davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1874-05-06

AMONG Dr. Livingstone's effects
were found great many letters bear
Ing the dates OF lSG9-T0-7l. addressed
to Sir Roderlck Murchison. Sir Henry
Rawlinson. aud others, which had uey.
or been sent to these gentlemen. There
were also found the doctors favorite
gold banded cap, and Mr.. Stanley's
card,
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1874-05-06

"TuEnE." said an old topper, "sec
what all this temperance crusade pray
Ing has done. First, busted the Lin.
dell Hotel tank aud liked to drowned
ST. Louis; and now everilowed the
whole South with water. II the women
keep OH We n have another Hood,
sure"
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1874-05-06

ieLcsvss q Brsad......"........"..uoo
I .................... %
PIES, CAKES, etc.. also At reduced pr'ess
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1874-05-06

uAyING JUST RETURNED
III nom San Francisco with . LARGE
STOCK OF FLOUR, an prepared to sell all
articles In my line as cheap ~ any man on the
Pacihc Coast.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1874-05-06

~ Orders for Fancy Cskes for Balls, Parties
and Wsddings, promptly Allied In any Part
Gold Hill. Please give me Q call.
ap3Stf JACOB BECKER, Proprietor.
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
Peoples National Bank
TREASURY DEPA RTMENT,
OFFICE COMPTROLLER OF CURC'Y,
WASHINGTON, May 9Th, 1874.

WHEREAS, By satisfactory evidence
presented to the undersigned. it has
been made to appear that the People s
National Bank of Martinsburg, in the
town of Martinsburg, in the county of
Berkeley and State of West Virginia,
has been duly organized under and
accordingto the requirements ofthe Act
OF Congress, entitled an act to provide
National Currency secured by a
pledge of United States bonds, and to
provide for the circulation and redemp-
ton thereof approved June Sd, 1864,
and has complied with all the provis-
ions of said Actrequired to be complied
with before commencing the business
of banking, under said act.
Now, therefore, L John Jay Knox,
Comptroller of the Currency, do here
by certify that the Peoples National
Bank of Martinsburg, in the town of
Martinsburg, in the county of Berke-
ley and State of West Virginia, is au-
thorized to commence the business of
banking, under the act aforesaid
In testimony whereof, witness my
hand and seal of office this 9th day of
May, 1874.
JOHN JAY KNOX,
Comptroller of Currency.
may Is CIV.
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
DISTRICT CoURT or THE UNITED STATES.
In BANKRUPTCY.

THIS IS 10 GIVE NOTICE, THAT on the
9Th day Of June, 1874 a warrant of Bank
ruptcY was issned of the District Court
OF the United States for the District of West
Virginia, against the estate Of John A.
Bird, Of Martinsburg, in the County of
Berkeley, in the said District, who was adj
judged Bankrupt on bis own Peti ion ::
Ihat the payment Of any debts and the de-
livery Of any property belonging to such
Bankrupt, TO him, or for his use, and the
transfer Of any property by him, are for
hidden by law and that a meeting Of the
Creditors Of said Bankrupt, 10 prove their
debts, and to choose one or more ASS gnees
Of his estate, viii be held at Court Of
Bankruptcy, to be holden al Martinsburg,
Ia the Office Of Black burn 4 Lamon, before
II. II. Blackburn, Esq, Register in Bank
ruptcy for said District, on the 9Th day Of
July, A. b. 1874, at 0 o clock, a n.
TOWNER SCHLEY.
Deputy y. S Marshal for SAID District.
June 22-w 1t.
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
MARwlNanuae mARRsr.

GRAIN. Wheat 81 .50a1.5G; corn
G5a70; oats 45a50.
FLOUR. Family ranges from SIS
10 $3.50, according to grade.
Provisions. Butter 20a25 cts;
eggs, 1Sa20; lard l0a12; Beef, roast
and steak, III cents per pound !;
steak, Is els. per pound; mutto",
z2A els; veal l0al2 cts; hams l7al8
cts; shoulders, llal21 cts; sides,
az cents.
VEGETABLES. = Cabbage, per
mead, Sale; peas, per peck, 40 cents ;
cucunlbers. 40 cents per dozen; po-
tatoes, new. go Cts, old 30 per peck;
onions, cents per bunch.
PoULrRY.-Spring chickens, 20
and % cents per piece; old, 35 cts.
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
DIED.

