davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
NOTES FROM SUMNER RESORTS.

Travellers on the lakes can see from tho
steamers the scars Of last years wood fires Tho
Crystal High Rock, Settler, and Star Springs at Sara
toga open TO the public this year. The Congress
Spring is rumored to be failing in strength @= The
first Summer visitor to the eight Isles Of Shoals was Capt
John Smith, who found the botel accommodations In
sufficient lit was in 1884, and passed blghting the
isles he went by, giving them his own name. Vhis
name, however, was long ago dropped. So The fund
for the Newport Hospital is said to have increased to
nearly $4,000. == The correspondent OF The Boston
Journal 10000 farms and houses from the top OF
Overlook Mountain, in the Catskills. - Long Branch
does not consider 1t complimentary 10 be called "the
Brighton OF America"
Atlantic City, N. j. has two daily papers, The Ware
and The Rerec which divide the day between them, and
weekly, The Observer the latter edited appropriately
enough by lady-Mrs. E. II. Wallace. =- The visitors
to Narragansett Pier in 1856 consisted OF single Pha
delpha family, who were accommodated at a farm
house. At 0ceanport, near Long Branch, the camp
meeting ground Of the Methodsts, land has risen in
value in two years from $50 to 5000 an acre. ==
Hyannis, Mass is filed with NEWCOMERS who esteem
themselves happy in the enjoyment Of splendid bath
ing beach, fine drives, two camp-meetings and Won
derful pond of red and in the anticipation OF
a park observatory and a misunderstanding. ==
The walters OF the hotels at Gettysburg Springs run
races aud climb creased poles for the amusement OF
guests. Indignant tourists describe the Pictured
Rocks" in Lake Superior presenting pictures only 70
the eyes OF those who are determined to see them.
COWS in hen-houses" and ootsodiers charging upon
soldiers monuments" shock the artistic sense.
grand regatta is to take place at Cape May on Mon
day. None but cat-ngged boats are allowed to enter
and these diTded into two classes-24 feet and Is
feet The prizes amount in value to more than $500 and
will be commended by large number OF Philadelphia
yaehtsmen. So Saratoga IL to have tournament on
the l4th nst after the southern manner. IL is under
the guidance of Capt G. A. Armes OF Washington, WHO
promises the attendance Of IS knights" from Mary
land and many from Virginia, as well as dozen New
Workers who have overcome their New-York phlegm
sufficiently to consent to take part in this peculiar per-
formance The committees OF reception, organization,
&C. include Gen. G.S Batcheer, Charles f. Leland, Gov
Hoffman, the Hon. Fernando Wood, the Hon. A. Nc
Donald OF Arkansas. ex-Gov. Wells OF Virginia, the
Hon. II. b. Anthony U. S. s., Deaware"-sach Is Admin
istraon fame l-exIieutGov. AlvOrd, ana many other
prominent men.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
TAXING GOHERNEENT PRINTERS.

EACH MAN ASSESSED So TO AID TIE GRANT
CAUsE-sUPPREssING THE TRIBUNE.
The following communication throws some
light upon the modern sort of Civil Service reform
practiced by the Administration party 4:
10 The Editor or The Washington Patriot .
SIR To-day, the printers the Government Office
aiding the true Republican cause. One OF the colored
aboreIs was sent around TO each typo with subscrip
ION , hst headed by a contribution OF tHO
from the superintendent, Mr.. Clapp. The laborer s
how 70 approach the printers in order 10 make them i'm
medlaely understand that there to be backing
out" As lie approached each workman he woad say,
Here, Sir is subscription list you requested TO
bic OF the list explained the object viz: That money
must be raised for the purpose Of distributing Re
publican documents advocating the election OF Grant
and Wilson"
/ am a printer, and work In the Office and am n
thorough Republican besides. but positively refused
be forced into putting my name on that list for So
suppose the Government printDgOfice Is not consid
cred department. consequently Mr.. Clapp will be
amenaDe 10 tie civil service regulations prohibiting the
assessment OF Government employees for political pur
poses Almost every printer In the Office felt this
outrage upon his manhood but II IL only item Of
the despOtlsm practced.
NOT long ago club gotten up In the office 1.-THE
suDscfiDuOn paper being sent around for The NEW
iohk tribune Tor the campaign. Nearly 100 names
nao Deen signed, the price being very small. As
INC foreman found that such cluD being got up he
ran 70 MI Clapp with the report and the
suDseIlptloh list was ordered 10 be destroyed !
paper merely @eI ala So suppose, who signed that
ordinary ehaneeto get such a large paper at such a
hnhl Pce-i think 10 was 90 cents for months.
ts most gaining outrage the contributors 10
that euD as well as al unwarraned interference with
lhS lhlercs4 OF IRE TRIBUNE newspaper
ny publishing tbis you wiz oblge more than one
hDAfEkDENT PRINTER.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
OBITUARY NOTES.

