davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1872-08-01
Horace GreeieY.

Horace Greeley has been selected a.
"A candidate for Office because of bis per
sonal integrity. Because of his fimi l.
aritv with the history of his country,
his personal knowledge of its leg,s'a-
ton aud of its policies; because of the
honesty which he brings to the consiti-
Grafton of every national question. He
has been selected because Of his person.
al ability and his meIt,i "a ity to
comprehend the duties of the high
Office. He makes no claim to the office.
He does not pretend that he ought 10 be
elected because of any preseriptive right.
nor as matter of contrast. nor by pur-
chase, nor yet as an inheritance. No
person has offered him a quarter of a
million of dollars in cash and property,
nor has he demanded that this shonld bt.
paid over to him in addition to his sal
ary. He has not stipulated that be shall
be reelected, and that he shall receive
100000 for eight years salary. He
has not consented to be candidate un-
der pledge of denomination or re-elec-
ton. He has not offered to withdraw it
paid the next four years salary in cash
before SO doing. In fact. he has rot
sought the Office as matter of pecun-
iarv gain, either for himself or his fam
lily. He seeks it, as every other Presi-
dent except Grant has soughtit. with
the purpose of doing what he could to
promote the welfare and honor of his
country. and to preserve tie peace and
union Of the whole American people.
, 1872-08-01

The EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON CHARAC
rER-A writer of the British Q.ugterly
Rerieto Says: 1t Is very bright now,
without the slightest fog or haziness in
the atmosphere. This, however, as
lately discovered, is not considered an
advantage by everybody. For, a few
days ago, rather eccentric old fellow
we had here, an Englishman. called to
see my brother, and met with an ac-
qualntance. who, in the course of con-
versation, asked him how he liked Par
is. To tell you good deal in few
words, he answered, q don't like the
climate ''No p said his friend !;
"why we are in the midst OF November,
and have clear, bright sunshine, while
| hear from Eome that London is wrap
ped Ill its usual gloom and fog" Il
am not one OF those who find fault with
that, answered the gentleman. Its
the right thing ut this me of the year !;
aud if they Lad little more Of it i'll this
country. 1t would be good thing for
them. You may depend upon ii, that Il
reasonable degree Of weight in the at
mosphere steadies the brain, and that
we Englishmen owe nue. of our solld
good sense. oar respect for God and His
Majesty. and the laws of the land, TO the
the i II call 1t the sedateness of our
climate. Now, I've been ten days in
this country, and l should be sorry to
stay III 1t ten more. FOR l notice that
The Kind of thin, light. and III even Say
nlppent sort of air you get here makes
man light headed. 1t is like taking too
ucL of their chan mra3ne wine-fimsy
stuff, without body, that excites to folly
and makes you feel ready for any mad
spree.
Why, IL. .'' said his friend, laugh
ln9, is that the effect OF Paris air on
your constitution p Not quite come
to that yet, he said, but l can't say
what might happen soon. l speak of
the effect il has On the consultation"
, 1872-08-01
Idelity. wha. could he do ? What did

fidelity. What could he do ]? What did
he do Lie down lie down :" hs
called, in loud, quick voice to the
child. And seizing the witch, the train
passed safely on its prol..r track. Did
the heavy train run over Il little boy ?
Was he crushed to pieces No, for he
did just as his father toln ..is.i, aud did
it instantly. He fell fiat between the
rail. and the cars went high over his
head ; and when the anxious father
sprang to the spot, there he was alive
and well not a hair was touched. 1t
was his quick obedience, you see, that
saved his life. He did not stop min
ute. Even a minute hesitation and il
would have been too late.
, 1872-08-01

Horace Greeley is candidate SUD-
ported by those who believe that the
administration of the Government
should be conducted by statesmen hav-
ing a knowledge of the affairs of Gov
ernment, who are not office-holders for
personal profit; by those who think that
efficiency and honesty should be re-
stored to the public service; that unjust
and unnecessary taxation should be
tbolished; that all adventurers should
be driven from place; that tne political
equality of all men should be established
and enforced; that the military should
be superseded by the civil authority (;
that the National Government should
attend to Its own affairs, leaving the
people to manage their Local Govern
ments for themselves; that, the war be-
ing over, peace and union, harmony
and order. should exist in all parts OF
the country; that industry may prosper
and enjoy full remuneration for its labor.
these are the two men, one of whom Is
to be chosen, in November next, the
President of the United States.-Chicd-
90 Tribune.
, 1872-08-01
IRVING BALLARD.
attorney d Counselor at La,o,
t eilacoom. w. It.

