The New York herald., 1875-07-17
A ROYAL PATRON OF EXPLORATION
Franklin's RemainS-HiS Wifc's Love Fer
vent and Undying.
The Pandora Sails from Ports
mouth June 26, 1878.
Captain Allen Young Takes the Command and
the Greater Part of the Cost.
ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS Dr JOIN r1aoor, E.s.A.

ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. DY JOIN PIGGoT, FS.A.
From Fraser's Magazine, June 1851
Love of adventure has ever been prominent
characteristic or Englishmen, and is due TO the
scandinavian element in our race. For 300 years
It has induced seamen to brave the perils of the
deep on voyages OF discovery, and now such
feeling finds vent In travels IN foreign lands.
Formerly England was always In the van OF
Arctic discovery, but for the last fifteen years
she has allowed other countries TO take her
customed place, until it seemed probable that the
glory, long ardently desired, Of penetrating to
the North Pole Itself would be accomplished by
others. We did discover northwest passage,
and now there seems every probability that the
100000 square miles OF unexplored sea or land
r both comblned-at the Pole will be
penetrated by the well-equipped expedition
which is Just leaving our shores.
We purpose In the present paper briefly 10
describe the former Arctic expeditions and the
good work they accomplished; for, though they
Jailed in the ultimate OBJECT OF their search their
Investigations added immensely to stores OF
geographical and general scientific knowledge.
We snail then refer to the 1875 expedition, which
mas the advantage OF the accumulated experience
Dfits predecessors (I) and note the nature OF the
work It's well-wishers hope 1t will carry out
successfully.
cABoT's EXPEDITION.
In the reign of Henry VII. John Cabot settled at
Bristol with his three sons, OF whom Sebastian
was one. He induced the King to grant him and
bis patent for the discovery of new lands.
According to Hakuyt Sebastian started March 5,
1866
Understanding by reason Of the sphere that If
he should sail by way Of northwest he should.
by a shorter track. come Into India, he tnereuuon
caused the King 10 De advertised OF his device,
who Immediately commanded two caravel5 TO be
furnished with all things appertaining to tine
voyage. He began therefore, TO sail toward the
hEnc fhInk kiFtr find Af, nd
tban that OF Cathay ana from thence TO turn to-
ward India; but. after certain DAYS, found that
the land ran toward the nortn, which was 10 him
Agreat dlspleasure.
THE FIRST REALLY ENGLISH EXPEDITION.
Robert Thorne. merchant OF Bristol induced
Henry VIII, IN 1927, ''with very weighty and
stanfal reasons, TO set forth a dlscovere even to
the North Pole" This is the first really English
enterprise, for the Cabots were Italians. The
Samson and Mary OF Guidord the vessels
employed. One was lost of Newfoundland, and
little came OF the expedition.
HoRE's VENTURE.
Nine years after gentleman Of London, named
Hore, with 100 persons-thirty OF whom were men,
bers OF the Inns Of Court-went In the same oirec-
.ion; but, alter suffering much from IamiAe, re-
turned.
CABOT AGAIN
A more disastrous termination awaited part OF
the expedition which, under the superintendence
OF Sebastian CaboT, sailed in 1853. The CON-
mander was Sir Hugh Wllloughby, and that gal'
lant of1cer, with the crews OF two vessels, per-
shed or The coast of Lapland. The pilot, Richard
Chancellor, In the third SHIP look another course
ana landed in Russian territory. He visited Mos
COW and returned to England bearing a letter
from the Car to Edward W.
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
Two series of discoveries toward the end OF the
sixteenth century gave great impetus to north
I'M Of Off
belongs to the Dutch. william Barents, seeing
that the ice OF the Sea OF Kars was a great OBJ
stace to navigation in that direction, turned his
attention to the western side OF Novaya Zemlya
and in 1894 and the year following made prellml-
nary voyages. In 1896 he succeeded In his aim OF
rounding the northern point OF the island and was
obliged TO winter there. Previous to this voyage
no European had endured an Arctic winter R)
We have mentioned this discovery first. because
the efforts OF early explorers were directed to the
routes between Greenland and Novaya Zemlya.
DAVIS STRAITS DISCOVERED.
1t was reserved Tor John Davis in MS little sun
shine Of 1lty TONS attended bY the Moonshine OF
thirynve (D, TO discover in 1855 the strait which
bears his name and so indicate another route to
future explorers (3) In 1916 William Baflln,
pilot to Byot, followed up Davis discovery, and
reached the bay winch bears MS name HIS i'm
portant Investigations we're not given 10 the
WOrlu, LOT lurcnas, VINO received MS charts, did
not engrave them, though Baflln had indicated
Smith Sound-named after Sir Thomas Smith,
1rst Governor OF the East India Company-the
most important portal to the Pole. and the route
which the most distinguished explorers agree In
recommending as that OF the expedition of 1875.
HENRY HUDsoN's EXPEDITION.
The Muscovy Company. In 1907, sent Henry Hud-
son 10 md the northwest passage Ills small ves-
sci OF eighty tons was manned by only ten sailors
and boy lie went TO latitude 80 deg, but
lack OF provisions Obliged him reluctantly to re-
turn. Barrow says he was the first Englls
who made observations on tie dip of tho mag
netic needle. lie made voyages IN the three sue
reedng years, and IN the last OF these. Ill vessel
Of luy-hve tons. he went 100 leagues farther
north than any preceding navigator and dlscov
ered Hudson's Bay. BY his reports OF the guam
tity Of whales and sea horses he observed on his
voyages he induced many ships to go out Ior the
purpose OF obtaining them, and laid the f)unda-
ton Of n most 1ourishing flsnery. Hucson's crew
mulned on his fourth voyage, and turned tneir
commander and the sick portion of the crew
adrlit in an open boat TO perish.
FOX AND JAMES
In 1851 Captain Fox went out in one OF the
Kings ships, ana he was followed by Thomas
James, sent out by the mercnan,s OF Bristol; but
they accomplished little.
THE WORK IN CANADA.
Some years alter some French advcnturers IN
Canada explored the Hudson's Bay territory.
One oil them, Grosscnez, came to England for the
purpose OF Obtaining means to develop the iur
trade there. Prince Rupert in 1893 sent OUT
vessel with colonists, and Charles Ii. granted the