New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1875-05-04


that taking ihs data ccted 10y Scut as the ts tslr
is we+ieiiued relation betwecn he mental osNeio'
brate suoal. for IN fishes, thc lowest the brnin " oy
s,eS part of The body; ia rePi lcs TIE next mspN,
tel part in birds NJ in The asc' ine ecai' ~ es
part AMI in mamm is, the highest oi ali ls6 part iuIc
Is. Therefore. beginning with The lowest ca-H r'L''
ascent N the volume VI the BRAN iii II reaches INC n'
But wheu we look a, the relation 1t exists bctw"'n
t saw int tLc is any snrh ION In the degree OF
Icital development we shOuld exp ct I" ND ~ ihe
BRAN were the only ~ the Intelligence ana lie
members Of he very lowest class have relatively Ergr
hrsus tlau certain animals oi the very mshe.,o ah u
the brain of the bass IL the body as is "a % WINE
in the hurSci Is ] 700 and n tie nN "a 10 90
the relative ~ the brain Is 10 he taken as me mica
zion OF the degree OF IN O sencc. we must regard ihe
bass b cleo u.i animal thaD c'l'er N1 uv.o
or the @E The lizard Ia; D. s VIII il s sar r sn
thai exlstur IN tho fox dog. tie sheep and several
S Say h,- ',,sr,ionait Larger than thoe If any
o.Hcr kilnwD auIuIals including msu ana !r' u. on
viii contend thIt tnc-c animals stand AT the toof tne
cac o men al deyoiorin NJ Ma, who certainly stands
az the head of the class Inlu is, sn Of al otter an
p,as So fr rs mind ned. rarely has brain more
portion wAcn IL much greater IN several "thef ihaM
birds. Even in asUln m 1ii. ind pflrni ~ any req
lion 70 tie rest Il ir hi\ We Ii4i 1i Ipil = ~ 49,,
largest being exceeded by thn of tine elephant ana TIE
wHaic
orA>TrrY or GRAY NERVE TiSeUE IN MAN.
But when IN i,uv int" the matter oi the a'e1"N
and react auln ny Of gray nerve tissue we hi" IVA"
in this respect man tauds prcemn nj 1t is Ia tns fact
"
him 80 Gar aiovr III other living beings For 1t II me
-rav tissue which OH in ties m nd The white, a. Is well
known serving only for the trans hiS don OF inprShS
and impulses Unless regard be paid Z" th'' lh' we
would nly uil ino serious error III te''inhhS Wv
relation existing bet the mind an the nervous s!
tim; hat having in vi.w the conn tln Is ~ on g ce
and well rin d. there being Xetpi!0u 10 LIE ia" mat
the ncutal derc iopmfnt IA IN dn'ri proportion - inc
amount gray matter entering 10Y" thc comi"slsi""
of tllr nor, 0.a syalrI nf any min ~ any klnJ Whi
ever Fni ali the gray ssue Of tSe nervous system is M
cnrl, of ihe symith, tic and Other nerves, an
annunsfcOnd only to fiai OF tne br'in III Hahti'!
and indie d. animals laTstr-is present a. hA
in,anl rostitnfi,t az tue spinal cord. AMI propIsr Ia
o. IA orcnsion som ol the more Important ut
tOus connected With iAc qualities o To- iVic' rYVfcd
from Ibis ray tissue OF tn I'D. an 10 call alt hi"n 10
some Of TIE phenomena ateDIIui Oh rs enolau u b,
Uy tic triIn mind undcITtaui force deFfi IHi ny
action. II beirs the same relation TO gray nerve
s,e that hat or 81 erSa or S' r @S 10 tT ,1
S, ibc Ia .j,t ~, mi xing of water Ill sulphurc
acid develops heat, VI te rubbing % piece OF So iS
with piece of silk causes Ice eNohiilOn Oi ut =.
tricity All are equally bc,ond understanding; al
arr cIually uliilni lcis in science. aud soniOlS Ia
rs,rd Ia the rat"uale ot al are tlnI.! .aIh 'iii
IN Ioniable. All tine nani cstai'nS "f when NC mhd
is capabc its fullest dcrcl pncnt are embraced III Ion
grnuls-reccpiion. the int l. e. the cm,i"h"' ana Inc
viii III ier them may toe 'st ma i'"fh!
