davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1872-03-21

gloss and freshness Of youth. Thin
hair is thickened, falling hair checked,
and badness often, though not always,
cured by its use. Nothing can restore
the hair where the follicles are de-
stpoyed, Or the glands atrophied and
decayed; but such as remain can be
saved by this application, and stimu-
lated into activity, so that new
growth of hair is produced. Instead
of fouling the hair with a pasty sedi-
ment, it will keep 1t clean and vigorous.
Its occasional use will prevent the hair
from turning gray or falling of, and
consequently prevent badness. The
restoration of vitality it gives to the
scalp arrests and prevents the forma-
ton Of dandruff, which is often so un-
c!eanly and offensive. Free from those
deleterious substances which make
some preparations dangerous aud iniu-
rious to the hair, the Vigor can only
benefit but not harm it If wanted
merely for HAIR DRESSING,
nething else can be found so desirable.
Containing neither oil nor dye, it does
not soil white cambric, and yet lasts
long on the hair, giving it rich, glossy
hstre, and grateful perfume.
Prepared by DR.. J. C. Aver & Co.,
Prastieal and Analytical Chemlsts.
LOWELL. MASS.
s9ld IN 81. 1alrsyills. Ohio, by
II RATTE scON
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1872-03-21

caches Examinations for 1872; 1st
half. sssli slis. ss- a..ifs
March 80, at St. Clairsville.
April 20, at Rarnesy lille.
May II, al st. Clairsviiie. SO
June I.aet ST. clairsville.
BY order of Co. Ba Ex's-
JAS. J. BURNS, Clerk.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1872-03-21
Ay u
Hair Vigor
For restoring to Gray Hai1 It's
natural Vitality and Co'otor. C'r

i .rSsiDg
which rs at
once agreeable,
healthy, and
effectual for
preserving the
hair. IT soon
restores faded
or gray hair
to its original
color, Nth tie
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1872-03-21
UNIONTOW WV LOCALS.

JOHNS. HAMILTON, Com.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1872-03-21
Third Floor. .E!sHis sss sssiss:. sssa.; Blankets
Nol1ar Cotton Yarns. Battings and
OO4A16 --Carpet Chains.

All Goods bought lows for cash.
Prices guaranteed AZ ioE as amy house in the
The New York herald., 1872-12-20

THE ERIE GOULD SUITs.-The suits brought
by the Erie Railroad Company against the
former President, Mr.. Jay Gould, have been
amicably settled, Mr.. Gould turning over to
the company property to the value Of the full
amount claimed to have been used in man.
ner unauthorized by the powers Of q president
and board of directors and hence improperly
taken from the stockholders. Mr.. Gould is
said TO have assigned to the company sixty
thousand shares Of Erie stock, the Grand
Opera House property and other securities,
valued in oil at nine million dollars. The
settlement isa good thing for all parties. The
powers OF . president and board Of directors
are large, and are too loosely defined to render
the result Of the suits certain. The amount
paid over, and the fact that the payment does
not interfere for q day with the business trans
hctions Of the party making it, show the enor-
taous resources of the successful operator on
rthe street." and prove the folly Of the little
bshes who venture to swim in the wake of the
tsyiathans Of the deep.
The New York herald., 1872-12-20
TRIPLE S III EE T.
New York, Friday, Dec. 40, 1s72.
THE NEWS OF YESTERDAY.
To-Day's Contents of the
Herald.

