davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13

JUST TAKEN HIS BITTERS. heard
a seedy looking individual with an
alarmipgly red nose remark to a brother
soaker that he had Just had his bit
tiers, but he did not mind taking an
other nip" His remark suggested a
train of reflection. How was If, we
asked ourselves, that the word "bit-
tiers" had grown to be a synonym for
gin, whisky, rum, and other alcoholic
stimulants, to which 1t was applied in
discriminatory. Bitters, we reasoned,
suggested the idea of healthful tonic,
not of poisonous stimulant; something
invigorating to the system, not an alco-
holic irritant, full of fusel oil, produc-
ing present intoxication and ultimate
Insanity, idiocy, or premature death.
Moreover, our idea of bitters was totally
irreconcilable with "gin cocktails, %
'trum punches" and "brandy smashes, ="
which, we are informed, are sweetened
with sugar, and rendered doubly iniur-
! ious with essences colored by means of
mineral poison. This was bitter-sweet
with a vengeance. We mentioned this
problem to a friend. He solved it by
! exclaiming Why, don't you know
that most of these bitters advertised as
remedies are only drains in disguise.
Topers know it, if you do not. I must
make one exception, however" he ad-
! ded, Z" and that's DR.. Walkers Califor-
MIA Vinegar Bitters; there isn't a par
| ticle of alcohol or fermented liquor II
it, and it is the best vegetable tonic and
! slteratiYe in America"
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13

c c. OLIE & Co.:-9ents: This is TO certify that
have used the %aukesba Mineral Rock spring
Water for the last six or eigh months. with good
results. I was very bad with the kidney aud liver
disease, and this water has helped me wonderfully
in both of the disc -ses- Ny digestion has also
greatly improved. and now / feel this water has
been great benefit in more ways than one If
continue to use the water, am confident that II
viii effect permanent cure. The ore ship me
TO this city anoth half ba rel OF the once
CHARLES J. SMITH.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13

WHEN portland woman chases her
boy with a broom, he runs down on a
wharf and jumps into the water. When
he comes out his face is washed, his
mother does not know him, and he is
saved.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13

DAUGHTERS COLLEGE. Harrod shurE, Ky.
18th session pr gins septic m Der 90 81 A.
All branches taught Thoroughly and practically,
No public exhibitions allowed. All Natural
Sciences taught experinlentally or by observation
Ladies specially trained IN Normal or Teachers
department without extra charge. 4 elegraph and
raxidermy taught Music. Languages and Paint
ing at moderate prices Rooms well furnishe l..
Glasses limited aud select For new catalogue h
drass @ = q mo. WILMA Ms.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
WETERS' e0NCERT0 ORGANS

arc Hte most style c"0 .teFAeCA IN
tone ever made. The Concerto stop fs he
best ever placed an any organ. II q pro
citced 1y IN extra set Of reeds. peculiarly
voiced, The Effect Of sChfch Is most CHI ru1 In z
and soui-stfrrings s5hfle ia Initiation or ne
human voice Is superb. Terms liberal.
WATERS Philharmonic, Yes
per 6C Orchestral ORGANS
In unique French cases, are among ne best
m ades ard com bine purity Of vofcinE aDffh
great Volume Of tone. Suitable FOR parloT,
church music hail
WATERS New Scale PIANOS
have great power AID a fime singing tone,
iDith ali modern tEfprCvemSnts,d and a. e ne
best pianos made. These organs NE
amos are warranted for o VeSrss Prices *.
GTemely low FOR cash, or part cash and ball
snce q Enonthky o. quarterly payments
SecOE1Cl-hama Instruments taken n eE-
CHANGE Agents wanted IN every county
IN ne o =. AID Canada. A liberal dEscoTrTif
10 Teachers. Mtllsers, CHURCHES. ScaooLE Lod1es
ere. LLUSTRA TED ca TALOG UEg Nailed
HORACE WATERS a EOS
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
A MILLIoN tuasoR,BERs WASTED FOE

