davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

New Styles
Black and Shell Jewelry just received a
VAUTROT & ACKhEY.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

For salt by the barrel or wagon load, ut
s. r. CHRYST & cos.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16
CHICAGO LIVE STOCK MARKET.

BEEF CATTLE-As to the quality Of
the stock marketed there was little
change to note, common and medium
native, and Texas cattle comprising, as
heretofore, the bulk. or strictly choice
cattle there were few, and, with two or
three exceptionss, nothing brought over
1925. Six hundred thousand Texas cat
tie, of all grades and descriptions, have
crossed the Red River during the pres
ent season. Of this number il is esti-
mated that nearly 200, 900 are beeves, the
larger portion Of which will have found
their way to this and other Eastern mar
kets before the close Of the season of
1871. The market closed steady.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16
Security and Indemnity.

.~~-T
Sl4,S9S, 9lS.00 are the assets of the Fire In
surance Companies represented by Whittle-
sey Adams, Agent Nearly Fifteen Million
Dollars.
Especial Attention
Is called to the Hydraulic Cement sold by
CAMP, RANDALL & co.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

Carolina Rieel
One thousand pounds for sale at Hoyt's
Drug Store, No. 5 Main Street, a
The Best Paint Brushes
Ever brought 10 Warren. Full stock at
ID IcHOYTS DRUG STORE,
E- Ms. 8 Main Street.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

Fresh Oranges,
Lemons, and Dates, at RIley's. (aug. 2-2t.
We Make the Best Ice Cream
In the city. At MCCONNELL'S.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16
Home Insurance Company.

Clothes Wringers
Repaired and for sale at Tyler's, No. 3
Main Street.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16
Rare Chance

hdTe Cnance
To obtain a building or out lot. The sub
scriber offers for sale twenty-five acres Of
land laying between Broadway n Maho-
ming Avenue south of Quinby's addition TO
warren. VIII sell the-a above in one to five
acre lot to suit purchasers.
Warren, Feb. 10, ISL, S. f. DICKEY.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

CHIPPING CARDS, Direction La
Obels, &C, promptly furnished by the
CHRONICLE OFFICE
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16
Accidents!

cclOenIS
Insure against accidents in the Accident
Insurance Company Of Hartford, Conn
Cash Assets one million dollars Apply to
WHTrTLESEY. ADAMS, Agent, Warren,
Ohio. lOct. N-tf.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

0~-- n -U- III VT-U-W I-IIlT
active this morning, and firm at the adj
established yesterday, but as the
day advanced, the demand fell of, and
prices weakened a little. The extreme
range Of prices was S4.15@4.70, though
most Of the transfers were within the
range of S4,25@4.74. The market closed
easy ats4.25@470, with several hundred
unsold.
SHEEP-The sheep market was with
out important change. There was a fair
local and shipping demand, and under
the light supply-onlY S45 head arrived
rates were fully sustained ;
sales making at S2-55@4.5O, for very
common to reilly cheice grades.-Chicd-
90 Tribune, aug. 9.
By Telegraph, CHICAGO, Aug. IA.
CATTLE-In good demand and l5@20e
higher. Sales at S~3.25a5.62.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

Ice Cold Lemonade,
The best in the City, at McCoNNELL's.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

BOnnetS and Hats.
At reduced prices at
GUNLEFINGER & BROS.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

OF all descriptions a livery low prices, in
order to close them out. at
GUNLEFINGER & BROS.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