VIII practice in the Courts of Law Clapcery,
and Admiralty of Washington Territory. Ofice
en- Commercial street.
, 1872-08-01
Terms of Courts.

SUPREME COURT.
"a Monday in January.
DISTRICT COURTS.
sEArrLE-lst Monday in February and Au-
gust.
Porr TowNsEND-4th Monday in February
and November.
SrEILAcooM-3d Monday in January and July
OLYMpn-5d Monday in March, and I'd Mon
day Il November.
vANcoUvER-2d Monday in April and Sd Mon
day in October.
WALLA W.LLA-2d Monday in May and 4th
Monday in September.
OYsTERvILLE-2d Monday IN July.
YAKIMA CiTY-ith Monday in October.
Fort CoLviLLE-2d Monday in June.
, 1872-08-01
MAILS.

The Seattle Mails arrive and depart as fol-
lows:
Oregon, California and Atlantic States, ria.
Olympia, Tacoma and Steilaeoom Arrive Mon
days and Thursdays, 6 O'Clock, A. NJ. Depart
Tuesdays and Fridays. 10 P. NJ. Close P. NJ.
Victoria, ria Ports Madison, Gamble, Ludlow
ID Townsend, Tuesdays and Fridays. 10 P. NJ.
Depart Mondays, Is A. NJ; Thursdays, Ii
A. M Close A. NJ. and 9P.M
Whatcon. ria Mukelteo, Snohonlsh, Tulalip,
coupeville, Coveland, UtsalaGy. Laconner. Fl
dalgo and Samish Arrive, Wednesdays, P. N.
Depart, Mondays, 9 A. NJ. Close 30 A. NJ.
Franklin, ria White River and Slaughter
Arrives, Wednesdays, 7 P. N. Departs. Tues
days, A. u. Closes 80, A. M.
Snoqualmie, ria. Black River and Squak Ar
rives, Wednesdays, 8 P. NJ. Departs, Tuesdays,
! AN. Closes 6 80 A. II.
Port Orchard, ria. Pot Blakely: Arrives,
Tuesdays. Ii A. N. Departs, Mondays, II A. NJ
Closes As.
, 1872-08-01

1t is estimated by the English pres,
that when the Northern Pacific Rail
road is finished, they will be able to 60
from Liverpool to Japan in thirteen
days less time than by the Suez canal.
The route will be from Liverpool to Hail.
fax, thence by the Canadian system Of
railways to Duluth and Puget Sound.
, 1872-08-01

The English papers cordially welcome
the nomination of Grant and Wilson,
and are bitterly hostile to Greeley and
Brown. The fact is of little import. ex-
cept as showing how English sympathies
tend. The Times is not very compli-
mentary to either Grant or the American
people, when it says: "Gen. Grant S
negligence and nepotism may be fla
grant but the moral sense of the nation
is not Ugh enough to discharge him
from office ON tn It account -
, 1872-08-01
2uget Sound 9ispateh.

Single Copy One Year. SO 90
SIX Months. s................. 90
Z" Three "a ....1 so
ria Numbap- .
, 1872-08-01

The total assessed value of real and
personal property in New York, for 1872
is 81, 104, ,o9s. .os7.
The Daily state register. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1870-1872, 1872-09-12
APPLICATION FOR PATENT.
NOTICE NO. I2.
UNITED STAIIs REGISTERS 0EFICE.
AURORA. Nevada. August %. 1s72.