The Hon. Joseph Mayo died in Richmond,
Va yesterday, age II. He was CommonweathtAttorney
OF Richmond for 20 years and member Of the Lelsla-
ture and served Mayor OF Richmond for 10 years,
until he removed by the Federal authorities. no
was author OF "a legal work known as The Mayor 3
Guide" His death general sorrow In Richmond,
where all the city offices will be closed this afternoon out
OF respect 10 his memory.
Major Thomas jefferson Randolph, great
grandson OF Thomas Jefferson, and contractor on the
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, was killed Thursday
evening near HawAs Nest Fayette County Va 90 miles
from here by "a premature explosion, while blasting
Jacob r. Eckfeldt, age 90 Chief Assayer in
the United states Mint for the past 40 years died
Philadelphia yesterday. lie was the son OF Adam Eek
feldt who appointed Chief COlner OF the Mint W
President Washington IN l794
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10

are enforced. letter and spirt There then
must be no failure in awakening and nyigorating the
public opinion. You can do rAuch; would almost say
Won can 90 everything I[ow constantly have urgeu
10 public speeches and IN all intercourse with
that coored fellawcitizens must insist upon p Vote
rights ALWAYS by petition, by speech, ana by W.. 20
Above ALL vote for any man who is nI' snppor
Won mako allegiance 10 you the measure OF suIp, s
ICbeersJ So doing, all parties will seek your Ge
iCheers You will be felt, and your cause VIII W
please accept these few words as my i E
of your Kindness this evening Cries OF GO on, J rn
long acquaintance YOU know something OF NY syi rp
tbies IA voice-"I do"l Always from tne DegnIibS
have sought you, and always TO te Gnu ,oted
seek TO serve you. To your my NE If ueu ~ w.
and nothing can turn me from, nothing can te"p' 0 "
drive me from its support.
Three hearty cheers were given for Horace Ureee9'
and the crowd broke away There were banners, no
torches no transparences II simply large very
respectable crowd who went to pay their personal COM
pment and respects Mr.. Sumner and to assure MN
that his course would be Endorsed by the coloed people
of the country.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
FRED DOUGLASS AND THE SANTO Do
MINGO COHnISSION.
ANDREW d. WHITE REPELs SENATOR SUMMERS
CHARGES AND ASSERTS THAT DOUGLASS WAS
WELL TREATED. .....

