davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11
attainmentS.

Mr. GREELEY delivered an address on pro-
6table farming before the Mary land Agrlcul-
tural Society, at their Fair Grounds, near Bal
timore yesterday, which was replete with good
advice and delivered in an attractive style. At
night there was grand torchlight demonstra-
ton in Baltimore, in honor of Greeley and
Brown which the Gazette Of that city says was
one of the most imposing spectacles ever wit
messed there. The streets were thronged with
people, and the greatest enthusiasm greeted
the line of the procession as it passed through
the crowded thoroughfares.'
Mr. Gseeley had public reception and din
per at the Carrolton, and made short speech
from the balcony Of that hotel in which he
said
II greet you as CO workers 10 a common
cause.-the cause of our whole country, and
every part of 1.-THE cause of every race and
every class in that country. | plead for ma
tional reconciliation. | plead for the reStora-
ton of common rights to every citizen now de-
prived of them Enthusiastic cheers. |
plead for that unity Of feeling without which
unity of territory and unity OF government are
Of small account Let US be one Ieople-the
American people-torgetting our differences,
deploring our past calamities, and resolve that
we shall evermore be united and harmonious
people. For that cause of national unity and
prosperity | stand and testify. | beseech you
let nothing discourage you to press on to that
triumph which will certainly be accorded US,
if not in the near future, at later day. Our
cause is just. Let us never doubt, then, that
generous people will accord it, and that time
shall write our memories green in that We
never despaired Of our country, never deserted
her and never wished to make one citizen the
eucmy of the other, at time when there was
too much bitterness but pleaded for peace and
reconciliation. Blessed are the peacemakers. >
Let us endeavor to deserve and enjoy that
blessing. Friends. | cannot reach you with
my voice, and therefore will close. [Great
cheering.
Mr.. e. returned to New York last night
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11
ALEXANDRIA,, VA.
FRIDAY, OCTOBER II, 1872

DEATH OF WM H. SEWARD. tx Secretary
Seward died at his residence in Auburn, New
York, yesterday, at the age of seventy-one
wears. He was born in Orange county, New
York, in 1901; was educated at Union College,
and at the age of nineteen went to Georgia,
where he taught school for year. Returuing
home, in 1922 he was admitted to the bar.
Since his return from his late extended tour
Of foreign travel Mr. Seward has been in fail,
ing health, although occupying himself, with
bis accustomed energy, in preparing history
of his travels He was Governor OF New ork
for two terms and during his tenure OF the
governorship the correspondence known as the
"Virginia correspondence was widely publish
cd in relation to slavery and the rendition of
fugitives from justice. In February, 1919, he
was elected to the United States Senate. 1t
was in his speech in the Senate on the admis-
sion of California, in 1850, that he introduced
the phrase higher law, applying it to what
he considered the law of God as being higher
than the constitution. He was reelected to
the Senate in 1855, was twice put in nomlna-
ton for the Presidency--once IN 1886, when
Fremont was nominated, aud again in 1850,
when Mr. Lincoln was chosen. His Senatorial
term expiring in 1861 he was made Secretary
of State by Mr.. Lincoln, and held that office
all through the war, and through the su5se-
auent term of Andrew johnson, narrowly es-
Gaping assassination on the evening that MIR.
Lincoln met his death On the accession of
General Grant, Mr.. Seward was retired from
the post which he had held for eight years.
Mr. Seward was not only distinguished as a
statesman and lawyer, but was finished orator
and man of general scholarship and literary
attachments.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

A dispatch from indianapolis, at late
hour last night, says the Republicans coucede
the election of Hendricks by 500 majority, but
claim the Congressman at large, Lieutenant
Governor, and the rest Of the State ticket by
from 400 to COO. Nibla:k' majority in the
First Congressional District was l25. Hun
tcr's Radical, majority over VOORHEES, in
the Sixth District is COS. The Republicans
claim q Senators to % Democrats, and 55
Republicans to As Democrats in the House,
giving them majority of IA on joint ballot.
The election for Delegate on Tuesday
in Dakota territory was personal contest.
The radical vote was divided between
Judge Brooking and Col. Moody The returns
received insure the election of Armstrong,
democrat by small majority.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

We have received the Report of the Agri
cultural Department for August and Septem-
Der. 1t says that Delaware, Maryland and
Virginia are the only States between Maine
and Georgia which report the corn prospect
unfavorabe. The average for Delaware is 81,
for Maryland sc, and Virginia 95. The re-
ports from Virginia are variable, some better
than for years. as in Bath, while others give
expectation of but half crop. Accomack,
which usually produces half million bushels,
returns condition at 10, while Fauquier,
which stands second in corn production, makes
its record 90"
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

