davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
Building Reported Dangerous.

MAYORS OFFICE. CRY HALL,
MEMPHIS. Tam. March Sth, 1873.
TNHE CHIEF OFTHE FIRE DEPARTMENT
Il having officially reported 70 me that he
has examined the two-story brick building
Immediately in rear Of Bradley Block, and
fronting on Adams street. and ends Il ex-
tremely dangerous, a portion Of the wall hav-
Ing fallen and the balancs liable 10 do 50 m n
short time, and thereby damage ADJOINING
property"
Notice is Hereby Given,
in accSrdanco with ordinance approved May
y, lsl2, % al persons anyways coucernedi 70
appear before the Fire Committee. the Chici
Of the Fire Departmontand the City Engineer
oS rHr FEEysEs, at 50 o'clock pm,
Friday. March Ifth, 1873,
AZ which time and place final examinNion
Of the building and premises Will Pc maae I
and such action ordered a. b eutnoiited Ane
may be deemed necessary. The fire Commit
tee. etc.. are desired % meet ~ City liail, -
az o. leave there together BY Pm. on me das
7,i2 JOHN JOHNSON. Mayor.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10

BS 'Chapped hands, face. rough skin. pim-
pies. ringworms. salt-rheum, and other
cutaneous affections cured. and the skin
made soft and smooth by using the Juniper
Tar Soap, made by Caswell. Hazard 4 CO.,
New York xYi-30
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
rEMPERANCE SOCIETY.

NAroua TrnPLE or II AND 7. No. 1-mcets
every Tuesday night at hall Of Cyrene Com
mandery. Ne. ai Front 81. Jos. III. shepherd.
W. q. T.: Frank Lamont. ". v. t. l. lsaacs
p. ". G. II. f; A. b. Corwine, W. r.; Jas. +.
Warner. NJ. ~.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
NOTICE
10
ADVERTISERS

DRIFFIN 6HOFFMAN. OF BALTIMORE.
Maryland. have no authority to contract for
advertisements for the PusLiC LrpoER. We
have tired them. and Sud 80 much difheulty
10 setting money out q then that in future
can receive no more orders from that frn;
but vould Be pleased 20 receive the orders
direct from partiss NJ would liks % advertise
in The LEDeEi throusA shsu. 20
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
Monday, The 7th Day Of April, 1873,

ON the prsmises. sell for cash TO the highest
bidder. the following real estate IN shelby
county; Situated on the northeast side 81 Car,
roll avenue. having 100 feet front on Carroll
avenue, running back between parallel lines
an Sect. being located between the residences
Of DR.. j l.. Nerser and Mrs. Jane Pitman,
being the same property formerly occupied by
Joseph Odell rs a residence.
rbe .auitv OF redemption i waived in said
trust Iced. The title 10 the property Is be
iieved 10 be perfect. but l sell and convey as
re- - GEO. CAN'T. Trustee.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10

DUBLTC LEDGER JOB PRINTING rs
IL tatlishus-t. Ne. o. Naiisrn street. Co.
mercial. Steamboat a1d Esrsral JOB printing
snscufei viii reatEs1I acd diEratch.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
LEGAL.
Sheriff's Sale Of Valuable Property
in Fort Pickering.

