davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1873-09-05
A Delicate Operation.

The Davenport (Iowa) Democrat says
that DIR. +. II. Hazen, few days ago,
performed the rare and delicate surgi-
cal operation of removing the crystal
line lens from the left eye of Mr.
Rhoads, of Muscatine, aged So. The
lens had become Opaque, and the eye
was practically valueless to him. AS
this lens lies back of the cornea, iris
and aqueous humor, the extreme delica-
cy of the operation may be imagined.
A slight tremor ia the hand of the ope-
rator, or slight movement of the pa
tient, might have resulted in the perma-
nent ruin of the eye. Fortunately the
operation was highly successful, and,
with the adjustment of glass of the
proper focus to the eye, Mr.. Rhoads will
again have the use of it.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1873-09-05
Progress in Japan.

The japanese are demonstrating their
progress by the adoption of the follies
and vices of civilization. Recently a
sudden taste for lop-eared rabbits
sprung up among them, and the anna
teurs paid enormous sums for fancy
specimens. One Of the craziest of them
offered $1,000 for fifty Madagascar rab-
bits of the Duke of Sutherland breed.
As another instance of this progress,
one of the Daimios has deliberately
thrown away his rank and his official
privileges for the purpose of going into
the potted-milk business, and has sue
ceeded not only in establishing the SUI
periority of his trade mark over all 9TH
ers, but has also made fortune al
ready. The last evidences of civilization
reported are the rinderpest and an In
ternational Exposition at Kioto.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1873-09-05
A Letter from Henry Clay After His
Duel with Humphrey Marshall.
4 Henderson (Ky.) paper saw

A Henderson (ky.) paper says:
We have in our possession a letter
written by Henry Clay just after his
duel with Humphrey Marshall. The
document was written before the days
of our convenient modern envelopes,
and bears upon its back the following
address Samuel G.. Hopkins or
James Clarke, Esq, Frankfort. Samuel
G.. Hopkins was q brother of the late
Miss Mary b. Hopkins, of this city,
among whose papers the letter was found
one day last week. James Clarke, ESQ.,,
was Governor of Kentucky few years
after the letter was written. Here it is ::
LOUISVILLE, 10 January.
DIR. CLARKE have this moment returned
from the field of battle. We had three shots
On the first grazed him just above the navel
he missed me. On the second my id
pistol snapped, and he missed me. On the
third received q flesh wound in the thigh
and owing to my receiving his first fire, etc, l
missed him.
My wound is no way serious, as the bone il
unhurt but prudence will require me- to re-
main here for some days. Yours,
HENRY CLAY.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1873-09-05
Matt CARPENTER and Sumner.

R.-His introduction to Washington
was under brilliant auspices, was it not :?
CT may be considered so. Sum-
ner patronized him, as he does, or rath-
er did, every bright newcomer. Sum-
ner referred to Matt when he took his
seat in the Senate as "the brilliant
young statesman from the West" The
next day the old man was surprised to
have passed to him the query, evidently
in Mats handwriting, Why doesn Z
the devil learn to skate ?" with the So
luton appended, in the same handwri-
ting, "Where in HI would he get the
ice?" Sumner was rather quiet after
that. Chicago Times.
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1873-09-05
Visible Supply OF Grain.

The visible supply of grain, including
the stocks in granary at the principal
points of accumulation at lake and sea-
board ports, in t.ansit on the lakes, the
New York canals, and by rail, was,
Aug. 16. 1873:
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1873-09-05
Nv
Chort..-