SOUR RELATIONS WITH SPAIN AND CUBA!
THE DUTY OF THE GOVERNMENT IN THE
LIGHT OF THE HERALD DISCLOSURES'-
EDITORIAL LEADER-SXTH PAGE.
EERRIBLE sUFFERINGS OF THE PEOPLE IN
FRANCE AND BELGIUM RIVERS OVER
FLOWING THEIR BANKS AND CONVERT
ING FRUITFUL VALLEYS INTO IMMENSE
LAKESi THE QUAYS OF PARIS SUB
MERGED THREE FEET OF WATER IN THE
STREETS OF GHENTi-SEvENTH PAGE.
THE SHIP MATCHLESS WRECKED ON THE ENG.
LISH COAST AND ALL HANDS LOST
PERSONAL NEWS GOSSlP-SEvENTH PAGE.
THE EGYPTIAN KHEDIvE BoRROws TWELVE
AND A HALF MILLION DOLLARS FROM
THE BANK OF CONSTANTlNOPLEi THE
EGYPTIAN TREASURY EXHIBIT OF DEBT
SEVENTH PAGE.
by EUROPEAN CABLEi FRENCH MAYOR
DISMISSED FOR NOT PROTECTING Pill
GRlMS TO LOURDEs: THE AMERICAN
COMMERCIAL EMBARGO IN THE FRENCH
ASSEMBLY: MR.. r. BOWLEs BAILED-
SEVENTH PAGE.
A BATTLE WITH OREGON NDIANs-TERRIFIC
EXPLOSION IN INDIANA-TENrH PAGE
THE PRESIDENT AND THE NEW ORLEANS
CITIZENS COMMITTEE JUDGE CAMPBELL
STATES THE CASE, BUT THE PRESIDENT
REFUSES TO INTERFERE UNLESS CON.
GRESS so ORDERS-THIRD PAGE
FEDERAL CAPITAL NEWS CONGRESS AND
The WALL STREET CLIQUES: THE TENTH
NATIONAL LOOKUP: THE CREDIT MO.
BlLIER: SUMNER ILL BUT AGGRESSIVE
THIRD PAGE.
PERTURBED FRANCEi THE DIFFICULTY BE-
TWEEN NJ THEIRS AND THE ASSEMBLY:
WHAT THE COMMITTEE OF THIRTY PRO.
POSE: PARTY STATUS-FoURrH PAGE.
NINE MILLION DOLLARS RESTORED BY JAY
GOULD TO ERIEi A HEALTHY DESIRE
FOR "PEACE:" HOW 1T WAS DONE AND
THE EFFECT ON THE STOCK: SURRENDER
ING THE GRAND OPERA HOUSE EIGHTH
PAGE.
Mr.. SUMNER DENOUNCED ny THE MAssA-
CHUsETTs LEGIsLATUREl ERAsING THE
LEGENDS OF UNION vICTORIES-AID FOR
THE DANISH SUFFERERS-TENTH PAGE.
POSTAL TELEGRAPHS AND PROHIBITION CON-
SIDERED BY C0NGREss SENATOR SHER-
MAN IMPROVES ON MR.. POMEROY'S
IDEA-FouRTH PAGE
FLUSHING VILLAGE IMPERILLEDl FIRE AND
GREAT LOSS OF PROPERTY-DARING
HIGHWAY ROBBERY-ELEvENTH PAGE.
DIR. L. B. IRIsH's TRIAL. ANDERsoN's AT
TEMPTED SUICIDE: THE GENERAL USE
OF ARsENIC-THE FIFTH AVENUE FIRE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PAGE.
LEGAL THE ARRANGEMENT OF E. s. STOKES:
LEGAL QUANDARY OVER THE DOCK
COMMISSIONERS CASH: A HOLIDAY PRES
ENT: WHAT ARE "NET EARNINGS:" THE
JUMEL CASE-FIFTH PAGE.
REGENERATED TAMMANY IN SESSION. NEW
GENERAL COMMITTEE: THE 1870 CHARTER
DENOUNCED-POSTAL TELEGRAPuS-LEC-
TURES-EIGHTH PAGE.
ON 'CuANGEl CONGRESS LOOKING UP A
REMEDY FOR THE MONETARY sTRIN-
GENCY: GERMAN FINANCES: ERIE RISES
FOUR PER CENT ON THE JAY GOULD SUR
RENDER-NNTH PAGE.
a PERMANENT INDUSTRIAL EXIIIBITIONi
MEETING FOR THE FURTHERANCE OF
THE PLAN-MARITIME INTELLIGENCE
TENTH PAGE.
The New York herald., 1872-12-20

