davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Der wanderer. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1867-1957, 1872-04-27

Der Muswanberuns tn Deutf9lanb, tur3
nadbem baGelbe fetne Gintsuns poltraat
1T yieaetdt fur Manden iiberral9eno. ST.
men biene CUR Nuffldruns aber bteie Grf4et'
,uns, bab ietesmal mad trseno tpel@en sro>
zen 8ri1en, na9 &epplutionen unb Sr'ssen.
etefer Grieb CUR Mustpanberuns rnd6tts an'
f6miat, neil isbesmal Eauienbe burh fplde
&rtten gerlufe erlttten, eter gerlute oeer
Bebridunsen befur&ten, aufc1ee Der ttatt'
eebabten &%enberun9en, melhe tie be0tr1raet',
Das, pas lie befben eber aud nur TIRE per'
fonen in cen i&eren 6afen teraer 2dnbsr 3u
retten, namentlt9 mad Mmertfa, 100 Der
Trteben i'm Snnern unb mad Muben 9eft'
&ertet 1T, unb no Der Mrbetter mebr Ius'
1at Bat ~ eutem @rwerb unb unseftorten'
Befb.
Die M~usmanbtruns aus Deutf4lanb TT
I'M pprteen Sabrbunbert unb tn btefen1 bur@
folae 8rifen msbrn1als Defenders anse>
l4wo1en. 90 tpar es mad ben @trbeerur'
gen Der Tran,ofen tn 2ottrtnsen, tint CLAP
unb In Der Yfal3 unb na@ BENT febentdbrt>
gen &rtee III benz sprtsen Satr9unbert; tn
btefen1 Sabrbuubert muds fe 1915 na@
| @&lub Der napo1eonifden 8rte9e an, ~teiter
1880 mad ben bamalteen @oltserbebunsen,
1848 mad ter seruneladten &euolution, unb
70 pirb 1e mad benz lebten &rtes uab BET
5erfeGuna Der &etdsetnbett onwa6ien unb
pieneiAt tn fploRa1erem Mabfab, ais fra'
BET.
SIN Der erfen @o6e tes Npril famen, pte
bereits mttaetbsilt, 1900 @usmanterer que
GlfaB unb 2%otbrtneen gu Nep yprf an, mel
DE mad Dem fernen @efen aieben. Gtaen'
ttumli6 gor 10 Sabren fa1en ebenfane
MaGen Don Gl,dGern unb 2otbrineern an
@ie famen mad @bilobelpbia, UNI 9ionier'
Der beutlAen Mniebluneen in pennfelcanier
au .perbeu. @te tpare1 Dor ben Sranap(er
seFoben.- -rnb jest fpmrnen Gauienbe aus
oenielben 2dnbern, neil eteie BON 0eutfhr
LAMB pieber erpbert puroen, unb weil itt tt,
Tltebenben ni9t ba3u perfeben ppfen. pie
Der Deuti@ 3u treroen. @elbfrerFdnolth
1T IS freili@ oft AUDI bic materiene Nptb
.pe1de ,ur T&u9t aus Der @eimatb trieb
unb bteler unnfanb fonamt bet ben tmme
mebr fid~ 3eriesenben %io3talen @ertaltnide'
Guropa's sesenwdrtts gang beionbers in @e
t1a6t.
Der wanderer. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1867-1957, 1872-04-27

