davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
For the VERMONT FARMER.
The Jersey Breed of Cattle.

EDIToR VERMONT FARMER While at.
tending LamOile county fair, was much
surprised to see the increased numbers Of
j Jersey cattle compared with the number
shown but few years ago. Judging from
this they seem to bo coming into favor
among dairymen. As butter aud cheese
seem to be destined to be the principle pro-
ducts Of Vermont it becomes a question Of
very serious Importance, aud a question that
many are trying to solve, what breed of
cattle are best adOpted to our Vermont farms,
with other circumstances considered. l
have been acquainted with this breed over
forty years; aud while admit their very Pc
culiar qualities, can but give word Of eau.
tion, lest many by going with the multitude
will be disappointed. am very sure that
they are not the breed for a majority Of
farmers to keep. And one very great and
serious objection would be that they are
very tender as regards enduring cold. II
they are kept to the exclusion of other cat
tie, and receive the same miserable care and
shelter often times having to stand on the
north side of an open fence, and with poor
and coarse fodder, and too often with
scanty allowance Of that, think they
would be almost complete failure. Another
objection is that they are SO small that i
adopted they would greatly reduce the sup
ply Of meat, not only at home here in Yer
mont, but throughout New England and the
Eastern markets. am not sure but
should be safe in saying that the reduction
would be one.half Nor is this all, the COS
Of producing one hundred pounds of meA
from jersey is much more than il wOul'
be from any other breed. And AdmittinI
that almost every farmers business is b
keep dairy, it very frequently happens tina
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
Keeping Apples.

We have tried many ways for the safe
keeping of winter apples, but we find none
better than to put them into clean barrels
and head them up tightly, SO as to exclude
all the air and light possible, and store them
in cool, dark, dry cellars. The nearest ap-
pies can be kept to the freezing point, (32 Q
Fahrenheit,) the longer and better they will
keep. If the mercury in the cellar sinks
few degrees below this point apples we'll
headed up in barrels will not suffer, as wood
is non-conductor of heat, and the life of the
apple aids in resisting cold just as the life of
the tree resists the rigors of winter. As the
apple is the fruit of this country, and is so
conducive to health and comfort, it is worth
while to put up few barrels with special
reference to next summers use. For this
purpose select the late.keeping varieties, such
as Newtown Pippins, Roxbury Russets, or
even Northern Spys, and after the barrels
are filed, shake down among them some
plaster (gypsum) till all the interstices are
filed. This keeps out the air SO effectually
that they are virtually canned, and come out
the next summer almost as fresh as when
picked. We have known Roxbury Russets
kept perfectly fresh for two years packed in
this manner.-Alexander Hyde in ". Y.
Times.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
Chemical Fertilization.

DIR Sturtevant was called on at the eve
ming discussion at the New York state fair
at Elmira to state the result of experiments
in the neighbOrhoOd of South birmingham,
Mass, a report of which we find in the
Rural home He said:
Twenty-Five acres in all were set aside for
this purpose, eight on one farm, nine and
a.half on another, aud seven and a.half on a
third The experiment was to test "Chemi.
cal Farming" of which the late Baron Liebig
was the great exponent that is, to introduce
certain elements into such direct contact with
the plant as to be absorbed for its immediate
nutrition, and not diffused through the soil.
Professor Stockbridge, of the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College, had demonstrated
the wonderful gain by such chemical Apph.
cation, irrespective Of drouth or rain, barring
the accidents Of frost, hail or foods. The
crop in the above experiment was planted
on the last day Of May. twas three weeks
in coming up. ..
The following was the composition and
amount applied per acre, first, with broad.
cast sower, twelve barrels, and twenty bar
rsls afterwards, by sprinkling about the
hills: Sulphate Of ammonia, 404 lbs, muri-
ate Of potash, ISL lbs sulphate Of potash,
65 lbs; superphosphates, l99 lbs. Tie
superphosphate was made of bono black,
obtained at the Boston sugar re6neries,
treated with sulphuric acid, 1000 lbs Of the
former to 1000 of the latter, with an equal
quantity of water. This made a stronger
superphosphate than any which could be
purchased. Bone dust could be used in
place of bone black, but il was not so good.
The mixture Of the Ingredients was made in
an old half hogshead, The result of the
experiment was that 10 an unfavorabe sea.
son the yield of corn was FROM ninety to over
100 bushels to the acre, with great growth
Of foliage while strip which was not thu
manured would not reach ten or twenty
bushels per acre. Still he did not place
confidence in such experiments, on SmAl
plots. They should be tested on larg'
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05