Beautiful Christian Weekly!
Guns. ctarian) lor al CLASSES nd Al ases-
FOR EVERY BODY md
SUPERFICIAL octave pages double COZ -
nearly 10 ILLuET RATIoSs yearly IN, .No.3 nb.
scribe - 80 a fdress Fs WA NSfDE.
8 z Market street. wilmington Ilcla',.ssll,--,
ILLUSTRA TED Va TSIDE MONTHLY 4 -. .-,r-ss
zinel. 81 o. year ruND DAY ? CHts'Ls .l,res.
once month. ~inge copies. - cents ten ,.l,ies
20 twice mon tn sine le cops s, 81 cents aim.
- order now or send ~ cents Tor speclIIlth w.
AL editions.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13

This is equal to S24S per capita for
the entire population; but, of course,
it does not bear equally on all. The
nation also owes, according to recent
estimates, not less than $3.50, 900, 900 on
account of unsettled claims pending be-
fore congress, the departments or the
courts. On the greater part of this
debt interest is paid on an average rate
of about six per cent. It is impossible
to ascertain how much of this indebted
ness is held abroad. Bonds are sent
abroad and others are sent home at
short intervals. Aside from the ma
tional debt, most of the claims repre-
sent material improvements, although
nearly eighty millions of the national
debt represents the principal and inter
est on railroad bonds which have been
loaned, and for which there is already
nominal securities.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13

WANTED - 100, goo, 600 Men.-Apply
for situation at the nearest gents furnishing
store. They viii engage you by your paying
the price Of box or more Of ElmWood Collars,
which you can take homo with you.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
ono 30 Cenf RotfLa

One so Gent Bottle
WILL CURE MORE COMPLAINTS AM
PREVENT THE SYSTEM AGAINSTSUDDEk
ATTACKS OF EPIDEMICS AND CONTA
GIOUS DISEASES THAN ONE HUNDRED
DOLLARS EXPENDED FOR OTHER MED
ICINES OR MEDICAL ATTENDANCE.
THE MOMENT RAILWAYS READY re-
LIEF Is APPLIED EXTERNALLY-OR Ia
KEN INTERNALLY ACCORDING TO DI-
REOFIONS--PAIH, FROM WHATEVER
CAUSE, CEASES TO EXIST.
IMPORTANTLY Miner, Farmers and others re
cult to secure the services OF a physician. r. -
WAY K EADH RELi # is Invaluable. Il can
oe used with positive assurance Of doing good 10
All cases where pain or discomfort Is perlenced
or II seized with Influenza, Dptberia. sore Throat
BAD Coughs Hoarseness, Bilious Collie. Iufiam-
nation Of the Bowels. Stomach, Lungs, Liver, Kid
neysi or with Group, Ouinsey, Fever and A que; OF
with Neuralgia. Headache, Tic Dolorsux ToOth-
echet EaFaches or with LumbagO, Pain IN the
k Hack or hhe1matism; or with DiaTrhosa, ChOlers
OF BrulseSf or with strains Cramps or spasIns
The application OF RAILWAYS READY RE
LIEF VIII cure you of the worst OF these com
plants In few hours
Twenty drops in half a tunlbler OF water will In
lew moments cue CRAMPS. SPAsMs, sou K
DIARR HCEA, DYS EMERY, COLO, WIND / n
THE 30 " ELS, and all INTERNAL PAINS.
ItaNelers should always carry = bottle Of RA d.
WAYS READY RELIE r with them. A lew drofI,
" water VIII prevent sickness or nRins from
change ofwater. It Is setter than French brandy
or Bitters as e stimulant
Sold by Druggists. Price so Cents.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
~urREMiNGToN Waptlo