ST 2annsbut bat IA etne @eieti4ft &C.
Brilneet gu benz :3meft, fcmmenees Sabr
mibreno Der @eltausRe1uns in @ien cine
Tlobfabrt babtn gu unternebmen. @orldu>
fig 1T ais Sag Der @tfabrt Der 4. Stunt fef'
aeiebt. Die @sleaihaft pirb au bieiem
3wsde fur f6 etn TlcB a~nfauien unb bai'
felbe lcpiel tpie mD3l'd in etn lhmtnmenbes
9ctel um,useitalten iuAen, unb fol- beions
oers fur cine auSse;eiGnete &eRauration
Gorge eetragen merbtn. I'm tn Maem auf
Der 90te Der 3eit gu feben, TT beabf6tist
pibreno Der Nnwe:enbeit in Wien, etn eise>
nss 8latt, bic vSlobjeituns," teraus3uae>
ben, re'dss bic Sasesneuisfeiten unoApen'
turen oieler mcbernen Arsonautsniabrt be.
riGten lca.
Sole sdafe.-Man fdrsibt aus @dtse~
mig: Sn Der Ndpe BON Tten5burg 1T btr
ieltene Ta1 eingetreten, bob SAafe tcq sc,
seworben ino !; etni9e Vnb creptrt, aneere
an bic Settle selest worren. Wun permu-
tbet, tab Elm tOler 6unb bas unbeil anse.
rihtet babe.
1tn9lif. - SIN Ter ercfen Sptnnerei Don
@atnt. Cities (be! grlfsl) bat tursli6 cine
DampffeTtl G1plolon fattsefunben, pp.
bur1 feds @rbeiter set0ptet uuo eli per-
munbet, 1opie anberietttse bebeutenbe8ef9d-
btounaen reruriaht mu,ben.
Der wanderer. [volume] (St. Paul, Minn.) 1867-1957, 1872-04-27

0ur9 Geter tuuroen fir3lid tn 1tfFn,
Ohio, naebr ais 60 @ebdube aerR6rt.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23

SAVINGS BANKS. statistics of the
savings banks OF the United States indi-
cate very gratifying condition of af-
fairs. Tbeee banks contain deposits of
sbout 81. 900. 900. 900, OF which sum
S276, 00O, 900 are in the savings banks of
New York, 2l63, ,O0O, 900 in Massaohu-
setts, and u .000. 900 in tho rest of New
England. During the last ak months.
1t ls estimated that between $50, 900. 200
and 300. 900. 900 have been Withdrawn
from these banks. As nearly the whole
OF the immense sum on deposit in the
various savings banks Of the country ia
derived from the surplus earnings of
mechanics and laboring mon, the fact
speaks loudly in favor of the careful eco.
nomy of this GLASS of our population.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23

Means What He snys.-Though s.con-
hrmations strong as proofs OF Holy WRIT"
and az numerous as tho sands on the sea-
the proprietor OF DR.. sage's CAtarrh Remedy,
is In earnest and means what he says, when
he offers $500 reward for any case of Catarrh
which he cannot cure, yet there would be
to about, ''Hum6ug!" "HUMBuol" ''It can
not be, because pr. Homespun says Catarrh
cannot be cured" Now, thie DR.. Homespun
honestly believes and peraists In declaring
that this earth is not round or spherical, but
fat as q 'slap-jac !" and does not turn over
otherwise, the Water would all be spilled out
micsl science haa positively demonstrated and
proven th,. DR.. Homeapun Is wrong In sup
posing this earth to be fat and stationary,
and medical soisnca 10 daily proving that he
regard to the durability Of Catarrh. In short.
it has been positively proven that this world
n1oues, and that medical science is progressive
the opinion OF Or. Homespun to the con-
trary Notwithstanding. That DR.. Sage's Ca
tarrh Remedy will cure Catarrh, thousands
who have used it attest.
Then buy it and use it, in doubt do not stand
You will find it in drug storos all over the land.
Talk at the ToiIet.-Every lady's maid
knows that the bowitching beings who pave
regard splendid head of hair the most effect
i've OF ali womanly destinations. They be-
lieve, and they are right. that they can lasso as
many beaux with the luxuriant ringlets and
glossy braids as they can skill at sight" with
their beaming eyes. Hence in their "toilet
talk" among themselves and with their at
tendants, the merits Of preparations for thel
hair are freely canvassed, and the latest re-
suit OF this discussion seems to be the almostI
universal adoption Of LYONS KATHAInoN, asl
an article better adapted t. promote thel
growth and beauty OF the "Chief Glory of
Woman" than any other atpresept before the|
1lA hat srrsk kir~r> Z k1oE
skin Of the head, it eradicates dandruff, and|
that it penetrates below the surface to theI
roots Of the hair, endowing them with new|
life and vigor. M23t3
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23

