davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1871-03-22
UdilD ARGUS.
wednesday Essaing, March % 1871.
Political Notes.

A full prohibition ticket has been put in
the field at Cleveland.
Grant don't like to look back over the
radical defeat in New Hampshire, and 80 to
sOlAce himself goes to the theatre to see
Seebsoh.
Orth, who didn't go to hob.nob with Billy
Rex, gloats over the radical defeat in New
Hampshire, as it predicts the downfall Of
the man with much brother in-law.
In debate on a normal school bill in
the Rhode Isl&nd house on Tuesday one
member accused another Of not yet hAv-
ing arrived al g state of "famboys ant lumin-
osity."
A bill has passed the Delaware house of
representatives 80 As to amend the state
constitution as TO abolish life tenures In
office, and it is rumored at the state capital
that it is designed to displace Chief Justice
G.lpiu to make room for Willard Salisbury,
che late Unitod States Senator.
The republican Chief Justice Mason, of
Nebraska, has delivered an opinion against
negroes sitting as jurors in that state, on the
ground that jury duty is burden aud not a
privilege. The great trouble among white
people hereabouts ia to get rid of the bur
den-not to be sudaled with it.
\ correspondent of the New York Sun,
who seems TO be perfectly informed respect.
ing that which he Afflrms, sends that paper
the following surprising statement;
"Msj. Isaac Lynde, tather-in-law of Gen.
Fred. Dent, President Grants brother-in-
law, now serving as principal usher at the
white house, surrendered the 9th infantry to
the rebels in Texas in the year 1861, and
was Immediately dismissed from the service
by President Lincoln.
son the 2slh of July, 1866, Gen. Grant
procured from Andrew johnson, with whom
he was then on the best Of terms, an order
reinstaIing Lyude in the army, and another
order putting him on the retired list. There
he is now drawing pay as retired military
officer of the United States from the gov
eminent which he did his best to destroy.
The record ofthe war department will show
how in infamous Lyude's conduct was in
this surrender. lie was appointed by Grant
and johnson. and retired on the sane day.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1871-03-22
AMERICAN BROILER.

Combining, IN one of the Zig btslt and sim plest
the kitchn utensils, all the principles involved In
perfect brolling of meats with the greatest ec.n-
omy OF time and fuel. II sits on top Of the stove
or range over one of the openings; requires no
preparation Of fire; no coke or oharcosl; no
pounAiug OF steak; retains all the juices and
flavor, Shieh are mostly lost ly the ordinary
process broils steak in from to I minutes
Tenders tough meas tender; does away with all
smok. and smell of burning gTeere; broiis
equal. y well over coal or wood; answers for ell
sized stove or range openings; and is equally
good for steak, chicken, ham, chops, fab aud oy-
stcrs. Is also unsqualled bread -tOaster and
corn pepper.
Nov made Of Russia iron with strong rim
corer obViathg liability of edges getting jam
med by oarelessness and thereby destroying nee
essary cose fit.
Guara teed to fulfill all the above spe. i6es-
tiUns or money refu nded. Retail Price ~
Fine mesh CRATE for corn popping and conee-
roasting, when desired, 25c extra.
Liberal discount to the trade.
All boilers will have brass lat Ell attached"
name aud Trade Mark sta mped thereon.
American Broiler Manufacturing Company,
Office 90 Broad street, New York, and 1862 Race
| street, Cincinnati, o.
| Frank Sturges d Co., CHICAGO.
Cheecer Burchard & Co.. ST LOUIS.
C. Shepard d Co, NIL H1UKEE.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1871-03-22

