davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Republican journal., 1872-03-07
zoo WILLIE BE FORFEITED BY DIR.


WIZ pproprurrrDp
SD(E biz II faii,na 70 r,ra ~ IN " ls III ,i No.
n an anV other nbvsc,an nI6ra ffactnaiIv ana No.
exposure to all weather with safe and pleasant med
cines'
SELF-ABCSE AND SOLITARY HABITS,
Their effects and consequences.
. = . 7 81 - - : : . = = = "a ioNo'
Incident TO Married aud Single Ladies'.
SECRET AND DELICATE DISORDERS:
uoro,-,ol .r,o,i,,,. Ir,,.io,, ,,, an ,i. a.,
Tho SKIN. IIIrrrs nf t,is HIsn Throat anJ Eo5y =.
Pimples on the Face Swelling Of the joints n r,
you.hess GonstltntlG3nai and other Weakaesses in
fou'h ana ING more "dNAhcen' ~ an ages OF
BOTH SEAES, SINGLE OR MARRIED.
nm n,x,s
rp,r,,,t, ,,,,D,r., u,,,,,c,.
fkiNAlE MEDlCAL OFFICE,
FL EadicOtt Street Boston Mass
IL ca arrangad that n,tieut. nrver e or hcor soch
.other Rcoller. tia o,j, entr,nca 70 'i "t5, H.
- >. b4ying no cc,,n,rtjnn Nth r,s -.jil',..
conseouentIv no family intrrruntion 80 that IN, no
oc,n,,,tt It'll an,. ,I-.,,,, ho.itita j., III t y, liz
aitice - '1' p''''' "if''i"s = -
DR.. DIX
boIdv asserts and it cannot be contradicted, ex-
cept by quacks, who will do ANYTHING even
perjure themselves, to impose upon patients. that
ia Ia rurnSrv pEcr-r ~ fp ,nt.,rE ptyuf.I,v
- - r IT. : -
ADVERTISING IN BOSTON,
TWENTY WEARS
engaged IN treatment q Speclal diseases tact 30
WeH known 70 many oIlZth7 uui'sher5, htr-
onnts, nodei ntopr.gIors, II, 'aI ne = Apch r.
sTRAHGFRs AND TRAVELLERS
To avoid and escape imposition OF foreign and ma,
Ive quacks more numerous N Boston tAAh IN other
arg etie5. ~ 49,
ok. DIN
proudly refers to Professors and respectable Physi
cians-many of whom consult him in critical cases
because Of his acknowledged skin and reputation,
The Republican journal., 1872-03-07

a Standard PREPARATION endorsed by the most re
liable Physicians, and its astonishing curative pow
ers dttested by thousands who have used it,
1t is sure, quick remedy tor all diseases of the
Urinary Organs existing in male or female Irrita-
ton or Inflammation OF Kidneys or Bladder Gravel
Diabetes, Reddish sediment in lrlne Thick Cloudy
Urine, Mucous and Involuntary Discharges from
Urethra, Retention or Incontinence of Urine,
Chrouic Catarrh OF Bladder. and all Chronic Mala-
dies OF the Urine Genital Organs
For sale by all Druggists and Dealers in Medicine
everywhere. 1yIy
The Republican journal., 1872-03-07

NGml
NI'IQFM 81 r $500 ugql sseT pun
'lsoO lT s9AolS 5WFooO 20 YoolS Gm luo
9solo HIN ! 's9AeL pug lu7H peougApV
20 lunoooe 10 oAoru o po5uqo 5utaa
NI1dy4M 81 r
"DhF @o4O 7o1oS mn '7lrp lpql
1oJV lN9u l!IdV 70 Arp lsIg 5W eIoI9Q
u!q ql!M moH eul7s uro 'uuprM 81 r
ql!A slunooo9 ponosun eAvq oqM Nv
The Republican journal., 1872-03-07
FOREIGN AND NATIVE QrACkS.

