davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1873-01-30
IOWA..

DEuN1olNEs, Jan. 29.-In the Senate to-day
tho House amendments to tho resolution rela-
tive to tho printing Of tho testimony takon be-
fore tho Investigating Committee WAS con-
currod In.
Iloportu we're made by several committees.
House nle No: 0, Of corporations was then
takon up. Tho Committee reported In favor OF
striking out tho section added by the House to
Chapter Of Corporations for recuniary Profit,
snbjeot to tho control Of tho Gonoral Assembly,
and that their articles Of association, rules, and
regulations eau be altored, abridged, or aet
aaide by tue same authority. After discussion
Of somo 1ength tho eenate 1ofusod to atrlko out
tho section yeas, II nays, IS.
A feW other amendments wore made Of no
apocial importance, aud the bill passea-yeas,
28 ; nays,B,
Senate bill, Title IA, Of Trade and Commerce,
waa considered, with tue Ilouse amendments to
the same, and the amendments wero conourrod
in.
Irouso bill, adding MI additional chapter to
Title l. rolatlng to township, town, and olty or
ganizntlons, was roferred to the Committee on
Interpretations.
Senate bill, Titla 10, Of the estates Of deoo-
donts, was thLen mp al reported from the COM
, 1873-01-30
In roalty landing It on tho t'ohse q n1,ae' Name
whence Il waa conveyed In boats 70 foi'1Ana.
Boyeral Boston parties aro implloht>sd'
FIRES.


Destruction OF Property Mt VarARAe
rlucca Yesterday.
Special De.uatch 70 Tho Chicago Tribune.
O1NciNNArr, ian. 20.--Tho stoam tanncry Of
tho most extensive In tho State, WAS totally
destroyed by fire this morning ut O'clock Loss.
S41 ,000, which includes $4,000 worth OF bark
and 10000 Of eather, noarly rendy for tho mar
kot. No INSURANCE.
Special Despnteh tn Tho Chicago Tribune.
GENEVA LAKE, Wis.,, Jan. 20:-The Walworth
County Poor House, containing forty-six In
$4,000, principallyeon tho buildings, nearly all.
DErHo1T, jan: D.-A iro at Three Rivers yes~
terday destroyed Buildings worth $40, 600.
WABH1NaroN JanA 20.-Tho loaa by the Ma
tionsl Theatre fro! is &l17,ooo; inauranco'
CEDAR nAp1ps, Iowa, Jan. 2o-A fire do
atroyod tho house belonging TO h1r. Reed, about.
three miles southwest Of Vinton, Iowa,
about o'clock ,this morning. The
family Lost oil their clothing aud
had to take refuge in = barn, as there are no,
noighbors near. The loss is estimated Mt 81 500.
with no insurance, the insurance having run out
three weeks ago. The family had not enough
Bos1oN, Jan. 29.-seth Norwood l. Co.'s Shoe
manufactory, in Beverly, wna damaged BY fro
yesterday to tho extent Of st0;o0o. Tho fire
originated in stairway, from can Of benztne,
ignIting whilo d lighted lamp Tas be-
ing nffed, and egroas froml the, building
Was cut off except by the elevator and d'Windowa,
large number Of men md women were at
with their livos. Summer Traftcn, Albert ear-
gcnt, Miss Hamilton, 1saac Woo odbury, Mr.
Lord, and Frank Centre woro eli burned Of 9TH
erwise sevore1y injured.
, 1873-01-30
NEW YORK.