OF the hers Thus an iniigsdiil may maze a per
ceptinn without any intellectual emotional or yOhtlonI
,iil may be brought into action without ht IccessA!
participation OF each Other II - h"%Ss9 i Sg2
perception. and that ia Ii, idua barn wfl"h me
external org4ns Of the sense or oi cen
f,ai eansi:S. ny which impressions OF th.se
Of hncllrrt. eu,oin mad r wUuid b. in fact lower ID
mental deEoo pncit t4aI tAr il'si usfaiSd VPh %
Perception is the prmnry mani ctrtion % mind. and "a
thai pir the Office ar which ! T." p1 - the mi inai ID
formed upon the retns the optic nerve transmits
the cxdiatlon 20 lite gangioil Inns ~ once
tn IMAGE /. perceived. II In rtna he safrHniiy
Diseased. the IMAGE Is not formed II The oic hINe ~
IL the gangvn IL dis"itel"d tie tfeeldFc "c' II hO
evolved Tntttor' III or'tr mai Ia, lar'rla"h ~.
pefieuc.d organ nerve, ana Il iDd7e
of nerve tissue le nocessay and 10 other organs
az required
K sFfFx AID vOIITfoSAL II WIN MIS- cINsIDHR&D.
II is rarely cue udiv ua Iercfves an i'm
pres5on mo II upon any the OI tn- neu-s
without hi cher mental operation being perfci1nefi
TAi. especially The case when Tho pfion OF sch
a character a. 10 rreative- Thus. If an exceedingly
bright Light be allowed 10 impress upon the refina ire
lines are corrugated and If II be sill more intense the
eyelids are closed 10 sbui ii out altogether II d
very loud noss strikes upon The tympsnuh,
the head If 1uroed 81 as 10 prevent the un-
dulaiiuns Z" The aimvssln..rr r..;,.nInS iAc ra.i
slide ira VII away. aud II the irritation Nc great ~ Ia
excite pain the whole ho IS tirn~n into cOnioIions
and Efforts are made 10 cape Some OF these move
appear formed in direct opposition TO me Will dnd
thu, they said 10 be reflex that Is ina thc' c INC
result Of the conversion of scnSa0D into motor I'M
pulse without the accompanying action Of any EinHou
The action of which is The eyc,nOn of vultlon force.
arc nv involuntary ami ar thus
rIcx mnycmcnis inl II di;icult matter separate
trn from iosr oihcr witch clearly voli;iunn de-
terminate. mud performed WIN definite lursrf ~ view
#. instance an irritASe Substance he Applied 10 The
interior nCstli. tr action which WE call sncezing
is producsd. TBis CONSISTS of spEs0'r contraction
mngS is forribiy exhiled through The nostrs
rs snT%alic ami nrs,r' al; r.,, IN H., o mar
II is always performed IN tho same way; 'ir
ees nroaEl p@ Sn t are 1Tss tae s N H
meni - far dctrrmnu irnn oar own con
Situnsnrss Agiin IL the -t'les ~ IN" feet sre urktf
tcy drawn away. iti""rh u ~ IrnSr r the IN
pulse theTn 20 he restrained by ti exercise OF
nr nv srropg voional power evolved from the higher
gan giice the Brain but let nppose tie Of
Of such cilacer a. 10 pIevc, il conveying voona
IMPULSES Inc brain IL The muscles OF The lower
limbs Now lei the sJics Of the feet be iickicd, and We
will find that they drawn away and gen rally wI
very much force than hen the brain allowed 10
character II is spIsmrlic and ndrernid'e beng more
extensive than n nee sSay. .
alnH that in such tip mere 1rawn" away ~ the
food not sufficient I" eHtaie lie Irritation ana tnpt
the ndiy dua dclbsTaIc uited up te otIei ODi IL The
remove tac oDcninS Vbrci. AMI iEat iiis
eon not proving "d2Ie nS 1y . s or ta le e%p-
mentsi Would they not be evidences of perception ana
wi Would they not be movements performed Win
definite pIrl~seIhe very brsi psslhe under the cir
escape from The irritation cVcn though the
brain were unconscious of them IL must be rcmcn
brd that consciousness is not the 'cessary acconan
Ut OF yOiIOn shall pres .nily SEE from exam les
winch sha advance and ihls being the ciSo cannot
old the conclusion that cions pcliOrmad nnicr ihe
circumstances have slated would be baSoi upon pcfcci
ton and done through tue force OF voittVn.
RESULTS OF REMOVING BRAINS OF ANIMALS.
warni-bloodcd animals for many reasons not suit
able subjects for experiments such required Ina
the 81 I, DI PHENOMENA under alteration, hut in
" the lower animals the frog. for instance
tud those conditions pr,seni which III them for such i'll
resgstions THUS If the brain be removed from
frog the animal will continue ~ perform thVse unc
tioas which mmsdistidy connected with the maiDte
nnnoo Of life Tie heart beats, the stomach dgvsts and
the glands OF the body continue ~ elaborate the several
secretious proper to them. These actions immo-