davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05
sBelow bench mark.
below high water of 1871.
Blank cd indicates no report; cipher (0l
stationary ~ rising.
l0ficiall 5. W. RHODE,
Observer Signal Service. u. s. A.


THE RIVERS AND WEATHER.
The bar opposite the city has not yet
shown its head above water, but will do
so in few days should the decline con-
time. At several points above we hear
of a slight rise, but not sufficient to af-
feet navigation, while at most points the
decline continues steady. The Arkan-
sas at thirty inches, Ohio falling about
ten, and the Missouri six inches per day,
constitutes as good a movement as own
ers Of light draft stock can desire, espe-
cially as freights are about to become
abundant from the Astounding cereal
harvest of the Northwest. The weather
continues clear and pleasant.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05
Another step in the March of Prog.
ress-" Onward and Upward" IA
our Motto.

Corwin is promoted to a first.class
power. He has just completed the neat
est dining saloon in the city. He is now
ready to serve the public in princely
style. Call at the corner Of Second and
Madison streets and be convinced. l35
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05

PAY your city taxes and save the full
discount during this week. 1871
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05

LIVERPOOL. August 8. p.m.--Cotton opens
quiet and steady. Uplands. SID; Orleans,
g1Sd.
p.m.-Cotton is quiet and steady. Up
lands. sgd; Orleans. Cad. Sales. 1900, Of
which 5000 were for export and speculation.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05

NOR sALE-AT A BARGAIN- ONE Bah
Il cock Fire Extinguisher, new and in per
feet order, at Ledger office. lls-l39
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05
BUSINESS.

Yesterday was not any too active TO
suit the inclinations Of any one Of our
river men. The Belle Memphis brought
down 800 tons Of freight and went back
light. The Capitol City came down
during the night and siaid here until this
morning to discharge 100 tons Of freight.
The Wolf went down last night without
landing The Capitol City put of 200
tons, and left for Vioksbzrg at nine
o'clock this morning.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05
THE CITY.
T" M EMPHI5s
Tuesday Evening. August o. 1878.

PITTsBURG and Camel coal and gas
coke. Brown Il Jones. Office 2S2 Main
street, Bethel Block.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05
EoR SALE.

NOR sALE-A COTTAGE HOUSE AND
Il lot; house contains six large rooms, pan
try and closets. large hall and porches front
and rear. the house new and in good order;
lot Gix23l feet to an alley, situated at corner
Hernando road and Wellington street, imme-
diateiy on line of street railroad: Terms easy.
AnpIy to Il. p. F0NTAINE,
i29-l55 No. 9 West Court street.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05
DON'T BUY COAL

UNTIL YOU SEE
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05

ing at mouth OF White river with the
steamer Jessie for all points on that
stream. Captain George Malone com.
mands, aud Charles smithera and Neil
Booker are clerks.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05
FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL
MONEY.

PUBLIC LKDdKR OFTicE,
MENFHIs. TKSs.. August b, 1871
H. -. IL. o...nlnILun. Iur Inn
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05

NOR RENT - COTTAGES, OFFICES,
L sleeping-roOms and one store room on
Main street. Apply to
MoRAE. MYERS e SNEED,
25-t 27915 Main street, up stairs.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-08-05

Ig7l53
Wilmington daily gazette., 1873-04-01

Hon. J. Lawrence Gelz, Of Reading, Pa
whose congressional term expired on the 4th in
Stant will pFObaly Fe-enter the journalistic field.
An Indiana paper has already ruu up the
Bames Of @. P. Morton and B, F. Butler for
President and Vice President in 1876.
Mr.. Edward jenkins, the author Of "Ginxs
Baby" is coming TO this cOHntry to lecture next
season. Mr.. jenkins studied lay in Philadel-
Phia.
Two cOlOred men recently cut /, 900 shingles
from = pine tree near Raleigh n. c., and had
timber enough LEFT to cut 1000 more
James Nc Queen, the killer of the notorious
Boss StronG..Wa paid the $4,000 reward by the
North Carolina public treasurer.
SOmetWenty immigrants direct from England
reached Raleigh, N. O., recently, and will settle
in that vicinity.
The Fredericksburg News says that the paper
mill in that place makes $l00 dav from the
manufacture Of cane 6bre,
Wilmington daily gazette., 1873-04-01
heR1sIeT sUrder. 8
Nsu c..tl. COUNT SrnaS EsSrnarr TLhlGs: 81 ls:s

