davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
THURSDAY, JUNE 10, 1873
THE COMING RACE FOR con.
GRESS.

The coming Congressional race bids fail
to be a lively one. We already learn o.
several gentlemen who are said to be can.
didates for the position. This district
does not lack talent for almost any posi-,
tiou and II IL did there would be no lack
Of candidates, especially for Congress
where the pay ard emoluments will COM
pcnsate for any dcarth of political glory
which the member may suffer by reason of
ignorance or incapacity. Seven thousand
Eve hundred dollars perhaps will serve to
cover q multitude of disappointments in
the way Of attaining prominence in polit>
ical circles at the National Capitol. But
rs We said befole We have plenty Of tai
ent of a high order and we expect to be
able TO send a man who will do honor t.
himself and his constituents. Who that
man will be time alone must determine,
We have been asked q number of times
in the past few weeks who we are for, and
to save answering more questions of this
character we will state, once for all,
that w belong to no one, that We
are free, independent and liberal.
We are for a Republican first, last and
all the time. Before o nomination is
made by a Republican Convention we are
for the candidate whom we consider the
purest patriot, the best citizen and the
man best qualified for the position. After
the convention we are for the nominee,
provided he is fairly nominated by rep
resentatiye men who are not swerved in
their selection by personal and pccuniary
considerations.
We shall endeavor at all times to lay
aside personal dislikes and animosities
and all aspirants may expect fair and inn
partial treatment at our hands. Their
personal advantage we shall not try to
promote, but shall endeavor as far as pos
sible to lose sight of the aspirant himself
in working for the interest Of the whole
people. Further than this we promise
|
nothing. Our course is marked out and
neither friendship, money, or any private
consideration can swerve us from it.
We trust this answer will serve all pur-
poses and that we shall not be annoyed
in the future by enquiries which we can
not answer save as above.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
Yours, &C.,

MEssRs. EDIToRs:
l have before me o second article com
munlcated to your paper by Mr.. TX" Of
Kingsport, on the subject of Peabody
Schools, which he aims as a reply to a
communication by the author of this,
Mr.. r., mas, sophistically I suppose, mis-
represented his opponent. The author
does admit that there is a defect in the
regulations for the distribution of the
Peabody fund. Those acquainted with
the schools in question are fully aware
that the required attendance is hard to
secure, eighty-ive per day is the minor
limit. This is the defect. 1t is difficult
for 'sparso and really needy districts to
obtain aid from this fund" He assumes
too much when be supposes the meaning
to be, that the attendance would be re-
duced, and better order could be secured
in school. The assertion that it is as EASY
for two teachers to manage one hundred
students, as for one to attend to twenty
Ave, is founded on "strict fact aud the
reasons given are logical and conclusive.
MIR. K. further attempts to ridicule the
idea that Tennessee is in poverty and
degradation, at the same time saying,
"The greatest imposition that has been
practiced upon Tennessee 80 far as l know,
has been perpetrated by q class of dema,
gogues and political quacks who have
s~ealously worked for the defeat of every
measure that had for its object the eleya>
ton of of the common people. y =
These men have done more to impoverish
and disgrace u State than all other
causes combined" What! Tennessee
impoverished and disgracedl "Slandsr-
ous'' indeed Yet he says it; and q lit
tie further on makes fun of the idea.
He wa badly shipw rocked. 1t follows
as a matter of course. that if g man State
is impoverished and insOIvent that she
can do little or nothing in regard to pub
lie education. Tennessee is, on seeosnt
Of dsmsgcguss. Office seekers. quacks,
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12

