davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1874-04-18

In 1854 to tho LoWor uouse. subsequently, h9
spdss Rsat @ ao osnt "a hs as Si'e o to
greHs, and continued to aoryo until hIs election
as Governor lii 1871. In was fre-olootod uoy-
ernor in 1879 and 1879, aud hold tho oico at tho
timc OF Lila selection by tho Legislature to Ruo-
coed the lan,entod Charles Sumner
WHAT Is THOUGHT OF IT IN WARRINGTON.
Sptetat Dfspatch 10 1'he Chicago Tribune.
WAs1llNaToN, D. g., April IT, The A1asaaeliu-
sotta people In Washington nrc in a high state Of
William ?. wasl,burn ta eleotod to succeed Sum-
nor in tho Senate. OF tho olevon Republicans
from tho Bay State, only four, via: the 1loar
brothers., dooch, and john NJ. 3. Williams, aro
pfoaBed at tho result Many Of tho beat informed
DO not hesitate to Charge that Wasllburn's oloc-
ton was secured by fraud and corruption. They
tlonounoe Wasllburn in tlo aoveroat forms for &C.
copting tho position, ns thoy all assume 1o will.
They claim that ho ancrificos Dawcs for tho Bake
Of llis own advancement and hold TINT this IL q
hoinous offonso In view Of tue circumstances !;
that Dawes has uniformly Btood Washburn's
friend and hRa 1nado him all that ho Ia poltti-
cally. It Hoen,s that In all Washburn's career
Dawes has been chiefly instrumental In advance
indignantly mado tonight by mon Of promt-
nenco In Massachusetts tint II It
had not been for DaweB Washburn would still
bo ont IN Greenfield making pals aud tubs. It
sooma that Dawos would not hayo felt particll-
larly hurt II Wendell Phillips, Emory Washburn,
or Boulo auch person bad boon agrood upon by
way Of compromise. Tho talk ii loud and long,
md threats arc freely made that, to punish the
mon who have thus aold and delivorod Dawes, n
Democratic Governor and Legislature will ho
through the efforts and assistance Of
the Dawes Republicans and as a consequence d
Democratic Senator chosen from that State tho
coming winter. DaweH' friends have freely
asserted during nll Of this Senatorial struggle
TINT he would nevor consent to como baclt to tho
House. That, II ho failed to be eectol sonator,
no would retire finally from public lifo. Tho
concluding part OF this assertion is repeated to-
day with grent emphasis. It iB 3 little peculiar
that, while the opinions OF every other MaAB-
achusetts Congressman arc quoted tonight, no
reference ia Inado to Boutwell,. They don't
count Boutwell, any more.
, 1874-04-18
EavpT.

PAn1s. April 17.-The Porte has authorized
the Khedive Of Egypt to keep tho suez Cnnal In
working order, should N. do LosHeps persist in
his refusal to abide by the decision Of tho Inter-
national Commission.
, 1874-04-18
NAVIGATION,

OMAHA, April 17.-Btoamer Hattie Kountz paaa-
cd hero, bound for Fort neuton, last evening.
She IL tho drst boat of tho season.
DETROIT. Mioh., April 17.-Newa from the
Straits yaports tho Weather cold aud freezing
piRhts. Tls thazmomstar thlA morning wss 1t
10 as1fs44.
, 1874-04-18
SPAIN.

MADRID, April 17.-1t is stated that Con. Con-
cha declined the proposition at the conference,
made by Marshal Serlano aud Admiral Topete,
that he (Concl,a) should take 5000 men to San
Sebastian, and attack the Carliats at Bilbao in
tho rear.
, 1874-04-18

VIENNA, April 17.-Daron schvarz sonborne,
the racontly-appointed Austrian Ambassador to
the United states will loave for Washington the
latter part OF May.
, 1874-04-18
A Fort Wayne Alderman Offers to Sell
tho Votes OF Three OF his Colleague.
for 5000

