davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Der wanderer. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1867-1957, 1873-09-27

~. yoa Offee- -Meaess sOrbers Rub tas batsae unb
R&sras MittsI ,ar uebnieasuns Bon 0ds uns fsatsn,
~ aetu babea fnt, ta,u sebrau&t wsrsea.
Dena eine 8ettuns BON etnem 1ses1 a. eta anbsrss
Sesfttt S.sen fsu - mub imn s,su tas 1saamt anse'
seleu pesbsa, 10 tte 9etuae stH semsfanssn wurse.
nena Senasa ieta 1lstt ut& resdmdHs smsfdast
sber I'd aaf .seas eae art 8sbr esui&l&sn, s feats
bts bet.stnte asen fswis BE Serausseber fusls bs'
aa&et&ttlt wsrSea.
Di. Buautsprtl&istt fl. 0slsfenbuassn fit sts 8et-
tuus pebea ptr aur taan ateruesmen snn bsibsn per
r.att.rtea o,tef see. pr Nsnes0rssr g.
faebea.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16

then went NJ stairs and rified the
drawers with Il view to create an I'M
preston that the murder was oin
mitttd solely for. llunder. lie
then returned to Il e cellar, and found
that his victim was not dead. She
turned her eyes upto him. He asked
her IL she Nh W who he a She re-
piled allir.natively. and said. 20, why
did YOU do this horrible depd?' The
assassin then cooilr took u knife, and
cut her throat. She did not or
struggle. He solrmnlv declares he
did not outrage her person. The COM
duct OF the wretch since conviction
has been coarse and brutal. On the
way from Galesburg. here he had
heen confined. to Knoxville. where
he was hanged. he engaged in ribald
iests and vulgar slang. lie mornted
the scatlold with a firm. fearless tread,
and Il smile upon his features. and
stood unmoved while his arms were
pinioncd and the fatal moose was adj
iu>ted. When the drop fell. n horri-
tie scene was itm Ssed. His neck
was not broken. and slowly and with
terrible contortionS he Siranoled to
death. Outside the Jail yaru. ietw zen
five and six thousand people were
gathered. but only II small number
we're allowed 10y law to witness the
execution.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16

An oft-repeated contest has just uu-
cured in San Francisco between Ma
sonry and Catholicism. 4 Catholic
died who was . member of the Ma
sonic Fraternity. The Masons at
tended the deceased during his ILL
ness. and proposed to bury him ac-
cording to the rites Of the Order. a
committee Of Catholics demanded
the body for in,erment. In the dis
puto two members OF the L 'dg,
joined with the Catholic commit &c,
whereupon the Muster of the Lodge
informed them that they co lid NJ t
carry water on both shoulders that
they must either renounce Masonry
or the Church. The body WIS finally
buried by the Mlsons. who for seve-
raj days and nights kept a guard over
the grave to proven. the Catholics
from removing the bolv. NJ attempt
wss made. no vever. This Occurrence
has created quite a sensation i'll San
Francisco.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16
STA DF NEVADA,

pf ! AN DER.
CharlNs X. Thomas, being Sworn, say
that he was driver OF the hearsr M tie
time OF the iun' raj OF Jack (roIOrct
mani, on tL.a 18th day of March. IS;3
After the coffin was placed on tue h.ar,e
| started up !, littl', 10 let the teams come
III behind. the pGtLrd. 10y the lar @!
tli.. hears, that the top "f too: OF the
comm was icOS.; others, outsiders. no
iicrd III" sam" ti.ing and spoke u,n,ut il.
! ih'h St"pp d ana assisted Mr.. Schwamb
10 screw the top down. ] pushed the ton
down., while Mr. Scnwamb end"aVOrcd
phf III the same screws. t:ne of IN.
screws was an Ornampntul screw. and
vas TOO short, and would not hOld. |
IN II asked hr. Schwamb ii he had
aHothtr scr"W. Mr.. SchWamb felt in his
.oc"'l ana TOOK out another >crrw-a
iihl'hed, | mgr screw. as, ed him If he
had Il S'r"w uriv"r. H. SAID he had. and
ai"aNS CARR d iEGS" things for far ol an
''ci0tlit. ! then pressed the lid down
anu Ar. SchwamO lut in the finished
screw. We th"n started up. That was
tn" only Scr'W exchanged thai saw.
Ar. ScnWamD could not have EXCHANGED
Any "hh'r >cr'W while he was b'si,:e me
olth lea-St without my knowing II. Tor
a. w"n nave been COMPELLED To nsn
II S scren driver. | know what screws
"er IN the coihn top, amt they could not
u Ia" GU; or other put in w,ti,OnI
ireS.In- tn" lid down and using some In.
Dor ami a screw driver.
CHARLES r. THOMAS.
lL.S.l Subscribed and sworn To before
me This 18th day Of March, 1878,
GEO. W. MERRILL.
mio Notary Public.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16
New Go-0an.
CARD TO THE PUBLIC,
STATE OF V