HOTEL Ann1vALs. May a., Columbia
Hotel-W Murdook, A L D B; Q Jaoobehon,
Y Britton, N Y; WD Aiken, 8 O; J q jerks,
n II Collins, E " NJ Msckey. " TAFT.
0hsrleston; d L Turner, Edgefieldi J W
O'Brien, Charleston; n d 0ilbert. Whining
ton; J II Saunders, Tenn; Z Garmany. wifs.
four children and aervant. O.: W E Marion,
Md; J D Kennedy, Csmden; Messsnsale.
Augusta; G NJ Beinhoyer, 6hepherdstown; A
B Abel, New York; 8 Emanuel, Georgetown;
Nicksrsos House-Nr and Mrs L W Perrin,
Miss Perrin. G. y Perrin. J 8 Perrin, John s
q Terry, city; Mrs 8 4 Bryce. s q; J B Keen,
Thorn asvills; N Montgomery, n Y; VIM D
Aiken, Winnsboro; " shsckleford, Ga; J B
Chatham, Helena.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23
MAY 81, 1872.

j. A. SELBY: Feeling like scribbling
few lines, send you this for the CO.
lumns of your paper. It is noticeable
that there is quite difference of Opt
nion among men as to the best course to
pursue in putting forth nominations for
President and Vice-President of the
United States. All the old party lines
are obliterated, and old party platforms
are no longer applicable to our progress
sive times. There is now no use in re-
ferring back to the platforms Of ancient
Whigery, Democracy, Republicanism, or
Know Nothingism, in putting forth a
platform of principles upon which to
rally the voters of the country. We
have reached new condition of parties
and politics. Modern Republication is
split into two wings-the one is Radical
and Grantish, the other conservative
and desirous of reform. Most of these
indicate willingness to risk ride on
the national boat, with honest Greeley.
the man of the pen and press, and Gratz
Brown, who is willing to assist in WELD
ing the helm Of the State. Modern De.
mocracy is also threatening to split-not
30 much as to the platform as to the men
who are to bear the flag to victory. Here
lies the rock on which the boat of State
may strike, and sink all the promising
hopes. The power and strife OF newly
affiliating parties will pass through q
trying crisis. Partyism has run itself
into extremes already; and unless the
working and business masses OF the
whole people Of this country take their
rights and interests into hand, with an
earnestness, the aspiring politicians and
corrupt and hungry office-holders will
bring the United States into final and
utter ruin. General peace and prosperi.
ty, especially in the South, will fee
away. The Southern section of this
Union is now almost reduced to help.
lessness and despair, and has no induce
ment to forward the views of corrupt
men and dishonest parties. Hers is the
duty and interest to support men and
party who will affiliate, with true intent.
honestly, to do justice to the South and
the whole country; to lessen and remove
insufferable burthens; to work the ma
chinery of government with care and
economy; eschew extravaganza, and
strive to promote general peace and
prosperity among all classes of people,
on fair terms. Our inquiry should be,
who are the men and the party that will
work persistently in this direction?
Who will unite to fight it out on this
line? We will go for any nomination
that will come up boldly to this standard
men who are competent for such a
high position, and can command sup.
port that will warrant probable success.
We will support such a nomination. no
matter what have been their former
party affiliations. These enter now very
little into the great questions at issue
before US. We wait for bid. Who
says? The welfare of the "best Govern
ment the world ever saw" is now regis
tered on the auction board. and must be
knocked down to the highest, honest
bidder. No straw bids will be taken
the terms are cash. SPES.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23

IGNORANCE AND BARBARIsM IN ENG.
1AND.-In the House Of Correction at
Preston, England. ont of 1886 prisoners,
GAG were found to be ignorant even OF the
Saviours name. We do not think the
Ignorant peasantry" OF. France can
equal the above.
A vicious alligator posted himself in
the main street Of st. Augustine, Fla,
and fought his assailants bravely until he
was killed.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23