THE Holy LAND-The petroleum dis
trict.
A MIDSUMMER Nights Drsam-Mos-
quitoes.
WHAT is that from which, if you take
the whole, some will remain Whole
some.
WHY is q fat man in stays like a spend
thrift? Because he is wasting his sub
stance.
NEVADA has named new county
Brand" to arouse the spirit OF immi-
grafton.
WHY is it useless to employ a bare
footed messenger Because he goes Oh
bootless srrapd.
a WHY is thief your only true philoso-
pher? Because he regards everything
from an abstract point of view, is opposed
to all notions Of protection, and Is open
to conviction.
WHAT'S that ?" said teacher, point
ing to the letter X, to little ragged
urchin Daddys name. "No, my
boy" eyes it is I've seen him write it
good many times"
"WRRR you guarded in your conduct
his son, who had just returned from
visit to that city. Eyes, sir; part OF
the time by two policemen.
"MY son." said refined mother,
"you should not use the word black
guard, it is vulgar. "What should L
use in place of it, ma ?" "Why, use
use African sentinel, my dear.
SCENE in a Fort Wayne dry goods
store Lady-How much for this print?
Gentlemanly and obliging clerk-Nine
cents, mum. Lady-Nineteen cents
I'll give you eighteen. Clsrk-Nine
cents, mum ; you misunderstood me.
Lady-Oh nine cents I'll give you
eight.
PADDY, what is your belief?' said
gentleman to an Irish guide, anxious to
discover what his religion was. "Shure,
yer honor, I'm of my landlady's belief"
whats that, Pat 2" why, then, 1
owe her five half years rent, and she
believes that I'll never pay her, and
that's my belief too"
ONCE careless man went to the cellar
and stuck the candle in what he thought
was keg of black sand. He sat near it
drinking wine until the candle burned
low nearer and nearer it got to the
black sand nearer and nearer, until the
blaze reached the black sand, and as it
was nothing else but black sand, moth
ing happened.
In an editorial on the horse disease,
the COngregatiOnaList suggested that it
might be well to sit at the feet of
horse and learn humility. "Just so,
says the California NelOs Letter !; sit
down ut the hind feet of a mule, and if
he don't humiliate you, pull his tail and
tickle the inside of his legs with stable
fork"
Mr. Lowe should be grateful to his
numerous friends who have furnished
him with such happy selection of
epitaphs. The latest versification is
contributed by correspondent of the
Guardian, and is as follows:
% b. Lowe is departed but where?
Nothing low be hsrbored up there.
And can he be nctherward? No
Not an imp would cry welcome be-low!"
FIVE YEARS AYTER.
did cot love your yellow hair
Or skin OF fanny hue;
never said your hand was fair,
Or that your eyes were blue.
did not call your figure fine
Or praise your tidy feet
Nor whom to song you did incline,
Declare your voice sweet.
did not WOO a. others WOO,
With vows both weak and rash;
For every charm saw in you
Was told in one word-Cash
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1873-09-05
"sCATTER THE HAY SEED ROUND
'EM.v
AR-"carTy the News 70 Mary"

AIR-"carry The News 70 Mary"
The office-seekers smell a mice
Scatter the hay seed round 'eml
They think onr barnysrds ysry nice
Scatter the hay seed round 'omi
To please MS IL their only care
Scatter the hay seed round EN-!
just Ill their pockets and their hair
Scatter the hay seed round 'en
Cherus-scatter, my boys
scatter the hay seed round EN-
Scatter, my boys
Scatter the hay seed round EN-
II.
Around our roost they love to stay
Scatter the hay seed round 'em
Some chickens will be missed some day
Scatter the hay seed round EN-
Bald headed political hack
Scatter the hay seed round 'em
They'd go to glory Oh thesr backs
Scatter the hay seed round oml
Cherus.-
They soak their heads in hay seed OIL
scatter the hay seed round 'em
To burst our corn cribs how they spoil
Scatter the hay seed round 'em
They fatter US too much by half
Scatter the hay seed round 'em
We Farmers are not caught by chaf-
Scatter the hay seed round 'em!
Chorus.-
Nv.
Each hungry hack our roosters know
Scatter the hay seed round 'em
And when they see his face they crow
Scatter the hay seed round 'em!
oh, when she scents the hay seed " le"-
scatter the hay seed round EN-!
The brindle COW il seen to smile
Scatter the hay seed round em!
Ch0rus.-
V.
so at the Polls they'll all be there
Scatter the hay seed round 'em
With lots OF hay seed in their hair
Scatter the hay seed round EN-
With hay seed, too, Wen go along
Scatter the hay seed round EN-
Wen march fve hundred thousand strong
Scattering hay seed round EN-
The true northerner. [volume] (Paw Paw, Mich.) 1855-1920, 1873-09-05

" Ii. Lowe Is departed, but where?
Nothing low can be harbored up there.
And can he be nctherward No
Not an imp would cry welcome below {!
FIVE YEARS AFTER.
did cot love your yellow hair,
Or skin OF fanny hue;
/ never said your hand was fair,
Or that your eyes were blue.
l did not call your figure fine,
Or praise your tidy feet
Nor, whom to song you did incline,
Declare your voice was sweet.
l did not WOO a. others WOO,
With vows both weak and rash;
For every charm saw in you
Was told in one word-Cash
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
GENERAL NATURE-No. 90 7.

