davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17

CIRCUMsTANTIAL EVIDENCE AT FAULT.
The temperance of Mr.. Blodgett, of
De Witt, n. ", who was supposed to have
been murdered near that place some five
years ago, proves that innocence as well as
murder twill out" and shows the danger
of rusting too implicitly to circumstantial
evidence. One night about five years ago,
Mr.. Blodgett, wealthy, well-to-do farmer,
left his home with the intention of going to
the neighboring town of Collamer, to pay
some workmen who were there erecting a
building for him, and for that purpose
carried considerable amount of money
with him, and as the distance between the
two towns was inconsiderable set out on
foot. As Mr.. Bodgett did not return home
that day or the next, considerable anxiety
was felt concerning him by his friends and
family, which was increased by the fact
that he had not been seen in Collamer. In
ouiry elected the fact that woman living
in a lonely house on the road between De
Witt and Collamer, heard, or imagined she
heard, struggle before her house, and
cry of murder sent up by some one in ago
ny. Being frightened, the woman locked
herself in, and made no attempt to find out
the meaning of the mysterious sounds; an
examination of the scene of the supposed
murder threw no light on the subject. Mr..
Blodgett was given up for dead and sus-
picion fell on bad character named Carey,
who was arrested on a charge of commit
ting the crime. convicted on purely circum-
stantial evidence, and sentenced to death,
which sentence was commuted to impris-
onment for life. A year or two after MIR.
Blodgetts disappearance, skeleton was
found in pond not far from the scene of
his supposed murder, and as it appeared to
be that of the missing person, his family
gave up all doubts as to his death, and adj
ministered on his estate. Some four weeks
ago one of Mr.. Blodgetts sons received a
letter from him dated at Emporium, Penn
sylvania, stating that he was alive and
well, but needed money to enable him to
return home. The son instantly repaired
TO the place In dicated, and was overjoyed
to find his father alive and well, but penni-
less. Mr.. Blodgett declines to give any
reason for his disappearance, but says,
however, that no attempt was ever made
upon MS lie. Inc iailiiy anairs are soine-
what embarrassed by the temperance of
the missing man, and his property had
been divided among his heirs, who will
probably, however, effect an arrangement
with him. 1t will be seen from the above
that an innocent man barely escaped
shameful DEATH and endured a long i'm
prisonment, simply because of an over
whelming belief on the part of the jury
and public in circumstantial evidence.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17

CURIOUS STATISTICS OF MARRIAGE.-To
people of statistical rather than a sent-
mental turn, the mathematics of marriage
in different countries may prove an attract
i've theme of meditation. 1t is found that
young men from fifteen to twenty years of
age marry young women averaging two or
three years older than themselves, but if
they delay marriage until they are twenty
or twenty-five years old their spouses aver
age year younger than themselves and
thenceforward this difference steadily in
creases, till in extreme old age on the
bridegroom's part ii is apt to be enormous.
The inclination of octogenarians to wed
misses in their teens is an everyday oc-
curence, but 1t is amusing to find in the
love matches OF boys that the statistics
bear out the satires of Thackeray and Balzac
Again, the husbands of young women aged
twenty and under average little above
twenty five years, and the inequality of
age diminishes thenceforward, till for wo-
men who have reached thirty, the respect
i've ages are equal after thirty-five years,
women, like men, marry those younger
than themselves, the disproportion increas-
ing with age, till at thirty five it averages
nine years.
The greatest number of marriages for
men take place between the ages of twenty
and twenty-five in England, between TWEEN
ty-five and thirty in France, and between
twenty-five and thirty-tive in Italy and
Belgium. Finally, in Hungary, the num-
Der of individuals who marry is ~ in a
thousand each year; in England, it is 81 /;
in Denmark, So; in France, 81, the city of
Paris showing 3d. in the Netherlands, So (;
in Belgium, 4S; in Norway, SO. Widow
ers indulge in second marriages three or
four times as often as widows For exam
pie, in England there are 60 marriages of
widowers against 81 of widows; in Belgi-
um there are 4S to 10; in France, 40 to II.
Old Mr.. Wellers paternal advice, to
"beware of the widows" ought surely
to be supplanted by maxim to beware of
widowers.-January number Of Lippin-
COTS Magazine.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17