No Sewing Machine Received a Higher Medal.
FEW GOOD REASONS
IA Netg Invention THOROUGHLY TESTED I'D
secured by Letters Patent.
2.-Makes perfect LOCK STITCH, alike on both
sides, all kinds Of goods.
3s-RUNs LIeHT. SMOOTH, NOIsELEss and RAP
-best combination of qualities.
4.-DURABLE-Rlt7lsCo for Years without Repairs
5.-Wtg do all varieties OF Work and Fancy Stitch
ting in a superior manner.
els Most Easily Managed by the operator.
Length OF stitch may be altered while running,
and mac ne can be threaded without passing
thread nrough holes.
Ss-Deslgh Simple, Ingenious, Elegant. forming
the stitch S0ithout the of Cog Wheel Gears
Rotary Cams or Lever Arms Has the Autoniafl,
Drop Feed which fnslres uniform length Of ssitch
at any speed. Has Thread CoHfTO1ei
which allows easy movement OF need 'e-bRr and
prB injury 10 thread.
8.-COEsTRUCTIoS most cdTernI an FINIsHED.
It IS manufactured by the most sItLrtI and erpG1
eneed 5aeehdntes. at the celebrated Remington
ArmOry, Hon. n. L. New York Odsees
No. Madison Square, (Kurtz's Build-
ing.) BRANCH OFFICESi Kiss state Al =,
Chicago, IlI.s 27O Superior ST, Cleveland,
Ohio; 1sI Fourth st, Cincinnati, O.B DC
Main ST., BuffaIO,'N. VS. 332 Washington
ST., Boston, mass.B $40 Chestnut ST.,
Philadelphia Pat 10 sixth ST., Pitts
burgh, Pa.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13

PATBTCK," said the priest, chow
much hay dill you steal ?" well, I
may as well confess to your reverence
for the whole stack, for l am going af-
ter the balance Of it to night.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13

THERE are now ninety-eight protest
ant churches in Mexico, five years ago
there were less than six.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
Greenwood Seminary.
a BnARDlNH SCHOOL EnR YnnHs LAnIEsN :.

O PECIALTEESs English. Mathematics. ali
- Sciences, Latin, Greek, French. German. In
strumental and Vocal Music Drawing, Painting
Needle, Hair, Wax and Frost work
E'au Session begins FtRST MONDAY IN Sep
TENDER 1874. Rates reasOnable-advanta
drst-ciass.
N. LAWRENCE Ii DIS LEY. Lebanon, Tenn.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13

ADVICE IN CASES OF POISONING.
Stir into a glass of water a heaping
teaspoonful each of salt and mustard
and drink immediately. One or more
doses will cause vomiting, and cleanse
the stomach. To overcome the effects,
swallow the whites of two or three
eggs, and drink cup or two of strong
coffee.
Sweet oil, taken freely, is excellent
in poisoning.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
How Much Do We owe ?

The New York Shipping Gazette
says
We have been accustomed to consider
the national debt as representing the
real indebtedness of the country.
That debt is now $2,147, 725. 277. But
the aggregate of all the debts of the
country, state, county and municipal,
added to the national debt, may be
added nm as follows.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
3 RN'
Pocket Photoscope

Has Rreat magnifyinE power, used for mn
c0unterf II Money, shoddy In clothi ioiesi ,,ins
stauces n she eye. 10 wounds, etc ana - met
insects, flowers and plants: 10 detec uaWs .ntfng
ais, hneLeEs OF wood gran. 70 declphef EclL,rai1
Otherwise llegible and for the Inspection OF s,is
minerals etc seiul for everE body. ~ h
convex ems, IL inches in diameter N nc 70
leather. and carr ed IN the vet pocket 1900
cents, two for e. free BY mail. Agents wan'Ss5
illustrated circulars and terms free, AdaIes' "a,
T.. BKHN, p. .. Box 4.68a. New YORK me- -
- Nassau sire, {. Stale where you saw TINS
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
IT'S THE ONLY POSITIVE CURE FOR
Kidney and Bladder Complaints

