davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

POLICE CouRT.-George Smith and
Thomas McKinny were before the police
court, yesterday morning, charged with
being drunk on thestreets. Both Of them
looked theworse for their debauch and q
nights lodging in the lookup; both
begged for mercy, urging their impecuui,
osity when His Honor came to fix their
punishment, They were let off with the
usual dollar each and costs, Even that
we believe, was too great a sum for them
10 liQuidate.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

means business.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

CHRIS. HESS, merchant tailor, corner
Main and Quincy streets, solicits the at.
tention Of gentlemen to his fall and winter
stock Of ready made clothing, consisting
Of cloths, cassimeres, vestings, all new,
and comprising every style popular at the
East. With a superior stock, a tirstclasa
cutter, and the hest workmen obtainable
l can guarantee my work, and that my
prices win be satisfactory. G. HISS,
Corner Main and Quincy streets.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

FREE LEcTURE.-Drs. Lyon & stearns
medical reformers, will lecture at Wash.
ington Hall this, Thursday, evening. Sub.
ject "Human Lite, how Shortened and
how Prolcugedg The lecture viii be o.
the greatest importance to all who may
attend. Several curiosities will be ex
hibited during the evening, among them
a monster Tapeworm fifty feet in length
recently taken by DR.. Stearns from Mr.
Samuel Stewart Of Fairmont, W. Va
The expulsion Of the above monster was
witnessed by Mr. F. Smith, a prominent
lawyer Of Fairmont, his brother, and q
number Of other citizens saw the expul
sion. Please read the following ccrtif.
cate: q. asz, -a.l-t. -.5a.
We, the undersigned, saw the above
monster while being expelled, and there.
fore have no hesitation in pronouncinp
the statement correct. AK OF =
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

New YEAB's EvE,-A cantata with
the title mentioned at the beginning oil
this paragraph, is to be presented this
evening in st. Paul's Lutheran Church,
down in the Eighth Ward. Mr.. sheib
has charge Of the music, which insures
the success of the programme. The en-
tertainment is for the benefit Of the
church, and promises to be rich musical
treat, Everybody should attend.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14
Captain Renitentinru Gnn


The following is description Of those
who escaped: Younger is about 25 years
old, 8 feet II inches high, very muscular,
dark complexion, dark eyes and hair, and
rather pleasant in his manners. Youst is
about 81 years old, 8 feet 5 inches high,
heavy set, forid complexion, sandy hair,
blue eyes, and very stout and active.
jenkins is about 80 years old, 8 feet 81
inches high, broad shoulders, stoutly
built, dark or sallow complexion, looks as
ifhe might be of mixed blood, dark eyes
and hair, which is curly. A liberal re-
ward will be offered for the re.arrest Of
the parties.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

Observation-Disclosures B. Hall and Al
pheus R. snodgrass, convicted Of felony
at the Spring term 1870 of the Circuit
Court for Marion county and sentenced to
the penitentiary for two years, were dis,
charged from that institution, yesterday,
their term of service having expired.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

BEING Torn DowN.-The barber
shop standing across the line Of the pro.
posed track at the north end of the stone
bridge between the depots, is being torn
down, and we presume the rails will soon
be laid down along John street.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

BREAK DowN.-one of the large
wagons used in hauling coal from the
Bridgeport mines to the city, broke down
yesterday on the Island, and caused a
slight interruption in travel over the
Street Railway. Passengers had to be
transferred for trip or two, when the oh.
struction was removed and the cars 70,
sumed their usual regularity in running.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

CIRCUIT CoURT.-The criminal docket
Tor the present term having been disposed
Of, the business daily transacted has no
special interest to any one but suitors.
The court meets promptly each morning
at 0 o'clock, and gives its undivided
attention to the disposition of the matters
brought before 1t. - ~
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

festival TONIGHT DO not fail to &C
to st. Matthew'S church tonight. The
"Busy Bees" want to sec all their friends
Encourage the little misses by being pres
ent in great numbers and purchasing
literally Of what they have provided.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

THEBusy BEE socmTY of ST. Nat
thew's Sunday School will hold a Festival
in the basement of ST. Matthew's Church,
Thursday evening, 14th inst. Doors open
at7o'clock. Admission grown persons
25 cents; children, 10 cents.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

