davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20
Testing the Darwlnlan Theory.

Tt is not generally known that a series
of elaborate experiments Intending to
illustrate the laws effecting the variation
and selection OF species have been Tor
some years going ON under the difec-
tion of able and intelligent nsturalists.
These experiments were began soon
after the appearance of MIR, DarWin's
great work, and their object IS to dis
cover the extent TO which, by persistent
effort, species may be varied, TO what
degree particular organs may be chang
ed by different circumstance and con-
dition, and how far feeble and rudimen-
tary development may be increased and
accelerated by special Conditions and
wants. These experiments are carried
out with the utmost care, and their re-
suits recorded with aecuracy and they
will no doubt IN due time throw much
light on the doctrines Of development
and natural selection. The period dur
ing which they have been conducted
has, as vet, been too brief TO yield i'm
portant results, and they may possibly
nave to be carried on for more than half
q century before their scientific value is
really aseertained. These experiments
are under the direct supervision of near
" all the more eminent naturalists of
the day, including Sir John Lubbock,
Mr.. Darwin and Mr.. Wallaee, and they
viii be the first sustained scientific test
to which the laws affecting the variation
and origin of the species have been sub
jected. Dundee (ScottG7ld) AdUertiSer.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20
Whitney's COttOn-Gin.

The English manufacturers struggled
against many difficulties, three of which
may be named-the lack of suitable
machinery the opposition of the wool
trade, which induced the authorities
even to hang criminals in cotton gar
mepts to render the goods unpopular
and the lack of supply of cotton.
The cotton from the boil yields only
from one-quarter to one-third genuine
fibre. and the labor of removing the
seed by hand seemed at this critical mo-
ment to set limit to the production, or
at least render it so expensive that the
goods could not come into general use
among the mass of the people, who
were used to being tolerably we'll fed
and housed, and could not live on two
pence a day and support their families,
like the Hindoos. It is true that in
India sort of roller-gin had been in
use from time immemorial-one which
pinched the fibre and carried it away
from the seed, whose size prevented It
from passing between the rollers but
this was comparatively slew, and does
not appear to have been known in Amer
ica, where the manipulating was in
vogue. Besides, it is only suitable for
certain staples of cotton. The great
need of the producer and the manUfae-
turer was a machine TO remove the cot
ton from the seed with rapidity and
economy. a. arrr EfaFA
At this juncture appears Eli Whitney,
of Massachusetts, who in 1874 patented
the cotton-gin. The name gin is short
for engine, and is a frequent curt ex-
preston for a handy machine. Whit
ney's saW-gin comprises TIVE cylinders
of different diameteFs mounted in a
wooden frame, and turned by a handle
or belt or pulley SO as 20 rotate In oppoz
site directions, the brush cylinder the
faster. The smaller cylinder carries on
its circumference from sixty to eighty
circular saws, and the larger cylinder a
series of brushes. The teeth of the
saws pass in between a number of bars,
forming grating. The cotton, as picked
from the pods, is thrown into the hop
per; the saws strip the fibre from the
seeds, which fall through the bot
tom of the hopper, while the wool Is
cleansed from the teeth of the saws, and
delivered by asloping table INTO. a re-
ceptacle below.
The crop of cotton increased from
IS9, ,316 pounds in 1871 10 100000, 900
pounds in 1855 Whitney and his part
ner received $50, 900 from the state of
South Carolina, and a tariff of So much
per saw per annum from the states of
North Carolina and Georgia for short
term of years HnrperS.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20