The Atlantic MAia-.Tho Surveyor OF
the Port--scxio1ts Charge Against
Sheriff Nrennnn--HOxs Tweed ON
Credit NIobi1icr--Eoorgo Francis
Train Discussed IMttOn-- o bsceno
publtcntions.-Erle Dlvidcn1s--Esrob-
able Hlnrder-.phelps, dodge d. Co.
withdraw Thoir Compromise.
Special Despatch to The Chicago Tribune.
New YonK, Jan. 29.-A good doal OF chpgrin
is folt over tho fact that tho Atlantic Mail Stea
ship limo has Buccumbed to tho dry-rot, which is
destroying the American marine. Tho Atlantic
Mail Steamship Company was organized in 1864,
with capital Of 100000, and purchased the
Vanderbilt limo Of steamships running from
Now York to Aspinwall. Tho Company aubse-
quently ao1d this route to the Pacific Mail Steam
ship Company, and bought out the Havana limo.
4 change In tho shape OF the Burfaco
condonsers, iron nteamships in which tho
scrow supplanted the side wheel, and other i'm
proyemonta, wore introduced. Bhips that burned
but fifteen tons of coal whore tho old oneB
burned thirty killed tho line. Like tho slde-
wAcol yeHsela belonging to tho Pacific Mail
Company, they nre worth only what they will
bring WHOM thoy are broken up. The Company
owea two months pay to two hundred aeaInell.
What its property will bring under the hammer
will probably not llquidato more lhan two
Tresideut Grants nomination Of Mr. Benedict,
a. Surveyor Of this port, is received with great
satisfaction, 1t being In accordance with
genuine Civil Service Reform. Tho
case Ia ovon more striking than tho promo
tion Of tile Deputy Postmaster In Philadelphia,
for The surveyorship iii q lucrative and much:
coveted office, and moro than ono Of the local
politicians of influence would have boon glad to
get 1t. In strict accordance with Civil Service
rulos, however, hlr. Donedot Ia ontttled to tue
office, az next In rank, and rs thoroughly COM
patont to discharge its dutios.
An evening papor charges Sheriff Brennan
With corruptIy Helling for nominal sum tho
bost contonts Of Holmbolda splendid drug Atore
on broadway to private pnrtloa before the ad-
ycrtissl day Of sale.
It IL reported that Lucca's petition to tho
Emperor Of Germany for remlttnl Of tho fine
Of go goo egs4nae her Tor hressin9 her contract
Tho remains Of Hattie Adams, who was
drowned In runaway coach. In tho East River.
, 1873-01-30
ObitllnrY.,

Special Despatch to The Chicaqo Tribune.
C1No1NNAT1, Jan. 20.-Mr. Alcarod Kioinert
this city, died suddenly about 10 o'clock last
evening" Of disease Of tho throat. Nr. Kleiner
wns one OF tho chartor members Of tho Board Of
Trade, and has hold tho position Of Vice Presi-
don't Of that body ever aimee ita organization,
until last yoar, when ho declined b rs-o1ection.
1Io was physically one Of tho hoaviost mon in tho
city, his weight Of 2se pounds having gained for
him tho Presidency Of tho t. Fat Mons' Conyen-
tion" at put-in-Day last fall. Ho leaves for
Spccfal Despatch 70 Ths CAteago Tribune.
New YoRK. Jim. 2o.--John W. Brodie, ont, of
the best sporting reporters in New York, died
to-dny, aged 35, Ho enjoyed robust health until
about two months ago, when attacked by
hemorrhage of the lungs. He was h native Of
England, aud loayoa \ vito and two children.
SANTA FE, N. H., Jan. 29.-Firat Lieutenant
j. W. Sartlo, Adjutant Of the Fifteenth United
States Infantry, died suddenly on tho evening OF
the 27tl.
, 1873-01-30

HAWAII.
San FRANCISCO, Jun. 29.-rrinco Lnnailo was
elected King Of Hawaii by popular voto, which
was unanimous, at tho election held on Now
Yeara' Day, after the endorsement Of the Prince
by majority Of the Legislative Assembly, COM
posed chiefly Of natives of the Islands. Tho
burial Of tho late King was to tako place on tho
night Of JAN 9. Tho now King Ia a8 years old.
LATER.
SAN FRANCISCO Jan. 20..-Ile Hawaiian Min
:ntry, not tho Legislative Assembly, endorsed
Prince Lunailo. Tho Ministry, in . card chilling
tho Assembly, deprecated any official interior
ence with the choice Of the people. Tho LegiH-
lature will undoubtedly ratify the. election.
Prominent American residents favored hts elec-
tion, and took part in O mass meeting called In
his fntorost, at Honolulu.
The legitimacy Of Prince Lunailo's election
by popular vote, reats finally OIL Ills official eloc-
tion by tho Legislative Assembly to havo been
made Jan. 8, and his taking the preBoribed oath
Of Office. Thoro is no doubt tho Assembly " Ill
Acoede to tho popular decision.
An American Shipmasters' meeting accepted
Ihe result of tho election aud visited the Prince
in body, when an exchange Of congratulations
was followed by IN address from tho Prince.
He said his policy would DO to discriminate fair
iy between natives and Foreigners The prinoe's
claims wero first indorsed by mass meetings at
Honolulu, hold Dec. &c. Ho has received no
formal Endorsement from tho Legislative Assom-
bly, rot. From all tho Islands hoard from only
one vote was cabt against tie Prince.
, 1873-01-30