1t is particularly incumbent upon our potl-
cal friends iu Virginia not to be desheartened
by the election news They must recollcct that
in Virginia we have our State to look to, and
our Conservative candidates for Congress to be
remembered No lukewarmness-no lrditter-
ence-should prevail Whatever may be the
result of the Presidential election, let US en-
deavor to secure the election Of our candidates
for Congress That effected, great good will
have been obtained.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

SEPARATING BEDFEILoWS AT the Wis
cnn>in Fair. says writer in the Chicago Jour
nal ''ouc OF the most laughter provoking Of
ali the many pateutS exhibited was bed
stead with a partition extending from the head,
bard about halfway down the bed. The in
ventor claims that the object Of this great in.
vcnrion is to prevent bcdf.ows from iuhaling
each others breath Doubtless. in some
cases, the dividing line would lie very dc>ra.
BE. Many were III" jokes perpetrated On the
patent divorce court. a. the new invention
was ca!lci aud as all the married folks took Il
wide latitude in discussing the merits Of the
new nlent. very many sharp hits and
dubious puns were made at the expense u the
Invention on and Of each other as we'll
Thirty eight persons died in Richmond last
week
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

Under the law appropriating the Educational
Land Scrip to the Virginia Agricultural and
Mechanical College, each city and county is en-
titled to send as many pupils to the College,
tuition free, as it has members In the House of
delegates-to be chosen by the respective
School Boards from among the most meritorious
pupils white male) of the public Schools
provided the Boards in their discretion may
appoint persons other than those attending the
public free schools
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

Gen. John 4. Logan, Of Illioois now a
prominent Grant man and violent ''denuncia-
tor of all who united with the South during
the late war, was, according to af1ilavits now
published, when the war commenced actually
engaged 10 raising troops for the South, and
promised to join them as soon as he settled his
affairs at home The next they heard Of
him was that he had joined the Federal army.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

Evidence of the success Of the Winchester
Shoe Factory may found in the fact that
Messrs. Miller & Moseley, the energetic mana
gers, are often at their posts at midnight, en-
gagged in packing goods for shipment to dis
tsnt points Orders are flowing in upon them
at rate which taxes the utmost capacity of
the establishment to supply. They now pro-
duce upwards of six hundred pairs per week
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

A HORRIBLE TALE OF THE SEA. have
the following details of an occurrence briefly
referred to in an Associated Press telegram on
Saturday:
4 recent passenger on the schooner Lancas-
ter, bound to Sidney. c. B, from Charlotte
vile. Prince Edward Island has arrived in
this city, and gives the details Of most sick
enng adventure. On the 18th Of last mouth
his vessel fell in with dismantled brig on
whose bow the word Glcnalvon was discernible
Splintered spars and heaps Of rigging were
scattered over the vessel. and across the panks
of broken boat lay human skeleton with
skull crushed. ShredS Of canvas trousers and
Guernsey frock were found near the bones
On further search FIVE more skeletons we're
found slight covering of crisp flesh remaining
on few Of them. The utensils of the galley
We're found. but not suggestion of food was
diScoverablc
Ia the forcaste terrible stencil was eype-
rlcnc"d and only two men could be induced tc
enter. Two cOrpses were stretched upon the
floor, aud one lay across buok The Remains
OF the ulne human beings were taken on deck
aud carried away. In the cabin another par
italy decnmposed body was found covered with
a buttoncd jacket of good material blue panta,
! looms. and flannel shirt marked IT. I. An
Open Bible was near, a revolver With two
chambers loaded, and bottle containing a
piece Of paper with these words. Jesus. guide
this to Srne helper Ncrcifui God, don't let
u rcri>il. The vessel was complete wreck
and he Inatl>oInc remains were kindly buried
in the sea by the captain OF the lancaster.
WEALTH FOR E.EtN - Coal in Ireland The
report seems alm">t too good to be true, yet it
l. made Enthusiastically. and Oh what seems 70
be sufficient authority. An immense coal bed
| has it is said. been discovered, TWO miles from
Waterford. The seam is declard to run ten
feet thick. aud it lies so near to the river SUR
that the carriage OF the mineral will be mat
ter of ease. This search for coal-bcdS has rails
ed 50 many false hopes, and the signs of the
deposits are 50 often treacherous, tibet we wait
for further information before crcditing the
glowing tale Of black diamond diggings in Erin
And yet, according to Mr.. Edward Hail. Of the
geological surrey Office. Dublin. there is scant
room for doubt since he estimates the quantity
of coal in Irc,aud available for use at lS5 $50
| 900 tons and nearly half the quantity lies in
the Qnccn county Kilkenny, and Carlow
district
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