WHAT AN ENGLIsH GROOM SAID TO A
YANKEE Observation-Disclosures horse comes
in all wet with perspiralion, you let him
stand in the stable and dry with all the
dirt on. In England, we take the horse as
he comes in from Il drive and sprinkle
blood-warm water all over him, from his
head to his feet. Then we scrape him
down and blanket him, rubbing his legs
and face dry. Thus in an hour he is clean
and dry, and ready to take good feed,
while with your way he will stand and
swelter for hours, and finally dry sticky
and dirty. Our horses never founder and
never take cold. We never use curry
comb. You scratch your hoses too
hard. The only care necessary,is to
have the water not very cold, then battle
them Instantly, while you are rub
bling their legs.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17

The year just closed was a prosperous
one for Colorado. The territorial wealth
was increased by over seven million dol
lars; the crops were one third larger than
In the year previous; and the mining in
terests were prospered.
In the twenty years of the Immigrant
system, the Government has given in aid
of sixty -seven new railroads, exclusive of
the Pacific lines, 81 ,Od6, 2lO acres of land
aud to the latter roads 100000, 900 acres, be-
sides the endorsed bonds.
A well known Connecticut clergyman
had deacon who insisted upon leading
the singing at the prayer-meetings. He
a great blunderer, aud he sarg all the sad
melancholy tunes he could think of. The
hymn was given out:
al love to steal awhile away"
The deacon began: ~ love to steal"-to
Near, when he broke down. lie started
with Dundee-"I love to steal" The third
time he commenced and broke down, when
the pastor arose and gravely said ~ am
sorry for our brothers propensity-will
some brother pray9'
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17

SEEDS OF WEEDs.-It has been estimat-
ed that one plant of the red poppy bears
$4,000 seeds one sow-thistle, 10000; one
corn-cockle, $3.50; the charlock, 4OOO a
groundsel, $500; and the black mustard
1900. Old gardening books recommend
any person who enters garden to pull up
whatever weeds he sees near him. If he
is a beneiactor of his race who eau ses two
blades of grass to grow where but one for
merly fiourished, the man who pulls up
only one weed has at least equal claims on
our respect. lie sets free large space OF
land for useful cultivation.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17

When discoverer of any scientific subject asks the
cooperation Of the learned in science to test she merit
and truth Of his discovery by tests and practical
results and then to endorse and recommend it, II is
fair to presume 1t is valuable for the purpose intend
ed Such has been the course pursued by \ essrs.
Hall Co., propretors OF Halls Vegetable Sicilian
Hair Remover. And all those who have tested IT
among whom we may mention DR.. A. A. Hayes and
Dana Hayes, Chemists and State Assayers of Massa-
chusetts; Waiter Burnham NJ D., Prof of Surgery in
Penn. University, Philadelphia; Gen. Gray, NJ D..
Professor of Anatomy and Physiology asser 1t IL the
best preparation In for all cuaneous diseases of
the scalp Restores gray hair 70 its original color
prevents the hair lfrom falling out creates a new
growth. II is certainly worthy OF trial.
Newburyport Herald Of Gospel Libertg.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17