WARREN. OHIO, May 5. ISL.
The Civil War

acrelots to suit purchasers.
Warren, Feb. Is, 1871, S. F. DICKEY.
WARREN, OHIO, May 5, 1871.
The Civil War
Has commenced. competition now RACES
among the Milliners Of Warren. Cremorne
the general ii command, also Nilsson, Lot
ia, Naiad, Sailor, Artless, Bride, Amazon,
Lille and lone, together with other minor
Of otfi tSsit, may PsSd be s9f9 at al any ft tiH e By " ealing
SER'S, Market ST. Warren, Ohio.
may ~ IoI- Eft d.
HOyt & Spear
Are agents for Cleveland Chemical Paint,
for this section. Write them for sample
colors, prices, &C. HOYT& SPEAR,
No. 5 Main st.
Parties Supplied aHa+
With Ice Cream of any favor, on short
notice, at MCCONNELLhS.
WARREN, OHIO, May 5. 1871.
Ladies
Can be furnished with Hoop Skirts, an
ier's Glove Fitting French and Common Cor
sets, real and initiation Laces, Hair Nets,
Braids, Mohair Curls-also Nilsson Curls
OF real hair, by calling on Mrs. @. W. MES
SER, Market ST., Warren, Ohio.
HoIne Made fFE
Bead, Biscuits, Buns, Pies, Cakes, fresh
every morning at McCoNNELLs.
-
Ice Cream.
Ieeeream of all navors, at
McCONNELLs'
Carolina Rieei
One thousand pounds for sale at Hoyt's
Drug Store. No. 5 Main Street. 4
The Best Paint Brushes
Ever brought 10 Warren. Full stock at
l s IrHOYTS DRUG STORE,
. !. Main Street
Accidents!
Insure against accidents in the Accident
Insurance Company Of Hartford Conn.-
Cash Assets one million dollars Apply TO
WHTrTLESEY. ADAMS, Agent Warren,
Ohio. loct. 6-tf
New Orleans Sugar!
Any qtantity-from one pound to hogs
head-for sale by. HoYT & SPEAR.
Boston Craekersl
h genuine Boston Cracker. Graham,
Cream, Picnic, Wine. Champion and Peer
less Biscuit, direct from Boston, at
-l-- JAMES McCoNNELL'S.
Ice Cream
OF all havors at the City Bakery.
H. WALDECK.
Fine Lot -s.r.t
OF nice sIppers.new styles at McLain's.
Cheap Slippers Fee
at MeLAINS-
Hobnal Shoes at McLAIN'S.
Goods Sold Cheap
at McLAIN,S.
at Ne "' McLAIN's.
Ice Cream
At H. waldeck's, Peck's Block, east side
Main st,
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

livery DESCRIPTION of Job
EPrinting-plain. in colors, or bronze, at
'0Ws'' cHRSNICLE OFFICE
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16
SUMMARY.

Same day. Purse 500 for horses that
have never beaten three minutes. S50t o
first: SIS to second, and SIS to third.
S. G. Wlbur's G. g., Bob-.-. S2121I
A. J. Lanterman's b. m,
-II232 2
Norman Ripple's Oh. M, Sal
4481ss
Sam. CampbelPs G. g., Peach
DlOW . 4 4 Ut
Time: 2:45: 2:51 2:52: 2:55: 2:52: 2:5Sl.
After the third heat of the above race,
$3.50 nags were called. The two classes
trotting alternate heats. This vas anoth-
er fine race, of four heats, of which the
stallion, Honest Davy, won the last three.
Below is the
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

For Hoop Skirts,
COrsets, &C., &c to the factory-KIng's
new block, Main ST., Warren, Ohio.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16
The Niles Driving Park Races.

NILES, August II, ISL.
EDITOR CHRONICLE THE two days
racing given under the auspices of Niles
Driving Park Association, was duly in
augurated on Friday the 18th inst. The
weather was favorable and the attend
ance, for IN opening day, quite large
Although somewhat dusty, the track
was in excellent condition, and is pro-
nounced by those versed in such mat
ters, 10 be one of the finest half mile
tracks in the country. At IL o'clock the
bell sounded for green horses, ii. e.
horses that never trotted for money!
For this race seven horses started, the
result being a very interesting contest,
and not slow for horses of that Glass;
Below is the
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

At half price, at
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16
WARREN RETA1 MARERT.
PER BARREL.

Flour white Wh't9.06
do Amb. WHIT $50
do SPr'g Wh't--6,M
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16
Travellers Register.
Trains leave nom stations as follows:
A. & G. W, r. R,-West.

IoEnge- Burg Rae,ns- wAH- Brace
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16
Rase Balls and a Bat.