graph companies talk about vested rights;
but they have NOT, in fact any rights over the
territory Of the country or in the magnetic
telegraph. They have, besides, been well paid
already for the capital actually invested. Still
there is no disposition TO oust them from the
privileges they enjoy without reasonable COM
pensation. If they win accept that The Post
master General estimates that the same num-
Der and extent Of telegraph lines, with all their
appliances as exist now, could be established
for twelve millions Of dollars. Others, and
experts in telegraphio matters, make the sum
much less. But. admitting that the total cost
would be twelve millions, is it not ridiculous
to expect forty or fifty millions should be paid
to the companies for their inflated and watered
stocks and their partially worn-out materials
The actual and original cost of the companies
lines did not amount, probably, to twelve mil
lions. Mr.. Orton, perhaps, thinks he con make
the government pay an extravagant price
by his opposition to the postal
telegraph project, and he succeeds.
no doubt in keeping up the market price of
the stock above its intrinsic value by this
strategy; but the people will never consent to
give forty millions or more for what is not
worth third of that sum. especially when the
government can create the same number
of telegraph lines and the same amount
Of property for less than third of the
present stock value placed upon existing
lines. Nor will Congress venture to sane
IT, ----"',"aa thouoh the political
uon sucn P"AvA.---, xvr-o- -51.--a
and lobby influence of the companies may be
great Sooner or later we musS have the postal
telegraph, for it has proved to be successful and
great public benefit in other countries. If
the companies will sell their property at the
actual cost or for reasonable compensation,
all very well; but if they viii not the govern
ment should establish new and complete
system itself, and thus leave the companies to
compete for the business Of the public if they
choose to do SO. This is the only alternative,
and this must be the solution of the matter at
no distant day. Postmaster General Creswelrs
opinion is that in time the people will become
disguised with the greed of the telegraph
companies, and then will compel the govern
ment to exert its incontestable right of con-
structing its own lines independent of all
others.
The New York herald., 1872-12-20

Congregational 1nvestfgations-An Out.
rage ON tho Liberty Of tho Citizen.
We protest against the further prosecution
Of the investigation, as it is humorously called,
now going on at Washington into the conduct
of certain members Of Congress in the matter
of few thousand shares in the Credit Mo.
bilier Of the Union Pacific Railroad. BY what
right, we should like to know, does any one
undertake to pry into the private financial
transactions Of independent citizens just be.
cause they happen to give their services to the
country In enacting laws for the good of the
community? In the semi-civilized ages, when
steam expended itself on the air and cleo.
tricity was on unknown power, under the
curious notions Of such respectable fogies as
Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams, it
was held that public officer, and es-
pecially a legislator, was bound to forego
oil profitable pickings that might be
cast in his way by virtue of his
position or forfeit his claim to be regarded as
an honest citizen. An absurd prejudice pre-
vailed against the acceptance of pecuniary
favors and advantages even by the sons,
sons-in-law, brothers, brothers-in-law, fathers,
fathers-in-law, uncles, cousins or nephews Of
those in the public service. But all such
narrow-minded ideas have gone out Of fashion
with periwigs and shoebuckles. We now rec
ognize the fact that Congressman is . free
agent and is at liberty to make as much
money as he can. To be sure, an honest Rep
must vote in accordance with the
dictates of his conscience, but his conscience
is his own, and he can do with it as he likes.
Of what crime have the Senators and Rep
to whom Oakes Ames' stock was
splaced" been guilty. They received their
shares at par-thosc of them who paid for
them at all-and as q one-hundred dollar
share was found to be worth eight or nine
hundred dollars they made anything from
eight or nine thousand dollars to Rfty
or sixty thousand dollars piece. &c.
cording to the amount Of their interest
The New York herald., 1872-12-20

The RUSSIAN Wan DEPARTMENT proposes to
arm its cavalry with double carbine breech-
loader, instead Of pixies and lances Also to
increase the number of military schools for
officers. There are now sixteen such schools,
in which there we're the present year thirty
four hundred pupils, over eleven hundred of
whom, having passed their examination, have
been drafted into the army. Seven hundred
other officers were commissioned during the
year, and there are still thirteen hundred
vacancies in the various regiments of the regu-
lar army. These statements show that the
beating Of swords into ploughshares is not
yet progressing in Northern Europe
The New York herald., 1872-12-20


