davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Knoxville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1870-1875, 1873-04-23
Sullivan County.

Mr.. Adam Harr will soon complete his
new mill in Blountville.
Jesse Adams died of dropsy of the heart,
at his residence 8, miles below Blountville,
on the 9th inst, aged 50.
Mr.. w. i. Melvin, of this place, has
gone into the live poultry trade. He will
charter cars from Knoxville to New York,
receiving his poultry at the different sta
lions between Knoxville and BRISTOL
Bristol Courier
Knoxville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1870-1875, 1873-04-23
The Pope Reported Denel

OTTAWA, April l9.-Private dispatches
lay,
Knoxville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1870-1875, 1873-04-23
EAST rrNNEssEE NOTES.
Claiharne Counfx.

Mr.. A. Lockhart was almost instantly
killed at Cypher's coal bank, in Tazewell,
few days ago, by large rock falling. up
on him from the top of the shaft in which
he was employed at work.
Knoxville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1870-1875, 1873-04-23

1T is sad funeral to me- said the
speaker, 1.-The saddest / have attended in
many years.
THAT of Edmondson ?''
Knoxville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1870-1875, 1873-04-23
BledsOe County.

MURDER-The Athens Post tersely states
the following: A murder occurred in
Bledsoe county on the 4th instant. The
murderer's name is Pleasant Price-the
victim was Pearce. Songer. The killing
was done with an axe, and was instigated
by an illicit connection between Price and
the wife of Songer. The latter stated that
Price told her he would kill her husband
if she said so, but denies that she consent
ed to the crime. Price was arrested, but
escaped from the officer, and was at large
when our informant left the Valley.
Knoxville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1870-1875, 1873-04-23

Some bears are as gentle as kittens"
said Bess, slipping her arm through his
with loving hug, while "the bear" felt a
great warm glow at his heart, as he walked
away with Bess, and determined to try
harder to be gentle as kittenn for her
sake.-IH,strdtcd Christian Weeky.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
Nt'IV PUBLICATIONS.
.EoGARTIBs BOOK DEPOSITORY.
(roGARTrB, srILIMAu 6. COY
OUR NEW CATALOGUE No. Is.


Antiquities of the Southern Indians, particu-
larly OF the Georgia Tribes, by Charles G. Jones
Jr. Sc.
Literature md Dogma, ah Essay towards a
better apprehension of. the Bible by Matthew
Arnold, Oxford. 81 so.
Enigmas of Life, hy'W. r. Greg. 50.
Among the Isles Of Shoals by Celia Thaxter,
illustrations. 81 80. 3,s
The Wishing Cap Papers, by Leigh Hunt,
now frat collected. ST So
,l lehaei Faraday, by Glad stone. 90 cents. J.
EDUCATION III Japan, n series of Letters ad.
dressed Mes: by ny prominent Americans to Arinoli
The Mystery of Metropolisville, by l;ggles.
ton, IL illustrations. 81 so.
Curipsities of Ornithology, with beautifully
colored illustrations from drawings, Iy T. w.
Wood, &C. SO 80. 81:
The Home Affections Portrayed by the Po.
cts, selected and edited by Charles Mackay,
beautifully illustrated with one hundred en-
Cravings by eminent aatists. So.
:. Conferences delivered at Notre Dame, Paris,
by the Rev. Pere Lacordaire of The Order OF
Era rriar Preachers. "God," God and man, each
Dr.. oldham's Talk at Gfeystones. 81 so.
9, farm Ballal DIS, by Will Carleton, illustrated
Seagull Rock, translated from the French of
er. Jm'e; Sandeau of French Academy, by Rob.
rawlings BY Baynrd iIe and Ferat. 'si''eo S.. WIN
lhe Slave, tho Serff and the freeman, trans
oy Mrs. Campbell Overend. 81 so.
!, =, piay "a and Profit in my Garden, by Rev. E. p.
Dickens. The Standard Edition of Dick ems,
now M beng issued by monthly volumes by
ldessrs. I.ippencott, is n luxury in paper type
and the profusion and excellence of It's illustra.
tions. l 60 Now ready, Pickwick Papers, vols,
burton and Drake's Umexplored Syria, 9
vols, printed in large type on Superfne paper,
WIN IN numerous ildstrstiofisand maps. SIS.
N. B..Books will be sent to any part of the
country lree OF extra charge on receipt of pub
, FOGARTIISS BOOK DEPOSITORY, {
No. 200 King Street, Charleston, S. C.
hi'rcli ~, 1873 cwtf.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
ATTEMPTED ESCAPE.