Speeial Dtspatch to The Chieago Tribune.
FoAr WAYNE, Ind, April 17.-ConBlderable
excitemont has been caused by An article in tho
Sentinel Of this evening" giving circulation to d
rumor that Horny Htoll, Councilman from the
Ninth Ward, offered to sell three votes in the
Council for $500 to candidate for School
Trustee. It is alao said that he reduced the
price to 800 each. but was. refused. It ia said
that stoll will be impeaohe0 and tried before the
Council for bribery. atoll's record as Oouncil-
nun hus beon bad. Two other Councilman I'M
pIioated with Stol, 1t Ia aaid partially admitted
tho charge, hut afterwards donied 1t.
, 1874-04-18

Pittsburgh Oil Market.
P1rTsnuRoH, Pu., April 17.-Crude quiet; quoted
at 85@00c, with sales.
Refined weak and nomnsliy at 1bkc: Alay, 1tAo;
June. 1Gc.
, 1874-04-18

Had another ballot been had at ouco the ma
jority Of Mr. Hoar's friends would have voted
for Adams, and either then or on tho noxt ballot
tho minority Of thu Democrats would have joined
them.
THE ELECTION OF ADAMS
WAS confidently expected before the adjourn
mont, and virtually determined, for it was re-
solved not to adjourn until a Senator had boon
IN The programme. It had boon noticed that
four OF tho leading supporters Of A1r. Dawes had
beon summoned out Of the Convention, and, i'm
mediately after the declaration OF the vote.
Mr.. Hoars friends, moved to tnke recess for
half an hour. Tho Significance Of this motion
was not understood. but it passed. It soon
leaked out tLat Vice President Henry Wilson had
como to the State-House to
SAVE THE PARTY,
and WAS then In consultation with the DaweB
leaders, who had been called out in one Of the
nute-roomR. What ho said to them ls understood
to be about this: That if they suffered Adams to
q IN ths saa
md the nation would be broken up TINT il Ad-
nms was to be elected it should be only attor D
Republican caucus nomination, and he adjured
them to lay aside their obBtinacy and either
vote for h1r. Hour or some other Republican
Whom Mr. Hoar's friends would support.
Meanwhile, tho Dawes mon and the Hoar mon
were III session In thejr own Quartera 4 formal
proposal Was made to abandon Mr. Dawes il Mr..
confidence aud good standing in the party, that
Is to Say, paaa some resolutions in hB
honor. h1r. Hoar's friends returned for answer
that such proceeding WAS doomed ine1podiont.
The time for tho reasBembiing OF tho Convention
arrived. Tic gentlemen who had been in con-
sultation with tho Vice-PreBident came forth
from the ante-chamber mud hold brief consul-
tation with tho Governor in tho corridor. Tho
word was passed suave qui peut, and in !ntonse
o1citemont the
TurnrY-ru1nD DA1LoT
began. Before much progress had beon made it
was evident that the Dawes men, WHO were not
Butler men, were all voting for Washburn, whl!o
e Hoa1 aoaH od " e5S @ y yStns nov fof aogg 9;
between Adams and Washburn, hut, seeing the
disposition Of tho Dawes men, they responded
to the indications, aud we're aoon voting gen.
eraly for Washburn. At the close Of the roll
Dawes. II; Banks, IA; Loring, al; Hoar, 4 !;
and a few scattering.
Immediately c,anges to Washburn hogan, and
1t was evident that ho would have tho number
which way tho tide Het, members, especially
corridor to congratu late the Governor. ue was
engaged with his private secretary, writing let.
ters, and would hardly believe the asaurances Of
suspect the lightning had struck him. The
callers followed ono after another 10 fast TINT ho
was obliged to quit bis task, to which. for q
while, he .pe1slstontly returned::, When mom-
es e shasns Tss sssa 0 Of ii o 1s ue
WHO voted for Loring chnugcd back to Dawes, as
II determined to make conspicuous tue reason Of
his failure. Tho vote. u finally declared, was:
Masahurn.
~
Aaams. !.
!noTan8. 8.............
90 =
, 1874-04-18

New YouK, April 17.-There waa aluggieh trado
movement to-<Iuy, owing to tho inclenlency Of the
weather. Tho market for cotton goods was quiet but
prices were steady; Light brown cotons more active !;
good donand. Prints not 10 quiek. oinghans duh.
Woolens move slowly from first hands. imported
dress goods l1rgely sold at auction to-day a fatr
nrices,
, 1874-04-18