COUNTY of LANDER
Chas. W. Schwamb. being first duly
SWO"n, d-pAScS I'M says: / made the
coffin tor Jack, icolOrrd man VINO was
turied on thursday, March 18th, 1873.
The coffin WAS made Of the very best
sugar pine. The top was in two pieces,
matched and glued together in the cen
ter. II was fastened tOihe sites, which
were of soft iuniher, by six ornamental
screws. The top was IA little thick, and
these screws only "id in the soft sides, not
To exceed ihrec-ei2hili> of an inch. lhe
house wh"r" lack laid was very small,
ana very little mora rOOm than was nee.
cs>ary for the bad>tead and coffin. After
the coffin was in the house and Jack was
laid in il, 9TH" coffin standing on Il small
hench ana II piece OF d CHAIR. thetop pro-
J cling about half an inch, in lifting the
c fin from the chai ana b nch to where
jock originally laid, my nand Slipped.
and TIL projection struck on the plat.
torn or whatevtr it was that Jack lad
laid on, and broke Off one Of the screws
at the head. | had in MY pocket, which
| always carry for fear OF an accident,
some long finished screws ana NV screw
hriv"r ana some tacks. Ithen Put in one
OF the flushed scr. VS. to hold the lid
down. when the coffin was taken out of
the hoii>5-tOir of us carried tie bCtiy.
JACK vas - Very Ia aVy man, and il was
with difficulty hat we got the coffin on
the hears. To do So, We had to d-prrsS
l!i' tl anu f4'Nalt he lOOl 10 get lC ON,
We got the foot q little too II over Onthe
wagon and too iica: the seat Of The driver,
which whSan ordinary seat OF an express
WAGON. III setting down the foot al the
Collin. the projection struck against he
,'riVtr'S scat: ii Tor. the loot of the top
bose. Alter got on tia" hearSe, the ,iriv.
rr Il Mir. Deter, | think. spoke OF it
ti.at the top was lOOS-. The body boing
III the coffin, Its weight, or perhaps be-
cause III" coffin did not set level, the top
Spruns a little tn" driver pushed il down
while l trled to put III the same screw.
i NJ screw WOULD not hold. The driver
asked III" II had another screw. took
4 black finished screw from my pocket
lie driver then asked me If had a
Scr"w-drir.r. J told hun tiIat | had, and
always carried such things Tor feat OF an
ace utht. ! then lut III the flushed
screw, Which was n long one, to hold the
TOP down. those were the only Screws
AchanGrd by me upon that coffin ON
mai day or II other time. Any state
mint or Installation to the contrary is
hi'ii.ciou>lN ale j,A.. without the l.a.t
'o,l:tu;tinn or SlRipr Oi trutn, or even
iii" APP taranc" Of truth, as the a;lh.r
"rll knew, and nOv Knows, il he has the
ni"DilntS IS t. say so.
CHAR. rs ". SCHNAMP.
u.s.. Subscribed ara sworn to before
me. TINS 18th Gay of March, 1873.
GEO. w. MERRILL,
Notary uLlic.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16
Clears his Skirts.

