New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1873-10-22

thoronsh technical institution applying principles Of
science to the material and economical problems In
directing forces for tho great agricultural manufac-
turing and engineering OF me s country
onism between labor aud capital The true protection
onenno 10 the Individual IaDorer himself for
children by means OF that education prospect OF in
Ceinite improyement and advancement.
In the realm OF metallurgca and engineering opera
tons tho difference between the9teIoa ana practical
training H. perhaps still more srK me student o,
chemistry IN the laboratory cannot DO made acquainted
with many Of tho conditions which obtain IN chemical
motalluroa operations upon SGae vi
describe correctly the apparently simple reac-
lions involved in the manniact ah e OF pig
ReI Tanner and Akerman tho blastiurnace Itself In
the conditions OF aoLua practice was penrtrhtcd aha
,ni,utely studied Moreover, IN all the experimental
inonires of the laboratory the question OF economy
plays part It il the art OF separating anu conpning
which the student follows here not the art
Of making money That education ofJndgment and de-
csion OF choice OF for ends when INC exieences
M dav pracoe give cannot be impaired In the school
In mechanical engineering tho same principle - Nus
tratcd Tho highest department III ,hs r tn t
ton Is tho designng Of machinery Now me most pes ia
feet knowledge Of tho theory OF haenne nnu 10
The economical use of power, will not suffice to qualify
man TO design machine or @'t,ghm ia
work an element must 10 considered not az an
included in Theoretical knowledge hamey' Jug ~. o'o r
~ aconomy i'm the manufacture ~ well ~ IN tnc opera
lion OF tins machine. machine any part Oh "ion re-
qures for ITS manufacture TOOL lnCI Iol hy rho
ap ecuf, and shieh after the construction Of tns
ono part would not bo necessary VI he nroeta.
other work-such a machine could not Do Pto", 20
Iiy built In other words, machines must p p
80 desi gned, in large majority Oh cases, 40 ate
the construction Of other machines 10 MAKE
iran, and the planning OF machinery so tndt Sal,
be- at once economical and durable IN oPcras ei "u
stmne and cheap in construction. ~ not mercy az
mporant incidental duty it is absolutely the chiei ana
most Difficult duty Of the mechanical engineer; -,
irhe Importance OF tho different branches Oh ehgheot
mo 10 this country scarcely needs an argument Sled
labor and skill in The direction OF labor are sun urgehty
=" sfd. Tail N
indnstry II we begin with the most important OF all
substances obtained by mining namely; coal ana IRON
ment IA presented by the present condition OF the
sountryi The immense area OF our coal fields,
iroIn the small anthracite deposits of Rhode Island
e. the vast formation OF lgnite that stretch from the
British line along the whole flank OF the Rocky Nom
tans lar Texas and st further west the deposits
Of Pacific coast from Alaska 10 CailGrnlA-1n lgPre-
rate area OF tnan 30O0O square milcresound IN
duct OF iron augmented every year by supendous
Increase stu ipadequlto TO supply t1o eager
facilities for the mauulacture and the Unsuitable
market that calls for all ana more than
chat we 6 ARE so 80 ac TH Hs ooppF of Lake @
perlor Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina has been
already the SQUIRE, OF pa1uoo ana eness
regions are far from exhausted while IN inc great ,
AMI Territories OF the West thus metal IS certain
Arizona Montana at least "a It Is already to some
extent in Colorado, the basis for the sneit,
ing and reduction OF materials containing gold
and silver. Zinc is produced abnndantly
in many parts OF the country, and its manuiac-
lure will doubtless increase with the growth OF tue mar
ket NekDl Substantially monopoly SINCE me single
In this State represents the product OF the whole
country. Tin Is found in yarons places t9oush never
h, FAR in large quantities Under sufh favorable CIR
cumstances as to permit profitable working with
regard lead 1t be remarked That ITS production
in this country has recently received a iresh I'M
petus from the discovery and development or the
great deposits arscnferous ores In the Far west so
mat may be expected that the loss OccasOned by he