LARGE CAsrNo.-The bed plate Of the
large engine intended to drive the "Top
Mill" was brought here two or three days
since, and its transfer from the river to its
final destination made quite a sensation.
1t is a huge affair, weighing between nine
and ten toms. twas cast in q foundry
at Pittsburgh, and is now being placed on
the foundation prepared TO receive It.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

ADvERTBED by SMILES. 1t Is sozo-
DON'T, and Il you use 1t daily, the white
CLEAN Of the pearls between the parted
rubies win prove Its excellence as Den.
trifce, and the sweetness Of the breath
will attest It's purifying properties. taw.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

THE souooIAtAsTER ABRoAD.-Aletter
addressed as follows was received at the
pOstoface in this city, day or two since
"Mr il R or his fern Hole Sail
groslrs If Not called fir aney other hole
Sail Wheeling Va" s..,.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

To KEEP THE PEAcE,-In another
paragraph we have mentioned the arrest
and filming Of John Rogers for assault and
contempt, respectively. What was done
with him for the last mentioned offence Is
also stated elsewhere, For the assault he
was required TO give security in the sum
of five hundred dollars to keep the peace
for one year. 1saal.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

In many affections peculiar 10 females. The
EAThACT BUCHU Is unequaled by any other
Eemedy-as in Chloroels or Retention, Iffoenlar.
Ivy. Paintulness or suppression OF Cnstomary
excavations, liberated q scrrhous state Of The
Som LeaGoH5e! OF Whites, sterilty, and for
rom lndiscretion, Habits of Dissipation. or in
inc Decline or Change OF Lille It Is prescribed
extensively BY the most eminent Physicians and
M lS amer Colanements, and for Enfeebled
anu Deicate Consultations OF both sexes and ali
symptoms, - 'oS''os9Ni
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

NEW TownOAT-The Wheeling Tow
o Don. Company has contracted with AEessrs.
Wilson y Dunlevy for the hull of a tow
u. boat to be finished by the 10Th of April.
The dimensions arc as follows: length
ITO feet, sOieet beam, and 8 feet hold, II
is contemplated to have the new boat
ready TOR business in sixty DAYS. :
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

CoRREcTIoN.-It was William F. st-
fel, EsQr., who was elected Director in the
Library Association last Monday evening,
and not L. c. stitel, Esqr, as stated in
our columns Tuesday morning. Both Of
them are earnest friends Of the Library,
so thatthe institution will lose nothing
because of the slight error We committed
in reporting tue name of the one chosen
as Director.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14
MedlcaI

intrinsic virtues, and sustained b b. i, It's
marketable cures. So mild as to be ~, ,s d, n
beneficial to children, and vet 50 ,c ,e lnd
as to cdectually purge out the Ur"o. Va'Ass
ruptions Of the blood, such as the Srns Sot'
anil syphilitic contamination. ImnysGi.GEo
or diseases that have lurked in the s,.,s
for years, soon yield to this powerful Ii'" .a.s
dotc, and disappear. Hence It's Won VOW any
cures, many Of which are publicly IOe'1ua
of ScrOfula, and all scrotalous di,o O'a
Ulcers, Eruptions, and erlpS S,,s"E y
orders Of the skin, Tumors. RIot Riot us'
Boils, Pimples' PuStules, Sores !,
AnthOny'S Fire, Rose OF ErvSiSSHE.
las, letter, Salt Rheum. XXI,
Head, Ringw0rm, and internal Ni NJ,
ceratlOns Of the Uterus, StomoCL
and Liver. 1t also cures Other nSa
plants, to which il would not seem p, rUai'
ally adapted, such as Dropsy, Dysnss srr
sin, Fits, Neuralgia, Heart DiseSas.pp
Female Weakness, DEBILITY. nj
Leuc0rrh9a, when they are mSpiS sp
tons of the scrofalous poisons.
1t is IN excellent restorer Of health An,
strength in the Spring. BY renewing n,
appetite and vigor Of the digestive or9an,
it dissipates the depression and listless In
guor ofthe season. Even where no di,Onls,
appears, people feel better, and live lonrs,
for cleansing the blood. The system ncyt,
on with renewed vigor and a new lease d
life.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

