New-York tribune., 1875-03-04
APPLIED SCIENCE.

to the solution. This colored liquid is poured upon
the cushion aud rubbed with brush.
HIsroRY OF THE DOMESTIC FOwL-Among 'no
conclusions in contribution to the history u 'no
domestic fowl by Jeittees. 1t is stated th"' oor0
species of the genus gaus existed In EUROPE ~ 'nV
Tertiary period although none are found wid there
=. r"sort and also. that two varieties of species
Serv near to- if not identical with the Bdnkira or
domestic fowl existed in Western Europe IN tne
older Post-tertiafy, contemporaneous'y WIN 'ne
man of that period.
PATENT COOLING APPARATUS FOR LIoUIDs.-lhe
following apparatus for cooling water, wine' miik'
beer. &C. has been patented in Vienna, ana iS
claimed to be most efficient and convenient. and at
the same time among the cheapest. 1t consists SIM
plv of tube, most conveniently of tin with tight
fitting cover, which Is rapidly packeu, py anu d., ~
wooden stamper, with pounded ice and SAT-. eitheI
mixed OF in alternate layers aud Is to DO plunged
into the liquid that is to be kept cool.
IMPARTINGA FINE ORANGE-YELLow TONE TO YAK
Notwithstanding to Niedling. beautiful orange
yellow tone, much admired in chest at the vienna
Exhibition, may be impaired to oak-wood by
rubbing it in warm room with certain mixture
until it acquires dull polish. and then coating it,
after an bour with thin polish and repeating the
coating of polish to improve the depth and brliancy
of the tone The Ingredients for the rubbing mix,
ture are about ounces OF tallow, OF an ounce OF
wax, and pint Of oil OF turpenthe' mNeu ny neat
ing together and stirring.
CURRENTS OF AIR WITHIN CYCLONES AND WATER
SPoUTs.-In memoir on cyclones and water-spouts
Mouchez publishes some observations made by
him while upon the ocean, and which, if correct. are
quite important. According to him, mt or near the
surface of the ground the movement OF air in the
cyclone is always from below upward. while in
wbirlwinds the movement is, on the contrary, from
above downward. In the former case the WINDS are
winds of aspirations in the latter the WIND de-
sccnds from the cloud i'll the form OF bag, or tuDe
which terminates IN n point lie believes lnat
waterspOuts have no relation whatever to cyclones
having IN opposite appearance and cause. In tnis
opinion Renou also cOncuTs.
THE STRENGTH OF WooD AND THE EFFICIENCY
OF THE Ax.-In a recent volume of the annals of
the Forest Academy, at Mariabrun. near Vienna
Prof. w. F. Exner gives novel and highly instruct
i've analysis of the elasticity and strength of wood
its resistance to splitting and the theory of the
of the wedge the AK. &c. The Importance OF these
matters he shows to be very great because great in
tustries depend upon the facility with which wood
can be split and upou the applicability of certain
kinds of wood Having deduced few simple FORM
uae to express the strengths of woods and the power
Of the wedge, he develops formula Tor the force
should be given to the face or cheek OF the AK, Ill
order to secure, under certain conditions the least
waste of power By means OF these formula ne Is
able TO demonstrate that the splitting eiclencies OF
the best axes made i'll Vienna, Prague and America,
are to each other 1873, 02, and 40, respectively
and, APPLYING his formula to the elaborate eA-
peTlmrnts Of NOrdliDgen. ho is able to deducc the
absolute with which various woods can he split
NEW PROCESS IN DENTAL SURGERY-Nlr Napier
announces what ho considers TO be something new
in dental surgery, especially i'll a case where the
teeth were extremely sensitive, and 1T became
necessary to file them down for the purpose OF IN
Producing artificial teeth on the stunps For the
sake of avoiding pain in the operation as far as
possible. ether spray first made use of in re-
ducng the sensibility Of the teeth piece of cot
ton. dipped in ether and laid first on the teeth and
then on the instrument being found to still
better purpose While engaged i'll this operation it
occurred TO Mr. Napier to avoid the usual practice Oh
dentists wiz. of oXirpailne the neyt, with Which
object he took bit of hard wood, dipping II III III
tric acid and with this cauteriZng the exposed por-
ton of the nerve in each too6h succcSlyely. lie
then fled the teeth down TO the level OF the gums
without producing any pain whatever lie found
that in this way the stump OF the tooth remained
perfectly healthy giving no pain OF any kind; and
the subsequent experiences of the patients Wct1 vi
the most satisfactory Character
TIER lPEUTICAL Uses OF Hot BiTHs.-PrOf. La
secue, in paper the therapcutical uses of hot
baths remarks that these should be of short dura-
tion-from % to 50 minutes at furthest-the tenn
peranre on entering the bath to be lower than that
OH quitting it. whatever eXtromc5 il may reach i'll
the mean time, and the increase Of temperature
always to he made gradually. The maximum
should be l185 T., although 1l3 is perhaps better
limit. This temperature - easily borne, provided
the escaping steam be not felt on the uncovered
portions of the body and also provided that the max
imum be not maintained over eight or ten minutes.
On leaving the bath the patient Is to be placed IN
his bed, where he soon Tegain,, not his true tenn
pcratlie which has varied ont little, but his appa
rent temperature. VI. IAseguc finds that cold ap-
plicatons Immediately after the hot bath, contrary
to what takes place after yapOr baths, are neither
useful agreeable. The disease which yields
most readily to tins system OF not baths, it stated
is chronic rheumatism producing delOrmitieS of the
joints, which usually ie5lst5 all Ordinary modes oil
treatment.
The FORCES DEVELOPED By EVAPORATION AND
CoNDENsATION.-Prof. Osborne Reynolds. in a
careful review Of the remarkable observations
recently made by Mr.. Crookes, shows that.
according to the kinetic theory of gases, when
ever molecule Of liquid is evaporated and
becomes a molecule of gas, it must leave the
liquid surface with velocity equal TO that with
which the other particles Of the gas are rebounding
among themselves; that is to say, instead Of being
first detached it must be shot off, with a velocity
greater than that of q cannon ball, and there must
be an equal reaction on the surface OF the remaining
hauid the contrary effect takes place in the case of
condensation. Applying the necessary mathcmati-
cal formue, he finds that, at a temperature of CO.,
the evaporation Of one pound of water from sur
face is sufficient TO MAINTAIN force Of Gj foot
pounds for one second, the force being proportional
to the square root Of the absolute temperature. In
he case of mercury the force is only foot pounds
instead Of g, Aud again, wheIeyer beat is com
mnnIcated from not s0i.;, siiI face to gas au effect
similar to that of evaporation is produced while for
at temperature of co. the reaction on the surface
is equivalent to OBS of pound acting for one
second but is, for air, 6J5 OF pound.
u,,ycu MrruoD oF OYsrFP TIDE