New-York tribune., 1874-08-01

made 10 trace the contour of the given gure; al the
other end it carries stirrup between the prongs OF
which horizontal axis extends with when wneei
is connected. This wheel is divided INTO loO paris
AS the pointer traces the cOntOur0f the given nRie,
the wheel rolls over the PLAIN surface III peculi
manner. such that the length OF the arc tnUuea
which the wheel turns, multiplied by tne Ieneth i Va
the arm of the rod gives the area OF tue hRuc Whono
contour has been traced. BY a special Arrangement
of the instrument. the center OF gravity VI this cup
tour and its moment OF inertia are aiso gwen ~
short the instrument serves TO economic time and
labor IN dealing with the numerous problems that
occur in engineering III relation TO irregular, closed
contours
PREPARATION OF CONDENSED MHK.-1he process
of Prof Trommer is essentially as foliows Inc
milk from washed udders, after beng strained ana
boiled over a free fire, is again strained through
fine tin straner INTO shallow evaporating pans Oh
heavy tin and evaporated on o water-bath, with
continued stirring with wooden paddle, after the
addition of 70 81 ounces of refined sugar for each
quart of milk in the form of srup prepared by boil
ing it for some time with half ITS weight OF water,
skimming straining il through flannel, and coollng
it to 167o The temperature during evaporation Is
not allowed to rise above 1892. When sufficiently
concentrated as indicated by its dripping from the
strrer in adherent masses tin cans of / to pounds
capacity, previously cleansed with sOda-lye and
heated well for few seconds, are filed completely
llt
70 Go to 1872 is filed mp with hot concentrated, pun,
fed sugar sirup. and the can is immediately closed
with cap, and the Joint covered with hot iiour-
paste. and then with a strip of paper similarly
coated Ten to IL ounces of this preparation, with
the addition of quart of water said to be equiv
alent in value to a quart of pure milk. Whlle an
ayseS of several samples of condensed milk OF iho
same specific gravity by Prof. M0ser, showed tha6
one was much richer In the proper ingredients Oh
milk and the other consequently IN sugar. ne uoes
not consider il advisable to carry the concentration
far "a IN W.
the first kind since the milk Is apt III such cases 10
acquIre a tallOwish taste so frequently nOlceu Ill
condensed milk
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION BY MOLD tMUCoR
MBCEDO)-The statement by Bail, and subsequently
also by Rees, that the germs OF Macor mucedo when
immersed in fermentabe liquid. multiply by
budding like beer-yeast, and occasion alcoholic fer
mentation has been further investigated by flz Ihe
liquids employed were heated, in vessels closed with
cotton, to the boiling point, and after cooling were
impregnated with one or more germs of Macor mu-
cedo readily obtained by cultivation horse manure
in an atmosphere saturated with moisture, and
tested as TO genuineness by of the microscope
The air was allowed to remain in some of the YES
sells and displaced in others by carbonic acid imme-
dately after the germs were added. In those IN
which oxygen was present, the mucor germs devel-
oped intoa luxurant myceum, converting the sugar
in its development into carbonic acid and water I'M
til all the oxygen absorbed by the liquid was thus
consumed when the mycelium divided into separate
cells which multiplied by budding ana formed
mucOT-yea In those free from oxygen the mucor
germs developed directly and Immediately INTO cells
increasing by budding. with the separation OF the
sugar into the usual products of fermentation.
These results agree decidedly with Pasteurs theory
Ii further ascertained that ucOr-fermentatlon
requires higher temperature than that OF Sacchd-
rom gees and that the ferment of the former also IN
yeTted caue-sugaT, and also that the gas evolved IN
fermentation pure carbonic acid. The mucor,
Yeast is. however. extremely sensitive TO alcohol
that 81 per cent by weight of the latter renders
IL slow and finally inactive, 50 that 1T can only he
employed when less than per cent of sugar is pres
ent in solution. II does not produce alcoholic Ter
mentatiOn with deXtnne. inuline, or gTape-sugar
FISHERIES AND SEA TEMPERATUREs.-The Scotch
Meteorological Society instituted nearly twenty
years ago series of valuable observations on sea
temperature the observations being taken at the
uniform depth of six feet special observations
were made at greater depths, extending even to 80
feet while a highly important series of hourly obser
vatiOns continued during four years, were made at
the depth of 60 feet During the past year Mr.. Ste
venson has had constructed for the of the Chal
lenger exploring vessel also for at the Scotch
station an apparatus for these observations by
which a maximum and minimum thermometer are
immersed continually under the water, thus insurng
the securing of the absolute extremes of the temper
ature. extremes which would most likely be missed
if observations taken only at great intervals
The Marquis of Tweedale, in 1872 proposed that the
Society should enter upon the investigation of the
migratOns of fishes, and particularly those of the
herring, in connection with sea temperatures and
weather generally, and stated that it was in his
opinion likely that the herring followed belts of
water of higher temperature than that of the sea
generally. The statistics of the herring catch
during the last two years has been IN consequence
made the subject Of two elaborate reports by Mr. Bu-
chan, Secretary of the Society, and positive results
of considerable value are anticipated The subject
has also actively engaged the attention of the IT, ;.
Commissioner of Fish aud Fisheries, at whose re-
quest the Army Sigual Office some two years ago,
instituted similar series of observations of sea
temperature, and who has moreover suggested that
il may, through the admirable organization of that
office, soon become possible To predict from day TO
day the mgratons of shoals of the important
classes Of fishes
ARCHIBALD SMTH.-The death of Archibald Smith
on the 18th OF December. 1872 has been followed by
an obituary notice published in the Proceedings of
the Royal Society for February 1874, from which is
here obtained connected view of the very import
ant researches which form his main contribution TO