davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1872-06-05
DARNET HOUSE

| DARNET House
The undersigned respectfully informs the pub
lie that he has leased this well known hotel in the
Borough of Somerset. 1t il his intention to keep
II in style which he hopes will give satisfaction to
all who may favor him with their custom.
Apr II ~ JOHN HILL.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1872-06-05

RELIEF FUND.-Contribution received
thus far for the Relief of the Somerset suf-
ferers up to monday morning the Sd inst,
we give below
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1872-06-05
Rare Chance for Agents.

AGENTS, we will pay YOU 20 per week In cash
II you will engage with us AT ONCE Everything
furnished, and expenses paid. Address
r. A. Ellis \ CO, Charlotte, Mich.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1872-06-05

4 GENTS WANTED.-A gents
IA make more money ut work for US than at
anything else. Business light and permanent
Particulars free. @. STlNSON X co. Fine Art
Publishers Portland. Maine.
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1872-06-05

\. ]. CAsEBEER & Co, have erected a
large store room on the alley in the rear OF
their old place in which TO commence bus
iness. II is TO be used in the future as a
ware house
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1872-06-05
Geiser Separator.
AN Kinds Repairs ON Hand.

No trouble 10 explain the practical worSlnss ~
any uf our machines OF 70 give as fe'e'eh'e' '''S
mos, thorough farmers IN the county. -
All mschines sold by u are Warranted, anu "
=. ,a.hins Guaranteed 10 give satisfaction
persons wishing TO buy will please can On OF AH-
dress as above : rORNEy
march ".
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1872-06-05
Something New
(Incorporated1s60.)
N0LUMBIA FIRE INSURANCE

i vi MENSE StCCESS gents
Il WANTED. male or female. in every county in
the United States and Canadas, to sell ournew and
most useful Patent: from to SIX used in every
family. loo per cent guaranteed. For samples
and terms. inclose ten cents and address
FERGUSON * CO, 545 River St, Troy. N. Y
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1872-06-05
'TO THE FARMERS OF
SOMERSETCOUNTY.
BOger al FOrney.

Thankful for past favurs. We offer tothe farmers
of Somerset county. for ls73,
The Somerset herald. [volume] (Somerset, Pa.) 1870-1936, 1872-06-05
Ncw Advertisements.

District Court Of the United
States
Democratic enquirer. [volume] (M'arthur, Vinton County, Ohio) 1867-1873, 1872-01-10
McArthur, Ohio.

3fETTING MREREEyl. = Essays for
w Young Men, ON great SOCIAL EVILS and
ABUSES, which interfere with MA|sRl lAGE--
with sure means of rc'lof for the krring ah'l
UmlcuUnate, diseased and debiltatcd. Srnt
free, in sealed envelopes. Address, HOWARD
ASSOCIATION, no. as. Ninth ST., PhiIaocil hia,
Pa. hyl
Democratic enquirer. [volume] (M'arthur, Vinton County, Ohio) 1867-1873, 1872-01-10


They never fail, and may ho depended upon
In every case where the monthly AuW has been
obSTuoted thrOu gh cold or iscase. DUiOM-
ca = GOLDEN lJLL3 always give immedinto
rc'icf being especially rrrpuicdf or miuIiedla-
Dies. A lady writes: "IupuncO's Golden Pills
GGlieyed me IN onedey, without Inconvenience
Alike magic,n The Gepunle are put up in Ldtgo
lWiiS) BoecS containing d6ubletle quantity Of
Pils, and upon each box you WIN nnd my ''Pri-
yatc U. $, Revenue Stnmp;" npon the stamp SEQ
the words DUr0ECoS GOLDEN PILLS, in
Wlhe Letters, without that Ro7is drS GeaNinS'
Rsmei1ber, tn" "GSnHiae'' in In the IWhe boxes.
Full and explicit directions accompany each
box. Price u per box Q boxes 90. Sold by ono
DrnFgi.tin in every town, city, andvillage in the
world.
Sold in Macarthur, by o. ". SISS0H, Dmggist
LADIES!-By sending him 81 through the
Macarthur, Ohio, Post ONCE, can have tile pills
sent (confdcntlElly,l by mail to any part OF the
country, free Of postage.
Sold, :, also, by John Perkins, Athens,araL ID.
Park, Cincinnati o..
y S. D.aHoWl1, Sole Proprietor, New York.
Democratic enquirer. [volume] (M'arthur, Vinton County, Ohio) 1867-1873, 1872-01-10

