The New York herald., 1874-11-09

and With I'll direction not OF one, but or severa
armies. dhz ributed throughout Russia, rom 81
Petersburl 10 Tenis and from Warsaw to Tashkan
the War Del arrment mas to rely Tor the recruit
ment OF the forces on raw or hall
weight mate rial. While the demands for technca
knowledge an only be met by training men fo
the manuiac ture OF the needful objects. ana ther
rransportiny them thousands of miles 10 the varl
ous depots. Inc DEPARTMENT MAINTAINS u thor
ough sysfen, OF educationai establls hments-scien
tuc, genera and special. lhe pupils graduating
tncre,rofn III many caSes ieave Tue service IN con
sequence oil Llducelnents offered 10 young men o
education by the better paid emplcymenls o.
clyl lie. Thgv are not. as Ia Germany encour
aged to rema.1l IA tue army by the hope oi promo
tion from the anks, or even the assured prospect
o the cVm0ris bic pay and respectable position OF
a Prussian po te-epie u RANK between c0mmis.
stoned and u tn-commlssoned ofcer, to which
any clever an.t well conducted soldier In the En-
peror Williams army may aspire.
SURVEYING.
This is anot er serious item OF expenditure,
owing to the G sormous area Of the Russian terri-
tory, yet the CO 1t oil the Ordnance Department Is
less than In Gel many though, considering the I'M
mense distance IN ths Empire, u might well be
rdian OF some places In the Euxlne not having
yearly contingent OF recruits. the shortening OF
the term OF serv be. nave necesslated large In
crease IN the trais sport services. The more COM
pllcation there ~ Ia The arrangement and dlslri-
button OF the al 10y the greater the number both
OF conscripts WI - have 70 be despatched TO their
depots and OF melt who after their term OF service
Is expired, must ne sent back TO their respective
homes, situated, ! erhaps, at q distance OF thou
% more need there Is ior the the War ' Department @ @ to
provide against Unforeseen and Extraordinary
quality OF the SIT lation in regard to the cost Of
this pranch OF the administration Russia does not
spend more tnan ntE neixnDors on the transport
service. Still she Us, since 1866, set 10 work with
some vigor in tn u direction. ana government
has lately sanctlo sed an outlay OF s3,00o.ooo
constructed after I he newest patterns, besides q
sutrcient number ~ carts for temporary ambu-
MINISTERIAL RrspoNs1prrIry
In fact, Iae evetts Of 1901 have al length
awakened the MIN. sters or tae Gear to the need
pace With events. II was to the neglect OF this
precept that Russias owed much OF the loss she
sustained in her conflict with the better
equipped forces Of England and France.
Yet, during the first few years that followed the
Crimean war, military entries occupied but the
seconu place IN the lMdget. Russia was compelled
TO economize. She had expended her reserve OF
military stores and had 70 postpone the most i'm
remained quiet Europe had completely trans
formed It's armamentH. LaLterly Russia has en-
deavored to make up for lost time. Much has been
done: yet, In the oplplon OF competent officers.
mucl remains to be done. in 1857 the reserves or
clothing, equipmenrsb &c, We're estimated at
quality or of obsolete patterns and the C0mmissa-
rat had considerable difficulty in supplying the
theess, the present armament and extraordinary
reserves OF the imperial army comprise clothing
and equipments Tor upward OF coo COZ men, the
stock being valued atraO less than $l3500, 900. All
articles OF clothing ana equipment required
Tor immediate mobilization OF the army are
now in the very places wnere the troops
ties. The rapidity with wncn clothing can
nsnrenr Of large work Shops Since 1851 or 1862 it
has been the practice OF tne Russian Commlssariar
TO draw upon the pernat,ent reserves Tor the sup.
ply OF ordinary rcqulreme ats, but this has proved
A DOUBTFTl. ECONOMY,
and is being abandoned. At present the War
reserve OF provisions, amounting TO more than
10Oo,O00 bushels OF nour, valued at 81 250.0oo The
hospital and surgical services have also been re-
modelled at considerable cost. and would, 1t Is
thought. be able to bear ttae strain OF campaign.