Fell asleep in Jesus. on the even
ing of June oath, Mrs. Mamie S.
Gosnell, wife of James A. Gosnell,
Of this place, in the thirtleth year
of her age.
Come and kiss your mother. darlings,
Lay your heads upon my breast
Put your little arms around me,
Say good night and go to rest;
Softer lips than nine will kiss you,
But my dar,ings you will never
Find the love that leaves you now.
Husband. take my little darlings,
Put them tenderly to bed;
Love them, hus band, when they waken,
will be among the dead.
Soon this life-dream will be ended,
Soon this struggling breath will cease,
Farewell, husband, lead my darlings
In the ways of truth and peace.
In this place, on the 22nd inst,
Mifflin Pyle, aged IL years.
Near Gerardtowns, on Wednes-
day, June 17th., Harry l.. aged
10 months, son of Jas, w. and
Mrs. Mahala Snapp
Near Geradstown, on Thursday
morning, June 18Th, of Consump-
ton, James III Snapp, son of the
late Jaaob II Snapp, decd, in the
22nd year OF his age
Near Romney, on June 16, 1874,
Mrs. Sarah Ann Sabb, wife of
Mr. Bailey Sabb, and daughter of
the late Dougal Campbell Esq !,
formerly of this county, in the
Goth year of her age
In Martinsburg, on the 10th inst,
Serena cambridge, infant child of
Blackburn and Sallie ID. Hughes.
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27

$1,000 $lo, 900
My vouchers and Clerks books are re-
spectfully submitted to verify the abovu
report. j. h. w BAKER, Treas.
To the Hon. Mayor and Io'on Council Of
NarttnSburg, ". "a:
Your Committee, appointed to examine
officers hooks and reports for the year
commencing june /, 1873, and ending
May 81, 1874, beg leave to repor that they
have carefully examined the books and
vouchers of the Treasurer, Clerk and Ser
geant, and find them correct
Respectfully submitted,
EDW'D J. PERUVIAN,
GEO. F. RUTHERFORD,
DAVID A CLINE,
LOUIS WOLVES,
HARTMAN H. BOHDA,
June Is, 1874. Committee.
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
Trustees Sale
OF VALUABLE
REAL ESTATE.
L I'll .AGE&. e =
ROOD AND "a PERCHRS

Of land, more or less.
This saleis made by virtue of Deed
Of Trust made by John Strine, Jr. and
wife TO the undersigned, as trustee of
the Mechanics Mutual Building Asso-
citation, dated October rs, 1872 and re-
corded in the County Clerk Office of
Berkeley County, in Deed Book No. 60,
folios 29l, 292 and 293, to secure an in.
debtedness to said Building Assoeia-
ton therein named. On the indebted
ness named in said Deed of Trust, there
is an unpaid balance amounting on the
day Of sale to $751; 55
TERMS OF SALE: One-third cas-
and the balance III two equal payments
in nine and eighteen months, with in
terest from the day of sale, resorving
lien for the deferred pay ments.
II. NJ. PRICE, Trustee.
j. NELSON WISNER,
Atty fJr Association,
June 20-4tw
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
MARX IT'S.

BALTIMORE, June 70. Flour
Howard Street Super 4 25l9 5 90
Howard Street Extra 25(a6 90
Howard Street Choice 75(a6 80
Howard Street Family 7 5000 70.
Wheat. White ] 65.a000 cents
Red 35 al As.
Corn-W White $1,000 cents;
Yellow 9D<a00 cents.
Oats. Southern GOO 67 cents !;
Western 5S(059 cents.
Rye. 951cents.
Provisions. Shoulders 73(d0
Clear rib sides $4,000 Hams ii
G0154 cents. Lard 12(a00.
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
Dry Goods,

Groceries, Queensware, Wooden add Will
low-ware, &C., in the North room of Bux-
toms new building, on Queen Street, near
the Tuscarora Bridge have laid in an
entire new stock of goods, which can
and will sell at bBrgains,
Country Produce taken in exchange for
goods. Give me call.
JOHN Fl. MARTIN,
North room Buxton's new building,
Martinsburg, w. Va.
Anril II i72-1yw
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27

Among the subscribers for the
stock of o Connecticut insurance
company are Mark Twain for
$50, 600, and Senator Jones ofNe
vada, for $4,000.
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
Ii IS announced that the two

1t IS announced that the two
Branches Of the Presbyterian
Church in Canada, the ono an off
shoot Of tie Established Church
of Scotland; the other the Free
Church, or as it has been known
of late years, the Canadian Pres
Oyterian, have agreed upon ba-
sis Of union
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
ONE HUNDRED DOLLAR
T. ~ GOLD.
FOR THE Man WHO WILL DUPLI-
CATE OUR PRICES