MURDER IN SAvANNAH.-Aq quarrel on
the Thunderbolt Road, Savannah, last
Sunday evening, between q small party
OF colored men, resulted in the death,
on Sunday afternoon, of Charley Davis,
who, it appears, got the worst of the
fight, and was most brutally beaten and
kicked by Alonzo Robinson, Ned Robin
con and John Thompson.
ACCIDENTAL DROWNING Yesterday at
noon, while party of colored men were
bathing in the Augusta Canal, near Rea g
Creek one of them, Moses Easterllng,
was drowned. It seems that he endea.
vored to swim across, but was taken with
cramp and sank before aid could reach
him.-Augusta Chronicle.
The SNAKB.-Not boa. constructor, q
rattle-snake or the idol OF the snake
worshippers, but we allude to the snake,
a coach-whip, killed in Captain Whites
garden on last Sabbath. It is said to
have been six and half feet in length.
Who can beat it2-A6beniQe Medium.
FoUNr DEAD.-Mr. Lindsay Coleman,
an esteered citizen of Jefferson County,
Ga, was found dead in his bed, Tues
day morning. He had been suffering
for some time past, with an affection of
the heart, and his death is supposed to
have been caused By this disease.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23

DEATH OF MRS. D. r. SoSDLRY. We
regret to announce the death Of Mrs. D.
r. Sondley, which occurred at her resi-
dence in this village on Monday after
noon, after long and painful illness.
She was truly the child of afliction, and
for several months past was confined to
her bed, and during her last moments
was unconscious
The deceased was the eldest daughter
of the late DR.. Isaac Branch. and with a
brother who still lives, was the survivor
Of a once happy and unbroken house
hold. But death came. and in the short
space of eighteen months, the sister, the
mother, and the father were successively
called away, and now the daughter,
leaving family Of dependent children.
Truly the ways of Providence are in
scrutable .-AJ6epiNe Press and Banner.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23

TIE ARRESTED. The following named
gentlemen have been released on bail
since our last report: Messrs. James
Packer, W. Fl. Eddy aud Baxter Chap
man.
The following are tho arrests: D. T.
Newman, James Irby and ex-Sheriff T.
NJ. Paysinger.
Mr.. Commissioner Hunklc, who has
been absent for some timo, returned to-
day, and will proceed with the business
of giving release to prisoners on bail.
Ne,cberry Herald.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23


A ship canal across the peninsula of
Florida is proposed. The route is up
the st. johns River for 127 miles, then
up the Ocklawaha River for sixty miles.
At this point, ship canal. for the dis.
tance Of forty miles must be cut through
the swamps to the Amaxura River at a
spot thirty .hve miles from it's mouth,
where it empties into the Gulf OF Mexico
near Cedar Keys. BY this route, $50
miles will be saved on the voyage be-
tween the mouth of the Mississippi and
the Atlantic ports. As the trade of 1871
between the ports on the Gulf Of Mexico
and those on the Atlantic coast amount
ed to 800. 900 tons. it is believed that a
handsome revenue would be derived
from the proposed canal.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23