sophistry can obliteate from their
memories. Within four days journey
from this city scenes of carnage and savage
barbarity are hourly enacted which would
disgrace the darkest pages Of the worlds his
tory. A war of absolute determination is
waged against people struggling for their
liberties. mo quarter on the battle field
no recognition of flags Of truce''-these are
the cardinal principles upon which the deadly
struggle is pursued. In every direction
devastated country-large sugar estates that
once enrich1d their owners now masses of
smouldering ruins or dark wastes, sentinelled
by blackened chimneys and crumbling walls
Over this desolation we are carried to the
scene of recent conflict between the Spanish
troops and the insurgents, and here we behold
the practical horrors of the savage warfare
The bodies of the slain are left to rot where
they fell; the air for miles around is foul with
the odor of decomposing flesh the birds Of
prey look wrathfully at the intruder as
they rise unwillingly from their loath-
some meal there is no burial for the
hated dead-hated as bitterly in death as
in life. s'No prisoners are ever taken,"
for the wounded are slaughtered after the
harder work of the battle s..a is over. That is an
easy and gratifying task, and It 4. .- performed
with refinement of cruelty worthy OF the
land of the mask and the stiietto. Here is q
wretch not yet dead-let him feel the full
weight Of Spanish vengeance. Tie a rope
about the neck and drag the bleeding form
around the field to see his slaughtered COM
panions; now mangle the traitor. joint by
joint-limb by limb; cut out the tongue
that dared to wag in treason against Spanish
rule; then sever the head from the body and
leave the carcase to rot with it's fellows. This is
the vivid picture placed before American eyes
by the truthful pen Of the HERALD Commits
sioner. These are the scenes enacted hourly
within four days of the metropolis Of the
United States.
In the name of justice, in the name of
humanity, we call upon Congress and the
President to interpose and stop this inhuman
butchery. It has already been tolerated too
long. Can there be any "rights of nations
which oblige this great Republic to suffer
tottering monarchy to thus vent its insane
wrath upon republican institutions at our very
doors2 Are we, free and powerful people,
to be compelled by diplomatic rules to remain
passive and contented while people strug-
Cling only for their liberties are cruelty ex-
terminated? Is the republican party, now
in power, to be called upon to aid
Spain in crushing the Cubans in order that
she may restore the liberated negroes to
bondage and enrich herself out Of slave labor2
We point to the HERALD picture Of the Cuban
war, with all its horrible features. and we tell
the administration and the republican party
that the time has come when the scenes there
depicted must cease, and when the Spanish
government must be made to understand that
the proper theatre for its barbarities is in its
own country and not on this side Of the
Atlantic
The New York herald., 1872-12-20

A New Treasury LOAN FOR EaYPT His
Highness the Khedive Of Egypt has concluded
treasury loan of the amount of twelve mil
lion five hundred thousand dollars with the
Bank of Constantinople. Such is the
announcement which is conveyed in our cable
despatch from Cairo. The apparently easy
arrangement of the viceregal accommodation
in the Turkish capital indicates at first sight
the present existence and probable perpetua-
ton of the most friendly diplomatic relations
between His Imperial Majesty the Sultan of
Turkey and the present representative of the
once Suzerain Egyptian power. Such may
be the condition in fact. We must not forget,
however, that the Turkish system of financier-
ing is admirably adapted, and conducted with
most exquisite skill for the speedy entangle-
ment of imprudent and miscalculating credi-
tors in the meshes of money obligations
which may tend to their ultimate humiliation
by means of the embarrassments consequent
on the bonds. The figures which we append
to the news despatch illustrative of the pre-
vious Indebtedness of the Khedive will 90 far
to enable our readers to comprehend the
position which we thus set forth.
The New York herald., 1872-12-20