ANDREW d. WHITE REPELS SENATOR SUMMERS
CHARGES AND ASSERTS THAT DOUGLASS WAS
WELL TREATED. ...
ALBANY, Aug. 9.-The Hon. Andrew ID.
White who was a member Of the santo Domingo Com
mission on the sd inst addressed letter to the Rev j.
W. Loguen Bishop OF the African Methodist Episcopal
Church. in which he replies 70 the statements In the lae
letter OF Senator Sumner concerning the Ill treatment OF
Fred Douglass by that Commission. He says the Pres
dent attached two secretaries the Commission select
ing Gen. sigel as one and Fred Douglass as the
other ignoring a large number Of white men who
wanted the position. Orders were then gwen,
which were known to proceed from tho
President that Douglass should be treated h0noraby
and be provided for comfortably the most favored
persons in the expedition. Douglass gwen room
in the Admiral's cabin adjoining those OF the Commits
sion and assigned position at table In the AdIn
RAILS dniDgroOm with the Commission, ana was treated
in all respects well the best during the stay or the
Commission at the Santo Dominican capital Douglass
lived at their house aud sat AT Their table
After landing at Charleston this treatment
continued When they were embarked upon the PotO-
mac steamer the Commissioners having seated them
selves at the public table, found that Douglass was not
with them. inquiry they learned that he had been
refused admttauce 70 the diningroom on account or
Commissioners, and all immediately connected with
them, left the table. ON arriving IN Washington
both Douglass sge left for their homes their duties
having ended IL was then that tue Commission were
invited to dine with the President, and had Douglass
and sge been city, Mr.. White has no doubt they
expresses great surprise that Mr. sumner should haNo
perverted the facts grossly.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
CRIMES AND cAsUALrTEs-BY TELEGRAPH

byron Donnel was found dead in an open lot
AZ wbugh yesterday Iho Cooners jury foand be
Cca.h from TIE elects oi hqgor aal exposure,
49,. The wall of building in progress of erection
in Dorchester Mass e ytstesY. dangerously ganng JAMES '
more. and seriously briang four oh,r woSknea.
" The ship Black Hawk, from Newfork. which
Francisco. A IA laL 81 -,
egeek supposed " tie sshooeF silver Bel
IRON Nos-lOrk.
Nathaniel Jones, who escaped from the MaSsa-
ce, Se Prison three years aud committed
robbses yesterday Lowell aa iakea be Oh qla
cs AZ Caarestogn
The residence of Joseph Turner, IT,. of The
Rl1h SnfufL c. ed nio, last thsdsy uis h
the ball passing koash OF bis wes ehsnl,S e
vi the II 10 not knVar. 70 ere Hss buTs
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
rEIEGRApHIr MOVIES

San Francisco dispatch states that, owing 10
cave In toe Point oults lie dsaeld o JAY Geld
Cufry have levied a assessment Of SI5 per share
The Post Ohce Commission has selected the
old Peuu University iot at ahth CheaInass the site
Ion the new Philadelphia POstOnee bung The 0 80 ~
10 feet
49,. The Superintendent of tho General Recruiting
sece orced forward Omaha 100 Fof
anba assignment To the 18Th Infantry and ~ from The HesioI
Ban1eks Tor the bth lnianty.
The funeral of Frederick Wrisley late Of the
Ifhh Hotel this place Bool yesterday from
Dr. Blss Chugoh ihe Rev. Dr. BrAdc oAulg The remains
ten poTanJ deposited 10 DE Forest Hi Cenelery.
... Information has been received at the Treasury
Department that h Cuban Poneer danlc NE
Go'e@eai ued the sbah AZ ksspon aud placed charge Of
lsepeI ales Ne l-IdepSs VI he Vaed states Dsei C0eT.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
LIBERALISM IN LOUISIANA.

THE NOMINATION OF d. b. PENN FOR GOV
FRNOR-GOV. wARMOTH PLEDGES HIS SUP
PORT, AND URGES UNITED ACTION FOR
GREELEY AND BROWN.
GBY TELEGRAPH TO THB TRIBUNEl
NEw-0RLEANs, Aug. 9.-The Llbera patty
was born to-day in Louisiana. Up to the present time
progress has been disputed step by step by the Bour
bons Three days been spent by the Convention in
vain endeavOr 70 unite with the Pinchback Repubi-
cans and the Last Dchers and at last worn out the
Liberals, late to-day. with the most intense en-
thusasm, proceeded to nominate Liberal ticket On
the first ballot, Col ID. B. Penn of New-Orleans was
nominated candidate for Governor. Previous TO the
nomination, Warmoth addressed the Convention by
request pledging all his power influence and ability TO
the Liberal cause and saying he could not accept any
rewards at its hands. He received with tumuuous
and enthusiastic applause. He advised ticket repre-
senting both in accordance with the principles
of the Cincinnati Platform that they might thus secure
the Of the State for Greeley and BrOwn The Con-
ventiOn will probably nominate ticket representing
these views
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
GREAT BRITAIN.
DEBATE IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS ON THE
GALWAY ELECTION CASE = PREPARATIONS
FOR PRoRoGULNG PARLIAMENT-THE AMER
loan FLEET.
LONDON, Friday, Aug. 0, 1872.

