davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Wilmington daily commercial., 1872-06-07
spetIaI Aotifrs.
Great Discovery
KuNK KEL's BITTER
w L N e OF TR ON

= - n - So ~ Az
for the cure OF weak stomachs, general debility, in
digestion, Diseases Oft nervous system consipa-
tion, acldltyof the stomach, and for all cases re-
qpAing tonic
This wine includes the most agreeable and EN-
cient Salt OF Iron we possess; Citrate OF Magnetic
oxide combined with the mast energetic OF VeReta-
BILE tontcs-1ellOw Peruvian Bark.
The effect In many cases OF debility loss of anne
lite and general prostraton. OF an efficient Salt OF
Iron combined With our valuable Nerve Tonic, IL
most happy. IL augments the appetite, raises the
pulse, takes OF muscular fiabbiness removes the
paloN Of debility, and gives norid vigor to the
countenance. saf'F
Do you want something to strengthen you Do
you want good appetite Do you want to build
up your constitution Do you want to feel well
do you want TO get rid OF nervousness DO you
want energy2 Do you want to sleep we'll? 10 you
want brisk and vigorous feelinp II you do, try
KUNKRLS BITTER WINE OF IRON.
This truly valuable Tonic has been 30 thoroughly
tested by all classes OF the community that it nov
deemed Indispensable az Tonic medicine. IL costs
but little purlnes the blood and gives tone to the
stomach, renovates the system and prolongs life.
only ask trial OF this valuable Tonic.
Price 81. per bottle. X. f. KUNKEI. Sole Pro-
prietor, No. 259 North Ninth street. below Vine,
Philadelphia
For sale in wilmington by r. McInall, Jr, Second
and Market and X. Bringhurst d CO., sixth and
Market.
ASK for Kunkels Bitter Wine of Iron, and take no
other. myA4md&w
Wilmington daily commercial., 1872-06-07

The Gl,sas, yesterday, had not heard Of tie
Oregon election, or if it had, no evidence OF the
fact appears in lts columns. Tie result in that
State IS really very encouraging to the Republic
sins, as the first gun in the campaign, sue
cessful start on the road to victory. One Of the
valuable results is the majority in the Legisla-
tnre, on which the choice of United States
Senator deneEds
Wilmington daily commercial., 1872-06-07
From New York.

ATTEMPTED ROBBERY IN JERSEY CITY BLOOD sHrI
BY THE STRIKERS.
New YORK, June c.
Three burglars were captured 10 Jersey City
last night while attempting to open safe in
the First National Bank.
A carpenter was shot in the head, to day
while wor king, by one of the strikers
Wilmington daily commercial., 1872-06-07
EIRE BRICK,
FIRE BRICK.
CLARK ~ COX'S
CELEBRATED
NEW AsTLK COUNT
ICE CREAM,

Made from superior quality cream, from our owr
dairy supplied 70 iainilies and par les Throughout
the city and cnuntry, iA iced cans :
orders may be left at the following places: J9hn
Wier, 1909 Market street; W. II. Allmond a Bro
Marketi Tatnall l. Co., Inoristsl Jefferson street
and DelAHare avenue. my21-1m
Wilmington daily commercial., 1872-06-07
ExceIsioPI

Lippncotts Cold sparkling Soda Water. Refresh.
Ing and delicious, with choicest selection " Fruit
SyrupS ia the city, at FOSTERS
FIR M ami Wpst
Wilmington daily commercial., 1872-06-07

Gold closed yesterday at 1l49I. Government
securities advanced for all the old issues de-
ellniug as much for the 1868 and lO-4Os The
Philadelphia stock market was more active, and
strong in all the leading shares The market
closed firm. Cotton was unchanged.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1872-06-07
The Tnrin Bill.

IT Is SIGNED BY THE PRESIDENT.
WAsHlNGToN, June. 6.
The President has signed tho Tariff and Tax
1 an
Wilmington daily commercial., 1872-06-07
England.

