, 1873-02-19


where eea competition Ans 10 bc mot, reduc-
t1on OF ratea for, a Bpecinl acryico ig. oh tho
whole, royatdol With favor by tho dovofnment,
es ~ - 1Guse tse to 9na Il" uwa6d q FoS'ag Se o
olasH Of goods throughout tho country, -,
:. For tho purpose Of informing The public Of
tho rasou In force, tandboolss ero published "a
II France BY private individuals; I1so hooks
Tho cntegorion Of goods III forco on oach railway,
the rato for oaoh category calculated from tho
general tariffs, the classification Of goods
adopted on oach line. and my spooial tarins III
force.
Aa regards tho through bueinoaa botwoon
connecting roadH thoro Is nothing III tho civil
law to compel companies to mako
GobinqA nn rates but in practice It Is commonly
more or loss closely on this subject willie tho
now Constitution Of the Gormnn Empire laya 1t
down thai oil tho railwaya OF tho country arc to
hod bo 4 as r. Of 9two
nioa to mako arrangements for the proper cx~
ono anothcr.
erhl In form, but thoy hro supplemented by tho
rainiateriHl aocrooH, Those nro extremely minute
and detnied, making regulations with reBpoet to
nll kinds Of mattors, from tho manner In which
through ratcs aro to bo calculated down to tho
trim. It ia this power OF tho Executive which
has so considerable an influence in German rait-
way affairs. Starting from tho principle that
the State has right to mako regulations IL all
assumed tho right Of acting. in nearly every
direction until, In practice, tho opinion Of tho
Minister Is ablo to make itsolf felt on almost any
point. Tho grounds Of this power arc, first, tho
the public intereBt; pcconaly, tho acsual pccuni-
nry fntorost Which the State Inns In It's railways
and, thirdly, the right Of appointing M officer,
asa i1so tho f1F IF ogs
moana the supervision cnl DO mnilo eifecsual.
In conclusion, therefore, 1t would appear TINT
tho Same principle T. enforced II Merit North
Of giving publicity to, cycry charge that Is made
for carrying goods. whether in tic form Of gem
eral or slecial thrift, and OF requiring that tho
classiAcations Of goods, tho terminal and other
which was allowed by the old law to tho COM
panica in settling those matters without the MP
proyal Of tho Executive being required, and with
out oven tho neceasity for tho baBis OF tho
charges being sot out in thoir CONCESSIONS, hns
produced great conp1exity III tho matter of
tariff and thoro aro also complaints that the
different descriptions Of railway companies, their
rivalries mud jealousios, have prevented tho rail-
way syatoln from boing worked as harmopiously
in certain quarters. thero is q donland
for, : increnaed competition. especially
through tho maintenance. aud development Of
independent wator- carr1ago. II is also evident
that tho 1noanH to which recourse is had in Cor
many for rcdressing the two evils Of want Of
| uniformity in tariff and want Of harmony In
working is tho power OF tho Executive Govorn-
mont, and that the Government has recognized
the dosirabillty of reform In thoga mattorB, ond
is' taking active measures to bring 1t about. The
consolidation Of tho Empire and tho adoption of
the principle TINT railways orc q 1nattor Of i'm
po5l ntozs nrngs n Th04 syaom under
special clauses into tho Conversations, tho inHtitu-
| ton Of tho Government Director with tho oxtent
| Of power claimed for him. by tho Gov
Sfn%ent a and arppRr SpRasonty fattsa to
al mattcrs Of public interest, coupled with tho
| immonso moral influence Of tho Executive in
| Germany, put it in the poworof tho Government
to carry into effect such measures as it thinlss
| 1t. ' >. - -. =. g..
! - . coNoLua1ovs.
AS result OF tho foregoing descriptions Of
the leading railroad systems Of European StatoR,
and OF their own additional Investigations, tho
| Commissioners submit tho following inforencca ;
* First. The connection Of each system with
1 the Government Of tho country to which it bo-
longs insonsibly partnkos Of the Characterization
Of tho inetitutlons and people Of that country.
liamentary Or legislative 5 in Belgium it is
directly administrative; In franco 1t ia supor.
| vaory and pnternnt In Germany it is buroa,,.
cratic or ministerial. It is extremely dangerous,
ahlo result Of tho adoption Of tho railroad sys.
tom OF ono country by another, aB II Is not gon.
erally practicable to adopt tho whole govern
mental system at tho Same tinac.. Parliamentary
Enthusiastically weak, for the obvious reason TIM
tho regulation Of administrative details II
wholly outside of the legitimate province Of tht
Legislative department., which, ia thoBo coun
Worry porfect laws may DO enacted, but they d.
not necessarily contain in them any in
horent executive force. A country, thoro
fore, with, ., weak or unstable executive
tons Of popular election, can rarely assume Will
SUCCESS the functions OF q bureaucracy or al
Imperialism. To onable it to do 80, the oxeon
tive functions must he largely developed, as h
German Governments, at the expense Of th
Legislative or popular influence. Great latitul
as regards execution and application Of the Inv
muatbo delegated to those entrusted with thoi
! administration. =.
This consideration, in 80 far as 1t is sound
must initiate strongly against tho successfr
adoption in this country Of the essential feature
OF the railroad systems of Europe: In none Q
the Continental countrios has Legislation NOR
than o very subordinate bearing on the oonnet
tion of the Government with tho railroad system
1t ia almost entirely D mattor Of minute adminit
trativo regulation.
II Second. As practical result tho Conmii
aioners are unable to say that their Investigation
layo led thom to belieVe that either tho cont
nontal or the british railroad System pogaosse
advantage oyor that Of this country. Theorotit
; ally tho continental railroads may work with 1oz
friction, but, looking at tho general results AZ
compliBhod, the rapidt progreea of development
tho energy and economy OF management, aud til
sum of the soryicea rendered to tho public, an
1t is not clear that tho individual corpornto sys
} toms OF either this country or Groat Dritai,
: however Irresponsible, crude, or chaotic the
, may appoar. have proved less seryiceablo thu
those Of other countrieR deHcrihod. On til
J contrary, leaving tho. caso OF Belgium out {
} tho disonssion, In regard to Which questio
may fairly DO made, tho Inference would aeem
DO that in tho rospocts referred to, tue rnilroat
both Of this country and Of Great Britain aio d.
cidodly in advance of those of continents
Europe. Tho latter are moro carefully sape
, yisel, but thoy havo 1osa Of individual energy.
In TACT thoro is in somo RESPECTS u strikin
: similarity botweon tho Anglo-saxon railroad 0
! ganizntion and its political instit'
tionH. In both casoB they aro na
ural growths; tho results Of public needs AZ
: privnto action; showing little that can DO Gale
t hystem Of development and certainly no mari
+ OF QUO creating hnnd. II tint can bo enid
, tlom Ia, that practically they work well aud. 4