LONDON, Friday, Aug o. 1872.
The House of Commons last night resumed
debate on the motion OF Mr. Butt for the removal Of Mr.
Justice Keogh from the bench for his decision in the
Galway election case, unseating Capt Nolan on the
ground OF undue influence In his election by the priest
hood The most prominent Irish members strongly de-
nOunced the OF Justice Keogh, which was ap-
proved by the Government The debate was exciting,
aud did not conclude until o'clock this morning. when
a division OF the House taken, and the Government
sustained by 100 majority.
A council held at Windsor Castle today when q
draft OF the Royal speech to be delivered at the prorog
ton Of Parliament submitted TO the Queen for her
approval The Queen will not be present In person 70
close the session 10 morrow, and the speech will be read
by commission.
The United states feet, Admiral Alden commanding
sailed Cowes at 10 o'clock this morning for the
Thames is expected 10 arrive nj Gravesend during
the night. Large crowds are going from southampton
TO ysit the feet and steamers have been specially char
tered 10 accommodate them
The new docks at Belfast opened today with 8p-
proprate ceremonies. One OF the docks Duf
ferin In honor OF the present Governor General OF
Canada. The Royal Yacht Squadron Regatta which
menced the 9th inst. will terminate tomorrow The
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
A NEGRO LYNcHEp IN TENNESSEE.

MEMPHIS, Aug. 9.-John Mitchell, negro,
confined in Jail Coyngton Tenn, for attempting
rage young lady and nearly killing her in the attempt
was taken, last night and shot by party Of Citizens
who overpowered the aer after desperate resistance
Mitchell was hardened rufian, having killed two men
within the past year, aud succeeded ia euGing the
officers until the last outrage.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
GENERAL PRESS pIsPATCH.I

NEw-ORLEASs, Aug. e.-Tne Democratic and Reform
Committees proposed that the Liberals raty their nOm
nations for Governor. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and Ator-
ney General and that all other officers on the ticket
State Congress- and Electoral, be made by the Liberals
This as final offer of compromise, refused, and the
Liberal Convention nominated ID. b. Penn for Governor
The Convention adjourned until tomorrow. Nothing OF
importance tTansplred in the Pnchback Convention To-
nnr
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
GENERAL PRESS DIsPATcH.l

RALEIGH, Aug. 9.-The city is quiet. Cald-
Wells majority will be about 100 or 1900 All the
official returns not yet in. The Democrats demand
that tie matter be contested before the Legislature, in
consequence Of alleged frauds in many sections.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
BASEBALL.

The match between the reconstructed Eek
ford nine and the Baltimore club, yesterday for tho
championship resulted in the Of the former by
the appended score:
Baltmo e.................."o 81
EcklOrd. o 1 / 4 O-lO
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
-u,zr A rANNERY BURNED AT SALEM. MASS.

BosroN, Aug. 9.-N Il. TrcadwelPs tanning
and curryIng establishment in Salem, Mass, was de
slroyed by fire this afternoon Tue adjoining building OF
snow a Redmond was partially destroyed Lose
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
A DESTRUCTIVE THUNDERSTORM AT oUEBrc.g

DESTRUCTIVE ihuNDEh-9to'" ~ - q
QUEBEC, Aug. 9-During heavy thunder
storm last night schooner was struck by lightning
and damaged The church OF 81 Michael was struck
and burned 70 the eroune The steamship vieksbug,
iron London went ashore Pressure Island curing the
storm Two tugs have gone TO her assistance.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
SPAIN.