TUE DEPARrrRE OF THE aRENAnIER BAND FORBID.
DEN,
LONDON, June G:
The Grenadier band were to have left to-day
for the Boston Jubilee, but it is reported that
their departure has been forbidden.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1872-06-07

Tile rumor, made current yesterday, OF the
tho resignation OF Secretary Fish is denied to-
day bv authority.
Wilmington daily commercial., 1872-06-07

Private rooms for ladies' and gentlemen sara ate.
Ladies' attended by Mrs. C.. Foster, Nj. D. Gail aud
examine, immense EtO TX. free, at
FOSTERS DRUG STORE,
Front and West Wilmington Del.
The New York herald., 1872-10-20

hospitality OF the people on my journey TO Loron.
am In good health and expect to win the wager.
when finish will raise money some way II l have
then go to Paris, where will remain three days.
ana thence to Dublin to spend two days more.
Thence back to America.
THE ROUTE TO BE WALKED OVER IN ENGLAND.
WIN go fr0m Glasgow to Edinburgh, where
WIN remain only one day. l will then go to the
From Carlisle will go by way OF Kendall to Lam
caster. Thence to Manchester by the way OF Boil
ton and Preston. From Manchester through Bir-
mingham and WARWICK to Oxford and thence along
the Thames road to London, and shall penetrate
some distance into the suburbs OF that city before
the flnal morning. expect to walk the entire dis
tance In eighteen days"
The sergeant's 'time" from Union square to the
foot OF Dey street was thirty-One minutes.
The New York herald., 1872-10-20
OLD SLIP INSTRUCTIONS.

An Attempt to Make . Public Thorough
fare u Common StOreh0usc and n Mart
The Purc-Minded Action or q Puissant
Though New-Flcdged Assistant Alder
man-RemOnstrancc or Property Own
ers.
For several years 1t has been represensible Gus
tom OF certain business men, mostly shipping mer
chants, TO the centre Of the thorOughfare of Old
slip as ground for the storage OF goods, and also
occasionally for their sale. In June last this viola
ton OF the laws OF common right was demonstrated
against by large number OF merchants command
ing capital and influence, who sent petition TO
Commissioner Van Mort asking for the abatement
OF the nuisance. Mr. Van Mort ordered the guilty
parties to discontinue the obstruction of the street.
threatening If they did not to prosecute them and
to confscate all goods found in the public way.
One or two individuals, whose interests alone this
action assailed declared that they would fight the
matter out to the bitter end, and subsequently one
OF the >new-ledged reform Assistant Aldermen
went to the Department Of Public Works and said
that II they were interfered with he would intro
duce and have passed by the Board to which he
belonged new ordinance opening Old slip
as a. public storing place and common
pocket a huge roll OF manuscript which contains
the text OF the new ordinance which our City
Fathers VIII, by his high mandate be In duty bound
The following second remonstrance ia to be
placed in the hands OF both Boards OF Aldermen
next Monday, when the Alderman alluded to above
Is said to contemplate Offering his resolution. 1t
u signed by only the property owners on Old slip
but they represent about one hundred millions Of
dollars:--
To rnE HONORABLE THE BOARD OF ALDERMEN or THE
Cry NEW YORK -
The undersigned and lcssees Of buildings on Old
slip, III this city, being informed that party
parties contemplate asking the passage Of ordinance
permitting the storage and sales Of merchandise the
the same to private to the injury of property
comtor health and quiet enjoyment of the sale
horoughfare do hereby request that your honorabl,
body refuse to any persons whatsoever thu
right to make OF said Old slip for the storage the
sales OF merchandise, to in any way cucumber th
BENNER & PINCKNEY II and 10 Old slip.
i. b. CUMMING 4 SON. Nos and Old slip
JOHN A. TAWT, Nos. 2 4 and o Old slip.
ENERT A. DUYCKINCK Nos. and II Old slip
DAVID G. LEGGETT, 13 and 10 Old slip.
HENRY NJ NORRIS, 10 Old slip.
Hermann, NJ BAraaR8 Al S XIX I BROTHER IS and 20 Old slip
THOMAS RITTER, "a Old slip.
T. j. DAILY CO., Is and l6 Old slip
HICkQX n HO0vEY, II Old slip
r. MARQUEE, 12 Old slip.
TODD co. corner Front street and Old slip
G " RTNNER ne a & co. Front I,n street and Old Slip
CYRUS T.. LEE 78 Water street
HUGH ALLEN Agent of Western transportation Com
HENRY ADAMS, No Q Old slip.
Estate of STEPHEN STORM, per THOMAS STORM At
torney, 10 and IL Old slip
s. ID. HARRISON, President of the New York Cotton
Excnange
The New York herald., 1872-10-20