Dawes.
si1
46f
AuA!hs.s
A recesa until o'clock was Immediately taken,
and conferences were ronowed. During tho 70.
ceaB tho announcement WAS made to Mr. Hoar'a
friendB that Mr. DaweB' friends
PROPOSED Dir. L0n1N1
as q candidate upon whom all could unito. It
Vas at once made known that Loring was not &C.
captable.
The Convention met again, and the thirty
second ballot was had, with tho following result:
~
aoar. 70
Curtis. ................,. 90
Adams 10
Banks. IA
Waahburn Observation-Disclosures. 10
1oeauE
MHitAioI.
N4ttHi4u+
Sna9Fu:..:
SuaE!es taAle
He4EA 1uluFa.s s%+s+..t. l
, 1874-04-18


NEW YORK.
NEW YonK, April 17.-CorToH-stcady; midtiltng
s ses i ip fu1S' 1s sa sessa bisSy sssy sss
FIoun-Far laalani aid adyancea reeeipts, i, COO
mon to good, so.5e@9.so good to choice
white wheat extra; s7.l531; 90; extra ohio. Sotu9
81 hoa eatn aos afsr w %ssefn ens
o1s.ge; sles; II; MlTaskss. si;S5Ss g; ~
bes Michigan, sl13H. Eys firm at IDOLS. ,; Lar;
heavy and lower; receipts, l55,ooo hu; new Western
mixed, s7@0oo: old do, 00@o2c. Oats heavy and low
ri, rseolPts, $4,000 bu; mixed Western, eo0eso;
~11ts i1tr wss!sfH, .sn nii5,tsMSpsssuasa. S.4&ssS;
CorFEE-Quiet.
sUoAn-Quiet.
sio1As.Es--Aetivs; Trinidad 800.
R1oE-Qatos.
Esr21TasxEtm 94s rehned' 'S''
EuGg-Firn& WeAcrn, 1b4c.
pRov1s1oss-pork active una armer: now men.
$asa41@1sss a1Ss NIX 7q
r,ner prime stean, 10 spot aud May; l0;,s
June.
Dur1En AND CuEgsr-Unchanged.
Wu1sKy-A shalo eaalcr vt 07s&ta98c.
LOUIBvILLl:.
LOUISVILLE KY, april l17.-COrTOK-Firm at 1tHt.
DaEApsTusra-Flour firm; No. J.. 500. Wheat
quiet and unchanged. corn quiet and unchanged at
7oe: Data qnet aud unchanged at satSeoe.
pnov1s1oNs-Fuir tlomAul. and advanced Ness
pork, $1700. Bulk meuts-shoulders. 0ao clear rib,
~; clear, vHe: sagar.cured i.ms, iaSSisxo..
Issa W,,as4.xss1isS 1sns. 6 dSs,e%s: Y &C..
BALTIMORE.
DALT1MoaE. Ma., April 17.-lsaE4psrusFs-Flo
cAeirs whi's, siss; fur te prime fl:Ss1so choiso
new We8tern Mixed as8aGG; old. 500, Oats 1utot !:
, 1874-04-18

In case Gov. WaEhburn accepts the Senator
ship, liout.-Goy. Talbot will
BEooME GOVERNOR or MAsaAcuusETrs.
He 10 uow in Toxns OH pleasure tour. hlr. Tall
hot ts q wealthy gentleman, but not at all con-
spicuous for ability. IIo haH served in the
Legislature, and in the Governors Council. He
Ia not likely to DO q candidate for re-eleoton.
>. BIOGRAPHICAL.
William 3. Waslburn, tue Sonator-elect, was
born In Winchendon, Maas., Jun. 81, 1920. lie
Is not monabor Of tho Wsshburn family 10 dis
tribe ca1no from Lyernlore, No.; it's oilloftaina
are Cadwallader O., Israel, Js., aud EliAu b.
The new Senator from Massachusetts IL u grad
uata Of Yale College, He has always been on
10 favor high tariff Oh CONSIDERATIONS 9roi.nds.
IL 1850, h nn slsc.sd to ths Rtsss Rsaats, mud
, 1874-04-18
DRY GOODS. .....
SPECIAL BARGAINS,
OPENED TODAY
Madison & Peoriia-sts,
CARSON,
P:I!RIE' & CO.