who know but little OF the nature and character Of
Special Diseases, and less TO their cure. eN
hibit forged Diplomas OF Institutions or Colleges,
which never existed in part Of the world 9TH
ers exhibit Diplomas OF the Dead, how obtained,
unknown; not only assuming and advertising in
names OF those inserted in the diplomas, but to fur
ther their imposition assume names of the celebrat-
ed physicians long since dead either be deceived by
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19
NEWS Aim orunR urs,ss,

Butyric acid and boiled boot -heci 5
give the popular flavor 10 Chicago
drinks.
Mr.. Beecher thinks that people v Il o
do not know how 10 laugh are much 10
be piticd.
A New York firm put UP yonag shad
after the manner OF sardines. labelling
them ''shadincs."
A .Ierscyman from one OF The n,os-
quite districts is said to have applied
for a patent for easf-iron coin,crra
the metal being hardened By new
process so as 10 be almost insect proof.
Punch is RESPONSE bic for the follow
ing: q. What is the difference be-
tween fixed stars and shooting stars
A. The one are suns: the other dar-
ters.
Six orphans in Pittshurg Pa, are Ia
some extent compensated for inheriting
from their father the name of Winne-
biddle by also inheriting from him
some VI ,a00,0O.
Two Peoria ladies, whose Joint
weight amounted to absut seven 'han-
drcd aud fifty pounds, indulged in \
little fight at the circus the other day.
because they could not both occupy
one seat.
The different branches of Presby-
tcrians in the country propose to ocelo-
bratc November 10. the three hu,ldredth
anniYcrsary or the formation Of the
fitst English Presbstsy, bv public ex-
crcises IN Philadelphia. at which dis
couHces will be delivered by eminent
divines selected for the purpose.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19

The Liberals of Massachusetts, have
nominated for Governor, Charles Sum-
uer. 1t will be amusing now to see the
Democratic party, fall into line, and
also mako him It's candidate. II win be
done beyound question. Democrats
will not stand hesitating, as TO whose
paw they use to pull the chestnuti
from the fire. 1t matters not them by
what routesthey travel, If it only leads
to victory.
We want TO see that battle and com
pare the result with like contests, IL
former years, between the two oil
parties, in that State. We can imagine
that it would not be very fsttering t
the vanity, Of the oncc great Bostol
ComMoner.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19
-. v;.., a. 7:r r-.

A Gcfliian newspaper preseDts the
following Interesting statistics in re-
gard to -.ihe wounded OF flle war of
1sI0-7l:
Oul OF 2,453 Gernans wounded
around Metz. ninety five aud half
per cent. were injured by the G'l,assc-
pot rifle. two aud sesen-tcnth> pcI.
cent. by the artillery. aud only eight
fenflis per cent. by cold snsel.
Amon2tl Tie Frcnci, wounded twenty
five per cent. were wo,indtsl by the
German artillery. seventy per ctnt. by
-iid!i ariii-, and i've pci cent. BY eostt
steel
These tialires in themselves tell y
very remarkable story.
The sainc paper prcteilds that in the
whole course OF The war twentv.tive
thousand French were hit hy the Ger
man artillery. ~ thai. ui, comparing
the niinlber al wounded with The num-
her OF shots fired. the coIclu,io is i'm
eyitablc that Tor every three discharges
Oi n GfriiiaiI raigun III least one
krcncfmen was killed. or Motc os. less
imjured.
According to the statistics OF the
German wounded the following pro-
| portion has been established in AN Of
| fetal manner
Ninety par cent. ol nen We're hit
among the infantry. five per cent. in
1 the cavalry. three per cent. in the ar
tillery. and two per cent. in all the
other branches Of the service.
As these results have been confirm
Ell by every course of investigation
made up to the present time. they es-
tabii>h What had heen previously as
serted--iirst, thai the tIi,ssepoi rifle il
superior 10 the needle gun or Drcyse
insil second. ina, the brccch-ioatlins
Gcrinan artillery is enpeiior ~ thv
muzzE loading French.
Tie second proposition has never
been questioned. viz: the overwheim-
ing superiority OF tho German bate
ries. They appear TO have been as
much better Than the French rs the
like Northern arm was 10 the rebel. a
iac, established by every trial oi' ierce
aud precision,
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19