A beautiful Snow WHITE POWDER guaranteed S9ftcfIv
a Pars,-and unlike the majority Of so-odLsd Baking
Powders, which contain STARCH, ALUM TERRA ALBA
or FLOUR. TO an alarming extent
1t is preferable to Cream Tartar or Soda for LIaEr
BREAD, BIseUTTs, Rolls, PASTRY &c.
Ask your GrocSr for Box of Ciliets Bdling RtrIsr
and II 1t disappoints you. yeltr monty be refunded
GiLLsT's FLAyoRING EXTRACTS WASHING CaYsrAL.
BUENas BAKING Powder &c are kept by all Groeers in
the country aud have been long and fayoraby known
61liet' hooullooh & Co.. 81 Mich. Az, CHICAGO.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1871-03-22
DR.. GALLAGHER'S
VEGETABLE RHEUMATIC
CURE

at once dissolves and carries off all Rheumatic,
Neuralgia and unhealthy matter from the sys
TEN, and the patient must from necessity soon
get we'll. There is no mistake about it. The
money promptly returned in every instance
where NO benefit has been received. A large
number Of unsolisited testimonials have been
received attesting it's great value.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1871-03-22

A full prohibition ticket has been put in
the field at Cleveland.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1871-03-22

]. NJ. BUFoRD.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1871-03-22

fsbssd 'od -t,tAS
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07

tue generosity Of tho North, that the slaves
obtained their freedom Aud even now, that
freedom is insured only by the amendment
of the Constitution of the Unitud States,
which was adopted by the white men of South
Carolina. You would, therefore, be able cf
tectually to remove this hindranoo to good
feeling from the minds of the colored people
Then, again, you would be able to assure
them of the kindly feeling with which they
have always been regarded by their former
mastcrs, before the heartless plundercrs, who
are now making use of them had mislcd and
embittered their feelings. These, and other
topics which will readily occur to you, will
no doubt enable your to influence the action
of the colorcd people.
An equal, perhaps greater difficulty, will
be to restrain tho impatience o. the white
people. Restless as they naturally must be
under the corrupt and hcartlcss despotism
which they see dominecring over them, it
will require tho strongest effort of patience to
await a remedy which will require SO much
time. The strongest motive which can be
presented to them, for such patience will be
the earnest and sincere initiation of the
amendment proposed. The first step towards
calling Convention is vote of the Lcgsla-
ture, and as that body has adjourned it will
be necessary to take some action, before its
next meeting, to satisfy the people or the cx.
pediency of waiting. If the reading members
of tho dominant party would como forward
and pledge their support to the measure, and
urge the adoption Of the same, it would fur
nlsh such un assurance US would, doubtless,
restrain the imputicnce Of those who arc
smarting under their present burthcn.
Oa our side, then, We could, with some
show of reason, counsel our friends to cndu
rance. We could turn their minds to con.
slider other cases of grevious national wrong,
which patience had overcome. We could point
them to the example of the noble spirits who,
after the endurance for twenty years, of the
tyranny of the Stuarts in England, brought
about peacefully the revolution Of 1858, and
established English freedom upon basis,
from which it has never been removed. We
can point them to tho American struggle
against taxation without representation, which
continued for ten years before resort to arms
With these examples before them, we would
be uble to persuade them to await two years
for tho action Of convention, if we could as
sure them that that action would remedy the
evils Of which they complain
Persuaded, as l am, that no other peacca.
bic remedy be made available would
most earnestly address these views to the scri-
Gus consideration Of your Exccllcncy and
would urge them upon all those who s ,ck the
permanent peace and welfare of the State
With much respect, your obedicnt scrvcnt,
9. G.. MEMMINGER.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
Bear in Mind.