The Cheyenne chief Big Horn has
surrendered uncondttionaily at the Cheyenne
agency, together with twenty Warriors forty
equaws, twenty-nine papooses and over 200
horses. -Ea ---F.<-F- a ~, .
The Detroit board Of inspectors find
that the propeller Brooklyn, which exploded
few weeks since, killing some twenty people,
was at the time carrying 100 pounds of steam,
when her certificate allowed only 20.
A dispatch from Camp SuIly, Indian
Territory, dated November z, tells story Of
a fight on Mcclellan creek the previous day,
between twenty-eight men OF the sth cavalry
under Captain H.. Z. Farnsworth, and one
hundred Cheyennes. The United States
troops lost one killed and four wounded. The
Indians loss was fifteen killed. E-4
Over 10000 people witnessed the
great running race ct San FIancisco on the
18th inst. The contest was mainly between
Katie Pease and Thad Stevens, the former
winning in two straight heats. Time, 7:431lC,
1864. The friends of Thad Stevens were
greatly disappointed. On the first heat the
horses got or well together. Thad Stevens
took the first three miles, closely pushed by
Katie Pease. The last mile was won by the
latter. Time, 7:4S51, Stevens was held by
four lengths behind. After the first heat Alpha
was withdrawn lame. It was reported that
Stevens also was lame. At the close OF the
second heat the race was the most exciting
ever witnessed there Joe Daniels was dis
tanced in the last heat. The field barely
saved themselves. Henry was I'd, Hardwood
Sd, Thad 4th, Hooking 5th. Just before the
race Katie Pease sold at 81 600 Thad Stevens
for 1920, and the field for 1920. The hackers
of Thad Stevens were confident that, if he
was not shut out ON the first heat, he would
win the race. ever 800, 600 changed hands
on the result There were many eastern
turfmen on the ground, some Of whom were
betting on Thad Stevens. Ten and twenty
dollars were paid along the course for favor
able positions for Occupants OF the carriages
The grounds presented a magnificent spec
tacle, eelipsing that CT the great running
race Of last year. Before the race Katie
Pease sold at 21O to 500 on Thad Stevens, Joe
Daniels third choice. - 5Cfr
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20
The Transit Of Venus Expedition.

The question may be asked Why so
much pains should be taken TO measure
the distance of the sun, and whether it
makes any difference to mankind what
orbit Venus describes. r Scientific in
vestigators never inquire of what use
knowledge is they leave its practical
application TO others. But a very little
consideration will show that astronomy
has, in a merely utilitarian way, paid
the world manifold for all the labor
spent In learning IT. Did it never 'oe-
cur to the reader that it is to Kelper,
Newton, and their successors that we
owe the means of navigating the ocean
IN safety? When a ship is out of
sight of land there is no way of de-
termining her position except by obser-
vations Of the heavenly bodies. But
observations could not be used for this
purpose unless the laws of motion of
those bodies had been discovered and
taught by mathematicians and astrono-
meFs. A striking example of this is
fresh in the memory of all. "A year
and half ago the spendid steamer City
of Washington sailed on her usual vOy-
age across the. ocean, but constant
cloudy weather prevented observations
to determine her position. In cOnse-
uuence, she was wrecked on.the coast of
Nova Scotia, and the loss of more
property than would pay for all the
expenses of observing the transit of
Venus paid the forfeit for failure to
make the necessary observations. A
large portion of the labors of astrono-
mers is devoted to fixing the. positions
Of the stars and planets with eOntinu-
ally increasing accuracy, and the OBJ
servations we have been describing are
one step in this work. --.RarpeT's. aa
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20
Treasurer spinner,s Report.-

Treasurer Spinner's annual statement
shows that the receipts for the year,
ending June 80, 1874, show decrease,
compared with the previous year, in
customs, caused by the panic, of S24,-
QS5. .689, and in internal revenue. occa-
stoned by recent changes in the law, of
81, 1856, 500. The expenditures, eXclu-
siVe of those on account of the public
debt, have been decreased g, 1868, ,652.
Commendabie, he says, as this retrench-
ment is, it is believed it will be still
greater at the end of the current year.
Spinner says the labor required in his
Office has increased. The reduction in
the number Of female employees, and
the reduction of the salaries of those
remaining, under the act of congress at
last session, has been a source of incon-
venience to the department, and Of dis
ltress to poor widows and children.
The treasurer asks legislation TO re-
strain the issue Of circulating notes
osher than are authorized by acts of
congress, making the same a misde-
meanor, punishable by fine or impriron-
ment, or both. This evil is mainly at
the south, in some localities of which
almost the only circulating medium
consists of local issues by municipali-
ties and manufacturing companies.
He suggests an amendment TO the
law, attaching q penalty for non-pay-
rnent within the prescribed term Of the
amount due from any national bank, of
an additional sum at the rate of one per
cent. per month, upon the amount due
and unpaid, the same to be retained
from the next interest due on its stock
held in trust for the redemption Of the
circulating notes.
As to national bank note redemption,
he thinks no further delay viii occur,
though the redemption agency is still
without sufficient help. Notice will
soon be sent 70 the banks advising them
Of the amounts charged to their re-
demption fund TO reimburse the treaBu-
~ for the charges for transportation
and cost OF asserting notes. The
charges will be in proportion to the
number of notes redeemed rather than
their value.
Is IS also recommended that the
comptroller of the currency, with the
concurrence of the secretary of the
treasury, be empowered to appoint a
special agent to examine the affairs of
banks negleeting to keep mp their 5 per
cent. redemption fund, and on his re-
port, If warranted, to place such banks
In the hands of receiver.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20
THE nIoTHER,s CALI.
BY MRS. ooRNn LAWS ST. JOIN


