davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
Death in the Pot Important Facts as
to Our Daily Food.

Mr.. billiard, in his able and interest
ing address before the College of Phar-
macy. alluded. among other physical
causes of death. To the alarming prcVa-
lcnce of adultcratiOn. EVERY where.
he well said. There Is death in the
pot :" our bread, our butter, our flour.
our milk, our pickles. are poisoned, and
it is one of the chief tasks of the phar-
macSt to countcTact the drletcIious
effect of the adultcraliou of food and
drink.
But the pharmacist is not the only
agent of relief; it is vet more necessary
that there should he measures of PIE
vention than measures of cure and in
the stern action of Government must he
principal medium for attaining this
end. The spirit of murder working
in the very means of life" is to he met
henceforth in England 10y more slim-
gent laws than heretofore. Adullcra-
ton of food and drink is surely one of
the gigantic material evils of our time.
and If we must have paternal lcgiSla-
ton, there is nothing to which it. and
its police auxiliary. can lie more USE
fully directed. Developments are con-
stantly being made in regard to the
substances that daily make their APP
pearance upon our tables. which should
startlc every man and woman in the
community into vigorous cooperation
against attacks. all the more dangerous
as they are iusidi0uS, against health.
and i'll not few cases, the very life OF
our household.
The spirit of gain has become so
rampant, the commercial competition i,
so sharp. and especially among retail
dealers. and adultcration is getting Ia
lie SO much matter of course in certain
materials. that even tolcIablv honest
men are becoming accustomed to re-
gard it either aS something they must
do to keep pace with their neighborS.
or as proceeding which does not turn
out to he 80 dangerous after all NJ
sanitary legislation or supervision is
anything like complete unless the
prompt exposure and stern punishment
of adulteration form a foremost object.
Nor is the evil confined to solid sub
stances, to sugar and coffee. flour and
meal, the every day commodities of the
kitchen. The wine and spirits. the
malt liquors and even Our cider. are. t,
use the poets short and sharp express
ei'h. Ecu anu a. Il result. he wei
eXclaIms. THE vitriol madness rushe-
up i'll the rutiiam'> head" The evils OF
drunkenness are rendered trn-told more
deplOrable by the poisonous admixtIrc>
intended to bring an Illicit profit. while
the Use of wines for sickness becomes
dangerous and is quite as likely to in
tenslty as I" a>>uage the maladv. 1t j.
singular fact that very few articles
of either food OF drink. can hc success
fully adultrrated without the aid OF
actual puison>
We might protitahly take a leaf from
English legislation in dealing with :;
crime :" readily committed and 50 ,ur,
and serious i'll its effects. The new Law
Furnishes first offence with a fine a
fifty pounds. and second with an i'm
priSonment with hard labor for i,
months; while the seller. though no
adulterator. of tempered goods is fine,
twenty pounds for first offence, and i
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20

it is repeated, is published in the news
papers at his own expense. Quite as
important As are the penalties imposed
is the system to he adopted of detect
ing adulterations. The evil has grown
to such proportions that it may be
mootcd whether Il special organization
of experts may not he formed with adj
vantage to the cheated and poisoned
rnmImmnitN
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
Netting for Windows and Doors.