has been estimated to amount 10 Eve ounces
daily, for each adult. Calling il three
ounces, and allowing twice as much for ami.
mails, the quantity exceeds the enormous
weight of 100000 tons daily emitted by
respiration.
1t is estimated that in the old volcanic
district on the left bank Of the Rhine the
annual emission amounts to 100000 tons
annually. Add to this the contributions
from other districts upon the continent, the
western hemisphere and the islands Of the
sea, and its magnitude becomes enormous.
"And when IL is considered that the carbon
furnished BY these districts has not been
drawn from tho atmosphere, certainly not
within the historic period, the Importance Of
this source Of supply becomes the more man.
ifest.
How beautiful, how sublime, how truly
magnificent. are the operations Of nature 10
the inception and care Of organic life in her
slow transitions through unnumbered ages
necessary for higher existence! The fora
Of the prehistoric period has passed away,
aud with il the coexistent condition of the
atmosphere, for the advent Of newer and
higher organism and the fossil remains Of
the coal measures are its only historians.
May not David have had glimpse of the
subject when he exclaimed 20 Lord, how
manifold are thy works in wisdom hast
thou made them all.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
For the VERMONT FARnEH.
A Specimen of Close Calculation.

When riding through part of LamOills
county, not long since, We passed good
specimen of economical husbandry. The
place looked as though it might have come
from Switzerland, or dropped from fairyland,
we could not tell which. 1t seemed SO at.
tEactive that we inquired into some Of the
particulars of such apparent nice calculations.
The proprietor of this place "a mechanic
by the wsy) owns qunrtsr Of an acre sash
side Of the highway. On the west side Of
the highway rises an abrupt ledge; but by
some magic, or by some art known to me-
chanics, he has built house on the side Of
it, containing three rooms besides the pantry,
chamber stairs, verauda, wash.room and
woodshed on tho ground floor. The parlOr
is l4xl5 feet kitchen l4xlS feet bedroom
9xl5 feet. Three rods from this building
is the hen house with its yard. On the
opposite side Of the road is the barn, l6x22.
And on the space unoccupied by buildings, be
has forty young apples trees, and has raised
about twenty bushels Of potatoes; six of car.
rots (the carrots he sells to dairymeu for
coloring butter) three of beets zone of onions;
two Of tomatoes, and beans and peas sufficient
for family use. We will not forget the
brilliant flowers, and the little plat Of green
in front Of the house.
Query.-lf every ledge, nook and corner
Of Vermont was cultivated up to this stand
ard, how many families could the state
support p. l.. HOPKINS.
East Berkshire, VI.
The extraordinary results attained by a
few farmers, and especially by mechanics
who have a little land, in making the soil
produce and give returns for labor bestowed
cause the land Of large proportion Of
farmers to look like desert.
There are two reasons why such culture
of the soil as gives results like these is desir-
able. 1t is more satisfactory to an honor
able pride and ambition, and it pays.l
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
Topping Turnips.

It has long been our custom to top turuips
with hoe and pull them with hook, draw
ing four rows Of tops into ridge and the
four rows Of roots into another. And after
hauling of the turnips to gather portion Of
the tops and cart them away for the cattle.
The quantity of tops on an acre is so great
that il is not prudent to turn in cattle except
for short time, unless most Of the tops are
hauled off The tops are in the way about
pulling and gathering the roots, and they
are cut up and trod into the dirt, and many
wasted. This year we have tried on ito
us) new wriDkle---cutting and hauling of the
tops before pulling the roots. Haul two
rows together as they are topped. A man
follows along with q pitchfork and throws
them into small cocks. The team
comes along, astride of row lrOws three aud
half feet apart and the tops are thrown
on and hauled of. Two men topped and
hauled to the barn the tops Of an acre in
half day, and pulled, cleaned and put them
in the cellar 1900 bushels) in two days more.
The work of finishing up the harvest of the
fed was found to be much more satisfactory.
And we wonder why we never thought Of it
before.
Turnip tops are valuable article of food
for any stock. These suggestions are early
for the next crop, though rather late for
this
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05