Urinary and Womb Diseases, Gravel. Diabetes
Dropsy, Stoppage OF Water. Incontinence OF Urine
BrighI's Disease, AIbUminurias and In al case
where there brick dust deposits, Chronic tthet
natism Scrofula. Giandular Swelling, Hackini
Dry Cough, Cancero1s a necti0ns. syphliltie com
plants. Bleeding OF the Lungs. Dyspepsia WetS
Brasil Tic DolOreuX, White Sw0lings, IumoEs
Ulcers, skin and HIP Diseases, AeFcuriai diseases
Female Complaints, Govt, Dropsys hicketas ga
Rh um, Bronchitis. Consumption Liver com
plants, Ulcers in the Throat, Mouths Tnmsrs
Nodes Ia The Glands and other parts of the system
sore Eyes. Strumorous Discharges from ne 49,
and he worst forms of skin Diseases Efuptious
Fever Sores, Scald Head, Ring worm sal
Rheum. Erysipelas, Acne. BLACK spots worms y
the Flesh. Cancer 30 the Womb, and al weaken
ing and painful discharges, Night SWeatsl 1eeS 2
she N and ali wastes OF tbs life principles ar
Withia the curative range OF tnis wonder Of MoG
srn Chemistry, and few day = use viii prove I
any person using Il for either OF these forms OF az
ase its potent Pewer TO cure them
Price SI.oO Per Bottle.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
WAUKESHA WATER
Mineral Rock Spring,
DrOpsy, Diabetes, Gravel Dys-
pepsia, Constipation, j aundice,
Bright's Disease,

And all diseases OF the liver and Kidneys This
water is now known snd sold as a remedy for the
above diseases: in all par Of the world II Il
wonderful what effect 1t has upon the human
system. II is now being shipped at the following
prices.
barrel. 40 gal. &I2; half do, e.; demijohns and
Jugs 50 per gal, package extra bottles (qlsJ
$50 per doZ. Money must accompany the order
exc ut to our regular authorized agent. Inquire Of
your druggist for Waukesha Mineral Rock spring
Water. Address, C. c. DIN & Co, Waukeshai
Wis, for orders for the water or for circulars.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
Kentucky Military Institute.

INV ENTY-NIN7,H AGA DEBIIC YEAR WILL
4 begin FIEsT AoSDAX IL SEPTEMBER, 1874
For Information address.
Col. R0B'r ID. ALLEN. 6upt X. n. l.
FarmdAls p. O., Franklin county. Kentucky.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13

THE LARGEST LOCOMOTIVE IN THE
WoRLD.-The largest locomotive in the
world is the Pennsylvania" on the
Philadelphia and Reading railroad.
The principal dimensions of this engine
are as follows Diameter of cylinders,
90 inches length of stroke, 26 inches ;
number of driving wheels, II diane
ter of drivers, 4 feet and the weight
OF the engine alone is 90 tons.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
MOUNT AUBURN INSTITUTE

LINCINsAI14 UHIOs
BOARDING. SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADIES
Location one OF the healthisst IN the state.
imme diately overlooking CincfuraLi. Exec iinuf
teachers employed. The 6est ADVANTAGE offered in
Music. Coed care good food good iulifesloes As
well As superior GfuuE{GQcs guaranteed. Opening.
september IS. AilefeeTtfh year. rHnd TOR a cafa-
10 the President. =. IL n = ~ Eli. Pr d.
" B -BoaTders met At depots due uoiice.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
6 Sacred" Song.

A common sense listener thus de-
scribes the performance of some of our
popular church music, sn1 the effect
produced upon his mind The sol
emn worship of God was introduced by
q solo, Consider the Lilies, performed
by the leading singer of the choir, and
gracefully accompanied by the organ.
So far as the music was concerned, it
was beautifully and faultlessly rem
dered. The effect upon my own mind,
however, was anything but devotional.
The singer commenced Consider the
lilies of the field ETC., and when she
came to the application, 1t ran thus
And yet 1 cay unto you-that even
Solomon in all his glory-was not ar
rayed-was not arrayed like one OF
these-was not arrayed Gnterlude by
the organ was not arrayed Gnterlude
by the orgaB) like one of these. And
then she went back again, and assever-
ated, in the most emphatic manner.
say unto you that even Solomon in all
his glory was not arrayed-was not ar
rayed-was not arrayed' (pause) until l
| began to despair for poor Solomons lest
he shOEld never 5 ct the very nIst OF his
| garments on. There was yet another
| piece Of chureh-not sacred music, IN
| which the soprano led of with the an
nouncement, will wash and then
came in the contraltO, I will wash ;
and then the tenor, will wash ; and
then from the profoundest depths comes
up the cultural of the basso, saying
also, will wash ; an last of it they
strike in together, crying out in concert,
L will wash No one could imagine
that in this singular and Oft-repeated
announ cement of an intended ablutioI
was rendered a sacred song for the
spiritual edifcation of a Christian con
gregation of those solemn words of the
Psalmist, I will wash mine hands il
innocency; so will I compass thin,
altar, o Lord !"
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13