AURORA. Nevada. August %. 1sI2.
~ Is HEREBY GIVEN THAT W. NJ.
S~awell, Z. W. NcKinstrv. William Van
VOORHEES, and David NcD ucai Rave this day
filed fu this office a diagram t-eethcr with n no.
tice of arpl catirn for a patent from the United
states. under Acts of tongrfss approved Jnly
26. 1876 and May 10. 1877. fr twelve
q1artz or other rork in pace. hearing gold and
Silver Hill, in the E-m"ralda Mining District.
Eemtralda county. Sta e of Nevada. and more
particularly described as follows: Beginning at
the IS Nhim" shaft on said lode; the Ce along the
vein or lode north c. deg 10 min east-2G0.5
feet: thence north 65 deg. 80 min. eIst-329.5
feet to tst end of location. Returning TO point of
beginnings; thence south So deg so min. west
lis 3fee'; thence north so deg. 35 min west
us 2 fert; tt ence RNrth 81 deg. So min. vest
l31 feet: thence south Sc deg. Is min. west
G3 feet; tn nee south IL deg p min. west
172 3 feet making | 200 feet in length 10y 200
fe I wide, and fully DESERT ed in plat Of the sur
vey Of said lode and claim posted thereon and
filed in this oflice, containing five and 1900
acres, embracing said lode ard ore hundred feet
on each side of the center the cnf The lode and
claim are near the claim and lode known rs the
Lady Ian.'' On the s"uth, ard on the north.
From developm nts made the "Whim' shat. is
accepted as embraced in tie l'de, tn nearest
mine is the Lady Ja'e mine on the south. The
location Of said AnteloI c lode is of record in the
office of the Mining Recorder of said District. at
Aurora, E.mefalda county. Nevada, and the
notice and diagram If said loie and claim can be
found posted near the Whim' sh # there n.
WILSON BUTLtR, Register,
au2S-60d
The Daily state register. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1870-1872, 1872-09-12
TAKE WARNING!

INHE V. & T. R. X. co. ARE ANXIOUS TO
take due precaution against accidents and
loss of life resulting from the running of their
trains; and they take this method OF warning IA
rents end guardians against the dangers attending
the too common practice of children playing about
.urlr cars and locomotives. Those having in charge
he business of the Company find it impossible to
PERSUADE boys, " no frequent the termlni and stop
ping places Of the read from climbing upon the
aIs ard engines; and they will feel themselves
obliged to resort TO more decided measures if these
.nnoyances are continued. Recent accidents.
which are wholly ascrilable TO the carelessuess OF
,cr-ors ih jumping on and of the cars when in
motion. should he warning enough in themselves.
". NJ Y~ER1NGT0N, Superintendent.
lasu.r 10 1879. If
The Daily state register. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1870-1872, 1872-09-12
Dissolution Ct Cc-Partnership.

THE BUSINESS HERETOFORE CARRIED on
under he name and firm Of koPnei q Platt,
consisting Of ". Eopl 81. Jaseih Plat and sam
uel Plstt, If Wing MIA and Carson cities. Is this
day dissolved 10y mutual consent. Mr.. sam rlatt.
taking charg ffbe Virginia business, Will col
Iect all outstanding debts there VI. korpcl and
Jos. Platt, trkirg charge If tie Carson business.
will collect all nutstanding d hts due the Cslson
business NJ Koppslsrd Joseph Plat ct the Car
son business. will pay all liabilities OF IRE od hrn-
NJ KnPPEL.
JOS. PLATT,
aug141m sAM fLAIi.
The Daily state register. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1870-1872, 1872-09-12

Send for Circulars and samples of
the cork. Actire agents tcdntea an
erery place.
The Daily state register. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1870-1872, 1872-09-12
Administrators i0.iCe.


NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN BY Tue IN
dersiured. Publc Adm ilisti ator Of t-meral-
d, county state If Nevada, TO tho creditors If.
and all persons favirg claims against SAID de-
cea-ei, to exhibit ihe same with the Ieces>try
v,Ichers. within fur months from the Iub-Ica
ton of this notice, to the undersigned, at his
Office in the town Of Aurora, F-meIalda c unity.
State of Nevada ANIL NOUNGS,
Tub i Adninistr tor.
Aurora. New. Aug. 81. ls.2. Iaug2S:4m
The Daily state register. [volume] (Carson City, Nev.) 1870-1872, 1872-09-12

RELIEF lrR YOUNG MEN FRpN
the ea-crs ut Z r Is and A!'u es IN carry
lif. NAuh,-I rest ed. im~peiimenfs to Mar
,,.-. removed. New method of treatn ent- New
AID remarkable ,.nedi.s Bos Ks and CIRCULAR
sent rr.e in = a I'd enveI.I Is
sid +ss, tOAAiD ISSOC1 ATION. No. :
South Ninth street. Philade Ihia, Pa---an II sti'u-
rinn having a h:.ii reputation for ! on'rabie con
duc. aid pto;,ssi,n, laug2l :om'
The Elk County advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Pa.) 1868-1883, 1872-08-01
T1fS>sNssS.a0THE GREAT CAUSE
of Human Misery.

