davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1873-05-20

It is cited ju illustration Of Senator Morton's
ilictum, that "Ours is tho best Civil Service on
tho planet" that tho Postmaster at Danborg,
Tlls deficiency has been mildly criticised by SOME
Of tho residents of Damberg. who have boon SUBJ
jcctod to the annoyance, natural to such con-
tlitlon Of things, Of having their mail nlssont
Tho Damberg Postmaster, however, is co1ored
man, and it is possible that lilo Administration
refrains from removing him for fear that such
action would bo construed rs q violation Of tho
provisions of tie Fourteenth Amendment to the
Constitution. It is difficult to conceive, how
oyor, that tho President las been very seriously
inconyonienoed by the enforcement Of the Civil
Service rules in Holecting tho Postmaster at
Damberg,
, 1873-05-20

Tho Chicago produce markets wero less
active yesterday, and generally weak, though
some we're higAor. Mess pork WAS dull mud TO
por brl lower, at s1G15@10.20 cash, and s1G.G5@
1910 seller July. Larl was dull and castor, at
$40 for wiptor, and 50 for Bummer-renlorol.
Meata were inactiyo and unchanged, at G3s@
CLo for shoulders, 899G@)8116c for short ribs, 85S
@9Mo for short cloar, and 10@l1I1o for
sweet picked hams. IIighwinea were quiet and
Btroug at 90c per gallon. Lake freights
wore steady and moro aotiyo at 515o
for corn to Buffalo. Flour mas quiet and un-
changed. Wheat was quiet and w higher, clos
Ing dull at s1.32 cash, aud ='1.soT seller June.
Corn WIS active aud 20 higher, closing weak at
33Hc cash, and 400 seller Juno. Oata were dull
and unchanged, closing at 321lc caal'. and $3.50
aellor June. ltyo WAS qnet aud firm at 7oc.
narloy WAS dull and oasior at 7t@80o for No. g.
Hogs wore dull and weak at s4.70@6.0o. The
cattle and sheep markets were quiet, tue former
at slight decline,
, 1873-05-20

The weather reports OF the Signal Service
Bureau are to bo supplemented by daily reports
Of the water gauge Of the chief rivors Of the
Mississippi Valley. In case Of flood or any sud"
den movement, tho observations will be made
and reported every tlree hours, but in
ordinary caseB only once day. No
observations will bo made in the months OF
August, July, and September. The importance
Of this record is highly estimated by Gen. Myer,
tho efficient hoad of tho Bureau. He Says that
the value Of property which can DO saved in
single instances by its warnings along tho route
than reimburse tho cost Of the service for =
, 1873-05-20
JUDGE TH0RNT0N'9 LETTER.

We invite tho attention Of yotora Of tho Fifth
Judicial District to tho letter Of Judge Thornton
printeil in this days Tn1BuNE. Judge Thornton
has rosignod hia soat on tho supromo Bench, and
iB, therefore, FREQ to speak Of his associates.
Judge Thornton is Democrat, WAS elected in q
strong Democratic district and, it thoro were any
antagohism Of Judgment resulting from politfcal
bias, 1t would naturally OCCUR betweon him and
Judge Lawronco. Whatever may have boon tho
differences In opinion between the Judges On any
OF tho multiplied questions submitted to
thom, Judge Thornton bears witnosB to tho loar1l-
ing, ability, mud foArloBB independence Of
Judge Lawrence. IIo roviows tile charge TINT
tho latter ia the friond Of railway nlonopolies,
aud 40 thoroughly oxplodos this calumny that
no decent man wi1l horeaftor repoat 1t. Judge
Thornton further statos tint last winter Judge
Lawrence urged upon lis follow-Judgea to con-
sidor and decide the Alton Railway caBo ut an
carly day, In order that II tho low Of 1869 should
bo found defective, tho defoct might be pointed
out by tho Court in timo for tho Legislature then
III session to mike tho needed correction. lilo
"'--
tho unanimous conviction prevailed that tho
Inv was fatally defective, not because it
provided ponaltios for unjust discrimi-
nntions, but because 1t prohibited any
discrimination under any circumstances
and refused TO tho defendant tho right OF Offer
ing testimony in defense or in explanation OF tho
discrimination charged. Tho right Of defonse
is coequal with tho right to accuso, md no n,an
or corporation car DO made to suffer in hiB por-
son, his liberty, his property, or his franchises
without trial according to tho forms Of law,
and one Of these forms is tho right to DO hoard
in defense. Judge Thornton, who is one Of tho
Judges who united in that judgment, calls at
tention to the fact that tho opinion OF tho Court,
| a. road by Judge Lawrence, practically docldea
that the discrimination charged in that case
demanding grcatcr rates for transportation from
Chicago to Lexington than from Chicago to
Bloomington On the ground Of compotition-waH
unjust, and would bavo been punlsl'ablo bud the
| Inv permitted tho Company to make defonHo, and
had tho penalties been at all commensurate with
! tile wrong inflicted. Hero thoro was practical
affirmation Of tho power Of tho stato to legis'
late for the punishment Of such a disorimina.
| tion, md declaration by tho Court that had
| not tho exiating statute boon go manifostly In
valid in the other particulars, and the penalty sc
| tlisproportionato with the oifonso, judgment
| would have boen rendered agninat tho Company
Tho Legislature, acting under tho suggoations o.
| r. II,
, 1873-05-20