following suggestions to claimants. Re.
spectfully yours.
T. ". PARMELE,
Special Commissioner.
1t has come to my knowledge that
many loyal claimants before this Com
mission have assigned large per centages
OF their claims. and in many cases have
made large cash advances, to persons
representing that they have ''peculiar
facilities" for obtaining favorable con-
sideration of claims prepared by them
as attorneys" There are many honor
able persons engaged in the prosecution
of claims whose services deserve libe.
raj reward, but there are many unprinci-
pied men who. for the sake Of extorting
cash advances, or large per centages,
will misrepresent to the claimant, either
by encouraging groundless claims, or by
undertaking those likely to be entertain.
ed-ln either case, demanding rates out
of all proportion to the real value of
their services. The expense of prepar-
ing all the papers required by claimants
should not exceed two or three dollars;
and if loyal claimant adopts the wise
course OF letting his case rest on its
actual merits, the examination, as con-
Quoted under the regulations of the
Commission, will bring to light more
favorable matter than is likely to result
from a prepared narrative Of loyalty. II
claimant has doubt as to the prospect
OF allowance, he should consult the Spe-
cial Commissioner in his district, or
other reliable counsel, 80 as to avoid q
waste OF time and money. This course
is wiser than to depend on his own inge-
nuity or the "peculiar facilities" Of spe-
onlators. Many claimants are deferred
from presenting claims before me, in con-
sequence of the high rates exacted by
their attorneys" one.fourth OF which
would pay the fees allowed my Office.
10 those who cannot visit me at Colum-
bia, I will send circulars, or reply to by
letter on receipt of postage. I have on
hand all the printed forms for preparing
claims. and they may be filed up and
sworn to before me at small expense.
All persons in this State who present
claims before this Commission must ap-
pear before me with their witnesses, or
give testimony before the Commission
at Washington. The Commissioners
have positively refused to deviate from
this rule. Where the number of claim
ants in any locality will warrant the time
and expense of the journey, will visit
them without additional cost; otherwise,
I am allowed to exact my actual ex-
penses, in addition to the fees paid by
claimants. It. W. PARMELE,
Special Commissioner.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23
teotive tariff. The people of TINT Sec

tsotiye tariff. The people of TINT Sec
tion are the producers, and, of course,
profit by any enhancement of the price
of their particular productions; but the
people of the South and West are con-
sumers, and every cent added to tho
price of what they consume is an addi-
tional burden for them to carry. The
Union man is from New England, we be-
lieve, and we will accord him the same
sincerity in his tariff notions which he
has graciously granted his opponents.
But he is evidently out of his latitude
in more senses than one. That he has o
penchant for manufactures, we know.
Some uncharitable folks say that so great
is his zeal for and knowledge of that
noble branch of industry, that he some
times applies its mechanical powers to
the fabrication OF facts, making them
even OF the whole cloth when the coca.
sion is urgent, and time or truth will not
allow OF more laborious and certain
process This is novel branch Of ma
nufaoture, aud we must confess is most
ingeniously operated by orr high tariff
contemporary. But we protest against
its introduction as foreign article, and
demand protection.
Furthermore, and lastly, we protest
against the Union man. Being an i'm
ported fabric himself, and of inferior
grade at that, it does not become him to
cry down his kind. It is suicidal. He
is evidently bent on acquiring the glory
OF felo de Sc. We are anxious to be rid
OF him, but he must not perish by his
own hand. Even our malignant hate
would not doom him to death by such an
ignominious instrument as that. Just
let him keep quiet, and if he is really
sincere in his apparent desire to crafty
our longing for his absence, we will fur
nish moro glorious mode for his last
departure. We have been keeping, es-
pecially for his service, bull Ku Klux,
with both horns on, and if the Union
man really wishes to expire, we will turn
this Cyclops upon him, some of these
moonlight nights, and make him such O
glorious martyr, that even Grant could
not contend successfully with the Unions
posterity for the highest Office in the
gift of Ku Kluxed people.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23

DUTcHER's LIGHTNING F1Y-KI11sR
sweeps them of and clears the house
speedily. Try it. Sold by dealers every
where. 4 81 l.F A 80 tT2m
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23

LIST OF New ADVERTISEMENTS.
Communication Acacia Lodge.
W. 81. Wigg-Wanted.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23
ARREST OF ANoroR1ousL LAw-BaEAxER.