New Castle County. February 18th. ISIS.
Upon the application Of Alfred G. NOWland.
Executor Of William T. Read. late Of New Cas-
uS nSadfedi IN ssla So9pS' deceased Is
Executor aforesaid, give notice Of the granting
of Letters Testanentary upon the Estate Of the
deceased with the date OF granting thereof by caus-
ing ad t. be posted within forty days
fem the date ofsueh Letters, in ak Of the most pub
lie places Ofthe County OF New Castle requirinP all
persons having demands against the Estate to pres
ent the same abide by Act Assembly in such
cas made and provided. And also cause the to
be inserted within the same period in the Delaware
asaatte, 4 newspaper published IN Wilmington and
10 he eontinue cd therein two months.
- Given under the hand and Seal Of once Il
IT'S the Register aforesaid, At New Castle, inkeW
L. Castle County aforesaid, the day and year
above written b. GIBBS, Register.
Wilmington daily gazette., 1873-04-01
RE RReoK.


Up in Wild where few men come to look,
There nves and SlngS little lonely brook
Livoth and snBeth in the dreary vines
Yet crOepoth on TO where the daylight shinss.
Pure from their haven. In mountain chaIioe caught
It drinks the rain. drinks the soul her thought;
And down dim hollows where 1t winds along.
POura Its hfe-burdens Of unlistened song
catch the murmur Of its undertone.
That Sigheth ceAselessly, alOnet alOnel
And hear Afar the rivers elOriousy
Shout on their path toWardS the shining sea.
The VoiOofal rivers, chanting to the sun.
And wearing names Of honor. every one;
outstretching Wide and joining hand with hand
To pour great gifts along the asking land.
Ali lonely brook, creep onward through the pines.
Press through the gloom to where the daylight shines
Sing on among the stones and secretly
Feel how the foods are all akin to thee
Drink the sweet rain that gentle heaven Sendeth.
Hold thy own path. howeverward 1t tendeth
For somewhere, underneath eternal sky.
Thou, too, shall find the rivers, by-and. by!
Wilmington daily gazette., 1873-04-01
NnTIrR.

All persons having claims against tho Esta te Of
the dse sased must tho sane duly ettested q
the Ex scutor, on OF before February 18th. 1873.
or bid the Act Of Assembly IN such case made and
pFOVid "a. ALFRED G. NQWLAND,
Exseater oS William Z. Read, eeed,
AddrS.@NOR Castle Del. fehl-2m
Wilmington daily gazette., 1873-04-01
The Reecher Scandal.

cATHKRINK Z. BEEcHER ON VICTORIA Woodruff.
Miss Beecher makes this appeal to the ladies of
New York -
Nearly two years ago. at the request Of friend
who had perfect confidence in her truth and puri-
~, accepted an invitation from Victoria Wood
hull to ride with her in Central Park. The result
was an impression that she was either insans or
the haplesS victim Of malignant spirits. For she
calmly informed me that several distinguished ed
itors, clergymsn, and lady authors OF this city,
some OF them my personal friends, and all Of them
models Of domestic purity and virtue, not only
cordinEly, and that It was only lack of moral
courage which prevented their open avowal Of
such opinions.
Since that interview, this woman or her associ-
ates have been carrying out a plan for making
money BY mAligning threatening conspicuous
persons Of sueh purity and sensibihty that would
Be expected they or their friends would pay large
sums rather than come in collision with such an
tagonists and their filthy weapons Such an op-
GRAFTON carried out In New York would extend
infinitely. The proper way of meeting this evil is
to secure the enforcement Of an existing law, by
which an officer Of the State and not the person
assailed, may prosecute any who circulate asper-
siOns Of character which they cannot prove to be
true, IL being made, in such cases as this, PEN
itsntiary offence American women possess a
power little appreciated exercised for it is Ger
tain that there Is no benehcent law which they
would unite IN asking to have enacted or enforced
which would not readily be granted. For this
reason the influence Of the ladies of this city is
besought to secure in this conspicuous the en-
forcement Of the penalty for the most cruel SLAM
der may have already suffered, and which is still
threatening to others At the same time, our
clergymen can be entrelted to lend their cooper
alton by teaching from the pulpit what many do
not know that helping to circulate tho aspersions
ef character which they cannot prove to be true is
violation both of the psCalOgue and OF civil law.
CATRARINE E. BERcHER
New York, March 26, 1879
Wilmington daily gazette., 1873-04-01
oNLYlTM GENTS
EVERY MANiHIs OWN PAINTRR

