New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1874-03-26
APPLIED SCIENCE.

,,ynvRISG observation-disclosures to DR. lIa-
sum-arabc. under prolonged drying prelimi-
- "a authorization, not only experiences loss OF
,ural moisture las high as 10 per cent?, but also
lr,bt change of properties. as indicated by Its
yer 10 reduce at a gentle heat, potassic solution
TS.o,,er After time it also loses its ready sou-
,;,;,v in water and consequently oily emulsions are
not as easily made with 1t. Hagar therelore an-
iscs that gumarabic be kept only as a moderately
sns powdeT, and that in moist or cold weather, IL
he dried no longer than one day, in warm place
about S6' in which case 1t Will lose but per cent
or Al most ,! per cent, OF its weight
PRODUCTION OF STARCH, PAPER AND SOAP FROM
coRS-All the ingredients of corn, according TO
Jsconte NAV be utilized. The grain u.s. in the hrst
l.ce 10 be saturated with solution OF caustlc SODA
!, large cisterns. and transferred TO cyhndrlcal
dawes then dipped in water and ground in connec-
can with a continuous stream of pure or somewhat
e,u.,ic water. The quantity of soda. depending on
;t.ouslty the oily contents of the grain, and the
,smperature should be such as to saponify the oil of
che grain while allowing the starch TO appear solid
ana firm. The liquid as IT leaves the mill, passes
ovsr sleeves on which the germs hulls. etc, are re-
,ajned while the starch and soap pass through, and
dow over large, inclined surfaces, upon which the
tarch settles and the dilute soap solution collects
I, cistprns. The starch lis then washed with pure
water in cisterns, again passed through sleeves into
ssterns allowed 10 settle twenty-t0ur hours, and,
afRr
md dried Excellent soap may he obtained from
The dilute solution, aud the germs, etc, can be ut
ifed in paper manufacture.
R,sr,yRT's PROCESS FOR DRYING ALL KINDS OF
FURcs-The following process is said to be appli-
cable 10 heavy or hight goods of cotton linen, wool
or silk bleached or unbleached printed or dyed On
account of the uniformity of its action, it imparts TO
the goods without any harshness in feeling, finer
finish than any other method. With all this advan-
tage. 1t consumes minimum OF fuel, demands httle
room does not require special boiler and is exceed
ingy simple. In the operation steam is passed from
aboer under pressure of three to six atmospheres,
and superheated without increasing its pressure,
by passing through heated tubes. 1t finally issues,
in number of small jets. uniformly distributed
along n tube so near to each other that sheet or
DIV steam IL were. Is formed, which, with the AR
drawn along and heated by it, implnges, by simple.
sutabe construction of the box surrounding the
jets upon the cloth moved In front OF IT. The DIS
lance of the cloth from the Jets adjustable for diff
fen fabrics and plans are also gwen Tor arranging
several sheets OF steam TO play on the cloth In sue
cesson. or on both sides at the same time. The
PRESSURE amounts of steam and air, tcmpeTature,&c.
can be regulated 10 suit different cases. Inc steam
issuing under pressure, seems 10 act III part by pene-
tratlug the material.
CONDENSATION OF STEAM BY COLD SURFACES
Az Investigation by Reynolds, Professor of Engi-
neering in Ovens College, Manchester, on the
denSatIOn OF q mixture OF ar ana steam upon COlu
surfaces. has important practical bearings in the
management of the steam engine. His objects were
10 ascertain if there is great difference in the rates
Of condensation of pure steam, and mixture
Of steam and air; and, again, to ascertain
il the effect of the mixed air ON the con-
densaton increases the proportion of air to steam
Increases. The rate of condensation of pure steam
is so great when it impingeS upon a cold surface,
that practically impossible to measure 1t where
fore indirect methods of Investigation were neces
sry. The conclusions drawn from his experiments
are follows: First, that small quantity of air in
steam does very much retard its condensation upon
aeOd surface that IN fact. there is no limit to the
rate at which pure steam will cOndense except the
power of the surface TO carry of the heat Second
that the rate of condensation diminishes rapidly,
and nearly uniformly, as the air that is present in
oreases in proportion of from two to ten per cent
Of the steam and then less and less rapidly until
9per cent Is reached after which the rate of con-
densatiOn remains nearly constant Third, that, IN
consequence of this effect OF air the necessary area
Of surface of condenser for steam engine in
very rapidly with the quantity OF air allowed
20 be present within it, Fourth that by mixing air
with the before it is used the condensation at
the surface of the cylinder may be greatly dimin
ished aud consequently the efficiency of the engine
increased. Fifth, that the maximum effect or
II. will he obtained when the pressure of the air
EOne-tenth that of the steam.
QrRrELET's TABLES OF MORTALITY.-In a recent
memoir on Mortality Tables, compiled shortly be-
fore his death, Queteet after reviewing all the
earlier tables of mortality compiled since the days
Of HALEY, for various countries of Europe, pro-
teeded 10 the study of the modern tables In con-
uructlng which, as is well known, Quetelet took
prominent part His object was TO obtain
new not of the individual in particular, but of
humanity in its generality. Men act as individuals
two men equally streng vie with each other
with equal chances of success; but, if we have a
hundred thousand men, equally strong, and bat
ting with the same chances of success against a
Hundred thousand men of another nation. and if the
former he sustained by a sort of unity which
makes them act as single individual, and If the
second have not such sentiment of affinity, we
shall Immediately see the difference IN a very
marked manner. The tables of mortality represent
different nations, each nation divided accord
ing 10 the ages and sexes of the individuals, and
derive from them trustworthy conclusions as to the in
heren vitality of the various members OF the human
iaoe Only few of the more striking and interest
lug statements that may be deduced from the
tUres given by Quetelet are here reproduced.
From birth TO the age of five years, out of every
100 inhabitants there die in the respective nations,
ihe numbers given in the first column of the follow
lag table: ,
C,rnirv Total Females Mats Females. Males
koyway..........-... lS9 90 % 43 AZ
Sweden .............. 232 100 rs II