davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02
NRRORs OF YOUTH.

A GENTLEMAN who suffered for years
from Nervous Debility. Premature Decay,
and all the effects OF youthful indiscretion
will, for the sake Of suffering humanity,
send free 10 all who need il, the receipt
aud, directions for making the simple
remedy by which he was. cured. Suffer
ers wishing TO profitby the advertisers
xperience, can do SO BY addressing, In
Inenfnol -s-far-,e. ~ y ef3>aH%
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02
The scarlet Fever.

This dreadful scourge is reported as
prevalent in several places in the
State, aud somo cases are reported
here, it seems that the disease is
somewhat modigcd Of late years, but
etill it often assumes malignant
form, and battles all skill At present
there are so few cases that alarm would
be unwarranted /; nevertheless, pre-
caution is now, as ever, justiiiablc
The disease is propngated by infec.
tiop aud coutagion, and appears to be
transmitted in proportion to its malie-
nifty; that is, the worst cases arc the
most snrely catching" The disease
is not sc readily transmitted in the
earlier stages, as it is when GONZALES
cencc ss established. Then the skin
comes of in n fiue dust, and then con
tact with the patient is almost certain
to infect. II is at this time that chill,
dren, having been shut up in the house
arc most anxious to get out, and their
parents, having just received their
darlings back from dangerous illness,
are most inclined TO crafty them
Thus it is that the disease so often as
sumes tho characteristics Of an cpl
demic, and destroys hundreds Of chill
dren. There is no absolute protec'
tion from scarlet fever known to med
ieal science. Caution will do much
and preparation of bcllndonna i,
recommended, by almost all physicians
as prophylactic but wo believe nc
sound dedical authority regards it as
invariably effectual. The best thing
thot can be done is to guard against
infection, and to follow the advice of {
respectable physician. Springfield III
Register.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02
DOTY'S CLOTHES WASHER

The best. cheapest, and mos; popular
Washing Machine ever invented.
II is easy cooperate, sitting or standing
takes but little room Injuries no garments
finishes its work from in two TO four Min
utes is durable and convenient: and th
only Washing Machine known that is liked
the better the longer it is used.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02
Forney's Press.
THE GREAT RADICAL NEWSPAPER
CT The Best and Cheapest Nerspapcy
In Me Country.
THE PRESS ;

Il u frst-class double. sheet eight page
paper, containing AZ columns, published
every morning, except Sundays.)
GRMS
DAILY PRESSES 90 per annum; 50 20
for six months Sl.OO forthree months.
TEI-WEEkLY PRESS S.--SiOO per an.
mum 5000 for six months; Si.00 for
three months.
THE WEEKLY PRESS.--The most valu
able Weekly Newspaper in the World. 1t
contains items " interest to ALL
READ THE TERMS:
One cory one year s .
Five copies 9
Ten copies, and one copy to the geIter
up of club, Is
Twenty copies. and one copy to the
gcttcr-up Of club q
Fifty copies, and one copy to the gctter
up Of club 6j
Ten copies, 10 one ddiress, and ore
cory to the gcltcr up Of the club II
Twenty copies, 70 one d6dre's, and one
copy to the gettcr mp OF he club %
Fifty copies, TO one Gddy,sS. and one
copy to the gcttcr up Of the club o.
One hundred copies, 70 one dils'ss, Snd
one copy Of the Tri-wcckly Press to
the gctter up Of the club 100
Al ordtr5 ShOUH }s ddiresscl 10
JOHN ". FORNEY,
Editor ard Proprietor,
S W.cor. ith and Chestnut Sts., phila. Pa
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02
r S. BURKHARr,
!Seliasyroce, Snyder Co., Penna

Keeps constantly on hand large and
well made assortm.nt Of Tin, Sheets iron
ware. stoves. &c. sc.
lie is Agent Cor The following named
articles.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02
THE UNIVERSAL CLOTHES
WRINEER

The "GREiT IANiLY ECONONiZER.
The terms Of our Patent call our Machine
"Wringcr." Years Of experience prove
ID also TO be MOST ENCTLLENI WASHER.
Whom we reduce every invent on for wn. IA
ing clothes to n principle they all 0omuui
to that of pressing and squeezing, and
forcing the water through them, thus re.
moving the dirt Most Washing Machines
DO it by rubbing. The Universal wrtnger
es it by pressing.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02
NU1DE FOR TRAVELLERS -