Notice hereby given hat Che whole Of SAID several tracts
lots or parts of lots or so much thereof will be necessary to
pay the and penalty charged thereon yi be sold oy the
County Treasurer at the Court House, in said county on the
THIRD TUESDAY IN JANUA 1872, unless said taxes
and penalty be paid before that time and that the sale will be
continued from day day until the said several tracts lots and
parts of lots shall have been sold or offered Tor sale
w. w. BELFORD,
ANlNOr NhoNNo
Democratic enquirer. [volume] (M'arthur, Vinton County, Ohio) 1867-1873, 1872-01-10
DEuINOUBN'r TAX SALE.
TAX aunGR Penalty of 1870
and Simple Tax of 1891

The Lands Lots and Parts Of Lots returned delinquent by
the Treasurer of Vnton County, Ohio together with the taxes
and penalty charged thereon areeaby to law are contained
and described in the following list, viz
Democratic enquirer. [volume] (M'arthur, Vinton County, Ohio) 1867-1873, 1872-01-10
PROFITABLE EMPLOYMENT.

sWe desireto engage few more Agents TO sell the
World Renowned IMPROVED BUCEEYE SEW
ING MACHINE, GN liberal salary on Commits
sion. A Horse and Wagon given to Agents; full
psrticuiars nrnshcdon application. Address "
HENDERSON & CO., General Agents. Cleveland,
Ono and 81 Louis, Mo. 49'aw
Democratic enquirer. [volume] (M'arthur, Vinton County, Ohio) 1867-1873, 1872-01-10
For All Who Read,

We, can without hesitation, recomJnend AL
DEN READY BOOK BINDER as the best Nc
have ever seen for the purposes intended. It's
great convenience, perfect adaptation to, so
many wants and lis very low price " i'll certain
ly bring 1t into common, If not universal uIe.
See advertisement. 12-ly
Democratic enquirer. [volume] (M'arthur, Vinton County, Ohio) 1867-1873, 1872-01-10
8 O'CLOCK

GC0S A MONTH-Holse and Carriage furnish
dDOA'1 ed expenses paid samples fEaE. II. B.
SHAW, Alfred, Me.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28

I Then. as isjust and appropriate. vii
he Feeders Of the nation bear rub
.ver the land-with the plough, an.
lot the sword then. will all the PEG.
lie, in peace and plenty, honor Has
landry, and with joy and gladne~
less al its patrons-wh wisdom,
will rule the heads aud direct tn
.ands, as charity will warm the hearts
nd control the wills Of men am
women.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28
Written for the Advertiser.
What Next ?

E
Nowadays, when SO m,,ela i, writ
ten and printed concerning almos
Every conceivable subject, il seems
something difficult to hit ON topi,
hat is not already worn threadbare.
Perhaps this is one Of the exceptions
md perhaps not.
You have doubtless noticed at GU
Agricultural fairs, boys and girls rid
n" swing round the circle" viii
great apparent delight to themselves
/ nd presumably no little profit .
the proprietor Of the institution
ou,a ,,ls tendency of human natun
re taken advantage OF and turned t.
rood account. by having the concern
equipped with drill in such !, way
IS not to impede the swing and ye'
urnish the requisite degree Of pres
sure for boring and no more Ii
prospecting for treasures under thu
Earth, manual labor is mostly the mo
tive power used. aud costs considers
,le, but by the foregoing way j
would cost nothing and the boy,
,o,,ld learn something about usehl
art, which comparatively few know
anything about. Then State 0
county fair nigh, be located wher
ever the parties might wish 10 Dor
for lie, or anything else, and tn
lrill swings be admitted without Ii
cence and none others allowed to op
crate. 4 premium might be givel
commensurate with the work don
and the discoveries made.
/ ! simply throw out the hint TO-. tn
consideration Of persons Of invcn,iv.
genius and enterprise hoping tina
there may be a good fortune in il 10
some Of them. if not all, and that !
may be blessing 10 the world i,
more WAYS than ono.
SPEcrLAr,a.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28
Shares So Each.