Just Published, in Sealed Envelope, Price
six cents, A Lecture ON the Nature, Treat
ment and Radical cure of spermatorrhea,
induced by selfAbuse, Involuntary Emiss-
ions, Impotency, Nervous Debility, and In
pediments to Marriage generally; Con.
sumption, Epilepsy, and Fits; Mental aud
Physical Incapacity, &c.-By ROB. j.
CULVERWELL, NJ. D., author of the
"Green Book" &c.
The World-renowned author, in this ad-
mirable Lecture, clearly proves from his
own experience that the awful consequences
of Self-Abuse may be effectually removed
without medicine, and without dangerous
surgical operations, bougies, instruments,
rings, or cordials, pointing out a mode of
cure at once certain and etfectual, by which
every sufferer, no matter what his condition
may be, cure himself cheaply, privately and
radically. This lecture will prove q boon
to thousands and thousands.
Sent under seal, in plain envelope, to
any address, on receipt of six cents, or two
postage stamps, by addressing the publish.
ers. Also, DR.. CULVERWELL'S "Mar-
riage Guide" price so cents. Address the
Publishers.
CHAs. J. c. KLINE & co.
l27 Bowery, New York. P. o. Box 1886.
vln47ylcI.
The Elk County advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Pa.) 1868-1883, 1872-08-01

national honor and making ours In very
deed the Gland of the free and the
land Of the brave"
During all the years Of that fearful
struggle, Greeley was not the man to
utter word in behalf of the 1000 900
Of human beings then in the very
worst form Of servitude the sun shone
upon, so intent was he on his peace
business according to the notions Of Sc
cessionsts and armed rebels.
That Greeley was in sympathy with
secession is further confirmed by his
speech at Vicksburg lnot long ago
either), when he expressed the hope
that the time was not far distant when
the soldier who fought with Lee, and
johnson, would occupy as proud po-
sition in the hearts of the American
people as the soldier who fought with
Grant and Sherman, and Thomas. Is
it to be wondered at that jeff Davis,
Wade Hampton, N. b. Forest, and
others whose bitterness toward the gov
ernment is notoriousTy unrelenting
should favor their old friend Horace,
who stands committed to the proposition
of pepsioning disabled rebel soldiers,
should he be elected President Now,
from the facts we have offered to our
mind it is evident that Greeley was
either coward, or in sympathy with
secession, during the rebellion. If he
was a coward then he was and is simply
Contempt ible and as such was and is the
enemy of his race. If he was
in sympathy with the rebel move
ment, then should loyal men and espec-
tally every soldier hold him in execra-
tion, and remember him in this the day
of his impudencc in asking the suffrage
OF good men and true, for the Chief
Magistracy of great and free people
On the 4th of November, 1872, Horace
Greeley and his peers 10 the work Of
overturning our National Government
will be taught lesson that they will
remember to their life's latest hour
when ninety y-nine out of every hundred
of the surviving "boys in blue," will
announce through the ballot box that
this is loyal mans government, made
by and for loyal men, to be maintained,
sustained, and carried on by loyal men
without regard to nationality, religion
or creed.
The Elk County advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Pa.) 1868-1883, 1872-08-01
A PLEASURE TO" SHOW
GOODS!

A GENTS WANTED! For the fastest
N and most popular book-with 60 II
lustratons, likenesses of all the Presidents
beautifully bound, and printed on tinted
The Elk County advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Pa.) 1868-1883, 1872-08-01
THE TICKET COMPLETE.