q COW lOOses tsat, old age comes on, or
something transpires by which he has TO sup.
ply One-tenth new COWS yearly. That is
l think dairymSn with twenty COWS must
on an average supply two COWS yearly 10
replace thoss that have failed up through
different causes. So you will see after all,
that even II he keeps dairy as complete
and separate business, one-teuth of his busi-
ness is producing meat as COW when past
her usefulness for milk is fatted for beef.
IL becomes a very serious question to know
where we shall get our supply Of oxen, as
the make and build Of the Jerseys is not
suitable for draught. Likewise there are
many in the state that make il their bust
ness to raise and fat beef, who depend on
the dAirymen for their yearly supply Of
young stock. In the future where will they
find steers that at four years old will dress
'twslrs hundred pounds An these and
many other thoughts suggested themselves
to my mind while looking over the stalls,
and could l but arrest the attention Of far
mers so they will weigh tho matter candidly
and carefully before il is too late, shall
feel that had done my duty.
WILLIAM s. THoRP.
MOrristO'on, October 81.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
WHOLE NO. 256.
fall it is not safe in the winter it is danger

fall il is not safe in the winter it is danger
Gus.
If frost has come carly, bees may be
short Of bee-bread in some localities where
this is the case, coarse wheat bread may be
fed to them, soaked in syrup, and early in
spring, rye -four may be made a substitute
for pollen.
If bees are fed 10 stimulate breeding in
the spring. the syrup may have much less
sugar in 1t than when fed to them in the
fall to keep them alive over winter.
If you have no other peoples bees near
you, in the spring, you can feed in the open
air with advantage; but now every hive
should be fed inside It's own cover, else some
hives that do not need il, and indeed, would
be injured by it, will get as much as those
that would starve without it.
Except it is necessary to feed TO keep
bees from starving, the less the colonies
are disturbed the better, from this time
until it is time TO put them into winter
quarters,--Mrs E. S. Tuppsr, in b. X.
Magazine.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
The Epizootic.

The Springfield Republican looks beyond
the weather for cause for malady among
horses, and we are not certain but it is right.
The influenza or distemper among the
horses has become almost universal through
out the country, and, though not to be COM
pared in severity to the epidemic of two
years ago, it is still the cause of considerable
inconvenience and loss. We begin, also, to
hear of fatal results a very valuable horse
died in Rhode Island, few days ago, from
the disease and horse breeders report the
whole season unfavorable to the successful
rearing of colts from the fatal prevalence Of
the trouble among them. Do these recur-
ring epidemics not mark q general weakening
of the horse constitution And. while We
are training exceptional animals to higher
rates Of speed, are we not losing, through
lack of intelligent breeding or wise use and
care, in the power Of the average horse 7
Old liverymen, of twenty and thirty years.
experience, tell us that their horses now
cannot stand such drives as used to be COM
mon.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
For The vERHoNT FARMER.
How Premium Butter is Made at Hill
side Farm,

Mrs. A. o. W. Foster having taken first
premium for print butter at the late state
fair, it may be Of interest to your readers to
know how It is manufactured.
The method Of making il is known as the
deep can system and is as follows: Immedi-
ately after milking, the milk is strained into
the cans which are then immersed deep
enough in the water tank to have the water
in the tank stand little higher than the
milk in the cans. The tank is filled with
clear cold spring water which is kept cOp-
tinually circulating. Afler standing twenty
four hours the cream is taken off aud put in
the eroam can which, Ike the milk can, IS
kept in the water. The cream is churned
every seven days in a common dash churn.
As soon as the butter is come it is taken out,
into a wooden bowl and then it is
washed with clear, cold spring water, and
thoroughly worked with q wooden ladle. In
working the hands are never permitted to
come in contact with the butter, but every
operation of working. sailing and putting
in prints is done with the ladle. The rule
for sailing is one ounce of Ashton factory.
filled salt to the pound of butter. After
working and sailing the butter stands six
hours, when it is worked over again to secure
perfect homogeneous mass, after which it is
made into prints for exhibition.
S. G. FosTER.
mIIiusiIc Enr,,, y IHiItn,, M
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
Leaves for Bedding and AbsOrbsnts.

