, 1873-01-21

deposit wns discovered cropping ont OF hillside,
All opon. out was nalo into 1t, and the orc taken
out, and carried whore needed. Whom tho veina
was interrupted, Or tho oYnor coaHed to work IT
for any special roaaon tho "lcad WAS abandon-
oil, and operations woro commenced nt some
other point not far blatant. This mannor Of
working nado necohHary large an,ount OF
onmbont Garth and rock, which could, nevortiie-
loss, bo afforded, tho advantages Of quarrying
over mining being 10 groat IN reduced otxrondi.
turo and convenience Of operations. All tho WORK
"lcnd work" mud lnclndes explorations (ombrac-
Ing only sueh searches for ore aro III progroBH
from year to year. Mt tho nlinc, sinking nhafts
drifts, md tunnels, roadH for wagons, stripping
lNnoons worls, and minor improvements. Tho
ontirc expense of load work has boon osiin1atel
Of II conta por ton Of oroprotlucod, which equals
2s pcr cont Of tho wl,olo cost. Quarrying Is al-
mii,e, and In moro or lcsB used at all tic old,
Tho rock ID too near tho aurface for nnytlllnH
that seems like tho anciont n,othotas Although
mines nro gonorally oponaa III n lillsldo 1t IL
Huoh positions. But operations aro not .unfre-
qncntly commenced In q hollow, or upon sur
faco comparatively lovol. Tho opening reHom-
bles nothing but tho beginning Of a atoIle,quar-
ground, prying,. drilling, aid blasting, while tho
Wnter is pumped ont BY Htonm eugino. protect
ed BY nm unpaintcd wooden shnnty, standing not
aar dstant Such wintry iabars 3t - seem to the
the olomonts. Whom The ground has onco bonn
penetrated to suniciont depth, mining in win
ter is ns oasy aud comfortable as III summon, and
would bo as extensively carried on cxcopt for tho
dead JOCK III transportation.
at last tho time conleB when quarrying ceases
to bo advantageous, and Legitimate mining be-
comea necessary, Thon sbafta aro sunk, and
tunnels, designed as permanent PASSAGES, arc
3yx t3ny%
md with duo regard to convenience of entraneo
aud exit These underground lRaos and streets
aro repeated In sorioB ut dllforont levels, and
constitute perfect notwork. 0thor tunne1B,-
or drifts" In minors language,-aro nado for
"Btoping." Stopping is n process OF mining
whore several sets OF minors follow ono another
along tho floor Of tunnel, each excavating aud
running tho orc for q giyon number Of foot In
Tlls forms aorioa Of j." stops, :" from, which wrod
no,no Intelligent etmo1ogiats OF tho district de-
rivo tho narno. Tho slnfta having boon sunk,
tho network OF tunnels oxcayatoa' tho regular
it Is thrown out by drilling aud blastng whero
1t ia moro or leas soft, 1t Is oxcayatod with picks
and bars, or oyen with tho shovel. A ke9 Of
powder In tho rnil1os Of red ore loosena from 80
drills, and MI tho explosives known to Bcienti1o
mining, arc used. Along the permanent tunnela
Of the oldor minos, tracks aro laid, and small
locomotives hre used i'll summon to run In and
peoially those Of tho Chicago & Northwestern.
The orc is sorted and loadea directly into tho
cars, almost nt tho place whoro 1t leavop its
native bed. Tho cars aro hauled out by tho
subtorranean locomotives, switched on to tho
main tYack, aud ure then roady to bo talon. to
tho most Distant furnaces fcd by Lake Superior
mines. Tho appliances for lifting tho orc aro
"ekips," and large iron bucket. Tho tlrst IL
car holding Hon.othing over ton OF orc, which
runs upon an inclined railway to any depth ro-
quired. Tho bucket, Of corrae, drops porpen-
diculary Tho locomotive In not t,sod in winter,
the tracks being nrtitlcally laid with snow, and
the oros hauled out upon gleds. Tho most ap~
proved engines nre used for hoisting and pump
Ing PURPOSES, and The engino-houso is kept as
cloan ns q ships deck. Tloy move tho machinery
bcnoath tho surface with automatic precision,
the distances from tho top to tho bottom boing
signals nsod. Tlo total cost Of tile hard oros
delivered Mt tho cars Of the 1nino has boon esti
mated at s2.Gi. Ono Of tho 1argeat itcma in
mining expenses ia the employ Of horses, which
a:lnuully cost5, With inciacntals, $3.50 per ani-
NAL.
TIE MINERS.
Tho miners nro mostly Of foreign birth. They
Orc stout aud healthy, and tho mortality ratio
among them is extraordinarily low. Tho work has
been 30 largely dono i'll open cuts TINT 1t has
gradually drawn into legitimate mininga class Of
men who would scarcely otherwise Aavo engaged
in underground labor. Tho nationality in three
mnos employing an aggrsgate or G9o men soaa was
Ah Al!bAIt 4oo W. A4aA5 Au0 1HoAGHt
1903 Canadians (Fronch), 30; Americans, 80;
Gormaus, at Norwogans, Danos, md Scots,
GO. Thia estimate was 1naao two yenrs
ago, pince which tinlo tho nurnbor Of Irish
aild Americans Inns relatively locroaBed, and tho
numbor Of Bwodes and Gormana relatively III
creased. Wien occasional dulneas has pro,
vailed in the copper region,-which is not likely
to recur speedily, y,-thoro has boen moderate
nccegsion Of Cornish1nen. An excess Of any
nationality is not to be desired for obvious rea.
eons. Tile miners aro well treated, and well
housed III domicloa built md owned by tho COM
pany. Thoy arc governed By n Captain, who has
been promoted from among themselves for gem
eral good character and ability, and who ~ very
often Coyniehman. Flo delegates portion Of
his authority to several Lioutenants, who super
yBo under linn tho ynrious departments OF labor
Incidental to tho progrcBa OF tho general work.
The skilled miners do tho sinking and "drifting"
by contract, and make, clear OF expenses. from
$50 to $50 per month"; as fortune directs their
labors. Two mon working together sometimes
mako S100 per month each. Per contra, minors
occasionally have Jobs 30 improbable that they
aro unable to pay the clrrons cxpensos OF living:
Common labor ia pnid about at tho rate Of 81. .75
per day. The prico Of labor Is becoming equal
izcd all over tho world, and occasionally q miner
returns to lis old European habitat; but this il
raro. Mocllanics-that is, carpeutors nnl ma
chinats-aro paid from $3.50 to 81 per day,
according to tho value Of their individual labors.