"A prisoner under Indictment for store.
breaking, not rolishing the prospect of
bars and bolts, suddenly followed the in
clination Of his legs, and left the Office of
the Trial Justice SO rapidly that his pur-
suers were nonplussed ip his chase. A
olored mans dog, which was remarkable
on the catch, followed the flying negro,
and set his teeth in the foot Of his pants,
bringing the fugitive to level Of six
feet. He was instantly crowded by q
horde of blacks, and one of the most in
suited constables, put rope abodt the
neck of the culprit, and brought him
back. The scene afforded much fun to
the boys, and negroes engaged in the
capture. Il
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05

= - -
stay until carried away from the trenches.
He was recognized by a comrade here,
who vouched for his splendid heroism.
"a kindred feeling induced q few around
to relive his poverty with a little money,
which he accepted only .becnuse he was
beyond the possibility of helping himself.
fE His story was short and sad; Wounded
at Petersburg he came home suffering
and poor man. Some friends sent him
to Baltimore, where DR.. Chisolm .(for-
,merly'of Charleston prescribed for his
relief One eye ball had been removed, !,
the other was closed forever to light.
,Coll Benbow had told him to come to
his locality, where he would care for him,
and thither he was on lis. way. Anid
his poverty and misfortune he.was cheer
full, and said his scars we're seal to the
cause, which, Eas dearer to his Heart Than
ian hundred lives. Robert Fosters case
is pitiable one, hit the, laurel and bay
twine his brow with prouder chaplet
than the conqueror's wreath.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
Bsss- We refer our reaoers.to very !,

BS We refer our readers to very in
structive$letter from "Farmer" in our
Agricultural columns (to which Depart
ment Four papes BY The way, we are
giving considerable attsutien9wAo throws
out hints, that will be useful to many.
The communication of our correspon-
dent, "F," "on the subject of curing corn
fodder, is very valuable, and will repay
pcrusal.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05

Carpenters, Pattern aakers, and Cabinet
Makers,
Will take notice that P. P. Toalc, of
Charleston, has on hand and for sale,
White Pine of the finest grade, wholesale
and retail. Also, Walnut, Oak and
other hard, wood.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
ALMOST A FIRE.

ALMOST A FIRE
About ten o'clockEon Saturday night
last, "a fire was discovered in the upper
back piazza of Mr., JAS. Cannon's resi-
dence, supposed to have caught from a
box OF ashes, which had been set there.
The flames were soon subdued, but the
fortunate and early discovery of the fire
was all that saved us from the rare ca.
lamity of a fire in Orangeburg.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
MEssRs. vosE & IzLAR.

H11ooINo' FUoE q ILhAK.-
See iiew.advertisement of this enter
.prising firm. who keep o. first-olass gro,
Gerry store, and sell either by wholesale
or retail. and deliver all goods purchased
free Of, charge. We happen to know9of
some. Wholesale purchases from them,
which show that they can compete favor.
ably with Charleston We heartily re-
commend this firm to our. friends in tbe,
country. S.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05

a9- The unusually vet, and cloudy
weather of thespast ten days, causes us
= 70 y exclaim, as did q worthy couple to
whom Providence had sent. NINE straight
daughters: "oh, that we could have a
LrTLE SUN.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
>DIssoLUTIorg.

VHStlE Copartnership heretofore existing nm.
II der the name of EDWARDS & OAK
NAN is this day dissolved by mutual consent.
j. @. EDWARDS,
April 2s, 1873, 'AN'
The undersigned will still continue Tho
Brick-making business. =
may /, 1873 II II hD"ANGs, ~,
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
NaDFTCE.

: al Rats of Timber, passing down the
!; Edisto River will please stop one mile
pelow Parker's Ferry, on the right; and
receive Shingles as freight. For which
provisions on cash will be paid.
apr Inn
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
SEVERE LIGHTNING.

~ -AN3
Our town and vicinity has been visited
during the past week, with several. severe
storms. The house of DR.. 7, A, Elliatt,,
% tree in the heighborhpod- r. wv w n
Lightfoot's store, and the telegraph pole
adjoining the Office of the Western and
Union Co., at the Depot, have. each been.
struck. The operater, at. the last men,
toned place, was fortunately absent had
he been in his office at the time, it is not
likely that he would have escaped un-
injured. This, we learn, is the second
time this gentleman has been shot at
during the past six weeks. :,
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
THEsGRAY.