tive, elevate the tastes Of its inmates, and
fewer of tie sons and daughters of farmer
would be driven from the farm to seek
homes elsewhere. Farming would be
made respectable. The speaker said
with emphasis. That "if this was done
fewer of u young men would 60 into
these dens Of he'll, the drinking saloons
and gambling holes to be found about
our towns and cities" His address closed
With an appeal to the farmers, to form
themselves into some sort Of an srganiza.
ton for their wi protection. He said
they were the only class in this great ma
ton that were trying to fight life's battles
isolated and alone without some concert
OF action. He pointed out most clearly
the absolute necessity of organization, and
urged themnot to delay it,in other States
farmers had met and organized and now
instead of being the 'hewers Of wood
and drawers Of water they we're the con-
trolling power in the State and ruled its
whole commercial interests. Time and
space will not allow that I say more of
this speech, but | must urge the farmers
of your county to come out and hear it,
if ~theppportunity ever presents itself.
Judge Gillenwaters, having arrived on
the 2 o'clock train, he proceeded at once
to charge the Grand Jury and call the
Docket. Sizty-eight cases were on the
Criminal Docket, and up to noon to-day
were all disposed of by continuances, and
dismissals with one conviction for simple
assault, and a changeof Venue to Wash
ington County, in the case of State VS..
Rebecca Simpson, charged with receiving
goods. AT 1907 to.day his Honor
commenced the call of the Civil Docket
in a manner that indicates business. |
have no doubt, but that the entire docket
will be gone through at this Term of the
Court. Under the present ruling of the
Court, parties must try or pay for the DE.
lay. Should any thing of interest occur
the court, you will hear from us
again.
Yours, &c.,
OCCASIONAL.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS.

We call attention to the importance of
having active school men as school com .
missioners in all the districts of the coun.
ty. Our school system can be made a
success, but it will require effort to de7clop
the law. Tue commissioners must nee
essarily take the oversight of the school
matters in the districts-visit the schools,
build school houses, employ teachers, and
see that everything be done at the proper
time and in the proper way. If we make
the schools a success, determined efforts
must be put forth.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
SCHOOL

We take pleasure in calling attention
to the notices of School Journals in the
Teachers Department, Any of the
journals noticed in this weeks paper will
be found useful, practical and profitable
to every teacher or school officer who de-
sire to keep up with the times. The
truth is, the profession of teaching has a
strong ally in these journals. We can
not see how teachers capodo without them.
Whoever expects to keep posted in the
great educational movements of the
present day, must read what is going on
IN our w and other countries. For this
information, we refer the teacher to these
school journals.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
SCHOOL HOUSES.

The people in several districts are
talking of building school houses. This
is a good indication. Our houses in
most cases are too small and that
is not all they are rude and uncomforta,
bic. We desire to see neat, convenient
and pleasantly located country school
houses. Every good house that we can
build this summer will be so much real
estate in which the people have their
money invested.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12

MASON & BAMLIN CABINET OR
I'M CANS still ahead Three new stv.
les just issued which furnish more oroane
for the money, both as to power and an
pearance. that any other reed instrument
in the market. nv
STYLE "P," Five octave double reed
with knee-stop, automatic swell. Main
and elegant black walnut case. price sIIo
STYLE "Q,i' Five octave. double reed
with knee-stop, automatic swell, LARGO
upright case of novel and beautiful de-.
sign, price sl25.
STYLE NT,'' Five octave double road
five stops with box humane automatic
swell, same style case or style 3, price
$3.50. pi0o
We now offer our Pity different stv,es
of these splendid instruments adapted 70
all needs and ranging from ass 10 sI 5oo
Prices low, fixed and invariable. ns'
livered II cash buyers in any part of the
South, freight paid. Send for illustrate5
ostalegue to
LUDDEN q BATES.
Savannah Ga, General Agents
For Ga, Fla, Ala, and
junel2tf
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
OCCASIONAL
BooNE's CREEK, Tenn,
June 9th, 1873.