A ba1anco-Rheot Of tho revenues and o1pend~
lures Of tho Church Of England, which ID off,
cinl by virtue Of tho approval Of tho Archbishop
OF Canterbury, haa rocontly boon issued, and
gtvoB eomo interesting facts relative to tho hnan-
ctal operations OF this great religious estabnah~
mont Tho most roliablo atatistics chow that tho
membership Of tho Church is about 12,ooo, 600.
The average annual receipts arc over 600 900 ooo
which arc dorivod from tho following SOURCES !:
Endowmonts, s21,00o,ooo; State aid, %, 9,6oo,-
600; paroohinl collections. $0, ,000,0 600 |;
and miscellaneous contributions and ro~
coipts, e10,5oo, 900. This fund ia OK
pended aa followa: Maintenance OF tho
clergy, 800, 100000; education Of tho poor, s15,~
o00, 600; church institutions, foreign missions,
church building, &o., 914,5oo,0oo. Under tho
hoad Of clerical maintenance, tho q Archbish-
ops, % Bishops, and 10 Archdcacona receive
sG02,780. Thorc arc 90 doans, 1877 cauons, 100
minor oanons, GOO singers, and othors, who cost
81, ,0s0025 In addition to thoao, there Il, OIL
1octora mud vicars, aud ,70G curatos, whoae scr
vicoa amount to 15.7ao256, Or an averag go salary
Of about $40 apiece.
, 1873-05-20

At tho recent meeting Of tho Social scionco
Convention at Boston, Dr.. Edward Jarvis, Of TINT
city, read paper on tho physiological origin Of
crime and isH relations to aox. Tho intoroBt in
tho paper WAS in no slight degrco enhanced by
the reputation of tho author as 6tatistioian.
The discussion was all able ono. It described
the manifold kinds and degroos of crime; crilneB
against the porson, crimes against property
crimes against public order, decency and
against one'B aolf. III all these crimes. tloro Ia
Il strong bodily influence over tho moral Btato,
They aro produced by different motives and
caueoB in tho mind and heart. Those promo to
ono form Of crime will shrink from others. The
animal appcttoH aud propenaities aro often
cultivated Until tlloy obtain the mastery. 1n
sQoll casos, persons boeQe slaves to deairoa they
cannot resist. Conscience is weakened, moral
attributes arc destroyed; the law III aggrioyod
md We mny become criminal. Iio claimed
that thoro wore other 6onsualltica tlat arc 80 de-
yolopod as to lend to wrong. Tho stato OF tho
body cor1,pts tho aonsibilitios, pervorta tho un-
derBtandng paralyzoa conscience, and lends to
thoughts and aots which, in healthier condi-
ton, would bo avoided. Dseaso often MakeB
tho naturally amiablo and jtat irritable, selfish,
and oxaoling. Tho tompor and Judgment are af-
foctod by tho digestion. Whom digestion is oasy,
everything ia luharmouy wlleult Is painful, tie
temper is inilan,od mud suspicious. Drunko1l-
moss oxcitos tho brain, aud may mako tho man
capable OF any crime. So with any disturbance
Of tho stomach, lungs, heart, or general
foyor Thero arc crlnos Of Intelligence in
crmoa against the person and property, the
mind IL employed in the evil work. Tho ag-
groasor plans. Ills roaHon shapes tho means to
tho ond while in all other crimes tho montal
powcrs arc dormant, and tile paasions, appe.
titca, and proponB'tios arc tho only agents.
Witnessing this ditroronco bo.woon crnos III
Which tho mind was tho controlling power aud
tho crimes III which tho mind was overwhelmed
by tho unmlxcd animal appottos, Dr.. Jarvit
Btatoa that twenty years ago he WAS induced tc
'"""s"- '' hat proportion they sayerally were
, 1873-05-20