Ice Cold Lemonade,
The best in the City, at McCONNELL'S.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16
English Pickles,

Ice Cream Saloon
Main st.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

English Pickles,
Crosse 4 BIackwel's Chow Chow, Picea-
lili, Mixed Pickles, Celery Sauce, and al
kinds OF Canned Fruits, at
JAMES McC0NNELL'S,
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1871-08-16

No. o Main St., & No. 90 Market st
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06

Gals, who have no property, pay no taxes
contribute nothing 70 the advancement
of the State. and are only interested IN
perpetuating their own authority at all
hazards. The Legislature is composed
principally Of negroes and the lowest
class of whites, and the laws passed
are precisely what might be expected
under the circumstances And this
is the result Of reconstruction, delib-
erately planned and deliberately worked
out. The intention was that all the
Southern States should be what South
Carolina is. To that end the Fourteenth
Amendment was adopted, or rather
forced upon the country, and whole
sale Acknowledgement Of the whites de-
creed. But other Southern States have
thrown of the Infamous yoke and as
sumed the right that God gave them
the right to govern themselves. For
daring to do this, they are threatened
with a second reconstruction.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06
A Reminiseenee.

The following, written by little Mem
phis girl just entering her teens, has been
handed us for publication. 1t is pretty,
and gives promise of talent in the writer
when fewyears shall ripen her faculties
and form her style:
The clouds floating through the azure
dome, the gentle breeze murmurihgly
passing by, making sad, sweet melody,
mingled with the soft warnings Of birds,
carry me back 70 my childhood's hours,
when with two fair young girls roamed
hand in hand in the beautiful garden Of
my happy home. / am now far from
them, but hope the anchor Of life,
wreathed with hoWerets glittering with
dewy gems, bids me look forward TO q
brighter day when we shall meet again.
j am surrounded by grand old oaks,
whose leafy branches, Of bright, yarie-
gated hues, stand out in bold relief 70
the now setting sun, which seems TO the
eye Of the gazer a solid mass Of bur.
nished gold.
But the sun has gone, and as / turn
aside from a promenade on the yerandah
my eye rests on the round, full moon, as
she glides majestically through the sill
very clouds, and the bright stars, those
isles Of light, glitter above as pure as 8
woman's robe Of white. gaze on theiI
radiant splendor with feeling sublime
and the heart signs:
g Give me the hour when the day god. re-
posing.
Has sunk In the far west behind her gold
bars;
For when shades gather round rs. flowers arr
closing.
They burst forth in glory, the stars, the brighi
starr"
YALLIE.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06
SOUTH CAROLINA.

II any one Of the Southern States may
be supposed to furnish a more striking
illustration of the practical workings of
reconstruction than another, that miser-
able State is South Carolina. And this
is because the prepondranee Of the
black population affords the Radical
party an opportunity to carry out its
measures, and gather the fruits Of them
without obstruction. The negro holds
the balance of power, and Governor,
Legislators, Congressman and Senators
owe their places to its influence. Yet,
these blacks, so omnipotent at the
ballot-box, contribute nothing &c
the revenue. The returns Of tbs
last election show that there were
10000 votes cast; and at the same time
we find by the Auditors exhibit that
only Al 900 persons paid a poll-tsx.
These are, Of course white; for the most
part Conservatives, who are thus made
TO bear the burden Of taxation, and still
are utterly pOWerless in the management
of affairs. That management is exclu
sively in the hands Of the 10000 Radi
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06
OHIO.
A Tennessean I'm Trouble.

CeLUNBUs, February CDR. Gallen-
tine, convicted of killing DR.. Jones, the
seducer of his wife, with eight other con-
victs arrived at the penitentiary last
night.
A Tennessee detective came here last
week to arrest George Foreman, who
has sustained fair character for five
years past, having married into re-
spectacle family. Foreman is from
Tennessee, and is charged with having
committed murder in Tennessee four
teen years ago. growing out of seduc-
ton case. He was a soldier and an at
tempt was made to arrest him during the
war, out the military authorities would
not give him up. Foreman became
aware of the presence of the detective
and made his escape
MANSFIELD, February GA fire last
night destroyed the residence of Henry
Lehman. Loss, $4,000; fully insured
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06

HEBREw ORPHAN ASYLUM LIBkGEY.
Mr.. Edward Goldsmith will, in a few
days, ship a case Of books, donated by
him, to the Orphan Asylum at Cleve-
land. Here is an excellent opportunity
for those having book or two 10 spare
land who has not2 10 send them on.
All those desirous Of contributing can
hand in their favors within the next ten
days either to Mr. Edward Goldsmith, at
the Manhattan Bank, or 10 Mr. Simon
Sturm, At Vendig a Bros, No. 224 Main
street.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06
NEW YORK.
Adyauce m Price OF cold.