ED1Tons HERALD AND TRIBUNE:
Allow me a small space in your paper
this week, On Friday last I visited War
Path school, found them preparing for an
exhibition, building a stage, &c. I pro-
ceeded from there to Kingsport where I
found many Of my old friends assembled
at an auctioneer's sale. At night attend
ed the closing exercises of Reedy Creek
High School, which were very interesting,
consisting of declamations, compositions,
recitations of poetry, with now and then
a piece of vocal and also instrumental
music, The prizes were awarded as fol-
lows LIST class in observation-disclosures
Neil I'd class-Q. Alvin Roller; Sd
class-Jonathan Mcclellan Oratorical
contest-James N. Vance class in reci-
tation Of poetry--Annie Buchman; class
In composition-Lizzie Bachman. Al
though the Others got no prizes yet they
acquitted themselves with honor. Nj. L.
Fl. Copenhaver is the teacher and a live
one too; he has gained great favor with
the people and we'll deserves their sup
port. If Sullivan county would obtain
a few such expert, wide awake teachers
she would soon rank with her sister u
ties in point of education.
Yours, &c,
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
Notice..

aluable Town property for sale b
v johnson City, one valuable lot well
improved, n largo Brick Dwelling
House, with z rooms. large dining room
large brick kitchen. smoke house, sus
SIZE Of kitchen, two store houses sla
counting rooms, plenty of good wsts, b
ten feet of the door. wash house and lur.
Der house for use of kitchen, very bag,
stable good house, fine young orchard
select fruit bearing trees.al ! good luDba
mouse for the use OF store houses, gardN
as good as any where to be found. OtSG
tots less valuable for sale also one snail
iarna, one mile from town all Of which,
sell low for cash asI am determines
70 sell. pay my dsbts and go west, ~
one wishing TO purchase, come and lms
at the property for Themselves. Sas
houses best location in town.
HENRY JOHNSON
johnson City, Tenn
~juus4w3.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12

&C., impoverished. Therefore, says Mr..
X. Tennessee can educate her children"
Logic Logiclh This is curious logic
| will give my position as respects
schools. Finding our State the homo of
patriots and Observation-Disclosures
and disgra,edi which we all with reluc.
lance must, acknowledge to be strict fact
it behooves US to use every laudable
means to elevate and educate the rising
generation. Is it net laudable to accent
our share of the Peabody fund, to which
the South has the exclusive right?-
Whenever we get those demagogues, bri.
bers, and quacks, from u legislative
halls, and fill them with men of principle
whenever we can save the money that is
wasted-worse than wasted-annually for
liquor and tobacco; whenever our State
becomes again solvent, then it will be
that Tennessee can educate her children,
and we may dispense with foreign aid.
My position is that Tennessee cannot ed
ucate her children. If she can, why is
she not at it? 81: cannot.
+
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
Isth v

The prospect is that a new school house
will be built in this district during the
summer. We met q number of the citi.
zens on last Saturday, and exchanged
views with them on the school interest Of
the district. Martin Roller, G. w.
hitzmiller, Sam'l Devault, A. j.. Gray
and others have determined to build q
good school house. They propose loca-
ting 1t near water and where it will be
accessible to a large part of the district.
They wish to establish q kind of central
school for the convenience of the several
sub'districts. This is a capital idea-just
the thing we hope to see in every district
in ths county. A good permanent school
conveniently located will be "a great ad.
vantage to the people of the district.-
This section of the county needs Just such
q school as these men propose to establish.
We hope they will push the matter.
Other districts will soon follow the exams
pie. Wenre satisfied our schools could
be improved by combining several small
ones into One large we'll regulated graded
public school. 1t viii be cheaper, better
and more practical. All the people in
the district need is unanimity in effort
and action 10 build up such a school as
tao people Of Buffalo Ridge propose
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
UNIFORM SCHOOL BOOKS

We like the idea of uniform school
Books for the county. 1t will be a good
long step toward other Improvements in
school matters. We need to practice
economy in all things connected with free
schools, but especially SO in the purchase
of books. Hundred of dollars are spent
every year for school books. Let us have
a stop put 10 this ccascless change of
text books. - s.EE Sd "a
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
sheet'Music.