ENEkl MAN Ills OWN PAlNTk&
Or. Paints-Ho,o to Select and Use Them.
A plain treatise, containing sample card with ~
different actually painted shades and tints. with
instructions for exterior and interior House Deco
ration.
10 copies. bound in cloth. for s.. Sample copies
paper cover. mailed. post paid, to any address. on
receipt of 10 cents by the Publisher.
HENRY CAREY BAIRD,
Box 1924, POst-Ohice, Philadelphia.
See the oloteMO Udiabie ertrdcts from pFess notices;
"A very valuable book, and no one Intending to
paint should tIil to read it.i-N. T. tribune.
"We did not know so much could be said on the
subject of painting house until we read this ex
celient book of Mr.. Baird's. - ". Y. Herald
"A want long felt at last supplied An.
"Not only nec6ssi u 90 the painter bat vaua ble
to every cccupaH Of dwelling.D-N. Y. Rorld.
| Bay rs copies of this book and distribute them
| among your friends. Ii they will heed the advice
tn erein. could make no more valuable present"
Chicago Trib.
"ln publishing this book MIR. Baird has done a
real Sc vice 10 the community Toledo Blade.
I'VE hope the publisher will sell 100 go copies OF
this book during 73 - Boston Adcertiser.
| I'VE have just painted our house as advised by
| the author. and congratulate ourselves that no
dwelling in our neighbOrhoOd excels ours in ar
| pe4rdncs. ."-Hdfper's Weekly
| In selling q sample copy tor 10 cents Mr. Baird
must feel certain or ietOr25 bouno in cloth will
| ow.''-FraRk Lesiie.
s'P Q know the town and country paints therein
| recommended and can vouch for their value aud
the excellence of the Harrison" brand of white
| lead. .'-Phita. Ledger.
Wilmington daily gazette., 1873-04-01
REGISTERS ORDER.

REGIsTER's 0FFICE.
NEW CASTLE COUNTY. February 7th. 1873.
Upon the application of John Otto, Executor of
John ID. Stidham, late of Wilmington city, in said
county. deceased; il is o.dersd aud directed
By the Register that the Executor aforesaid
give notice Of the granting Of Letters Testamen-
tARY upon the Estate OF the deceased. with the
date Of granting thereof. by causing advertise
meats to be posted within forty days from the date
Of Sneh Letters in six of the mos Dubho places OF
the County Of New Castle; requiring alt persons hsv
Ing demands Pgainst The Estate to present the ame
Gr abide BY an Act Of Assembly in such case made
and provided. And also cause the Same to be in
serted within the same period in the Delaware Ga
Estts. newspaper published in WuminstOn, and
TO be continued therein two months.
Given under the hand and seal of Office Of
the Register aforesaid. at New Castle. in
49, New Castle county Aforesaid. the day and
year above written. B. GIBBS. ReEister.
NOTIcE
All persons having claims against the Estate o.
! the deceased must present the same duly attests
to the Executor. on before February 7th, 1874.
or abide the Act Of Assembly in such ease made
and provided JOHN OTTO.
address Wilmington. Del. Executor.
fnhR gln
Wilmington daily gazette., 1873-04-01
1 AVOID ouAeKS AND IAaPosIERs.
Ho OharRs for Advice and 0onsaltati5a. :