An aged mother, sitting in the twilight of an au.
tunn evening, weeps at the thought that her chill.
dreu, who have gone out from her home into tbs
busy world can return to her no more in the sweet
ness, purity, and beauty Of youth.
Come back to my arms little childrenf
Back through the fields brown and still,
Where yOur footsteps went out In Hfes morning,
To the great world far over the hill. -- - s-r
Come back DER the fields lying sodden
And dim, in the chill autumn rain;
For my starving heart waiteth to fold you s
To my bosom again and again essr. -..tf
The mist from the Ioaslands upriseth
To the sad, starless fields of the sky;
Comei for the pathway is fading, sr--= .a-
ana the evening shades fast multiply.
But bring your pure hearts of the morning,
Lay down your dark burden of years,
And come to me, only as children,
With your child-hymns, and laughter, and tears.
Come back from the world, straying children!
Back IN your Innocence sweet, -...4- --
With the hand of your Maker yet on you,
And the May flowers under your feet.
sly arms to the dim, faded meadows,
For your forms stretch In hungering quest
Return, like the swallows Of summer,
Again to your desolste nest. --s..-
Come back in your robes white and gailtless
Your d1mples, and soft shining hair
0, come in that marvellous beauty
Which only the innocent wear.
Dear circle of evanished faces!
Turn back through the twilight OF years,
And gladden., with one blissful moment,
These heavy eyes laden with tears.
My empty arms fold but your shadows, - 4.
And the path which your sinless feet wore,
That cleft the sweet heart OF She meadows. A.-I
Dies out in the mist of the moor. ~ a.
Ny InOtherhood's crown drops its Jewels, = 4.
ny bosom Is aching and bare, VIZ ~
OF your childhood hold but one token, Eatzs..e
One tress OF your bright baby-hair.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20
MISCELLANEOUS,

The steamer King Leopold, of New
castle, recently fOundered at sea, and twenty
persons we're drowned. ~ -.e ss
Information received In diplomatic
circles confirms the report tha5 Spain has
paid the indemnity to England growing out of
the Vrginius affair.
The Evening Post says, if the Pacific
mail steamship company do not give the tea
and silk business to the Pacific railroads, the
latter will arrange with a line OF Engliah
steamers to China and Japan.
It is reported in Philadelphia, that
the owners of the steamship Great-Eastern
are deliberating about sending 5000 passen-
gers over in her, to be fed and housed on
board during the Centennial exhibition.
The American express company's
messenger, on the Toronto branch Of the
Great Western railroad, was robbed last week
by ave masked robbers. The amount Of
money lost is supposed to be $4,000 or
$4,000.
The solicitor of the treasury has
formally demanded of the treasurer of the
Union Pacific railroad company the i've per
cent. Of the net earnings of the road from
November, 1863, to October 81, 1874, making
81, ,04O, O56 to be paid within the next sixty
days. --.. Efe
The third assistant pOstmaster-gen-
eral in his annual report, estimates the pro-
portion of washed stamps used again IN pay
ment of postage at 5 per cent. Of the value
OF all stamps sold each year, causing an an
nual loss of a million dollars to the revenues
Of tho department. $50
Postmaster General Jewell emphati-
ealiy discIsims Intending to recommend any
increase in tine present rates Of postage. On
the contrary, he thinks postage should be re.
duoed, whenever it should Be found possible
TO materially diminish the expenditures for
carrying the mails, without depriving the pub
lic OF existing facilities
General spinner s report is completed
and in the hands OF the printer. He devotes
considerable space to an argument in favor of
issuing interchangeable bonds. 20 bear inter-
est az the rate Of 3.65 per cent. His argu-
ments on this point are in the main the same
as those of last year, except that he believes
that it would be wise to allow holders to ex-
change the 8.65 for outstanding Eve and six
/ per cent. bonds. lie says that the greatest
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20
SOUTH,