Passenger Trains leave the Harrisburg
railroad depot daily as follows:
PENNSYLVANIA CENTRAL RAILROAD.
EASTWARD.
rhilada Express except Monday 2.l0 m
Fast Line " 6.2O "
Lancaster train (via Mt joy =" 500 "
Pacific Express Train 12,t0p m
Harrisburg Accommodation " $50 "
Cincinnati Express train daily 1O,45 "
Southern Express 2,O0
WESTWARD.
Cincinnati expires except Monday 1910 p m
Pittsburg Express l.2O a IN
Pacific Express train daily 4,lj q IN
Emigration train except Monday 7.i5
Mail train except Sunday Lilo m
Fast Line l." 4.l5 "
Erie Fast line d" 4,2O "
NoRTHERN CENTRAL RAILROAD.
SoRruwARD.
BuiTaloe Express train $50 a m
Night Accommodation ,55 p m
Mail train 40 "
Fast Line 4,20
SOUTHWARK.
Buffalo Express Troiu 5,l5 m
Mail train 2A5 p IN
Pacific Exp 1206 p m
York & llarrisb'g ACCOMMODATION I.3O p m
Cincinnati Express i0.l5
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02

Having taken charge Of this old aud well
established stand, the proprietor proposes
TO devote all his attention to the providing
Of his Table aud Bar and the scoommods.
lion Of both man and beast. He soliolfs Z
|llhsrnl share Of the public pslsenage.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02

6sn Domipgo is sid o produce
larger nusqvilsss aad noss healthy
blue tailsd ~ ~ ~ o,bjh sjetior
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02

POINTS OF EXCELLENCE
Beauty and Elasticty of Stitch.
Perfection aud Simplicity of Machinery
Using both threads directly from tn,
pools.
No fastening OF seams by hand and no
waste Of thread.
Wide range ofapplioaiion without change
Of adjustment.
The scam retains its beauty and frmncss
after washing and ironing.
Besides doing all kinds Of work done by
by other Sewing Machines, these Machines
execute the most beautiful TN permanent
Embroidery aud ornamental work
H5a- The lIighe-t Premiums at all the fair
aud exhibitions of the United States and
Europe. have been awarded the Grover &
Rnker Sewing Machines, aud he work
by them, wherever exhibited in competion
Esg"The very highest prize. THE CROSS
OF TIL LEGION OF HONOR, was con
fcred on the representative Of Grover y
Baker Sewing machines, at the exposition
universelle, Paris. 1867, thus attesting
their grea, superiority over all other Sew.
ing Machines.
For Sale by SAMUEL FAUST, selins.
grove, Pa. April 20. 90.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02
THE FINKLE & LYON
Sewing MA achine,

with Drop Feed, new Take.up, new Hemmer,
&c., Is now offered TO agents on more liberal
terms. Also, Second hand Machines taken In
exchange. or the new improvements applied.
and II the purchaser does not SO regard II after
trial. he can return II, and money refunde1.
n. B.-WaDted travelling Agents 10 visit each
proyements,, ETC., etc., who can make t20o poi
LYONS MUTUAL q. y. oo.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02
ONLY ONE DOLLAR ! YEAR!
ONE HUNDRED COPIES FOR $50,

Or los taan onH Cent Cory. Let thore 5s a
SJ0 CIn' ut cy.-y . ost once.
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02
Ayers Sarsaparilla
son H-snKrYuNa yuR sEoo,

Thf fnOuthfiOn til,
ceilent medicine epl,N. y
Il derived from It's es,I.lL !
many Of which am ~ s,,,
marvellous. Tnyc,s.,
cases OF ecrofulou,I 4 !
ease, whero the iSs,s,. sis
epemcd saturated ~ ~
corruption, have ~
purified and cured 4, .
scrofnlous affections y; I
disorders, which wer. !.
grayated by. the scsf
Ions COntorI1inatic,. !,
The post. [volume] (Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.) 1864-1883, 1871-03-02

TERMS TO CLUES.
TuE BOLLAE WEEHLY SIN,
We copies one yaag, csIa-a.c!y addressed
EOaF Dollars.
Zen "orie-, on. wear scrnraiel, addressed 1a.d
a. extra coy to the Eetter uD lfrlub1.
Eight Dollars.
Ter'v coH.c' one year, separately a,ldrcsseg
"a d an extra copy 10 the aett1r up Of club.
Fifteen Doiiars.
~ cnri"s. one wear, to one address tIpd tDs
sem! weekly one ycAEtn gettcr up Of fClubl
Thir.y-thrGc u G,lars.
'liY COPIES, ogN vcsr rcpnfately addressed {, a
tas StWIN N.th.' ugc year ~ .Vticr NJ ~ rinf1
Nniriy-fNe Dollars,
ne hru'rrd cor,rs. otr wear t. ono ndI-,r'
''Nl tat navy lu' ,au gc~g TO lh' 4 tier M or
'un'' li'ty Dolllrs.
g h1"dr"l c1ri.s, ono rrrr. sopGrately nd.
H!r ,c 4, go iAe .a..y urO e year 10 the gctTer
W ''AD'' sixty Dollars.
THE SE1il-WEEKLY SUN.
rive oop.-s, one year, separately nddreucr.
Eight Dollars.
? en- eo' leo, ono ycgr separately addressed fan1
"' 'A'.a sol! 10 sOtIsf Up of ClJb),
sixteen Dollars.
SEND YOUR MONEY
y p2'' Lflcc orders c1ocks. or drarrs on View
.fA, Wherever nvcEicnt II not turu reE!.t',
'eIe'' e'ltiiuing money. Address
!. W ryULNEN. rnbufncr.
sun oihcc. NeW YORK Ctfv
The New York herald., 1871-08-19

