New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1873-10-30

because they moet resemble certain OF uose "ni"ds
the lizards. II was, therefore, great anFan'o "'o"
Lime established peculiar class dnamn"'''P % ~
typical viyiparous quadrupeds and the Whales ""u N'
for the first time subordnated habitat ana au"p'No
therefor 10 structure. While the present day Tue
ancient IDEAS have almost entirely disappeared from mo
system of nature 30 far as regards the terrestrial ve
braee they are still 10 great extent prevalent III lho
apprecation OF the relations Of the aquatic ones FOR
those yertebrates, coufounded by most nalurIS's
themselves and SO much 80 that the dii-
ferences marked ana radlsal tn'''
between any Of the superior classes oi tno pIn
H. indeed considerations Of differences OF struetsre are
guide in the appreciation OF the realons ahd SUI
ordination of animals, the current uss po
entirely changed and the speaker urged that the SUB.
ordination Of the highest groups brst suHgesleu Wy
Haccke should be adopted with some m3dlncatlohs,
while as respects the combination OF the higher classes
into superior groups he contended that other pIncp
the OF the association OF the Batracahs
with Fishes rather than with INC true KepuIies.
OF Fishes has wide generally allowed hefe Is
difficulty in their discrimination with the hunts Dere
assigned them. Tie speaker then proceeued 10 9oHp
the classes as follows: -,
On the one hand is first Branchiostoma or AmPhloxn
distng ushed by the extension OF the nOtoc0rd whcn
IL persistentl to the anterior end OF tBe veruD ro
umn, the attenuation OF the spinal cora tOr"ar1 anu
simple tubular structure OF the heart ana the neVeop
meut Of the liver simply as dyerucuum Oh Tile IneS
On the other hand all the other vertebrates which
agree in the termination OF me Io,oeoFa PENN sr
ward into brain the development OF auditory organs,
the division OF the heart into wo TO l9n '
and In part lone two specially distribute IL 10 INC
body again. and the specialization OF the FeI 10 III IA
dependent and highly specialized organ. -
These numerous forms are again dlVslDle mo Two
groups. In the skull has no elneture gr1hg
the mouth there are pectoral members nor seapnlar
Girdle. ana the nasal sac IS single ana hds neuau
erna aperture. In the other tue skull has cincenrS
surrounding the mouth its inferior portion Delhg
specialized as lower jaw they have tarchety peay AZ
leasa pectOral member and shoulder guue ueVeopeu,
Ne IA
distributed to an external aperture Taese Voste
brates are again diyisible into three groups.
/. In the first, the shoulder Cirile forms yrOrm OF
urcularshaped apparatus, the scapul1 ana teir ad-
uncs OF both sides being connected together below
along the medan line and an ar-bladder (s0metimes
ungke) is atypically developed tsometmes, however
strOphed aud a. either connects with the nSOphagus
by single duct " Is entirely closed To this group
belongs the class of nshes as now restricted. ;,
In tue second the sh0ulderglrdie IL represented ny
the scapup and their appeudages which are limited 10
the respective sides, ana instead OF an ar bladder are
TWO lungs, each with special canal which cOmnuul,
cate with the pharynx. Inc lower jaw is compound aud
is articulated with the skull by the intervention OF
special bOne--the quadratum. In this group belong
the Batrachians the Reptiles and the Birds.
In the third the shoulder girdie IS represented oy
entirely effected by highly specialized lngs com
municatng with IL common trachea, aud the lower jaw
Is composed OF simple RAM, aud artlcualeu dlrec.y
with the skulls the quadratum OF the other Vere
braes being converted into one OF the AUDITORY Ossces
the maeuS. THIS group Is represented Oy single
class-the ANIMALS.
The more these groups are studied 10 all their relations
the more natural do they appear . A.,
As 10 other questions that is whether the true fishes
and seachans not separate classes there Is ueh 10
yor Of the class value OF the seaehans may DO
weghty than those against them.
DISCUSSION o. PROF OILS PAPER.
