New-York tribune., 1873-05-03

UIIG "'T---,. mann,
gnathu, the lower surface of the tai presents a1ober
braneOus folds which may be closed upon Vho % s are
very tightly. In the cavity so formeu % .Do OK I'll, IA
carried about hy the fish, and what is stranger sun IS
that this function devolYes upon tDe ho 49, ~ fbe
h5om"aI srfce covering Il Completely as ia the case
with certain fresh water fishes OF oi WI @ be yonn
have already alluded to the nSh WHICH, m t form u6uches
in their glls The gils enlarge 50 % hSn thew are laid
sufficiently wide TO receive the eggs Wn9i 'noy ] ao
ana there the eggs r are hs,She sSer for n0 some time
after they are hatched. The iemalq pas Jas. 'nV ~
nover Of cpenng It's glls widely thus forming sort OF
bosEet which serves as nest for her progeny. Some
fishes carry their eggs in folds OF the ups. lneIe B
Lind Of horn pout in tropical America-l nave myset
t W the species Qorcara) in the borders of
the Amazonwheh has this singular haDlt OF gathering
its eggs i'm the fold Of the lip which is pressed against
the lower jaw. Tho eggs thus suahse6 PrVoeu S TO iu
main in that position TIL they are Matched THESE are
INF few of the extraordinary devices, the wonderful
contryances among different kinds OF animals, adapted
for the special purpose OF securing the Ire OF ther
progeny The relations between parent and offspring
in OF the lower families OF yereorates remind us OF
| those which characterize the higher groups Among
long that when born they are nearly oneourh her SIZE
There species OF sharks IN which TIE young are as
intimately attached to the maternal body as III the hgh
est mammala,
TRANSMISSION OF ANCESTRAL TRAITS.
when consider all these facts can hardly doubt
that they necessary to the maintenance and repro
ducuon OF species The question necessarily pressed
upon us, Which first in order the parent that takes
of the egg the egg out Of which the parent is
developed 1t the old question discussed by phoso-
pliers OF antiquity, and with reference TO which are
not advanced tnan they They put 1t very
simply Which was first IN the beginning Ihe he OF the
egg No eggs without hens, but also no hens without
and here lies really the whole problem We nave
yet no reason 10 assume That individuals have ever
grown have ever been formed under circumstances
That made these conditions, which are held so essent9
TO their maintenance and reproductions unlupOrauJ 70
their origin ana drst introduction The hXedness an9
nucacy of the processes by which types are peseiye1
will hardly allow US TO believe that they nave ever u
eTcd essentially from what they now are The prODen
of reproduction seems III the abstract simple enough
There parents which produce eggs out O these eggs
grow individuals like the parent, ana generation aIer
generation this phenomenon is repeated But when we
would 20 back to the beginning We meet new dlhcules
and another set of considerations How 10 that sueh
egg holds in itself the OF producing eggs OF he
Kind ana transmitting that power generation aIer
generation That is the problem and must seek the
answer in the egg not IN the transformations Ql the
adult animal nor in the phenomena OF meamOrphoses
nor the superficial variations brought about by special
| training Inseparable frOm the question OF re-
production Is that OF inheritance; ana aoo9t
| that, though much has been recorded, we DO
/ not yet know the essential facts What Is
unquesuOnaOle, what everybody mas Wltuesseu anu vi
the truth OF which one must be convinced Is IAe
fact that physical and mental traits are transmitted
from one generation to the next. But between Wnat
always maintained. and never has been, and never VIII
be thrown of, ana what may be dropped and wnat may
find ourselves constantly bafed and at fault Artificial
1ecunda0n VIII hep us 10 solve Jhese peIpleAns prop
Whenitis known by connected and sustained observation
| what qualities OF kind of animal may be crossed
with tnose OF another kind and whether te progeny 0
| the capable of producing an offspring We shd
have the means Of testing now far peculariues are
transmlSsiDe and may become permanent one Idct vi
this sort is already aSceTtaned Generally the crossing
between horse and donkey Ior instance produces hues
but process comes TO an end for mules are gn
orally sterile, though few are known az fertile
mules IAeie are however wv duilh"l9 o.9 ~,
tuct TO specific charac ctershe hare ana the RABBIT
Europe do not speak OF those OF the United STATES
respecting which such observations have not yet been
made) THESE animals have been crossed ana theT Ol
nal species Tie hare and the rabbit out the breeds
themselves the individuals derived from the crossing OF
hare and rabbit, have been fertile among themselves
Tnus a new breed which thus far exists only III dOmcs-
ucty has produced and Is known under The name
OF lopoude IN tne Paris naLAet Where II rs as common
now as the hare rabbit This breed differs In the
color Of the flesh both hare and rabbit the former
intermediate condition OF meat much esteemed Tor us
flavor and dellcacy. Whether new species could thus
be produced in the wild state is point 10 which shall
return IN another part OF my SUBJECT Ile question OF
hy budy. welI that OF artificial fecundaJlOn, has
its practical significance. Since 10 Is important III hua
Ualdry produce breeds OF certain qualities and chaac
ter would be valuable to KNOW what are the conditions
hCn one OF the OtAer parent nnehCos Inc prog
! euJ and 20 what extent
TIE DEVELOPMENTS or STOCK BREEDING.