M-The cotton market closed active and nrmer; Mid.
i0d rhe sales OF the day been 5000 bales in
cuding 5000 for export and speculation Sales OF mid
for December at 9ssd for October at9ssd. =,
LIVERPOOL BRKADsrUFFs MARxEr.-LIvERrooL, Oct 49,
=. M.-The market Is quiet and steady
LIvEnrooL Provisions MARKEr.-LivERPooL, Oct I9-2
p M.-Pork 56s per Dbl. for prime mess
LIvERrooL PRODUCE MARKEr-LivFRPooL Oct 1872 r.
M-Rchned petroleum, lSisd per gallon Common rosn.
lis Cd. per cwt
LONDON PRODUCE MAnKEr-LosDos, Oct is-2P. M
Refined petroleum, l84d l3lzd per gallon Spirits tur-
pentine, Ais. I'd. per cwt
The New York herald., 1872-10-20
FINANCIAL and COMMERCIAL
A Further Rise in Pacific
Mail Shares.
Sales at 100 Ia, and 100 Bid to the
Close Of Business.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE STREET.
RumOred Alliance Of the Smith
Party with the ''Bulls."
THE REST OF THE LIST LOWER.
Money More Active, Closing at
6 Per Cent.
AN EXCELLENT BANK STATEMENT.
The London Money Market Ac-
tive and Consols Down.
Reported Transfer Of One Hundred Million
Francs from the Bank Of France to
the Bank Of England.
RAPID FLUCTUATIONS IN GOLD.
The London Money Market Ac-
tive and Consols Down.
Reported Transfer Of One Hundred Million
Francs from the Bank Of France to
the Bank Of England
RAPID FLUCTUATIONS IN GOLD.
Increase Of Our Exports and Decrease
Of Our Imports.
WALL STREET,

WALL STREET
SATURDAY, Oct. 1916 N.
On 'Change to-day cotton was in good demand
and about steady for "spot," but easier for
''future.n Flour and wheat were steady under
fair demand, and corn closed shade easier.
THE IMPORTS OF THE WEEK.
The total imports of foreign goods at this port
during the past week were $5,3Ol, 1917, made
up of 81 $40 Of dry goods and $357o,5S Of gen.
eral merchandise.
for the same period were $6,114,056 against
SIS, 478 for the corresponding week In 1871 The
total exports since January have been $685. 70 l67
against s19o, ,0Ss, ,115 last year.
THE COTTON MOVEMENT.
The receipts Of cotton at all ports for the past
week were 9s POI bales against 26s bales the pre-
vious week. The total receipts since September /,
1872 are 49, bales against $685. s47 bales for the
corresponding period of the previous year, show
Ing an increase in the present crop Of 4se bales
The exports from all the ports for the week were
1851 bales against 1892 bales last year. The total
exports for the expired portion Of the cotton year
are 1302o bales against 14O75 bales last year. The
stock at all the ports is 22s 1856 bales against
bales for the same date in 1871.
THE BANK STATEMENT.
The weekly statement Of the associated banks Is
highly favorable, thanks to the government dis
bursements OF money, which, from the system OF
averages, did not make their full appearance in
last weeks statement but are seen in the one pub.
lished this afternoon. The increase in specie is
smaller than anticipated but the gain In green.
backs Is not far from seven millions. The deposits
have increased over eleven millions. The banks,
despite their large gain in resources show only
two and quarter millions of an increase In loans
But any
EXPANSION IN LOANS
at this season Of the year is something out OF the
usual course OF the banking movement and reflects
the strong position In which the banks now stand.
The statement compares with its predecessor OF
last week as follows
The New York herald., 1872-10-20
CLOSING PRICEs-s O'CLOCK P. M.
EUROPEAN MARKETS,

LoSpoS MovEY MARKrr.-LoNpoN, Oct 1872 L. NJ
Consos and American securities closed unchanged Erie
Railway shares, t5 Consols opened at 92 tor money
and VA for The account: United States hyc.twenty
bonds 1865, old, glS s6ls 92k ten or,es, s1ss
fves $3.50. Eric Railway shares. iOS,.
FRANKFORT BOuRSk-FnANKFoRr Oct. IA. M.--Unitcd
States fvctwcnty bonds. g66 for the Issue OF 1862
PARIS B0URsr,-PAais, Oct lgFrench rentes, SCI &c
LIvKRP0oL C0rroN MARKKL--LIvEarooL. Oct ia r.
The New York herald., 1872-10-20
THE SPECIE MOVEMENT.

