, 1874-10-27

palacG4 III l607 and IlH brother Mu6tapl1h, WHO
Then camo another brother, A1nhmond, who put
h'!HtaI'a,n md Muataplas young. eon to dohth
and became Busan In trrn* thus ruler waa now
the ouly living scluu of tho line Of Osman, and
Honn becA.lp ono Of tic RteTuGgt nnd raOat Bn-
glEar rofor1ners Of llfB ago.
hlahno,,si hogan hiH work In 1908, adopting
number Of Wostern convenioncoB, sitting at Ills |
meals, using knife md fork, and drinking wine |
nm. sna lra,,y s iiko good Christian. o Ind to
uoorgo roso against him in Boryia aB did All |
tasba IN Alhnniat man wlloHo picture ]'angs
DID, whtso slelenlet Al begun llta poralBtont
l.gs. Then camo tito rebellion OF tho ncllcncs,
WIN Dotzetia, Norman, Mnvrocordato, mud tho |
nioder1! "Greok-flro OF Canaria renowned iii |
t,o hhip,-tlEhtinr i, Of tho tEsoon and tho lyric
enesnles OF Afahnoud monaccd lin in Cousth,,-
tnoplo itself. Tlleso were tho .tsni2arics, WHO |
would not hngo tho army reform, but would
'n4 resoysG Str o p6t 6e \, Il 9sHSs s He o%
whom I'll, ooo ol them marched mutnously into
tho Btroats, he ordered out to, 900 wo-nstructod
solders. with park. Of artillery. covered tho
walls with an appropriate exEortatlon from tho
robcls. Before ngl4t-fall tho aatol,,shcil Cty Of
Constantlnoplo saw 10000 Of tllom lying dead In
tho streets aud slinres, md tho rest Scattered
rion that had existed for GOO years was at an oiM
aud tho gront reformer breathetl litt1o more
frsoly, though hiB satisfaction was soon din,in-
shed by tho nnyai battlo of Nayarino, II, 1927,
! and Tho destruction of hia aoet by tho English.
Froncb, aud Russtanu. After this "untoward
event." as tic Duke Of Wellington termed 1t,
camo the loss Of Greoco, hY liberAtion though
1t was in truth. rather gain for tile sulta,l,
| s,noo 1t relieved him from q world Of trouble,
began with Consantlnoplo, making nuulhor
of chn.geH. 1e had tho army Of prowlng dogs
caught up from tho Btrools and slaughtered.
Now York never saw such bdtt0e. Ho ortlored
all tho official OAmanliH to sit at meals aud uso
knlvos and forkB-al'owipg tho u'emas to BIT
| crosB.legged aud cat from their fingers, since
tho Koran lad no mention Of forks. Ho had hls
portrait taken, III spite Of tho Oriental disllko Of
| school Of nnatomy, aud had dead bodies dis
Bectcd. to tho scandal ind horror Of all piouB
A1ussumans. Ho went further, md ordered, In
1881, Turkish newspaper tor Constantinop!o.
edited BY a Turco- Frank-an astounding httlo
shoot called tho 1'dakui'ai Veekai, or Teller of
Events. Tho Turks calculated Allah md Bis
nillnL, and hold OF ut first. but III week thoy
were calling for tue 1aakcinli at all tho coifeo-
Alahnoud inserting. like trno king Of 1nen, shat
tho mnBs Of people should R!wnyB bo led and
%.ught by those moro intsligont shaa them
He.yes.
Mahmoud died in 1880. md was succeeded by
his twonty-nrst chlld, Abdul a1cdjia, agcd II,
mild aud somewhat saturnno youth, who con-
tinucd 10 carry ont the Tanzimat or rofortn Of
his ,,rapdfatler aud father. Ills reign is renown
I'd for the lIatto-Cherif Of dulhauo-the grand
| reform bill OF tho monarchy. prepared by Red
achid raaha aud other ministers Of Muhmoud !.
scheme Of reconstruction putting oil casHoB aud
creous on All equality nosoro tho law. and aboslt-
ing swarm OF abuses III every brauLh OF admin
istration. Tho wlo!o waa modolod after tho
French ideas Of Louis phppe'a Government.
| Ii 1861, after quiet reforming reign Of twenty
two years., Abdul Medjid died. aged 80. leaving
seven aons aud two daughters, and making way
for his brother. tho presont noyerogn..