AN ACT to amend an act entitled .An act n =. ,
uuce outies on imports and to reduce interno1
taxes, and for other purposes" approved .Tnna
sixth, eighteen hundred and seyentv.two ond
for other purposes.
Bth enacted by the Senate and House Of R.nr..
senfataOes Of the United States of America in Cea
gleSs assembled That on and after the date of
the passage of this act, for all purnoses re,s,;n
to custom duties and importation. "beadine %
bolts shall be held and construed to ba inc,nS
ed under the term "stave bolts.'
oEoTioN e mat barrels of American manu
facture exported filled with domestic netrolauro
and returned empty may be admitted free of du.
ty, under such regulations as the Secretary ~
!he treasury may prescribe, and without reouir-
ing Inc ming OF declaration at time of export
OF intent to return the same empty.
SECTION 8. That foreign Merchandise uh;.h
arrived at port of the United States m, ~ ha
lore the thirty first day of July, eighteen HIM.
urea ana seventy-two, and upon which duties
were not PAID prior to August first. eighteen
Aohoreu anu seventy-two, though the same wara
not entered or transferred to public store mr.
bonded warehouse, shall be entitled to the hena-
nus PROVIDED for IN the second section of an act
sntltieu IAN act to reduce duties on Imports and
10 feouce internal taxes and for other purposes.
approved June sixth, eighteen hundred and GOV.
enty-tWo, the same such merchandise vorld
have been entitled to had it actually heen in
pubic store or bonded warehouse on or nr;or IN .
the thirty first day of July. eighteen hundred
and seventy-two: Provided, That the owner of
such merchandise shall, within thirty DAYS from
the passage of this act, make application there.
1or IN writing to- the collector of the port at
which such merchandise arrived
SECTION 4. That on kid and all other c,ova,
imported into the United States from foreign
countries there shall be no discrimination in de-.
termlning by appraisement the foreign marke It
value OF such goods, whether protected by trade.
mark or not, and that in no case shall the rood,
so protected bytrade.mark be appraised at . less
foreign market value than the like goods not 80
protected: and no sale or pretended sale of sucb
goods shall DE held to fix the value of the sam.
SECTION S. That section ffty-ive fthe act Of
July twentieth, eighteen hundred and sixtv-eigbt.
as amended by the act of June sixth, eighteen
hundred and seventy two, be further amended bv
adding to the first paragraph of said section the
words: "ProOsded further, That the bonds reouir
ed to be given for the expectation of distilled
spirits shall be cancelled upon the presentation of
satisfactory proof and certificates that said dis
titled spirits have been landed at the port of des
tlnation named in the bill of lading, or upon
satisfactory proof that after shipment the same
were lost at sea without fault or neglect of tho
owner or shipper thereof
Approved, March 8, 1873
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03

According to official reports there are
now in operation in the Southern States
eighty-siz cotton mills, running 215 900 spin
dies, distributed as follows. Virginia 10;
North Carolina II; South Carolina 6; Geor--
gia 20; Alabama 8; Mississippi 6; Texas
- Arkansas ?; Tennessee 10; Kentucky 2.
Herein lies the salvation of the South, and
how foolish and suicidal is it for the peo.
pie Of Virginia to be agitating policy that
will drive from our borders the very element
that is best suited for manufacturing enter
prises:' The criminal madness of the so-called'
Conservative party in seeking to make ain is
sue against the negro as race in the State
election will 90 more to paralyze' herr vital
interests than all otheragencies combined
We have heretofore expressed the Belief
that the South and West would become the
controlling manufacturing sections Of tho
Union, and take from New gland her long
enjoyed monopoly: The rapid growth Of
manufactures IN the South sustains that BE-
l;af
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
GENERAL NATURE--No. 59.1
Approved, March 3. 1873.s

AN ACT making appropriations for the service
OF the Post Office Department for the year ending
June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and seventy
four.
Be 1t enacted blythe Senate and House of Represen-
tatipes Of the United States of Amsrica IN Congress
assembled, That the following sums be, and the
same are hereby appropriated for the service of
the Post Office Department for the year ending
June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and seventy
four, out OF any moneys in the treasury arising
from the revenues of said department in conform,
lty TO the act of July second, eighteen hundred
and thirty six, as follows:
For inland mail transportation, fourteen mil
lien eight hundred and forty thousand and TWEEN
ty dollars.
For pay ofSnail messengers, six hundred and
seven thousa i e,ftlnd red and seYen-tso,ars.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03

The SOUTHERN CENsus.-Ths snperin--
tendent of the census sent out about three
months since circulars to the census takers
of 1860 IN the Southern States, notifying,
them that Congress had authorized the pay
ment of the balance due them on a proper
rendering of their accounts: The responses
were. very prompt, and the assistant superin--
tendent OF the census, to whom the work of ad.
justing and settling up the accounts was en-
trusted, has just completed the same: The
accounts, which number between eight and
nine hundred,- have all been adjusted and
handed ever to the fifth auditor Of the treas
ury for payment Many of them have al
ready Been paid to the parties themselves or
their legal representatives, and the remainder
will be liqtidated as soon as the proper proof
Of identity is furnished.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03