The Portland (hlc.) A'yus charges tho United
States MarHhal OF that state with compelling
physicians and othors who lave givon away or
soll liquor in cases Of aicknosa to pay him
money to avoid criminal prosecution. It fur
nishes the proofs in the case, and charges that
informors Layo been travelling through the
Stats pretending to bo sick, and, after having got
liquor on this prete1t, hnyo used the United
States officials az Instruments to carry out their
blackmailing operations. Tho Argus calla the
attention of tho United States District Attorney
and Commissioner to tho proceedings of tho
Marshal, and demands tint this blackmniling Of
gentlomon who happened to hayo liquor aud
furnished it, al they supposed to rolioyo suffer-
ing, shall coaso.
, 1873-05-20

Tho Ycllowatoue, river of Montana and
tributary Of the Missouri. which 1t joins ut tho
point where tue latter crosses tho boundary be-
tween Montana aud Dakota. is found to bo
navigablo for large part Of Its courac. An OK
plorng expedition under tho Charge of Con.
George A. Forsyth, OF this city, has just aa-
cended tho river in one Of the largest steamers
of tho Upper Missouri. Thoy report that, al-
though tue wattr WIS lower than for thrco years
before, tho river waH nayigabie III fur aa the
Powder River, and 30 miles farther II a slight
obstruction in tho chnnnol bo removed.
, 1873-05-20

The enforcement Of tho Massachusetts Beer
law IL causing widespread dissatisfaction in that
State. Tho bottloru Of ale, porter, and lager
beer, after having stopped supplying tloir Gus
toners for several days, III obedlence to the oy-
lors OF tho State Constabulary discovered that
tho law hnd not been onfoYced in the case OF
other WHOLESALE dealers, aud determined to re-
nu,no business until all were treated alike. The
heavy browors arc looking about for eligible
places Of business iu othor Rtatea. Tue farmora
wlo lave lost food for their Htock arc clamoring
agalnst tho law. So general IL tho dissatisfac-
tlon That thoro is little doubt the complexion OF
the next Legislature may turn upon this ques-
ton, whom QambriIlus may posaohs hia rights
again.
, 1873-05-20

Tho Boston Commercial Bulletin, tho organ Of
tho American manufacturers, publishes tho fol-
lowing paragraphs illustrative OF tho why in
which protection is providing "homo mar
kct" Of consumora Of Weatcrn beef, pork, md
breadstuffs:
a Yankee shoo factory which does MI tho work by
machinery aud trna out fluiAlcd shoe In min
ues il to be exhibited at the Vienna Exhibition by II.
Il. Dtgclow, OF Worcoater.
Heveral OF tho Patterson a. ~ Rilk factories not
running to their full capacity aud largo number Of
hands arc out Of employment, owing to tho oxtrouu
du1luess Of tho trade.
These offer promising markot Whom ahooa
aro made exclusively by machinery, and the silk
factoncs arc closed, what bccomos Of the *'homo
market which is to CONSUME all our surplus
breadatuffa2
, 1873-05-20