The President ON the Aouisiana Tros-
bles.
The Committee of Citizens of New Orleans,
deputed to lay the case of the State before the
President, were accorded an interview yester-
day. After representation of the facts they
asked that Justice Bradley, of the Supreme
Court, and Judge Woods, of the Circuit Court
Of the United States, might take charge Of the
Circuit Court sitting in New Orleans, and that
the President appoint three of the best men of
the. land to examine the Louisiana matters
thoroughly for the purpose of submitting the
subject to Congress. The President did not
feel at liberty to request Justice Bradley to 90
to New Orleans while the Supreme Court is
in session, but signifed that if the Court
should make the request it would meet with
his appreciation. As to the appointment of
commission to examine the facts, that could
only be done by Congress, as without Congress
sional authority they would have no power
to administer oaths or compel the
attendance of witnesses. The President
at the same time disclaimed having
interfered or intending to interfere in the
affairs Of the State. Thus far, therefore, the
committee have gained nothing. The shortest
road out Of the difficulty would be for the
people Of Louisiana to Accept temporary mill
tary rule, suspending the official authority Of
both the Warmoth and Kellogg factions until
a final decree by Judge Durell is made. Upon
this decree an appeal would lie to the Supreme
Co11rt md then the whole caca xuo,,Id 10
decided by the highest tribunal in the land.
The New York herald., 1872-12-20
ADJUSTMENTS THIS EVENING.

OoTH 8 THEATRE, Twenty third street, corner Sixth
aveuue-THK LILLY or FRANCE
The New York herald., 1872-12-20

OLYMPIC THEATRE. Broadway, between Houston
and Bieecker sts-LE PETIT FAUST.
The New York herald., 1872-12-20

The President ON the Louisiana Tros-
The New York herald., 1872-12-20

only IoT sympathy ana recOpnllOn. we want
no men, for we are strong enough to win our
freedom for ourselves, but we do ask that we
may be permitted to buy arms in the
markets open to our oppressors." On the
other hand, the experience of our Commits
sioner in Cuba has been sufficient to show
that the Spanish hatred Of Americans, despite
the friendly acts of our government, only con-
ceals its intensity through fear of our power
as nation that in their profered free par
don to repentant rebels the Spanish author
tiles especially exclude negroes fighting in the
ranks Of the revolutionists who are to be re-
turned to servitude in the event of their SUBJ
mission; that the fifty thousand Spanish
troops now under arms in the island would
have to be reinforced by another hun
dred thousand before they could have
any reasonable hope of butchering
the last Cuban on the field or driving him
into the sea, and thus restoring peace to the
island.
In view Of the facts thus placed before
them we insist that the President and Con-
gress can no longer refuse to recognize the
belligerency Of the Cuban revolutionists with
out lowering the character Of the American
nation in the eyes Of the world. As mere
matter Of right we claim that people who
have for four years maintained regular gov
ernment within their own territory, who
have repelled every force sent against them,
and who are at the present moment as strong,
as hopeful and as far from being subdued as
they were four years ago, are entitled to claim
recognition from nation that sympathizes
with their cause and is interested in their sue
cess. We insist, further, that the voice of
humanity calls upon us to stretch forth our
strong arm to give peace and freedom to the
unhappy island. The picture spread before
the American people in yesterdays HERALD
The New York herald., 1872-12-20


end of the country to the other and is des-
tined to be the principal medium of the bust
ness and thoughts of the whole community.
1t is absurd to suppose this mighty agent of
modern civilization shall continue to be in the
hands Of few individuals or one individual,
of those who can impose what charges they
please. Mr.. Orton says a million people in
the United States use the telegraph. Five or
ten millions, or the whole population, should
be able to use it. To restrain the employment
of it is to clip the wings Of intelligence and to
arrest the education and progress of the
people. A company does not regard
the public welfare and only looks to
its own interests Its chief study is
to make the largest income by high
rates of charges and to raise its stock in the
market. The government would have no such
object, but would necessarily bring the charge
for messages down to the lowest price, just as
it has brought the postage on letters down to
the bare cost Of transmission. Then, besides
the advantage to the people, individually and
directly, of system Of cheap telegraphine,
the proposed measure Of the Postmaster Gem
eral would be great benefit to the press, and
to the public through the press. Any news
paper could have its own wires for exclusive
use and could thus furnish more ample and
important news. Considering the power and
usefulness Of the modern press, we know Of
nothing that would tend to extend its influence
for good more than this. In every point Of
view the telegraph, under the control of the
government, in connection with the postal
service, would be great benefit to the public.
How is this to be accomplished That
Congress has the power to place tho telegraph
system under the government no one will
venture to deny. Shall il. then, buy the ex-
isting lines or establish new ones 2 The tele-
The New York herald., 1872-12-20