DY VIRTUE OF FIVE ALIAS VENDI~
ID toni exponas 70 me directed from the zee
ond Circuit Court Of Shelby county, Tennessee;
one in favor Of James l.. Haven 70. vs..
Thos. L. Parrish, udgment rendered October
q, 1871, for 1861 a, less amount realiZed on
previous sale 1925 "a, balance due Sl4l o and
cost Of suit; and one in favor of >. Van Emon
VS.. Thomas +. Parrish, Judgment rendered
October q, 1871, for 1913 p. less amount real
lied on previous sale sos y balance Que
$50 % and cost of suit: one in favor Of J. H.
Putte VS.. Themas f. Parrish. Judgment rem
dered October q. 1871, for SOP Il. less amount
realized on previous sale SD So, balance due
$40 Is and cost of suit; one IN faYor Of James
X. Challen VS.. Thomas 4. Parrish, judgment
rendered October q, lSll, for SIS ~, less
amount realized on previous sale SIG ~, bal
ance due So II and cost; one in favor OF "a.
Greenwood x Co. VS.. Thomas Z. Parrish, ludg--
ment rendered October Il, ISL. for slO2 -. less
amount realized on previous sale sly. balance
due sSS IS and cost OF suit. To satisfy the bal
anee ofjudgments due, with interest from date
Of rendition and cost Of SUIT, VIII
ON Saturday, March 18th, 1873,
Al II o'clock an. in front Of the SheriH's
Office, No. S5l Second street. Memphis, Tenn,
sell TO the highest bidder, for cash, The fol
lowing lands and tenements described and
bounded as follows, to-wit: Beginning at the
northeast corner Of a tract Of lU,a acres, part
Of lot 90 Is Of Millouchby Williams subdi-
vision. Shelby county. state Of Tennessee. on
the south side Of Fort Pickering railraad
running thence west twenty rods with the
south side Of said railroad; thence ssuih
tuenty-four rods; thence east twenty rods
thence north tWenty-four rods to The begin
ming. Levied on and to be sold A. the prop
erty Of the said Thomas Z. Parrish % satisfy
the balance Of said judgments. interests and
costs sale TO commence az II o,el0 ,l an.
Sheriff Of Shelby County.
February Is. 1s7s. Ia taE-xTi-I3
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
NOTICES.
NOtice---NOt to Buy.

NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN TO THE
~ public not 10 purchase a certain promis-
sorry note for S2jl, drawn By Webb 4 Bailey.
in favor Of X. X. Richardson. payable ninety
days after date. and made on or about the Let
day Of December. is72-the same being In lit
PHI. THORPE.
10 Solicitor for Complainants.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
NOTICE.
Notice to Lawyers.

WE HAVE FOR SALE AT THE LEDGEk
w office blank notices to take depoSltlons,
and printed instructions to the otficer taking
the same; also blank captions and ceirduih -
Gates. lul
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
Thursday, 18Th day Of March, 1873,

a the corner q Nashington and fourtn
streets. In the city Of Memphis. Teuucssees
briueen the hours q m o'clock an. end ?
oiriork nm proceed % cell. a public sale. O.
the highest bidder. for cash, Tie rrcmuet men
toned in aid trust deed, % which. iqf a ~, ~
rsrfirular description 81 said premises, rei1r-
lrcs iF hereby made. kiFlt 81 REDEMPTION ~
waived aud the title g. believed O. ~ perfect
but cell aud convey only q irlslee
Io-xvi-n JULIA MhhLANs trustee
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
On Marriage.

Happy Relief for Young Men from the
effects Of errors and abuses in early life. Man
hood restored. Impedimeuts to marriage re-
moved. New method Of treatment. New and
remarkable remedies. Books and circulars
sent free. in sealed envelope.
Address, HOWARD ASSOCIATION. No. 2
South Ninth street. Philadelphia, Pam in
stitution having high reputation for honor
able conduct and professional skill. lS5-xvi-s
B8-The purest and sweetest Cod Liverf0il
in the world is Hazard X Caswelps. made on
the sea shore, from fresh-selected liyers, by
Caswvll. Hazard K Co.. New York. 1t is abb
solutely pure and sweet. Patients whe have
once taken it prefer it to any other. For sale
bv all drurrists. xvi-20
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
SHERIFF'S SALE
OF VALUABLE
Property on Spring and
Camilla Streets.