The following disclaimer from our
anonymous correspondent speaks
for itself, and places him right on the
record as against corruption, rings,
frauds, and all that sort OF thing:
EUREKA. March Is, 1873.
EDITOR SENTINEL: NV letter of
October last, published in yesterdays
SENTINEL. requires me to say a few
words. When | pelined the letter i'm
question, l really believed the Credit
Mobilier scandal was due, in a great
measure. to Democratic inventions,
intended to affect the Presidential
election. | ain compelled to admit
that / was wrong. Whenever men
are found guilty Of ra>caiity, it i,
right they should lie exposed. and as
far as possible made harmless in the
future. l am fully convinced ncw,
that Cakes .AmeS and his pet iambs,
Patterson, Brooks, Colfax, and others
whom he so tenderly sucked on swill
milk. have disgraced themselves
and their being Republicans. or pro-
fessed Christians. or political Apaches,
is no reason whatever for their being
screened from public condemnation.
Let h dirty crew go to their bur
rows, and keep there in time to cone.
say, give us honest, capable men as
Legislators and I care not bv what
names they are called; but save II. as
a people from tilieving, lying. and
generally corrupt representatives un-
der party names of that ialefui tribe
I we n al enough. Are You satisfied
with this confession:
Still \ R~EPURLICAN,
but not from mere party motives.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16

REDUCTION IN THE PRICE OF Sill
YER AT THE MINT.-The Carson -Ap.
peal says that. i'll consequence OF the
discount on silver coin, the prenli-
um Of four a. per cent. hitherto al
lowed to depositors of silver bullion
on its purchase for conversion intosil-
yer coins by United States Branch
MINIS has been reduced, as will be
seen by the following instructions
from the Secretary of the Treasury.
The price hitherto allowed was 81 81
per standard ounce, which has been
reduced to 81 is per standard.
WASHINGTON, II. c.,
Marcn Z. 1878.
To II. F. Rice, S~uperinten trat Branch
Mint, Carson City, NeradA:
The purchasing price OF silver for
your Branch MINI is fixed at II dol
lar and eighteen tents per standard
ounce. and standard silver will be
calculated at the same rate per ounce
in the accounts. &. s. boutwell,,
Secretary of the Treasury.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16

THE election Of a Trustee in Sacra-
mento resulted in the triumph of the
railroad candidate. There were 3,766
votes polled, Of which Adams, the
railroad candidate. received 9 14O. and
McCleery 1859, the Democratic NOM
inee, Ready, having 24s. At the
Presidential election the total vote OF
the city was $500. 50 it will be seen
there was a very full vote.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16

AN advertisement in a New York
daily paper wants "a boy to open
oysters about fifteen years old" We
should think that situation ought to he
filled by a boy with "a strong stomach
and a terrific cold in his head. for
those oysters must be extremely fra
grant now. But why the advertiser
desires to open them we cannot i'm
agine.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16

THE EPIzooTIC is fearfully preva-
lent in Virginia and Gold Hill, Car
son, and Reno. All the horses we're
taken with it suddenly, in one day, as
it were, and there was an immediate
paralysis of all business. Oxen have
been imported by the Bank of Cali
fornia and other business concerns,
for all transportation that is absolute
ly Indispensable. The western papers
are full Of epizootic items, some of
them amusing, and others of a gloomy
kind.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16
DIED

In Virginia tity, March Sth, Conrad
Meyers, a native Of Germany. aged ~
years.
III Gold Hill, March {, William Henry,
son OF Timothy sullivan, aged 3 years.
In Gold HUI, March IL, Alexander
Johnson. n native Of Norway. aged SO
years.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16

DRUNK, DRUNKER, DRUNKEsr.-
Under these captions, the Phoebe
Record states that there were fifty
drunken men on the streets Of that
town on Tuesday last.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16

JOHN II. DENNIS. n of the pub
fishers OF the Rereille, has been ap-
pointed a CountyC ommis sioner ofL.an-
der county by the Governor, in place
Of VIM. Arlington. resigned.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16
BORN.