Special Despatch to The Chicago Tribune.
KALAMAZOO, Jau. 29.-Tho Legislative party
visited the Insane Asylum at 10 o'clock this
morning Tho Senate Committee, consisting OF
Senators NoBmith, Sutton, and Duttertield, and
Dr.. BORNE, Chairman, and Mesara. Cook and
sandorson, members Of the House Committee
on Asylum, arrived hore yesterday. Dr.. Van
ia,zon, Superintendent Of tho Asylum, showed
tho party through the wards Of the conyalos-
cent male aud foma1o patients, chapel, dispcnHa-
kitoh0n laupnd; oonsGFyatoEt a and the nn
tremely pleased at the ordor noatness, and
System Of tho whole institution, There waB
consultation botwoen the Committees and tho
favor Of liberal appropriations, and will doubt
lcas appropriate funds for library, tho Asylum
having mono Of any consequence. The Com
mitteo is convinced that an additional asylum
must DO erectod elsewhere in the State
The Legislative party loft at $50 O'Clock, and
will reach Ann Arbor nbout 7, whore they will
DO rocsiyod and entertained this evening.
, 1873-01-30

each slaYo liberated, tho bum to DO made pay
ablo out Of tho Trchsury OF tho Island, whilo
others ngain fixed tho Indemnity at $1,000 for
ity altogether, booauno no connidorod II unjnst
to tax tho pooror clasBos to indemnify the
woaltAy Blavo-ownors.
sovoral planters, hitherto considered uncorn-
promising pro-Blayory mon, Gavo expression to
very lileral views, to tho groat astonishment Of
tho audience.
Captnin General Cebalos is In favor Of any
policy which may bo considered tho most bone
flcial to the country. 1Ie Ia acting In an impar-
tial mnnnor, waiting for tho slave.ownera to tako
tho initiative. Hia coursc is warmly applauded by
tho pooplo. Blnycry and financial questions arc
now prominently before the public, and their
solution at an carly day Ia inevitable.
, 1873-01-30

Tho State Grange Convcntion-"-Fro-
cectlings Yesterday.
Special Dcapatch TO Tho Chtcago Tribune.
DEsAIo1NEs, jim. 20-Tho State Grange, to-
day, had betwoon 1000 aud LOO delegates In
attendance, Il lnrge number having arrived
last night. The blockade Of tho rail-
roads in Northern Iowa has pre-
vented many delogatos from roaching
this city; but for this faot, tho officers OF tho
Grange say, from fifteen hundred to two thou
eand dologatos would hnyo boon in attendance.
Sherman Hall has been crowded nll day,
and d number Of delegates could not get
into tho hall. Tho business Of tho morning
opened with tho appointment Of Committoes,
followed by reports Of officers, after which tho
report published In tho Register Of this morning
was fully discussed and efforts mado to find out
how tho report Was procured, tho soBatons being
Becrot. THIS brought OIL n discussion, and at II
o'clock tho Grange adjourned on motion Of
mombor who stated that be saw newspaper re'
porters all round him.
In tho afternoon, largo number OF reaolu-
ttons, potitiona, and momorialo, covering the
widost ranges ero INTRODUCED On On. tho trens-
portnnt wore, ono memorializing ConBrosB
to build q double-traok freight railrond to
the 's9aboafd and anothor, esklng tho
ss dess;asuf s% aRRais sags 0nSS og
| general legislation, petitions wero introduced
asking ohanges in tho presont laws, go suits may
| bo brought In tho township where tho defendant
livoa, In paceo tho plaintlfr'a townahip; asking
| tho nbolishment Of tho Office Of County Super
| intondent
Tho work OF tho Convention has not fairly
commenced, and business is awaiting thH reports
pnl questions have boen referred.
Tho evening session WAS devoted to instruc-
ton II secret work. aud to comforting
| probably adjourn On Friday night. There
will be d spirited contest over
| tho election of officers and tho examination Of
tho accounts OF tho old officers. It is tho old
| fight, as usual, botwoen economy aud o1traYa-
| gauco, ono faotion claiming to hhvo found TINT
| tho parties now in power havo been too lavish
IN exponding tho drange's money, and that they
will break it up il it strains tho Grange itself.
| DEs MONIES, Iowa, jan. 29-The following
was adopted by tho Stato Grange Of Patrons Of
Husbandry horo to-day:
| DEs MONIES, Town, Jan. %.
| 10 q. s. Grant, President af tho United Statcs:
Ono thousand Masters and Past Maatera Of subordi,
nato Oranges Of the Patrons of HusbandrY repreaent
ing 40 900 OF tho farmers Of Town. in state Grunge
semb1ed, unanimously adopted tho following resolu-
| tton: .....
Iesoircd, Dy the sate Grange Of the Patrons Of Hts
bandry that the Worthy Muster be requested to olo
graph to President Qrant their earnest desire that ht
intorroso Ills veto OF tho bill recently passed by tht
11ouso Representatives Of tho United States, making
or confirming additional grants Of lands to railroads
| In this Bate.
{sgncd] ..-. D. ". ADAMS,
| MnBter Of atate Grange Of Iowa.
, 1873-01-30
Great American Brick Macdino---Grnnd
Resu1ts---A Chal1enge---W'ho Will Take
Up tho Gauntlotp