decline lead mining ia tho Mississippi Valley more
than made up from these fresh To these items
aIroady enumerated must I'd the great production OF
Detroleum and salt IN the East, and Of the precious
metals in the Rocky Mountains, the Inland Basin' ana
along The Pacific coast
Now in fs utilization Of all these natural
We arc approlchfns eyery day condition Of ars i'm,
unes having attained greater depths show themselves
not less DANGEROUS from merry or nO1ols gases than
difficult Than those which the mining engineer encoun
ters IN lighting fire underground; .and even our
nv mo- means be hereafter as free from tins
evil they in earlier years In all other kinds OF
Mining moreover, the difficulty II not the danger is
Increased Is operations are extended under ground
jack Of M and oretbouebt In onening the m,ne makes
itself felt greatly Increased cost Of working ~
oniy bs remsdied. il at ali, by a reform In
ADMINISTRATION; while IT can he prevented by The
mechanical difficulties Of muing are Increased the ne
ressily of nachnery Tor drainage ventilation and trans
pOrtaiOn becomes evident. There ". therefore, nau
a demand for persons capable pan erect and
under ground workings necessitates careful tusru-
TO estimate by the eye. the dimensions aud
positions OF suberranean works. Complete aud accu-
rate maps are required enable the miner to conduct
HIS explorations and cxplUatiOns with Judgment aud
economy, aud 20 furnish him trustworthy knowledge
Of the condition and resources OF MS mine
A similar problem meets in iron mining The sud
den expansion OF our IRON industry calling Tor more eX
tensve supplies Of crude material has had tine immed
and natural result Of depreciation OF the quality OF
ore furnished by the mines. Even from regions Of such
exceptonable wealth in thus respect as Lake su-
perior. It has been found impracticable TO shin
ores In the required quantity and 10 main
tail the quality. at the same time. which formerly
them. Hence the irOnmasters through
out the country are busy with experiments for the
economical treatment Of leaner more Impure Or0s
iron meallurgy today may be SAID to be tine produc
ton OF good quality OF iron from ores OF relatively
Inferior class.
The petalurgy OF gold and silver presents similar
spectacle IL is longer by finding nuggets or by
washing ruCely the aurlferOus earth collected In the
edds Of mountain streams that the gold product OF this
country Is obtained, but by the employ OF natural
forces q grand SCALE sluicing down mountains, aud
by employ log the auities Of other substances and
extracting the precious metal by chemical comDina-
tons aud In the place OF the earlier and rder methods
OF silver extraction are adopting more perfect
concentration, chemical composition, and
the complicated reactions OF the shaft, furnace. and
rcyetberatOfy.
But It Is not only in the production OF the simple met
ais that this condition may observed In all the
ufactures based upon the mineral products the same
tendency is manifest Some one has well said that the
utilization Of refuse is the OF civilization. That
which the achemiss sought IN vain, their descendsns
finding step by step the Philosophers stone, which
will the most desplsed substances TO gold The
illustrations OF this innnmerable. l
must be content with or two. Few forms or
troublesome to dispose Of few wears
ago than the cOaltar which accumuates i'll the manu-
facture OF At first. 10 used only as rude KIND
OF paint for IRON, &c. Afterward IL was distilled ana
yielded volatile OIL with which Bethel impregnoted
wood to preserve it from decay Then was found that
one OF the destillaes good material Tor removing
stains and spots from cloth. But all these applications
were inadequate TO dispose OF the great quantities OF
that accumulated Then came the grand dis
covery OF anilne, enHching the world with
new and brilliant cOlors and now even the
refuse OF the anne manufacture yields anthracDe and
aizarine, tine artificial madden, the discovery OF which
Is one OF the most important events OF the day reyou-
tonZing great industry, and completely annihating
branch OF agriculture 20 supply is place with manu-
tacure less expensive OF labor. and hence in the end
more benelcal 70 man. 80 now we have swarthy tars