Each Shareholder will receive by mail or
delivered at the General Once, either Of the
following beautiful steel engraviUgs: U s
Grant. Evangeiine, NJ NJ Brick Pomeroy. or
Gen Il + Lee, on receipt of three dollars, in
addition TO a share In the distribution.
Drectors.-Jud smith. late Sheriff OF Che
mung County. N Y. Israel . scudder; Esq,
Elmira. Ny, George Bennett. Esq, Horse
"t C"MMIssloNERs OF DISTRIBUTION
Hon J B clark, Elmira, n \, Maj W II Rath-
Observation-Disclosures Of chemung, Elmira
PREFERENCES.
Hon Lncius Robinson. late Comptroller OF the
STATE q New fq ss HS. sS Hcn ssn
msgn 81 ses.rs q
n =. Attorney At Law. d. W. palmer, Esq. with
G. Ere haSssce 81 w1
men 2: Ghamsers st. r. sss FlyS Sn R Wnsrss
NJ T. B. Bachman. Attorney At Law. Horseheads
ena ReynSs Aornfy 4. iT m%ss sm
A Hall Bankers. Elmra: Ed 8. Young Gent Pas
Ar Ma NJ
Wan Een sm oP Pa
n sS e F = r.',.or .s e.,
Office Elmira, n. y, fronting on Market street
Win n9 o = tas
street running north two hundred feet, forming ~
L. running west two hundred and nfty feet fronting
on BALDWIN street. being four hundred and Any Get
with Public Hall above, two hundred fee long ant
an office in the center, with burglar and fire proc
vault Market built aud fitted up IN the most con
venie1t and improved style.
PATTINsON HOTEL Situated on the corner o
Baldwin and Market streets. about seventy Ave fee
front on Baldwin and one hundred an sixty feet OF
FARM-Si;uSted two and Q half miles from Tn.
city Of Elmra, on the Plank Road, containing on.
one hundred acres: good farm buildings, orchard
d . all in fine state oi cultivation.
hESIDENCE.-In fifth ward, on Pennsylvania
avenue about 30 feet front and 100 feet deep. fin,
residence with modern Improvements.
RESIDENcE.-In Fourth Ward. situated OF
Baldwin street 50 feet 'front.' 100 feet deep One b0ci
from Post Office.
TEN ACRES LAND.-Adloining Corporation
about one mile from Post Office, with house ans
barn suitable for Vegetable or building purposes.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28

STERN BCT JUST. Judge Rothrock
can be kind as we'll rs stern, and rice
eersa. When clemency Is deserved he
grants 1t but when Justice demands 1t,
sternness 10 not lacking. An attorney
plead for mercy for his client, Drefhal.
who was convicted Of the crime Of
selling whiskey without a license.
The case was clear one and the
Judges head wss equally ~ clear. and
his heart not filled with the cohwebs
Of sentimental sympathy He said,
In substance, that he was tired Of hear
ing the counsel whining for mercy
when mxu had been found guilty OF
wiIfuiiy breaking the law. He knew
Of no law that compelled nan to sell
whiskSy on beer license. He fined
the man IN . sum Of $3.50, and u not
paid no Was 70 10 put 70 hard labor, ut
$l.SO per day until the fine was paid.
That's right, - we'll - righteous.
VintOn Journal.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28
bridge over Cedar River.


The subject Of making good free
bridge across this stream which di
yides nearly one third of Cedar county
from the other tw- thirds, aud at GER
tain seasons of the year forms an inn
passible, aud at all seasons an incon-
veuient, barrier between them, has
often been agitated. Undoubtedly
enough people were in favor of q
bridge to have procured one by a vo e
under the old law, but the difference
of opinion as to where it should be
located prevented united effort, and no
brid e has been the result. Now that
the present General Assembly has EN-
powered County Supervisors to make
sufficient appropriation for such pur-
pose without vote Of the people, the
agitation OF the question naturally be
gins az liz. The following. is the form
of u petition which is being circulated
for signatures, probably with a view
of presenting il at the next meeting OF
the Boari:
To the Honorable Board Of Supervisors
OF Cedar County, Iouu:
WHEREAS, by an act of the 18th Gen
erai Assembly Of Iowa, 81
counties having u population ot over
1900 are authorized to make an ap.
preparation not exceeding So 600 for
the construction of u bri ige which
is made a county charge; aud
WHEREAS, ii has long been known
and admitted that bridge acros.
the Cedar River at or near Gnwer',
Ferry would be u valuable improve
ment to the county at large aud q
great personal and practical conve-
nience to many of its citizens and
WHEREAS. the finances Of the county
are known to be in good and untram
melled conditions, therefore
The undersigned. your petitioners
would respectfully ask such actor
upon your part AS Is needed to provide
for the building of such improvement
As soon as practical
That q bridge across the river al
some convenient point would, al
stated In the petition, be valuable
cou nty improvement, and Of great ad
vantage to many of her citizens, W.
think no one will deny. The question
TO be decided will be as to whether thu
expense should be incurred now, OF
postponed to more favorable time
rs the bridge is sure to be built sooner
Or later. 1t is true, as stated, that tns
county is hot seriously burdened with
debt; but 1t IL also true that its citizens
are paying heavy taxes, and we do moi
feel at all sure that a majority of them
Will desire to see even needed improve
ments until il could be done without
teing felt, as even slight increase
upon present levies would be.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28