The Government Of Greece bus determined to
abolish all its diplomatic missions except that
at Constantuople, Us It has peculiar relations
with Turkey. Old fogy aud antlquatod as tho
Government Of Greece has always beou con-
aidered, there seems to be ominont good sonHo
In this action, at loaet. In these days
of steam and tolography, it is Diff
cult to 500 why Ministers OF Foreign
Affairs cannot communicate directly with
each other as woll as through third parties. III
certain emergencies, special agents might bc
needed, and Conau1s might DO necessary, to look
after national interest sabroad; but, for ordinary
purposes, the cumbersome diplomatic machinery
might 10 simpliled without detrimont to the
service, and with decided advantage in dispatch
and economy.
, 1873-05-20

own, and requested tho Sunday Times to 1savo,
wlleroupon, tho Sunday Times showing some ro-
luotanoo, it was led out by tito oar. Whoro, oil
where iii that supreme momont OF modification,
was itB frlcnt, tho Atlvocatc, An It lind nharo1
In tho religious vanntings Of tho Sunday Times,
why was 1t not tlcro to Blaro also In its porsecl,-
tionn ? Why did 1t allow it to vontnro into
danger like thin, alone md unfriondod ? Call
you this backlng your frionta?
Tic Inference from tho Rcy. Alr. sulltyan's
notion iB tl,at to llavo Times notebook in ono'a
hind is r,.ima jacie evidence OF disroputablo
character, warranting Instant exclusion from
church. It is to DO hoped A,at tito noxt timo
ono Of Its attaches goes to aplaco Of worship
tho advocate man will TO on hand to protoot
him,
, 1873-05-20

Tho ohnrges Of corruption againBt tho Hon.
Ezra Cornell, in which 1t is alleged that 10 en-
deavorol to soil ont for his own bonont tho land
grant Of a million acres made to tho stato OF
New York for tho establishing Of Agricultural
Colleges, has induced the Rochester Union and
Advertiser to tako tho ground that tho diversion
OF this 1and-grant from tho purposes for which
Congress- appropriated 1t was tho original wrong.
Congroga mado tho grant Of this land to Now
York among tho other States for tho endowment
and maintenance Of at loast ono college ITO
touch huch branches Of learning aB aro related
to agriculture and tho mechanic artB,"
and ITO promote tho liberal and practical
education Of the industrial clhssea In the several
pursuits aud professions in lifo." Now York's
sharo Of tho land-grant being 100000 aoreB, Was
turned over to tho Cornell University, on condi-
ton Tint Ezra Cornell should enlow the inRtitu
ton with $600, - condition which, has Bince
boon fulfilled. Ezra Cornell and Anlrow D.
White, now President Of tho Cornell University,
we're ut tho time members of tho Now York Senate,
and c1ortcd themselves to secure this disposal OF
tho College Land Scrip, Tho Legislature OF Now
York Was thon Republican, and tho land-grant
was turned over In bulk to this ono inatitution.
Tho Union and Aduert,scr ulaintains tint it waa
q misuse Of tho land according to
tho torms Of tho Congressional grant !;
that 1t was Tho ovidont intention TINT aoyoral
collogos should bo established, ana that thoro is
now not ono college in tho State, not ovcn Cor
noll College, that supplies tho educational facili-
tics which Congress- intondcd to give. The
charge which 1Ir. 11oGuiro made against 1Ir.
Cornell in tho New York Assembly was, that Cor
uoll ondoavored to dispose Of 100000 acres Of
this land, worth 9G0 per acre, to q land company
Of which ho was tho principal stockholdor, at s5
pcr aero. 1t wns furthor charged that 11r. Cor
nell subsequently made transfor OF tic 1aul at
$4.50 por aero in manner in which lle was Gus
pcctod Of having personal interest. Tho New
York Logia1aturo has authorized Gov. Dix to
appoint Commissioners who arc to investigate
tho whole mattor.
, 1873-05-20

Tho ordinance to givo to tho st. Paul Il hlll-
waukee Railway right Of way into thia city was
Lust night roeommittod By tho Common Council
to tho Committee on Stroots and Alloys, Woat
Division, by vote Of 25 to II.
, 1873-05-20

Norman 9. Perkins, who was elected Assignee
OF tic State insurance Company by its creditors
after Its bankruptcy last year. las boon removed
by Judge Drummoud. by thH order, Judge
prummond reyerHes the action OF the District
Court whicl, refused to romovo Mr. Perkins.
The ground on which Judge Dsunmond rostB his
decleion Is, that Mr. Perkins suppressed facts
within hls knowledge which 1t WAS hts duty to
disa1oae ia tia nralitnra. ua know that thu Gam.
, 1873-05-20