( %fHE 4GRAY.
One day last week our attention was
directed to the figure Of man, who sat
in the depot waiting for the train. He
was blind, and suffering from extreme
iameness, that necessitated the use of a
stick. His shoes were slit on the upper
to admit his swollen feet, and he was a
shattered wreck of one who freely and
gallantly hurried to the 'front.' and there
remained until the fearful mine explo-
sion at Petersburg, where his sight was
destroyed. Before this occurrence he
was rendered q position of retirement
from field duty, on account of failing
health, but he declined, saying he would
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05

Presbyterian Church. Services at II A. M,
and p. M-Sabbath School at OLA. M
Rrayer meeting Thursday afternoon at a O'Clock.
Sey. j. d. A. Brown, Evangelist.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
EXTRAORDINARY!

Mr.. w. 4. Muller placed on our desk,
few days since, a number Of white on
ions, raised by himself, which were re.
markably large, as the following meas.
urement of one cf them will show-1Oi
inches In circumference, and weighing
10 ounces.
Also an enormous Early Rose potato.
Who can beat it? We learn that Mr..
Muller proposes to run a farm in the
neiighborhood of the town, AS IT SHOULD
BE DONE. The above vegetables are not
now on exhibition. having Qike "old
Uncle Ned" of honorable memory gone
where all good vegetables gow
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
COUNTY BIBLE SOCIETY.

DIoLE pUClEIf.
The Second Annual Meeting of this
Society. took place in the Presbyterian
Church on Sunday evening last. The
attendance was good, and much interest
shown in the cause for which this bod
was organized.
The Rev. r. Aud, President, called
the meeting to order, and congratulated
the members on the goodly numbers pre-.
sent, which showed that the efforts of the
Association were appreciated. After
prayer by Rev. Id. a. Brown, the Sec
retary read the minutes of last meeting,
and then made his annual report, which
showed that large numbers of volumes,
OF the Good Book are being steadily dis
trlbuted, and although the Society is
somewhat in debt to the National Society
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
Church Services.

. Baptist Church Services every Sabbath I'd.
1r.,G at II, A. M, and at u, Pm. DR.. I.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
oRANGEBuRG, S. O., JUNE s, 1878.

Nh K1aK II Roi5rtSsos tTa Is ,ra,utbori zSd55 3
collect and receipt vertisemen,s and sub.
pcriptions to the Times. ~ a
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
!. ToWNsDIREcToRY.

Maysf-F. II, w. Briggmahn. 4
Clerk k--E. y. Oliveros. @
Treasurer-Wm. Willcock.
Geo. Boliyer, A.. Martin:
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05

Church Of the Redeemer (Episcopal)- Sab
bath School GA NJ.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
CHANGE in pOsT-oFFICE.

CHANGE IN pOsT-oFFICE.
! We have seen a communication in
which Mr. Ed. Williams hus been ap-
pointed Postmaster Of orangoburg Mr..
Williams will doubtless prove very ac-
ceptable,
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05

Methodist Church-services at II A. M
md VI Pm; Sabbath School at 8 A. M
Res. r. Adld, Pastor. M
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
sA:LE-DANY.

SALE-DAY.
Monday last, being sale-day, we had q
right to expect crowd, and a good days
trade, but we were disappointed in both.
Very few persons visited town, and the
Sheriff had great difficulty in getting any
one to aetend his salcs, which were as fol-
lows
l6O acres, property of j. w. Antly,
bought by S. Dibble, for $3.50.
200 acres, property of VIM. w. Watt,
bought by Geo. Boliyer, for ,s25,OO.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
orangeburg Mail Arrangement.

Northern, Wessernand Opens. Closes.
J.. Charleston ...... 10A.M l45 p. M.
Columbia ~, 12,3oP.M..1 NJ
Office hoars'from 9 A. M. te s p. NJ. Sundays
excepted. E}l
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05

lutheran Church h-;Sabbath School, at 8, A.,
gr Pa. psntz!er. Superintendent
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
Notice.

Notice. &
Contract advertisers may change
monthly. Every change must be sent
in BY Monday noon.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
COL. A. COWARD.