The German+invested very heaviiy
In United States bonds, which were
worth 49, y per 800 at the incoming
of President Grant. They are now
selling at SOL for 500, owing to the
wise policy pursued BY his admins
tration. Those who would follow Carl
schurz in his his personal hostility to
II cannot explain this fact away.
There have been added over $685.. 900.
600 10 the means Of those who loaned
their money to the country In Its days
Of doubt and :rlsi, while steadily re-
ducing taxation. Tue New York
Times asks, In view Of these facts !:
"Wiil the Democracy stained with
repudiasion and corrupted BY Tam
manyism-be likely to Do ietter7s
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28

Is 4 ( +aN<
Hon. A. II. COttOh, our excetielft
Representative 10 Congress, he's work
I'd hard and earnestly for the Clinton
Bridge Bill, matter Of great practical
importance to the citizens Of this Dis
,rict, and may we'll feel grAtifisd by
The success Of the measure and the
great satisfaction expressed thersat BY
his constituents.
---------------> <D>-H----~----s-e-~-
The cause of women's rights has
gained an important point 10 Illinois,
by the passage by the Legislature Of
the bill ito secure all persons freedom
In the selection Of an occupation,
profession, or employment" The
Governor has approved the bill. and
1t becomes law on the lst of July
next. Under its provisions women
can be elected or appointed to any
Office, and may practice as lawyers.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28

The Iowa Legislature, by a decided
vote has made an appropriation Of
SIS 900 for the support for two years OF
the State University. Reported at
tempis were made to cut of the Med
ical Department from any share In
the fond, but they were all defeated
~ at least two 10 one.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28

and examine their stock
Of Ladies' and Gents
Underwear, Furs, ShaWls,
Cloaks and Cloaking,
Dress Goods, and Knit
Goods Of all varieties, i
which they are closing
out at greatly
reduced prices, in order
to make room orr
for their Spring Stock.
We quote prices as fol-
lows:
Black, Drab and Brown
Beaver at $3.50 per
yard.
Good Undershirts, IS c.,
sold elsewhere at $l.OO.
Astrachan Beaver Cloaks,
$3.50.
All Furs 20 per cent.
less than former price.
All Millinery Goods at
first cost.
Customers will do we'll
to examine these goods
before buying.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28

Hon. J. w. Beatty, one of Cedar
cOunty's worthy representatives in.
Produced into the House ON Tho oad
inst, a bill TO fix the Compensation al
Officers and employees of future Gener.
81 Assemblies. II this matter can no
once fixed. including the nav and
smo'umenfs OF members as well a, o,
the officers and employees so 10,
the days spent considering and re
considering 1t. as at the beginning OF
the present session, shall be saved .
real economy will surely have beer
incepted.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28
Railroad Taxation.

The railroad legislation, completed
20 far as the House is concerned by
the passage in that body Of the Dun
come bill on the 18th inst. is called by
the majority just such taxation IA the
people are demanding while the mi
nority seem to consider it purely in
the Interests OF the corporations, as
appears by the following extract from
letter to the State Press:
Still war is waged. The rail road
men We're jubllant last night over their
victory of yesterday in getting their
tax bill ordered engrossed, but this
morning when the bill was ordered
upon its third reading and final pas
sage The representatives of the people
continued their fight right CALAMITY
Oy moving the re-conmilment OF the
DILL TO the railroad committee with
INSTRUCTIONS To report the same back
with All amendment providing freight
and passenger rates. This was voted
down, when O'DounelI offered an
amendment by way of rider provid-
Ing that the Census Board shall not
value any road for taxation at less
ss~lan 5000 per mile, and also providing
at wien city has to improve u
s,et bordering on rail road realty that
the same shall be taxed therefor the
same As realty of an individual. This
rider Was beaten aud with its defeat
the last parliamentary resource was
exhausted aid the fight ended in
manly protests from the captains of
the fight against il, in which Stow,
Gear. Hall and the rest made their
final record, and giving notice o.
Intention 10 file written protest re-
corded their votes against the bill.
Those voting againsiit were, Balm
ger. Blaseiy, Campbell, Christoph
Gear, Goodspeed, Green, Hall, Irish,
KasSon. O'Donnell, Pee, Reed.
Schweer, Stewart, Stow, Tufts aud
Written. Againse rese IS gentlemen
there were seventy-five affirmative
votes. AS last shot Stow moved an
amendment to the title setting forth
that u was bill to exempt rail roads
from taxation. Two protests were
then signed and filed and the fight
WAS over. Tn. petitions of the people
were again trampled under foot, for
the fourth time the rail road men have
prepared delusive measures and con
trolled their enactment into law.
Now comes the fight on a tariff. bill,
which Il special order for next Fri
day. The rail road lobby flushed with
Its success, 10 gathering additions,
force for that struggle and the end no
man can predict.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28
Four Hundred City Lots.
Manner OF Distributing the Property.