The health of Gen. John G. Breckin-
ridge does not improve.
There are nov in Louisiana twenty
eight companies OF Infantry, four Of cavalry
and two OF artillery.
The New Orleans mint is being made
ready for coming money, If congress makes
the necessary appropriation.
A new line of steamers has been es-
tablished in Baltimore, to trade between that
port and Port Royal, South Carolina.
An entire train of cars passed over
M. L. Duke, machinist, at Dallas, Texas, the
other day. Hewas trying to climb the eaboose.
Little Rock claims to be the cradle of
female education in Arkansas, because the
first female college in the state has been
opened there, ess
The steamer Idas Leon, ,ECaptain Full
ton, sunk, Thursday in Red river, between
Ooushatta and Shreveport. She had seventy
bales of cotton on board. The boat is total
loss. She was valued at $4,000, and Insured
for 81, 500. ~ - s.I,.s.-s - "
The Office of the Gazette newspaper,
at wittsburg, Ark, was set on fire last week,
and owing to high wind prevailing at the
time, the flames soon communicated to the
auIdCShg anu HSstn were
consumed, valued at S25, 600. slrs-
E. s. Ramsey, Of Helena, Arkansas,
shot himself at the Worsham house, Memphis.
Tenn, last week, the hall entering just below
the heart, inficting fatal wound. A tela-
gram to his father says II have been driven
fl, m home, and, maddened, shall commit sui
eide. God help me In the name Of Jesus.
A colored man named Gordon, living
near Memphis, was shot aud killed by DIR.
White near Commerce, Mississippi, recently.
Gordon had stolen q shotgun from Dr. White,
for which he had been picking cotton. The
doctor, attempting to regain the gun, was fired
upon by Gordon, and, returning the FIRE, killed
Gordon instantly. White was tried ana ac-
quilted.
The last letter ever written by Gen
eral Stonewalf' jackson is in the possession
OF the southern historical society. It was ad-
dressed 20 General Lee under date Of May 2,
1863 and reads rs follows Generai-The
enemy has made stand at ChanceIlor's, which
is about two miles from Charlottesville. I
hope as soon as practicable to attack. I truts
that an ever kind providence VIII bless Us with
success"
AT Salisbury, N. O., two negroes en-
tered the house of an old man, supposed to
have large sum of money on hand, for the
purpose Of robhing him, on the morning OF
the 18th inst, and when he refused to give mp
his money, one negro fired, the shot taking ef-
fectin the old mans mouth, but glancing, made
only flesh wound. The old gsntleman's
wife, aged so, attacking the negro with a
spade, the first blow penetrated his brain and
killed him. 73ttss1
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20
FoREIcM.

Venezuela is in ferment of revolu-
ton.
For come years past there has been
an annual emigration Of $4,000 parsons from
Italy .s
The annual number of persons con-
victed Of serious crimes IN England shows
steady diminution, a u ~
The Russian Government has sent
orders for the speedy completion OF tho for
tress on the Khivan frontiers.
Nalakaun, tine King of the Sandwich
Islands, viii arrive at San Francisco by the
Benicia about the last 0g this month
Although owning and controlling the
land telegraph, Sir Stafford Northcote says
the British government has no notion Of in
vesting in cables.
A telegram from Paris says, the i'm
preston there, ia circles favorable TO Don
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20
ElectrieltE For Toothaehe.