Dr.. j. b. DRott, Graduate OF l(Fsrsoa AsdAe1f
C6Rsgs Philadelphia author OF several valuable
works, can be consulted on all diseases Of the
sexual or Urinary Organs. (which he has made
an especial studyl, either in male or femAhe, 10
matter from what cause originating. or OF how
him to treat diseases with succeSs Cures guar
Anteed Charges reasonable. Those at dls-
1ancs can forward letter describing symptoms,
and enclosing stamp % prepay possage
Send for the GNi1s @ aealLA, Price 10 cent?.
- J. b. DIOTr. n. D., Physician and surgeon
fOg Ouana 81 Ngu Hork.
Wilmington daily gazette., 1873-04-01
BLAIR PRESBYTERIAN ACAlEMY.l

.BLAIRST0WN, NEW JERSEY.
Equal advantages for males and females. Earnest
Shrlsuan influence, thorough Instruction and care
tu attention to the comforts and habits of students
render this Of he best institutions Of the
try. Spring session commences March 25th. Stu
Ients received at any time. Terms, 500 year -
heierepee: ohcersof Princeton and Lafayette Col
leges. Send for Catalogue.
5. s. STEVENS. A. NJ. PrincinaI.
Wilmington daily gazette., 1873-04-01
DRLAWARR RAILRoAn YIWr
SUMNER ARRANeFMEMr

On ana after MONDAY, july soth
Hf,la[ CsundATs sxespted.J trains viii
Wilmington daily gazette., 1873-04-01

1ne Ml1ed Tram VIII run SUBJ ect 10 delays Incl
aent 20 freiSht business, and will stop only At sta
tiona where time Is given.
NEW CASTLE TRAINS.
Leave New Castle for Wilmington and PhIiadoI
q I. AZ A. N. Leave PhiladSphia ct 1S0O n. ana
Wilmington at l.l0P p. NJ. for New Csstlo.
SMYRNA BRANCH TRAIN6
Additional to those above, leave Smyrna for Clay
ton IL .S5 m, and IS p. m, Leavo Clayton for
SmyrnaS.4O a. m. and zoo p. m, to make cOnneo-
pon with trainst0 and frem Dover, aad stations
South.
CONNECTIONS.
At TOWNSEND. with the Kent County and Qnssn
Anne's b Kent Railroads.
At CLAYTON, with the Maryland and Delaware
Railroad. u
AtHARRIN TON. With the Junction and Break
water Railroad.
At tsEAFQRD with the Dorchester and Delaware
Railroad.
At DELMAR, with the Eastern shore Railroad
and WieomicO and POoemOks Railroed.
u y. KINNEY. guDt
Wilmington daily gazette., 1873-04-01
gtM SftrtilsttnGAis.
1000, ,OOU ACRESI
CAEAP YARNS.


CHEAP FARMS.
The cheapest land in market for sale By the
Union Pacific Railroad Company,
Ay ~ aai In the Great Platte Valley.
100000 Acres In Central Nebraska
Now for sale IN tracts Of forty acres and upwards
on nve and ten years credit at per cent. No ad-
vance interest required
dance OF good water,
The best Market iH he West. Tho great mining
regions OF wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Nevada
being supplied bytne farmers in the Platte Valley.
Soldiers Entitled to q Homestead OF
l60 Acres.
THE BEST LOCATIONS FOR COLONIES.
FREE HOMES FOR ALI Millions of Acres 81
choice OOvernm ent Lands open or entry under the
Homestead Law. near this Great Railroad, with
good markets and all the convenienees OF an Old
| settled country.
: Free Lasses to purchasers of Railroad Land,
Sectional MaDs-s wing the Land. also new edi
ton OF Descriptive Pamphlet with new Maps mailed
: tree everywhere.
Address o. T. DAVIS
Lana Commissioner U. Y. r.. X
OmahA. N Ob.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1873-05-22
NeIshborinR Countiev,