According TO the Washington Patriot re-
newed and strenuous exeItions are to be made,
by the friends of the Administration, to carry
Virginia at the approaching election. So much
the greater necessity for renewed excrtions,
on the part of the Conservatives to prevent
such q calamity
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

Sioux City and vicinity were visited yester-
day by quite severe shock Ct earthquake.
The people rushed out of thicr houses, and
considerable excitement prevailed for brief
period. The shock only lasted about minute
and halt, but during that time crockery and
bottles were thrown down and buildings pretty
we'll shaken No serious damage was done to
property, however.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

The following are the conservative nominees
for Congress in this State: LIT district, +.
NJ. Braxtou 2ud district, Baker P Lee 3rd
district Geo D. Wise 4th district, p W.
Mckinney 9TH district, ~ NJ. Davis 9th
district, Thos, Whitehead 18th district, John
T. Harris Sth district, Eppa Hunton 9th
district. r r. Bowen.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

The session of the Court Of Appeals at Win
chester for the hearing Of appeals from the
counties of Frederick, Shenandoah, Page,
Warren and Clarke, will commence on next
Tuesday. \ number Of interesting cases will
be heard, among them the Winchester and
Potomac Railroad Co., VS. the Orange, Alexan
dria and Manassas Railroad Co.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

The Norfolk Journal says Never say
fail is good advice 10 politics as we'll as 10 bus
mess, and although people and parties do fail
sometimes, that is no reason why they should
give up the cause as lost, aud cease all exer-
rims -
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

The New York Herald which has been ''on
the fence" recently, now throws both legs over
to the Grant side.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

past week than there was 1t the close Of our last
re, ort, there being fair demand for good Sheep
by Philadelphia operators and that class Of
stock being somewhat scarce; the receipts Of all
kinds falling of several hundred during the
week We quote fair to good sheep at 4ta5{c,
and good 10 extra at 5!a6c ner ID gross. Stock
Sheep in demand al 50aS3 80 per head. Lambs
in fair demand at 2aSi per he d. Receipts this
week 1904 head
Hogs-Prices have fallen of full &c since
last week. the continued heavy receipts causing
the decline the demand being only moderate.
At the close to-day prices are at stand still,
with little, If any respect OF an advance the
indications pointing 10 continued heavy receipts.
We quote fair TO good corn-fed Hogs At = 15aS1,
and common Hogs at 6 50a56 IS per 100 ID: net.
Receipts this week 1886.
GEoRGwTowS CATTLE MARKET. October 10.
There were offerings today o.: go Cattle, 1853
fat Sheep and Lambs 40 stock Sheep and -
Cows and Calves Cattle sold AZ from to 3sc
Sheep 4! 10 &c Lambs 3 10 50; stock sheep 20
81, and Cows and Calves at from 20 u so. For
tv-seven Cattle were sent on 10 Ba!tin re and
~ we're left over un-pld. The market for NO:
Cattle WAS very good, and pres were well main
tuinei, while ordinary and thin were dull and
lower.
LYxCHBrRG MARKET October l0-Rccc:pt,
of Flour llgnt. Wheat continues u arrive ire
y. with & steady demand: white !GDtl13: rel
l5OaiG5. Corn. Rye and Dats ac:lr". to7:.,
white S2,s'j; d.. yellow .J.1,. Rye $3.50.
Oats l5,JD.
RIcHM SD MARKET. October III. The oii,.-
ngs oi Wheat reached about i-J bushels. win
sales Of white AT 55alS2 tn: ordinary ~ primo.
and I50tlsU COR do red. Offering. Of l2D bush
els Corn with sales at 7la75 ."r good whit"
Small sales of y IL II Jl,,12.
FEEpEslck>pukc MARKET oct. Der lo-E.,
chan-r il prices since last week Offerings III
Grain light Wheat quoted a. lIj1ni30 for "hit",
and lGnal95 for red. Corn $50 Rye pJa.o,
and Oats 45ajN.
POkT OF .sLHK.1.r1HIa. OCTO. II.
Sun rose ....... sos Moon sets. ........morn
sun seLs...... , u
ARRIVED.
Steamship New York, Philadelphia TO Z A
Reed.
Steamer W.wlsct, Cone river, by Potomac
Ferry c..
shire and Baltimore Coal Co.
MEMOEASDA.
Bark Jennie Cobb. h.nce for Aspin wall. psss-
el nut al Fartr,,s Nonr { 9Ih.
Schr Aielir. Eiwood, hence. al Norwich eth
Schrs y FabenS, A Walker and He!.rictts
hence u, Boston et:l.
SPOKEN.
Ship Chu> 4 Fa7well, hence fyr Sar t.afcs-
co, Sep. u, lat - \, Ion IL.
NEW LIGHTHOUSE
The new lighthouse on the Thmhlc Shoals,
two and !. half miles east, was lii last night Tor
the first time
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