NOTICE Is HEREBY GIVEN, THAT BY
N virtue OF a plurius ieri facias TO me di-
rected frem the Honorable First Circuit Court
of Shelby county, Tenn, in the case Of fos-
ter, Gwynne 4 Co. vs.. J. j. Dubose, judy
ment rendered on the 10Th day Of May. $50,
and ffty-four dollars, credited BY three nun
dred aud ffty-One dollars and sixty cents,
paid January q, 1873, with interest and costs
Of suit. TO satisfy said judgment, etc. VIII
On Tuesday, s5th of March, 1873,
At II o'clock am. in front Of my Office. No;
lil Second street. Memphis. Tenn, proceed
10 sell 20 the highest bidder. for cash. the toll
Ground beginning at a stake on the south side
Of Spring street, 100 feet west OF the northeast
corner of lot No. p: thence west with the
south line Of Spring street ~ feet; thence ln q
perpandicuiar line from Spring street AAi-a
feet 10 the north side Of Ovcrtou street; thence
street not named thence iu n line perpendie-
ular with Ovcrtan street ~ feet 20 a stakes
thence west and parallel with spring street lul
feet 10 . stake. thence north on a perrfudicu-
lar line win Spring street % feet 30 the south
side 81 Spring street; said lot uf ground being
part q suburban lot No. :, 20 tuq!ifisign 81
Dunn tract Also loi 10, = q sad tqudiFi-
sion havinr q front of iI2 t-lo feet % the east
side Of Cnrniila street. E,sk feet on the north
side II Vance street. and 80 feet on the
south side II OVerton street.
Levied on AZ the prnpgrty 81 defendant. =
J. nuEosc. e. satisfg TIE balance % said ludr-
@e q iH,sIs,i and ''s sc e 2TPsn''
shsrif 81 shelby County. Tenn
G. W. MErCtLr. Attorney 81 Plaintiff.
Memphis. rsun.. March !. 1s-A
-f-T-lu-il-lt-il-
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
Notice is Hereby Given,

in accordance with ordinance approved May
.. 1872. TO all persons in anyways interested. to
OF the Fire Department and the City Engineer,
on THE PREMISES. at o'clock pm. FRIDAY,
March 18th. 1873, at which time and place.
final examination Of the building will be made.
and such action ordered as may be neodful and
a. said ordinance authorizes.
7-i2 JOHN JOHNSON, Mayor.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10

AN. I'm.
ls.0 lW M'%4F sios . S SslS r. r. $50 $50
Memphis 4 Charleston - ~
10. 5Ol X. R.-Daily. lVOV
mississippi & Tonnes A
ll2a0( 500 X. R.-Daily. -"
Memphis 4 Little Rock = N
r. R.-Daily. ''lV
Miss. river TO Helena 4 =,
Friar's Pt-dnily. ii
cksburgltri-weeklO
3 Mon, Thurs., Sat.
miss. river t. St.Louis n
3 Mon. and Thurs.
White River-Somi-
3 tWeekly-Tues. sat.
Arksriver, tTi.weekly
3 Mon, Wod. x Friday.
Marion (tri-weekly)-l
N Mon, We'd, Fri. 10
Cuba, Tennesseo-
weokly-Friday.
IByhaiia&0live Branch
G Tues. and Fri. o'z
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
trustees sale.

by VIRTUE OF A TRUST DEED MADE
Is 10 me hv Thomas $. Callan. on November
p. lSil. recorded in Registers ONCE Of shelby
county, Tennessee. in book u, pages - ana
therein described, which note BE- ltill due and
uuuaid. I will on
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
MUNICIPAL.

Regular Meeting of tho General
Council.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
LEGAL.
Trustees Sale.

DY VIRTUE OF THE POWER GIVEN TO
ID me as trustee in q certain deed Of trust
executed by William c. Bayiey on the ID day
Of December. 1878. recorded IN Record BOOK
No. QI. page aDl, Registers office, to secure a
certain Indebtedness in said trust deed men
toned. will. ON
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
OFFICIAL.
BulIding Reported Dangerous.
MAYORS OFFICE, Cry HALL,
NpNpufg TrHN March 9Th. 1873.


nHE CHIEF OF THE FIRE DEPARTMENT
i having officially reported TO me that he
has examined " the two-story brick building
located on the south side of Vance street, two
doors east of Causey street, numbered l0l and
l0S," and that he finds Il dangerous TO other
property and endangering lives of tenants in
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
MEMPHIS POST0FFICE.

cryfcs HouRB--FRON An. TO 5P.h.; SUNDAY
FROH = TO l0A.M.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1873-03-10
HOARD on COUNCGLMEN.
lornciAL REronr.l
Cry Hall, MEurHis. March o. 1913.