OFFER
Eight Caaos Dress Goods, exce11ont
fabrics, choice shades, at 26 cts. yd.;
half prico.
ALL Of our choice new Spring
Dress Goods, medium to rich quail
tics, 20 to as por cent below South
Side Prices.
Largo line Japanese Silks, 25o. yd
100 pieces now Spring Fancy Silks
great variety Of styles, at 75o. to 500
and $1.OO yd., being Is to 600. pc
I'd. below usual prices.
Ladies' Fino Twilled Silk Muffle
20 different style borders, at 81
each; cannot bo bought else
1ess than $l.75.
1000 pairs best genuine Paris
Gloves, Rl.75 quality, for 81. 90 pa
l,OOo<pairs 'tLupin's e1;tra'' q
ton Kid Gloves, Opera and Sprins
Shades, 81 90 pair.
Yak LAGOS from rs to SOC. yd.-~
Special Bargains.
Hamburg Embroidorios dt aston
ishingly low prices.
The largest stock Of Real French
Cor8ets in the city, which wo gunr-
antee to sell at half the regular
prices.
IT PAYS TO TRADE ON TEE WEST SIDE,
Madison & Peoria-sts.
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1874-08-20

In other words the farmer has paid
in twenty years sum, which, with the
interest thereon, is equal to $2l per
acre for every acre Of his farm.
And what has he got to show for it !?
One half of the whole sun has been
spent to support Office holders; part
to pay for law suits in which he had no
direct interest; part in public chart
ties; and only very small portion has
ever been returned to him in the shape
of any direct benefits, such as schools
roads, bridges, etc.
To be sure society and government
have to be sustained; but it should be
the effort of the people to reduce the
cost ofthat support to the lowest pos.
sible sum.
The processes of the law should be
simplifed and cheapened. A system of
arbitration should be provided for in
every township, so as to avoid as far as
possible the holding of expensive ses-
sions of courts. As far as it can be done
justly and fairly, all property in lit
igation should pay the expenses of such
litigation. Some simple and light work
should be provided for the county poor,
SO that they might help support them.
selves. The prisons should all be made.
as they are in some other States, self
supporting. The convicts should re-
ceive at the end of their term of Office
all their earnings over and above the
cost of their support: so that the in
dustrious might have chance to start
anew in the world without the pressure
of poverty to tempt them back to their
old sins. Salaries of public officers
sI 'ould not exceed the average annual
;nc. mes of the people. The number of
Office. should be reduced wherever it
can be d, one.
twill +. seen from the foregoing ia
bic that if we could in this way reduce
the expenses If government one-half,we
woald in twenty years add sl,7OO
to the meas of the svs, rage citizen. and
increase in Exc proportion the prosper
ity Of the whole people Is this not an
object worth saboring for.
But even the large aggsesste Of btate,
county and township taxes Indicates
put 1.-THE Of the taxation to'which the
people are compelled to submit.
According to the census Of 1870 the
lumber ofmsles engage d in work Of Ill
Kinds in the United States was loe6sr
IS5.
OF these 5,525, 203 were en9zedsm
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1874-08-20
& CIRCULATE THE ANTI.MONOPO-
LIST.

;If the coming battle with the rail
roadstthe people will need a reliable
: organic represent them. and keep them
informed upon many points which the
subsidized press will carefully suppress.
We weald say to our friends there
fore circulate this paper. See that it
goes into every locality and into every
house. We do not make this request
for personal reasons, for our financial
success'is already more than assured.
But the nenopoliSts have heretofore
held power by perverting and darkenins
the minds of the masses through lies
and ISLANDERS. But if the antidote
goes wherever the poison is spread we
,haEc.nc fears for the result. Circulate
Che ANnsioNoPoIIsr. Call the atten-
ton of your friends and neighbors to it..
We will furnish specimen copies free to
all who want to send them around
among their friends; and furnish free
copy to every man getting up club
of five at club rates
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1874-08-20
THE THRESHING FIELD.