New sheet music from VIM. A.. Pond
d Co., No. SAT Broadway, N. Y.
The late issues Of this popular firm are
very beautiful. Those marked with a '
have picture titles. Instrumental:
tLu Lu walty, Connolly, 75cts.
.Celtic Polka, Pattison, 6Octs.
~Saltarello, Sydney Smith, 75cts.
Elm Whispers, wehli, 75cts.
Menuetto, Schubert, 3acts.
Voices of the Night, Muller, 75cts.
(Vocal) Side by Side, Fucker, 3Octs.
Nobody knowsas | know, Connolly SOC.
A Song o ftheS Sea, Fairlamb, 4Octs.
Joyous Reapers, Campana, 35cts.
The Mountain Maid, Willard, 5Octs.
+ARose in Heaven, Abt, 5Octs.
mot a Sparrow Falleth, Abt, Scots.
MY Mother Among the Angels
Abt, Scots.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
Teachr's Department

GETTING ALONG IN THE WORLD"
Published by S. c. Griggs & Co., Chi
cago, Ill. Price So co..
Prof. Matthews in these "Hints on
Success in Life" has done a noble work
work for the young men Of our country.
We beg every young mar to read this
charming book-to read and ponder well
its richly ladened pages.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
Z D UCATIO N A
BY H. PRESNEI,L.

THERE'S within every man a divineIideal, the
type after which he was created, the germ Of
a perfect person, and IL is the office of education
TO favor and direct these germs. KANT.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12

LIE ESTEEM, Review OF Education
Literature and Art. Messrs Il. F
Hobart d Co., st. Louis, Mo. Term:
81 year.
This monthly is just what it claims to
be. Any teacher who once reads THE
West:rn will not be likely to change it
for any other monthly from the fact that
it is the best Of its kind.
COLLEGE Chronicle, II. H.. Rass-
wrilor, Napicrville, Ill. 81 OOa year.
Volume 1, No. 1 is before us. If the
present number is initiative of what the
Others shall be, the prospect, we should
say is fatteriug for the College Chronicle.
New YORK ScmooL JoURN AL. Geo.
ii. Stout, Editor. New York. A week
" journal. Terms $3.50 a year.
TnEJoURNAL OF EDUcArIoN. p. be-
lancy, Editor, Quebec, Province of
Quebec. Terms $1,J0 a year.
The CHICAGO TEACHER, Messrs. Baker
y Mahony, Editors and Publishers,
Chicago, Ill. Terms $3.50 a year.
MINNESOTA TEACHER. Messrs. W. W
Payne & Geo. NJ. Sage, Editors and
Proprietors, st. Paul, MINI. Terms
Sl,50 a year.
ARKANSAS JOURNAL OF EDUCATION.
Thomas Smith. Editor, Little Rock.
Ark. Terms $l,50a year.
The AMERICAN MoNTu.
LY. Messrs. j. w. Schermerhorn &
TO-, New York, Terms $500 year.
IOWA SCHOOL JOURNAL. C, NJ. Greene.
ayear.
LIE NATIONAL TEACHER. Hon. e. e
$l,5Oa year.
LIE PENNSYLVANIA SCHOOL JOUR-
NAL. Hon. j. p. Wickersham, Editor.
Lancaster, Pa. Terms $3.50 year.
The MAINE JOURNAL OF EDUoATtoN.
AZ. Stone, EDITOR, Portland, Maine.
$3.50 aYyear.
MICHIGAN TEACHER. II. Al. Ford, Ed
ltor md Publisher. Niles, Michigan.
$3.50 a year. "
RHODE ISLAND ScHooLMAsTER. Thos.
". Bickwell, Editor, Providence, r. /,
Terms sl,5oa year. ee
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EDucATroN.
Hon. J. B. Mcrwin, Editor, St. Louis,
Mo. $3.50 a year.
THE CALIFORNIA TEACHER. Henry
.sBolander % John SWEET, Editors.
Sacramento, Cal. 50 90 a year,
HOME AND SCHOOL, John P. Morton a.
60, publishers, Louisville, Ky. $3.50
q year. awTA
INDIANA SCHOOL JOURNAL. w. A. Bell,
Editor, indi snopolis, Ind. sl.5O a year.
ILLINOIS SCHooLMAsTER. Aaron Cove
Edwin O.. Hewett, Editors and
Publishers, Normal, III.
New YORK SCHOOL JOURNAL. George
II. Stout, Editor and Proprietor, Ii2
nassau ST., New York eo-sn - ~
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12