BEN BUFFERS s. BEE HIvEs.-Ben Butler
has recently interviewed the Postmaster
General respecting the right of a constituent
of his sending small boxes containing hum
-ble-bees' through the mail. The Postmaster
General reminded MIR. Butler that those who
handle the mails complain Of such packages,
as the bees invariably become reieas, d from,
their stronghold and cause TIE postmen an
noyauce and trouble by being stung by the
bees. "Well," says The Hon.. b: b,
!"I can't imagins why SO much CONSERVATION
and complaint should arise frosn'sendiug at
few bees through the mail ); these mail-ca--
iriers make more fuss over a couple of bees
than Congressman do III drawing their back
paY.o
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
,CHRAN. q. ). w
TOBACCO STORE.

We are now in receipt of a complete as
:sortment of goods in our line, comprising
all grades Of Chewing and Smoking To-
bacso's, segars, snuffs, Pipes and Pipe
Stems, Matches, &C., &c. 70 merchants
we pared to offer Tobacco and Sc
gars, on az good terms, by the quantity, as
tAey can be had in any market.
COCHRAN Il WALKER,
old stand Of G. L. Cochran & Co,
IA Staunton, Va.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
Spring e Summer.
n. WITT & BROTH ER,

MAIN STREET, STAUNTON,
are now opening beautiful assortment OF sea-
sonable goods for
SPRING &c SUMMER
embracing every description of wear for Ladies
and Gentlemen, Misses and Children. The SEN
ior partner has just returned from the eastern
Cities where he made careful selections with ref
erence to the demands of this market.
Their stock of PRINTS is unsurpassed, and
ranging through all the grades Of
LADIES' RESS GOODS,
they hatter themselves they can present as
attractive array of styles as be found in this
market.
Especial care has been taken in the selection of
. CAssIMEREs, CLOTHS, &C., for gentlemea. This
line will be found to embrace everything desira-
BILE.
They respectfully return their thanks for past
patronage and invite their friends and the public
generally to call and examine their stock, which
. is large and complete.
N. B. They keep on hand, Carpets of best
quality, Mating, Oil Cloth, &C., which will be
sold at short profits. april loft
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
NO..l3..

hereby. appropriated, to be paid out Of anv
money in the treasury not otherwise appronr;a,
ted' to supply deficiencies in the revenue Of the
Post. Office Department for the year ending ,June
thlrtieth' eighteen hundred and seventy.f
Proulaed' That all laws and parts of laws Der
hitting the transmission by mail of any free
mater waaIever' be: and the same are hereby,
hundred end seventy -thres. ''sA'''A
Approved, March 8, 1879.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
Trrr CrpcIrraTJnN. orr NEyye pa rs.,tn,,ea; "A y

TnEs CIRCULATION OF NEWSPAPERS
a late meeting Of the Michigan States Press
Association series or resolutions were pre-.
scented and adopted denodncihg the action of
Congress in enacting oppressive Regulations
upon sFe circulation Of newspapers, and cal,
ling upon the Senators aud Representatives
of the State to vote for the repeal of the act
at tho next session Of Congress. The action
of certain members of Congress in raising
their own salaries and at the same time put
ting additional burdens upon the press of the
country was commented upon very severely.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03

.PERsoNAt.-A letter from New Orleans.
dated last Wednesday, says that Hon: Juo. B..
Weller was then lyin, in that city at the
point of DEATH MIR Weller was in the ante
ibellum days one Of the most notedi public
men in the United States He had served
as member of the Houe from Ohio and
as Senator from California. OF which State hes:
was also at one time Governor. He was also
at one time minister to Mexice..
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
HEHSEEs MEHs,
XII OEEINE NEW BRICK RUII

HEBEEs MEHs,
COR. MAIN s. AUGUSTA STREETS,
Second Floor, adjoining Valley Virginian' Office.
gg@ Entrance on Augusta Street. %asa
OFFICE OF STANTON BUILDING AsSOCI-
ALTON.
He offers his services to the people for settling
accounts, writing up books and all kinds of scriv
ener's work aug 3-tf
y HAVE on hand all the necessary Bankrupt
l. Forms, and am prepared to make out the
necessary papers for any one desiring to claim
the benefits of the Bankrupt Act.
l will also attend to making out and forward
ing the applications Of Soldiers of the war OF
1872, or their Widows. for the Pension" granted
by q late Act of Congress.
ALEX. II. FULTZ,
march 9-tf Attorney at Law.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
DRY GOODS
Notions, Boots, Shoes, DC.