The State Central Committee met
yesterday and, as will be seen by. the
proceedings published in another part Of
to-day's Telegraph, completed the State
ticket by the nomination of an additional
Elector at large and two candidates for
Congress at large.
Gen. Chas. Albright, the nominee for
Congress at large, from the eastern part
of the State, is we'll known to every
loyal man in the Commonwe ealth. Dur
ing the dark hours of the rebellion he
left his peaceful pursuits and friends at
home to share the horrors of war with
our noble standard bearer for Governor,
General Hartranft, and General Allen,
the candidate for Auditor General.
1t was especially through his exertion
and influence that the stronghold of
Democracy in which he resided, and
which is so we'll known-Carbon, Le-
high, Northampton and Luzerne-turu-
ed out so many soldiers to fight on the
Union side. He raised a regiment in
very short time, at the head of which he
was placed as Colonel lie was after
wards promoted to Brigadier General
ship for gallant services on the battle
field.
The General is a ready speaker, able
to address his fellow citizens in German
and English, and we hope to hear him
in this country before the present cam
paign closes.
Hon. Glenni W. Scofield is one of
the ablest and truest men in the State; he
has represented the largest Congression-
al district in the State, composed of the
counties of Erie, Warren, MKean,
Forest, Elk, Cameron, Jefferson and
Clearfeld, for the past ten years, and
his record in Congress will bear the
scrutiny of all honest and upright men,
On the floor of Congress he stands iu
the first ranks he is ready debater,
and our citizens will be able to heal
him, no doubt, before the campaign
closes.
Philadelphia being the largest Repub
lican city in the State, was awarded al
additional Elector at large, and We are
glad tina. the selection has fallen OF
such an able gentleman as VIM. D. For
ten, Esq. Mr.. f. is an educated gen
tleman of the highest order, and one o
the best stump speakers in the State.
The ticket is nov complete, and th
selections made yesterday give grea
satisfaction and will add five thousant
to the large majority now predicted 70
the whole State ticket. The sections o
the State which heretofore imagaineC
that they were badly treated have re
ceived all they asked for at the hands Q
the committee, and express themselvc
satisfied.
From all the reports we received yes
terday the election of the whole Stat
ticket is placed beyond doubt. Activ
work has already commenced in nearl
all the counties of the State, and all {
. them promise better results and large
majorities than they gave us last year
Buckolew and has Fishing Creeh con
tederacy are doomed to an igaominio,
defeat on the second Tuesday Of Oct
Der nent. The question noO as only 9
to aohat majority ace shall give. NJ
D les S than t,0enty thousand in Octob,
aoiW satisfy the loyal hearts Of d
country, and that aOiU be increased
o fifty thousand in Nooembsr II Harri
{ burg Telegraph 20 inst
The Elk County advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Pa.) 1868-1883, 1872-08-01
DAGUScAHoNDA RAILROAD.

From and after Monday. Feb. 9th 1871.
Trains will run on this Road as follows:
Leaves Farley 7.30 a. M, arrives at
Daguscahonda Junction $40 a. m, con-
Meeting with Accom- cas-. 8.14 a. NJ, and
with Mail west at 9.15 a. m.
Leaves Daguscahouda at 920 a. M,
arrives at Farley 1000 a. m. Leaves
Earley $50 p. NJ, an6 arrives at Dag
uscahonda at 500 p. m, connecting
with Mail east at 500 p. M, and Ac,
commodatlon west at $40 p. m.
In case P. & e. trains are late, Dagus.
cahonda train holds twenty minutes be-
yond the above time.
Tickets should always be procured
before leaving stations.
G. R. EARLEY, Lessee.
The Elk County advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Pa.) 1868-1883, 1872-08-01
POWELL G. KIME.
Powell & Kline

Having erected large and well arranged
new Store House on the old site, since the
FIRE, and filed it from OF liar to garret with
the choicest goods of all descriptions, that
can be found in any market, are fully pre-
pared to receivetheir old customers, and
supply their wants at bottom figures
The Elk County advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Pa.) 1868-1883, 1872-08-01
The Improved Gerard Orotd
Gold Watches,