If we would have cool parlOrs. dining
rooms. kitchens and bedrooms. during
the hot summer weather. we must have
mosquito netting OF wire gauZe in all
our windows. and, if possible, at the
doors also. Window blinds cannot take
the places of netting or gauZc. because
they exclude 50 much of the cool even
ing and night air. and although they
are very essential and nccdful to shut
out the hot sunshine, and the beating
storm. vet they will not answer all our
needs. Mosquito netting can he pur-
chased ut a very cheap rate, and the
guide mon" can easily make or pro-
cure some frames to fit all the windows.
which can he either painted white. or
stained Il dark red to match the sashcS
of the windows. Then dark blue. pink.
green or white mosquito netting can he
easily stretched and tackled over them
10y the skilful fingers of the house
mother; and after she has used them
for one summer, nothing could persuade
her to go without them another season.
They will exclude mosquitoes, flies.
moths. and all other insects. and will
not exclude the fresh, cool air. They
are very easily taken ont and put i'll e.;
or they can he So arranged that the
windows can he closed on damp, and
cool days. ANY woman can tack Il
piece of the netting across the lower
half If the window on the outside o.
the sash. if that i the only meals sh,
can employ. The wiz" -auzc require,
a workman'S handling, and it can b,
made into permanent shades which vii
]. Il
nave uicd the good effect of thes,
shades. we must also have the door
attended to. \ slight framework &"
pine can he made. and fastened to tn,
outer door posts 10y means of strong
hinges and with Il ha>p to fastrn i
with. and handle to open it by, We
can bid defiance to flies and mosquitoe
both 10y day and night. Common tool
and little ingenuity are needed to pre-
pare Il door, blind. or shade for thu
outer kitchen piazza. which will ad'
far beyond its cost to the comfort o
the cook and housewife. Mosquit,
netting can do duty for the shade wheI
the dooI flame is ready: but coar>'
wire netting. such as is used for sieve
and the like, would he far preferable
because it would last fol il long time
while the cotton netting is usually de
strnNed i'll two Years. Country Gentle
man.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
$50, 900 GIVEN AWAY

the present year t" the people of America bv pr.
L. V. Pierce of Buffalo New York in his little
memorandum books. amounting to over two hun.
dred and fifty in tons in weight and the paper for
which costs about SIPS 600. This the Doctor is en-.
ahed to d" by reason of the superior merits of his
Family Medicines, which yearly and rapidly in.
crease in popularity, their sale reaching over
half a million dollars worth for the wear. and ex
ceeding that of any other medicines manufactured
for general sale, as shown Icy the Of United
States Revenue stamps purchased for STAMPING
them
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20

LIQTOR ADTLTERATIoN.- science
of distilation of liquor has been wonder
fully simpliticd by modern chemistry.
All that's required now to make a diStil-
lery i'll complete working order. is IL
back cellar. Il barrel of henzine. a bottle
of extracts. a long pole. and stout
lriShman, and there You have it. Give
your orders for Otard or HemeSsy. ST.
Cr"iN or Jamaica. Bourbon OF Muuon"a-
hrla. Schcidam or London Dock. Held
sick or Johannesburg. and its ready fol
you before the ink is dry on your re-
ceipted bill. No wonder the green
countryman, who Inadvertently took a
drink of one of these fiery decoctions
thought that ~ torch light procession
was going down his throat" And some
men are foolish enough to harden them
selves in the Use of such stuff.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
Vermont Ranger.

The subscriber would inform all those who NAV
fcel Interested that the above named stallion viii
remain al his stable for services, during the pres
ent season. Terms-reasonable
All mares will be at their owners risk and il
disposed of previous TO the usual time of foalinr
will be considered with fOal
! FRANCIS DREW, proprietor
| Y. Danville May &c, 1873 1913
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
BARBER SHOP.

Mr.. F. e. GILL he's leave In ,,,,,,... =,
P ,, . mat i" has bought the barber Shnn former
,5,''h, on L. H. Street. 81. Johnsburv.
public patronage. " S""" snare "i
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20

and men. His HAIR i"oR s"in'tiln'~ .r..-.
lost hair: and always restores 10 tri'. ..t p.
hair ill., natural color. with tn" gloss am. r.-
of youth. The, comparatively i'w hr.. ... -
heads that now see. are 1h">r Wlu |.r. -..
discovered tin. virtues of AiEE- Hal. N....
rrnrwiu. the hair. The fresh and E..'.r.
v,. SEE. on older heads is often the II.f..- ...
art If you are disti-urcd. ma,!, .4 ,..-.
and uuly hv gray hair restore its yr.r.'. ...
and with il Nuur features I" then rrr -flr. .-.
and agreeable expression
~ an elegant dressing for hclutjfy.u- s.fr.
II has superior. Prepared by 'E. = 3D..
4 CO. L"wcll. Mass Practical and Annals.
Chemists and sold all round the World 49,
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATE,
X. II. EDDY.
SOLICITO DIR OF PNTEN,