FPAIN.
DECREE ABoLIsHING SLAVERY IN CUBA AND
PORTO RICO.
MADRID. Friday, Aug o. 1872.
King Amadeus has signed decree provld-
ing for the gradual abolition of Slavery in the colonies
OF Cuba and Porto Rico.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10

match for the challenge cup. gift from the Prince OF
Wales, is to be sailed to-day. The American yachs
sappho entered for this race but there is some doubt
expressed as to her starting.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10

The great race Of the day. free FOR all called az
$40 Oeloek The greatest enthusiasm prevailed as eath
nyote appeared ON the track goldsmith Maid sold IN
me pools al slOJ 10 against the HELD Before reach
ING Inc first turn IN the rst heat, the Maid skipped
The American Girl shot ahead and kept the lead To tie
half post when she was OYernaued by Lucy, VINO won
me heat by "a length, tine Maid second. aud the Gil
fhlrl The second heat proved highly exciting, com
pletely changed the current OF public ohulun and
caused - nutter among those having large
amouuts at stake on the c-ult. IAo
horses started after considerable scoring
the Maid again leading but breaking badly American
Grl gOt tne advantage aud kept II, being notify pressed
on the nome sgvcn Uy Lucy aud Godsnitl Maid, and
coming in by hali head winning the heat IN li. lac
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10

third heat was called after the usual interval the Maid
again taking the lead. After the usual Dreaklng ny az
and much ctuatng In positions, the heat was gwen 70
Lucy On the fourth heat being called silence prcvaed
the horses into position and got the word Hehy
leading closely followed by the other three 10 the quar-
ter when hot contest occurred between the GIRL me
Maid and Lucy 20 the home-stretcb, when the CIR
skipped, and Lucy and the Maid shot a length ahead
Lucy winning the heat by head the Maid second the
Girl third, aud Henry fourth.
Purse l-Purse $1,000 all $500 20 hrst Slo
to second, 8 800 to third, . 900 TO fourth
o. A. HickOk's b. m.
Badd Doble's b. n. Goldsmith Mai..........,...I
II. b. Amercan
NJ Rocens b. Henry ':..:''''''f
Time-2l8l. 2.l7l, 2:l9l 22A
Before closing the trOs, the Judges announced mat
the OF James II. Burke would have his entrance
fee returned.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
FOREIGN NEWS.
THE TREATY OF WASHINGTON.

TIvEs AT GENEvA-THE ENGLISH AGENT AND
COUNSEL PREPARING A REPLY TO THE AMER
GENEVA, Friday, Aug. 0, 1872.
The arbitrators, counsel, and other gentle
men connected with the Tribunal dned together at the
Hotel des Bergers, to-day. Covers were laid for 40
guests. Mr. ]. Bancroft Davis was not present. The
affair was entirely informal. william NJ Eyarts goes to
Paris to-day but viii return before the reassembng OF
the Court Of Arbitration next Wednesday. Caleb Cush
ing and Mr. Waite will visit Chamounix during the ad
iournment OF the Court 1t is supposed that the
American representatives have completed their case,
and the English agent and counsel employing them
selves during the recess preparing their reply thereto
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
THE ANNrAL RACEs Ar MILWAUKEE,.

MILWAUKEE,, Aug. 9.-The annual races OF
the Wisconsin Agricultural and Mechanical Association
of Milwaukee will begin Aug. 90 The following pre-
miums will be offered:
First daYs rong that have beaten ao and
500 for running horses 600 for horses that have never
beaten ESQ and 200 for horses that have beaten Third
hores that have beaten
The first horse In each Of the above will receive
$780, On the fourth day there will be special purse or
5000 for Goldsmith Maid and Lucy. The entries close
at the Newhall House, Aug. II.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1872-08-10
OUTDOOR SPORTS.
THE TURE.