Every year increases the populari-
tv of this valuable Hair Preparation;
which is due to merit alone. We
can assure our old patrons that it is
kept fully up to its high standard;
and it is the only reliable and perfect
cd preparation for restoring GRAY
OR FADED HAIR to its youthful color.
making it soft, lustrous, and silken.
The scalp, by its use, becomes white
and clean. 1t removes all eruptions
and dandruf, and, by its tonic prop
critics, prevents the hair from falling
out, as it stimulates and nourishes
the hair-glands. BY its use, the hair
grows thicker and stronger. In
badness, it restores the capillary
glands to their normal vigor, and
will create a new growth, except in
extreme old age. 1t is the Lost eco
nomical HAIR DRESSING ever used,
as it requires fewer applications,
and gives the hair splendid, glossy
appearance. A. A. Hayes, MD,
State Assayer of Massachusetts, says,
The constituents are pure, and care
fan, selected for excellent quality;
AMI | consider it the BEST PREPA-
RATION for its intended purposes"
StfbgdH Druggists, and Dealers in Medicines.
Erina Opa Dnllar
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17
THE VERMONT PEoNIX BRATTLEBORO VT, JANUARY H. 1873

much less likely is IL to appear to usP II
you ask whether we cannot let our thoughts
play around this, say yes let the mother
go to heaven every night If she wishes, on
ly let her remember that 1t is only her i'm
agination. do not see any harm in pray
ing to saints. do not pray to my mother
as do to my God, but there is no harm in
conversing with our friends in heaven, but
it is liberty of the Imagination aud not
rpypIniiou
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17

Holloway PiIls.-Turn of Life. Armed
with this great sntidote the fiery ordeal is passed
through and the sufferer once more restored to the
possession of unimpaired health. These Pills are
equally eficacious in all female complaints, and OBJ
structions at the dawn of womanhood. Sold every
where Is cents per box or pot 1872
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17

LEFT .sLO.vR 1T RIGHTI'.


What did you say, dear, breakfast
Somehow I've slept too late;
You are very kind, dear Effe,
Go, tell them not to wait.
III dress as quick as ever can,
My'old hands tremble sore,
And Polly, who used to help, dear heart!
Lies tother side o. the door.
Put up the old pipe deary,
/ couldnt'smoke to day;
I'm sort o. dazed and frightened,
And don't know what to say.
It's lonesome In the house, here.
And lonesome out o. door
never knew what lonesome meant,
In all my life, before.
The bees go humming, the whole day long,
And the frst June rose has blown,
And am eighty, dear Lord, to-day,
Too old 10 be left alonei
o, heart Of Lowell so still and cold,
o, precious lips so white -
For the frat sad hours In sixty years,
You were out of my reach last night.
You've cut the flower. You're very kind
She rooted It last May.
1t was only slip; pulled the rose,
And threw the stem away;
But she, sweet thrifty soul, hent down,
And planted II where she stood.
''Dear, maybe the flowers are living" she said,
ASLEEP in this bit Of wood"
1 can't rest, deary-I cannot rest
Let the old man have his will,
And wander from porch TO garden post
The house is 80 deathly still;
Wander, and long for a sight Of the gate
She has left aiaf for me
We had got so used to each other, dear,
SO used to each other, you see.
Sixty years, and 30 wise and good,
She made me better man,
From the moment kissed her fair young face,
And our lovers life began.
And seven fine boys abe has given me,
And out Of the seven, not one
But the noblest father in all the land
Would be proud to call his son.
o, well, dear Lord, I'll be patient,
But feel sore broken up;
At eighty years, it's an awesome thing
To drain such a bitter cup.
know, there's Soseph and John and Hal
And four good men beeidp,
But a hundred sons couldn't be to me
Like the woman I made my BRIDE
My little Polly; so bright and fair!
80 winsome and good and sweet
She had roses twined in her sunny hair,
White shoes on her dainty feet:
And held her hand Was It yesterday
That we stood up to be wed?
And No, remember, I'm eighty to-day,
And my dear wife, Polly, is dead
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17

SILENT DIsEAsH Furnishes THE PATIENT ONLY ;
but q vocferous cough a horrible cold Furnishes
q whole household. There eau be peace, no rest,
until 1t is cured, and when a single bottle of Hdi,s
Honey Of Horeh0und and Tar will Danish the nuisance
IL II worth while to do 1t? Crittentons 9th Avenue.
Sold by all Druggists.
Pike,a Toothache Drnna cnre in 1 ninntn
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17
Hear ye the mighty Ccntaur's tread
See the long line Of myriad dead
With hoof Of horse and human head
Rise nm and apeahi