For nrentiOHS. TrGd" M0rks. nr Dec.
No. 10 state Street opposite kilb, ~r:,,-
Mass.
After an extensive practice ut upwards .
wears continues to secure patents Do -r
States also in Great Britain. France .Ir. ,. .-
elm countries. Caveats, specification. .
ignments, and all papers or drawin-~ lu- | .
executed on liberia terms. and with d,-r... pure
searches made into American tuI,r o..
determine the validity OF utility ri .ar.r..
Nrntions-and legal ur other advice l..,l,,.
matters touching the same. Copies ui r...
any patent furnished 10y TcmiItiu- 81 ''
mrmts recorded at Washington. '
TESTIMON
Il regard Mr.. Eddy as one of the mos. ..
and capable practitioners with wh"rr. .'
official intercourse. CIAS. mason
COMMISSIONS % p.,.
Il have no hesitation III assuriu- .rt.,T
Trustworthy and more capable ~ ,,rir.,
applications in IL form Ia secure toT il.y .., 30
and favorable consideration at tn, Ir.r,.-. ..
EDMTND BURKE Late Commissioner ..
tents
Mr. Il. II. Eddy has made Tor me ~ ai......
on all hut one at which patents have t,.r. De-
and that IL nov pending. such urr.--.
proof of grcat talent and ability I'll Vie .a-.
me to recommend all inventors To- apply Do. .
procure their patents A. they may Zoe" .,. o..
ing the, most faithful attention h"~r"..,. .f ."
caS,.S and al very rcasunIb" char-,.
Bnstun. Jan. /. l-1S-lN. JOHN lAtgt..
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
EEIEY STONES ESTATE

ERLEY STONES ESTATE.
| The subscribers. having been appointed ny inc
Hon Probate, Court for the district al hlr'"hli
commissioners Ia receive. rNillllh" HI'. nun az
I,irn and demands of all DE rsuns against the
tate Of P,rl,.y stone late of st. j"hnSbUfN III ~d
district deceased represented msoNcnt. anu tht
term of six months from the sixth day 81 May
\ H. I-13 brin. allowed hN said Court I" the Crch
tors of said deceased exhibit and prov" their re-
spcctvc claims before us Civ" notice. thhi we VIII
attend to the duties of or appointment. ~ ii'
dwelling -hnrIsu the late P,rlrN Stone III - Johns
bury in said district on the 18th day of July ana
9Th ,I:rv of Nov next at 10 o'clock in the forenoon
ON each of said days.
c. 7. BRIGHAM. r,u,n.r.
75.1I FRANCIS SWITSER.S
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
SALE AND LIVERY STABLE

The subscriber has h"u.ht the Trt.~crtt stable.
i'll at the It. .I"hn>huIN i.ou-. winch has
been new " fitted NJ and good assortment oi new
HORSES. Harnesses and Carriages all kinds from
Il saddle t" >lN-ll"iS'' Coach. Hur~, s. h"u-ht and
sold harnesses. Carriages Express Wa-uu- aud
art HORSES for sale. second handed and ucN and
leaning "r iohhng dome any time al reason !hi,.
prices. iEEEl DREW.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
:, NJ rOESAlTHS ESTATE.