49,. .....r.t.... ..gH
BOARD Of COONCALhhNs
,..,.,., ,,.o,.
-. .,,,,..,s N.r.h r IsIl.
N''i hNN''
,v.orra an AZ ,NnlNQ COMMITTEES.
.,,,,,ion that tho civ Engineer be
,nd H. hsreby authorized 10 make out speeih-
es,oa no an snd s"b'aStaI brick bridge % srosi
Tho bayou on Jefferson street,
NIL ~ A iJermen. February 3, 1873.
neferred 10 Improvement Committee by the
Common Council, February o. 1873
Nashville union and American. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1868-1875, 1873-10-03
IMPORTANTLY TRUE

European exchanges speak of method
of making cheap sugar, which threatens to
supersede nature. We are suspicious of all
scientific attempts TO substitute mere chemi-
cal combination for the process of vegetable
growth, but give the item as we findit:
An invention which threatens to inter-
fere greatly with our commerce is reported
from Paris, and if it proves success it VII
probably have the effect OF causing an entire
revolution among the Southern planters.
This new discovery is a method of making
sugar by uniting into compound its con-
stituent atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. The inventor, Mr.. Jouglet, says
that the cost of production will be so cents
per cwt., and he has already so far sue,
ceeded in establishing the utility of its in
yention that company of manufacturers
have been persuaded TO purchase it from
HIN for the comparatively moderate sum of
S24O. 900. What the sugar planters and re-
finers will do if this discovery turns out to
be as important SIS it promises remains to
be seen; but there is no doubt that if it is
only partially successful strange develop
ments may be expected. Ire invention is
said to be very simple and one easily ex-
plained, and endless Quantities Of sac marine
substanCe can, it. is aimed, be manufac-
tured By this new process in so short time
sud It so small a cost as TO preclude the
s-ioility of competition.
Nashville union and American. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1868-1875, 1873-10-03

The Apollo Hall democracy" OF New
York city, whose delegation were summs-
rily disposed of by the State Convention al
Utica on Wednesday, are weak invention
of the enemy. Its real leaieris "Honesp'
Tom MurphJ-with Grant and the Custom
house at his back. He runs Apollo Hall
through ex Sheriff James OBfieu, who, it
win be remembered, ran the Ball last fall
for Grant and Dlx--they were too good
Democrats to vote for Greeley. Its other
notables are, some Of them men who have
occasionally supported Democratic ticket,
and others who are such ''life-long Demo-
Gratis" as never voted ticket OF our party!
The New York Freeman's journal, a paper
whose independence Of utterancs is well
known in the South, says of the present
rammany organization, which, under the
leadership Of Hon. John Kelly, has been
recognized by the State Convention:
eIf the people Of the city and State Of
New York wish to do what can be done to
rescue us from the misrule of all the "Re-
formers" and quacks, they will rally, with
courage, around the old organization of
Tammany Hall. In the old times of Tam
many we had, at least, great deal better
governmental administration of affairs than
we have now. Our best, and only true
way, is to work back, the best we can, TO
our old land marks. We most surely, can
not, better them, at present."
Nashville union and American. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1868-1875, 1873-10-03
MISSISSIPPI.