When disease has undermined the health and
the physical system has become prostratctl, n
stimu!ant that will not only strengthen but re-
move the cause, should bc Immediately rcsoncd
to- Mental distress is also fruitful source of the
breaking down Of the constitution, and the ray
ages of this enemy to health are truly alarming
For all such mnlalcs IIostettcr's Stomach Bit
ters have been found unsurpassed. BY acting d.
rectly upon the digestive organs they remove the
heavy, disagrccabe feeling after eating so often
complained of by persons Of dclic,e tcmpcra.
ment. as soon digestion is restored, the pa
icn fin Is his stren 9Th increasing, and his gene
raj health improved
Thousands OF persons certify that il may be relied
on IN all cus.s OF weakness nervous debility Mt.
ten,lant upon scdcutary habits. The generality
OF Biuers arc SO aisagrecable to the taste that
they arc Objectionable to II weak stomach This
is not the case with lostcttcr's Bltcrs which
Will be found mild and extremely pleasant. Bal
same plants. bnrks anl roots contribute tn cir re
storatvc juices to render il soothing and strength
cnIhg. ~ basis is the only pure stinulant which
has ever becn produced containing no (usH oil
or any other deetcrous element. The most care
tul anu skillful chemists have analyzei the Bit
ers and pronounced them harmless. This is sol
cntiic testimony but the testimony of the hun
drcds OF thousands who have experienced the
preventive md curative effects Of the uREAf
VEGETABLE TONIC and Alternative Of modern
times is still more conclusive. In Fever and
Ague Dyspepsia. Biliousnoss Nervous Complaints
Chronic Complaints ana general debility il is as
ncnrly inilliiLlc Us anything in this falble world
can DC April G--lm
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
The Future Prosperity Of the so.,t.,

There can be no doubt that it would contribute
greatly to the future prosperity Of this section of
the Union if many amongst us would turn their
energies ana capital in new channels Of enterprise
AMI business. The old roads are c!car but they
are worn and crowded Blaze new path through
the woods for yourself, young man, and you will
arrive at the goal ahead OF your competitors A
striking example Of this rrrccpt is found in the
case OF Ar. =. r. Toale, of Charleston, 5. c., n
plain mechanic. who has mndc himself tho head
at u large manutaotory of doors, sashes and
blinds.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
SCHOOL NOTICE I!
SCHOOL COMMISSIONSR'S OFFICE. !
WAIltALLA, S. G., March %, 1871.

TNIIE BOARD OF EXAMINERS will meet
Il at this office, on the 18th and 18th days
OF APRIL prox. for the examination Of all
teachers of Free Common Schools" in Oconce
County. Tonchcrs will avail themselves of tho
opportunity of procuring certificates, as NONE
are entitled to MD from tho free school fund,
but those who have them. Teachers, whose
certificates have oxpired. are also required to
come before tho Board for re.cxaminasfon
Tho citizens Of tho different Townships, or
School Districts, are sincerely requested to
meet in consultation and recommend suitable
persons as Trustees. This is moro desirable
rs tho duties and responsibilities Of trustees
have been greatly increased, by an act Of t'.o
last session Of tho State Legislature.
FLETCHER SMITH,
School Commissioner.
March %, 1871 % 3
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
Richloa,d eAcaden,y.

ENHE EXERCIsEs of the English and
il Classical Schno at Richland Church, will
co commence eco on MONDAY, the 23d day Of JAN
UARY, 1871 Scholastic term to consist ne
ten months, under the management Of Rev. e.
L. HYDE.
Terms Of Tnition.-Primary Branches Sl2;
Primary branches, with English Grammar &c.
oography and Analysis, from $l4 to SIG: Higher
English Branches, viz; Natural Philosophy,
Rhetoric, Intellectual and Moral PHILOSOPHY.
Algebra, Geometry. Trigononetry, Book keep,
ing and Surveying, from Sla to S24; Lati, and
Greek Languages, $40 peS- Board, in good
families, Mt Convenient distance from tho
Academy, can be had at from So to $40 per
month. Jan, IA l87l-10
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
Pickehs Advertisements
THE ,S7ITE or so U1W CAROLINA
plckENs CONFEDERATION.

