davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1874-03-03
Friday, the Goth day Of March, 1874,

at II o'clock am, in front of my Office, No.
35l Second street. Memphis, Tenn, proceed
to sell to the highest bidder, for cash. the fol-
lowing described real ea estate, in the CITY of
mencing at the point Of intersection of JEFF
ferson street with Center alley; thence on the
south side of Jefferson street in an easterly
direction 80 feet; thence in a southwardly di-
rection liz feet to private alley, thence in
an eastwardly direction 90 feet on line par
allel with Jefferson street to Center alley;
thence on n line on Center alley in north
wardly direction liz feet 70 Jefferson street,
the point of beginning. Levied on as the
property ef defendant, Sarah w. Fowlkes, to
satisfy said judgment. interest and costs.
Sale to commence at II o'clock am
W. J. p. DOYLE.
Sheriff of Shelby County, Tenn.
HANSON IL Estes, attorneys for plaintiff.
February 49, 1874 147-t6s-17
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1874-03-03
on Thursday, March 1s, 1s74.

at the southwest corner of Main and Madison
streets, in the city Of Memphis. offer for sale
and sell for cash, at public auction, to the
highest bidder, the following described real
estate, viz: A certain lot, being part Of the
lot known and described on the plan Of the
city of Memphis as lot No. 4 in block No. So.
Topp's subdivision, and beginning on the
north line Of Vance street, southeast corner
Of said lot No. 4; thence westWardly viii
Vance street 65 feet; thence uorthwardly lS7
feet to an alley Is feet wide; thence east with
said alley IS feet 10 the northwest corner Of
along the west line OF lot No. 10 the begin
ming, being at a point go feet east Of the in
tersection Of Vance and Orleans streets The
right Of redemption is expressly waived in
said trust deed. and the title is believed 70 be
good, but will sell and convey only as Trus-
tee. HOW Eli =. JACheON,
l40-xviii-l0 Trustee.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1874-03-03
Trustees Sale.


DURSUANT TO THE TERMS OF A DEED
i Of trust to me executed by Richard j..
Person on the 9th day of January. 1872, duly
registered in the Registers Office Of Shelby
county, Tennessee, in Deed Book No. 81, page
235, to secure to Miss Judith A. BOuner his
note for $500, the same remaining unpaid, at
the request ofsthe holder, will, on
Saturday, the 2Sth OF March, 1874,
at the southeast corner Of Court Square. in
the city Of Memphis, Tenn, sell to the high
est bidder, for cash, at public outcry, the
property therein described as follows: Begin
ming at stake 10 chains and IL links east Of
the southeast corner Of the intersection Of
Holmes and Elizabeth avenues; thence east
with Elizabeth avenue II chains and a links;
thence south a chains and 81 links; thence
west 8 chains and S. links; thence north l5l4,
east chains and IS links; thence north 68s
west chains to a stake; thence north 81
chains and IS links; containing 46 6O-lOQ acres,
and being a part Of the old home place of
Geo. l.. Holmes, being the same conveyed 70
said Person BY Jacob N. Moon BY deed dated
May I, $50. duly registered.
Also one tract Of 80 acres, being the south
west quarter Of 100 acres tract laid of TO
said Person by decree Of the Common
Law and Chaneery Court Of the city Of
Memphis, and which leo acres is part Of the
7Si acres therein described; said 40 acres
hereby conveyed begins at the southwest GER
ner Of the 73l acres, in range 5. section /. on
the waters Of NoncOnnah; thence north >
chains, east l6 chains; thence south 25 chains;
thence west IS chains 70 the beginning. For
greater certainty Of description see deed Of
trust under which this sale IS 10 be made.
Terms cash. Equity Of redemption barred;
title believed 70 be good, but / will sell and
i5s-5s D. H.PosTON. Trustee.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1874-03-03
NERVOUS DEBILITY.