THE following telegram was received
from Moundsville last evening:
"Charles h. Younger, of Mason county,
Jim Youst, OF Marion, Convicted in Mo
nongalia county, and Asa Jenkins, from
Richie county, captured Matthews, q
member of the guard at the Penitentiary,
took his gun and made their escape in
the direction Of Cameron"
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

RE'ooNNIENcED.-The work of grading
a track through the Hempfeld depot
grounds for the extension to the Baltimore
Il Ohio depot, has been recommended.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

"JuNIPER TAR SOAP" cures cnapped hRndl
sAltrheum, pimples, and all cutaueous aztec
lions, rendering the skin soh and sthnoth. Nan
ufsctured BY oAswRLI, HAZARD b co.,
Sold by ali Druggists. New York
my24-M, Th-dAW
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

We are now!receiyiug our Spring stock
Of Boots, Shoes and Caters, of every va
riety and style, purchased from the best
manufacturers East and West.
~ CARNAHAN 6 90, 81 Nam Street.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

THE greatest variety Of Lasting Gaiters
in the city isat FOrgey & Clemens, south,
east corner Of Nam and Union streets.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14
No Family Should be Without Il.

These, symptoms, II allowed to 20 on. which
ms medicine invariably removes, soon follows
1ppoteney, Faulty Epileptic Fits, in one OF
whichthe patient may expire. Who can sSy Thai
these are not frequently followed by those hdire.
Ial diseases, !" insanity and Consumption. Many
are aware OF tho cause OF their sliiierinps. Int
few will confess. The records Of the Insane Asv.
ium, and the melancholy deaths BY ConsumpHoi,.
bear ample witness to the Truth or the assertion'
The Constitution once Affected with Organic
Weakness requires the aid OF medicine 10
strengthen and inyigorate the system, which
Holmes d Cos Fluid Extract Buchnn inyaria.
Retailed by all Druggists at rs CENTS PER
BOTTLE, Of ounces, or days medicine n
once placing this valuable compound within 't6e
reach Of the patient, no matter how Door. 'NS
BEWARE OF counterfeits, Ask kor Wav,.s,,
tors, New York City, W. PtVPlle.
BEWARE OF spurious Buchu Mixtuyoa n,ol
pared by selEstyled doctors, which ara San,, pse-
lore tho public BY notorious adVcrtiscments.. "
ATICTIYTHy NO.. -....t.l. p.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

In order to close out q lot Of Mise.
Leather Shoes l will sell them REGARDLESS
o. U, cost for the next ten days. L.v
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

CLOSING Our sALR.-Ten dozen Misses
Leather Shoes to be sold regardless Of
cost for the next ten days at L. V. Blonds
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14
GhegatelLia etteer:
THURSDAY, MARCH II, 1872.
Travellers Register.
DEPARTURE OF TRAINS.
New Advertisements.

Steamer Shamrock.
Free Exhibition.
Carpets, Rugs, Oil Cloths.
Washington Hall.
Notice.
$1,000 Worth Of Oh Cloths.
Mules for Sale.
To Coal Dealers.
Proposals.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

THOSE who will save money SHOULD
buy their Boots and Shoes at L. v
Blends.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

New styles, new scenery, new accesso
ries at the Partridge Gallery,
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

WANTED in exchange for % Piano or
Organ, q small Fire Proof Safe at sheib's
Music Store, Monroe ST.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

PHoToenAEGs Of Bishop Simpson and
Chaplain McCabe can be obtained at
Brown s. Higgins. Ilaaasu
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

Rustic Photographs, new styles, at the
Partridge Gallery.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

SECOND hand Pianos wanted in ex.
change at sheib's Music Store.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

Do not fail to attend the Lecture a,
Washington Hall tonight -
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

AGENTS and CAnvassers for Pianos and
Organs wanted at Sheib's Music Store.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

LADrRs' Lasting Congress Caters, q
good article torlittle money, at Forgey &
Glen ems.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

