davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The weekly Oskaloosa herald. [volume] (Oskaloosa, Iowa) 1855-1885, 1872-06-06
,,1aqoh ~,,aCHApTER 242o3 i1eq


An act in relation 10 Capital Punish
asment, and regulating Pardons. euj
2 Sec. L. Beit3enacted by the Gen.
eral Assembly of the State of Iowa,
That the penalty of death as pun,
ishment for crime, is hereby abolish.
ed. sgisssl Hsda y1nHo9 90 tee 10
70 See. q All crimes heretofore pun.
ishable with death, shall be punished
by imprisonment tor life at hard la.
Dor in the State penitentiary. .gthgoo
Sec. 3. That in all cases of convic-
ton under the preceding sections,
the Governor shall not grant . par
don unless the same shall have been
recommended by the General As.
sembly of the State. fsla ..a g s7ag
Sec. 4. This act shall take effect
from and after its passage and publ
cation. 81 sgs stla. 20 tsIsEsn aaI 10
Approved May LIST. 1872. ~ 10 Sci
. -ssaga 81 50 ''fagat gl6sawng d5ss 8i
81 qoa. CHAPTER 22s. eg5 = : b
An act to repeal section 1915 of the
Revision OF 1860, and to enact a
substitute therefor. si '1 go .
SEC. /. Be it enacted by the Gen
erah Assembly of the State ofs1Iowa,
That Section 1875 of the Revision of
1860, be and the same is hereby re-.
pealed, and there is enacted in lieu
thereof the following, to-wit "See-.
ton 1915. Either party before the
trial is commenced may have a
change ofyenue upon filing an affida-
Wit that the justice is prejudiced
against him or is near relation to
the other party, or is a material wit
ness for the affiant or that the afliant
cannot obtain justice before him, but
no more than one change of venue
shall be allowed to each party, unless
the justice to whom the case shall
be transmitted is related to either.
party by consanguinity or ailinity
within the fourth degree, or is a wit
ness, or has been all attorney en-
ployed in the action in either of which
events, a second change of venue
may be allowed to the same party.
Approved April "a, 1872.
The weekly Oskaloosa herald. [volume] (Oskaloosa, Iowa) 1855-1885, 1872-06-06
CHAPTER pa.
An act for the relief of Joseph Met

. & @ . q . p r E
An act for the relief of Joseph Metz.
g Sec. T. Be it enacted by the Gen
seral Assembly of the State of Iowa,
There is hereby appropriated, the
sum of one hundred and fifty dollars
per annum, payable monthly, for the
benefit and support of Joseph Metz.
Sec. 2 This act being deemed of imme
date Importance shall take effect and be
in force force from and after its pubilca-
ton in the Daily State Register and State
Leader. newspapers published in Des
Moines, Iowa. g-s. ..f a-,s.. p,
g Approved May s, 1872. 49,
s 1 hereby certify that the foregoing aci
was published in the Daily State Register
May 9, and in the State Leader, May
y, 1872. aalg q .hsis sos 81 sasaz aaada
e -Iss sd 1al Wai ED. WRIGHT, f91a
afor ~
The weekly Oskaloosa herald. [volume] (Oskaloosa, Iowa) 1855-1885, 1872-06-06
iGuaPTERa oo 55i1