interest and $1,000 on account Of redeemed fve-
twenties.
THE SPECIE MOVEMENT.
The exports OF specie from this port during the
past week and since the beginning Of the year have
been as foIlows:-Total for the week. $685. $685. pre-
yiously reported $780, O32 total since January /.
1872, $6O 76s, 42O time 1871 $50 s1a 800;
time 1870 $5l 25S, $685. same time 1862 $23 $50 6s2;
same time 1868, $86, 752,34o
GOVERNMENTS FIRM.
The government list was flrm and prices were
steady, without reference to the fluctuations in
the gold market. The following were the closing
quotations limited States currency SKIES I13%
113! do. d0 1881, registered 114A 115h do. do,
coupon, 118h 1183I do. do, five-twenries, regis
tered, May and November, 112 l12,<; do do, 1852,
coupon, do, 115A l18; do do, 1884, do, do. 116A
ll6; 90. do, 1885, do. do, 116 1le%; do. do,
1867, registered, January and July, 1l4ss 1laH;
do. do, 1855. coupon, do, 114ss l141; do. do,
1867 do. do, 114% 115 do. do. 1868, do do, 1l4l
49, do, ten-forties, registered, losss los&; do.
do. ex-coupon, 1887 a 1osS; do. dvcs OF
1881, registered, 109z 110I; 40. do, coupon,
1101 111H.
STOCKS FEvERIsu AND LOWER.
Outside OF Pacific Mail the stock market was
feverish and unsettled, with an eventual decline
in prices. AS for Pacific Mail, 1t was and is a
greater puzzle than ever The price opened at o5
dropped TO 03H, anu tneQ ADVANCED TO lOOfi
closing at 1OOH. The Smith party are believed to
have covered all their s.shortv contracts, and to
be either out OF the market or in alliance with the
Stockwell- Hatch. Gould combination. The brokers
OF the latter party stood In the Board this after
noon and bid par for any part Of
THE CAPITAL STOCK
OF the company. 1t is thought the "bulls have
arranged to take advantage OF the law permitting
reduction OF the capital stock and will make
market in this way for their enormous holdings II
they cannot succeed in entrappng short interest
and making "corner, }" which latter scheme seems
just now very remote contingency as the "bears"
| are few and far between. The general market
opened strong on account of general scare of the
sshorts,n who feared the fate OF the Smith party
| and in the early scramble for stocks prices ad
vanced quite sharply. But the later apprehension
| Of
AN EvENTFUL BREAK
and disastrous fall in Pacific Mail demorazed the
market and not only kept out fresh buyers but in
duced timd parties to sell out. The rise in Pacific
| Mail brought about the settlement OF curious
| contract to-day. few months since broker
| bought for the consideration OF one per cent the
| privilege OF exchanging thousand shares OF ST.
| Paul preferred then about 7s) for thousand
shares of Pacific Mail (then about 6S any time this
year. The seller Of the contract settled to-day at
loss Of 500 000-St. Paul preferred being about rs
and Pacific Mail tat the time Of settlement 95.
| In the Southern State bonds Tennessees sold at
| IS. The general list was steady and firm
| HIGHEST AND LOWEST PRICES.
The following table shows the highest and lowest
/ rricac of tho nrncinaI atnckG duriuU tta dav.
The New York herald., 1872-10-20
AN ANALYSIS