Adepressed, irritable state Of mind; aweak,
mation. confirsed head. weak memory, often
with facilitating, Involuntary discharges.
The eonsea penee OF excesses. mental overwOrk
or indiscretions. This Nervous Debility hnds
Snecifc No 2s II zones up the system, ar
rests DISCHARGES, disPels the mental gloom and
despondency, and reiuvenates the entire sys-
tam. II Is perfectly harmless and always en-
cient. Price S.. for 2 package q hye boxes
and A large 81 vial Of powder, which Is impor-
tant In Old. serious cases; or 81 per single box
Sold by ALI Druggists, OF sent BY mail on re-
ceipt Of price. Address HuNPHREYs SPECIFIC
HONEOP1rHIc MEDICINE Co., No. 5o2 Broaa-
vay n. Y. Nvl5l-tuAI- Kylll-e2
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1874-03-03
TRUSTEES SALE
Valuable PrOpertyDear Central Point

RY VIRTUE OF A TRUST DEED MADE
1871, TO me as Trustee, which is on record in
the Registers office Of Shelby county, Tenn,
in Record Book No. 81, page 3S7, to secure the
payment Of the purchase money for the lot of
land hereinafter described, evidenced by two
first Of said notes being dated 18th day of
June, 1871. due three months after date, for
s440. on which there Is a credit Of $50. the
other dated June 20, 1871, for 500, due six
months after date / will ON
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1874-03-03
Trustees Sale.

TTNDER AND BY VIRTUE OF A DEED
Charles j. Phillips and Frank Nj. NJ han,
partners under the style of Toof. Phillips 4
Co.. on the 1lth day of January. 1873. regis
tered in the Register Office Of Shelby county,
in Book 81. page AIS, TO which reference is
indebtedness therein named, now held by @.
c. Graham, will, at the request Of said bene-
fofa
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1874-03-03
LEGAL.
Trustees Sale.

DY VIRTUE OF A TRUST DEED TO ME
ID executed on April 27, 1872. to secure the
payment Of certain Indebtedness therein de-
scribed. Of record in the Registers Office of
Shelby county, in book %, page 4l2, will. as
Trustee,
On Monday, March 16, 1874,
at Sthe southeast corner of Court Square, in
the city Of Memphis, Tennessee, within legal
hours sell at public outcry, to the highest
bidder, for cash, the following property. to
wit: A certain tract Of land lyingin Shelby
county. Tennessee, bounded as follows: Be
ginning at a dogwood. the northeast corner Of
lot A. Of a 30O0-acre grant. in the name of r.
Blackledge; thence south degree east, Is
chains, to a sweetgum marked NJ p, the north
east corner Of the Bob Price half Of the said
lot Al thence south SO degrees west. 81 chains.
to stake on the east bank OF Bear creek /;
thence up said creek as a link 1871 chains. TO
a stake in the said creek whence north 66 de-
grees west, 30 links from an elm marked X (;
thence north SO degrees east, 80 chains, 10 the
beginning; containing by estimation fifty
seven acres, be the same more or less.
Equity Of redemption waived, and the title
believed to be good, but sell only as Trustee.
Ihls 18th day Of February, 1874.
1913 e. b. HARREL. Trustee
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1874-03-03
City Omcial journal.
VOL. XVIII.
PUBLIC LEDGER.


H,HE PUBLIC LEDGER is PUBLISHED
Il every afternoon Except Sunday).at No. Is
The PugIIo LEDGER is served to city subscri-
bers by faithful carriers at fltTEEN CENTS
PER WEEK. payable weekly TO the carriers.
BY mail lin advance): One year. S8; six
months. S4; three months. s2; one month.
NeWsdealers supplied at 2h cents per copy.
Weekly Public Ledger,
Published every Tuesday at SO per annum lin
advanced; clubs of five or more, 81 50.
Communications upon subjects of general
interest to the public are at all times accept
able.
Rejected manuscripts WILL NOT be returned.
RATES OF ADVERTISING IN DAILY:
First insertion. n..........-..-....H 90 per square
subsequent insertions..-..." SO
FOR one week . W .
For two weeks........................4 4 so
For three Weeks......-........ b W "
For one month.-...."...,........7 80
RATES OF ADVERTISING IN WEEKLY:
First insertion n.;;,............sl % per square
Subsequent insertiOns........ 50
Eight lines Of nonpareil, solid, constitute
square.
Displayed Advertisements will be charged
according to the SPACE occupied, at above
rates-there being twelve lines ofsolid type to
tho inch.
To regular advertisers we offer superior in
ducements, both as to rate Of charges and
manner of displaying their favors.
Notices IN local column inserted for twenty
cents per line for each insertion.
SPECIAL notices inserted for ten cents per line
for each insertion.
Notices of deaths and marriages. twenty
cents per line.
All bids for advertising are due when con-
tracted and payable on demand.
All letters, whether upon business or ether
Il. WHITMORE,
Publisher and Proprietor.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1874-03-03
LEGAL.
sHERIFF's SALE
Valuable Real Estate on Jefferson ST