GERMANIA THEATRE, Fourteenth street, near Third
ay.-DYR VKRLORYNE SOHN
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1872-09-16

Having a front Of two feet four in
ches on north l. street by the depth
Of thirty-one feet, and lying next
and adjoining the west fourteen
feet 'front.' Of said lot by the depth
thereof.
Davis Harry
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1872-09-16

bitso..s. 80. .......,............
Digney, Hugh.
Being the west eleven feet six inches
front Of said lot by the depth thereo +.
Dixon. JAS Henry, and VIM, King.
Being the south twenty-three feet
front Of said lot BY the depth thereof.
2Davis, John A..............,..
Second installment Of tax for con-
strueting sewer. on interest from
January 3, lSll............,.4l 5. 90
All lnstallmsnts OF water tag, on
interest from July I, 1888. .s27 50
BENG me vest thirty eight feet front
1 .. ssao 10Y oy the depth thereof.
First and second instaiinsnts Of tas
tor constr ucone eewer, on interest
Duhamel, james, trustee
Second, third. fouyth "a AM a..
stallments Of water tai. On intsrsse
from July I, 1885. ...,.1 "a "a
Being the vest thirty-ons feat fro.t
Of said lot By the depth thereof.
Donavain, James E., trustee o. Dom
Being the vsss afty-tvo. feat ri,
inches frontof said lot By TIE dsptf
thereof.
) Dunn, John.
All installments OF water tax, on in
te:est from July 1, 1855. 49,. $40
Being the south twenty feet front Of
said lot by the depth thereof.
J Daley, james ID.
All installments Of water tax, on In
terest from July 1, 1856. .sli.2;
/. Daley, John
Second installment Of tar for curb
Ing and paving footway, ON interoe,
from August ., $50. .:l9 8
) Over, james III
Tax for year ls1o, In name Of Charles
Collipe.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1872-01-16
BOARD AND LODGING WANTED.

MADISON SQUARE. SINGLE ROOM, FOR GENTLE
Il man, with Board. 81 Madison avenue.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1872-01-16
AMusEMEvr.

w ALL NOVELTIES POSTPONED
In consequence OF The Of Mr. Brougnamp new
JOHN GARTH,
the
SIXTH WEEK
OF It's
BOX BOOK OPEN
TWO WEEKS IN ADVANCE ..
"JoiN GARTH IS TRIUMPHANT AND ENIhUsI-
ASTIC SUCCESS "-Herald.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1872-01-16
ANUSE NENr~.

;,,,H.|ya u,sriSs ~, !,
o. -oI:s HvA;;rr Pu3,rr{ RrPOs;;;rHggcrEED.
Have you seen the Elephant?
Have you the Martens
Have you heard the Russian Gypsy sonss
Have you heard the Cat Duet
Haze yiu seen the Warrior Dancer
Have the Shield Table al
Have the Carroll MI igetsr
Have Fors tricks
Have you seen Humpty Dumpty in his new shape2
First week of the WILSON BROTHERS in their great
Cripple Parterre" !
First week OF Signor CAsSELLpS Astounding Aerial
Juag ing and his great "Fountsin of fire" I
First of Mrs. YEAMANS "Celestial Chant"
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1872-01-16
ADJUSTMENTS.

QowBRY THEATRE
By PUBLIC DEMAND
MISS
RATE RAYMOND
- will appear ONE WEEK MORE
IN me- THADDEuS W. MEI0HAN,S
TRIUMPHANT DRAMA OF tho
WAITS
OF
NEW YORK.
which Ia nightly received By
CROWDED AND DELIGHTED AUDIENCES
WITH SHOUTS OF APPRECIATION,
being most positivev the last week perSoYmsdp
owing To other ENGAGEMENTS.
Second week OF the DEvERE BROTHERS,
The performance will commence with tho
BKGANDS OF CALABRIA.
The celebrated eccentric Comedian Ethiopian denear
tor Mr. sWAlNE BUCKLEY viii shortly appear Ia o.