site, corner Madison
street, or to the south side of the track, SO
that the approach to it will be safe,-and
also to respectfully urge the location of the
railroad eating house here, in connection
with large, convenient and safe passen-
ger depot? 1t will be greatly to the ben.
eft of our city to have this done, and We
believe it can be done, by the exhibition Of
conciliatory disposition on our part
The city should be willing to do all in its
power, consistent with the rights Of oul
citizens to encourage the railroad company
to make this city its great halfway head
quarters between Chicago and Council
Bluffs. 1t would very much incommode
the railroad company to remove its tracks
from the street or road where they are
said to be-, and by yielding little in thai
matter, perhaps we could gain other ad
vantages of greater importance to all oul
people. We suggest that the council ap'
point discreet committee to consider the
matter, and to open negotiations with thu
railroad company if thought best, after ex
aiming the question in all its bearings
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

Now is the time to be prepared fol
coughs, colds and many affections of the
lungs so common during the present
changable weather. There is no surer Oh
ef6cacious remedy than Masta's Pulmonie
Balsom. 1t is prepared by the we'll known
DR.: Masta of Lowell, Mass, who has used
it for years in his extensive practice. Il
is prepared under the Doctors persona
supervision from vegetable balsams anG
the medicinal properties of roots and
herbs, containing no minerals or poisonous
drugs. 1t can be taken with perfect safe
ty at all times. 1t should be kept in
every family. For sale by all leading
druggists in Rock Island.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

GRAND STEAMBOAT ExCURsIoN.-The
committee building the Exchange street
Methodist church are planning steamboat
excursion, the proceeds of same to be used
in furnishing the church now almost COM
plsted. The splendid steamer Dubuque
with the Rock Island Brass Band on board
will leave Davenport at $50 A. NJ on Fri
day, Rock Island 9, sharp, and Moline at
$50, for Cordova.
Returning, the Lake Superior will leave
Cordova at p. NJ, reaching Rock Island
at 6:30P. NJ.
Everything necessary to make the trip
safe and enjoyable is being done.
The boat will land at Hampton.
Fare for the round trip $l.00.
Fare from Port Byron and LIE Claire, SO
cents.
Tickets for sale at our book stores.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

Positively cured-also Blind and Bleeding
Piles, Fistula, Salt Rheum, and all dis
eases of the Skin, by the use of
ROSSMAN'S CURE.
ITCHING PILES is generally preceded by
a moisture like Precipitation producing a
very disagreeable and distressing itching,
particularly at night, after getting warm
in bed. No humbug-as trial will prove.
For sale by all respectable druggists.
RossMAN Il MoKINsTRY, Hudson, NY,
Proprietors.
Sent by mail for SO cents.
IF YOU HAVE A COUGH,
Cold, Asthma, raising of Blood or any al
fections Of the Breast or Lungs, leading to
Consumption, use
DR.. HOUSEMAN'S GERMAN COUGH
DROPS,
as prepared for over thirty years by j. J.
Davis(now deceased) and you will be sure
to find relief. Address ROSSMAN Il
MCKINSTRY, who have succeeded to the
Proprietorship, and sold by all druggists
and dealers in Medicines. For sale BY all
Druggists in Rock Island
Sold by Avery & Tyler, Lafayette, IL.
diana. Fuller & Fuller, Chicago, whole
sale agents,
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
River N ews.

Keokuk Northern Line-The steamer
Red Wing will be down this evening. The
Muscatine ur and the Minneapolis down
TO- morrow.
Diamond 10 Line-The Diamond 10 will
be up in the morning. This line intend to
have an excursion on this boat to the cele-
bratlon on the 5th of July at Burlington.
They will leave at o'clock P. NJ. on the
4th. and arrive in Burlington at 9 the
next morning, returning at 10 o'clock in
the evening. The price will be So. each
for the round trip.
The raft steamers LIE Claire Belle and
Sllas Wright passed down to-day with large
lumber RATS in tow.
The river is falling above. but is still OF
stand here at 7.3.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

For Catarrh, use Renne's Pain-Killing
Magic Oil freely on the forehead and nose
xternally, also inhals the strong odor Ct
the Magic Oil from a cloth. Mix the
Magic Oil with water and gargle the
throat. Try this three times day for a
few days; it don't cost much, A prominent
person who has tried this in very aggra-
waited case, says, within two weeks every
vestige of catarrh had left me.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
POLICE COURT
Before Z. Chopper, Police Magistrat

Jos Bird and Billy Baxter got outside of
too much bad whisky yesterday. as is often
the case, and last night they were found
clasped in each others arms and sound
asleep on the corner of Illinois and Beaver
streets. They were carried to Jail by Dep
uty Marshal Kimball and Policemen Feeley
and RInehart. This morning they were
fined 50 and costs. Ike Nichols went Sc
curity for Bird, aud Billy paid up Why
didn't Ike Nichols pay, if he has got So?
1t has since been learned that the right
name of Bird is Baxter also, but that he
gave his name as Bird when arrested some
time ago with Jim Mcdonald, now in Jail,
for stealing a coat from q man named
Michael Frey.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

kIDDER's AsTHAMA PAsTILEs have,
without any putting or extravagant prom
Use, quietly worn their way to public favor,
and now are affording sure relief to thou
sands. Their grateful odor and quick eff
feet render them peculiarly acceptable, as
the patient is relieved from the most dis
tressing symptoms while inhaling a de-
lighttuI perfume Price 40 cents by mail.
Stowell Il Co. Charleston. Mass. 1920
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