4 ~ NJ EOESAIrH'S tSTNl
n STATE OF VERMONT CNEp"NIA nsIRiCI -.
In Probate Court held AT the Pr"hit" One" IN
St .Tnhusbury. in said district. on the 3d day "l
June. y u. l-1s.
Levi Howe. administrator upon tn" cstat"
of Asa NJ. FnrsIitl late of Kirby, III sad DIS
trici. deceased. presents his administration a.
count for examination and allowance. and mak
application for a decree nt distribution and partition
of thu. estate, OF said deceased.
Whercup"n. il is ordered 10y said court. that SAID
account and said application br referred l." session
of said court be- held AT the probate Office m
st Iuhn~bury on the 2lst day OF Jane. \. II. lei3.
for hearing and decision thereon: Anh II l. fuIth"
ordered. that notice hereof he given I" all persons
interested by publication of the same tire" weeks
~uccc~SivclV in thu, Calcdunan, newspaper pub
lShcd al 81 .lolIn~huTN. previous To sand TIM" al'
pointed f"I hearing. that they may ali"ar 1t SAID
time and place and show Gauss II anL they may
have why said account should not u" allowed and
such decree made.
BV tn, Court, Attest.
ASA l.. FEEN, H. Jude of Probate.
\ TN copy uf record. Attest.
lib "a l.. FRENCH .IUd=c Of Probate.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
Gsfafrs.

.,TATE OF VERMONT CALEpoHlA DIS n,S So
In Prnbatr Court held AT the Probate plIlct II,
St .Johnsbury i'll said District on tue ''n ''' -
.Jun' 4. u. 1873 H., Ia, VIII and
Isaac n Watts executor of the iasi Vii, w III anu Nv
Testament of Lyman :. Watts late nl b;inet 81,
said district deceased. presents his anmIh,S'
account for examination and allowance anu thlh,S
implication for decree of distribution and pai'i
tinn of the estate of said deceased. =" hclrui t
il ordered hv said Court. that said account anu
said application he referred to 4 session 'i'Lr" ,
+" he held at the Probate Office in sad -: '% nT
hury on the 18th day of June \. ID l5'3' lor nIar
in,r and drcisnn thereon: And ii is further "rneI
ed that notice hereof be given to all persons inter
,stcd bv publication of the same three "teh H.
c,ssivrlv in the Calcdonan a newspaper Pu"!:si I
at St JGhnshury previous To sad hm' "Pi'' ,i
for hearing that they may appear al s;,i" ANY,
and place. and show causr II any iIi'A may "A .,,rI
yyLy .uid account should not he allowed, ana suci
decree made.
Ry the Court. Attest. uto.
ASA l.. FRENCH. Judge "i fr"oato-
\ true copy of Record Attest.
7a-74 ASA l.. FRENCH. Judge Of Probate
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
Notice of SettIepa,.

an immediate settlement nf all -
imperative ""'e prior to April. Is72 is
ST. JOhnsburv VI rI DIR HOCGHTON.
NY L. lci2.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20

Extracts of Roots and Herbs which almost nva.
rlahly cure the following complaints -
Dyspepsia. Heart Eum, Liver Complaint. and
Loss OF Appetlt" cured by ttkiu. a few bottles
i.asstud", Low Spirits and sinking Sensation
cured at once.
Irupti"ns. Pimplcs. Elochcs ami all impuriti,s
of the blood, bursting through the skin OF Other.
wise cured readily by following the directions on
the bottle. ~ "
FOR Kidney. BLADDER and Urinary d.ranuc.
mrnlS 1t has II" equal bottle will convince. th,
most sc"pticaL
Worms. expelled from the system without the
least difficulty: few hmttic- are sufficient for t.
most obstinate ease.
Piles: one bottle has cured TIN. most ,lillicult
cases when all other remedies failed
Nervous Difficulties. Neuralgia Headache. Sc
e;'scd Immediately.
Khcumatisni. Swrllcd Joints and all ScrnruI,
:Nhlcll"liN removed or greatly relieved by this
Invaluable medicine.
Bronchitis. Cntarrh GouyuIsiuns and II, ,,;
cnred "r much relieved.
Dithcult breathing. Pain in the Lungs sid.
amt 'hest, almost invariably cured by taking a
few bottles III III" Quaker Filters
Female Difficulties -, prevalent am,u.. ,,,.r
Ican ladies yield readily I" this inv .lIabl m,,li,n
the Quaker iittcrs.
Bilious, II militant and Intermittent F-y.rs ~
prevalent IN many parts of our country c,,rntI,t,I
eiidicat"d 10y til" use of til" Quaker Filters
The Aged find in the Quaker Bit.crs inst in.
article they stand in need of in their d,cIinin,
Years 1t quck"ns the blood and cheers th, mini
ana laNts the I"aHsa"" down the plane inclined
\" One can remain long unwelI unless afflicted
with an incurabc dis".sei after taking n few bot
Ties OF the Quaker Bittrr-
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20