In lioche. NJ ,rch s, to the wife Of II.
Jacobs, II daughter.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16

THE NEVADA STATE PRIsoS.-We
are enabled To- announce. on the au-
thoritv ofthe Attorney General, that
the Prison Commissioners have de-
cided To- cninnienc. operations on the
State Prison on tue LIST of June. This
will be gratifying to- the people of our
tow u, and will have u tendency to
%enliven things hereabouis. - Reno
Journal.
A State Prison " break would cen
liven that town not IA little. But the
Remedies must be prepared for such
tnings, as their paper seems 10 like
the idea of having 4 State Prison in
their midst. A County Jail is is much
of that sort of thing as we want in
ours.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16
partics.
ST. PATRICK'S BALL!

Oxs IN NUN ~ O&AA0'
THERE WILL BE A GRAND BALL
AT SKATING RINK HALL.
On Monday Evening. March 18th,
For the purpose Of charging the Catholic
Church Of this town. and no pains will be
spared TO make it the most enjoyable AZ
fair Of the season. All are cordially in
vited.
Committee of Arrangements
Mike Walsh, Chris. Nurtha,
Thomas Murphy. James Healy,
James Reilly.
Committee cf Invitation
W. 8. Reyes. F.. Shebona.
A, f.. Titus, ThOs. Conn,
r. J. remnant, 1T. Russell
n. n. Hall, Luther Clark,
ThoS. J. Maupin, James Reilly.
Max Obcrfrllcr, James nukrr.
James Walsh, Luke Fleming,
Thomas Murphy, Jot. Eunn:
William Ross, u. Collier Robbins.
y. RoSsitcr, James Hayes,
VIM. Samson, G o. W. Cassidy.
W. a. Seatnn, ]. ID. Sullivan.
G. W. Baker, NJ. II. Bartlett,
Philip Splane.
Com mittes Of Receptions
Mike Walsh, Smith Harris,
Charles Paxton.
Room ManaGerss
4. F.. Titus. Chris. Murtha,
James Reilly.
~TICKETS, FIVE DOLLARS EACH
which will DO for sale ut the pr!rcipa
business houses. and also at the residence
of Rev. Father MeNii.
Ey order of the Committee Of Arrange
mentS.
Eureka, March 5. 1873. m5td
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16

THE Virginia Chronicle had the vel
low fever for Il couple of days last
week. but we are happy to announce
its recovery. 1t was printed or vel
low wrapping Taper. It's .egular sup
ply of white having failed to connect.
Such things will happen 10 the best
of
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16

THE President HIS reap ointed
Geo. /. Lanm vi, Virginia. a IS United
States Marshal for Nevada. Lam.
mon is an old typo.
Eureka daily sentinel. [volume] (Eureka, Nev.) 1871-1887, 1873-03-16
GRAND
CALICO ALL!

COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS:
NJ. Eo-owsky, +. u. A. +. Titus,
L. Il. Hubbard, PIG NJ. W. Mckenzie,
VIM. Head, n. q. wi. Il. Ialtiett.
The Lambertville record., 1873-11-19
THE SUN.
WEEKLY, sEM1-wEEKLY, AND DAILY.