Council has reelected the old officers Of
Chester.
The Sabbath is observed at Ridley in games
of base ball.
The May term Of the Courts of Delaware
county begins on Monday next at Media
-Itnerant peddlars and quacks have been
denied the use of the Chester city hall by COun-
Gil.
The Charter of the Oxford Co-Operative
Car Company has been received from the Gov
ernor
The West Chester Ne,os says the Brandy
wine Is full Of suckers. Is this the result Of To-
cal option!
Jeremiah Himmelberger and Chas. v.
Dauth, of Reading, have leased tract of ground
in Lancaster county upon which are mica depos-
its which they will open next menth.
-Rodeback's mill, West Bradford. Chester
county, which was lately burned down, is being
rebuilt and will be more extensive than before.
Mr.. r. will commence manufacturing cheese
boxes soon.
The way they make up wedding parties in
Reading is-two people determine to hitch, and
then the ladies' invite their gentlemen friends to
see the show. Some of the gentlemen contract
the disease Others never do.
The Chester County Commissioners are now
about making the preliminary move towards
erecting new bridge at Avondale, to replace the
present dllapidated one now fast becoming unit
for use. The Seeds Bridge will also be remod-
eled aud otherwise improved in a few weeks.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1873-05-22
AND PARTICULAR.

Miss Ida Greeley is visiting Cincinnati.
Dickens complete works are in process Of
translation into Welsh.
Potato bugs are mastering for the spring
campaign in the Northwest.
tEEThree counties of Iowa have not licensed
liquor saloon in their limits.
Indiana drug stores sell whisky on Sunday
under the name of Lavender"
The trade of murder, it seems, is absolutely
becoming dangerous in New York.
According to the San Francisco Bulletin,
there are $4,000 Indians in California.
According to the San Francisco Bulletin,
there are 20, 900 Indians in California.
-Agassiz will be 81 years old on the 2Sth
inst. He has been 28 years in America.
Winnie Ream, ii is said, will be married in
the fall to New York clothing merchant.
Ralph Waldo Emerson has left Liverpool,
and it is said, is on his homeward passage.
New York people are already beginning to
shut up their houses and go into the country.
Mr.. Cooper, correspondent and business
agent Of the Salisbury (Md.) Eastern S7iorefnan,
was in town, to-day.
The Stark county Qnd.) Ledger man wants
to trade that paper for two swarms of bees. He
wasn't stung enough by the paper.
An Apache chief, convinced Of the impro-
priety of polygamy, has set Brigham Young an
example by killing five of his siS squaws.
"A train on the Memphis and Little Rock
railway was stopped for an hour, one day last
week, by the multitudes Of caterpilars on the
track.
The daughter Of an Omaha Indian chief has
arrived at Elizabeth N. j., to be educated. She
is about seventeen years old and OF attractive
appearance.
Miss Nettie Sinclair has been appointed su-
perintendent of schools in Kankakee county, ,Illi-
nols, and is the first woman who has ever held
the office in the state.
The New York World tells OF a ''Philadel-
phia merchant who vowed he would never ad-
vertise his wares and he didn't, but the other
day the sheriff advertised them for him."
They have Judge in Kansas who fined
lawyer for saying sic transit. The official thought
it was swearing, and remarked Indignantly that
nobody should ''sick" him in that court.
The London Foreign Office has received dis
patches from Sir Samuel Baker, dated March Is,
stating that Lady Baker and himself were in
good health, and that reinforcement had reach
ed him.
President Elliott. OF Harvard College, af-
firms that there is fundamental pervading
difference between all men and all woman which
extends to their minds as much as to their bo-
dies" Professor Agassiz adds that they need
different diet.
Some lively girls in Pittsburg with malace
aforethought placed the etfigy OF woman in
a young mans bed, and strewed the room with
hoop-skirts false hair &c. He hid the false
hair, and the lively girls stayed at home from
church next day.
They are having public meetings at Whining
sufficient force to pick the strawberry crop. So
says an exchange, but We hadn't heard of it be-
fore. general picking will begin soon, howev-
er, all over the city.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1873-05-22
etn,e Items.