CUL. A.. CUWARD. y - n --7E
We invite attention to advertisement
of this gentlemen, who is conducting the
Yorkville Military Academy, SO ably
presided over by the late Gen. jenkins,
previous to the war.
This is AN Admirable institution and
combining, as it does, military training
with first-closs education, offers rare in.
ducements to those having sons to edu.
cate. .at
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05

for books, yet, thepolumeg on hand much
mspre than cover this liability, s.s,sa
The annael election for officers result
ed in the following choice, continuing;
the term of Office Of last incumbsnts.
President Rev. e. Auld.
LIST vioe.Pres' 'tt-Reev. Rtse D.A. Brown.
I'd Vice-Pres't-Rev. A., p. Norris.
sect'y and Treas.-Kirk Robinson.
Executive COMMITTEES erDr. Thomas a.;
Elliot, Mortimer Glover, F. II. w. Brigg-
mann, Jas. III. Fowles, Fred. S. Dibble,.
John A, Zeigler.
The Rev. G. A. Hough of the Evan.
Sgelical Lutheran Church was then intro!
duced, and delivered an impressive dis,
course on the subject: "The Word iasnoti
BOUND"
During the singing of the last hymn,
many contributions to tile cause were
made, and numbers enrolled themselves as
members. - -
The meeting closed with the 1ong-metrs
Boxology, joined III heartily by every
one. We cannot close without, MOTTO
ing the aid rendered by the choir Of
the Church, who sung beautiful anthem
before service, and contributed greatly
to the enjoyment of the meeting. -f
NEWBERRY COLLEGE. e. .Il.f d 5.
We take pleasure in referring our
readers to the advertisement of the Pro-
,gramme of commencement of the New
berry College. To those interested this
occasion will afford q very pleasant trip.
There are about, one hundred students,
atthee present session. The department.
Of mathematics under Professor AIRING.
ton is said t. bo thorough. DR.. j.. F..
Smcltzer under whose direction the in
stitutiof, rs managed is too well known
for commsnt. The facilities of cheap
board, magnificent scenery, fine climate
and good society, and abovc.all the high
moral character of the college, recon-.
mends it to'the attention of young men
pursuit'o professional attainment.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05

ARRESTED.
A colored man Paulling by name, was
sent to jail on charge preferred by Mr..
Philip sain, Of stealing twenty dollars
from his coat pocket, when the owner was
asleep. He will think better of the
! vanity of vanities" that induced this
familiar appropriation. before the next
term Of court.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05
TOO MUCH RAIN.

The heavy and incessnnt rains have
materially n injured the crops. Some of
ourplanters have thrown out large
portion ofthcir cotton, which.is beyond
redemption from'grass, for want of labor.
Orangeburg times. [volume] (Orangeburg, S.C.) 1872-1875, 1873-06-05

PERSONAL.
Col. A. r. Waring and Mr.. Randall
Of the Southern Life Insurance Com
tahy, have arrived in Ofangeburg to
form local board, as upon the plan Of
that established in Charleston dnd. Co.
lumbia' These gentlemen will visit our
merchants and citizens Upon the subject
The Van Buren press., 1873-01-28
Public Schools.

There l. probably no question in which onr
citizens have u greater interest and about
whicl. they know less than our public schools.
There are three schools In the District ofVan
Bur,n. employing six teachers Two ofthese
sclools are white and one colored. The cost
of Keeping them up, with economical manage
mcnr |, a'out $3.50 per month or $500 for the
scho,, wear Of ten months. The resources OF
the Boairi are tax of7ls mills or seventy
five cent. ON the hundred dollars worth OF
taxable property In the district, and an aP-
preparation from the Peabody Fund of eight
hundred dollars a year, when that fund ha,
funds to spare. The tax for 1871 Yielded
s. Ss7,25. which was all in State Scrip. The
contract vii teachers, e,ns to pay llsn Ia
currency, the Board of Directors sold -ciip
for ninety and seventy-iive cents and when
tax pa, ing time had passed were compelled
To sell large amount for which they realized
but Gfty seven cents. So that at the begin
ming of the present school year. there was In
the Treasury sG56 in Scrip and 1875 received
from the State Fund. making 81 0l3 IN Scrip.
out Of which must he deducted the per cent
are Of the County Treasurer. Through the
Kindness of DR.. Sears. the Board received Il
donation from the Peabsd, Fund for two
year,, amounting to S COO, Nhish enabled
them To open The schools furthe presents term
So much for the past. now Tor the future
lf the tax Tor the year ls72'is near what the
tax OF the previous year was. wehave g. $751;
25 in State Scrip TO commence with. The
present value Of State Scrip at Little Rock,
Il about sixty or siXty-fve cents on the dol
lar IL will he remembered that the tax col
lector Is not required to pay over the money
collected 10 the County Treasurer until the
lntter part Of MAY or first Of June In addi
tion TO the insuilicicncy of the amount oftax
IL would not be available to tho Board until
near the close of the term. and teachers haH-
Ing 10 other resources are compelled to have
their pay monthly. II our Board of School
Directors can solve the knotty PR blem of
how 10 carry on the schools without money,
they will bo entitled TO the gratitude ofa suf-
fc"ing people.
There appears to be no alternative but for
our people tn send their children to private
schools. during the next term. The teachers
nj present employed in the pn bile schools.
have given IA far as we know, entire sat,fac-
ton. and those Of our citizens who are able
to send their children to school will find il to
their interest to employ these teachers.
The Van Buren press., 1873-01-28
Wanted at Washington