A Paris journal states that DIR. Bon
chard, Of that city, finds the use of cleo
tricity very efficient in cases of severe
toothaehe, a perfect cure, even where
the teeth are. greatly decayed, being
not unfrequently obtained, and tempo
rary relief almost invariably ensuing.
In numerous instances, where allevia-
tion at first was Of short duration the
effect became more and more marked,
and lasted longer as the tFeatmsnt was
repeated. The method pursued by Dr..
Bouchard In applying the electricity is
to place the positive pole OF the current
on the cheek opposite the diseased
tooth and the negative upon the antero-
lateral portion of the neck, and TO avoid
ulcerations the electrodes are made very
large, and their place frequently
changed. The application is continued
about half an hour, although relief is
frequently experienced in ten to fifteen
minutes. A battery of about ten ele-
ments Is used.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20
The RoEs in Bed.

Whoever has lifted the curtains Of
boys aIcoVes, soon after their inmates
have gone to bed. and has looked low
ingly In, has seen a pretty eight. Cen
erally their faces are laying most rest
fully, with hand under cheek, and IN
many cases look strangely youneer
than when awake, and often very infan-
tile, as If some trick Of older expression.
which they had been taught TO wear by
day, had been dropped the moment the
yOung ambitious VIII has lost control.
The lids lie shut over bright, busy eyes:
the air is gently and evenly famed by
coming and going bEeaths there Is a
little crooked mound in the bed : along
the beds foot, Or on chair beside, are
the day clothes, sometimes neatly
folded, sometimes huddled off IN a
hurry bulging with balls, or, in the
lesser fellows, marbles stained With
the earth OF many helds where wood
chuck have been trapped, or perhaps
torn with the roughness of trees on
which squirrels have been sought per-
haps wet and mired with the smooth
black or gray mud from marshes, or
the ooZy. banks OF streams, where musk
rats have been tracked. Under the beds
foot lies the shoes-One on its side -
with the gray and white socks, now
creased and soiIed, thrown ACROSS them
and there. in their little cells, squared
in the great mass Of night, needless
how the earth whirls away with them
or how the world goes, who is thinking
of them or whRt is doing at home, the
busiest people in the world are resting
for the moTrow.-LOl0clrs /" anatomy
Blade"
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20
CONDITION Of the Iron Trade.

The latest reports of the iron moul-
ders' union thus summarize the present
condition of their tTadess New York
city very dull. At Troy, Albany,
Rochester, Syracuse, Peekskl, Hud-
son, Brooklyn, Little Falls, Auburn,
Dunkirk and Utica, very dull and no
prospects of Improvement. In Phila-
delphia, Pittsburg and MeadFille, IS not
good, and no Improvement, is the
report. at New Haven and Norwich
the report is, 80 trade poor" All the
Ohio branches-C1eyeland Cincinnati,
Toledo, and elsewhere-the report is,
trade very dull" and "was ney yer
worse" From Indianapolis, Louisville
and st, L0uis it is. very bad. no
work. !" and " trade dull" At Detroit,
Milwaukee, Oshkosh, Grand Rapids,
S trade poor. From Chicago, Peoria
and Springfield. the report, {" only toll
erable," and great many idle"
From all the southern unions-Balti-
more, Richmond, Chattanooga, Mem
phis, Wheeling, Savannah, Columbus,
(Ga.,) Water Valley, CMiss.,) Mobile
and Peter sburg, the reports are f'veTy
dull, trade Slow no work, g
tired of feeding and lodging tramps
IN search of work, trade slack, etc.
So also from Salt Lake City and Vir-
ginia City the same comes. In few
places the trade is reported as fair. and
IN very few as good, but in all cases
moulders are warned against risking the
expense of q trip to these places, as
there is no prospect of steady improve
ment.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1874-11-20
NEWS OF THE WEEK.
saa EAST.

BY the failure of Anew York enVel-
ope maker, $50 persons are disempioyed
Two hundred and forty workmen
have been discharged from the Brooklyn navy
yard. A further reduction of the force will
be made this week
Undertook was hanged at West Ohes-
ter, Pa, on the 18th inst He made no
confession. 5nst before the black ear was
drawn over his face, he said to the attending
clergyman: ." All have to say is, am a sin
ner saved by grace and I am accepted Of God. -
The managers Of st. Johns Guild
say that at least ten thousand men and women
are out Of employmsnt in New York city, and
that whole families are without the necessities
of life. Hundreds gather at the Guild doors
daily clamoring for food, and the treasury of
the Guild, even to- its reserve fund, is ex
hausted. -