We have received from the publisher, NJ,
". Hazlewood, Richmond, the September
number Of the Old Dominion Magazine, con-
tanning a number Of very interesting articles. =
The Old Dominion is worthy Of i liberal sup
port Specimen copies will be sent to those
desiring TO subscribe
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

4 fire occurredin Sing Sing y. T., last night,
aud twenty-seven places Of business were
burned
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

The Catholic Total Abstinence Union of Am
erica is holding great convention at Cleve-
land, Ohio, delegates from twenty States being
present.. also large number Of clergy.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

\ NOBLE ASIMAL.-The following is from
the Portland Press:
A. B. Newman, assistant light-kceper at
Mount Desert, is the owner OF a fine Newtound-
land dog, of whom we are told the following
anecdote: On Sunday, the 18th nlt., Mr. New
mans little boy, nine years old, straycd away
and was missing for about two hours. The
mother went out of doors aud called to him, when
the dog, in response, ran up from the shore
with the boys wet cap 10 his mouth, and sigui-
fed by bis actions that he desired her to tol
low him. The mother, alarmed, called the
father, who was sleeping in the house
and they followed the dog as quickly
as possible. Down by the shore, on a rock, the
little boy was lying insensible, his clothes Wet
as if he had been dragged from the water
After long efforts, 10 which the dog rendered
all the assistance he could IN his mute way, the
boy was resusctated. AID afterwards told his
story. He was on the beach gathering shells
when large wave came in AID carried him off
in the undertow. The dog jumped in after
him. but the wave prevented him from reach
ing the boy for some minutes He seized him
by the leg of his trow$ers and tried to drag him
ashore, but the cloth tore 10 his teeth, and the
boy said that he had an indstnct recollection
Of the dog coming down below the surface for
him again, and that was the last thing he was
conscious Of 1t seems that the dog had drag
gcd the child up on the rock out Of the reach
Of the waves, and had tried to restore him.
When he heard the mother call he took the
cap to inform her, as we'll as he could, Of the
affair, and hasten assistance.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

RIcHM NJ MARKET. October 10 The oi'.-
ings oi W neat reached about 100 bushels. win
sales Of white al l55alS2 tn: ordinary ~ prim".
and .lSO COR do red. Offerings Of l2D bush
els Corn with sales ut 7ln15 !or god whit.
Small sales of y IL II JD,12.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

TEACHERS WANTED-FUUR TEACH
L ERS, two to teach in white and two in col
ored schools. are wanted in Mount Vernon
Township, Fairfax county. Address, with ref
erence=, &C., K. l.. HEWITT, AccotlnS. FAR
lax county, VA. oct 0-cu2W
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

GEO. W. EVE.
SADDLE, TRUNK y HARNESS MAKER,
Late Of Frederic &>b burg Va
Has removed 10 this city ana commenced bust
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11
NO. los KING STREET.

y. ND II I-NI = Il T. T I.
He las on hand tine SADDLES 3 q HAIR
y ESS, and will il snort time make large uld!-
tons OF vii such goods are generally found il.
u first. class Suddrry Establishment.
Ali persons in need %; article, II his line If
business are invited to give him II call. Goods
sold at the most res<onabl" rates, and every Ell
fort made to give satisfaction.
Repairing promptly attended 10. [se2}-2awlm
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