Prof Waterhouse Bawkns said: It was my intention
to ask with reference to Prof Grs excellent paper
which referred the amphoxus aud proposed that
should be type or type form of OF the principal
divisions i'm natural hstory-if he did not thnk that al
though it was so imperfect ~ its very imperfeetion
II does indicate unity OF plan aud unison with the
fish There the spinal cord fairly represented ana
the cord that supports the yertebIe, there was the
mouth and the apparatus for the stomach as well as an
organ that indicated circulation. that have here
the rudiments OF mat unity OF plan that perVades ali
yertebrltes. But in its rudmenary condition we nave
a right 10 think that it Is an embryonic CONDITION OIL
For an illustration OF such possibility shall refer
name but is known merely the Younger form OF
the lamprey As far back as 1851 or %, Mr. hlley,
to the nnean Society night Of these animals
in glass globe, which he had kept until 1t had matured
into a very respectable lamprey.
That these animals though at the bottom OF Tue scare
cannot be separated from the fishes is think, shown
Dy their cartiaginous skeleton, winch snow III my
atlas made cOnOmtly with Huxley
Prof Gil replied: The gentleman Is an advocate OF
the views commonly prevalent. Those views should DC
treated with great respect. The difference between us
may not be great The question Is as TO the yaue oi
these difficulties OF classification. In the first place.
Mr. Hawkins has perhaps sOnIew nat Uni understood my
position. did not deny thai amphloxas was repre-
Sentative Of the vertebr9 that was involved la tle
title of my paper. It does, Mr. Hawkins says, agree
with the vertebrn III the position OF the digestive and
neryous system In this II is not peculiar. Tue
molnsks aud the insects have systems-mouth
and heart therefore, tins would not s0Ve az an ne
donbt as 10 amphloxus being a fish. We must nvestl-
cate other conditions Mr. Hawkins Is inclined to view
in amphiOxus "A type OF arrested development; put We
M We nm no embryonic fish account of any such phe-
noInena: no such combination of organs; no such
structure. It has been very wei SAID b BIT trAet Al
that thG saImon-or the typical fsn the condition OF
the egg UNNECESSARILY higher than the full growth OF
Mr. Hawkins has alluded to the young amprey. He
is quite rights IL is the discovery OF August miller; Dut
ne mas no right extend the analogy 10 ampnOAus,
which we know through all It's stages Ia IL the egEs
instead Of being issued through special cavity az ~
the lower forms the eggs are expelled rom Ine iholn'
The development the egg 10 the fugrown form Is
a cycle entirely different FROM that OF ali other
The nervous system is not often the same In adult as IL
Is In young FORMS 1t Of course agrees IN pattern Ou IL
more dissimar tnan we can conceive Without actuii
examination. biologists nave Deeh deferred rom IeoOs
nlzng its full value merely because II Is simple or'
unique The tendency is now 10 dferentate TINS form
from that OF fishes OF the greatest Daues III SCI
ence be brought forward IN support OF ths View
We Huxley himself In note 70 hls last Wo ~ lne
Manual of the VertebrateS, aud very suggestive
paragraph in his learned criticism on Knockers WORK
indicates that It will have TO be removed ifo ~
OF fishes. This il the view OF Parker 81 Hllaire' htcKe
ana Quatrefages. -.
mined by the number OF species we Know OF q group
undoubtedly amphi0Xus should not De regSrdeu ne u
distinct type but have now agreed otherwise,
and consult differences of structure we can regard t
as IA type Of family group ny COMPARING ~ Win az
other yertebraes. Regarding 1t thus dlIers not IN
only but In the many respects that nvo Oeen
enumerated the skeleton, indeed, Ia not carJagluous
IL be senlc II is
naturalist in study aseldians has found
in one of them a notochOrd which assnilates II 10
ampbioxus and 6nds basis for the view that u Is from
that form that amphoxus and all other hsnes are ue-
scended.
"Circles OF Deposition in American sedimentary
Strata was the title Of the next paper by Prof j. s.
Newberry This is geological paper OF superior excel
leuce, giving comprehensive theory Of the formation
OF all the edmentary rocks OF this country The paper
had already been delivered by Prof. Newberry OF the
Portland meeting Of the American Association for the
Advancement OF Science and forms part Of the proceed
ings Of that body which reported at the time in
THE TRIBUNE. Prof HiIgard expressed the thanks OF
the assembly to Prof. Newberry for the repetition OF