REWARD OF MERTT.-The U. S.Goyern
ment has given not only to DR.. Prices
Cream Baking Powder, but to his True
Flavoring Extracts, the preference, and
large quantities are shipped to its military
posts. No more, we say, thanit deserved,
for it truly has proved itself in our family
all that we desire, making bread, biscuits.
and cakes better than any other we have
used. and just so have we found his Fla
workings of Lemon. Almond, etc., as pure,
natural and strong as can be made. Try
these articles. ladies, and see if you do not
find them superior to any thing of their
kind in the market.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

JUST THE WEATHER FOR YOUNG Ducks
Bot very bad for consumptives and PEG
pie predisposed to pulmonary weaknesses,
to all such the spring season is very trying,
and great care should be taken to keep the
body dry and warm, and all irritations of
the throat and bronchial tubes allayed a;
once. The soothing properties of Goes
Cough Balsam render it the cousumptive' :
best friend. while all recent cases very read,
lily yield to its curative power. 1t is pleas
ant, safe, sure and cheap.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

CALL AND SETTLE. All parties indebt-
ed to me are requested to call and settle,
and all parties holding claims against me
are notified to present the same on or be-
fore the Fourth of July next as ! intend
visiting Germany and desire to settle with
everybody previous to my departure,
l will also sell my entire stock of ready
made clothing, hats, caps, gents furnishing
goods, trunks, etc. etc., at reduced prices
to make room for new and larger stock
on my return. JONAS BEAR.
2ldeodlm
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

Heeeman Il Co.'S TOLU AND LIVER
WORT EXPECTORANT, a speedy and
certain cure for Coughs, Colds, Bronchitis,
and all diseases of the throat and lungs
1t is pleasant to the taste and acts speed
lily; the price also is moderate, being only
so cents per bottle. Sold by all druggists.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

PRIZE SHooTINa.-On the Fourth of
July there will be prize shooting at the
grounds of the Rock Island Shooting Soci-
ETY., on Rock Island Heights-also con-
test for King for the ensuing year, Also
pic mic, dance, good music, etc.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

If you suffer from rheumatic or neural
gic pain try Freligh's Remedy. Its in
creasin popularity attests its merits-no
one uses it in vain. Once you have tried it,
you will never be without it. Druggists
generally sell it. Prepared by Hind i Muir
ply, 81 Barclay St., New York.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

ONE BOTTLE OF PERUVIAN ALTER
ALIVE will remove Pimples or Skin Erup-
tons. Two Bottles will cure Liver Com
plant, Loss of Appetite, or Debility, and
three to five Bottles will cure Scrofulous
or Venerial faint, Rheumatism, Tumors,
Fever Sores, and all chronic arrangements
of the blood. CRUMB's PERUVIAN ALTER
ATIvE is the greatest Tonic and Blood
Purifier ever discovered. Sold by all Drug
gists,
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
Too Deep For Him.
From the Detroit Free Press.

From the Detroit Free Press.
What's de occasion of dat big smoke
over darY" inquired one colored man of
another at the market yesterday.
Fire, sah," was the answer.
And what's de occasion Of de fire?"
"Combustshun."
And what's combustshun?"
MY friend replied the other, cross.
ing his legs" "dar's heaps of things in
this woruld dat no niger ever knowed OF
ever will know, an we'll change de subject
to gooseberries.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
Reciprocity,

We heard recently how one man cured
a neighbor newspaper borrower. 1t is
told thus:
'Mr. -, father wants to borrow your
paper. He says he only wants to read it. F"
''Well, go back and ask your father to
send me his supper. Tell him only want
to eat il"
The next evening he did not come.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

Ladies, do you want a handsome com
plexion? Of course you all do. Well,
then send for box of A. J. Pozzoni' $
"Medicated Complexion Powder" 1t will
remove freckles and sunburp, will allay all
irritation and impart to the skin beauti-
ful transparent wilderness. 1t is sold at
wholesale and retail by A. j. Pozzoni, St.
Louis, Mo-, and by E. Breunert, Emil
kehler, c. Speidel, and Benser & Thorn
as, Rock Island u-l4dIy.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

People who want to buy summer dress
goods of Morris, at l27 Second St, Daven-
port, are invited to call and see him. He
says be is bound not TO be undersold and
has marked prices down to low water ebb.
16-d6k
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

NOTICE 20 TURNER'S parties hold
ing shares in the Turner Society are re-
quested to present the same to Il. krell,
who will pay the amount due upon each.
By order of G. Fl SCHocKER, Sect'y.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

Jonas Bear says he will sell new and sty-
fish clothing cheaper than any other re-
sponsible house, and that his entire stock
is fresh, new and first class.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
The Weather-.To-Day.