Billy Stone didn't have very loud
call 10 Indiana. after all, - he Is now
stumping the First District for J. NJ.
Shelly, the Dolly Warden candidate
for Congress. William ought to tell
the inmates Of the State institution at
1T. Madison, s'what he knows. about
Swamp Land funds. II may have .
good effect on them when they are
81 discharged from duranceyile.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19

The following call for State Con-
vcntion Of the Democracy Of Iowa has
been issued: q
The undersigned Provisional Com
mittee, appointed by the Louisville
National Committed OF Democrats, in
pursuance of the recommendation OF
said Convention, do hereby invite the
straight Democracy of the State OF
Iowa, 10 meet in Convention at Des
Moines, on Wednesday, Sept. %, 1872,
for the purpose of nominating Presi-
DENTAL Electoral ticket and State
ticket of undeiiled Democrats. and OF
perfecting our State organization. 1t
is earnestly requested that each county
in the State secure the attendance of at
least one delegate.
I. NJ. MONROE,
LEGRANp BYINGT'N Co,n
T.J. SEEvERRs, n'
SYLv4NUs JOHNSON
Sept. Z, lS72.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19
A fiuancial row is impending be-

n A financial row Is Impending be-
hwecn the Democratic and Liberal
sCommittees, in New York. Mr.. Schell,
Eof the Democratic side, is understood
Ito refuse funds for the use Of the
khandful Of ex-Republican Dead beats
who have attached themselves to the
Chappaqua crowd, and there is dam
sger that tho latter will fall to pieces
or lack Of the cohesive power OF
M stamps 1t is said that Schell has
plrcady advanced $4,000 that large
ums were fruitlessly sqnandered in
forth Carolina, and much more In
Iaine, and that the fonntains Of this
esential lubricating oil are running
~. The outlook at present does
lot encoursg the Tammany crowd
I profnse toerality. They see nc
0ssible chance Of getting their mon.
back.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19

Whenever the charge of corruption
Is raised against Gen. GRANT or the
Republican party, remember the fol-
lowing FACTS which have been prov
ed:-
I-IIiat u has lost u smaller per cent.
qf the public funds through the
dishonesty Of etscials appointed
since March itt, 1869, than any
preuious administration.
H.--IhatR collected larger pcrcent.
ertAe f'ubiic revenue at smallc,
per cent ef cost than any Adnaia-
istratioa since tAe days Of Jack
son.
HH.--That il has brought to PUNISH
ment larger per cent Of dishoa-
est officials than any precious
Administration.
Tv.--That IL Is the first Ad,ministra
tioa siace .Jacksoa's time dfspos
ed TO make the tenure Of Office de
pendent upon merit, and not up
on npoliticai sesrice aud has dom
more 10 reform tho ciri7 serpic'
than any other characterization.
4
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19

Il This is about the way things are
working: In May-"lImrah for Hor-
ace and reform y In June-"Greeley
Shashis faults, bat we can mend them
I'm July--"Anyway, Greeley is better
Bthan Grant" In Augustine Gree
Hey in mine, thank you" In Scptem.
bcr---"D---n Greeley.n
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19

Rev. DIR. Eddy writes from Indian-
apolis to his brother-in-law, j. w.
Somers, under date of September 4, as
follows: "The Republican cause in
Indiana is stronger than ! supposed.
Enthusiasm is positively overwhelm-
L lug. Morton's progress is an immense
kovation. He is speaking to massed
Ethousands.v
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19