An act providing for restoring terri
{dtory for school purposes to- town.
ship districts to which it geogra-
phically belongs, $500. - "a
bsSEc. |. BE it enacted by the Gen
eral Assembly Of the State OF Iowa,
Tfhhas in all cases where territory, has
been or may be set into in an adjoin-
ing countyor township for school
purposes, under the provisions of
chaptsf ninety.four, laws of the Thir.
teenth General Assembly, or OF sec.
ton twenty-nine (Sec. 81, s. J.. 1869
ehapterfone hundred and seventy.
two, laws of the Ninth General As
sembly, as amended April 3, 1866,
sucn territory may be restored by.
The cohcnrrences9iof the respective
boards of directors ;abut on the writ
ten application of two-thirds of the
electors residing upon the territory
~ithinsthe township In which the
school house, is now situated, the said
board shall restore the territory to
the township district in which it ges
graphically belongs. zzs sou LED. : Tea
: Sec. 2. In case an independent
district embraces part or the whole
OF a civil township which has no sep
arate district township organization,
upon the written application of two
thirds of the electors residing upon
the territory of such independent dis
trlct and within such civil township,
to the board of directors, they shall
set off such territory, whether pro-
vided with school houses or not, to
be organized as district township
in the manner provided for such or
ganization when new civil town.
ship is formed. -,n...,-s-..-.. ara. r.
Sec. 3. Chapter ninety four, laws
of the 18th General Assembly is
hereby repealed. co 81 81 .gEelgoza
Sec. 4. This act being deemed of i'm
mediate importance, shall take effect and
be in force from and after its publication
in the Daily Iowa State Register aud Dali
ly State Leader a'.H 4&a ..4saa -.
Approved April 90, 1872 4-a neg @a-.ises
/ / hereby certify that the foregoing act
was published in the Daily Iowa State
Register and Daily Leader May 2, 1872.
49,, 80. . -. ED WRIGHT, g.,5s -.
+ $3.50 -l Secretary OF State =. !.
The weekly Oskaloosa herald. [volume] (Oskaloosa, Iowa) 1855-1885, 1872-06-06

Mile Mond. German girl in Da-
venport, undertook to kindle a fire
with kerosine, when the can explo-
ded, and burned her so severely that
she died the same evening. as
The weekly Oskaloosa herald. [volume] (Oskaloosa, Iowa) 1855-1885, 1872-06-06
THE 6 NEW PARITY.
As first proposed by the pres
ent editor of the 6aa E1S15. ) 1 e.
Iowa Reform Leader, = ,1 5ss

is now organized in every
state in the Union. The great
National Mass Convention
which was the largest ever
held on the American CONT
nent, met in Cincinnati on
Wednesday, May LIST, 1872,
and Hon. Carl Schurz, who
was president of the Nation
al Republican Convention
thatnominated Grant in / 660,
was permanent president of
the Convention that nomin-
afnd - $685. sTE4 lsi ags s4aa so y
The weekly Oskaloosa herald. [volume] (Oskaloosa, Iowa) 1855-1885, 1872-06-06

II K @ A u 3 E
The presser foot turns back.
q.
Rec A USE
1t can do overland scanning.
II e u K
1t will work an eylet hole.
II Il CA USE
IL 10 two machines In one.
10.
ID e q A USE
It can work a buttonhole.
Ii E A u E
1t will embroider.
The American, or Plain Sewing Machine with
out the buttonhole parts, does all that ie done on
the combination except buttonhole and over
scanning. Examine them before purchasing any
other sewing machine.
WIN. HILLIARD, Agent.
f.A8 i Oskaleosa, Iowa.
Needles for all nrst.class sewing machines;
coll.
The weekly Oskaloosa herald. [volume] (Oskaloosa, Iowa) 1855-1885, 1872-06-06
CHAPTER 239.

AN ACT to repeal four thousand one hundred
and forty. nine, and four thousand one hundred
and fifty two of chapter 162, of the Revision OF
1S60-Fees OF Justices of the Peace and Consta-
bles. asg #uEE a#5 E# #HH gs-15s #EE Ea 1885
SECTION /. Be 1t enacted by the General
Assembly of the State of Iowa, That
sections 4149 and 4152 of the Revision of $780, be
repealed, and the following substituted therefor !:
The weekly Oskaloosa herald. [volume] (Oskaloosa, Iowa) 1855-1885, 1872-06-06

.sIlo begin welded
Ire with clear conscience, he told
her of Uncle Phil's ruse.
The weekly Oskaloosa herald. [volume] (Oskaloosa, Iowa) 1855-1885, 1872-06-06
CHAPTER 23S.

AN ACT to amend chapter l72 laws
. of the ninth GeneraiSv Assembly
and the acts ainendatory thereto,
in relation To the vu,lng and levy
mo of Achoul taxes. -. -. o.
The weekly Oskaloosa herald. [volume] (Oskaloosa, Iowa) 1855-1885, 1872-06-06

g -4ss sd 1e4 wai ED. WRIGHT, ag1a
Secretary of State.
The weekly Oskaloosa herald. [volume] (Oskaloosa, Iowa) 1855-1885, 1872-06-06
81 - If any one wishes ..ss.. a.ss
! C. O A L F O u ND BE-
| can find 1t. I am geoIogist by experience, no
laax s.
To the Citizens of OskalO0sa
who want Wells dug: s go

You will save time and money by employing
me. will furnish in the incorporated limits OF
one to thirty feet deep for 80 cents per foot; nat
ways from one to thirty feet, ore dollar and fife
teen cents per foot. -. -
New-York tribune., 1872-10-14
CAMPAIGN NOTES.

