, 1874-07-18

dlgont, like tho Irist tona,itry aid tho 'Ena,iai
fhrln-lhborerg. But thcro Ia ono lafra innl.
tnonopoliRt, IT, Davarta owning ralhpr moro lin,
ono.tonth Of tho aotl Of tho ontiro Kingdom. ari
TINT Is tho Stato itsolt ~''>
Previous to thq conquest Of Dnyaria BY Nh,
po'oon about tho irit Of this century, tic Koukt
and Josutts Ind absorbed, and thon possessed, /,
:: HfAhL! oRRrHALr or TIE ENTIRE SURFACE
OF nayarta', Their Influence aud authority wore
aS n,niitnitod m ne their wealth waa ENORMOUS
Mnllo tho Davarian roasantry wore hotorio,isly
tho most fllltorato and atiporatt[ous In Germany
The yaBt. acquisitions OF: tito Church and mo.
nnstlo orlere. exhibited in tho number. size. and
apiandor ef tto catlearala, tho nnmber Of; tle
political economist, while filling it's Blind doyotoe
with rogrot TINT the ByBtom Ia mot nt,ll In full
,bloHBou1.' lin Bwnbla, at tho foot Of the Alps,
among amor oustor Of beautiful lakos wore no lesh
se s saSf arso sssts II fsF'qnss e oss 'ss fss
tile district OF !. Davarin. - which tho
monlish ownorB called "Dor pfatronwinko,' u
the prcsts,, Corner. But. whom Napoleon con-
qucrod Bavaria, ono Of l,iH first administrative
lands Of tho .nonaatofioa and churches, exoopt
snch aB were actually needed for church -pur-
posoB which lands ho
yEaTEp nY DECREE ~ THE STATE.
Tho Bavarian Government divided them into
small parcels, and sold them to tho rooplo In
foo-slmplo, resotving the trartB covered by for
cstH, nlld Bonlo Of the arabic land, which 1attor
is rented on long leaHcs ut moderate ratoa. From
tho annual sale ofhre"wood and lumber, md tho
rentals OF tho farn.lnnds, tho Government do
pors aunum,-. ,-.thoroby lightoning tho b,lrde,. Of
taxation, and at:.tho same; limo, proBorvi1,g
tho upply Of fuel from destruction. The
money derived from these C1owu-lantlB is chiefly
devoted Ito the support IF the publio scloola
tho clergy, both Protestant and Catholic. - ;,
II docs not aoem to ho gonorally lnown III tho
United States that tho railways Of Dnyaria. wore
built and aro owned aud operated
ny THE aovENNMEHr ..r ...
Indeed; was not aware OF tho fact until i ca,uo
here and found 1t; So. 1t is we'll known III tho
United Stntes that half the railroads In Belgium
are owned aud oparat1d blythe State in co1lpe-
tition with, or rather in. regulation Of
those owned. by private companies; and
ornmont purchased tic Fronch =. railways
In Alsace-Lorraino, md that It is operating them
,succoasful1y but tho intorcstingtand Important
fact Of the stato-ownorship of.nil tho railways
In Bavaria, .cxcept q fow. abort local piecoa Of
road, has boon gonorally overlooked by tho Amori-
can rreBB and writers on railroad-subiectB, 20,
The Bavnrian Bystom Of railroads belonging to
the Government had. an sxtout Of. 2, 100 miles in
1873, and lad coat tho Government for, their
construction 14G.000,000.. of -Aorins; to WHICH
must be added, for disconnt on bonds sold, ,.and
frthoS sum Of l75oo,ooe tiorins, ,~raaktng grsd
total for everything which Gnu be., charged to
"capital" account up to the beginning Of 1874,
Of tho sum Of Los, 42S st0 :. 1orinB,
or, In american currency. 800, ,sso, ,ooo., wbioll
varia in tho shape Of bonds drawing por cent
interest. The cost OF tho State roads was about
1928 900 per rnile3 but, adding the discount on
bonds and right Of way, thoy stand tho Govern
ment I'll s8l 400 per milo. Those roadH are
MOST soLID AND sunsrANr1AU MANNER.
