Marshall County Republican. (Plymouth, Ind.) 1856-1878, 1871-02-02
Geography OF the Sea-Bed.

At late meeting of the Royal Geo
graphical Society, Capt. Sherard Os-
born, r. N, gave an account of our
present knowledge of the CONFORMATION
of the bed of the ocean, as derived
from Admiralty surveys and submarine
telegraph expeditions during the last
fifteen years. His explanations were
Illustrated by number of excellent
diagrams showing the transverse sec
tions of the North Atlantic and of the
Indian Ocean, and longitudinal Sec
tions of the North and South Atlantic
and the Mediterranean. The first gen.
eral feature pointed ont was the alb
sence from the sea-bed of those great
and abrupt inequalities which distin-
guIsh the surface of the land, and the
softer undulations and greater level
were attributed by the author chiefly to
the planning action of currents. So
level is the bottom of the Indian
Ocean that Captain Halpin, in laying
the Indian Cable, stated that for
ton in the dynamometer of the cables
descent, and that it could have been
laid a. tie full speed of the Great
Eastern. Another important, general
fact that had resulted was the proof of
the error of all former statements of
very great depth of the ocean. No
depth had been found greater than two
thousand nine hundred fathoms (seven-
teen thousand four hundred feet 1t
was true the Pacific had not been in
vestigated, but number of sOundings
had been taken in the North Pacific,
and they showed maximum depth of
less than three thousand fathoms. The
author entered into details regarding
the valleys of enormous breadth and
length that had been established as ex-
listing in the Atlantinc and Mediter-
ranean, and also described the subma
rine plateaus and the temperatures at
different depths. He concluded by ex-
pressing the thanks of scientific men
and others to Admi al Richards, hydro
grapher to the Adm iralty, under whom
the recent great progress in deep-sea
soundings had beer carried out.
Prof. Huxley expressed his dissent
from the author of the paper with re-
gard to the great difference alleged to
exist In the surfaces of the sea-bed and
of the land-a difference which, he con-
tende !, would not appear, if both were
drawn on true scale. This, however,
only applied to the great general fea-
lures of the surface; it took no account
of the minor irregularits, which on the
land were caused by the corroding &C
ton OF rain and rivers. A recent dis
covery had shown that the most char
acteristic organisms of the deep sea
bed, named coccoliths and coco
spheres, existed at all depths, even in
shallow shore waters, and were also
found fossil IN scdimentary rocks of all
epochs; discovery of great interest, as
confirming the view of the uniform con
ditions of submarine deposits in al
ages of the earth's history. He was
opposed to the view that the animals
found living in the dark regions
of the lowest sea depths de-
pended forlight on the phosphorescence
of some of the species, and saw nc
reason for concluding that they could
not exist without light. He also doubt
ed the accuracy of the very low tenn
perature found at very great depths,
and thought that those taken in the
Indian Ocean might be explained by
the fact that they were taken with Their
mometers not rectifed for pressure.
He concluded by giving warm praise to
the British Government for the great
work they had encouraged in these
deep sea surveys, and maintained that
they had been unjustly assailed fol-
their refusal to aid in furthering science,
which they were ready to do wherever
good case was made out for their Civ
ing assistance.
Mr.. Gwyn Jeffrys was convinced from
the soundings he had himself taken,
that there were great inequalities in
the bed of the North Atlantic In one
case the same dredgings gave depths OF
1,O55 and Of TAO fathons. In the same
sea grave! was very widely spread ovel
the bottom, and there were often ex.
tremely rough fiints, which he thought
would be dangerous to submarine
cables. Many of the animals he had
dredged up from the great depths were
amply provided with organs of sight,
showing that light was there existent
The submarine cable of the Mediter
ranean was subject to the attacks OF
boring animals, a moluse and crusta
sean.
Capt. Sherard Osborn concluded the
discussion by adducing as further proc
OF the level nature of the deep sea bed,
the fact that the grapnels used to re
cover the severed cable of 1865 (only
two inches in thickness) swept acros.
the bottom for more than hundred
miles, and, in crossing the cable
scarcely ever failed to hook it, which
could not have happened had there beer
abrupt inequalities of surface.
LAKE SUPERIOR SILVER MINEs.-Om
latest dates from the mines on Silver
Island to the ID of December, report
that everything and everybody connect
ed with the Frue colony were in good
condition, and settling down to q course
of work which, if carried on until
spring, viii determine the value of the
silver ore consisted of 16 barrels, and
was taken out, our reporter says, in six
hours, by % men, The pit on the
cor .se of the lode was down, on the I'd
of December, about Is feet below the
level of the lake, and the 'sshow" on the
bottom was said to be good. The TUG
Hattie Vinton, which left this port on
the 4th of November; for Silver Island,
having in tow raft of timber, had not
put In an appearance up to the 2d of
Observation-Disclosures Gazette.
! The discussion of the Methodist Book
Committee on the question of the adj
l = = l.