PAGR.
1-Advertisements.
S-AdvertIsements.
3-The Courts--A Maniac Milkman- Murder In New
Jersey-Burgiars IN New Jersey-Church
Bequests In OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES.
4-Edltorals: Leading Article, "Our Coming Elec-
t1Ons ana the New Phazes Of the Political
Situatlon-The Crisis to the democratic Party
in New lork'-Persona Neutrality-suspicious.
from Washirgton-The 0gdensDurg Riot
Musical AMI Dramatic Notes-Amusement An
nouncements.
5-Tbe Persian Famine: The Worst Accounts
C0nlirned-Russla and Austria: Both Powers
said 10 be Arming Against Each
Other-News from France. england and
-Napoleon's Fete al Chiselnurst-The
Dublin kiot-Ihe Henry Chauncet Canard-
Miscellaneous Telegrams-W Weather Report
Yacnlng-Business Notices.
6-saratoga Races: ThiId Dav OF the August Meet
lng-Ihe Kalamazoo Races-Fast Time-The
National Game-Foot Race-EXtensive Con-
Exploslon-Kicked TO Dead-A Short Chat
Iowa-Sir Alexander CocKburn's Career
Scientific Notes.-The Mystery OF the Explosion
Chautauqua Lake--Cahll the 'Cnewern
Blackmaller Banked.
7-Cloud OF War in the East; The Political and
Military Horizon OF Cons,antnopleThe Ferry
Massacre-Fnancial and Commercial Re-
rorts-Marriages and Deaths.
S-The Sing Sing Slopers: Additional Particulars
OF the Escape OF Convcts: Several Arrests
Made-The Workingmens Union-The Ro-
chester Trageay-The Pittston Coal Mine
Disaster-Ship3Ins Observation-Disclosures
mcntS.
The New York herald., 1871-08-19
A Melancholy Mutricide.

The melancholy affair in South Brooklyn on
Thursday, in which Mrs. Hopkins was NOR
tally wounded by her son, has number of
peculiar points not to be overlooked, both for
the lessons they teach and the domestic infe-
lcity they indicate. Young Lewis is repre-
sented as an idle youth, fonder of novel read
ing than of work. and, consequently, like
thousands Of young men in this city and Brook
lyn, q source of great anxiety to his mother.
Nothing more speedily destroys all family
affection and strs up enmity between relatives
than the idleness of young persons content to
be a burden upon their widowed mothers, and
this case illustrates what direful results may
come from feelings so engendered. 1t was, of
course, a great mistake in Mr.. Townsend, the
boys uncle, to allow himself to be prejudiced
against young Lewis by considerations which
did not concern him but his conduct in listen
ing to the report Of a conversa alton between
foolish boy and stupid carman
and seeking to punish the young man for his
words, was even more foolish. And, besides,
it seems that the carman, in repeating the
conversation, embellshed and falsifed it as
people VINO report ldie tatk III tue StreebS are
apt to do. Then, the young mans friend,
Robert Miller, erred greatly in the counsel he
gave to the lad, in telling him to throw
cayenne pepper in his uncle's eyes and to
shoot in the contingency of his uncle's at
tempting to beat him. The actions of both
Lewis and his friend Miller were criminal
but Mr.. Townsend's behavior is scarcely more
excusable. The boy did not want to meet his
uncle, and the boys mother was opposed to
the uncle's chastisement of her son, and yet
Townsend waited at Mrs. Hopkins house for
long time to obtain an opportunity for pun
ishing the young man. The shooting Of the
lads mother was murder or manslaughter,
because it was done in attempting an unlawful
act but il is delicate question whether
Townsend is not in every way as criminal as
the others. So much folly and stupidity on all
sides were never before crowded into single
case and never before were the results more
deplorable.
The New York herald., 1871-08-19

BOGUS INDIAN OUTRAGEs. Several weeks
since the city Of st. Joseph, Mo-, was startled
by an account of the capture of government
wagon train by party of Indians near Fort
Sill, and the horrible atrocities committed upon
the drivers by their savage captors. The
story was brought to st. Joseph by man pro-
Tossing to be one of the survivors of the mas
sacre, and his narrative was extensively
copied by the Western press. Upon investi-
cation by proper authorities it has been ascer-
tained that no wagon train has ever been taken
by the Indians near Fort Sill. The whole
affair is a fabrication, without the least foun-
dation in fact, and was probably set afoat by
parties interested in transporting supplies
through the Indian country for the purpose of
frightening of competition. General Hazen
says of the story that it is "a pure fabrication
from first to last, without the least incident of
fact to make IL out Of"
The New York herald., 1871-08-19
MUSICAL AND DRAMATIC NOTES.