Curves have not been lndulgol in to avoid deep
cuts, fills, and tunnels; alt the oulyorts ara Of
stone; all the bridges are solid stono.archcs OF
constructed of iron with atone-abutments.
Streets, and even conntrY-roads, arc crossed on
hayo double tracks, md al the roads.
having, much busineas to do are laid viii,
stocl rails All tho stations, both paaBen-,
ger md freight, are built Of stono or brick,
and arc as nearly tiro.proof as possible. Tho
work was all performed undor tho direction of
military engineers. As fur MI can DO Judged by
Appearances, the amount Of labor and value OK
ponded In the construction Of those State roads
must bc at loast double that expended por milo
Oh railroads in Illinois and tho 'statos general.
charges from, cent to ~ GENTS per milo per to1
for moving freight. tho rates IN wintor being
the" Hamo rs In summer As the currency.
weights, and distances arc all 80 different reck-
oned from tho American Btandards Of dollar, ton,
and mile; I find 1t somewhat difficult to eqnato
Dayaran into American equivalents, and tore-,
fore may not be very exact IN the tranHlations,
w AcIosE APPROPRIATION: -
However, the passeuger-fares ara about as fol-
lows For trst.clasa tickets on etpross.trains,
with 90 pounds OF baggage free for each passeu-
ger, the charge is ~ conts per mile; for second
class cars, which are as clean and comfortable as
tho average American car, ! cents per milo and
for thir1-class, which arc moderately comfort;
ablc, md far better than tho bard, porpondicu.
u emisrant-cara" :" tn the Estates, "the faro is
nhout ~ cents per milo. On tho slower way.
trains, the charge Is about 20 por cent less
than the above rates. ThoBo charges ara sub
Btantially the eame as those exacted in all parts
of Germany, Austria, Italy, and Belgium. Ii
Franco there is = Government tax Of,
sinco tie disastrous war With Germany
For tho purpose Of defraying tho interest gu tlie
',inaemnity" :, paid to Germany and to support.
The not profits from all tho railways belonging.
10 tho State, paid into the Treasury during tie
year 1878, amounted to littlo over 81 QUO 900 OF
orinh Or about e12, 100000 After setting inside,
\ sufficient sum to cover wear and tear, and re-
aewalH Of tracks, the earnings were about 10 per
cent on the capital invested The interest Gu Tue
bonds Issued to build the roads ia Is, Sal, 600,
Tho clear profit to the Govornment, over md
above all expenses, repairs, and renewals, Is
at S8,500, 900 to 81, ,000.000
The Government makes no effort to reduce
The freight and fare charges "a low as
they might 10 safely mado, but depends
upon the profits Of its railways Us one ct It's,
,hiof sources Of reyouuo, md the oxciao on,
aeer and tobacco as the other. could hear of
10 complaint on tho part Of tho peoulo of high
,hargos, or of mismauagement' Or irrcgularityt
III tile part Of ralway-othcora: IT Is mot allega
II tho Dayarian Parliament, or by the press, that
here was fraud, or corruption, or Credit -Afobl-
ier vlllainy praoticed in the construction Of tie
'oada;. nor is it charged that they are operated
dishouostly, or uniathtully. Tho |
3eope appear to be satisfied will, thor state-
'allway system, and exhibit no disposition Or
utention to have them sold to corporations, to |
20 operated by private capitalists for their own
ntorests, on suci terms az they choose to exact
rom tho public, aB was foolishly dono in Italy 4
ew years ago. I
T., -; TIE TE1Eanlpn1o sYsrEu :. -, -, i
q a1ao ownbu aud operated by tue Dayarfan Coy,
'rnmont but hayo not been ,able to obtain ex-
act Information in relation Thereto, except that
he Government derived q handsome revenue |
,and that tho charges for messages |
Fore half = Aorln, or about 20115 ceutA for enah
Message Of twenty *word9, including adlrosH mud
ignatnre irrespective OF dfatnnce, which, on
ono lines, e9tonGs nearly 800 miles, Tile 1ineH