| THE WEEKLY SUN is too widely known to require
any extended recommendation; but the reasons which
have already given it fifty thousand subscribers, and
which WILL we hope, give it many thousands more, are
briefly follows -,
II i Hrst-rnte newspaper All the news of the day
will be found in It, condensed when unimPortan at full
length when of moment and always presented IN a
clear fnteIligble and interesting manner
Ii Is rsrafe paper. full of entertaining and instruc-
five readinc of every kind but containing nothing that
can offend the most delicate and scrupulous taste.
II il frs-rate story paper The best tales and ro-
ances current literature are carefully selected and
egiaby printed in It's ages.
ii is rsi-rate agricultural paper The most fresh and
instructive articles agricultural topics regularly APP
pear in this department
is independent political paper belonging to
party and wearing collar. 1t fights for the principle
and for the election of the best to office. II
pecay devotes Its energies to the the great
and threten to undermine republican institutions alto
gether II has fear of knaves, and asks fayors
from their supporters.
1t reports the fashions for the ladies and the markets
for the men, especially the catte-markets to which
pays particular attention.
Finally IL Is the cheapest paper published One dollar
a year will it for any subscriber II Is not
to get up club in order to have THE
WEEKLY SUN at this rate Any who sends
sin"e dollar will get the paper for year.
We have no travelling agents.
THE WEEKLY SUNLIGHT pages, ffty-six
columns, only S1.0O year. No discount from this
rate.
THE SEMI-WEEKLY SUN.-same size rs the
Daily sun. $500 year. discount of 20 per cent. to
Clubs of 10 over.
THE DAILY sUN.-A large four-page newspaper
If ftwcnty-cght columns Daily circulation f2O,-
cents month. or Coca year. To clubs of 10 or over
discount of 20 per cent.
Address, THE SUM-" New York. city.
Nov. 9th. 1S73.-6t.
The Lambertville record., 1873-11-19

l.. w. FROST, President
]. p. ROGERS, Secretary.
JOS. L. ToPHAM, Manager for New Jersey
EDWARD H. HOLCOMBE,
Agent Lambertville, N. j.
For agencies, apply to
JOSEPH L. TOPHAM,
General Agent of New Jersey,
80 Grant St., Newark, N. J.
E. L. RICE, NJ. D.,
Medical Examiner at Lambertville, N. J.
w. H. SCHENK, NJ. D.,
Medical Examiner at Pennington, N. j.
RICHARD II. FOULKE, M. D.,
Medical Examiner at New Hope, Pa.
The Assets of this Company invested ac-
cording to law exceed Six Million Dollars
($6, 600, ,000). 1t is prudently managed Com
pany, and offers every reasonable inducement
to persons of all ages and each sex to insure
By taking Policy in it you will only be fol-
lowing the example of A. T. Stewart, II. B.
Claflin, U. 5. Grant, Horace Greeley, Joel
Parker, Marcus L. Ward, H. w. Longfellow.
John G.. Whittier, Henry Ward Beecher,
Charles Dickens, John w. Forney, Cornelius
Vanderbilt, Thomas Scott, and One Million
other Bankers, Business Men, Professional
Men, Editors, Farmers and Mechanics. The
intelligent men not insured now are exception
al. To not be insured is criminal. To be in
sured is Duty and is a Pleasure. You can
either protect yourself from Poverty IN old
age or your family from Poverty, Degradation
or Crime by your premature Death. Do not
Delay Do not Procrastinate. Do not be
Pharisaical and say it is good for every one
else to insure but yourself. Let the rich in.
sure because their riches may take wings and
| fly away. Let the poor insure because 1t Il
4 al .xax r,f
The Republican journal., 1873-01-09
A Few Sheep on a Farm.

| We find these sensible suggestions in the
! American Rural Home, q commend them to
our readers. The advantages of keeping q
few sheep are well stated, and the views
put forth are correct:
The relative profit is much greater from
| small flock than a large one. The grain
farmer, no matter how few his acres, can
make money by keeping few sheep. There
is always room for them some where, and
they consume and turn into money food
that otherwise would waste. But he must
be careful not to overstock. To illustrate,
suppose the farmer cutivates only eighty
acres, raising grain chiefly. He keeps few
COWS and the necessary teams. One-tifth
OF mis- farm is in pasture, one-ffth meadow
one planted, one spring grain, and one
wheat. He thinks he has as much stock as
he can probably keep, but if he puts on
one sheep to every five acres, he will find
their products clear gain In the spring,
early, they can run on the sod which is to
be planted, and one sheep to each acre will
not hurt the land, yet they will live Well
After that they can go into the pasture, and
will clean after the cows to advantage A
run on the stubbles after harvest will not be
felt, where each sheep has two acres, and
III the fall there is plenty of feed. Through
the winter they can be kept well on what
the other stock would not consume, with
the addition Of little grain. Probably the
most profitable are some of the Coarser
wooded, mutton breeds. The lambs sell to
the butchers for high prices, and when fat,
the sheep brings as much as Il yearling
steer Sixteen mutton sheep, well managed,
would produce 4 yearly income of 500,
where, if none were kept, nothing would be
realized. The greatest drawback is liability
10 loss by dogs; and it is disgrace to any
State to protect its ours so well that they
expel to certain extent, the only animal
which can cheaper the meat and clothing of
the people.
The Republican journal., 1873-01-09
The Disinterment of King Charles the
First