DUBLIC NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN,
j that by virtue of an order of sale to me
directed from the honorable Second Circuit
Court Of Shelby county, Tenn. in the case of
rendered on the 5ih day of January. 1874, for
the sum of forty. seven hundred and sixty one
dollars and eighteen cents, with interest and
costs of suit, to satify said judgment. etc.. /
will on
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1874-03-03
RAILROAD TINE TABLES.

Depot at head Of Main street.
Ticket 0fhce. 2S7 Main street, corner Of
Madison.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

THR PHRRNoLoGIcAL JOURNAL AND LlFr
lLLUsTRArED.-F the faithful presenta-
ton Of old and new truths in a pleasant
form, we must commend this veteran
monthly. The April number blossoms with
an attractive variety. We have in il a
Portrait and Sketch Of Mr.. Cleveland Able.
Of the Signal Bureau, universally known as
Probabilities an analytical paper on
the Causes Of Vice aud Crime, with some
practical hints towards their remedy; A
Sketch of the eminent authoress. Madame
Schwartz, and a fine portrait. Heads. Hats
and character. hits of some Of the people
we meet, both in its text and illustrations
in Physiology Of the sexes, a writer takes
MIR. Spencer TO task FOR some narrow views
Of 1.-The sex There are numerous other
articles both interesting and instructive
Terms So 00a year 30 cents a number
Address 5. Il. WILLS, New YORK.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

Some weeks since we referred to the
fact that Messrs. Ilicks.& Carleton had
invented a machine for gig.sawing, aud
all kinds Of fancy saving, which is run
by foot power. 1t is really valuable
invention for mechanics, and merits
some attention. A photograph Of the
same can be seen in this Office, and to
it we invite the attention ofartizans and
mechanics both at home and abroad.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

John Clilford's boy was unhitching
his colts from seeder last Monday,
aud had dropped three of the traces,
when they took fright and ran furiously
around the field, making a sad wreck
OF the seeder, and in no way improving
the colts. John says it was an expen-
sive race, and thinks the leather in that
trace was unusually good, as well as un-
necessarily strong.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17
TEACHERS EXAMINATIONS.

The Spring Examinations will be
held as follows:
At Prescott, April Sd and 4th.
In the village Of Ellsworth, April 9th
and 7th. In the village of Maiden
Rock, April 9Th and 9th. At the
Fletcher School House, Hartland.
April 10th and 18th. At Spling
Valley, April 18th and 14th. At
Rock Elm Center, April 18th and
10th. at the River Falls Institute,
April 18th and 18th.
1t will be noticed that the exami-
ton occupies two days at each place.
Candidates are required to be pres
ent BOTH DAYS.
The examination will begin at 9
o'clock each day, and close at 5
o'clock the first day, and 3 o'clock
the second day. LET US BE
PUNCTUAL.
The candidates will each bring
Fourth Reader.
| will LECTURE on subjects of local
educational interest at each place
where examination is held, ON THE
EVENING of the FIRST DAY.
The public are earnestly request
ed to be present, BOTH AT THE Ex-
AMINATIONs AND LECTURES.
MARTIN E. CADY. Co. Supt.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

The April number OF ScRtRNRR's contain.
another generous installment Of Mr. kings
Great South, = the subject this time being
"a Ramble in Virginia, from Bristol 20 ih,
Sea. The illustrations, ms usual. are pro.
fuse. Among the notable features Of the
number are the beginning Of Jules Verne,
serial "The Mysterious ls'aud" an css,,
by Augustus Blauvelt. author OF the nrti
cles ON Modern SEcpticism. entitled
'Christs Resurrection Scientifically Con
sid,rod," and a timely, by Miss Bec,i- IN
"Fhe Health aud Physical Habits 81
ghsh and American Women"
Brooks has an article Concerning SOM,
Imperial Booty The new story writer.
George " Cable. tells tale Ut me "Bellc,
pemoiselles Plantation Mts. Davis.
serial IS concluded, aud Miss Tfahon's +.
continued. The numher opens with an +,
Illustrated poem by Benjamin Taylor. and
here are verses by A. r. Macdonoueh
John Fraser, J e a.. Charlotte > Bates
aud Edward King ~ Holland. in Tonic.
OF theti time. writes about dulles Verne
New Story The Taxation ~ Church
PFoperty,' aud Social u.aces The on
caoino' is concerned with eysraeity Am.
atcur fhcauicals are practically discussed
% HON, ani Society, apl f.e other lepar.
menis have their cAaracigr.sflc variety.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