Turning 10 the service, which every successful
war raises TO greater impos tance we md that the
ARTILLERY
has cost not more than 81 900 In six years. This
cannon. Inc reserve OF lead, waich was formerly
estimated at less than GOO 900 pounds weight, mas
been raised lately to nearly oo,ooo,ooo pounds
weight. The expenditure on lortresses mas
amounted 10 not less than el OO 600 Oh late years
lor eacn succeeding DndHet. Russia, nEe Ger
many, IS reconsrucrlng her first class fortresses.
AT the same time l: mas been iOund necessary to
renew all the engineering ma terIal, TO build new
pontoons and Thoroughly to reorganize the tele
graphic SERVICES.
ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.
VI course the most SERIOUS. items in the military
accounts OF Russia, as OF all other nations at the
present tine, are occasion ed by the wonderful
changes srence has efrecte,i in all kinds OF arma
ments. Tne Cars troops suffered as seyerel.
IN 1854 as the Austrian solui cars sueered from the
effects OF the needle gun IN Js05. In this respec
Gently made enormous srrics,s. there are nov
stored 10 the arsenas more ttis 1000 900 OF quc
hrlng rides aud l.5oo breecn-ho' sdlng cannon wit
mitrailieuses. The armaments OF the fortresses
when In 1860 counted aoout 1900 serviceabi,
wards Of 5000 cannon OF ne,u er patterns. Th
sums thus expended may be r eck0ned by tens o
millions Of dollars.
WHAT THE ARMY IA 8 TO DO.
The services required OF the Russian army ar
much more severe tnan those u foreign armies
Soldiers have to perform the duties OF escort
over immense distances, to keep order In remote
provinces and guard distanty I'd, ,uated factories
They have also 10 work at the manufacture o
their clothing and equipments n ,Sldes doing in
lerior service in military worksht rps. Such tas
ts this extra service on the time II the men tina
often, out of o company OF Sc venty men, no
more than thirty Will be available Tor the music
The Russian army is thus vast: industrial host
ble III war and yet not useless IN peace
Perhaps II would be iairer to say that IT 1s eQual
formidable IN peace and in wai., for the soldier
are generally quartered on the in abltants. The
are, as have shown, tnlevish to q degree, and q
The present time the discipline maintained
extremely lax. Old otficers dec are that sine
the knout was abolished there Is n
serious argument left with winch no appeal to tn
conscience OF q Russian private An elaborate
system OF military law mas supefses led the promp
justice which formerly overlook. an offender
Crimes have not decreased uncs,r these well
meant reforms, but the new tribunals hav
created O good many ofiices of emolument an,
added to che patronage OF the Lnister OF War
Hence tney are not TO be lightly CT Eicised.
THE TRUE DEFENCE OF Ri u isIA.
1t has been alleged that Russia 'needs no bul
warks," no fortresses along the lire OF her iron
tier; that the enormous extent OF in n territory
its beet defence. Certainly Russia cannot b
overrun in a campaign, but tncaitsilable mrser
ana disgrace might be inflicted .sn her by al
armed occupation OF the western pr Uvtnces OF IN
Empire, which, II left unguarded, wo cid fail pre-
to the winner OF the first battle In hat direction
ard the western provinces are this wealtniest
Moreover it should not be forgotten chat the vas
development OF Russian railways d, tring the las
few years has made every part OF the Czar's Euro
pean dOmlnions easier OF access. The abiest stra
egists agree that Napoleon would ha vc rename
master or the country In 1872 mad q railway sys
TEN been then IN existence. As the ntroductto
OF steam into navigation has deprived
ENGLAND
OF much OF the security she formerly Re st in her In
suar position and has made her devo &c WITHIN
lew years $45,000,O00 to fortiying hei coasts, 8
the steam engine has annihiated tn sc distanc
from his neighbors which was the old 81 TIE guard
the Muscovlts.
on THE SIDE OF ASIA.
There Is OF course no lear OF invasiOii. md onl
lew small forts necessary, rather rs uut posl