Latest form of the organic lie-Hendricks has
succeeded in counting himself in Governor of Indiana
Wanted-A Grant man who can look an
honest man squarely in the face and say Harranfts
majority Of 5000 is an honest One
Only one Greeley man in Shanghai, writes
o correspondent of denomination organ. That trans
fers China 10 the Grant column, and deals the death
blow to the Liberal cause.
Grant Republicans who pride themselves on
their morality and virtue are very much elated at the
result Pennsylvania but very backward about recog
nlzing the al-pOwerfu agent, Simon Cameron.
There is sorrow among the Grant men. Blan-
ton Duncan has gone to Europe The object of this sudden
departure is knewn but the supposon ia that he
direct France to put in clam to the throne
the original Bourbon. Let President Thers be ON his
guard.
The RenomnatiOnists are counting upon
success In November through the moral influence of
their victory in PENNSYLVANIA. As that victory is the
election OF dishonest man by fraud the moral influence
from such popular Endorsement OF rascaity must be
inoacua0le.
The Grant organs are terribly enyaged be-
the Liberal journals refuse give up the fight The
sight OF table which shows the undeniable fact that
there States certain for Greeley than for Grant,
almost throws them into conyulsons IL Is so absurd
you know. Now and then one OF them tries the funny
dodge, but with poor success. Like the fun which
followed Cincinnati, it has very funereal aspect.
Twenty members of the Bishop Hill Colony
write to The Chicago Tribune behalf ofsthe colony, in
reply to the statements of John Burnett and Joseph
r. JONES' and claim that they prove the lands sold
by Jones TO have been portion OF the Bishop
Hill lands that all the did not sign the deed
Jones' and that the trustees did not give johnson
power OF attorney They say the President has been
twice informed OF the circumstances of the suit entered
for the lands by tine Committee OF Six, but TO the h
inst had been received, although he had re-
eeved the communication Tue case is now In equity
New-York tribune., 1872-10-14
.Gcz4fEE-1,1L4k
DIED.

BLAcKwELL-AA Astoria Saturday oc. 2 Eliza w. widow Of Robert
"a. Blac well - -.
GedSes Charcb Astoria Mouday Il h. Boats eaYe
Pec.sis A. IA. FultOnshp al lib
cARt Saoga Springs THURSDAY Oct TO- lB Of dropy Of the
IraIt AlJert q. Larii, late Of STANFORD, Conn.
nASA morning Oct 3 after short Illness Frank iian
of Dams, aged munils ali 10 days
Ry. AMI ineBds attend the fule services at No AZ
Mest Tartye ghthsL, Tuesia the 10TH sti al CLOCK M
GROss-ou sunday morning. Oct 49, Harriet B. wife of the late Fran
el, (ircss. IN BLd year OF her age
T ts1 of the family arc attend her funeral Tuesday
Lel ie'ueAeo w. 4s
teeuth-st
JEYKINs-At SewBuEstc Saturday Oct H. John Taylor
Jeuku In the 3ist year Of his a-e. 49,.
Pans on Monday Oct a. from bis late residence, No lg
ores RAILROAD depot The relatives aud friends are invited
10 attend.
sACKAY-n Brooklyn Friday h inst Hay Mekay the
B5tA year ot his sgt -, a., ..--,., ..-.t
eraces bis late residence ~ Lai Raymond sL
on Monday, Atf O'Clock !.
MoRRIsON-At Chicago, Friday Oct. H. William Morrison, in
TIE 2J.h year OF bis age . d,
the Lom the dence bis parents No 100 "es'
Twenty tyhrl g., Iuesay 18th inst. at 10 o'clock a. ~
sCHANCK-On Saturday H. y. Duios, eldest OF inc no
Daniel - scusneA. the JOth year OF bis age. ,.
relatives and feuls of the tny, and hose OF h
Geo. ID. Cragn respectfully Invited 10 attend TUE uetS
Wednesday Ot TO- At O'clock n from the residence o na
No. 2J' Malisonaye.
sBABURY-on THURSDAY Oct TO- At the General Theooga semhai'
Rev. samuel Seabury d D. In the I'D year Of his age ar,
friends Of the family invited To aeha she
the Church Ol the Annuncaon Foaeeh1s~ neA' 'eA
ave, Monday the l4th int, Al iy1 o'clock.
sRABURY-On ThulAy Oct TO- the General Iheooca oemhAV
Sanue. Srabury, the I'D Of hg age ,..,, ,
Church OF the AnnuBcalon fVaEIeenth-'A heAi '
to-day. Al l;s0 Ococs. -.
wILDBY-At TsnytsNn Wednesday Oct Sophia Wa~ a0s
l OF ve late CsPA Jshs HuaeIs .ss;s
New-York tribune., 1872-10-14