Messrs. Ames and Acorn have been In
the field as rival candidates for Governor
of this unfortunate Stale for some weeks
past, but whether there is to be any cleo
ton next month, is one of those things
which "no fellow can find out" Gov. Pow
ers issued proclamation on Sept so for.
bidding any election on the ground that
none is authorized by the State ConstitQ-
ton until November, 1874; but the can
vass seems to proceed all the same. The
Jackson Pilot, an Anes organ, threatens
an appeal to Congress and hints at another
Louisiana imbroglo, or even the return of
military die atOrship. The last would suit
Ames exac ly. Whether Alcorn, either,
will submit to Gov. Powers proclamation,
Temains to be seen. A Jackson CORE
spondent of the Memphis appeal seems to
think the proclamation of Gov. Powers a
clever ruse for retaining power, in which he
is likely TO be sustained by the Legislature,
as their term is also extended one year by
his construction Of what seems to be a du-
bious State constitution with an awkward
schedule.
Nashville union and American. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1868-1875, 1873-10-03

WASHINGTON city persists in expecting
q visit from Ez-President johnson. The
Republican of Tuesday predicted his COM
ing or that day. TIE Chronicle of the
same date, however, remarks:
The publication of Judge Hollis letter on
the subject of the execution of the late Mrs.
Surratt has disquieted the mind Of ex-
President johnson. Ii is now certain that
he Immediately commenced the preparation
of reply, which be expected to have pro-
claimed some time since, had be not been
delayed by the non-receipt Of replies to let
tiers addressed TO friends on the subject.
He had finally arranged to leave his Ten
nessee home last Thursday for this city for
that purpose. But it is said that the sus-
pension of Jay Cookies bank, in which be
had deposits to large amount, caused a
further delay.
Those who are posted, however, expect
him soon at the Metropolitan Hotel, where
tits arranged to have bin called on by the
populace, and, in response to their persistent
calls, will reluctantly deliver an impromptu
speech, setting at rest, once for all, the
question Of who was responsible for the ex-
ecutiOu Of the unfortunate woman above
named. We give this timely notice t. st all
who desire may be present on the occa-
sion,
Nashville union and American. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1868-1875, 1873-10-03
N From the Cincinnati Enquirer. q.
ANDREW JOHNSON'S UNFORTUN
NATE DEPOSIT,

Our Washington correspondent reiterates
the statement that exPresidept Andrew
johnson has lost $1,000, which he had de-
posted in the First National (H. D. Cooke)
Bank of Washington City, which has turn
ed out q broken and dishonored institution.
We really feel much sorrow for the ex-
President. According to all accounts it
embraced she great mass of his means of
support-all the m ans which he had saved
from long life devoted to the public SER
vice. Whatever may be said of Andrew
johnson, hone can deny that he was pecuni-
arily honest, above reproach, above even
suspicion. The small amount of his for
tune is sufficient proof on that score.
When he was impeached by q Rad
ical partisan majority in Congress,
and no effort was spared to make
drsg-net Of charges against him,
personal malignancy dared not go SO far as
to hint that he had been the subject of br.be
and corruption. One of his first acts when
President was to return present of a val
liable span of horses, with an elegant car
riage, which he received from certain friends
in New York, accompanied with q flater-
ing letter. In bis declination be took the
true ground that be could not afford as Pres
kACbb W LAY AAabAO W ihO oNotAOhOA
of bestowing favoss upon those who made
him such donations. Il was noble con-
trast with the conduct of Gen. Grant, who
has accepted everything that has been Offer
ed him, with the exception of bull! pup
sent him from Cleveland, and that was de-
clined because the express charges had not
been paid. An ex-President and ex-senator
thus scrupulous, with such an enviable rep
utation deserves better fate than to lose his
money by rotten bank failure. Our won
der is that Mr., johnson, educate as an cid
anii-Oank Democrat, should have been so
imprudent as 10 deposit so large an amount
with any one banking institution for con-
siderable period of time. This loss 10 an
honest ex-President is the more to be regret
ted because the dishonest officers of the
bank made fish Of one and flesh of another,
and, if accounts are true, returned to Presi-
dent Grant his money, and thus assisted to
rob the other depositors of an equal distri-
button. While Andrew johnson is not
worth 100000, and has been for forty
years In high public positions, Grant, in ten
CT twelve years, has amassed, in two Off
ces, that of General in the army and Presi-
dent, fortune of millions. 1t would be to
doubt the justice of Providence to suppose
that the worldly accounts Of the two men |
are to permanently remain adjusted IS they |
are here.
Nashville union and American. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1868-1875, 1873-10-03
sUsPENsTON Ann REsUMprrON.