FOURTEEN WEEKS COURSES IN
SCIENCE, By J.. Dorman Steele, AN,
Pm D., F.G,S., Author of Fourteen
Weeks Courses in Natural Philosophy,
Astronomy, Chemistry, and Geology.
We call the special attention of our
teachers to these valuable school books.
We have just examined al Weeks in
Physiology" Like all the other books
of this excellent series it will become ex>
ceedingly popular wherever introduced.
The series embraces:
IA Weeks Course in Chemistry 81 so
IA Weeks Course in Astronomy | so
IA Weeks Course in Philosophy / so
IA WeeksaC Course in Geology I SO
. IA Weeks Course in Human
Physiology. $50
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12

The EDUcATIoNlsT. A. c. ShortTidpe
and Geo. P. Brown, editors, Indianap<
oils, Ind. sisooea year. c. =
TIE NATIONAL NORMAL. R. H. Hol
brook. editor, Cincinnati, Ohio. 81 so
agar.
This IL monthly educational newspa,
per, eminently saised 70 the wants Of
teachers snd scboOl men everywhere.
THE EDuoATioslI RErosrrs. Msssrs.
Ivissn, Brakeman. Taylor d Co., New
York. Published quarterly. Free to
teachers o.. application.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
OF TENNESSEE.

WHEREAS A, c. Crosswhite, Collcc-
tor Of the Public Taxes for the County
of johnson, has reported to Court the
following trncts of Land as having been
assessed for the taxes, for the years 1856.
1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, and 1871, that
the taxes are due theron and remain un-
paid and that the respective owner of
the anne have no goods Or chattles with
in his county ON which he can dGstrain
for said Taxes: VIZ.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12
One tract assessed TO Abraham Potter

One tract assessed to Abraham Potter,
District LIST, containing 1000 acres,
value 500. Taxes 79cts, Clerks fee
1,50, Printers fee $50 Collectors fee
100. Total $4,7S.
One tract assessed to Robert Sexton,
District 1st, containing so acres, value
$50. Taxes 36Icts, clks fee 1,5O, FRS
fee $50, col fee 100. Total $4,36I.
One tract assessed to G. A. & j. II. Grace,
District LIST, contrasting 226 acres, value
5000. Taxes 7lcts clks fee 1,50 prs fee
l,50 col fee LOO. Total SAIL.
One tract assessed to VIM Adkins, Dist.
Sd, containing 1870 acres, value SIPS.
Taxes 9lcts, clks fec 1,50 prs fee l,5O
col Zee l,00. Total $4,91.
One tract assessed to Lydia Estridge,
Dist. Sd, containing 20 acres, value
$3.50, Mill 100. Taxes 2,55, clks fee
1,jO prs fee $50 col fee 100. To-
-
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12

TIE CALIFORNIA TEACHER. Henry
sBolander Do John SWEET, Editors,
SACRAMENTO, Cal, 50 90 year,
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12