The value of forest leaves for the manure
heap is not sufficiently regarded. When
farms are "runuing down" year after year,
we should seek for every source of fertility
which the farm can supply. 1t is folly to
pay large sums for commercial fertilizers aud
freight on the same, taking the risk of their
being genuine while many things of known
value are wasted. The extraordinary fer.
tility Of newly cleared land, which produces
all crops with such prodigal profusion, is de-.
rived mainly from decaying leaves and wood.
They afford the elements needed by growing
crops.
Leaves gathered and housed serve triple
purpose, supplying comfortable bed for the
stock, acting as absorbents, and by their own
decay giving one Of the best manures.
The correspondent of the Boston Daily
Journal, who writes such common sense ar
ticles under the title Of everyday thoughts
about everyday work, says in a recent issue /:
IL VIII soon De sehson 10 colscJ leaVeS
for composing in the manure heap or for use
as bedding. Raking up leaves and loading
them by the basketful for bedding seems
small business, but l can collect
more bedding in that way than in any
other in the same time, if may get them
within mile Of home. Ono man, one or
two smart boys and boxed-up wagon will
get large lot of them in day, without
working hard, and they make the very best
manure for our fields that have been SO long
under cultivation. 1t is natures own way
of lertilizing worn.out land, only that nature
has to raise a growth of forest to shed its
leaves for many years, while We by manual
labor and team labor can perform it in a
short time. Don't fail to try it this year.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
For the VERMONT FARMER.
The Standing of Vermont Potatoes in
England.

An International Potato Exhibition, or
ganized for the encouragement Of the best
methods Of culture and the Introduction of
improved varieties of the ''noble tuber," was
held in Alexandra Palace, London, on the
Goth and Both Of September last, and was, as
We learn from the Gardeners Chronicle, a
remarkable success. More than ], $3.50 dishes
we're staged.
In the collection which received the first
prize Of GS and silver cup of the value Of
9l0, ia the class for twenty-four varieties,
we notice Snowflake, Bresee's Prolific,
Brownell's Beauty, and Extra Early Yer
mont.
In the class for six varieties the collec.
tion which obtained the first prize included
Snowflake and Bresee's Prolific. In that
far six varieties, kidney shaped, Snowflake
and Early Rose were in the lot which came
In first. In the class for the best dish Of
any white round variety, Bresee's King Of the
Earlies came In second, and Bresees Prolific
third thirty-three dishes having been en-
tered. In that for the best dish of any
eolored round variety, Brownell's Beauty was
first thirty.two dishes being put up,
A similar number of dishes Of white kidney s
we're staged; and, although the three prizes
were awarded to English varieties, a very
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
hillside Farm" Wilton, Me.
For the VERMONT FARMER.
Details Of Echo Farm Dairy Called For

EDITOR VERMONT FARMER We think
Echo Farm must be beautiful place, judg-
ing from its name and its we'll fed stock of
Alderneys which according to Agricola, in
FARMER of October l5), "roam over rich
meadows during the summer. and in the
winter occupy a palace barn, clean as a
kitchen ~
But before we can conclude whether its
proprietor ought to have one dollar per
pound for his butter, we shall want to know
how long that nice milk stands in those "pails"
before it is skinned? How long the cream
stands after it is taken of before it is chur ned
aud how much Of the butter-milk is worked
out of the butter before it is packed2
p. l.. HOPKINS.
East Berkshire, VI.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
How CarbOnic Acid Absorbed from the
Atmosphere by Plants is Restored.