The Improved Gerard Orotd
Gold Watches,
5000 $1,000 $500 $500
"E have recently brought our 0roide
w Gold metal 10 such perfection that
it is difficult for the best judges to distin.
quish it from gold. The So watches are
with patent escapement movements; in ap-
pearance and for time equaling gold one
costing 500. The S12 are full jeweled
patent lever, equal to $50 gold watch.
The $15 are the same as the last but finer
finish, nickle movements, equal to one cost. :.
ing $175. And the $18 watches are Of q
fine finish with full jeweled American lever
movement, equaling a gold one costing
5000.
They are all in hunting cases, gents and
, ladies sizes, and guaranteed for time and
wear by special certificate. Also elegant
designs of gents and ladies chains from 81
to "a, and jewelry of all kinds.
Goods sent G. o. D.-Customers per-
mitted to examine what they order before
paying bill, on payment of express charges.
When six watches are ordered at one
time we will send an extra watch of the
( same quality free.
For further particulars send for circular.
Address JAMES GERARD g. CO.,
85 Nassau Street, New York,
| P. D. Box 1861
Nov. 80, 1872-v1n37m6.
The Elk County advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Pa.) 1868-1883, 1872-08-01
NEWTIME TABLE.
NEWTIME TABLE.
Commencing November Goth, 1871.
ALLEGHENY VALLEY r. r.
THE BEST ROUTE BETWEEN PITTS
BURGH AND POINTS ON THE
PHIL'A. & ERIE r. II.

GOING SOUTH.
Day Express leaves Oil City at 225pm
Arrives at Pittsburgh S55 pm
Night Express leaves Oil City 800 m
Arrives at Pittsburgh 6 40 m
Mail leaves Oil City Q As m
Arrives at Pittsburgh 6 90 p m
Parker's Accom- leaves Oil City 7 10 m
Arrives at ParkeI's 10 Is m
Kittanning Accom-. leaves Oil City A 90 p m
Arrives at Kittanning 91Opm
GOING NORTH.
Day Express leaves Pittsburg at 80 a m
Arrives at Oil City at 225pm
Night Express leaves Pittsburgh s 20 p m
Arrives at Oil City As a m
Way Passenger leaves Pittsburgh IL so m
Aarrives at Oil City 725 m
Parker's Accom- leaves Parker 6O0pm
Arrives at Oil City 915p m
Kittaning Accom-. leaves Ki:tn'g 705 NJ
Arrives at Oil City II 20p m
Close Connections made at CORY for
Pittsburgh with trains East and West on
P. & Z. r. r.
Pullman Palace Drawing Room Sleep
ing Cars on Night Express Trains between
Cory and Pittsburgh
Ask for Tickets via Allegheny Valley R.
II.
]. ]. LAWRENCE. Gen. Supt.
The Elk County advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Pa.) 1868-1883, 1872-08-01
BUSINESS CARDS.

TOHN 9. HALL, Attorney at law. Ride.
O way, Elk county Pa. rmar,2assi
The Elk County advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Pa.) 1868-1883, 1872-08-01
THE NATION,
Its Rulers and Institutions,

IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN
Nothing like it. Strikes everybody as
just the book they need. 1t is an Encyclo-
pedia of the Government. Single pages
in it, are of themselves worth the price of
the book oUer 500 pages and only $3.50.
A ICH HARVEST, for Canvassers-
ladies and entlemen-faKmers, teachers
and students. One agent took IS orders in a
few days, aUith circular alone, before the book
pppeared $50 A DAY can be cleared in
fair territory. Write at once for circular
and information. NEW WORLD PUB
LISHING CO., Cor. 7th and Market Streets,
Philadelphia. v1n37yl.
Knoxville daily chronicle. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1870-1882, 1872-02-14


Of the country. We expect 10 defend
the present National Administration so
long as it conducts public affairs in the
satisfactory manner which has character
lied its past history. We do this because
we believe the principles of the Republic
can party are right and true. While we
shall pursue this course and advocate what
we believe TO be right, with whateverabil-
ity We pos: ess and with all the eaEnestness
of our nature, we will accord to others
the right to think and act for
them0elves, and i'll our criticisms of those
with whom we may differ we will endeav-
or TO exercise that courtesy toward others
which we expect in return from those who
may differ with us.
But while we are earnestly engaged in
these partisan discussions, our chief aim
and highest ambition will always be the
development of