HONE AND SCHOOL, John p. Morton a.
60, Publishers, Louisville, Ky, $3.50
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12

| will offer for sale to the highest bid.
der, for cash in hand, al the front duCrot
tho Court House. in Taylorsville, Tenn
on the LIST Monday in Julynext, (lS7sA
the foregoing tracts of land and town
lots or Sc much thereof as will be q
value sufficient TO satisfy the taxes, costs
and charges thereon. This May 2Sti,
1873. A. G. CROSSWHITE, Rev Col.
Z for johnson County, Tenn.
by .. I. GREEyER, Deputy Rev. Col.
~june5w4.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12

onc tract assessed to Dsura johnson, Dist.
L containing 100 acres, value s25.
IaI PA, bal including poll. clks fec
% Prsfeo I so col fec I 90. To-
$6,44.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12

LLAMA oCHoOLJOURNAL. w. A. Bell,
Editor, indi snopolis, Ind. sl.5O a year.
ILLINOIS SCHooLMAsTER. Aaron Cove
n Edwin @. Hewett, Editors and
Publishers, Normal, ILL.,.
NEW YORK School JOURNAL. George
II, stout, Editor and Proprietor, lie
Nassau ST., New York. $3.50.
Herald and tribune. [volume] (Jonesborough, Tenn.) 1869-current, 1873-06-12

Ono tract assessed to King & Cole Heirs,
Dlss. ., Forge, tract, value $500. Tax
~, clks fee 80 prs fee / SO col fee
w. 1otal S719
The Daily state journal. [volume] (Alexandria, Va.) 1868-1874, 1873-07-18

FREE TRADE notions evidently re eiye
little attention in New Zealand, for the gov
eminent has just offered the following in
centives to enterprise, with view to en-
courage certain colonial industries: A bonus
of $25, 900 for the production Of 1000 tons
weight Of pig iron Of marketable quality a
bonus of $1,000 for The production of 100
tons weight of marketable steel from mag
netic or titaniferous iron sand or iron ore;
abonus of &c. 900 for the production Of
$50 tons of sugar manufactured from beet
root in New Zealand /; bonus Of s12, 500
for the production of 100 tons of printing
paper manufactured in New Zealand by
machinery, and bonus of 81 per hundred
to be paid on cured fish. dry or picked,
exported from the colony for consumption
abroad. Thepayments of the above bo-
muses. are subject to certain conditions, ant
will be made on the certificate of an office
of the government that the conditions ap
plicable to each reward have been compiled
| with.
The Daily state journal. [volume] (Alexandria, Va.) 1868-1874, 1873-07-18

Two of the English Archbishops were
lectured recently by the laymen of the
Liverpool branch of the Church Union for
going to ball. Hitherto the boot has
been on the other leg, and the layman
from time immemorial has been lectured
every Sunday for his sins Of omission and
commission. Likewise the laywoman.
This time. however, the Archbishops were
caught slipping, and the laymen improved
the opportunity by issuing public adj
dress to the effect that the Archbishops
unwittingly countenanced and abettet
the world in its opposition to God" by
going to ball. The Archbishops have moi
yet made any reply, nor have they ever
had the grace to acknowledge the fact,
and let the sheep go where the shepherd
have been.
The Daily state journal. [volume] (Alexandria, Va.) 1868-1874, 1873-07-18

We have no doubt Mr.. O. Y. Thomas
will be counted in. while we are equally con-
WINGED that the election commissioners only fol-
lowed the election law--SFamed by Underwood
and other Radicals--in throwing out votes inn
propely returned And the same exactness
should and will be observed next fall by the
commissioners, no matter which side Is the
ioser.--Jyncab,5y Republican.
The Republican is evidently badly posted
when it speaks Of the "election law of
our state, as framed by Underwood and
other radicals The Walker Conservative
Legislature enacted the present general
election law of the state, with the excep-
ton of few patches put on by the last
Legislature. As to the eractneSs with
| which the law will be enforced next fall
we are fully satisfied, provided all the errors
of incompetent Conservative commissioners
appointed by partisan county judges are
not committed at precincts that give Re
publican majorities, as has been the cas-,
heretofore.