, 1872-11-22
MIR. DARWlN'S NEW BOOK.

| 6C1AkA aul CIOsE4t ~phEhEN fU4uAues OU LQ6
preston Of the emotions in man aud animals
The following extracts will give an idea OF its
general scope and purpose:
"Meny writers consider the whole subject o1
] expression as inexpGcab1e. No doubt
as long as man and all other animals are viewed
as independent creations, an efIectual stop Is
put to our natural desire to investigate far as
! possible, the cause Of expression. By this doc
trine, anything and everything can ho equally well
| explained; and it has proved as pernicious With
natural history. With mankind some expres-
sions, such as the brsthng Of the hair under the
influence OF extreme terror, or the uncoYer1ug ot
the teeth under that Of furious rage, can hardly
! be understood, except On the belief that man
once existad in much lower and animal like
! condition. The community Of certain express
sions IN distinct though allied species, in the
movements Of the same facial muscles during
laughter by man and by various monkeys, il
rendered somewhat more intelligib1e, if We be-
heVe in their descent from common progenitor.
He who admits on general grounds that the
structure and habits of all animals have been
gradually evolved, will look at the whole cub
jet Of esp1esaion in new and interesting
a little gesture made by eulky children may
here be noticed, namely, their ''ahowing cold
shoulder" This has g different meaning, as
believe, from the keeping both shoulders raised.
\ cross child, sitting on its parents knee, will
lift up the near shoulder, then jerk it away as il
4lo14A LN4 tao3 a41A AAtE1 WE'LL S4fG DhChHhlkl
puah With it, as it to push away the offender.
have seen child, standing at some distance
from any one, clearly express its feelings by
raising one shoulder, giving it q llttla backward
movement, and then turning away its whole
We have seen that the study Of the theory Of
expression confirms to certain limited extent
the conclusion that man ie derived from some
lower animal form, and supports the belief Of
the specific OF sub-specidc unity OF the several
1,+% Fn- f.,1n h,.at.
confirmation WAS hardly needed.
Weeping is probably the result Of Eome such
chain OF events as follows Children. when
wanting food, or suffering in any way, cry out
loudly, like the young Of most other animals,
partly as 8 call to their parents for aid, and
partly from any great e1ertion serving as B.
relief Prolonged screaming invariably leads to
the gorging Of the bIood-vessels Of the eye, and
this will have led, at first consciously, and at
last habitually, to the contraction OF the mus
cIea round the eyes in order to protect them
At The same time the spasmodic pressure On
the snrface Of the eye and the distention Of
the vessels within the eye, without necessarily
entailing any conscious sensation, will have
glands. Finally, through the three princi-
Pies Of nerse~force readily passing
along accustomed channele-of association,
which ia 80 widely extsnded in its power-and
OF certain actions, being more under the control
Of the will than othera-it has come to pass TINT
without being necessarily accompanied by any
other action. Although in accordance with this
view We must look at weeping as an Incidental
result, as puEposeless as the secretion of tears
the Ietina being affected by a bright Light, yet
this doea not present any difficulty in cur under~
standing how the seeretion Of tears serves as q
relief to suffering And By as much as the
weeping is more violent or hystericel, by 50 much
will the relief be greater-on the same principle
that the Writhing Of the whole body, the grinding
Of the teeth, and the utterng Of piercing shrieks
al give relief under an agony Of pain. y.
With young children, aulkiness is shown by
pouting, or. as it is sometimes called, "making
a enout." When the corners Of the mouth are
much depressed, the lower lip is d little everted
and protruded, and this is likewise called pout.
But the pouting here referred to consists Of the
protrusion OF both lips into q tubular form,
as the end Of the nose, it this be short. Ponting
is generally accompanied By frowniag, and
sometimes by the utterance Of 8 booing or
whooing noise. This expression is remarkable
as almost the sole one, as far as know, which
ass 6 Pbpeans Py 0an aa n
maturity. There is. however, some ten
the adults ct all races under the influence Of
great rage. Some children pout when they are
From inquiries which have made in several
large families, pouting does not seem very COM
mon with European children; but it prevails
throughout the world, and must be both COM
mon and strongly marked With the most savage
races, as it has caught the attention of many OBJ
servers. 1t has been noticed in eight different
districts Of Australia and one Of my informants
remarked how greatly the lips Of the children
ara there protruded. Two observers have seen
pointing with the children Of Hindoos; three
Africa, and with the Hottentots; and two with !
HE children of the Wild Indians Of North Amer |