, 1872-12-25
The FIELD AND STABLE.
CauseA and Origin OF e11anders--peri-
cd OF acknowledgements De.
yc1opment--Spcrcs Found in Clan.


CauseA and Origin OF Glandersa.peri.
| cd OF NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. De-
vc1opment.-Spcrcs Found in Clan.
! dcrs.
| From Our Owz Correspondent.
| MANHATTAN, Kan, Dec. 20, 1872.
| CAUSES AND ORIGIN OF CHAMBERS.
Last week I gave brief description Of the
most characteristic symptoms of glanders at
present intend to make a few statements re-
spectlng the causes and origin Of that disease I
have been induced to choose this topic by some
! accounts IN New York papers stating that the
at-present-prevai1ing influenza has in some casos
terminated in G]anders
Chambers, as is we'll known, is very con-
tagious disease, and an infection, to sa7 the
least, must bo considered as the most ire
quent cause. A contagion is produced
IN every case, and at any stage,
even during the stage OF development,
but ls the most intensive ut the height Of the
disease, especially where the course is an acute
one or where the disease has led to a general
cachexy, or collapse Of the vital powerB. It is
bound mainly to the animal substances, but is
not absolutely fixed, for in limited degree it is
also volatile. Gerlach succeeded in producing
an infection with the perspiration through the
skln, and also with the e1haled air. He caught
and collected both in large glass tube, con-
densed them, and inoculated the few drops OF
lmpld fluid which he received into the submu-
cous and Bubcutaneous tissues Of healthy
horses. The result in each case, was Chambers
and Farcy. The contagion ia most concentrated
IN the matter produced by the Ulcers Oh tho
mucous membranes, consequently in
the discharges from the nose, and is contained
also, though less concentrated, in the blood, and
IN all secreted and excreated fluids, even in the
urino Next to the discharges from the nose,
the e1haled air and the sweat seem to be the
most contagious; which explains why COM
munication of the disease is generally so soon
effected when d glandered horse is worked
together with healthy one. Brought into the
stomach, the contagion seems to be harmless.
Gerlach mixed the discharges from the nose of
glandered horse with marahmallow- powder.
and gave this mixture to healthy horses in the
form OF pills, covered sufficiently with marsh
mallow-root powder and with paper to
prevent the possibility of an infection
in the mouth. These pills did not
produce any Chambers. Gorlach made some
more experiments, for the purpose Of testing the
vitality Of the contagion, and found that the
same IS destroyed YER, soon, not only when
also when exposed for some time to the inau-
ence of dry air. Inoculations, made With nasal
discharges, that had been dried on piece of
glass, and then powdered, were ineffective, not
Wlthstanding that one drop OF the discharge from
the nose Of the same glandered horse, inoculated
into the mucous membrane Of the nose of q
healthy horse, was effective in producing Gland
ers. Il: however, the matter, or other bearers
place, where drying Of the same is pre-
vented, the contagion remains effective for
long time. 4 piece Of the nasal mucous mem
brane Of a glandered horse, inserted into the
subcutanaous tissue of a healthy horae for two
hours, was effective in producing glanders, not
Wlthstanding that it was putrehed and had been
wrapped up in wet cloth for more than two
weeks.
According to clinical observations, tho conta-
gion, under certain circumstances, must be able
to retain its vitality long time, especially
where it is kept in moist place. Funke obsery-
ed case, in which 8 horse WAS infested with
Glandera in a stable that had been oc-
cupied BY glandered horse five months before
Gerlach made similar observations Welch |
claims that the contaSion s able to maintain it's
vitality for a whole year. Numerous expert |
ments-whlch to mention would lead too far
nave proved that the contagion is able to main |
tain its vitality long time in low temperature
and in O moist atmosphere, but loses the same !
very soon when exposed to dry air.
An infection ls soonest and easiest produced |
where the discharges from the nose of CLAN
dered horse come in contact with very tender or
sore parts OF the akin, and with mucous mem
branes, except those Of the stomach ard the di-
gestive canal. The inhaling Of the moist ex-
hailed air Of g1andercd horao produces direct
infection; therefore, the working together Of
healthy horses with glandered animals, and the
keeping OF the latter together with hea1thy |
horses IN warm moist, and M-ventlated I
stable. are extremely dangerous while keep
ing Of healthy horses with one that has the
Glanders, in dry, COOL and well-venti]ated
stable, frequently fails to produce an in
fection in long time. A mediate infec-
ns sas iaz' ppfs piea By @ bs4a Of bar bar
used on glandered horses, but especially by
means OF pads and cushions penetrated with
sweat and further, by means Of halters, curry
combs, brushes, and other stable-utensi1s, that
are, or have been, used on horses with Glanders.
Finally, mediate infection may take place in
stables sometimes, rs has already been mention
ed, oven after long time.
Although the contagion is rather intensive,
and although an infection is sometimes produced
in very short time, it has the appearance that
some horses possess much less predisposition
than others; for, among horses that are kept
under the same condition in ono and
become infected within a few days, others only
within weeks and months, and now and then it
happens that some remain exempted altogether.
The susceptibility for the contagion Of Chambers
is, however, not limited to the animals belong
ing to the genus equus,-horBes, asses, mules,
atc.,-but all other animals-cnttle, perhaps, ex-
,epted-have also more or less susceptibility.
Sheep probably have more susceptibility than
Ill ALu u64L 10 sueep, CAL8 seem TO nave |
he most. Human beings also are not excepted;
IN the contrary, men are easier infected than
my animal not belonging to the genus equus.
of the latter, asses and mules ha7e still more
than horses,~-at least arc easier
Infected, and Buccunb sooner.
PERIOD OF INCUBATION.
The outbreak of the disease occurs sometimes
'ooner, sometimes later, after an infection has
AIKEN place and the period Of incubation, Or
he time during which the contagion is latent,
eema eema to vary according to the degree Of suscep-
ibihtv possessed by the animal, according to the
Intensity and the quantity Of the contagion that
las been taken up, and also according to the
llet, and the mode and manner in which the ami
nal is kept. Weather and season, too, seem to
lave considerable influence. After an inocula-
ion with the discharges from the nose Of CLAN
Tered horse, the disease comes to an outbreak
within five to fifteen days, seldom later. After
n accidental infection, the period of incubation
enerally will last little longer, and may be set
own as from two to three weeks. Still, the
characteristic symptoms, which indicate unmis- {
akably the presence OF Glanders, may not make I