In some remarkable instances, where
the location of the burial places of celr-
DRAFTED perSonageS has been in dispate.
the work OF identification has been ac-
complished by the discovery of what were
plainly perceived TO be the remains of the
individual in question. In other instances
the body has been completely identified
by the close resemblance Of the CORPSE, 10
eXtant pictures, busts or coins. The
identification OF the remains of Henry ".
in Canterbury Cathedral, after the lapse
of nearly tour centuries and half. as an
example OF the first class OF cases the
identification OF the remains of Charles :,
after l65 years, of the second class. The
remains OF Charles |. were completely
identified by the striking resemblance of
the countenance, notwithstanding its dis
figurement, to its portrait. and by the fact
that the neck was found smoothly divided
across. We have the following particulars
OF the excellent condition, after l65 years,
| of Il body suddenly deprived Of life, en-
balmed and inferred in lead:
On removing lart of the lead coffin an
inner coffin of wood, much lecayed, was
exposed, and within this the body wrap
| ped in cere-cloth, into the folds of which
an unctious matter mixed with resin had
been poured to exclude the air. The
coffin was quite full, and on removing
the covering from the face the skin was
found dark and discoored, the forehead
and temples well preserved, the cartilage
! OF the nose gone, the characteristic point
ed beard perfect, the left ear entire and
the left eye open and full, though il van
ished on exposure. The head was found
| loose, and was easily taken ont and held
to view. Ii was heavy, wet with liquid
which gave to writing paper and linen Il
greenish red tinge, the textures of the
neck were solid, and the back part of the
scalp was perfect and of remarkably
fresh appearance. The hair of the head
was beautiful dark brown, that of the
beard of q redder tint The divided mus
cles of the neck had retracted considera-
bly,, and the smooth surface OF the divided
vertebr;e was visible.
In the same vault in which Charles I.
was inferred Henry VIII had been de-
posted. The leaden coffin, which had
been enclosed in Il thick elm case, appear.
ed to have been beaten in, so as to leave
an opening large enough to expose mere
skeleton of the king, with some beard
upon the chin. The body of the king haC
been inferred 26G years. TO the preserva
tion OF bones it is impossible to set any
limit OF time. The bones of King Dago-
bert, disinterred from the church of St
; Denis alter 1900 years, others from Pom
pen after 1900 years, and others-as parts
OF Egyptian mnmmies-full 2OOO year.
old-attest their permanence
The Republican journal., 1873-01-09

New STYLE OF MILK PANS. The Jefier.
Sonian Of West Chester, Chester County
Pa, describes some extraordinary mills
pans lately made ut that place for the diary
OF Enos Bernard. They each measured
twelve feet in length and four in width, and
were about six inches in depth They were
double bottomed, with vacuum OF about
one inca between, which space was divided
INTO Tour compartments by partitions run
hing len%thWise, and were SO constructed
as to allow water to pass up and down the
length OF the pan, thus keeping the milk
cool or warm, at lie option of those having
IT III charge. The four pans had capacity
Snillclent for containing the milk Of one
hundred cows, which number Mr.. Barnard
keeps. 1t is said by those who have tried
TINS new kind Of pan, that a much greater
amount Of cream is obtained from The same
quantity OF milk, besides obyiatng consid-
cradle trouble and labor. When the cream
IS skinned from the surface, the milk is
drawn OF 1T the bottom of the pan,