New YORK, February 6.-The advance
in the price of gold during the past week
is from the Legitimate cause of an in
creased demand, few exports, and the
purchases of our bankers, who view the
future of gold with distrust. Very high
prices are anticipated by the leading
bankers. The New York bankers hold
s26, 233, 573 in specie, which they reckon
as legal tender reserve and basis for
loans. The weekly bank statement shows
considerable gain in this legal tender
reserve
On Saturday three men who we're in
toxieated called about midnight on o
Miss Lille Williams. While there one
of them named Crawford, who is engaged
to Miss Williams, grew Jealous, quar-
relied with his intended, and, drawing a
revolver, tried TO shoot her.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06
WASHINGTON.
0ss,Rss cotton Fax csses

Cnnlmet Cnhhkeshnt W,c Ion'
WASHINGTON, February 6.-The morn
ing papers state that Ex-Governor Nor
gan, of New York, is going into the
State Department, Senator Morton into
the Treasury Department, and some
Pennsylvania into the Postofiice De-
partment and that the reorganization is
to take place on the 4th Of March.
Milton Turner a prominent colored
man Of Missouri, is here applying for the
mission to Liberia. He is recommended
by the Republican Congressman from
that State.
The committee of Investigations of
the West Point academy difficulties have
agreed to report in favor of the dismis-
sal of the whole first class of the acad-
envy, headed by President Grants son
They viii also recommend the removal
of the officers in charge Of the academy
Great interest is manifested here on
the cotton tax cases, which viii come up
in the Supreme Court to-day, There is
an immense army Of legal talent en-
ployed on both sides. The case is one
involving the constitutionality of the law
imposing tax upon this special South
ern staple. Should the Court decide
for the plaintiffs in the case and
the law be declared unconstitutional,
1t viii involve the necessity Of a
return of upward of S6O,OOO,OOO to the
Southern planters, who have paid this
amount of tax to the Government on raw
cotton, as the Constitution declares that
all duties on imports and excise shall be
uniform throughout the United States
1t is simply question of constitutional
right with Congress, to impose tax on
one species of agricultural products and
not upon all alike.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06
Mississippi valley Insurance Conn
nmnW-


This sterling home company has es-
tablished for itself in Memphis the char
acter Of being one of the most reliable
and prompt insurance companies in the
United States. The company takes fire,
marine and river risks at as low rates as
the hazard will permit and oil losses are
promptly adjusted. The names of the
officers of the company are sufficient
guarantee of the stability and RESPONSE
bility Of the institution. The Board of
Directors is composed of our most prom
inent merchants and business men.
The office of the company is at No 293
Main street, over the German National
Bank.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06
WEST POINT.

The boys at West Point are like any
other school boys-they must do mischief
and have fun. They would not be boys
unless they practiced wild and disorderly
pranks. Recently raid was made by
one set of boys upon another set of boys
at that school, 1t was regular mob.
The fact stands confessed; yet the Off
GERS who manage the institution induced
the mobbed boys $50 it is said to resign.
Congress bristled up at the intelligence
and sent committee to smell into the
affair. They have returned and reported
a condition of things not very credita-
BILE to the school. This arose, they say,
from the neglect of the officers to punish
the cadets in the first class who are the
sons of high officials of the Government,
one of them being cadet Grant, and an
other a son of high general army Off
GER. These, with other cadets, grossly
violated the rules and discipline of the
academy, and instead of being brought
to trial, there seemed to be disposition
to hide their misconduct. The commit
tee are of the opinion that the institu-
ton will utterly fail in its mission if
there is any laxity in the discipline. III
the mission of the institution is to edu-
cate men in the belief that the military
should be superior to the civil authority,
it cannot fail too soon. We, at least,
would shed no tears over its failure from
anu cause
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06

THEY have a reign Of terror in Con
nec,icut. A gang of rufians and despe-
radoes are overrunning a large district,
numbering and pillaging as they 20. II
this occurred in any one Of the Southern
States it would be paraded in Congress
as the acts Of the Ku-Klux Khan, and
reconstruction would follow Immediately.
Why not reconstruct New England2
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06
LOTS OF COAL!
ARRIVING.
The Best Pitts burg
At greatly reduced rates.
1871 BIGLEY, MELLERsH q co.