Hear ye the mighty Ccntaurs tread
See the long line Of myriad dead
With hoof Of horse and human head
Rise up and speak
"Twas proud Olympus gave us birth;
For thousand years we roamed the earth
Fat perfumed flowers Of the century plant
Drank liquid from the volcanoes mouth,
slew man and beast to play our part,
Then restored 10 life by the Centaur's art;
Chased wild mares on the field Of Mars,
Lived on the earth, and slept among the stars"
On 9th r mission now we're sent
To bless mankind with emolient,
OF which the world ne'er hath dreamt,
Even our CENTAuR IMMINENT.
It banishes pains and all such things,
Cures burns and scalds, poisonous stngs-
Rheumatic horrors scares away,
Ilimbers stiff joints in a single day
Poor crpples in their hobbng way.
Limp in on crutches--then walk away.
Fear not dumb horse, thy friend now speaks,
Who'll heal your wounds and make you leap
Ten bars-piles Of oats to bolt,
And frsk about like yonder colt.
Yellow wrapper Ia the thing for brutes,
White wrapper alone the family suits.
J. +. Ludewig, Of Hoboken, N. j., says: 1.-THE Gem
taur Lnimcnt has cured me Of rheumatism after in
tense suffering for Ave years."
~ tried many remedies for my sprained ANGLE with
out relief. The second bottle of Ceutaur Lnmeui
cured II perfectly. CHAs. HILL, 6l6 Pine st. Phila."
II. Marsh, Esq, supt Of Adams Express Stables
New York, says: Gan owners Of horses should know
the Centaur Eminent We lind It the best thing ever
used in our stables"
This testimony could be repeated for month. II
you want to avoid suffering, just try the Centaur Lin
iment. sold by all druggists.
j. b. ROSE \ CO., SO BROADWAY NY
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17

CAurroN.-Purchasers of the Peruvian Syrup "a pro-
tected solution of proto Of Iron are
against being deceived by any Of the preparations of
Peruvian Bark Bark and Iron which may be Offer
ed them. Every bottle Of genuine has PERUVIAN
syrup mot Peruvian Bark blown IN the glass. E1-
ANIME THE BOTTLE BEFORE FuRcHAsINg
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17
Duckingham's Dye.
FOR THE WHISPERS,

As our Remover in many cases
requires too long time, and too
much care, to restore gray or faded
Whi,kcrS, we have prepared this
dye, in oAe preparation; which will
Ilich'y and etfectually accomplish
this result. 1t is easily applied,
and produces a color which will
neither rub nor wash off. Sold by
all Druggists. Price Fifty Cents.
Manufa 3tured by r. P. HALL & CO.,
NASHUA, N. II.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17
DR.. RAILWAYS
Perfect PURGATIVE PILLS.

perfectly tasteless, elegantly coated with gum
nrs BE 5eEu a. M, purify se1p,s an s'rs1Ehe, Raj
Liver, Bowels Kidneys, Bladder Nervous Disease,
Headache Constipation Costiveness, Indigestion
Dyspe sia, Biloushess Bilious Fever, Inflammation u
the Bowels Piles all arrangements ofthe internal VS.
Warranted to effect positive Purely Veeeta
be containing mercury, minerals, deleteriOus drug
~ Observe the following symptoms resulting nom
Disorders of the Digestive Organs:
Conpsson Inward Piles Fulness Of the Blood the Heal
Acdtv Of the stomach Nausa, Heartburn, Di.gst FOOD
tunes or Weight in the Stomach Sour Erucsons Sinh
Fuering at the Pit Of the Stomach Swimming Of the Heal
Hurried and Difficult Breathing fu,ierng the Heart Chokn.
sufiocang Sensations when In Lying Posture
Vision, Dot Webs before the Sight Fever and Dull PAN Ia
Head, Deficiency Of Preparation, frowuss the
aud Eyes Pain in the Side Chest Limbs and ,1lIsr Flashes
Heat, burning in the Fish.
4 few doses of RAILWAYS PILLS will free the sv.
from all the above. rnrl disorders Price eents
per box. SOLD BY DRUGGISTS
READ FALSE AND TRUE" Send one letter.
stamp 10 RAILWAY 4 60, NJ. ~ Maiden Lane, New
We Information worth Nurs ait, s. - h. sent you.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17
NEW YORK sEMI-wEEKLY TRIBUNE