Thomas B Megear, of Smyrna. lost horse
from lock-jaw few days ago.
Whitenaclx & 90. have introduced steam in
washing at Smyrna.
IL is proposed to make arrangements to have
a grand celebration of the fourth OF July 10
Smyrna, by the children OF the town and vlcinl-
ty.
Mr.. Stout of Magnolia, has contracted with
canning company for the sale OF his peaches,
from a large orchard, for ten years, at 30 cents
per basket.
The Good Templars Of Dover will hold a
strawberry and ice cream festival next Tuesday
evening, 9th. Vocal and instrumental music
will be feature.
A public reception was given on Sunday week
at the Reformed Church, Wyoming, to hfty-
eight emigrants who have just arrived from
Flemingburg, Germany.
Rey. e o, Haven, ID. ID. Cor. Sec. OF the
B 1ard OF Education of the NJ. E. Church. has
consented to deliver the annual educational ad-
dress before the friends and patrons OF Smyrna
Seminary, on June 18th, prox.
Rev. s. S. Sturgis of Smyrna,is out in letter
in which he denies that careful investigation"
was made into his case by the committee ap-
nointed for the purpose, because he was sick in
bed, and his side of the case was not heard.
The large crucfx' in the new Catholic church
in Dover was carved in Rome, and is a present
from a lady and gentleman Of Brooklyn. The
day the church was dedicated the spire was
adorned with two American flags and the papal
standard.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1873-05-22
Our Delaware Farms.

From an inspection of our Wilmington car
shops and iron ship-ysrds, the correspondent of
the New York Times, who has furnished that
paper with such interesting letters based upon
his observations here, has turned bis attention
90 the peach orchards and writes very full and
accurate letter from Port Penn, which was pub
lished, yesterday. In speaking Of the condition
of the farms in New CASTLE county, he says;
II is gratifying to ride over the country and
view the splendid manner in which everything
pertaining TO the agricultural interests Of it is
kept. We can ride for miles and never see a
shrub or bush growing under the fences, either
along the road or the division fences Of the
farms. Beautiful hedges Of blackthOrn aud of
Osage orange can be seen in every direction Ill
Of them trimmed to the perfection of dandy's
hair. The fences are principally of four rails
and posts tea feet apart stand up straight and
looking down row Of fencing sometimes mile
long, mot post will be seen out of line nor a rail
broken.
The houses are all either painted or white
washed and look clean and neat. while unpre-
tentious lawns Of small proportions, filled, how
ever, with rarest trees and flowers, add attraction
to their neatuess.
The barns ane out buildings are invariably kept
In good repair, well white-washed and in perfect
order, and judging from what see, think the
most careless and Indifferent farmer coming into
this country could not help catching the infec-
tion OF neatness. If he did not, think public
odium would drive him out.
The land of the country ia generally of ye-
lew clay, with sufficient sand to make 1t pulver-
lied. 1t ia very rolling, yet no hills rise to more
than sixty feet above the sea, with two or three
exceptions and little creeks, mostly nayigable.
run from the Delaware river westward, and
scarcely acre OF upland in the country is not
thoroughly drained by natural drainage. Situated
AZ it is between two such bodies of water as the
Delaware River and the Chesapeake Bay, can
conceive OF no finer land for the cultivation ard
shipment of peaches.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1873-05-22
Philadelphia Topics.

The Pennsylvania sailed, this morning.
"A $4,000 fire occurred, yesterday, on Dock
street.
Democratic Ward Conventions have COM
menced.
Rev. T. W. March will be ordained minister
to Syria this evening.
-Grambos, the bankrupt broker, household
effects were sold, yesterday.
And now they talk of publishing the names
OF the delinquent water renters.
Extensive arrangements are being made for
the decoration Of soldiers graves.
st. Stephens Church, 10th above Chesnut, lis
celebrating its semi-centennial anniversary to-
day.
Yesterday was the anniversary of the birth
of Stephen Girard. The Alumni. of Grard Col
lego held a reunion in honor of the day.
Rev. Charles p. Mccarthy, Uniyersalist and
the Rev. j. r. Gates, of the Messiah denomina-
ton, are going to discuss - future torment -
which should be finished before the heated term
opens