.N0tl0:tS, BootS, SNoeS, &C.
Country merchants will find it to their ad-
vantage to call aud examine their goods, as
personal attention will be paid to mercantile
rmashes in New York, where real bargains
are alone obtained.
SALES RooM-Red Corner, Main and
Augusta Steeets.
Auction Sales announced by Red Haired
18th Amendment with Red Flag. Terms:
Ready Greens.
Readily.
MCMAHON & McQUAIDE.
may tt.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
WILLIAM CHAPMAN, D. D.
staunton. f Virginia.

OFFICE, south side of Main street-old stand
Artificial teeth mounted Oh Gold, Silver and
Vulcanite. All operations performed in the most
scientific and skillful manner, with strict regard
to permanency, and warranted to compete with
any work done in the larger cities.
lie returns sincere thanks to the citizens of
Augusta and adjoining counties for the liberal
patronage extended him during the long period of
his residence in Staunton, and respectfully So
liets continuance Of their orders.
Highest price paid for old gold and plate,
april 25-tf
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
]. FRED. EFFINGER.

]. FRED. EFFINGER. ROBERT CRAIG
EFFINGER & RAIG,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
STAUNTON, VIRGINIA.
Practice in the Courts of augusta, Rock
ingAams, Roch6radge, Albenaarze, .AUeyhany
and Bath
SPECIAL ATTENTION given to the Collection of
claims in each one of the above counties.
feb S-tf
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
q w. s. TURNER.
". Attorney at Law.

Commissioner in Chancery,
for the Hastings Court of the city OF Stanton
Collections attended to and returns promptly
made-Titles searched and abstracts furnished,
Deeds drawn and Acknowledgements taken.
OFFICE on New street, over Piper u Sons
store. jan lift
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
march 9-tf
IYTM. WI. DORRAUGH.

NV WI. NI. U1FES EGA u u 8Es
w COMMISSIONERS LIN q. S. COURT AND
SOLICITOR IN BANKR UPTCY,
(late of Page county, Harrisonburg, Va, at
tends faithfully and promptly to all cases in Bank
ruptcy. Has had much experience and remark
able success in this business. Place of business,
Main Street, nearly opposite the office of G. D.
Gray, Esq, Registrar i'll Bankruptcy. Refers to
G.. u. GRAY, ESQ May 22-tf
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
oYELLOW BIRD"

We will always have on hand, supply
this chewing Tobacco, justly considered
che best on the market.
may COCHRAN 4 WALKER.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
TOBACCO

In almost endless variety, Lone Jack,
Blown Dick, Pride of Va, Hiawatha,
G.psey Queen, Short Horn, Sheet Anchor,
COCHRAN & WALKER.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
PIPES,

A full line of meerchaum, wood and clay
pipes, also root stems, Also Hickory and
other canes.
COCHRAN & WALKER.
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
First Class AUCTION Commission
HOUSE.

HOO SH.
and solicit consignments of Mer ohandize and
Household property, which will be disposed
of, upon terms specified by consignors and
amounts realized promptly RENTED. They
have secured the services Of one of the best
and most experienced auctioneers IN the
Estate, Mr.. S. NJ. BOWMAN of Harrisonburg,
who guarantees to give satisfaction to any
party entrustiUg property to him for sale.
Thao have also on hand nice assortment
of
Ladies' and Gentlensdn's Goods,
which they will sell at figures that will sur
prise everybody. How is this Ladies
Beautiful silk Fichus worth 81 ,25 for 75cts
Windsor Scarfs, I" 70 5O
Bustles. all sizes, 100 ~
Pongee Parasols, col. Dor. =" l.25 70
i" " 100 so
pairs Of Splendid Heavy Hose for 5Octs,
and the best corset in the State for ST. ,Oc.
Gentlemen. few lines for you:
WacAties, Undershirts. Fine Shirts.
Umbrellas, Summer Clothing, &c, &c.
At prices so LOW that we're they to be
publish, you would not believe it.
Gull and See for Yourselves.
4uctious will be held regulary to dispose
of consignmt nts already placed IN their
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
RRANK 3. BEsAMHALL,

FEANK ;. BfsAmHAAA'
Attorney and Counsellor at Law
SOLICITOR. IN BANKEUPTC
HARRISONBURG, VA.
Practices in the United States Circuit and Dis
trict Courts in the State of Virginia.
feb 27-tf
The Valley Virginian. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 1865-1895, 1873-07-03
TOBACCO.

Now in store, a fine assortment of chew
i NJ, bright and dark Twist, Eleven and
Evolve inch plug, Navy in caddy boxes,
.fine-cut &c