New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-12-24

has notified 10 Prince ortsehakoG that IL the Russian
troops penetrate the countries between Khva ana Az
ghansta England will be compelled to interfere In sup
| port OF Afghan independence.
HISTORY or THE RUSSIAN PoLICY-vARIoUs Ex-
- petitions AGAINST INDEPENDENT TRIBES
UNSUCCESSFUL ATTACKS AGAINST TIE XIII
VANS. .-.t
The announcement that Russia has resolved
to undertake campaign against Khva, Is certainly no
novelty. Already In the early part OF the sixteenth
century Peter the formed the design, which would
have regarded less extravagant II 1t had met
with success, of reviying the commercial route
from India through Central Asia 1t existed I'm the time
OF the Roman empire Two expeditions were accord
ingy sent The first aftor lapse OF three years.
had made percepti5e progress. Tho second was 10
move from the eastern shore OF tho Caspian Sea
to Khiya. somewhat romantic interest attached to
the object of this expedition. The AmoO Dara, supposed
TO be the Oxus OF the ancient said to have origin
ally poured It's waters into the Caspian but In the course
OF time, Its having been damned up IL made Its
way to the Sea OF Ara One purpose OF the Russian
expedition discover the obstruction and restore
the river 10 its proper outlet The fate Of these troops
no wever was a they betrayed into agree
ing to friendship with tho Khivans, and, with the
exception Of few fugitiges cruelty slaughtered.
A century later another attempt made by tho
Russians establish themselves on the eastern shore OF
the Caspian. The Khan OF Khiya rejected the PROPOSE
ton had penetrated along the old bed Of the oxus TO
con lderabe distance into tho oustourt district tho
idea was renqushed Three years later the design OF
developing the commerce OF Central Asia was resumed
An agent OF the Russian Ministry Of Foreign Affairs
conducted enterprise by land from OrenDurg along
the eastern shore OF the Caspian, and established ports
at various points Among these one, nov known "a
Fort Alexandrovsk at Cape Tull-Karagan
Tire Russans thus secured point which has since
been OF service to them for military purposes; but it
entailed disadvantage which, up TO this time has not
been entirely obvated. What little commerce had pre-
vously found its way into Russia from the eastern shore
OF the Caspian was due arrangement between the
Russians and the Toorkoman inhabitants OF that
district These tribes had been accustomed 10
bring the wares or tho Central Asian caravans
10 Cape Tfub-Kaaean. These goods were then
taken across the 20 Astrakhan, and eventually en-
rched the markets Of Europe. The commerce was fos
tered to certain extent by the protection extended by
tho Russians the TOorkomans from the nomadc tribes
which were the habit Of attacking the caravans from
the east friendly intercourse was thus established
between Russia aud the Teorkomans, which finally
resulted In the snclon OF some of the latter to the
former. The erection OF Fort Aexandrovsk disturbed
these relations The Toorkomans fearing the entire loss
OF their independence discontinued their friendly inter
course, and,irade ceased entirely. %
From ths time the advance made by the Russians In
Central Asa derived additional Importance from the
fact that rivalry Of commercial interests was, In some
quarters thought to arise with the British traders In
India 1859 attack OF the latter on Cabu was re-
garded having ultimate tendency toward Ioorks
tan To counterfeit 1t tho former sent out another expo
dtion toward Khva; this however, utterly failed, and
Russia turned her attention another territory which
she was more successful in conquerng Between Asatlc
Russia aud ToOristan the kirgbiZ eteppe, said by
some travellers TO be impas3ao Fooled In the march on
KhlYo Ru Invaded this Krghiz steppe and subjected
IL as far a. tue SyrrIa IL ISoJ te hussans eaptuIed
the strone KouDdee Fort at AkMusd, and called tho
place Fort Peroysk In the Summer OF 1864 the towns
OF roorkistan and Aueaa captured In the sano
year Russians advanced upon the strongly fortified
town OF Chumkund. aud took 1t after hard fight. In
the next year Tashkund tho most important town OF
Kokund and one of tho largest IN Central Asia. was
conquered and tho oceupled territory rendered
sufficiently By the establishment OF line OF forts
BY decree OF the Car tho whole conquered district
was incorporated into the Russian dominons under the
name Of Toorhstan. ... .... ........
In the mean time the relations between Russia and the
Ameer OF Bokhhra had assumed hostile form. The
conauests OF the former the OF preventing
the latter from exercising any further influence upon
Kokund The Ameer at first, confined himself to various
insults against tho Russian Government but at last he
laid violent hands tho embassy which had been sent
TO Bokhara according TO the express wish OF the Ameer
for the purpose OF fixing the boundaries between the two
territories After the defeat Of Russian force sent
out % obtain redress, another moro successful.
The ruler Of Bokhara defeated ut Yed-
schar, not far from samarkumd. Tho Russians
followed up their advantage, and marched upon
Kokund. They captured the important town OF
Khound and 1906 took the Bokharian fOrtresses OF
Ooratppa and Jeesukh, thus putting an end to the
Ameer's domination Kokund. This territory was,
I'm 1861 made over as part OF the province OF the
syrDara TO the Goyernor-Generashp OF Toorkistan.
Tie Russians also concluded most advantageous treaty
OF commerce with the Khan Of Kokund. They stn re-
inclined on bad terms with the Bokharans who, though
they did not venture open warfare, made prepare
lions for It, and applied though IN vain, for help FROM
the Toorkomans. Slight engagements then frequently
occurred, and the inhabitants OF Kokund allowed them
selves be seduced into attempt 10 revolt, which
was however, at suppressed.
The Russian power also came in conflict with Yakoob
Beg the ruler OF Kashgar and Yorkund who was able
to maintain his independence in face OF the Chinese
empire BY the subsection OF part Of Kohund and the
commercial treaties concluded with that country the
Russians were brought the realization OF
their old idea opening for trading purposes with
India and hoped succeed in taking caravans from
Khojund to Kashgar and Yorkund and thence by the
Karakorum the KuinLoon Range far as the
Indus. Yakoob Beg, however, would not open hepas-
sage through his the Russians, and thereby
| gave cause for much irritation. Encouraged
by this fact the Ameer OF Bokhara collected
largo force, and continually harassed the Russian out
posts The GOyernor-General OF Toorkistan made @
move out Of Tashkund. encountered the Ameer under
favorable circumstances the River Zerafshan not far
samarund. and oyercame his obstinate resistance.
The first result OF this repulse that Samarkund
opened its TO the conquerors Then the Russians
advanced toward Bokhara the capital Of the country
which fell their hands without blow being struck.
The result Of this successful expedition Is OF vast i'm
portance Russia has become by It the actual ruler OF
almost all Central Asia the most important OF Its
States Kokund and Bokhara in complete dependence
The Russian Government took the same line after the
~ fba ms rOfR that affe