Watertown republican. [volume] (Watertown, Wis.) 1860-1906, 1874-04-08
FARM AND HOUSEHOLD.
Hvdafid on the Brain of sheen.

FARM AND HOUSEHOLD.
Hytiafid on the Brain of sheep.
This form of disease called staggers,
sturdy etc. These hydatids are watery
bladders or cysts which may be either
small or the size of hens egg. They
are known TO naturalists by the name
of hyd0tes 2oO{yceph0Ius cere6rGlis or
many-headed hydatid of the BRAIN
They have their origin in this wise.
The ova of these parasites are taken
into the system with the food and wa
ter. As soon as taken into the system,
the ova undergo a change and become
hydatids. These make their way in
the circulation to the brain or whatever
the proper lodgment may be. On the
flesh OF animals containing hydatids
being eaten, the parasites undergo
another change and become the perfect
entozoon. In some species each para
site, and In others, Ias,the tenia or tape
worm, each joint is androgynous, that
is, of both sexes. AS soon as the per-
feet entozOon is formed, the ova are
produced, which, being passed with the
droppings, are again picked up and be-
come hydatids.
One of the commonest parasites in
the sheep is the Cenurus cerebralis.
German experimenters have produced
tape worm II dogs from feeding them
with Cenurus from the sheep, and
have then, from the droppings Of the
dog pro lUced Cenurus and consequent
ly " staggers" in the sheep For the
reason that dogs are scarcely ever free
from intestinal parasites, many good
flock masters in England will not allow
a dog to cross their pastures and will
not allow their shepherds to use dogs.
Hydatids on the brain may be said to
be an almost incurable disease. the
only remedy consisting in the excision
Of the hydatid, which can only be done
by skillful veterinary surgeon. Of
course this will not pay unless with an
extremely valuable animal. We need
scarcely add that the flesh of an animal
infested with hydatids should not be
eaten unless thoroughly cooked.
Western Razr0l
Chapter Concerning Orchard Insects.
The following article recently APP
peared in the New York Sun, and is
from the pen of Andrew S, Fuller. It
contains information and suggestions
profitable for our readers to regard.
Apple Tree Borers.-There are sew
eral insects known as apple-tree borers.
but the one most destructive to the
trees in the Eastern states is the larva
OF grub, or the two-striped Saperda
(Sapord0 candida. This beetle is
about three-quarters of an inch long. of
a buff color, with two distinct white
stripes extending from the head to the
tip of the wing covers. It is very shy.
hiding IN crevices of the bark. and up
among the leaves of the tree during the
day, and flying abodt at night. The
beetles appear In spring, the females
usually depositing their eggs on the
bark OF the trees near the ground,
where they soon hatch, and the grubs
bore into the sapwood of the trees. fire.
quently completely girdling the stems.
The grubs are nearly cylindrical, taper.
ing slightly from the head to the end
of the body. The head is small, brown
and hornllke IN appearance. Apple
trees that are cultivated, with the stems
surrounded by grass and weeds, are
much more likely to be attacked than
those receiving the opposite treatment.
The CRIBS can be found in the trees
at this season and during the summer,
their presence being readily detected
by the sawdust-llke eXcrement pushed
out from the burrows made by them
They should be dug out and killed; q
small gouge or a strong, sharp-pointed
knife being used for this purpose. Lime
or ashes are frequently recommended
as representatives., being heaped or strewn
th1ckly about the stems; but we are in
cllned to believe that their efficacy, if
they possess any, is mainly due tokeep-
ing the grass and weeds from growing
up and shading the very place which
the beetle selects for depositing her
eggs. The Saperda attacks trees of all
ages, but appears to prefer those that
are young, probably because the bark
IS thinner and affords more ready access
to her young. The only certain method
OF preserving our apple orchards from
destruction is to examine the trees once
OF twice every season, and dig out every
grub found in them. If the base of the
stem, for a foot ormore from the ground
upward, is enclosed in oiled or tarred
paper, or any similar material, the fe-
male will seldom attack the trees. But
even with these precautionary measures
the trees should be annually examined.
The next most troublesome insect is
the 'fat-headed borer" This grub is
the larva or small, fattish beetle about
halt an inch long, of a greenish-black
color above, and a bronze appearance
underneath. The name of this beetle
is Ch1,yso6othrts fenaorata, and it ap-
pears at various times during the sum-
mer, the females depositing their eggs
on the stems as well as in the forks of
the main branches. It does not, how
ever, confine It's ravages to the apple,
or trees belonging to the same family,
like the Saperda named above, but
l. ooh, r