OYSTER MONEY-Dca. Slick WAS an
auStcTc man. who followed Clustering.
and was of the hard shell persuasion.
The Deacon "alluz made it IL pint to
tell his customers that the money Which
he got for his listers" did not belong to
him. ''rhc good Father made the
listers said the Deacon. land the money
is IIis'n; I'm only >tooart." They do
say the Deacon had Il way of getting
ten cents more on hundred III his
peculiar method of doing business for
somebody else. One Sunday morning
the old fellow was tearing around from
house t" house. with Il suspicious hit of
currency in his hand. Some one had
given him a bad tifty-cent note. and he
wasn't going to migrate till that air
was fixed up" "Why. Deacon" said
one of his customers whom he had tack
led about it, whats the odds what
need you care! TiSn't yours, YOU
know; you are only steward: it isn't
your loss" The Deacon shifted his
shoulder, walked to the door, unshippcd
his quid, and said: "Yaas, that's 50 :
but if You think that I'm goin' to stan
by an see the Lord cheated ont of fifty
cents. you're mistaken. don't foster no
such feelin.'
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20

y RONANTIC STORY OF LOVE AND
WAR.-The san Francisco bulletin re-
ports the details of another illustration
of the old adagc. that the course of true
love never runs smooth. The parties.
Mr.. George Marshall and Miss Ellen
Mavteld. first met in the troublesome
times of lS'i2, ut Il farmhouse on the
road between IIarpcrs Ferry and Lees
burgh. when Marshall. H. Il Union sol
dier attached to Il New Jersey regiment.
rescued the lady from outrage AT the
hands of two confederate soldiers. At
ter the battle of Antictam they met
again, when Miss Maytield. attended 10y
other ladies, was miniS:ering to the
wounded upon the battle field. In Il
wounded lieutenant. who was living in
IL barn. she recognized her rcScuer. and
procured his removal to her fathers
residence. in Adams county. PcnnS \ J.
vania, where she nurScd him tcndcIly
until his recovery. Marshall WAS sub
scqueutly assigned To Il distant depart
mrnt. and i'll time. his letters remaining
unanswered. he concluded his fair friend
had considered her debt of gratitude
cancelled, and abandoned him for some
older love. He came to California at
the termination of the war. and settled
III business ut san Jose. \ few days
since. his exc caught the name of Miss
Ellen MayticldH among the list If over
land passengers. Elatcd with hope. he
lost no time III proceeding to Sacra-
memto to meet the train that bore the
object of his affections and the picture
of his revcrie> through long Years of
separation. The meeting was mutual
ly happy, and the marriage announce
ment, that followed shortly after. tells
the remainder of the story. The cS-
arrangement had been caused 10y the
mtcrcepting of letters by mcddlc-
some person, supposed to he Interested
i'll the breaking up of the match.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
MAKES THE WEAK STRONG,