Tho Great Ameritau Brick FIa.htne Company OF
Chicago, being coudcnt they yu tile very best brick
machine In the world, des,EuuH Of proving this
fact to tho public Ia tho beat " possible vix fair
Chicago, $50 foet in width by 1000 In length; in tn,
thor limo sa{ting nearly 2oO1 let long to this shaft
ing the Compnny machines attached, 20 OF 90 feet
81 the compotitorA machines! Deing thus situated,
by the enme onginc, nd each TO take clay
from tic eams place, neither nry can havo Anything
10 complain or and each macl line will have to depend
It's own merits for eucceua. The COMPANY. there
FORE oGor FREQ Of charge to any proprteore Of bEek
machines n tho world tue pt artlego Of maknB from
600 to 400 600 bricks urin tho next brick making
seaaon in order that the roat value Of each machine
may DO made known. Each scompotitor to make ana
burn his own kiln; dsintcra tied committee TO keep
account Of a expenses and pa ish their decision Tor
tho benefit Of tho victor the party to sell ono
thousand dolars' worth Of his rick and donate the
proceeds the poor Of Chicago. r. GAHp President
Great American Brick Machine Cot npany no. eo ooutn
Jefferson street, Chicago.
Although tho American Brick 1T ,chine was not pnt-
ented until July, 1a7t, 1t has iproduced great TO
sulta tho Company hAv1ng mann :ncLured as high
$25 600 worth Of brick on four lchines In engle
mouth, Millions Of their brick arc in many Of tho
finest buildings in Chicago. escription aud cut Of
tho machine can bo in the cfeutfc american Of
Jan. 18, 1878. We quote the folio wing The brick.
maker has tho satisfaction Of Inc wing that In five min
utes from tho time tho ny ia ta Ken from It's original
bed, it has been thoroughly pered tntoa uniform
homogeneous mass, preaBea Into tho incest shaped
brick and placed into tho hsok eght ten high where
no more handling T. reg rSguea unn tho brick ase dry
Call and see ono Of tie nc lines making brick, at
No. 50 South Jefferson street any ttme machine al
woya in operation. For fh:tter information, address
L. r. Gard, President Of the4Jompany.
, 1873-01-30
GREAT BRITAIN.

GLASGOW, ,Jan. 20. The steamship Britannla is
ashore on tho island Of Arran, III tho Firth Of
Clyde and will probably become total wrooz.
The britannia sailed from hore on tho 9th of
November, for the Mediterranean, whenco sho
would return to Glasgow. Bho would probably
have no passengers.
A tug has boon sent to tho assistance OF the
steamship BRITANNIA, ashore On ArTan Ialand.
Later reports from tho Britannia say 1t ia beloved
that she can be got OF il tho Weather is good.
LONDON, Jan. 2o.-The Tichborne claimant Gu
tered into racognizance III CO, 600 to answer to
the Court Of Queen's Bench on q charge OF con-
tempt, for his speech at Brighton.
, 1873-01-30
CANADA,