is published every TUESDAY and FRIDAY, and, being
printed twice week, it contains nearly all the impor
tant News, Correspondence, Reviews, and Editorials
of THE DAILY. including everything Oh the subject OF
Agriculture, and much interesting and valuable mat
ter for which there is not sufficient room in THE
WEEKLY TRIBUNE. THE sEM-wEEKLY TRIBUNE also
gives, in the course of year, THREE or FouR Of the
BEST AND LATEST POPULAR NOVELS,
by living authors. The cost of these alone, If bought
in book form, would be from six to eight dollars Its
price has been lately reduced, that Clubs
secure It at little THAI the cost to single subscr
bers, of THE WEEKLY. Nowhere else can 80 much
current intelligence and permanent literary matter be
had at cheap rate as in THE sEMI-wEEKLY TIL
BUSE.
TERMS OF THE SEMI-wEEKLY TRIBUNE,
One copy year, 104 numbers. So 90
Five copies, over, for each copy. .......2O0
Ten copies (and ne extra copy or...,..2500
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17
TERMS OF THE DAILY TRIBUNE.
To Mail Subscribers, $40 a year.

THE TRIBUNE ALMANAC for 1873 will be ready about
New Years. Price 20 cents; for 81.
Always send a draft on Nav York, or Posr OFFICE
MONEY ORDER, If possible. Where neither of these
be procured, send the money BUT ALWAYS IN A
REGISTERED LETTER. The registration fee has been
reduced to FIFTEEN CENTS and the present registra-
ton system has been found by the postal authorities
to be nearly absolute protection against losses by
mail.
Address The TRIBUNE New York.
Terms: CASH IN ADVANCE.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17
Ayers Cathartic Pills,