We have seen that the offspring OF closely related ami
mals may be like one or the other parent pre-
sent a combination in various degrees OF the peculi-
ares of both parents. Upon this TACT and knowledge
OF the conditions under which il takes place, all the
operations Of breeders are based Farmers inquire
fully into tnese conditions and from their observations
We have much learl. Science has not yet sfted the
6y winch certain quaiitIes may be transmitted to OH
sprug, and certain others set aside. II Is current
fdc however among breeders OF hOrSes ana cattle that
there specimens especially valued IN the community
for the power OF marking their progeny as the express
is that is, IOr transmitting Without IAN tAer
qualities TO their offspring while others have not
tnat power. These conditions lie, OF course, at
the very lOuhdatiOu OF lhe lmpTONcWcht IN
all our breeds, and they should be studied with the
One interesting fact already appears, as result of
these experiments inter-breedng conditions sud
denly which seem 10 make reproduction impossible
or which lead 10 maoinallOh OF "eshhess Ol lmPeI- per-
feCtOu OF the progeny There IS tendency toward the
limitation OF extremes shown whenever we try to repeat
too frequently too nearly characters intended
TO distinct THIS has mpol ant lesson Tor the
human family. To what degree may the combination
between closely allied individuals be carried with pro-
priety aud with advantage We know that by crossing
representatives Of different specifs we obtain beings
belonging neither to the one nor 70 lhe Other ana not
fertile among themselves, and that II the process Is
or the other of the species which gave them
birth, their pecuarites are thrown OF aud return TO
maIntain qualities find them in pure races Indi
yiduals and the species are not, however
of distant parents and therefore may be just tit Tor the
production OF heahul individuals Of their kind On
closer the results Of contact contribute less ana less to
vigorous and healthy Development Look at The 10Y al
tiuued generation after generation II there is an ldOuc
expression the faces Of some members Oi the oldest
stance IL dbhOrrent 10 nature and as contrary TO
the laws vi natural production as the crossing Ol distinct
species
THE PHENOMENA OF PARTHEEOGENEsIs
most curious chapter in the history Of reproduction
is that called by naturasts parhenogenesis," that Is
the production Of individuals from virgin females That
this is normal natural, and not iuirequeDt mode OF
production has been OF late ascertaned with perfect
cslon in manner which leaves doubt about the fact
These Investigations lad .AeIr Orls the study Ot the
economy OF the beehive. IL has always been known
that the beehive contains three different kinds Of ud
yduas designated Dy the names queen bees drOnes,
ana WUrkiu. There is but one queen, aud when
more tnau appears fcuds anu conf SIS arise
ending IN the death 0t one or The other. IL
srems the economy aud prosperity Of
the hive were best secured when there Is Ouy queen
IN tie whole conIuuuItY The number Of drOues II
large; there are from 60 to 1850 In beehive. In
uznt may GOJ 10 SOJ in heavy hive and
under peculiar circumstance, the number OF drOnca IS
Increased, and TO LOO, even become
numerous 10 destroy the harmony OF the niyc and
brlup allJut destruction OF tho whole