=, =, a., . =, N forces n
partner of feons into the Gubernatoria chair eon
syvania, and raises whom President la OF
turned In disgrace from his Cabinet into the pOsOh
savior OF the Onc0 hOnOred Republican party Greeiey
Sumner. Trumbull SchurB Banks, and Curtin. or Came
and o'Brienf Which do you prefer, patriotic Ameri-
causl
The Liberal journals Of Ohio are very conf
cianah Enquirer says Only change of 5000 votes is
required to carry Ohio for Greeley There 1000 cleo
ton districts, and change Of three in each OF them VIII
do the business Every Democrat and Liberal Repnb-
hcan have savs Keep up the fire. Our chances
OF carrying Ohio for Greeley good There Is but
small majority TO overcome and kAOw that there are
plenty of mon who voted against in october who Will
be with us in November"
There is no faltering in New-Jersey. The
Liberal press of that State stands squarey up to the
fight and shows sign of doubt fear The Trenton
T7,c American truly says: "It seems to us that the
Administrations have been cheering before they
of the woods They have gained nothing that they
did not have before and they have lost state they
had Another success like this In November Will be
their defeat Stand fIm frends We have taken one OF
the enemy's POSITIONS and, in the battle to come we
shall, If true To ourselves be masters Of the field"
Occasionally some feeble-minded officeholder
attempts convince his readers that Missouri is
for Grant Here IL paragraph in The ST. Louis Repu5
llcdn which seems TO differ materially with this rose
ooored prophecy "We had OF private dispatches
yesterday from various points in Missouri, full Of en-
cOuragement and hope to the political situation. Our
own State VIII astOnish the most sangulnc In its
estimates, but readers that Missouri Is saIc
for at least 10000 10000 for Greeley and Brown"
New-York tribune., 1872-10-14
ANCIENT POLITICAL HISTORY.

BY the time political news gets to Califor-
mia and again becomes ancient history Read
for instance what the last received copy Of The Saera
nsento Union says Of the Straight" Democratic move
ment, thing Of the mighty past, and never any
thing hut a very weakly thing;
1t is not 20 be disguised that the "Straight" Demo
cratic has done the Greeley cause much in
jury L. politics, IN war, the moral effect OF move
ent s often decisive OF the result before the actual
blow H. struck. IL not much the fighting as it
was tie sight OF Blucber when GrOuchy was expeced
put the French their disgracetul rOut Water
loo Is not the actual strength OF the Straghts 3"
that has routed the Greeley column, compact and
confident three months ago, but the moral effect o. the
thought that this very small force may be enough TO
The tide victory ia Indiana Pennsylvania Vir-
gina, Ne8YOrk ana one or two other States.
Let us comfort the soul OF our transmOntane friend
with the Information that the Straight Democratic
mOyemcu: sailed for Europe last week. Mr.. BlantOn
having gone 10 Paris to look after the Bourbon
succe., ION.
New-York tribune., 1872-10-14