Special DtapatcA to Tie Chieagv Tribune.
TORONTO, Ont, Jan. 20.-The Hail. official
organ Of the Dominion Government. announces
this morning that the opening Of Parliament
will take place on the 9th OF March.
MoSrnEA1, Jan. 20.-hrr. Cline, Commissioner
representing England's interest in the claims in
vestigation at Washington, has returned home
with the dopoaitons OF 6ehollor, Olerk Of the
Crown; Carter, tho Queens Counsel and No.
Laughlin, Chief OF the Water Police, upon mat
kerB connected with the st. Albans raid. The
testimony is completely at variance with the re-
port that the scheme was conoooted in Canada,
ind establishes the entire ignorance Of tho au-
OTTAWA, Ont, Jan. 2o.-J. @. Chapais, Re-
:oivor General Of tho Dominion Government,
aaH resigned.
, 1873-01-30

Tho public schools at Virginia, Caas County,
Ill, hare been closed III consequence Of the
alarming prevalence Of tho Bmall-pox in that
town.
Tho Ohio River at Cincinnati is full OF ioo
and navigation is entirely suspended.
A despatch from Alden announces tho arrival
OF Sir Bart1o Freare at Zanzibar on the 12th
instant. .
month have been stopped By the o1pizootio,
arc to DO resumed as q somi-weelly mail for tue
present.
On Monday morning canister Of powder in
tho GROCERY Of Rudolph Hoizel, at Pekin, ILL.,,
aging the stock. Fortunately, no one was in the
building at tho time, and no one WAS hurt.
Damage $4,000.
, 1873-01-30
rHF VIENNA EXPOSITION.

LONDON, Jan. 2o.-rho Prince of Wales, 1;ho
Is President Of the British Commission, will
probably assist At tho opening OF tho Vienna
Exhibition.
Tho Shah Of Persia will also be present, az his
visit to Europe Is now placed beyond doubt.
The Emperor William will visit st. Petersburg
Vionna, accompanied by the 6zar.
Prince Nicholas, the HoBpodar Of MoldnVia, is
preparing to attend the Exhibition.
PANS. Jan. 29.-Le Soi,' snys that Thiors will
visit tho Vienna Exhibition after tho payment
Of tho fourth milliard OF tile French war inden-
nifty in May, and meet Bismarck there.
, 1873-01-30
PERIL.

SAN FRANCISCO, Jan. 23.-rhe steamer Mou-
tnna, to arrive on Thursday, viii bring IN En-
bassy from tho Republic OF poru, en route for
China and japan, sont out to conclude treaties
Of amity, commerce, and navigation with those
powere, with special reforonce to the matter of
regulating the emigration Of Asiatics to Peru.
The Legation will aim to facilitate tho introduce
lion Of the Chinese. Oyor $1,000 emigrated to
Perulast ycar. The Envoy Extraordinary and Min
lister Plenipotontiary is Captain do Nairo Don
Aurelio Garcis-y-G Garcia, ono Of the most distin-
8uished officers OF the Peruvian navy. aud
brother Of tho former Minister Of Peru at Wasl.-
ington. The Embassy will start from thia city
by tho first steamer for China and Japan, on
Saturday. Feb, !,
, 1873-01-30

zoro all day, and this morning It marked the I'm
procolontod cold Of so degrees below zoro.
morning tho Thermometer stood at 20 dogroeB
below Zero. All trims are bohind timo. A
freight train on tho Doo-lino aotunlly fro2e to
tho rail- at Vorahillon, Ohio, and could not DO
moved until nHatatod by q second ongino. At
bolow zero, with 8 or ton inches Of snow.
SANTA Tg, N. H., jim. 20,-Tho first snow Of
tho aoaaon fell on Sunday night and In now
about fonr inches on tho ground. Tho thormom-
ctor waH below zero yesterday morning; this
morning below.
, 1873-01-30

Special Dsspatch to The chicayo Tribune.
New YonK, Jan. 29.---Senator Sumner writes
Of himself to Henry Wurd Beecher: "What I
conscience, and could not hayo done other
wise. NY hope has been to help mankind and
advance tho roign Of Justice on eartll. Nor do I
doubt that sooner or Inter this will DO seen by
many who now judge mo unkindly. As for my
health, am hopeful. Once before have re-
covered from tho same injurleu. II must suc-
cumb, 90 be it am content"
, 1873-01-30
THE WEATHER.
rlao Cold Spell throughout the WcBt-
Probabilities for .E3-Datys