Quite a sensation was created in our
midst at the final action of the Normal
School Board in performing the last du
ties Of their station, in marking out the
immediate spot on which should be 10.
Gated the school building. Croakers
and doubters are now out of employ.
ment; smiles have taken the place of
frowns aud all goes merry as marriage
bell.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

That old majestic institution. some.
times called "thc Father of Waters has
been on swell, bust. or ben.
der" fora tine past. reported that.
from Cairo TO The Calf of Mexico. on
the 23d of March. its average width was
over fifty miles, with a depth Of from
FIVE feet to twenty five Ia this dis.
lance II has covered space more than
equal TO the entire state of New York
Not many lives have been lost, but hu.
man suffering has been great aud mil.
ioas Of dollars Of property have been
destroyed Nothing Ike This cxtremi.
o. was ever known before by the 'old.
est inhabiiani' DOR have We aus ae.
coun, " che Ike since Tie food
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

Gen. Rusk's bill providing for the
free circulation Of newspapers in the
county where they are published, pass
ed tho House recently by vote of 17s
to A. This would indicate that it will
be likely to pa the Senate without OPP
position. If it becomes law it will
take effect immediately after its final
passage.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17
From Gilman.
Mr.. i. Philips has moved into this

Mr.. i. Philips has moved into this
town.
AT the town meeting recently held
here, the sum of fifty dollars, was voted
to be raised by taxation as a contribution
to fund of ua hundred and fifty dollars
for building a bridge near Wingers'
Mills on the Range Line Rroad between
Martell and Gilman. Seventy dol
lars will be raised by Martell and a gift
of $500 is pledged from the Winger
Bros.
A vote was taken to enforce the
statute for the restraining Of horses from
running at large in this town, and
there lc7 without further action. There
fore, no provision having been made
for the time and manner in which such
horses shall be restrained, nor penalties
affixed, let owners Of horses going at
large, be amused, but not alarmed, for
the statute is in force.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

AT the city election in Galesburg
ILL.,, tho license question was in issue.
Excitement ran high and the women
took the field. They called nearly all
the ministers in the city to their and
and "no license prevailed by major.
~ of about two hundred, out Of sixteen
hundred votes cast.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

Prof. Coon has been quite successful
in organizing a class in vocal music in
this village. We certainly hope that
he will succeed IN awakening an interest
in this much neglected branch of educa-
ton.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

The members of the Executive Com
mlttee of The Normal School Board,
were here on Wednesday, and selected
the immediate site for the Normal
School building.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

The Financial situation" still en-
cages the attention of Congress. The
people have got ahead oftheir Congress.
men.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

Dwight Barnett, OF Chippewa Falls,
made US a call recently. Dwight Is i'm.
proving, since he now clicks the
beam" at two hundred and five pounds.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

See new advertisement of Chase Il
Babeock's Pianos, Organs and Meo-
deems. N. d. Coon. agent, will have
some of these instruments on exhibit
tion here in few days.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

The little steamer, Aant Betsy, sunk
near Red Rock, in seven feet of water,
on her first trip out from St. Paul. She
was raised the next day and will soon
be on duty again. aunt Betsy must
join the temperance league, and drink
less cold water.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

There are seventy scholars in Prof.
Coon's classes and more coming in The
people Of River Falls may expect spi-
cy concert at the close of the term.
Those who read music readily will find
1t to their advantage to attend after the
first four lessons.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

WIN. Graham, of Spring Valley, re-
Gently sold his farm to one Mr.. Gibson,
a gentleman fresh from the green hills
OF New England. Mr.. Graham will
purchase again IN this locality, at no
distant day.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