rs For the relief and
H. cure of all dcrangc-
49, ments in the stoin.
MY ach, liver, and bow
k<@p> els. They are a mild
!. I. |. !. !.
NJ x-k,2A aperent, and an
NlkA. KlE\ excellent puIgative
NBMhly fp@@~~ Being purely vcge.
TrkAS<S3f~se,. Va table, they contain
H %Gas.S no mercury or mine
EAfW %zafga raj whatever. Much
ENf,, serious sickness aud
snI suffering l. prevent.
eel by their timely
use and every family should have them on hand
lof their protection and relief, when required.
Long experience has proved them to he the sal.
ct rurest aud best Of all the PiHs with which
the market abounds by their occasional use,
the blood is purified, the corruptions Of the sys.
t"in expelled, distinctions removed, and the
Whole machinery of life restored TO its healthy
acHvlty Internal organs which become clogged
ana sluggish are cleansed by 1ye,'s rms, and
STIMULATED INTO action Thus incipient disease
l. changed into health, the value of which change,
w'em rsek9nen on the vas, mmiludes who enjoy
makes them pleasant to take, and preserves their
virtues unimpaired for any length of time so
mat they are ever fresh, and perfectly reliable.
Although searching, they are mild and operate
without disturbance to the constitution or diet,
occupation.
each box, how to use them as Family Physic,
and Tor The following complaints, which these
PHfs rapidly cure:-
For Dyspepsia or indigestion. Li-tIc-s-
ness. Languor and Loss Of Appetite, they
should be taken moderately to stimulate the stonl.
arll aud restore its healthy tone and action.
For Liver Com plant and its various symp.
toms, bilious Headache. sick Head
ache. .saundice or Green Sickness. niI-
tous Collie and bilious Feyer-. they should
De JudiciOusly taken for each case To correct the
diseased action or remove the distractions which
cause it.
For Dysentery or Diarrhoea, but ono
mid dose Is generally required.
For Rheumatisni, fsOut, Gravel, Pal
pitatiOn Of the Heart. Pain iu the
side. Back and Loin-. they should be contin-
uously taken, as required, to change the diseased
action of the system. With shch change those
complaints disappear.
For DrOpsy and Drop-ical SweIIings,
they should be taken in large and frequent doses
to produce the effect of drastic purge.
For suppression, u large dose should be
taken, as 1t produces the desired effect by sym.
pathy.
As Dinner PU. take one or two rms to
promote digestion and relieve the stomach.
An occasional dose stimulates the stomach and
bowels restores the appetite, and invigOrates the
system. Hence It vs. often advantageous where
no serious arrangement exists. One who feels
tolerably well, Oiten finds that dose of these
I'tUs makes him feel decidedly better, from their
cleansing and renovatng effect on the digestive
apparatus.
PREPARED BY
DR., j. G. AVER a. CO., Practical Chemists,
LOWELL, MASS. 4. \. 4.
FOR SALE BY ALL DRUGGISTS EVERYWHERE
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17
CHILDREN CRY FOR PITCHERS CAsroRIa.-

substitute for Castor Oil. 1t assimilaes the food
cures Wind Collie, and natural sleep 1t does
not contain morphine is pleasant to take grpes
and never fails. The best physic known.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17
TERMS OF THE WEEKLY TRIBUNE.
rn NAH lIfpsrRIuEps

One copy, one year-52 issues. 50 90
Five copies, one year-52 issues ......750
TO ONE ADDRESS. TO NAMES SUBSCRIBER
All at one Post Office All at one Post-Ofice.
10 copies. 81 % each 10 copies. 81 IS each
20 copies. -. 4 10 each 20 copies. 4 20 each.
80 copies. Il 90 each 80 copies. Il 10 each.
And an extra each Club and extra to each Club
ss-For Clubs of Fury The SEM-WEEKLY TRIBUNE
will be sent us extra copy.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17
TumOr of IL Years Growth
Cured by Railways ResOlveni.

BGvERLY, MA-s., July IS, lsos
Ia RAnwAr IL have had Os Tunor
bowels. All the there for IT," r
thing that recommended but nothing hepsd
your Kesolvent and thought would but had
IN IT, bean'e had suffered twelve years took
VI the Resolysnt, and box Of RadwAys PILLS. and
tiles Of Ready Relief; and there ia
felt and feel better, smarter and happier than h
for twelve years The In the sn
bowels, the groin write this you LsnsLI
othvr. You publish Il II you choose.
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17
Kidney a. BLADDER Complain

Urinary, and Womb diseases, Gravel, Diabetes, Dfo,'
Stoppage Of Water, Incontnence Of Urine, Bright's ii
ease Albumlnura and In all cases where there are br
dust deposits, the water Is thick cloudy, mixed
substances like the White OF an egg, threads like w
silk there Is morbid, dark. bilious appearance,
white bOnedust deposits and when there Is prcA ~
burning sensation when passing water. and pain ~ u
snail Of the Back and along the Loins. Price, sIoo
WORMS.-The only known and sure Rcmc
Vermont phÅ“nix. [volume] (Brattleboro, Vt.) 1834-1955, 1873-01-17

For the relief and
cure of all dcrangc-
ments in the stoii.
ach, liver, and bow.
els. They are u mild
aperient, and an
excellent puigative.
Being purely vcge.
table, they contain
no mercury oruinc-
raj whatever. Much
serious sickness aud
suffering l. prevent.