The Chicago Times says: If DIR.
Isreeley can't get more than 100 900 an
III Democratic votes in the United
States, or more than five times that
shumber, there is no likelihood of his
2ever being President. For there are
many more than five times that NUM-
her Of Democrats ia the United States
&sshose votes he won't get while his
name Is Horace Greeley"
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19

work duplicated.
not, / should have made my self known
10 YOU. when l learned thai YOU need
ed friends but .ou had said that you
cared not If scn should never see ME
again. aud 80 fearing to risk another
chan 20 OF refusal. sis your employees,
remained tocog. often wondered
why you lad not married. for did
notlose sight Of yo,. aud know that
ron had Il good many offers and whea
/ thought of Your visits 10 the graves
OF nv parents. sometimes almost
dared To hope thai YOU did love Inc. =
But will remaih in doubt no longer
tell me, Bertha, darling, viii yon bs
my wife,"
For answer. she placed both her
hands in hiss and with a. sigh like y
weary child. she nestled her face in his
bosom.
The next day another notice appear
cd in the daiiy papers, informing the
public that u COP, Isl was wanted at No,
20 ----- street.
A young m:sp ILLS the position HON
and as the business nourishcs finely
and his employer is 90 kind. he OTTER
wishes that. ike his predecessor, hr
might have tire good fortune to bcronse
a partncr in the concern.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19

Charles O'Connor has accepted the
domination of the Louisville Conven-
zion. Our Democratic friends will
how have choice of leaders. So far
bs we are concerned we don't care a
Dig where they go, except that if they
want to be decent and vote for Grant,
we won't object.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19

4 :
sue of the 18th inst, SO plainly throws
up the sponge in double loaded edi-
torial, that we claim it dne to our read
ers, to call their attention to il, that
they may understand how weak in the
pastern joints these gentlemen arc be-
coming. Its article is headed "rHE LATE
ELECTIONS, DEMOCRATS MUST COME TO
THE 'FRONT.'" And it says:
at is better to look at the facts,
count up the dead and wounded, and
compute the available force for the
next contest. In this vein and thorough-
ly imbued with the idea that this il the
correct way of doing things, we pro-
nounce the Maine election an unsstis-
factory battle for our side ofthe house"
Further along in the alticlc appears
the following: q
.'Therc has been too much Of this
modesty on the part of the Democrats
and too much OF that pestiferous idea
among the Liberal Republicans, that
they will be disgraced in union with
Democrats. 1t must be understood
now, as well as hereafter. that we
Democrats have given up nothing OF
our cherished and time-honored prin-
ciples. We have no apologies to make
and no pardons to aek for. We are
Democrats now as we always have
been always will be, world without
end.o
Here would have been good place
for an "amen," to come in, but Sam
forgot il. However he adds the follow
ing, to which we invite the attention
of Liberal Republicans:
Horace Greeley is the Democratic
candidate and by this fortunate cir
culnstance, we have preserved our Or
ganization, and as yet, thank Heaven,
stand independent of any other polit-
ical organization ON Gods footstool.
l III we have allies to assist us, we bid
them welcome, but If this canvass is to
| be pressed to 9 successful issue, our
speakers and our leader must come to
the front and uphold the banners.
This is the way to victory! We have
heretofore triumphed without the
hope of reinforcements. We do not
now repel any who may be disposed
to assist US in electing Greeley, but II
must be understood that the grand old
Democratic party plays no second i'd
| die at any entertainment. Give 1t the
place to which it is entitled! Allow
our speakers and leaders to assume the
places to which they are entitled
Treat us as we treat you; clasp hand.
across the bloody chasm all around
and all will vet be we'll. We do no,
despair, but warn! THE Pennsylva.
mia and Indiana battles are now tor
close for any more mistakes to b,
made on the part of the Democrats ant
Liberals.
i All hands round, and Liberal Re
puhlicans down the out side: yo,
hear the tune, now dance up lively.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19
THE VETERAN nxPLAzNs