SUSPENSION AND RESUMPTION.
The St Lonis Republican says: ..If the
banks are watching the rapid changes of the
public temper, they caonot have failed to
discover some symptoms that bode them no
good. Suspension was accepted as good
enough thing, at first, and, perhaps, was
good. But too much suspension is begin
ming to be recognized as an intolerabIe and
inadmissible evil. When the banks pro-
pose to protract L for thirty or sixty days,
they do not know what they are talking
about. 1t ought not to have lasted over
five days; it will rot be
permitted to last another week.
The hopeful confidence on which
the banks went into suspension is rapidly
vanishing, and an inteDsr, unreasoning sus-
Picion is taking its place. THIS suspicion
is beginning 20 express itself in ways that
are absurd and utterly unreasonable, per-
haps, but Of which the banks will DO well,
nevertheless, TO take notice, Il is Said that
they discriminate in their favors; and that
they prefer this depositor to that; that they
allow one to draw $1,000, but limit another
to 500; that they permit their directors to
draw all their deposits; that they are spec.
ulating on their depositors' money, or loan
ing it privately to hard-pressed business
men at exorbitant rates Of interest. This is
the tenor OF the rumors that reach us from
New York. They may not be true; in be-
half Of our city, We assert that no such prac-
tees prevail" The Republican says further:
"Every suspended bank in the country
will, as soon SIS the fourteen days limit al
lowed under the bankrupt act expires, be
absolutely at the mercy Of Congress,
and Congress will be at The mercy Of
9 very excited and refractory public opinion. |
a distressed public sometimes reasons rap
idly, and outstrips expsrts in reaching con-
illusions. 1t instinctiyely knows that the |
pressing need Of tee hour is money-the |
very money which the banks have, but will |
not furnish. Trade, industry, exchange and |
investment are starving for want of it, and |
yet the banks look serenely on this process,
without making an effort to relieve l., |
They neither use it, nor permit others to |
use it. And yet, this money belongs not to |
the banks, but to depo.itors. 1t is not that |
the banks refuse to loan their own money |
on good paper, but that they refuse to pay |
the call loans made to themselves. Il is |
idle to talk abolL confidence in such a CON |
dition of things; it Is worse than idle for the |
banks to say they are waiting for confidence |
TO be restored before they resume. They |
have done more Ia the last three days to |
impair the public confidence by their con-
put together"
Nashville union and American. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1868-1875, 1873-10-03

THE New York Tribune of Sept. so Joins
in the demand for a return to specie pay
ments, saying The present is the grandest
opportunity since the war. Why halt be-
tween mere palliation and radical cure?
Here's an hours work with the knife, or
al endless stretch Of splints and bandages,
lotions and plasters, opiates and stimulants,
with recurring pSroxysms, spasms, and con-
vnlsions, and never sound health in body or
limb. Shall it be surgery or quackeTy? We
must choose between them. Some time we
must get back to specie. That's admitted.
Why not now? When will there be a bet
ter time? When would the whole country
be more benefited by it than now? The
Tribune says: .-.--.--
"Let the President issue his proclamation
converting Congress in an extra session at
eight or ten days notice, with the sole OBJ,
ject, distinctly stated iD the call, Of legislst-
ing for The immediate resumption of specie
payments. For ten days past people have
done almost nothing but stand in front of
their balance sheets and inventories and see
. rapid and constant shrinkage in values.
And there's no knowing where it will stop
or when, for the simple reason that there is
no financial hsrd-pan. 1t has been abolish
ed by law.