Contentment seems to reign in our
midst, aud all goes merry as a marriage
bell. Employment usually brings
contentment, while idlcness begets un-
easiness.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

The Wianeconne Weekly Item has re
Gently been enlarged 10 . 5.column
quarto. 1t is a sprightly sheet, and
Just naturally bristes with local items.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

Let us say to smiling spring.
make, haste my beloved, and be thou
like roe, or the young hart upon
the mountain Of spices"
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

Sugar makers are not enjoying great
prosperity.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

Lewis b. Smith, Of Minneapolis, gave
us a call last Tuesday. He was looking
our village over with au eye to business.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

A. j. Mckay recently elevated his
new barn. 1t is of fine proportion, for
a village institution.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

+. D. Rhoads, the lively lad who
used to "clerk it, for s. d. Dodge, is
spending few days with friends here
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

Very few persons are really objects
of charity, yet it is good for the heart
TO exercise that virtue.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

The St Croix Repablica" figures up
16S days of seighing during the past
winter.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

Families In the village who will take
boarders are requested to leave their
address at this office, and state the num-
Der each can accommodate; also price
per week required.
A. Il. Henry.
River Falls, April Is, 1874.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

General Fitzpatrick, or Patrick XIII.
General, is now lccturing on 1.-The
March TO the Sea,
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

All persons indebted to the subscrib.
er. for any amount, large or small, are
requested to make immediate payment
and thereby save cost.
G. w MAPEs.
River Falls, April Sd, 1874. If
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17
SPECIAL NOTICES.

All accounts due us which are not
settled before the Goth Of this month,
will be left in the hands of an attorney
for collection.
O. RASMUSSEN e. Co.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

w. II. Hays Is in the we'll business
W to his neck, and still deeper. See
his notice elsewhere.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17
DIED.

AT this village on the 18th inst, DELoss
Guy, son Of James and Bessie Askew,
aged 3 years, l0months ana % days.
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

The spring is cod and backward
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17
AND
VI Il q q = e Cd N 8

Are pronounced by frst-class mu-
sicians, wherever introduced, to be
strictly a frst.class instrument
powerful, yet sweet and melodious.
Father, dear father, come down with the
chink
And order an organ for me,
; Twill make our home plea SAINT aud happy,
you know
I'll ever be thankful to thee.
And whom admirers come round thick and
fast,
Each wishing me with him to go,
III tell them my father has been very kind
That de not wish for n beau.
instruments on easy monthly in
stallments to reliable parties.
n. ID. COON,
l7-45 State Agent, Eau Claire, Wis
River Falls journal. [volume] (River Falls, Pierce County, Wis.) 1872-2019, 1874-04-17

If you want to buy a farm, or sell
one, apply to MORSE Il SMITH.
The Iowa plain dealer. [volume] (New Oregon, Howard County, Iowa) 1867-1895, 1874-12-04
W% ~ N~SNN~B
uorse Tibet Caught.

We understand tina, Hart, with an
aliu- i.r ever, latitude has hren ear-
tnre,l iii M,nrrc, WISCONSIN, where Ia
Wis known ~. recognized u, i.uscH,
llamcs. II harness maker III the cm,lns
heretofore IT II. 4. Mul,hy It ii,ir
place. We Il. not lrara w,al liz
alias was in TINT Place \ reward wnr
offered ter him BY Il l.ock.rls eI
N.,tltiieli Minnesota which will IL Il
hanl, thing ier tho harness maker
1, have, w also understand that
Hart passed illrousl, this couoty On hie
way stopping la, ~ - ~ tho west
par. It tie county with tho FREUD who
attempted hir release by fraudulent
arrcs, hslere justice uf tho pence
there. Whether he tarricL horc DAY
or ~ with tl,nsa he has been III. II slinr
cLoap horses 10 or not. las nut ycl
transpircd, nor d. wc know nj this
writing whether IL not hia associates
viii attempt his rescue by haLeas cor.
rus should his ira II BE- through hoe IN
his way to tn scene IT his recent busi.
ness transactions In MINES sta. Trust.
ins tia. justice may be donc and rms.
cali,y punished instead os rewarded
oven i i requires six q eight goo,l
healthy ku.klaA % administer justice
eycn though tho law might suffer 4 lii.
tls thereby.