Yea little top much. cap
For iae thing looks might, daer-n,
To yon than IL does 10 me.
know fhat-I told 'cm 50,
And sioos their hsaas where they stacked tseir
Al ihe froai, scscn .eass ago.
llr sass e the hand ot a so,dier
Who lights rs he thinks Is right
And when the War II over,
is 4. wiling s . e rive We, " !s ne ssr asss
Means different thing, son knas
From shs King kau,s with ragged s.rrh'
Al the 'front.' seven years sEc
We iet EN- Oh ,eo easy. Cars
That some q en- sho,sl oa.s .aA, their prayers
~ The foo, Of me a7l.w.-srse: w -,
The leaders 4. wen A. the rAsn--
And hos sep. tbes are tr.in1 game
To get inse power agar
Thes ed the pemocsaas before the var.
GA ANA se,a 5nes Nv ~snl With e s,s S = s sss,n a,.
yed can't Win ,he game wtthous the sus,h.
And must % count MT he cost 10 Of soaihers vote.
To help yoain beaica Grant,
nnd NO fault With the times. csp.
AID pieaiy u oda ios,s going
And tie sountf, seems 10 prosper.
The debt is fast being paid
| don,t hink q change iyr better &
know they aud fault n h ,.ran, ss.,
The, sas he loves horses amt -sneses
Buf fbeA anger from HeaSer
WoullnT slit rliat sort ot uiks.
hate hooked AZ fhe matter rerrfu.
And mud that The trouble grows
From .Ae fac, mai those lot.', feilov.
Cant lead hi,n'''y Che nose.
| i never liked .losare t.iesls,.
And / tell faif ard squire.
4 God made su,b he
10 I'LL the Presidents chair:
For he ipie,l In The hoar OF tforbc,
Nv bsI. thn4sS sskSd il iiftlrsdxIk.
'ASa sttch q HAT ntf Et
TashaDd< The tiop hAts
Airl sounds nights suspicious
To hear these Fellows rant. 5gpssr.ss
Cali hfn honest Cncle neasss
And MI thai soft al caHs.
Why. |. aiii; halat to remember n
How tsfceley used 70 blow.
Aiia .ail tirns tiieys> ans. traitors.
Mol a dozen teais
ilic;ras vnit thing snure, cap
That hsy- gel 10 sal.
Won't nelp li.i into onrs* saz.
The leaders NhD wule The Yrxy;
L tar the graves Rfe In between ~
CT the boys who the blue.
And tiled in lighting thus. rrtci>
Non voting Glony with spu.
And .iacgoss the booes csassr
The North viii never shake uc-.
I'LL the criDlsnn hands oi ihe leaders
Are clean on The usher sho3e
leu issy win the hsht IN Aovcmber--s
Ih0Ds uisi tast Joi caaf-
fslf tte snidiers vote yea u isever arI
10 help YOU III beating Gra.f.
II (La.,rs =
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19

Horace Greeley will be ON exhibition
at the Sangamon (Ill.) county fair dur
ing thes latter part Of the month.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19
kOFEICEs-On tllS Corner Markcs and SEQ.
Znd6tge4tescver thd Post 0mcs.e \ vss.