Reader, did you ever run steam
threshing machine
Reader, did you ever have to feed a
crew Of twenty-six men and twenty
horses !?
Did you ever ride home in the long
twilight on a load Of wheat, and after a
hurried supper, 60 to writing editorials
for the 1000 readers of the ANr1-Mox'
oPoL1sr, whose mental appetite is as in
satiable as the nav of the threshing
machine or the mouths of the twenty.
six men and twenty horses?
If you ever did anything like this,
you will appreciate our situation this
week.
And yet We find pleasure in the re-
Election that our labcrs are not in vain
that we are dissipating prejudices
wiping out errors; bringing new and
valuable information within the reach
of the people; fighting the cunning
sophistries of those who would betray
them and elevating the standing and
increasing the opportunities of our fel.
low men. This is worth living and toll.
ing for.
And as we stand beside the threshing
machine, looking at the great golden
stream of wheat that pours from it, and
looking abroad over the wide expanse
of beautiful country, dotted with
shocks and stacks and pleasant
homes, we cannot but think of the
enormous lapses of time during which
these plains were . wilderness, trodden
only BY its wild inhabitants, the buffa-
10, the wolf, and the equally savage red
man. And how at last, in the fullness
Of time, Gods chosen race, armed with
all the manifold implements and wea.
pons Of civilization, came and took pos
session Of it; and turned the dull,
black earth, which for millions Of years
had produced only grasses for the buffa-
10, into golden wheat,-the great body
and brain food Of civilization; and
here, around this threshing machine,
are gathered men from many Of the ma
tons of Europe, threshing the wheat
which may, perchance, 60 back to their
nstive lands, to cheaper food and add
to the comforts Of the multitude
And here, IS from . commanding
height, one can catch glimpses Of the
purposes Of that great force revsrently
called God, which has intsllige1tly led
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1874-08-20
TAXATION..A FEW QUESTIONS
ANSWERED.

We are glad to receive from u. W. D.,
Hassan, Hennepin county. communi-
cation in which he takes issue with
Gordon Jackins' Letters to this paper
from the same place, and gives his own
views. We regard this letter as so i'm
portant that we will quote its main
points and discuss them editorially, but
in kindly and courteous spirit.
G. W. j. admits that ''one-third OF
the farms in his township are under
mortgage, but he thinks this is no,
due to excessive taxation as charged by
Mr.. Jackins. He says ''there is not a
man in this town that pays taxes
enough to make him poor
Here Mr.. G. W. j. falls into the very
natural error of supposing that Mr.
Jackins pays no taxes save those EN-
braced in the tax lists Of the State
county and township. He overlooks the
taxes paid by him for the support O.
the general government collected
through the duties on imports; and the
still larger tax paid by him through the
increase in the value Of home manufac
lures, ~ the Protective Tariff.
But if we confne ourselves in the first
place to the State, town and county
taxes, the aggregate result is surpris
ing.
For instance, let us suppose the tau
on 160 acres Of improved farm land te
be $500 per annum; and that the
owner pays that sum regularly each
year for the period of twenty years,
that being perhaps the average period
Of activity and labor, how much
would it amount to with interest at IL
per cent
Suppose each year instead of pay ing
that $500 to the county treasurer, he
had loaned it out at the bank rates, L.
per cent, and had loaned out the inter
est also as soon as received, how much
would he have? We have carefully
figured it out with the following re-
suit:
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1874-08-20
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AN.
DREWS.