The following shows the temperature
at THE ARGUS OFFICE to-day, as in.
Dictated bv thermometer:
A. 7se shove zero. ~ II. 900 above zerol
4. N. $50 3P. n. $50
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

ALL hotels and pickle houses use Prus-
sings White Wine Vinegar Ask your gro.
GERS for it.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
I. BAMBERGER.

Commencing this day, June Il. 1875
Will sell my entire stock from IS to IS
on dollar from now until Sept 1st, l
don't believe in carrying goods from one
year to another, therefore I am bound to
sell suits for 81, s., Sc, ST, So, 50 &c.
Don't fail to call and see for yourselves.
I. BANBERGER, Star Block.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

WANTED.-A good girl for house work.
Apply T. A. Frey's, 95 Madison street.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

Just received, 500 Black and all other
colors of Mohair Skeleton Goats, at LOeb's
the clothier's. -
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

White Vests a speciality fat Loeb's.
Duck, Linen and MarseilleS of styles to
suit the most fastidioust 4
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

st. Johns Day--Excursion to Rock Is
land.
A large party of Masons, from Ottawa,
La Sale, Peru, and vicinity will arrive in
this city $50 tomorrow morning. Ar
rangements have been made to run their
train to Rock Island Arsenal to view the
grounds and works. After viewing Rock
Island and its surroundings, the party will
leave for home at P. NJ.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

Rock Island Business College, Good.
business course. Shorthand. Telegraphy.
Thorough instruction.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
ANNOUNCEMENTS.

See DR.. Whittier's advertisement in an
other column,
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
zen fevers burn or ague freezes,

when levers burn or ague freezes,
Rheumatics gnaw or collie squeezes,
Is good time to take an active purga-
tive: the best remedy to ease US in
such cases is dose of the US Castor Oil
Mills see adv
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23

Children's and Boys Line6 White ant
Fancy Marseilles Suits, the jAobbiest style
in town, at Loeb's. "
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
Enamelled Pipe.

TRY THE ENAMELLED PIPE, 1T WILL NOT
] Rust or crack and costs only tribe more than
for water service pipe. have the exclusive agency
for Rock Island FRED HASS.
Store in Star Block.
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
The Chicago Street Gazette's Rock
Island Correspondent.

For more than a year it has been known
to THE ARGUS reporters that ghoul, a
sickening vampire specimen Of humanity
was located in the city. He processes to
be printer by trade, formerly from Mon
mouth, this state. which place he was
forced to leave. He worked for time in
the Union Office, but his figuring in the
dens of infamy formerly kept in Palace Row
and in the old City Hotel, his beating
boarding house keepers, and his attempts to
seduce innocent girls caused him to be
kicked out of decent places until he became
common pimp and now works in a
job office, kept by o, A. Barnhart, on Iii.
nois street. He is known and recognized as
dead beat land he has descended to the oc-
cupation of corresponding for the Chicago
Street Gazette, in which occupation he is
able to retail the vilest SANDERS upon res
pectable young men and citizens of this
city. That our citizens may be prepared
to give this fellow wide berth we give
his name as Sanford s. Mills. He is about
feet s inches tall, rather heavy set.
face shows very little signs of beard,
dark complexion, face always full of PIN.
pies. light straight hair, cut rather short
is about 20 years old. When he walks he
steps rather quick, swings his arms, and
is constantly whistling;
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
CITY.

For SALE.-Two good houses. Enquire
of Nathaniel Folsom. Ie-dtf
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
The Way to Defeat,

The Buffalo Courier (Democrat) hints
that if the Democratic party wishes to
change its present fair prospect Of victory
in 1876 into the sullen omens Of disaster,
and precipitate itself back into the
abyssmal minority from which it emerged
last fall" the thing can be very easily
managed. All that is needed is for the
rag money element to get control of the
party in Ohio" the anti-reform element tt
get possession of the party in New York
and arrest Gov. Tilden's honest attempt t
break up the canal ring; for the mex
Democratic house to "elect salary-grab
Der like Wood or Randall speaker" ant
for another negro-killing bee to taxi
place in the southland, says the Buffalo
paper, 1.-THE thing would be done; owe
such highway of Democratic foolishnes
even Grant could drive his third-term ca
to the White House in triumph"
And the st. Louis Republican says tina
the southern part of this programmes tn
least practicable feature about it. Negro
killing bees appear to be over down there
The southern people, both whites ant
blacks, are behaving themselves with
prudence that might be initiated with pro
fit elsewhere. If the south shall be lie
alone, there will be no more trouble be
tween the races. Of the good sense of tn
Northern Democrats we cannot speak 8
confidently There is no telling what foo
ishness the Democrats of New York an
Ohio and the Democratic majority in tn
IS-k ill MI 10
The daily Argus. (Rock Island, Ill.) 1873-1877, 1875-06-23
Piles-1tchlng Piles,

Positively cured-also Blind and Bleeding
Piles, Flstula, Salt Rheum, and all dis
eases of the Skin, by the use of