ss:s=sssss:s.ss !. - =.=ssszs.=s,
Y .,KsEE'r ss ,KsEEroKhsnRs. READ!
The reduction ofthe public debt foa
September, to-wit: SIC, ,735, ,636 makes
hs totafrsaaetion for three years and
half ofGranfs administration $34S,-
~, ,29g Or about $l00, GOO, 600 annually
bile this has been done, during the
ame time there has been an abatement
IF taxatioa|to the amount Of S279, ,OOO,-
100. Is this not answer enough to base
isshoods which have been aud ars
icing peadlsd ) brosdcoaat over the
1 md sbystha opposition2 Add to this
ne high S6afSeter Of integrity Of the
y Resilient and his Cabinet, and the
scosl AZ gsars which they have madlB
L gentlemen of ability and probity,
Ow canit bsidoabsed shat otasiaf puf-
" and ccuh9myo 2 chafacterizes this
dministration sffls, q high degrei
Dtill fusther,s affom u twentys6vess d
Dirty committcys have been appointed
examine into ana report upon the
pings. Of the administration; indeed,
4 ever III the history .o{ tlse Nation has
q Aere beensucha ! pcrsistept and bitter
4 taca ysSda ,,,tSs,s .assls = As.ts,Sss ,sssor
Wi.si 80 I. N las..s- ,. ! I. .,s.'
= Ss.ssss - 80 'o .pSp''
&c preseiH onss = w atAii tnls laoor
ne result has been-that a unanimous
nbOrt has been mddeiIf all but seven
sas .o.>t,at.av axo,,o,,.t;.. ~. -.
- -. .-.a.r ...-'s' - re-
~ Wloso - octs' hnvo Oeeh
vestigau0n, nnd IN these seven cases
1as no stain, hy the report, been
xttacbed n yhsp,sx.eas,t NO. "a .,,o
. ...-.. 1 " '
onoi VI inc VI any pfominens y ;
an of the administration. The fact
\ these investf9at tons. intended by de.
Icning man IL destrnv tha faith' aftho
". i.
= ."0 ~ ssAs'naens 3 as nov .sa-t
anistefeu. nave strengthened that
18th. Again, still further lct ne
Nv that on the Goth .aav of Sent 1S71
s,,,o-,;.a 80 80.
$50 - pa'ioa a -
as endorsed TDy M. 4irccley. speak
Sg of the administrattoh it said:
4 AFT hsa7t.dnced tho dnI,e ovar ,vyo
pna ar1d and fifty lnillions of7lollars
le iast three years, ana slmuhane-
S,ont The game amou,,t ], =
v On the Goth daysof September. 1871.
Iyman Trumbull attended the Repub-
lean otatc convention m Illinois, at
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1872-09-19
VOLUME "a.


u. =. Benning was ! General ia TIE
Rebel army, and is now Greeley
Elector at large, in the State of Geor-
gia. We publish below, without COM
ment = portion ofarecent speech, made
BY him while canvassing tho State q
Elector. He said:
If Greeley and Brown are elected,
| the contest will result ii . Demccratic
House Of Representatives, and subee.
qnently Of d Senate. The Democrats
being the strongest power, win merge
into their members the liborsl element.
The creek flows to the river. mot the
river to the creek. The Chattahooch
onght not to complain becsuse the
creek empties into Il. The Libera3s
can DO nothing, but fuse with us. All
The offices of prof arc held 81 radicaIs..
The election Of Greeley win give me-
bulk Of them to Democrats. IL win
gaenflste the establishment Of o fraternai
feeling between the South and North.
This will tend to indemnify - for
heavy losses sustained otherwise than
by the freeing Of slaves, and gives q
hope we may receive something for
them. The election Of Greeley and
Brown will produce reconciliation be.
tween the South and North, ana tend
gFeatly to cur advantage. Their cleo
tion will restore the South to her
weight in the Government. Before the
war our Representatives were incOf-
ruptible, and though In minority,
controlled to great extent the Gov
efnncnt. We viii be stronger now,
because we win 90 as q unit =
Gen. Benning denied that any Dem
ocratic principles had been surrender
cd, and denounced the third party
movement He continued:
"The great Democratic principle il
State Rights. Does not Greeley pro-
fess the same opinion on THE subject
ds tho Democrats OF the NOrttif He
occupied an almost Identical position
upon the slavery question: with that
of Douglas, only he insuited the own
er. He was In favor OF the secession
Of the South ifa majority Of the people
wished to do SO. When war came
he went with his section, as the NORTH
ern Democrats did. During the war
he was an advocate of peace. After
the Getty ysbfrg tight be advocated lib
erai terms. Altogether 10 has tho hest
record of any Northern man. We
took Seymour and Blair in 1868. ii
Seymour hadn't pushed forward rein
forcements, Lee would have won Get
tysburg. This contest is not a duel be.
tween Greeley and Grant, but q battle
between the Republicans and tho Dem
ocrats. Ii the battle is won, what diff
ference does it make about the leader?
The great contest is, which party is to
rule. Is it not best to honor Greeley
q little, and gain party victory2 Tho
amendments to the Constitution may
be susceptible to change. The people
at the elections four years ago decided
as regards them for the present. 4