A DVERTISERSi send IS cts. TO 10 p Row
"a ELL a Co.. a Pal X Row. n. y, for the'r PA
pliees9 Zoe pqgeg, cgp taintng lists Of 8no news
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
CURIOUS AND SCIENTIFIC.

REFLEcrrNa Power OF FLAME.-Re-
cent experiments by NJ. SOrel prove
that carbon retains its rejecting capacity
even at the highest temperatures. A
sunbeam becomes reflected by diffusion
and is polarized in exactly the same
manner, whether it fall upon brilliant
fame or upon smoke.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
NJ WoNpERFUL COMPosURE

OF some of these persons, though some
times very irritating, is certainly very
laughabIe. I once learned what was
the iudicious rule OF Galway waiter
for taking liberties. had left my note.
book on the breakfast-table while I
went for some letters that were in my
bedroom, and on my return I saw this
parsonage quietly inspecting my private
records. On my Teproving With some
emphasis the impertinence he had been
guilty of, he answered with the greatest
calmness: "Oh, 1 beg your pardon
sir I did not think yOu were in the
room, or I wouldn't have thought Of
doing IL.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13

CHANGES IN PERsIA.-Rev. Mr.. Old.
father writes of changes in Persia
Chimes OF weighty moment are now
balancing in the religious and political
scales Of Persia. Lines of telegraph
already checker it. Baron Reuter- and
his company of engineers from England
are now surveying railway from Resht
TO Teheran and Bandor Booshar. There
is much inquiry after schools, and dill
gence TO learn. The Shah is taking
wise measures for the good OF his
subjects-in a word, Persia is awaken
ing to the demands of the age.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
AGENTS WANTED for the n.. 80 - ..
wYPW it'll"

A GENTS WANTED-MeE OF women. SVTits
- veaF or 800 fcrfrlted. Ille sscrcl yttse- -ork
Al once - GOWN a Co. sth street. Ne~--
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1874-08-13
D. TUTTlS HAIR IL

HTHEN writing 70 advertisers plesse y ~
w Ire name 81 this paper. No j. - -.
Port Royal commercial and Beaufort County Republican. [volume] (Port Royal, S.C.) 1873-1874, 1874-04-02
Make the Home Happy.

It is practicable to make home so de-
lichtful that children shall have no dis
position to wander from it or prefer any
other place. 1t is possible to make it
so attractive that it shall not only firmly
hold its own loved ones, but shall draw
others into its cheerful circle. Let the
house, all day long, be the scene OF
pleasant looks, pleasant words, kind
and affectionate acts Let the table be
the happy meeting-place OF merry
group, and not dull board, where q
silent if not sullen company of ami
mails come to feed. Let the meal be
the time when cheerful laugh is heard
and good things are said. Let the
sitting-room ct evening be the place
where smiling company settle them.
selves to books or games till the round
of goodnight kisses is in order. Let
there be some music in the household
music not kept like silks and satins to
show to company, but music in which
father and mother and brother and Sis
ter Join. Let your companions be vel.
coined and made for the time part OF
the group, so that daughters shall not
deem it necessary to seek the obscurity
of the back parlors with intimate
friends, or to drive father and mothor
to distant apartments. In word, let
the house be surrounded by an air OF
cozy and cheerful good will then chill
dren need not be exhorted to love it
you will not be able to tempt them
away from it.
Port Royal commercial and Beaufort County Republican. [volume] (Port Royal, S.C.) 1873-1874, 1874-04-02
NilsDeSperandum.