.rlAo Cold Spell Throughout the Wcst-
Probabilities for T0.Daays
Wan DEPARTMENT., OFFICE OF THE CHIEF
SIGNAL ofr1oEn D1v1sroN OF TEIEanAnis AND
NEponrs FOR THE DENEF1r OF COMMERCE, WAsH-
9na and ta o pnor KSEas sEs
and Lake Eric, falling barometer, q decided rise
Of temperature, with fresh to worry brisk nouth-
westerly aud southoasterly winds, increasing to
possibly high over tho Upper La!zo region, where
cloudy Weather, with snow, will probably prevail.
Tor tho G sss gS @ 81 e'9r 9foa %sas nas
For tho South Atlantic Stntes, generally cloudy
weather, with rain areas along tho coast For
tho Middle statos falling barometer fresh and
brisk northeasterly and aoutheasterly winds,
cloudy weather, with light snow ovor tho south-
crn port II, aud probably over the Lowor Lake
region. FOR New England, gonorauy cloar aud
continued cold weather.
reports this morning Indicate continued cold
weather in the Northwest. Tho thermometer at
Duluth, below; st. Paul, II below; h1ilwau-
keo, II below; Chicngo, 20 below; Davenport
oorinno, Utah, Ii above; san francisco, d
above. Tho cold spoil has extended south
erly, tho mercury ct indianapolis being
u below, at bt. Louis 70 be-
u abovo; Ss Naw Orleans, ss % aboSc It s. also oS.
tended eastward, the mercury at Grand Haven,
Mich, being below; Detroit, II below; Too-
do, "A below; Covolaud, bolow; Cincinnati,
! above; Pittsburgh, below Toronto, Il below;
| Buffalo, i below Kingston, Cnn, 20 below
| Montreal, IS below; Quebec, below; Albany,
below; Burlington, Vt., II below; Portland and
Boston, above; New York, above; Philadol-
| phia, above; Washington, 3 above; Charlos-
| ton, 40; Jacksonville Fla, 40. Rain along tho
coast In South Carolina and Florida.
| Special Dispatch to Tho Chicago Tribune.
! Nronn1s, ILL.,, Jun. 29-Tho cold wave from the
Northwest reached hero last night about 10
the action OF tho frost upon tho ground caused
roports louder and moro froqIont than ever
heard hore before. It continued to become
colder till about 4 o'clock this morning, till
| Mt snnrise tho thermometer Oh tho east
side Of d dwelliug-houso in tho city, marked 35
dog, below zoro, wlllo on tho prairio anl III OK
nosod Iocaltios tic thermometer wont consider
! abIy below 99 degrees, Even in very much shell
tered localities in tho CITY, tho Thermometers
under 11orohos Indicated SO ind SO iegreos below
| for al, hour utter sunrise,
| s,,s;coi D,snoteb n Y5. cb,rooo 4.;hvu.
sT.rsT1ETn' nf,in. inn. 99'..Thro,ghn,t this
ecction nf Tia conntry. the wonthnr ihia morn
M waa Al tba col3nat ,y}tb;n tho nan,orv ~ t1o
apnson'nnr anved 90 II; 1E Ss NJ nner mi 5a iu
o.to 4 IN tv Inc aps nSe yar u ~ ~
Hro ~ tHm"f pwas'o ~ - wnoatns pSIo" 90 1ot'
cas Rioh,snd Cnnnty IA f,ondonvilie.
| 1aT1.,J FANNY "a Iswronco storL nounfv
| nn Hii,.n"n ya3tor,, 1n"rtr "a T,,s'h;a,,91'
a. T,nton;a' Goinmh;nna uomntv 81 Waat
p.1a,,, 3vsn,1,o no1ntv ~ Tif,y' oI ;n,o
| 81 Bacyr,tR. O.. az: unner snndnnky "a /:
a., H1Vort al , 3I7ort '1vsgnn Tnt} On x ~ .
Hnn Meft Eols ""yMo: tnn., ~ " or o.
ra;a ~, Iin.a'aaaa Do,,ros fanrnt,, ~ b.