PIClIENS CONFEDERATION
W HEREAS, G. II. Symmes hath applied
w to me to grant him Letters of Admins
trnton on the Estate and Effects Of c. Tily
Symmcs dcceased---
These are, therefore to cite and adimonish all
and singular the kindred and creditors Of the
said q. lilly Symmes deceased. that they be
and appear before me, in the Court of Probate,
to be held at Pickcns Court House on the 9Th
dny of April next. after publication hereof,
at III O'Clock in tho forenoon, to shcw cause. if
any they haze, why tho said administration
should not be granted.
Given under my hand, this 9th day of
March, A. D. 1871.
/. II. PIIILPOT, J.r.r.c.
March 81, 1871 % Q
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
8 s g g 8 8 60 8 s .

TO THE WORKING CLASS-Wc are now pre-
pared to furnish all classes with constant employ
.ncht at home the whole Of the time for the snare
moments. Business new, light and profitable -
Persons OF either sex easily earn from soc. TO S6
m evening, and proportional sum by devotinr
their whole time to the business. Boys and girls
earn nearly much as men, That all who see
this notice may send their address, and test the
business, we make the unparalleled offer: TO such
as are not we'll satisfied, We will send 81 to pay
valuable sample which will do to commence work
on, and a copy Of THE Peoples Literary Con,pau-
ion-one Of the largest and best family newspapers
ever publshcd-all sent free by mail. Render, if
you want permanent, profitable work, address
Il. c. ALLEN s. CO., AUGUSTA, MAINE.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07

Blue Ridge Lodge, No. %, A. n. Nh.
A REGULAR COMMUNICATION of Blue
Ridge Lodge, No. 02. A.. r.. NJ, will be
held on SATURDAY, May 9th, at 7 o'clock
z. NJ Brethren will take duo notice. and gov
crn themselves accordingly,
BY order Of the Ludgc.
j. Il. NEVILLE, Scc'y.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
Spe al N o tic es.

~ LITTLE BODY Dofu OFTEN hARboR A GREAT
souL," simple Tonic is often the cause of pre-.
venting serious disease such tonic is SUM
TER BiTTEtS, as II preventive for Chills and
Fever, and II cure for Dyspepsia Debility and
digestion.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
4 Have II TcrriDlc Cough.

You need not have it long; go to your Drug
gist and get bottle of DIR. TUTf'S CELE-
BRATED EXPECTORANT, it will soon cure
you. 1t is dangerous to neglect coughs. This
valuable preparation may be found it every
village and hamlet in the South and West.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
WaIhsIl:. Chapter, No. 2s, R. A. "

A REGULAR CONYOCATION of Walhal-
Ia Chapter, No. %. r.. A.. NJ, will be held
at their Hail. in Walhalla, on MONDAY, the
lSt day Of May next, at candle light
Companions will be puuctual in their attcn.
dance
by order the Chapter:
S. p. DENDY, Scc'y.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
Notice to Builders.

CEALED BIDS will bo received for erecting
y baptist Chuscb. at Walhalla, until Fri.
day. the 7th April next. For plan and speci.
fcations, apply to j. W. Srarntlso. ct the
Court House, JOEL A. BEARD,
Chairman Committee.
March %, 1871 20 3
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
THE ST.l YE or .SOUTH CAROLINJ
rIcKENs COUNTY Y-cIrATIoN.

FTCKENS SCOUNTY-CITATION
w WuEREAS, G. II. Symmes has made suit
to mo, to z, MT him Letters of Admins.
.ration Oh the Estate and Effects Of Waddy
Hamilton, dcccased-
These are, therefore, to cite and almonish
all and singular the kindred and creditors of
the said Waddy Hamilton deceased that thcy
he and appear before me, in the Court Of Pro.
bate. to bc held at Pickcns G. H., on the Sth
day of April next. after publication hereof. at
IL o'clock in the forenoon, to show cause if any
they have. Why the said Administration should
not he granted.
Given under my hand this the o4th day of
March, A. D., 1871.
l. II. PIIlLpOT, Jrr.c.
March 27, 1871 % Q
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
DsYCAHoNIANCY.-Any lady or gent