Determined to keep up with the times,
and wishing to save the people Of Martins.
burg and vieini the trouble and expense
Of running or sending 10 Baltimore and
elsewhere for their goods. we have pur-
chased one Of the largest and best assorted
stocks that we have ever offered in Mar
tinsburg, and we confidently assert that
we viii sell at less than city retail prices
IL is hardly necessary To call attention t"
our Domestic Department, as the enor-
nous business we do in that line attests
the fact that we must SELL CHEAPER
than any her house in town; and when
we come to FINE GOODS, The difference
is far greater. We will therefore call at
tention to our LARGE ASSORTMENT OF
CARPETS and OlLCLOTHS, which we
are selling at RUINOUS PRICES. Beau
tiful lngra ms at so, 0, 10, 80, 90 and
100 per yard Rag Carpets as low as so
cents per yard; Floor and Table Oil
Cloths in almost every width quality and
price A splendid line OF DRESS GOODS,
all the --latest styles Silks from 81 ap q
heavy Gros Grain forS2, rs good as you
can get for 50 5o in Black Alpacas we
defy competition We have them from %
cents up to a beautiful silk Warp for 81
Wt have added fine aud complete line
of MOURNING GOODS to our stock /.
Australian Grapes, yard Wide, so cts; all
wool Delaines, single width, 379 cents !;
do 2 yards wide, 81, worth s so; Blk
Cashmeres 81 to 81 so; Honey Comb Bed
Spreads at 5 and up. In Cotton and
Linen Table Damasks, Napkins, Towels,
Handkerchief Hosiery, Ribbons, En-
broideries Laces. Edpings, Rufiings,
Scarfs and Pins, WE CLAIM THE FIELD.
Our stock ofCassmers, Jeans, Couonades
and Linen Drills is large and under the
market. Notwithstanding the hard times
we propose to PUT DOWN PRICES to
suit the times, and sustain our reput ton
for selling cheaper than any other house
in Martinsburg. No trouble to show
goods. d w. TIMBERLAKE.
April ll--w
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
/. anhood: How Lost. How Restored.


%AelAaSsissAsS-~ wells Celebrated Essay
on the radical cure without medicine)
of Spermato. rhoea or Seminal Weak
ness, Involuntary Seminal Losses 5, I'm
potency, Mental and Physical Incapa-
city, Impediments to Marriage, ETC.;
also, Consumption, Epilepsy and Fit,
induced by seff-indulgence or sexual
extravaganza; Piles, etc.
5~ Price, in sealed envelope, only
six cents.
The celebrated author, in this admira-
BILE Essay, clearly demonstrates from a
thirty years successful practice, that
the alarming consequences ofself-abuse
may be radically cured without the
dangerous use of internal menicine or
the application of the knife; pointing
out mode of cure at once simple, GER
tain, and effectual, by means of which
every sufferer, no matter what his con-
dition may be, may cure himself cheap
~, privately, and radically.
Ms- This Lecture should be in the
hands of every youth and every man in
the land.
Sent under SEAL in plain envelope,
to any address, postpaid, on receipt OF
six cents, or two post stamps. Also,
DR.. Sillsbee's Remedy for Piles. Send
for circular. Address the publishers,
CHAS. j. G. KLINE s. CO.,
127 Bowery, New York, P. O. Box 1886.
NAV 9 1874-1yw
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
Office.
Mower and Reaper for Sale,

A new Buckeye Reaper and Mower
for sale cheap for cash, or short time to
responsible party. 1t is in good condi-
ton, and has only been run one season.
Apply to or address
JOSIAH d. FLAGG,
Darkesvllle Berkeley Co., VIVA,
June 6-3tw.
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
SlI.85l 54
EXPENDITURES

Showing balance due to the
Corporation. June l. l874,of $I7 80
Respectfully submitted
j. H. w BAKER,
June ~. Treasurer.
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
Tuesday, June 80, 1874.

The examination will begin prompt
~ at o clock, a. NJ
II is hoped that all applicants for GER
tificates will recollect that THE Art of
Teaching is to constitute part of the
examination, and we trust very gem
eral attention has been given to that
branch. ID. SPEER,
District Superintendent.
Jun24 2tdItw.
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
NEW STORE !!
NEW GOODS.

TINE citizens of Martinsburg and Ber-
i kelley county are respectfully inform
ed that have just opened a full and COM
nletp sfoek of
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
NOTICE TO TEACHERS.

A LII Persons desiring to make appli-
n cation for positions in the schools Of
Martinsburg District will meet the
Board IF Examiners for examination
at The Central School building. on
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27

Showing balance in my hands
December LIST, 1878, Off,. 1853 26
NV books and vouchers, as well as
reports of Mayor, Clerk, and Sergeant,
are herewith submitted to verify the
above report.
j. L. w. BAKER. Treas.
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
To the Hon. Mayor and Town
Council Of MartinsSUrg, West
Virginia.