The Pc,'MriGn !SVriip, u Protect
Ell solution Of the PIOtOrjGc II
IrOh. IL so combined as 10 hare
Tia" rhUIUrtc!' OT an 0ijH'If. -
CdSi!H digcSfed UHd dSSimHd'm
Wiih the biOOH as tie Sjmp'T
TO0d. II increases tn" quantity
Of Natures OWH IHGii:im
1genf. Iron in the bi00d. dI@
cures "u Thousand ills. simply
bU TOHiIig APP, IHrigOrdtiHG ant
IitdiieiHg The System. The cn'
richcd 0Hd ritdIicrd bIoGd PR
mC0fcS crcry part OF the bodH
repairing damages AMI WG''t
searching ont mOrbW seer
toms. AMI tearing nothing r.
disease to frcd UpOH.
This is the secret Of the IRON
dcFfW success Of this rcmcdHm
curing Dyspepsia, Liver Con"
plant. DropSy. Chronic p!In
rhma, Boils. Nervous Affections
ChillS and FcvcrS. IIum"T'
Loss of constitutional Ei=n.
Diseases of the Kidneys an.
BLADDER, Female Complains
UHd al discusses OFigiH"tiW %
Il 6dd state Of the GiO0d. ~ a..
C0mpGHicd hy dCbUfD a." o..
stat" of tn" SUStcW. E,'HgI"
from -1lcOh0l. iu 0Hy J"rh.''
cncrJicing cIrcfs G"' pot j"'
tO"cd by C0rr@SpOHdiEJ f''
ton. bHf are pCI'm0t"H'. ..i'
sing stIcnU'h. riyOr. amt ~
life into az parts oJ'fh" sHT''..
"I!d 6Witding ~, an H'"H o."
.%'itUtion.
Thousands hare been Ctrm
~ the Hsc of this TcU'"'J.I '.
9r"0H. sichPy. SHBTriHF "r'',
iNFcS. to strong. hc0j'hH. "'
hdppy men OHd ICOWcii: a..
!Hrdii'iS cannot FcdSOHU1tyh"
ltdtc to 8iCc ii a trial.
See that each bottle has PtHV'
WAN SYRUP bloWp iv the Jtds''
Pamphlets Free.
SETH W. FOWLE & SONS, Pro"r%'E
No. Milton Place. Boston.
som nv pRLGC.sIs G6NERN-'
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1873-06-20
= z s r Q r & Q

The hr~t Roots H'rh~. and E:trl>. enter into the
composition 81 lhl~ E.mrdy. maxim. n e ~urply
ami SAFE. well a. an utIng Tor al ,ir~,3I~
- OF III" blood. Gro. &. GOODWIN y 60. i.".
ton. For sale hy all druggists. tu.76
Essex County herald. [volume] (Guildhall, Vt.) 1873-1964, 1873-03-08
Aerial Navigation.

M. Hannel, Ingenieur des Arts ct
Manufactures, lately presented to the
French Aeronautical Society some OBJ
servations upon the fight of birds,
which are worth noticing. He assumes
that, during normal flight, the speed of
the center of movement is constant, and
equals 1'15 meters OF 81 feetper second.
This center of movement is situated on
the line which divides the triangle rep
resenting the wing in two equivalent
parts. The weight which a bird can
support without fatigue, may increase,
according to circumstances, up to one
half of its weight the mean value is
equal to one fourth of it's weight. The
total load, that is to say, the weight of
the bird, increased by the weight that
it can carry, is thus, on an average,
equal to five fourths its proper weight.
This formula can be applied to insects
as we'll as to birds.
Supposing this formula to hold good
for all bodies passing through the air,
and carrying with them their motive
power, the application of it can be made
to man or machine. For machine
weighing 3'5 tuns, the spread of wing
should be 26 feet, and 6 yards for a mar
weighing, with the necessary appliances
22O lbs.
The conclusions of M. Hannel have
been discussed by large number of the
Society, who in the majority do no
agree with him. They have been com
pared with those of M. Harting, accord
ing to whom the weight increases ac
cording to the cube Of the lengths o
the wings, modified by a coefficien
which varies with different kinds O
birds. M. Hannel and NJ. Harting dc
not consider the weight and spread o
wings in the same manner, and they Dc
not adopt the same speed. Besides, M
Hannel assumes a constant speed in thu
center of motion, an assumption whicl
has not been proved mathematically.