Manner OF Distributing the properly.
There will be duplicate number Of shares kept
and registered and to the Distribution the
duplicate number OF all shares will he PLACED In an
envelope AID sealed. and on the day ofdstribning
the premiums all the sealed envelopes containing
the duplicate numbers will be placed In wheel and
be thoroughly mixed, then a number drawn out.
and the person holding the corresponding nnmoxr
lis, OF premiums and on until the premiums are
distributed, Notice will be published Immediately
amer the distribution takes place. In the principal
papers ia the country which have given publication
and all persons holding numbers tor premiums will
BE- notified by mail Distribution Of premiums takes
place at Elmra. n. ". May list 1872 or as soon as
shares aresold.
IN All remittances may be sent in drafts or p. Q.
orders Greenbacks. All communications nd.
dressed to
T. S. PATTINSON,
business Manager and Cor. sec'y, Elmira, n. r.
SHARES can be procured 1t the General Once, e.
mira, n. " at the principal Hotels In New York
City, and all the large cities In the Union.
l.nnSl Reliable Agents Wanted.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28

The Superintendent Of Public IN
struction, Aionzo A bernethy, sends us
volumlnous report OF the State Uni
versity. Il undoubtedly contains all
that Is of interest or importance con
corning that f'euiishing Institution.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28
NOTICE.

Notice Is hereby given that the application
Of N l.. Simmons, Of StanwOod Cedar comm
~, Iowa, has filed his petition with the Clerk
OF Z &c Circuit Court. king that a permit be
granted him to sell Intoxicating liquors for
" edicinal, mechanical, sacramental and Gu
llnary purposes. nj his Store In Stanwood,
Cedar county. Iowa. and that said applica.
lion has bern set for final hearing on Mon.
the Court House, In Upton, when and where
all persons interested can make objection
thereto " they see proper. 3wl2
March 10 1872. NJ L. SIMMONS.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28

Nearly all the Republican County
Conventions OF which we have seen
published proceedings instructed their
delegates to the State Convention to
support Grant for denomination for
President. This includes Poweshisk
county, the home Of J, b. GrinneIl,
the man who wrote the letter
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28

The bridge bill. which makes it pos
sible for another bridge to be built
across the Mississippi river at or near
Clinton, has passed both houses of
Congress and become law. If IL
never rains but it pours, ii is now
pouring In the direction Of success to
the Iowa Southwestern-or rather to
the Chicago, Clinton and Omaha Rail
road.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28

Hon. j. q. Tufts HIS our heartfelt
thanks for the message Of Gov. Mer.
rill and the Inaugural Of Gov. Car
penter In German and Bohemian
We read the title page OF each by care.
fuliy comparing them with the Eng
lish version, and skipping the most
crooked words.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1872-03-28

heu huu COIpOIutiOHA, - well IOT Tue
good Of consumers M for their own in.
terests, in measures to furnish their
produce to the poor who cat it at rea-
soEable percentage above what the
producer gets Or II, suu Uot res tile
price be trebled by exhorbitsnt profits
in the hands Of middle men and
brokers.
But to effect this they must have .
liveIier regard for the useful library
than for the costly parlor they must
be more willing to make liberal ex-
penditures for books and papers than
for tawdry and fashion. Let every
one to whom the query il applicable
answer to himself, how many are
there who expend hundreds Of dollars
to ornament the parlor, while hardly
ten dollars are expended for practical
and scientific books to enlighten and
sid yourselves aud families I'm prosecu-
ting your business.
The influence exerted in the Oranges
Of Patrons ID calculated to improve Its
members In this direction, aud will be
the practical results Of the Order on
the honest, industrious producers Of
the country, wherever they unite with
the Order
In the present state Of things. mer-
chants manufacturers, lawyers, doc
tors, hankers. and spectators put
their own prices own their own opera.
tions-they all fix the termsupon their
own wares and services aud they do
more, they Ok the price on the farm.
er's produce-thsy say what they will
give. and he must take that. When
the farmer goes to town or market, ~
things now are he asks. :. What are
you gtving fsse grain, or wool, or
mcsts? - the ease may be, and he
must tske what they say. Hut when
oenerai concsFs Of action, through the
1AtrOns. 10 ssta61ished, MI viii have
" ask the farmer, "What do you ssk.
and What will you take for your pro.
duces?r