Your Treasurer begs leave to report
the following as the receipts and eXpen-
ditures for the first six months of this
year, commencing June Island ending
December LIST, 1878:
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27

Amt. paid by Geo.
Matthews Oh pave
ment.-.....,......... 500
Amt. from a. Oden,
Clerk. ............... Isl 80
Martinsburg weekly independent. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.) 1873-1875, 1874-06-27
THE
THE
GIPSEY'S CURE

The only sure cure for Sick Headache,
Neuralgi Rheumatism, Dysentery,
Cholera, Cholera Morbus, Scalds, Burn,
and all Pains, Aches, Sc. Prepared
after the receipt of Nevo Nemum, the
Spanish Gipsey King, considered by
his people the
Greatest Physician IN the Whole
World
Ms-P Price ONE DOLLAR per 0arge
bottle. and the money refunded unless
the cure gives satisfa ction. Sent by
mail free on receipt of price, if your
nearest storekeeper does not have it on
hand.
THE GIPSEY'S TETTER SALVE.
Although some Physicians pronounce
letter incurable, yet this Salve WILL
POSITIVELY CURE the worst cases,
or ten times the price will be refunded.
1t will cure any Sore, no matter if your
doctor does call it incurable Try and
be convinced Price ONE DOLLAR
per Box, containing enough to cure any
case. Mailed free on receipt of price.
Liberal discount to storekeepers.
L. A. CASSARD,
General Agent for U. s.,
Berkeley Springs, West Va.
June 6-tfw
The Bloomfield times. [volume] (New Bloomfield, Pa.) 1867-187?, 1874-03-31
TIHOMPSON'S
FeUeT Dc AO1Le ,PO1CCIeTS
FOR THE
PERMANENT CURE OF CHILLs AND FE
YER, DUMB AGUE, OR ANY FORM
OF INTERMITTENT FEVERi
The Greatest Discovery of the Age


NNHERE are no diseases SO debilitating in
il their effects upon the constitution as the
above, and none more difficult to cure by the
usual modes of practice. The Fever and Ague
Powders will effect a cure in cases of the long
est standing, as we'll as prove preventive in
the forming stages of disease. Being purely
Vegetable, they act with certainty on the dis
ease, totally eradicating it from the system,
and preventing return at any future period.
Why waste your money and health In trying
every medicine you hear of, when Thompson s
Fever and Ague Powders have never failed to
cure the Chllls in any case.
REASONS WHY THEY ONLY SHOULD BE
USED:
Their Reputation Is Established. - Thousands
of testimonials have been received, showing
that these Powders have performed miracles in
curing cases of long standing, many of them
considered hopeless.
There is no Risk IN Taking Them. - They
contain nothing injurious, and, therefore. cause
none of those lingering diseases so often the re-
suit of the many nostrums of the day. Physi-
clans recommend them as far superior to Qui-
nine, or any other known remedy for they leave
the system In healthy state, and the patient
beyond the probability of a relapse.
BEWARE OF COUNTERFEITS. - The
genuine are put up in square tin boxes, with
"Thompson's Fever and Ague Powders"
stamped on the lid, and the signature of
"Thompson & Crawford" on the wrapper
No others can possibly be genuine.
The Bloomfield times. [volume] (New Bloomfield, Pa.) 1867-187?, 1874-03-31
Herdlng Cattle in New Mexico.

This has its bright as well as its dark
side. The changes that each and every
day bring forth are many and various-
Quietly watching the herd as they feed
along the margin of beautiful stream,
separated into little social groups (for they
seem to form attachments almost human,
one will notice that certain of the herd al
ways band together, and while some are
nervously walking about, nipping here and
there bunch of grass, bush, or pulling
off with jerk twig from the hanging
branches of the wide-spreading trees,
Others are quietly grazing with that steady
clip, clip, and swinging motion of the head
peculiar to the bovine family others lying
listlessly in the shade chewing their cuds of
comfort while many of them are standing
up to their knees in water, cooling their
fevered and fly bitten hooks. In fact the
whole herd are enjoying bovine's para
disc. At such times as this the herder's
time hangs heavily on his hands his pony,
(or boroncos, small Mexican horses,) is
slowly dragging his lariat after him as he
feeds from place to place, while the saddle
and other traps are piled up or spread out
around the camp, and the her6ers are pass
ing their time playing cards at so much
corner.
With a herd of cattle numbering five
thousand, there will be five Or six men and
an Overseer. The duties of these men are
sight while there is grass near the streams.
But the scene changes as the season ad-
Vances, and day by day the distance be-
comes greater from the grass to the water,
and the trouble of herding commences
The cattle are inclined to separate and
stray away, and it requires all the time as
we'll as tact and skill of the experienced
hand to keep them within bounds. Even
then there will be some of them that will
got lost but the Ground up, which takes
place once in about three months tells the
number missing and the number acquired
from the neighboring ranchmen. The diff
ferent owners of cattle, when they wish to
"round up" will send word to the differ
ent home stations, and delegates from each
will attend and assist in cutting out the es-
trays. The different delegations then take
charge of the squad belonging to them re-
spectively. These men sometimes travel
fifty or sixty miles to reach the rendez-
vous and there will be from twenty-five to
hundred men assembled to the grand
"round up" which takes place once a
yoar.-Rural Ne,0 Yorker.
The Bloomfield times. [volume] (New Bloomfield, Pa.) 1867-187?, 1874-03-31
Sending Livestock to England.