Observation-Disclosures James Schooles
has secured the services of frst-class
variety troupe TO perform at his little
theater on Washington street during the
season. The Varieties has been fitted
up and renovated, making it one of the
most attractive and comfortable places
of amusementin the South. The best Of
dancing, comic and sentimental singing,
can be enjoyed at the Varieties, while
the negro delineations OF the troupe are
of superior character. Tonight Stage
Manager German will present new
programme of the most attractive de-
scription.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06

IT is announced that General Rey-
nolds, military commander in Texas, has
been elected by the Legislature Of that
State to succeed Hamilton in the United
States Senate. This General will hardly
be SO fortunate as Ames who got in from
Mississippi. When Hamilton was elected
for the short term, he was also elected
for the long term that commences on the
4th of March.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06

As to the rumored resignation Of Sec
rotary Boutwell,, the New York Journal
Of Commerce thinks it is safe to say that
if the income tax is defeated, he viii
probably be sorely tempted to do 80.
Should the income tax be continued, he
may be induced to stay in the Cabinet.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06

The Columbia Herald says; 1t is now
understood, we believe, that Judge Field
ing Hurst, United States Revenue Col
lector for this district, has been removed
from his Office by the Administration.
We have had no conversation with Judge
Hurst upon the subject but we under
stand that he explains mis- dismissal in
this way: He made no efforts to prose
cute men for holding Office in his county
who we're under disabilities, because,
said he, nobody else are capable of hold
ing the Offices. The very head and front
Of his offending, however, was in refus-
ing to pay black mail tax Of 500, as
sessed by the Administration to do the
dirty work for the Radical party.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06
LOUISVILLE.

LOUISVILLE, February GA special
to the Courier-Jo Journal say the main
building of the Crab Orchard (Ky.)
Springs was burned last night, including
the dining-room and ballroom; loss $780,
600; no insurance. 1t was the work Of
incendiaries
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06

ALI BURSETr.-This well known hu-
morist, assisted by Miss Helen Nash, an
accomplished poetical delineator, will
give two of their interesting entertain
ments-to-night and tomorrow night
at the Greenlaw Opera House for the
benefit of the Memphis Masonic Board
of Relief. Mr.. Burnett has worldwide
reputation as a mimic, elocutionist and
rapid delineator of strange characters;
while Miss Helen Nash comes before us
with the well earned reputation of being
a highly cultivated delineator of poetry.
The attractive entertainment, and the
good and charitable cause for which it is
to be given, will no doubt fill the Opera
House tonight with a cultivated au-
dianna
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06
LEGAL.
Attachment Notice.


W.
J. B. Russell. alias r. S. HEWITT
A TTACHMENT HAVING BEEN ISSUED
"a By me in the above cause, on the ground
that the defendant IL a nonresident Of the
State Of Tennessee, and the same having
been returned BY the proper Oficer. levied.
ETC.. the defendant will take notice that this
cause IL set for trial on Monday. the 9Th
day Of March next, before me, JUS
tice Of the Peace for Shelby county, a. my
Office In the city Of Memphis. when and where
the defendants can appear and defend said
suit, or the same will be proceeded with
en- parte; and Il 4 further ordered that this
notice be published once q week for four con-
Secutive weeks In the Public Ledger a news
paper published in the city Of Memphis.
In testimony whereof j have hereunto set
my hand and seal. February eth, 1871,
lS5-li2-lfs-ldl p. N. WINTERS. J.P.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06

ONE of the modes of spending the
peoples money at Washington is by APP
preparations for the secret service fund.
Years ago, when the country was virtu-
GUS, small sum of money was given to
the President for the secret service
Nobody doubted his honesty. But the
practice, says an exchange, has been ex-
tended by the present regime to many
others besides the President. One hun
dred and fifty thousand dollars have been
voted as secret service money to the In
ternal Revenue Bureau; 100000 to the
Secretary of the Treasury, and 100000
have been asked for for the State Depart
mens. A large part of this money, for
aught anybody knows, has been simply
pocketed by the individuals with whom
it has been placed.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-02-06

FRANCE has now, or will have through
her National Assembly, an opportunity
to test popular opinion as to the form of
government to be established. She has
now no government that is established
or recognized by the nations. The re-
public is conquered as well as the mon
archy. The National Assembly will be
pretty much in the condition our colonies
were after the Revolution, and when they
met in convention TO found govern
ment. We suppose that the people Of
France will be permitted to do as our
fathers did, determine the form Of their
institutions. an