ARREST OF ANoroR1ous w.BREAKER.
Frank Jones. colored man, who hos
been imprisoned number of times, for
various offences, succeeded in escaping
from the guard house, on Sunday night
last-where he was being held on q
charge of passing bogus currency. The
next day. short distance in the coun-
try, he robbed an old colored man of q
dollar or two, and the next day succeed
ed in stealing about five dollars from
another colored unfortunate. Yester-
day, in the neighborhood of Solomon's
brick-yard, he attempted to commit
rape upon small colored girl, but the
mother overheard her cries and went to
her rescue. The scoundrel made off.
and afterwards turned up at the brick-
yard, where the employees kept an eye
upon him until knocking off time, when
they got around him and attempted &C
arrest the law-breaker. Jones dis
tributed tho brick-bats in the vicinity
quite freely among the party; whereupon
one OF them procured double-barre!ed
gun and brought him to terms in short
order. He was then taken charge of by
q number Of brick-yard employees and
marched to Chief Jackson's head
quarters. A lengthy visit to General
Stolbrand's castle will be the result.
+. The Charlotte papers speak in compli-
mentary terms of Capt. Ly Brand g Silver
Cornet Band. The Observer says:
''After the address the Columbia band
discoursed an appropriate air, which was
excellent in every particular. and the
Columbia fire companies may we'll be
proud to have such splendid band of
music to accompany them On occasions
like this.
"Then come the presentation of
beautiful banner from the Columbie In
dependents to Charlotte, which was
done through AIr. Crawford, in few
eloquent and patriotic remarks, which
was received by Mayor Young with
short but very impressive speech. The
banner contained the following device:
Hornets Nest Mecklenburg Declaration
OF Independence. presented by Brevard
to to the the. People, I, My. It's. Independents
10 OuarlOttes N i. ~.
"After the patriotic addresses by Mr..
Crawford and Mayor Young, nothing
would suit the occasion 30 well as that
life-giving and soul-stirring piece of
music, 'Dixey.' and loud calls for 'Dixey,
by the Columbia band. was made and
the calls were promptly[xesponded to,
amid cheer after cheer. and the old hills
OF Mecklenburg almost trembIed with
the sounds of that glorious and patriotic
air."
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23

The Columbia correspondent of the
Charleston News telegraphs thusly:
The report that the interest on the
State debt, due July l, will not be paid,
has no other foundation than the casual
remark of dabbler in stocks. The
ring maintain a profound secrecy, and it
iahighly probable that the depressing
rumors now in circulation are intended
to shove the bonds down and leave those
in the secret handsome profit when the
truth comes ont. A large sam of money
in revenue bond scrip has been received
at the Treasury, but none as yet has
been paid out. The policy OF the ring
appears to be to nurse their funds, pay
ing no claims except OF the most press.
ing kind, so as to be able to restore the
State credit, and give the grumbling
bond-holders at least six months inte-
.xeat, TO keep them quiet until fall, when
che tax collections will be abundantly
sufficient to liquidate all arrears.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23

PH0NIxIANA.-Natur has written a
letter of credit upon some mems faces
which is honored almost wherever pre-
sented.
A young lady thinks it great waste
OF material to put ten dollars worth
Of Panama hat over ten cents worth Of
brain.
Make an idol Of a woman and she is
very apt to become idle.
A desirable secondhand artiole-a
young, rich and amiable widow.
AS contributor to the Congressional
Globe, Mr.. Voorhees, is o success; but
when his present term expires, there will
be successor.
Iowa couples are married in buggies.
They say it is the Dolly Warden style.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23
OFFICE OF SPECIAL COMMISSIONERS,
COrr-Cu,,EN Ora.

COLUMBIA, 8. c., May %, 1872.
Mr.. EDITOR: Please give a place in
your columns for the publication Of the
following suggestions to claimants. Re.
spectfully yours.
The daily phoenix. [volume] (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, 1872-05-23

VALUABLE MANUSCRIPTS Losr.-By
the burning, on the Goth ult.. at Coffee
vile, Miss, Of the house of Mr.. Edward
Mayes, oil the manuscripts OF the late
Judge A. B. Longstreet were destroyed.
They had been placed in the hands of
Mr.. Mayes to be edited, and he was
waiting only to complete biography OF
the distinguished deceased, ere publish
ing them in full. The humorous writ
ings OF Judge Longstreet- "Georgia
Scenes" and others-oan be replaced; !;
but what is to be much regretted is the
utter loss of the manuscript of an ori-
ginal work, entitled "Biblical Criticism. /"
to which Judge Longstreet had devoted
many years of assiduous study and labor.