paguo house At Epornay, which says. "8incs
Thursday night, tie weather having become or
cosBlvoly cold, wind north, and occasionally
showory, with hail md SNOW, our vinoa have
aufforoa grontly. Since then NO find every morn
ing TINT tho cold Is moro bittor and leo thtokor'
in tho meantime moro harm ia dono to cur future
vintage. To-day the wonther is colder than
ever, and haa turned out for uB = com"
pieto lisnstor; our vlnos arc badly frozen,
aud no prospect Of a mildor temperature
ol,eors up our doHo]atfon. Wo hhvo tho very eamo
accounts from tho ottlor vino districts, and tho
brandy country has also worry much suffered. We
aro Mt q loBa to know how no ehall DO able to got
wines, md to satisfy all our custosnera." For
tunalo1y, tho weather has boon reasonably pro-
pitious in New Jeracy, 50 TINT tho usual oham~
pagno vintagc from that stato rill bo a. large -
, 1873-05-20

DR.. O. Il. F. Peters, Of Litclfold Obsorva-
tory, Now York, who has studied the face Of
tho sun closely, and almost daily for quarter
Of q century past, writes that he docs not 900
any reason to bo1icvo in tho existence Of tho
planet Vrlcan," for which Mr. Kirkwood, Of
Bloomington. Ind, claims to have found tho
, 1873-05-20


Among tho whole 20s,209 fomalo ofondcrs
lcaa than 23 por cont committed crimes against
person and property, while over n ror cent,
moro than three.fourtha Of them all, offended
againHt thomsolvoa, against their own hoalth,
peace, and interest. Their ofouaoa required no
aid Of tho intellect. no plan, no purpose no rea-
son while, on tho other hand the majority Of
tho oGenscs Of tho males woro against persons
and property; they woro accomplished with plan,
purpose, and reason, by tho aid Of intellect. md
woro intondol to benefit or crafty tho Offenders
at tlo cost of othors. Tho crmo8 Of mon woro
crimes Of eel1shnesa; those of women woro of
sclf-aacrifico. Tho several average repetition Of
crimes by the Same poraon waa 182; but among
women 1t was SAG for each; or, In other words,
while each 100 mule criminals won't to prison 182
This ia incidental to tho character Of tho
crimos committed by tho respective scxes
Another deduction is, that tho oTcuBos to which
womon arc prone arc fur loss injurious to ao-
oic.y than those committed by men. For every
loo female criminals Of oil agoa there aro ITO
males; that these malo Offenders are at war
against society, and far more dangerous to
public safety. It iB also shown tint even in tllo
limo Of oifensoB to which women nro most nd
dicted thoy arc far outn1tmbered by tile mon !;
and this result is attained, too, In spite Of The
fact that society is less leniont to women than
to men it demands hghor morality Of tlat
BOZ, and is moro rendy to punish them for
ransgrossionH than it ia to punish their brothors.
, 1873-05-20
mitteo.

The action OF prosiaont Thiers In reconstruct
inehis Cabinet las aroused tho Right Contro, who
demand that Ao explain tho rcaaons for the
changes ho las nado. They, insist that tho
Cabinet shall DO mado what thoy call Consorva-
live. A motion for tho dissolution OF the
Assembly uns boon again voted down.
, 1873-05-20
TERMS or THE TRIBUNE.

TERMS or aunscnrrTtoN CAPABLE IN ADVANCED
yeily, by ,naiI."..s SSn,lny. ny..."....S3.Rn
Parts Of yoar at tho sano rate.
10 prevent delay and mistakes. bo md giro Font
OGco aldrcss In full, 1nctndinR Bato and County
Rc.ntanccs may bo mae sishor bydraf ospsss'' fost
OlAoo order, or IN xogtstorod 3oor1 at our riak
rEnstB TO CITY auBAoH1rERS'
Dsy. doIircrod, Sunday excopot. 8 contf ror week.
Daly, delivered. Sunday ,neludot % CONT roE Wook'
Aldrtss TIE FRlBuNN CoMfAHx.
Corner Madison and Doarhorn.st1,. Chicago, III.
, 1873-05-20

oakea Ames will leave q large fortune to be
distributed among bis family, and divides his
manufacturing property, which waH very extern
sivo, among Ills sons. very largo boqueat ID
made for educational purposes. He boqueatha
o0oo year, tho interest Of railroad bonds, for
tho maintenance Of public education i'll School
District No, 7, in North Easton.
, 1873-05-20