A real healthy man or woman, is q
rarity; and what wonder? when we
realize that it is the custom to overload
the stomach, and then produce chronic
disease by the use Of spirituous liquors,
"Tonics, ,""Appetizers, '"Restorativess,"
etc. Having first produced disease by
indiscretion, the victim wonders why
"nothing does him good" Just so
and the reason is that they all, or nearly
all, find a basis in alcohol-or POISON.
To all thus discouraged, we can con.
scientiously say, "make one more trial,
Discard spirituous medicines, and give
NATURE a chance, aiding her in the
struggle by using one of her own pure
and nnadulterated herb remedies, in
the shape of VINEGAR BIrTERs. The
discoverer, DR.. j. WALKER, OF Cali
fornia, is no pretender, but an honor
able practicing physician, and his dis
covery is the result OF years of labor
and study. The wonderful cures
effected by them of Dyspepsia, Fevers,
Rheumatism, and many other terrible
diseases, are almost incredible.-Com
Port Royal commercial and Beaufort County Republican. [volume] (Port Royal, S.C.) 1873-1874, 1874-04-02
A FOggy Day.

The foggy mornings of late reminds
us of a story related about old Mr..
Spraker. We, of course, cannot vouch
for the truth of it, but merely give it
as we have heard it.
At one time the old gentleman kept a
taveren at the Riverside House." now
the residence Of his son, Hon. Joseph
Spraker. One very fogSy morning a
travelling guest remarked to MIR.
Spraker, that the fog was very thick
along the valley in the morning. The
old gentleman replied
"Yah, but we do not mind it, as we
have fashion of drivine it away"
The traveller then said: =
"Pray, Mr.. Spraker, tell us how this
is DONE"
Mr.. Spraker replied
"Well, we gets mp in the morning
and takes dram and goes out and feed
the horses, then we come in and take
another dram and goes out and feeds
the pigs, then we come in and take
another dram and goes out again and
feeds the COWS, and we keep on doing SO
until the fog goes away"
The stranger then asked Mr.. Spraker
how many drains it took to drive the fog
away ; and the old gentleman said at
zone time it took about a dozen, but
that was very foggy morning"
Port Royal commercial and Beaufort County Republican. [volume] (Port Royal, S.C.) 1873-1874, 1874-04-02
Origin OF the Dollar Mark.

A writer in the Atlantic Monthly
has curious paper on the origin of
the dollar symbol 90. In brief, his
theory is that the two parallel upright
marks may be traced back to the pill
lars of Hercules, and the S-like figure
is the scroll entwined around them.
According to tradition, when the Ty-
rian colony landed on the Atlantic
coast of Spain, and founded the ancient
city of Gades, now Cadiz, Melcarthus,
the leader of the expedition, set up two
stone pillars as memorials, over which
was built temple of Hercules. As
the temple increased in wealth, the
stone pillars were replaced by others,
made of an alloy of gold and silver,
and these two pillars became, in time,
the emblem of the city, as a horses
head became that of Carthage. Cen
turies later, when Charles V. became
Emperor of Germany, he adopted a
new coat of arms, in which the pillars
of Gades or Cadiz, occupied O promi-
nent position in the device. Hence,
when new coin, the colonnato, was
struck at the Imperial mint, it bore the
new device-two pillars, with scroll
entwined around them. This coin be-
came q standard of value in the Medi-
terranean, and the pillars and scroll
became it's accepted symbol in writing.
The two horizontal bars which cross
the symbol of the English pound ster-
ling are also thought to have similar
origin. In the same paper the SYM
bolic origin of the pillars of Hercules
is traced far back into the remote era
prior to the dispersion of the human
race from it's Asiatic birthplace. They
are identified with the household pill
lars of the Scandinavians, and the idea
from which the concrete embodiments
spring is to be found alike in the San
skirt Vedas and in the glowing imagery
of the Hebrew poets. They are the
symbols of day and night, or light and
darkness, which, to the dawning intel
ligence of the Arian races, were evil
dences of the Omnipotent, and, to the
Jewish patriarchs, the work of q reveal
ed Creator.