TWENTY-FIVE Organ and twelve Piano
Boxes for sale cheap at Harding's Music
Store. l-itr.He rt.asIr.gi
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

gloss and freshness Of youth. Thin
hair is thickened, falling hair checked.
and badness often, though not alwaA
cured by its use. Nothing can reston
the hair where the follicles are de.
stroyed, or the glands atrophied and
decayed; but such as remain can be
saved by this application, and stina.
lated into activity, so that a new
growth of hair is produced. Instead
Of fouling the hair with q pasty sell.
ment, it will keep it clean and vigorous
Its occasional use will prevent the hair
from turning gray or falling of, and
consequently prevent badness. The
restoration Of vitality it gives to the
scalp arrests and prevents the lorna.
ton of dandruff, which is often 50 IN,
clearly and offensive. Free from those
deleterious substances which max,
some preparations dangerous andila.
rious to the hair, the Vigor can Olly
benefit but not harm it. If vantoi
merely for q HAIR DRESSING
nothing else can be found so desiEaSh
Containing neither oil nor dye, it dos
not soil white cambria, and yet lsa
long on the hair, giving it a rich, gIaT
lustre, and o grateful perfume.
Prepared by DR.. J. C. Aver { Co,
Practical and Analytical Chemists,
... LOWELL. MASS.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

LADIES, Misses and Childrens' Lasting
Caters in styles to suit everybody, at
Forgey s. Clemens. ..... t-.rr
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14
pruggIsts.
ME BEST is THE CHEAPEST.

ENHE BEST IS THE CHEAPEST
There d no economy nuslns an inferior Bak.
ing Powder, because tits cheaper. II only spoils
your bread, and Your temper too. Logan, Lis
z Cos EXCELSIOR BAKING POWDER 10 IA
cheapest In the market, because II 10 ne best /!
Ask for Logan, List d Co.'S. Be sure you get II;
and you VIII save your peace OF mind, and also
your "piOce OF bread" mAr9
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14
Ayers
Sarsaparilla

=. Is Is. widely know,
e as one Of The lpo o''
eaectq y! ene JS,,
ever discovered ie'
t tsm sa,g the gs
the blood IIa,yIas
stood the test Of Of
years with a CON- NJ
sstsalnn!tlygoVingt@Sp5.
utltiOn. hosale
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1872-03-14

Wheeling Feb. 81, 1872. 04'A''NN' FteS
The Superior times. [volume] (Superior, Wis.) 1870-1912, 1872-07-27

CAPTAIN RUFUS BARNARD, now 81
years old, has lived in Westfeld, Vt,
on the same farm, seventy-nine years
The Superior times. [volume] (Superior, Wis.) 1870-1912, 1872-07-27
The Omen Polar Sea

The open Polar Sea must be discoy-
cred soon, if at all. At least so argues
a writer in Nature Gan English period
icaD, who believes the sea will soon
cease to exist. Land is said to be ris-
ing everywhere between the pole and
the tifty-seventh parallel, and the great
est movement is at the pole itself.
Some interesting facts are quoted in
support of the theory. Pliny SAID that
Scandinavia was an archipelago. and
spoke of bold seamen who had circum
navigated the group of islands. Pto-
lemy confirmed the statement. Ce-
leelus said, In the seventeenth century,
that Norway was rising at the rate of
forty inches year. Sir Charles I.yelI
indorses the theory. The water lever
IN the Gulf of Bothnia falls one foot
every fifteen years. Near Geffe there
are low pastures where old men remem-
Der seeing boats afoat. Near Stock
holm, seventy feet above the level OF
the sea, the remains of shell fish identI.
cal with the present coast species are
found, At Soduleige, ninety feet above
high water, there is bed of sand
which contains some wrecked boats
t'hot an oI't ullIDO1. LII Tile interior OIL
Spltzbergen, skeletons of whales
nave been unearthed above
sea level. The fishermen say
that the land has risen so much that
the shallowness ofthe water has driven
away the right whale, which, once
abundant, is now rarely seen. On the
Pacific the shores around Behrino
Strait are low and fat, but mile or
two back there are ranges of bluffs
parallel with the coast, and containing
innumerable shells of the littoral
species. If the theory is true, it offers
us curious case of compensation
While the ocean is washing away
Great Britain, France, Holland and
New England, way to the north the
continents are encroaching on the sea.
The only thing to regret is that the
process cannot be reversed, and Nep-
tune enriched at the expense of the
frozen North, and to the gain of the
more habitable South.
The Superior times. [volume] (Superior, Wis.) 1870-1912, 1872-07-27
An Interesting and Valuable Paper,

