New-York tribune., 1871-12-29
and outward or to vhrnte slowly. we shall perceive
low Eote WHILE the I've carried on rapdy 'ho
sensatinn will be that OF ono which is high. have herr

while,
sensation will be that OF which is high have nero
n brass whes originally con.rived Ivy the celebrated
Sayart with it's rim cut into teeth, ana c'i cin,n %
to strike after the other on TINS 's,hs r"L
udibc the whole house It as qmHstn ,no rc
Them Individually and have in their place mnsr1l
vote not quitc pure Ahch yon notice and a.l'
ms change the rate Of thr heels rotation II t's altc
lion in rate Is elected rapidly, the sounds may hc made
~ YOU henr reScmbl huan crics not uhihr nos" w
imJ rors I admit but they have for imnortait
lesson they oach us that In nus purely mecam"n H M
way out II the taps card 1t is possible to bid nn
sounds which have resemblance to those ut'ered
by human bciiSs! , 80.
pertinent in which the reeemhlnCe TO musical notes VIII
he con.prt" The .itt,o piece OF apparatus 1
have my hand Is contrived that when eet IN opera
ton, il allows th" ar to PASS through IL III pull P hI
those of tiny locomcyt WITH the organ "vc
It. hear succession OF these lfGs, which az the cnr
rapidly and also gain strength chave at last deep
musical note iss from H. which, As you notltc TIES
,hTi AMI oul. ire Instrument was contrved hy
CalNrl dc Ia Tour. and il called syr"n' because u IS
l,, idcG with an attachment by which could easily
IN" number Of puts tied Ina second, and thus
a,i h@icr. En1HIry a, We 60 the vcociy Of sound
Sr easily measure the length OF the wave producing
| :bat note.
| 1nE Co-rxis1rSCE OF VARIOUS WAVES.
But We mus, pass to the consideration OF another
matter, and Will return moro for an illustration to
cur waves Of water While ont at sea. those OF you who
were ablc must have noticed that the large waves Of
wa;cr which lifted and rolled tho ship, were for
! wi;h minor wav,lcts which carved their sur
faces ilio raced and ever CHANGING "utlin - Ihey
two more sets of waves and show us tho Mlniioh
prud, wdyc-lke impulses. have in NV Land larr"
tnur fork which is vibrating IN certain way ana Nv
mttach,d to it renders these vibrations visible, and we
have them drncd:cd Oh the screen under tie FORM
Of srl- -ht band, which consists OF a nuliltudc ol
als0 communicate 10 ine IoTK
q second mcon stu preserving the first and Jou see 1t
mo,ntuns and valley huit up OF the little undula-
,ons. Jus; it f.. WITH the waves Of Souid; they are
often, indeed almost always, thls broken up IL h"inf
seldom that s.n'r sounds proInced by smnoii ce ~;
cut waves reach ic tar LIT me give some eI" iimcial
! examples: s"uEd tls mOh''d 't'ime lorH IL lui-
i,cI with pure note and you can observe is quail
mixed with tbc Li-ncr octave bu this reed organ PIPE.
! which also gives the fundamental nOr with tiH
Imagine its note was an octave higher than those OF
! iio co,npanions; but tie iocS arc thc same
sounding any Of the instruments together and then
lowering the note one Of tLcn slightly. by holding EJ
| hand the top Of the pipe.
TL reason OF differ in thc Of the r"cdpipe
companion. hUt inanv other sets which are shorter,
| Hav,3 winch give the octave. tic hrXt higher dno'
y, INK hin .rd M al these noisy coln anonS, ai'o oi
corrc 10 pro re - d, ciicd an impression on the rlr az
with tacir tram of mul,itudnous notf. have for u rs
cahns human heirA part'Iar nirrIt, ana We
conoiru,t!on. They consist of Vibrating tongue
down at the hasc,, which Lei: the, euUcnt ~
,,d generates set Of tones after the manner Of ,hc
;yi,n c1oelt tAat the tongne renanine OF tn" saine
cnan.iHs Bu 70" viii ak, can ,i"rIc drois nir as
they are admitted 'y TIE Vibrating "lge generate s,N
erd sets Of wayc'i l ha'c often notrcd nat
ire drops Of Ha;er as h'y ia %m ,, 'nr ns
several df rent sets OF waves which vary really in
Vibrating toncne TEey are afterwsid strengthened or
Weakened by the pipe by altering The shapo and size of
which are present. and thus give the sound different
quality without c's>arly &riiiis the ptc'i OF tho
which riye exactly the same fundamental note but
owing to tile variation in the shapes OF n"r pp"s. tho
qndily, you notice Is quite din Tont"Ic NJ them CIV
ing trHmpt'hic tones, while tho others resemble In
sound the hautbOy and clarionet.
sTEAkIAG BY MACHINERY.
II remarked that reed pcs had interest for us,
and is because the human vocal apparatus essentially
built on the plan of dpipe; the membrane in the
throat called the" vocal cords corresponds TO the ybra
ting tongue. and the cavity of the mouth and has
the functions rs the pipe The section Of head
| tho screen shows the relation of these parts.
here us s MAKE Srs sis o have have
"G drVns r air Of the Seo%s through v
OF different notes which have quality that i, cvi
9qS ike nn o Se c nsss
this have in my hand artificial human vocal cords made
Ing them more lcss. draw from them series OF
hrrnoHious srm-hnman tones, which break up from
entirely changed, although the Fundamental note j.
ulaltered. and orenlng aud closing 1t with he hand
easily cause 1t to pronounce the words, g Ma, Ma
Next / supply my artificial vocal cords with u short
broad pipe Under Slightly concaD. and they easily
utter sounds like "PopIar." Removing the cy yiindtr
and substituting for 1t this glass flask, have it pro-
nouncing the words :" Pa, Pa" with somewhat nasal
twang.
the pipe. or the cavity and ening Of the mouth with
out ID the least altering the fundamental note. We
strengthen or weaken particular sets OF the higher notes
which acc ompany it, and thus entirely alter the Quaty
We are ready an application ofthe inform
alton we have gained The vowel sounds are the simplest
recently they have analysed by Gernanys greatest
living physicist; refer to the celebrated Hcimholz,
eG IN pTopofus fHs' with notes
higher The Fundamental tone and the higher tones
simultaneously generated by the vibrating vocal cords
and by alering the shape size. aud opening OF tho
cavity Of the mouth particular tones or notes are
Thus the sound Is produced by the mixture of the
monca the second harncnicaI or its dnodeslmo BENZ
present In small quantity while the sound Is given by
third very strong with the fourth and Gfth harInOncas
weak For the production Ut f. we have thefundacntal
weak, the second harmOnlcal strong, with stronger
four b, the third and nth being weak In All the NTH
ana seventh harmonieas arr characteristic. Tho Ger
alone. These examples will make clear my neanng.
Having gone through with this labG by methods which
cannot now even indicate, HclmbOz actually recon
struccd the vowel sounds out Of pure notes. by
srcs Of tunng-forks, which were made to vlbate Tor
| any length OF llilc by ehctr0-lndgnctisn.
HOW WE SPEAK AND HEAR.
When. then, human being utters merely vowel
sound its production requires that the cavity and en
ing of the mouth should have exactly such size and
shape strengthens the appropriate notes to the proper
degree that it is indeed wonder that infant
quires the practice ofa year OR two before becoming
practically familiar with these delicate operations the
real woEder being that children learn talk all
for the construction OF the eonsonans far more com
manipulation necessary for their formation. their
These Illustrations will to give slight idea
OF the mode In which we speak and now pass on to the