The tamperers with election returns. in
Arkansas. are wanted before the examining
committee ut Washington Mr. STRONG the
Clerk OF the Secretary Of State has been
knows about Minstrel figuring in the late
election JIM. JOHNSON, Secretary Of State
has Ned to the mountains TO avoid the serv
ing the summons. Before the end j.. the way
Of the transgrcssor, we are thinking, will
prove very rough.
The Van Buren press., 1873-01-28

l.. II. Il +. 5 RAILRoAD.-In addition to the
railroad news, which we have heretofore pub
llshcd. VIC have seen letter from Little Rock
to one Of our citizens which says: THE first
load Of iron will be sent out Monday g. ster-
da,> and that the track laying to Lhrksvillc
Will he completed before the first Of April
and by the time The road Is finished to Clarks-
the completion Of the entire road ID Van Bu-
rcn." We congratulate our Clarks,ile friends
that the end for them (end Of the ruad) is not
far distant
The Van Buren press., 1873-01-28
Nothing but the Truth.

In the recent debate in tho II ouse, say
the St. Louis RepuL'icon, on Louisiana
affairs, Mr.. Hale of Maine, a Republican
member. did himself the credit Of admit
ting the whole truth in these words:
For the last few wears the infamy and
disgrace of certain Southern State GOV
ernncnts have been constantly on tue in.
crease There have been corrupt electors
and corrupt elections there have been
corrupt legislators and corrupt legisla.
ton there have beendouhe legislatures,
double governors, double Representatives
ia this house, and double senators ycai
byi year in many States There have
been bad men in these Ststes who have
bought power by wholesale bribery, and
have enriched themselves at the expense
of the people by reculation or open
handed robbery. Corruption and anarchy
have oCCUPIED AND POSSESSED THESE UN
FORTUNATE STATES | felt the force OF all
this when it was charged in the canvass
before the late election.
In my opinion it is time, and hope
all Republicans will appreciate this, that
we take this matter with u strong hand.
And the last men to object to such action
on tho part Of the government, taken
with due regard to the spirit Of our con-
slitution, are the gentlemen on the other
lie, who have claimed that the Republic
can party is accou Stable because il will
not interfere hut allow thieves and rob-
bers to pillage the South Let us go to
the root of the NATTER IL necessary. let
Us take entire charge there for the time.
put down the pre- cnsions OF usurpers,
drive out thieves from high places TO
which they have never been duly elected,
find out if there is any real State govern
ment with proper authentication, and if,
as 1 suspect, there is none. give to the
people, of this dcsolated and plumdered
State an opportunity for fair election,
and when a government has been set up
under such guarantees stand by it with
the whole force of the general govern
ment, civil and military
The Van Buren press., 1873-01-28
Latest Impei tinercos about Susan B.

Cincinnati critics say Susan Is Autho
ny "seats herself with great dlgnily, pre-
paratory to commencing her lecture,
SO did Job whcu afflicted with cu.a.eoas
troubles
A Cincinnati paper says Susan b. An,
thouy is in Jail, bat the world moves on,
and posterity will come to her relief
But whose posterity will it be Not Sn-
sans B. Anthonys.
IL is some consolation to know that
when Susan B Anthony go,s to the pen
itentiary for illegal voting she will leave
no orphan children behind her to sui er
for want of mother tender care
The judge who required a bail bond Of
Susan Is Anthony TO attend her trial for
illegal voting is tool, or else he didn't
know that Susan had been working three
weeks ON a speech for the occasion
Susan b. Anthony says that she will
die in jail--di all, sir--beforc she will
humble herself enough to ask for bail.
Eighty or ninety years ago, this same
Susan was noted for her sweet and am
liable temper
The National Woman Suffrage Cap
venton which meets at Washington 6n
the l6I Of February promises to give
Susan B. Anthony an "ovation The
high price Of, eggs in the Capitol city will
deter many from ovating who would 9TH
erwise turn out and throw Shansha,
berry or two, just for fnn-and the cause.