AT a recent meeting of the Society of
Biblical Archaeology of London, a pa
per was read "On a religions and poll,
teal revolution which took place in
Egypt prior to the reign of Rameses
the Third, having a probable connec-
ton with the rise of the Jewish reii-
gion-from the text of the Harris Papy-
rus, by DIR. Elsenlohr. This papyrus,
we learn from the Athenaum, contains
a history of the reign of Rameses the
Third, and the events which preceded
his accession. Among these Dr. Essen
lohr finds an account of politico-
theological revolt made by a
Syrian hero, who finally sub
dued Egypt, and abolished the
existing religion and rites. The father
of Rameses the Third suppressed the
rebellion, and restored the former re-
ligion. In this story the Atheneum
finds remarkable resemblance to the
narrative of the return of Hykshos, ex-
tracted by Josephus from Manetho.
DIR. Eisenlohr regards the account as
representing the Egyptian view of the
events which caused the Exodus. The
Harris Papyrus, if this hypothesis be
correct, is a valuable aid to the history
of the Exodus. The British Museum
has taken measures to purchase the
document.
The Superior times. [volume] (Superior, Wis.) 1870-1912, 1872-07-27

A funny story was told at late
meeting of the Polytechnic Branch of
American. Institute, which is reported
IN the Engineering and Mining Jour
nal. A new man was sent to light
house, and his first experience was to
get frightened at his own reflection
the plate glass. Next, as he was clean
ing the lantern, toward sunset, the lev
Ell rays of the sun were accidentally
focused on the wick by one of the
lenses, and the astonished tyro beheld
the lamp marvelously lighted by an
unseen keeper. The next morning he
extinguished the light, which soon af-
ter calmly famed up again from the
same cause, and the man, taking to his
boat, abandoned the light house SER
vice forever. This shows that even the
comparatively simple mechanism now
employed may be above the compre-
hension of the men we have b employ,
aud 1T is not to be wondered at il the
oil lamp remains for long time to
come, the basis of our and other light
ed systems.
The Superior times. [volume] (Superior, Wis.) 1870-1912, 1872-07-27
How DefOrmed People are Turned Out
in LOadOn

Some time ago, gentleman seeing a
most extraordinary mass of deformity
wriggling about in the streets of Lon
don, accosted it, and asked how it
managed to get living. "Why, sir,
| gets run over by the carriages of the
nobility and gentry, and they gives me
compensation, and does pretty well. "
Recent experience goes to prove that a
less hazardous course is now adopted,
with aim and end of obtaining the val
liable stock in trade of deformed fig
ure. In an old house, situated in Sc
cluded alley of Highgate, northern
suburb of London, the police are re-
ported to have discovered an establish
ment for which the IA
miliar "mangling done here
would be the most appropriate placard.
"Messrs. Willis, Batnan & Co."-they
adopted this style-have here been &C
lively carrying on business as managers
and shammalady makers Persons
brought their children of tender years
to have their legs twisted and their
bodies otherwise dealt with IN the
manner most likely to "draw" from
the pockets of the benevolent. The
| ttei LII NoiiCo dS w dSt.
Thus, a child, under a year old, could
have it's little, soft, malleable leg
twisted for the moderate sum of 81
while so was the charge for one six
months older, and so on, by grad
uated scale. Other injuries were
charged for pro rata, but a child of
tender years could be twisted In a man
ner satisfactory to the most greedy of
gain for $30-exclusive of charge for
board. What arrangements were made
when the child died during the process
which was to make it so lucrative, is
not stated, but no doubt they were OF
an equally satisfactory character The
other branch of the companys benev-
client operations was the fitting out OF
adult persons to gain their living fol
the day with sores, deformities, blind
Eesy, and, where ladies were concerned,
into an apparently interesting state ,
The existence of this most ingenious
trade is surely another marvellous proof
of 10Th century progress.