DSVCAHONlANCY.- Any lady or gentle
a man can make 81 900 month, secure
their own happiness and in dependence, by obtain.
ing PSiClt0MANrY FASCINATION, or SOUL
CHARMING. 400 pages cloth Full instruc-
tions to use this power men and animals at
will, how to Mes,uerize become Trance or Writing
Mediums, Divinasion, Spiritualism, Alchemy, PHI
iosophy OF Omens and Dreams, Brigham Young 8
larcm Guide to Marriage, &C., ali contained in
this book; 100000 sold L; price by mail, in cloth,
Si.25, paper covers 81. NorlcE.--Any person
willing to act as agent will receive u sample copy
OF the work free. AS no capital is required, all
desirons of gentcel employment should send for
me nj, book enclosing 10 cts for postage, to II. w.
EVANS & CO., al South 9th st., PhJadclphn
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
Lend for Sale!

r OFFER FOR SALE l0c to 500 ACRES
J. Of Valuable Land, in Pckcns Comfy, ON
road lending from Trap to Grecnvillc. Tracts
small and improved. Terms easy.
a. j. ANDERSON.
Dec. I, 1870 3
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
FREE GALLERY OF ART

II Appleton g. Co., New York. will send TO
every new subscriber to ArpLEroS's JOURNAL re-
hitting 81 for one years subscription. Ten Su-
pEhb ENGRAviNGs, suitable for framing, from
paintings by the most eminent American artists
so that ench new subscriber will receive Gratis
what would cost $40 in the print shops. Full
particulars will be furnished OH application.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
~ E W 4 q VER RI SEN EN r s..

S0 IL SIU / EH UA {. WOMEN,
BOYS and GIRLS who engage in our new bust.
ness make from - to $40 per day in their
own localities. Full particulars and instructions
sent free by mail. Those in need Of permanent,
profitable work. should address at once
GEORGE STlNSON & CO., Portland, Maine.
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07
ssS;S kYs:z S5SE5;.5 @ s{IS;s5; S;|7s;a SzSa 9 ysF
Greenvillo and Columbia Railroad,

COLUMBIA, S. c., March l. 1871.
nN and after this date the following Seized
" nle will be run daily Sundays excepted,
connecting with Night Trains on South Car
olina Road, up and down; also with Trains
going South on Charlotte, Columbia and Angus,
tn Railroad
Keowee courier. [volume] (Pickens Court House, S.C.) 1849-current, 1871-04-07

4 tEThEFON'S JOUWNAE is published
IA Weekly, and consists Of 81 d,o. pages each
number attraciively illustrated. It's contents
consist Of Serial Novels aud Short Stories Essays
upon History aud Social Topics Sketches of Tray
cl and adventure and papers upon all the various
subjects that pertain 10 the pursuits and recrea-
tions OF the people, whether of town or country
Price 81 per annutn, So for six months. 10 cents
per number u. APPLETON s. Co +, Publishers
New York.
Lamoille newsdealer. [volume] (Hyde Park, Vt.) 1860-1877, 1871-10-18
vERMoSF cENTRALR r. LINE
sruINa AEakNGEuENr.
CoaasaoiHg MosAsy, May -. lSTl