Abdul Agsiz, tho thirty-second Sultan of lia
lfno wab brought to the throne FROM "sccluslou"
or what liz translated the cage" BY Western
writer's, who generally, for historic ctroct, l,aye
takon tho most picturesque uleaning OF tho Turk
ish word, as III tho case OF Daiazot aud others.
Ille now ruler had lived d very qulot lilo, mud
! stored his mind with tho knowledge Of things In
general. being at the aanlo timo an amateur agl-
oulturiat, lilsa the English Princa Albert He Also
as much liko Westerns ~ possible, aud WIZ
ass;atel, or rather guided, III his views by bis two
as,ie Ministers, Aah pasha and 0nes Pasl,s, men
whuBo aeath in 1871 was d groat loss to their
country. Ho and they ordered the cout[Hcation Of
tho Mosque property III 1906 securing at the
same tiluo about 50 per ccut OF tho proceeds OF
tho sao to tho ulo1nas and tho other relig1onisa,
Who ncverlheoss, doclarod that tho sun
Of Islam waa now aet forever, In 1867
Abdul Assz aggravated their detection by
travelling away to tho WoBt where he visited hiA
gool sister tho Queen of England and tho En-
peror of Franco, aftor which ho ontprod tho City
/ og Vcunn-more successful iu this thnn Mo-
manned ~. who tried to got into 1t in 1853.
against the wiBlcs OF JOHN SobieHk The Sui
tnn was everywhere received with grand vol
cumo, aud lle carried homo with him number OF
now ldeas. Quo OF these waa Couaell OF State
to replace the sleepy Dlyan Of other days. This
Council IL now composed Of forty memborH,
twoi,ty-sovon Of whom arc hiussulmans,' tho rost
being Greeks, Catholics Jews,. Arinonians, and
DYuscs--an example Of wise federation initiated
by ITO other munalcl, in the world. at the samo
t,nlc, Daud paala, Catholic. WIS inado aliuiBter
oil Public Works, aud Naasl paHha, another Cath
olic, appointed Governor Of tho Lebanon. In
1865 tho first lied book waH publlslod by tho
Government. explaining TIM entite Grotan flues-
ton for the general benefit
Among tho most important Of theHo changes
must 10 rcckonod that Of tia succession, nletl-
t.olloi asovo. This wi tend to prevent any OF
the palace tragedies which layo woakenea the
that prineplo OF "ianistry," as it wus called III
the Vast, was logical enough, suce it mcant
tic cloice Of tho worthiest, tho strong swords-
1nan Of tho family boat fitted to hold his place
tilo world. Among tho Turks, ihoro WAS no
thought OF breaking tho aacrod limo Of osnan,
but it WAS necessary thnt the ablost nan OF that
family should stand first, the woakliuga being
put Rstdo for tue general good. Tho Sultans
wero accordingly III tho hpbit of casing or kill
ing their troublesome brothers, sustained by the
Koran, which says TINT anarchy s worso tlau
execution, and tllat tho Sultan should be as
much like God aa poFs!ble~-that il, without ri.
ya!. This wan also justihed IN tho Kanunnama,
or Code Of tho Monarchy, aud, as general rulo,
coronation WIS ACCOMPANIED by stsangulation.
managed BY tlo 3anlzariea. a1ahmoud, father
Of Abdul Alodjid-to 80 no further back thnn
1807-had his brother. Mustapha. aud aluHtapha'a
little soil, pnt to death. 11o went farlhor, aud
ordered four Ut his brothers aultnnas to be
atraagled in their cashmere ahawls, to prevent
any future trouble with is possible nephews.
forming rclgti, which ondcd In 1885, Since tha.
time tho closer intimacy Of tue Porto with the
other Courts Of Europe has tended to soften, III
we'll uB to secure, tho conditions Of tho Turkish
Monarchy, and neither Abdul aledjM nor Abdul
Assfz fonfsl It necessary to bow-Btrlng any neal
relutions on coming to tho throne.
Turkey, with iss aron Of 100000 square
mcB, ii n country vol worth reforming. Oi
course. good deal of TINT ground In III vii.
dorncss condition, and Egypt, Ronnlnnia. sor'
via, and Montonegro aro virtually independent.
INT IL IL rt,1t TmDnria1 fnrfHpn nn1 I'm rrant