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Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05

The spiIO6tic still fingers among the
horses. The number Of deaths is small /;
but the number of animals that do not recover
is far from small. The disease appears to
be SO light that there is no alarm, and peO-
pie do not trouble themselves about the
horses unless they are "scart." They are
kept at work, and palliative treatment neg
lectsd, while the lungs are 50 congested that
their Office is imPerfsCtly performed. Any
considerable effort puts them out Of breath.
Exposure to storms or chills aggravates the
trouble. The result in many cases is organic
disease more or less severe, which eventually
spoils the horse.
Those animals that arc used carefully
suffer as little as those that are idle and
those that are stabbed constantly and do
nothing are affected like those running in
the pasture, or at work, aud frequently suf-
fer from more severe attack. Careful
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05

scale, on different farms, and II should be
also ascertained if chemical farming admitted
the repetition Of crops on the same field
without rotation, which had hitherto been
found imperative in Massachusetts. This
idea was being carried out by Prof Stock
bridge, who had leased the nanuring Of
farms, provided tho farmers would furnish
the labor. The results from such methods
will be decisive. So far as known, chemical
farming had ne effect to injure or affect the
soil itself The above composition was
applied TO corn, because on analysis the corn
plant had been found 10 furnish the same
chemical products. s
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05
Peace to 0leomargarlne.

We have limited pretty plainly our opinion
that the American Grocer and some agricul-
tural papers were overriding the oleomar- =
garine question.
The protection to the American dairy in
terest in the English market to be got by
branding the suet butter and cheese, when
in fact the brands on all goods are oblter-
ated by exporters, is a thing that "no fellah
can find out"
The Utica Herald. under the title which
we quote, copies paragraph from the Gro
Ger, and remarks:
Thus the Grocer reaches the conclusion
we announced as the result of our examina.
tion of the subject a year ago. 1t says
We are fully prepared to admit that Capt
GARDENERS company makes fair, honest aud
palatable product of which they need not be
ashamed, etc. This is true. Any ono can
determine this by looking at it, and any one
who wishes TO look has only to 20 aud ask.
We are glad the end has come Of talking in
the dark and misrepreSenting thing which
is not understood. The thing which is now
q matter of business and the advantage which
will come to it from the fact that those who
were once its 6tterest foes are now COM
petled, by their own candor and sense of
truth to call IL fair and honest, will, perhaps,
atone for all the misrepresentation which has
unwittingly been poured upon it. AS we
looked upon the rush and tumult of unin-
formed combatants we called to them to show
us any fact OF evil in it, aud we would hit
harder than they all r j. But they only
answered us with cries which gained no war
rant in the facts as we knew them, and the
result is their acknowledgment that no eUiL
eriSts. As the matter stands to-day the
Improvement of skim cheese, with eleomar,
garine is fair, honest and palatable,' as the
Grocer says.
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05

The Ohio State Wool Growers Associa-
tiOn resolved, last year, that it was advisable
to have record of pedigrses of fne-wool
sheep, and appointed committee to have
charge Of the work, including the examiua-
tiou of sheep and their pedigrecs, and com.
piIing, editing and publishing the United
States Register of MeriuO Sheep rather
cumbrous job. And now parties who have
paid money to this committee for the OK
pense Of examination of their Aocks lone
man paying s2OOl are making pointed n-
auiries for the book. W. -
Vermont farmer. [volume] (Newport, Orleans County, Vt.) 1870-1877, 1875-11-05

The subject of fall feeding and moving
rOweu is up for discussion in the agricultural
press, and is having good hearing. The
prevailing opinion Of the most successful
men who write upon the matter appears to
be that fall feeding is injurious, especially
80 If it is close, or by heavy animals; and
that late moving of rOwen is not advisable.
The common custom is to NOW all that is
worth moving, and then feed off all that the
stock can get.
While we would depreCate any system
which leaves the sod exposed to winter with
no mulch of aftermath, we have found meth
ing to kill out the grass, and especially
clover, more effectually than heavy crop Of
roWen left on tho land.