TrsiasG sIag s-uih - Eas-I.sars Hsisr,.sry
MAI Tfais ioasr. sssr., ~ mpm.tAl.
aass a. sa - aut r.unrFtf 70 hailaHl o.
Lress ald halir ilrrf lanftil.a arf Hcl laHs
falat atia Tea ralf l.ssl1, n izf1ffl 4 81 ~ 81 "a
y "a innate esgatf - Nee Laueaa.
Atar LEaHrsf. laarrs a rntraal ID 3 ~ u a.
4qAas 90 y 1alas ulEHasiluEtA 81 sa1 aun riaiis-
tarsh ai fala a. MeeFt's luaeii1n ~ lose a. ..
= Als.1s e % iaa ti auit.ns 10 nati,u tiH L.
.NiEht Esli.rsss Leaves osasn.iursh At ! orp "a.
hentrcal D. p re-, ~ Sfhns sfff D "a. 81 Allfns 2
~ q, cganultlnE az hsIiows Fails = a. Chesiiiru
Maaa 90 bariau AL a sfcrfiff aud VITA Af Valley
y - springfield, as, and arlsins In J ~ -
fralns rolng Nsr,l .,.l West--i.ears Waterbury
AZ : = az, ~ . o. - u tn, ala 80 pm.
Day EKprrls leaves Boston via l. veil al s = ~.
lur Darlington, Muutrual. 81 Altats. Ac. afIiFlnz
H Auutfeai ~ y ulp On. and = zirnshurgh at , -
m, niaslns eiuse cul4c-tioas With tFaius ior the
Mail train leaves nslt1n yis I.,ssti a,-sui. va
l.aHrcucc and FitchiurE a 81 m. Striluarld ~
% ln, Ter huriin -iian ant 70 Adams.
tccntnrnasiatiau rTaiu leaves Nofihfeii a e. =
~, isr haFlinstan, Ruiiapd. - Alhsns, ogdens-
iurEh, etc.
Nil.iit Exprcss leaves Beiious Fali.ati0Ispm.
reeeiEing Pascal gcrs ffom VI Valley 2 n, Leaving
y - 70 Is p "A. and frum Cheshire n n, leaving
Boston AZ : Do , IN, cnuuccfuz AZ White River ia
With tra'n leaving Boston at p IA iar Burl!hgi,p,
Montreal and cicnshur ~, cnnucctn with steam.
ers aud Grand Trunk r Cor tire Wet
lerping Cars are attached q the NightExpr-s'
trains running between Montreal and D, stun. and
- Ahans and Springfield, and ~ Altans aud Trly
aud DraHing-klom Cars between Montreal aud
Boston on Day Express Trains.
Through itch cts flrC hlca ~ and the West for sale
At the principal stations.
st Alsans, Mag %. ISL.
Lamoille newsdealer. [volume] (Hyde Park, Vt.) 1860-1877, 1871-10-18
Local Ma tiers.
NoIIce.

he ssxi session u the Lamoille Com.
~ God Tvnrlar' Uaioa. viii b. held ai
f,ubrijre, eth Pearl Lodge. No. A.,
= ths slsi day Of October. 1871.
Ne trust that the several Lodges ir
he County will be well represented o.
40 occasion. as business Of inporisne,
! expected to Be brought lefore the In.
= st that time.
ne exercises Of the evening viii b
ESQ TO 81 and the public are cordially
riird 70 attend.
Rev T. Miles Of Rutland, will deliver
4 address in the evening.
A. A. AILFs, Sec. Of Union.
Lamoille newsdealer. [volume] (Hyde Park, Vt.) 1860-1877, 1871-10-18
RRc5Y0R14lie.

Mr.. Elias Chadwick of the Central
House is quite sick.
A large bear was caught in trap
10 the south part of Cambridge about II
half a mile from the house Off. Austin.
TIE trap was set I.y Mr.. i. Dickinson and
{. Thompson. The bear was alive when
found, and had drawn the trap some dis
lance, but was found and shot by Mr..
Thompson.
Mr.. and Mrs. James Mcclure Of
Wcstlord celebrated the tenth anniversary
ortheir marriage Oct. I'd. Their rela-
lives and friends from johnson. Bakers
field, Milton, Fletcher, Cambridge and
VesttOrd, to the number of lis were
present, and presented them some heauii-
IuI and useful tokens of love Of bright
new tin, to the value of about $50. The
Borough Band were present and gave
sweet music on the occasion. The Rev.
Mr. Wheelock who performed the mar
rage cerimony ten years ago was present
and made some appropriate remarks; also
the Rev. Mr.. Puffer, who made prayer.
Refreshments were served after which the
baud played Home Sweet Home" and
the company dispersed feeling that a
pleasant evening had been fully enjoyed.