m'sodventures. hut oldfnshioned grudge murder wS
% nhhd over 10 LONDON and Boston. Lauslterl Soon We
shn get up Tor Mr Froudes delcctlton magnIiicent
ceciOn iUust no VIII 20 and process OF regis
tIatlon laughteil, where man is Obliged TO swear
Wnether ne Is white or black. We will get him up, q
magn hcent Presidential election and he will find on tho
nihg hter the election that will all DO the best sat
sncu ad appy people In the world whether there sna
DO ciected The great journalist the great General
-lho man or word. or the OF silence. l am
sure that wherever Mr. FIOude goes ho will receive
hearty welcome. and believe he will best received
whom he snail show his intellectual face and open his
mouth as lecturer; and he VIII nnd that wherever he
goes In hs representative character he will nd that
America Is not 50 OLD Guild of England as to forget
Englands great historian. tApplaasel
Tae President then called upon Mr. Samuel J. Tden
for fow words Of welcome, aud the response was as
follows:
What can say, what can politician say, what can
lawyer say III an audience OF literary gentlemen iko
this, vino used TO watching us, to taking notes.
curding aud 10 publshngi Wlat dare we say Az eas
dispute, We can contend, aud when my
friend. John Bgelow made Minister to France, says Mr.
Froude has come here 10 England take dispute
and say he has here 10 us take England. He
here take little telescope view the great
Elgsh-speaking race OF which England is hereafter
To province. say province. say IL not with any
thought word Of dlsparagement An origin, primal
fUunt OF its manners, its Institutions, of ITS laws, OF
iCs Literature, OF it5 cuureyet, measured by tho i'm
spread OF the outflow from that primal fOunt,
small province. We welcome Mr. Fr0ude to his MISSION
We welcome hm here tonight in this assembly OF young
men, Of men OF literature. We welcome him to a nearer
better closer acquaintance with Lhat
will give pleasure welcome Lin here that in such
studies he may make hereafter OF the origin ami
antiquity of the institutions and growth of this grand
Of WOW that grows up in the mind when we contemplate
the whole complete and entire system, ono grand
drama OF the master race of the world
Most VI those present presented to Mr.. Froude
during the evening. He remained Tor tlmo after
Mr. Tndens speech, leaving about one O'Clock.
New-York tribune., 1872-10-14
SPIRIT OF THE PRESS.

The C0urier-JOurRat thinks last Tuesday was
All ROeues Day.
The Liberal press rallies bravely after the
battle and bends the work Of Reform with undaunted
spil and reviewed energy. Not gives up the 1ght
1al each calls closer Organization and harder work
We eau win II we wil," is the cry OF all.
PrOmpted by c0mmendable desire to tel
t readers how simon Cameron carried Pennsylvania for
Grant The Courier Journal furnishes the following: IL
cBault say just what elected Hartranft The pre-
salhg opinion, however, seems 10 be That ne got Iu
shOaY combination Of repeating, expenditures, pure
eutseoass and the influence Of the Pittsburgh papers,
Here is very profound organ which has
discovered; Horace Greeley is politically dead
and drags into his dishonOred grave along with
nm Lyman Trumbul, Carl schuIz, and all their
- sso i-ies who have engaged ID the baa cause
! sse sse hiia" Reconciliation aud publication are
p, eao things In ibo eyer OF this devoted OfsalSt'
fe taa sIt mn honest 3Ople w0ud much ~ ~Idtior
''0 ~ such company as Ifuihpui "'u "SH"
New-York tribune., 1872-10-14
SUPPOSE GRANT BE RE-ELECTEDf

Some of the more speculative journals OF
The country arc asking this question They seem to
think 1t possible that party which was formed just
after the snow melted in the Spring had no right to ex
pect to crystaze and organize for victory before the
fell again tue Autumn. So, with wise examna-
ton of all the possibilities The Springfield Rep"6l'ea"
supposes q and thus vaticinates
"The reelection would afford Gen. Grant an opportu-
nifty the Of first term, ana 70 rtu
state himself confidence and affection of the en-
tire country, il Will afford the Republican party
one more chance purify itself, hiring forth
fruits meet for repentance, and so hee from
the wrath come. That an earnest attempt Will De
made, in the event Of Republican success, TO tone up
the Administration do lot doubt; nor we DOUBT tna
10 viii be partially successful We should look 10 see
Gen. Grants second term show marked Improvement
several respects his first But we must confess
having very little aith the regeneration OF the
Republican party 1t has been in power too long IL
has come TOO completely under the control OF the Came
rOns MOrtOns Buffers, and Murphys II has attracted
TOO many merceuaTies to It's standard. IL has taken
700 kindly the pasme OF stOniDg the prophets US
only chance salvation lies in reforming and nDeralZ
ing ITSELF taking hold honestly and resoutey OF te
party may do this; but all history and all analogy
discourage the suppOStOu III II fallS 10 DO tls The
Liberal movement Will undoubtedly s0lidfy into Ule
Liberal party and this party will be the party of tue
cinnati viii be found in It, Ol the other hand 1t Will
number among its most useful members many OF ta'
men who working Tor Gen. Grant. III any body
suppOses that the Summers, Seizures 1runbulls Gree
leys are permanently separated III political action
from the Daweses, Garleds, Keeys, and Haweys, me
Republican does not envy hls sagaclty Inls LDeIal
movement is going TO set the good aud bad elements IN
both the old parties liberty to group themselves afesh
least part of the work which 1T has to do III
politics."
New-York tribune., 1872-10-14
TH UEA7HER.
WAR DEPARTMENT,