One of the most egregious and at the
same time most successful humbugs in
this world,-is Christopher Columbus An.
drews; man who, to use the language
of the St. Cloud Journal, s'rose to be
a Major General without fighting bat.
tie; who was appointed by Republi.
can administration Minister to Sweden
for defeating Republican nominee for
Congress, by running as third candi-
date, after his expenses in the campaign
had been paid in cash; and who evolved
from his inner consciousness lengthy
dis1uisitions on how to cook beans and
make butter
He is one Of the most surprising in
stances in the world of the all-control-
ling power Of that rare combination
impudence and industry.
For years he was the butt Of all
parties; his name was never mentioned
save with grin or gufaw. But while
the world laughed, Andrews plodded on;
while the world rated him below imbe-
cility, Andrews scared to the Hottest
heights of ambition. While other men
"sought the bubble reputation even at
the lannon's mouth" Andrews sought
promotion to the rank of General by
writing letters and making speeches.
If fifteen years ago any man had
prophesied that Andrews would within
the next decade be Major General and
| Z. S. Minister to the Court of Sweden,
that man would have been set down as
fit for cell at St. Peter. Yet there
he is.
And he is determined to keep his
place if impudence and industry can
accomplish it. And he has kept it, so
far, in spite of the whole Minnesota
delegation. Nay, more, he desires to
be United States Senator for Minnesota.
The mind stands aghast at the mere
thought! Christopher Columbus An
drews, United States Senator!!
eye gods, it doth amaze me,
A man of such feeble temper; should
So get the start Of the majestic world,
And bear the palm alone
And see how Systematically he goes
to work. He has been sending litho-
graphed letters all over Minnesota, es-
pecially to his Scandinavian friends, re-
flecting upon the unheard of attempt
Of the Minnesota delegation to dislodge
him, after he had held the place four
years, to make room for Gov. Miller or
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1874-08-20

"For once, Commodore
Vanderbilt, Col. Scott and
the Erie people were in
harmony: all agreeing that
the crisis was upon them,
and must be met; and, that
it was better to meet the
enemy at the West, than to
wait until he had advanced
into New York, Pennsylva-
MIA and the Eastern States.
What the plan Of the cam
paign is no one but them
selves knows but if what
we hear whispered is only
half true, it cannot be long
before the order will be
given to move on the enc
my's works"
Report of the Saratoga
RAILROAD Conference; Phil
,adclphio Public Ledger.
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1874-08-20

the world up from the trilobite and the
ganoid, to these elevations Of develop
ment; and whose work is not yet end
ed; but who is even now smoothing
the pathways before the feet Of the ma
tons tearing down the walls Of CASTE,
and throwing open all doors to the en-
ergies and the genius Of his mighty
creature, man.
Let us rejoice as we see that 'sall
things work together for good.
The anti-monopolist. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1874-1878, 1874-08-20

word in tariff law, have made moro
money than he, with twenty years Of
incessant toll could accumulate.
1t is difficult for simple men to recog.
nize the force and operation of those
sin pie laws Of finance which silently
work out such remarkable results, leav.
ing one class in their palaces and the
other very close to the poor house, and,
to show that we have not exaggerated
in the calculations we have made. we
will relate little incident told US by
Hon. Leonard B. Hodges, a farmer of
Olmsted county, formerly a member of
the State Senate. Mr.. Hodges on one
occasion was in the city of Rochester in
conversation with wealthy banker, land
complaining of the high taxes he had
to pay. The banker, like G.. W. j.,
poo-poohed him, and told him the taxes
amounted to nothing. Mr.. Hodges re-
piled that he would give him his farm,
one of the best in Olmsted county, il
he, the banker. would repay him the
taxes he had paid on it since the coun-
ty was first settled, with IL per cent in
terest, compounded each year. The
banker agreed to do this. Mr.. Hodges
brought in his tax receipts the next
day, and they went to figuring. The
result was the banker begged leave to
back out of his agreement-the sum
total far exceeded the entire value OF
the farm!
Farmers cannot calculate too closely
in these things. They should carry
their tablets and pencil in their
pouch and think and figure and figure
and think. And they should apply
their pruning knife to cut off, not alone
the dead or diseased limbs Of their or
chard trees, but every unnecessary ex-
pense in government.
Think what Paradise we could make
this garden Of the world if we could get
clear of the parasites who live upon us
if We could keep fair percentage of
the wealth our industry, aided by the
sun and the rain, extracts from the
rich fields, which for SO many thousand
years have been accommodating their
fertility for our use.
But if you would have pleasant
homes, happy hearts, abundance and
comfort, you must think, reason, study,
investigate for yourselves. If you do
not, you will come to the novels of
slaves, and you will deserve them.
And let not the townspeople think
we talk to the farmers alone. They
are tied for good or i'll to the farmers.
If the farmers are prosperous they will
have thousand wants they will de-
mand all the comforts and the luxuries
oflifc, and the cities will furnish them.
But what will the cities be that depend
upon an ignorant, impoverished horde
of Doors, but little above the status of
the Russian peasants