AN ANALYSIS
Of the above figures shows that the banks have in
creased their liabilities $11 500 against the re-
cept OF 1924 700 OF what counts as legal reserve
Their gain in net reserve is therefore $4412O75
which, added to the excess OF last week, leaves
them with the (for this time OF Year, remark
able surplus OF $s,o27,475.
MONEY MORE ACTIVE.
There was large inquiry for money, which was
not unnatural, In view Of the sudden enhancement
ofthe market quotation of Pacific Mail (which prop.
erty is now rated 20 per cent higher than it was
few days since), and the terms for money on call
advanced from to 7per cent. The market re-
iapsed to per cent, and closed early and quiet.
Prime paper was quoted "a IL per cent discount.
Foreign exchange was dull and nominally un-
changed.
THE LONDON MARKET
was excited, II we may Judge by the quotations for
c0nsols, which suddenly dropped another 4 per
cent on rumor that there would be an extra
meeting OF the Bank Of England on Monday to put
up the discount rate. American securities were
steady. The street rate for money was reported to
be OK per cent. Late In the afternoon it was
reported that the Bank Of France had deposited
1oo, 900 francs In the Bank OF England, which
means probably that the French government has
decided not to call for that amount OF the London
subscriptions to the French loan.
THE CITY BANK STOCKS.
The following were the bids for the city bank
shares:-New York, 1872; Manhattan, $50; Mer-
chants lla; Mechanics, 1s1 America, 14s City, 255
Phenix, l0l; Tradesmen's, 14s; Galatin National
IFS; Merchants' Exchange, e1h; Seventh Ward, Of ;
State OF New York, ITO; Broadway, 200; Ocean,
10; Mercantile, 1856; American Exchange, IFS; Irv.
Ing. 125; Metropolitan, 100; Peoples, l4o; Market
i2S; Nassau, 1o7; Corn Exchange, 1873; Continental,
DO; st. Nicholas, ia; Marine, 1856; Commonwealth,
"a; Park, $50; Manufacturers and Merchants 100;
New York National Exchange, 81; Central National,
90; Fourth National, ITO; Ninth National, 10;
Tenth National, SO; Oriental, no; Gold Exchange,
io5; Bankers and Brokers' Association, so; Ger.
.man-American. 1O1.
THE RAILROAD BONDS.
The following were the bids for the railroad
honds
The New York herald., 1872-10-20

HULD UNskrILEU-IIz% ffo1s ffo'
The gold market opened strong with the news OF
the fall in British consols. and advanced from l12k
to llSx. with the report by cable that the Bank
OF France had transferred hundred million francs
to the Bank OF England there was decline to
ll2ys o reaction to l13h and closure at lis. The
course Of the market Is shown In the table,
The New York herald., 1872-10-20

GREAT BARGAINS OF WINES FROM THE TT G CUSTOM ~ oss
VJ House fre-Champagnes, $40 $l2 Slt ana ~ ~
dozen fine table sherry 81 per gallon old Por, VI
rive Whskey 81 50; Imported Havana Cigars - 0pef
William
The New York herald., 1872-10-20

The exports of specie from this port during the
past week and since the beginning Of the year have
been as follows:-Total for the week. s628 3SS; pre-
yiously reported, $eo,l42o32 total since January
1872 500 76s 40; same time 1871 $50 31a 800; same
time 1870 $5l 1858, ,6e2; same time 1862 s235S6,6s2
same time 1863 S66 1852 $40.
The New York herald., 1872-10-20
FINANCIAL.

A T REASONABLE RATES-MoNEY ON LIFE AND
"A Endowment Insurance Policies; also on Bonds and
Mortgages; Insurances of all kinds effected with best
companies. j. J. HARBRICH CO., Il9 Broadway.
The New York herald., 1872-10-20
COPARTNERSIfIps.

NOTICE is HEREBY GIVEN THAT THE COPART-
IN nership heretofore existing between Walter Wal
dron and Frederick zel in the real brokerage
business Mt l026 Third dissolved by mutual
consent to take effect from Oct l. 1872 All parties hav.
unsettled accounts with the late firm will please pre-
sent the at for settlement TO either of the un
dersgned. WALTER b. WALDRON,
New YORK, Oct 10 1872 r, ZITTEL.
The real business heretofore existing under the
name Of Waldron Zittel will be continued By FREDE
RICK ZITTEL, at the old stand 026 Third avenue.
yAIE HAVE THIS DAY FORMED
w copartnership for the transaction
of a general shipping aud commission business
at IS Exchange place l6, under the firm Of
Scott 4 Tams
CHAS. II. SCOTT
New YoRK, Oct. 49, 1872 j. FREDERIC TAMS
The New York herald., 1872-10-20

TRUST MONEY TO LOAN AND BUY FIRST CLASS
N. Mortgages city real estate In 10 suit, with
out bonus Address CoUNSELLoR, box 2,6sl New York
Post office
The New York herald., 1872-10-20

A $1,000 wANTED-FIRST MORTGAGE WILL Re
~. given on four story brown stone house (worth
$4,000, Fifth avenue, up town; only principal or
his attorney answer. Address APPLICANT box $50
Herald Uptown Branch office.
The Iowa plain dealer. [volume] (New Oregon, Howard County, Iowa) 1867-1895, 1872-09-27
Greeley and Grant.