.ln~Rcv Mr. WHIrrLE>EY will preach IN the
First Presbyterian Cnurc4 Oh SUNDAY morning
Ecx., at II . clock. &c. Hit
Szs~To THE CoLoKED VorERs.-Lewis Mc-
kcnzic VIII address til" c"lored peop.e OF. Mon
day evening next. the u instant, y: :! clock,
ut the Assembly Rooms, over Wt:ncr x Say
makers stores. oct lI-@t
NOTICE.-My wife, ISABELLA WILL
~ LlAMS, LEI: my house on the 10Th ot Sap
TEN her last. ana | mucn fear I'll" i !uDorlng Gn-
der temporary absence %: mind, and ] hereby
notify everybody that they mast not nirt-'r her
She left three children tie Youngest ~ whon. is
only ~ or Is months Old. AL! i now \. Tie p"Int
Of death would ask the favor .: MI: tot!y
u prevail! on her 10 return - i!!c. She Z n"ii-
uIn sid, deep pumpkin color. Sko-. har, n.>
two cuppng sears on the back Of her neck. i
wore, when shc LETT. white hn; trimmed "l.h
blue ribbon and red f,wcrs aMda striped ca.Ir"
dress an! took with her on. G1!iGo snQ oftc Old
worst"d dress. GEO. WILLIAMS, c"td.
Cu!peper Cour, House oct Ills:
.~s NOTICE
- - On and after Tuesday next. til. 18th
of October. the auartcr - >iA It. III. and seven =.
IL. trip. Of the Potomac Ferry Cos. steamers
will be Discontinued unit. further notice. Hour
IS trips during the day viii c"mmcrcc ~ : m.!n.;
last tip ut i y II. : ;. uOWISUN,
oct ll-3t President.
TRUCKERS PATENT ALARM CASH
L ORA Frs Tor sale al s. King -, whole
sale and retail.
oct II J. T. CREIGHTON & son.
CUNS, Gun Covers, Caps Wats, Nc.-A
VI second supply jas: received al = h 4g st.,
nj very low prices. Gal! and examine
oct II j. T. CRElGiTON & SON.
(1OAL HODS. Ash >hovcl>. A.Giron. >Aov-
~ els and Toug> and other good il: ina, line,
for sale y. loves: prices ~ - h!ng street.
OFT IL j. L. CREIGHTON & son.
- FORGE u JENKINS ENrkA kEFlN-
~ Ed LARD. III IN, otJ AID IL -. .rr sale
hY GtO McBJRNEI L son.
oct |! luJ AMI 10 King stree.
ENGLlSH PICKLES. Cmt>u!s. Sauces. Nh
II ,u-GS. SaiXd Dressing X :. Tor sal. by
oct IL GEO. McBU RNr.I X 500.
RARB5LS REMOVAL.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

.
REMARK>.- market Tor Flour opened
dull! receipts have been light during tie week,
but have been ample for the demand; choice
brands new mills Extras sre in lsir request At
5 5U,S9, while other brand= are lull. We quote
SIpcrs at 7C)sS1 y: Extras ~1aSs %: Family
Q CJaSl0 %; ard Family Choice 10 %. " heat
opened dull with dccling tendency, hut to-
wards the middle Of the week prices rallied, but
the market closes dull 1t decline OF fully DC on
lower and medium grades offerings OF pa bush
els white and 20fo Of red, with sale: OF the for
mer at 10 and l6J for common to medium, le0
for prime and lS5 Is. and lss for choice sam
piles, And 0: the latter at 80 and l55 for common
20 fair, lf0, l65, 10 and III for medium to good
l73 and Isl t"- very good TO prime, and le3 for
choice Corn has been active during the week;
the market opened brisk, fell of la2c, but rallied
and closes active and firm; offerings ot2'O bush
e's ed and IS OF yellow, with sales Of the for
mer at a, and of the latter at 15 There is but
little Rye coming in. and ali offerings are readl-
ly taken at quotations, good samples for seed
bringing lCJ Oats are in light receipt, and the
market is active; offerings Of 30 bushels, with
sales ut As Good Butter is scarce and in de-
mand. Eggs are wanted, and prices are looking
up. The demand for Chickens has fallen OFT.
Potatoes are unchanged. Seeds are quiet there
is small demand for Timothy; prices are u.i-
changed. Plaster is in fair demand with small
stocks We have no change to note in Salt;
the country demand continues brisk Wool is
very dull, with declining tendency, buyers
holding of. Other articles are without change.
Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1872-10-11

THE PIEDMONT AGRICULTURAL FAlR.-The
Fair Grounds are nearly completed. 4 com
mittee is engaged 10 the duty Of ascertalning
the amount Of accommodation afforded by the
town, and will be prepared to direct all strang-
ers to quarters on their arrival. The iudlca-
tons from all parts for fine exhibition are pro.
pitious, and az immense inhlx of visitors may
be anticipated. The Culpeper Cornet Band
are preparing to hold series of concerts and
theatrical exhibitions, and everything will De
done to afford to strangers entertainment and
amusement The following ladies have been
appointed committee to make necessary ar
rangements for the reception and distribution
Of such fancy articles as may be sent to our
Fair: Mrs. Susan Z. Coons, Mrs. J. B. Stan,
ard, Mrs. Gen. D. Gray, Mrs L. ?. Nelson,
Mrs. A. +. Wingfeld, Mrs. B. c, Nacoy, Miss
Nellie Hill, Mrs c i. Waite, and Miss Lou.
Miller Culpepcr Observer