1t appears by paragraph which we note
in an English paper, that some attention is
being given to the question whether live
stock could not be proftably imported from
America to Great Britain, and thus aid
that country in solving her great and grow
ing questionable food supply. In order
TO test the feasibility of this idea, it is said
Mr.. Bell bargained with the Anchor Line
TO bring with him each trip twenty -four
head of cattle, and that every importation
was success. The cost, including freight
feed and insurance, is said to have been
about $40 per head, and it is said that he
made clear profit of $50 on each animal.
They are talking, in view of these success
es, of making steamers with an especial
view TO accommodate cattle, and with these
cattle-steamers they expect to do very
profitable trade.
It is hardly likely that this will ever
ripen to permanent business. Cattle are
rather high in Europe just now in conse-
quence Of the great losses by the pleuro-
pneumonia and other diseases and it is
perhaps this high price made SO by acci-
dental causes, which has made these ex-
periments success. Still men are not
apt to invest money in steamboat enter
prises, which will require years to bring
back, without studying the ground pretty
well; and it may be that the time will
come when the cattle-trade across the At
lantic will be as profitable an undertaking
as the passenger traffic in many cases has
proved to be.
The Bloomfield times. [volume] (New Bloomfield, Pa.) 1867-187?, 1874-03-31

EQUALLY GOOD FOR MAN OR BEAST.
This Liniment has earned for itself reputa-
tion unequalled In the history of external ap-
plications. Thousands who now suffer from
Rheumatism, Neuralgia, &C., would find inn
mediate relief from all their pain by using this
certain remedy. It is equally effectual in Cuts,
Burns, Scalds, Stiffness of the Neck, Sore
Throat, swellings, In6ammatons, Frost Bites,
Pains in the Side and Back, Bites of Spiders
or Stings of Insects. One rubbing will in all
cases give immediate relief, and a few applica-
tions complete cure. On account of its pow
erful penetrating properties it is beyond doubt,
the SUREST REMEDY for the most trouble
some diseases TO which horses and cattle are
liable. II cures Scratches, Old and Fresh Cuts
and Sores, Chafes produced by collar or sad
die. Injurles caused by nails or spllnts enter
ing the flesh or hoofs, Bruises, Sprains, Swee-
ney, SPAWN, Thrush, and all diseases which
destroy the hoofs or bones of the feet. Fnll
directions accompany each bottle. Prepared
only rI uit
BY Crawford a. FObes.
141 Market Street,
9eb1y PHILADELPHIA.
The Bloomfield times. [volume] (New Bloomfield, Pa.) 1867-187?, 1874-03-31

( ALL KINDS Of Printing neatly
I executed at the {" BLOohFIRI.D
TMBsu STEAM JOS ORFICR.
The Bloomfield times. [volume] (New Bloomfield, Pa.) 1867-187?, 1874-03-31

EE- Never plow or harrow soil when it is
too wet. This advice is particularly ap-
plioable to stiff clay soils, or to light soils
over a heavy clay subsoil. Any stirring Of
the soil when too wet has tendency to
the same effect as is produced in brick
niling, and makes the soil dry of in hard
ciods, on which the harrow win produce
but little effect. It will pay better 20 wait
for the ground to dry off.
The Bloomfield times. [volume] (New Bloomfield, Pa.) 1867-187?, 1874-03-31
Salt for Pear Trees.

The Horticulturist says Last year we
introduced the topic of sailing around pear
trees to prevent the blight. Welearn on
recent visit to Central New York, that the
practice is becoming general, and regular
applications yearly of 400 to 600 pounds
per acre, are now the custom"