Grant organs being very free to
charge Horace Greeley with an utter
lack of financial ability, the New York
Express makes this exceedingly pcrtin-
ent comparison of the two Presidential
candidates in disregard. 1t says:
''If anybody can show us wherei n
Grant is better business man than
Greeley, let him prove it, or forever
hold his peace. Greeley has honesty,
he has industry, he has good personal
habits he has thrift and economy, and
he has knowledge of men. BY the use
of all these he has built up one of the
most prosperous journals of the world;
his success has been pre-eminent. Then
from povery he has become well educa-
ted and prosperous. Compare his pro-
gress in this respect with General
Grant, who was educated as an engin
eer, at the cost of tho nation, and who
sank after his resignation from the
army to clerk in leather store at a
salary of 5000 year. Is this inan'
cial ability? During the same period
Mr.. Greeley entered into competition
with the best minds in the great city
Of the country. Mr.. Greeley ha'
always set his face in favor of earning
money rather than obtaining itby sharl
practices. He never has stood indebte,
to friends or family for a dollar sine
his apprenticeship. His history Of tn
American conflict nettcd him abou
S12o,oOO because Of its prodigiou
sale. Do these facts indicate lack G
financial ability?
The Iowa plain dealer. [volume] (New Oregon, Howard County, Iowa) 1867-1895, 1872-09-27
What Is Dirt1

Old DR.. Cooper, of South Carolina,
used to say to his students: Don't be
afraid Of dirt, young gentlemen. What
is dirt? Why, nothing at all offensive,
when chemically viewed. Rub little
alkali upon the dirty grease spot on
your coat and it undergoes a chemical
charge and becomes soap; now rub it
with little water and it disappears.
1t is neither grease, soap, water, nor
dirt That is not very odorous pile
of dirt you see yonder; well, scatter .
little gypsum over it and it is no longer
dirty. Everything like dirt is worthy
our notice as students Of chemistry.
Analyze it: it will separate into very
clean elements. Dirt makes corn, corn
makes bread and meat, and that makes
very sweet young lady, that I saw
one of you kissing last night. So, after
all, you were kissing dirt, particularly
if she whitcned her face with chalk or
fuLer's earth, though l may say that
rubbing such stuff on the beautiful
skin of a young lady is dirty practice.
Pearl powder, think, is made Of bis
muth-nothing but dirt. Lord Palmer
ston's fine definition of dirt is matter
in the wrong place Put it in the
right place, and we cease to think Of it
as dirt" ...rzr'sT
The Iowa plain dealer. [volume] (New Oregon, Howard County, Iowa) 1867-1895, 1872-09-27
LIrrELL's LIVING AGE.-The W.

L1TTELL's LIVING AGE.-The week
ly numbers Of The Living Age for Aug.
81 and Sept. 7 have the following note
worthy contents:-England and France
their Customs, Manners and Morality,
Quarterly Review; Recent Experimets
with the Senses, Westminster Review;
The Irish Priesthood, Spectator; French
Dress, Blackwood's Magazine; Some
thing Wrong with the Sun, Spectator;
"Question-Day ''in the Highlands, Sun
day Magazine; The Meeting Of the
three Emperors, Spectator; Saint Jane
Frances-Fremyot de Chantal, Athena-
um; Juarez, Examiner; The Political
Aspect of the French Loan, Pail Mall
Gazette; Clemence, by Katharine
G. Macqnoid, author of "Pattie,
Saint Pauls Magazine; The conclusion
Of Christina North, by E. NJ. Archer.
and the continuation Of The Strange
Adventures of a Phaeton, by William
Black, author Of - A Daughter Of
HEALTH" etc., besides Poetry and Mis-
cellany. The subscription price is IS
year, or for $40 any one of the
American 81 periodicals is sent with
The Living Age for year. Littell
& Gay, Boston, Publishers.