LONG BRANCH RACES-DUFFY THE WINNER OF
THE E-CHAsE-SUsAN ANN OF THE
FoUR-MILE RACE, AND KING HENRY OF THE
The morning star and Catholic messenger. [volume] (New Orleans [La.]) 1868-1881, 1872-08-25

49, ST.. MARYis CoILEeE.-Wc would direct
speoial attention to tho card of this justly cele-
brsted institution The Inducements it offers
for q thorough classical, scientific and CONNER
cial education are indeed rare in this day of
nomn and yarnish. We have been personally.
acouainted with its courteous President,
Brother Thurian, gentleman no less distin-
onisbed for his many virtues than for the-ver
satility and depth of his scholarly attachments,
and we can conscientiously assert thst he will
do ANYTHING within his power to advance the
sociaI. moral and intellectual interests of those
voutbs Who may be entrusted to his truly
naternAt care. We have ever known him to
ba anxiously solicitous for the health and
amusement of his pupils, and from what we
have learned he has not ceased to still exert
himself In this particular One of his hrs'
nrenarations for the opening of the college In
the ensniuR scholaStic year has been the rePa'
ration of. and addition to his already extern
s;vo ovmnasium-andt this he has done to ensure
the pbyeical development of those who fire.
ouent "st, Mary's" as We have always known
it to be called. There are many persons in this
c,tv who were once inmates of the institution
1 others who recognize it as their Alma Mater
while happy few are affiliated with it-al
these should strive to secure for it that patron
are which it so eminently deserves. For term
see prospectus or apply at the college.
The morning star and Catholic messenger. [volume] (New Orleans [La.]) 1868-1881, 1872-08-25

TIE BELFAST R1ors.-The telegraphic &C
eoants Of the riots in Belfast which COM
.usuued on the 18th, are toe meagre to justify
An opinion as TO thBir extent and the character
of1EAe parties engaged. II APPEARS oleariAsow-
eve. that, as usual, the oraugemsn were the
asefaasers and the Catholics the sufferers. The
-aSSSssA SAnse Of the puesout riot was the -cele-
sssSffS,a a the anniyersary Of the repeal OF the
Ass sssGing tho Established Church. The real
oauso. however, is no doubt to be fonnd in that
intense and deeply rooted hatred which all
" rood" Orangemen bear towards everything
that savors of Catholicism, and which has
alvays served to make the most Insignificant
ovent an excuse for the murder and plumber OF
their Catholic fellow-citizens. A noticeable
feature With regard to these riots il that they
always occur in places where Orangemen ont:
number Catholics in the proportion OF ave to
>.one. This, in connection with the fact that
EDH-an Roism has ever been intolerant and aS-
xrnGsive, justi6es the conclusion that the
blame of ths deplorable riot is to be attributed
to its yindictiveness As we are dependent
-asen English press agents for our telegraphic
roports, IL is not astonishing that We have had
NO intelligence from Belfast of q later date
than ThurSdsy, and consequently are not Ger
tain that quiet has yet been restored though
"a incline ~ thst opinion; Is troops from diff
Sarant aootions Of the country were pouring
into the city:
The morning star and Catholic messenger. [volume] (New Orleans [La.]) 1868-1881, 1872-08-25

There are minds constructed like the
eyes of certain insects, which discern, with
admirable distinctness, the most delicate
lineaments and finest veins Of the leaf
which bears them, but are totally unable
to take in the ensemble of the plant or
shrub. When error has effected an en-
trance into Such minds, it remains there
impreRnable, because no general view
assists them In throwing of the chance inn
preston of the moment.
The morning star and Catholic messenger. [volume] (New Orleans [La.]) 1868-1881, 1872-08-25

All who intend hearing Father Ryan's lee
ture, at st. Josephs Church, on tie 9Th proxi-
mo, should procure tickets at once, as they are
being sold with astonishing rapidity. The
lecture will be upon a most important and in
terestin1 sUbiect.