WAR DEPARTMENT,
OFFICE OF TIE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER,
WASHINGTON. ID. C Monday, Oct. Ill a. III.
SgiiODSiS for He pdS, iwentU-fOar hOu'y.
The storm center in the northeast is pass
ing the lower lakes and thence
over New gland rain has fallen, with winds yeerng TO
fresh nOrtnery, and rain continues i'll Engaud in
the Middle States nOrthery to westerly wndS and clear
ing weather. clearing weather southwesterly winds
on the South Atlnt COAST from Iowa to Indiana ana
southwark to Gulf clear weather, rising DarOeter,
and nOrtherly winds.
PrOba6iiss.
On the lower lakes and thence over the Middle States
clearing, clear, cool weather, with nUrtherly 10
westerly winds; in New-England, wnls yeerlnB to
nUrtnerY AMI westerly with rising barometer ana clear
ing weather; on the upper lakes in the Northwest and
thence to tho gall, generally clear, cOOl
weather, with nOrtherly 10 Westerly WINS on the
south Atlantic, soutnwestery nOrth-westory winds
and clear
New-York tribune., 1872-10-14
GLIMPsEs OF ARKANSAS POLITICS.

Oregon has for many years enjoyed the rare
distinction OF containing more OF those peculiar journal
istc elements which portrayed in the episode OF
Potts and Surk than any other State In the Union But
for the bightonedest" blackguardsm In the prOfes
SION, the curious student must go to Arkansas. The
Gazette published OF Little Rock, lately sold out to the
mongrel fraud Of the Clayton Ring, and put up the
Hunter ticket, since withdrawn Commenting on this,
The journal, which supports the Liberal or Brooks
ticket said:
Since the days when Benedict Arnold tried to sell his
country and mis- people, a mefceuary traitor mas Deen
the vilest thing known to American manhood and pat
riOtism.
Thus punctured, The Gazette explOdes as follows:
Oh Micawber! Micawber! Thou hast said it. Thou
art self condemned. Strike out for Van Deman's land
now. On this continent your every ticket proves
blank Even the Brooks ticket won't win
Here is another choice extract from the Clayton pur
chase, and it should be promised that the Arkansas
Liberals are called wndles -;
The rock upon which the brinde craft struck and
ninatOH OF the Democrats OF White and Pulaski that
the will Of the Democratic state Convention should be
Legislature by their votes.
The rock on which the brindle craft struck" is good
and that the Endorsement Of the Cayton-Iun-
ter fraud by a meeting Of handful Of Clayton's
White County the so-called Liberal" Convention hav-
ing been fabricated in White Pulaski Counties The
White County resolutions terminate with the following
gorgeous biz Of rhetoric:
That the graspng avarice Of the brinde Republicans
evidenced 10y their refusal TO make fair and just d
vision with the Conservatives the State ticket ana
their efforts TO secure 10 themselves the Legislature ana
county offices, 70 the exclusion of Conservatives, plainly
show that their cry OF Reform Is hollow pretehse 10 de
ceive the people and thereby put themselves again into
power, place aud plunder.
Whence Is viii be perceived that unHinchng determi-
nation OF the White County spartans directed
against any Onesled distribution OF the spoils. This
question seems worry the Clayton people more than
Htte that Clayton wants to control the Legs
lature this end be gained possession Of tho chaste
Gazette which, while laboring to elect the Clayton
didates and divide the Liberals, keeps the
OF Greeley and Brown at the head Of ITS columns
This is stealing the livery Of Heaven t0-&c.