committed by mon md by women, -whotlor
mon md women wero equally tomptel to violate
oaoh and all articles Of tho law oatablishod for
the protection OF pornon, property, public order,
mid private docornm. From tho maas OF mnto-
rial at hia Borvico llo classified orlmo undor two
general loads /. Thoao against person and
property, in which tho ond sought was so1f-
qualification ht tito cost of others; theao
requiring tho aid Of intellect in tholr oxo"
oution. 2. Tho aonHlialiate, tho Incorporate,
tho night-walkcrp, vagrants; toHc whoao Of
fonsca began and ondod in Themselves having
no purpose to injuro otllors. An annlynis Of
182, ,4G8 committala showed that mon woro moro
promo 10 crimes Of injury, mud tint women worc
moro prone to aonsuality. But, not satisfied
with this examination, llo oxtondod 1t further,
and, taking tho criminal records Of Mnasachs1-
Botts, Boston, New York City. aud London, the
aggregate OF CONVICTIONS was 800,72o, Of which
for crimes against persons and property 243,273
woro by mnlos, md CT, 900 by fomalcs whio the
division az to Sex OF the other class of crimes
was males, 200, ,257 women, 1885, Tho ratio
of comparative liability Of tho aoxos to commit
these two clnBeen of crimes }B titus shown:
, 1873-05-20

Several petitions from ealoon-kcopers wero re"
eeiyed iu the Council last evening, asking tint
tho time for keeping open their saloons be CT
tended to midnight. A motion to that oncct
vas made and referred to the Judiciary Com
, 1873-05-20

stokes is drawing ncar tho cnd, whatever it is
to bo. The Court OF Appeals haa decided to bo-
yin his trial, tho last lo can have, on tho 26th
, 1873-05-20

MoyluKEn's THEATRE Madison stroot, betwoen
Desfborn and Stats. Engagement Of Edwin Adams'
Hupch ArdQn.h
, 1873-05-20

Thors Is bad nows for ohampague.drinkcr
from France. Tho English papers publish
letter. dated April 20, from tho heAyieAt qhau1-
, 1873-05-20

ACADEMY or MUSIC - IIhsted Atroot, 1,otween
NSlson and htontoe. Theatre CnnfQun Combination.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1873-10-08
The Date in the Ring.

The women dressed her for farewell
In snowy silk and lace;
crown of her braided hair they set
Above her quiet face,
And on her placid breast they laid
White roses, as became a maid.
Her mother bent and kissed her lips,
And kissed her braided hair,
And folded down the peaceful hands
Upon the bosom fair,
And, weeping, saw on one ring
A little golden time-wornsthing.
She took it form the icy hand
And looked for rhyme or name
Something to say why it was there,
From whose fond thought it came.
She only saw, through many a tear,
A date long past-day, month, and year.
"'T was some school-felIow's gift,' she sighed
"The child forgot to show"
And put it back in its own place
With tender touch and slew,
And saw its tiny glitter rest
Like. sunbeam on that pulseless breast
All, little ring you kept it well,
The secret Of your date
Whatever its meaning, it goes untold
Beyond the earth and fate:
Pain or blessing-who can say
How much of either in it lay?
We watch the light In our darlings' eyes,
The lines that the slow years bring,
Yet know as little what they mean
As the secret of the ring.
Joy or sorrow-God only knows
How much of both lies under the rose.
-Ha,per's Weekly.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1873-10-08

To have fresh blown flowers in Winter,
select some of the most powerful buds of
the flowers you would preserve-such as
are latest in blowing and ready to open
cut them off with pair Of scissors. leaving
to each if possible, apiece Of the stem
three inches long. Cover the stem imme
dtately with sealing wax; and. when the
buds are little shruak and wrinkled, wrap
each separately in . piece Of paper.
perfectly clean and dry. and put then. in
. dry box. and they viii keep without
oorrupting. In winter, when you would
have the Aovsrs blow. take the buds ct
night and cut o6 the end Of the stem sealed
With wax cd pet them into wstsr IN uheh
little eli has bess put; thsesxt day Jon
will have ths pleasure Of sseing the bada
open and expand thsnsalvee, and the
AoWss display their oost lovely eoloEs'
nd breathe thar odogs.