The lovely Lydia and her troupe viii give the
musical ,neange OF "Blee Beard" at matinee to-day
at wallacks.
Mr. John Jack has his Complementary benefit this
afternoon and evening az San Francisco
Hall, opposite the Metropolitan Hotel. Mr..
Jack win appear as 'sTne Last Man" and "Falstarn
assisted by oliver Doud Byron, Theodore Hamilton,
Charles McManus and others. Miss Pauline Mark.
ham and signor operti viii sing, and Mr.. Gump-
town Podilah Cute Will give his fantastical facial
lecture on funny fellows we meet.
Signor Brgnoli and troupe gave a concert at tho
Stockton Hotel last evening. 1t was largely at.
tended by soourners on the island, aud was erati-
lying success IN every particular
The New York herald., 1871-08-19
Personal Intelligence.


Judge Robert Ray, OF Louisiana, Is staying at the
Fifth Avenue.
Colonel A. whippe, OF San Francisco, Is resi-
dent at the Sturtevant House.
General Il. W. serrelI, OF the United states Army,
has taken quarters at the Clarendon Hotel
Gerritt II. smith, OF Geneva, Is domiciled at the
Finn Avenue.
Colonel Phil Stockton, Of Texas, is among the
late arrivals at the Coleman House.
John Palmer, Chief Engineer in the spanish Navy,
is sojourner at the Astor House.
H. L. Hanscom, OF the United States Navy, has
come TO town and IL stopping at the Albemarle
Hotel.
c. II. Taney, Of New orleans, is domiciled al the
Clarendon Hotel.
General Van vliet, OF the United states Army,
has quarters at the HOFFMAN House.
D. L. Yulee. United States senator, from Florida,
is at the Coleman House.
Colonel W. +. McLannahau, OF Georgia, is at tho
Grand Central.
The New York herald., 1871-08-19

TIE EMPEROR NAPOLEON receives the hom-
age due to fallen greatness. Heshas given a
fste in honor Of August 15-once great day
in France, but now only great day at Chise-
hurst-and has received the congratulations
of five or owned heads and Of the heir apparent
of England. Well, these crowned heads know
what common decency is, after ALL They do
not cut an old friend and brother when he is
down i'm the world. Not that Napoleon is
so very low down, either. He has
got too much spare cash for that.
A man in his position need never despair
Still, Caesar has fallen from his proud emil
nence, and is now only gouty old gentleman
who is scheming to get the throne back for
his boy. The congratulations of crowned
heads, therefore, empty phrased though they
be, must be thrice welcome to the Lord Of
Chiselhurst.
The New York herald., 1871-08-19

SPAIN AND THE FRENCH COMMUNISTS. "A
telegraphic despatch from Madrid announces
that the Spanish government, at the express
request of the French Cabinet, has consented
to the extradition of the Commune leaders on
the soil of Spain, and that one of these leaders
had been arrested and delivered over to the
French authorities. How different is the con-
duct of this efete Spanish nation, with all its
pretence of liberty, and even of republican
principles, to that of England! When asked
to surrender the Commune fugitives the Brit
ish lion growled "No!" England, with all her
faults, is still safe asylum for political re-
fugees and the same old bulwark of individual
froedom
The New York herald., 1871-08-19

TIE PERSIAN FAMINE seems to sustain the
horrors of the first report. At Ispahan, the
largest city in Persia, though not the capital,
there have been already tweniy-seven thou
sand well authenticated deaths, and in the pro-
vinces, where the dearth first broke out, the
mortality is reported to be even worse This
is indeed dismal record We can scarcely
realize in this broad land of plenty that such
q bideous chronicle Of death from starvation
is indeed well founded. But we know little
Of the evils of unscrupulous despotism. In
India, in the famine two years ago, ever ac-
cordng to the statistics published by the British
government the deaths footed up to two mil
lions. Only another couple of years before
that there was in the same land yet another
famine, In which another million Of human
souls persisted. These are established facts !;
and In their light we are forced TO believe the
sad annals we publish this morning OF the
DQsi l.aegaa laAIae N modern story
The New York herald., 1871-08-19

hostile crowd to suppress the principle of equal
rights in suppressing the aforesaid obnoxious
Orange procession.
Now, it can hardly be denied that Speaker
Blaine correctly states the Presidential pros
poets of the democratic party as good for
nothing with the loss of the State of New
York. They must carry New York in this
coming November election or their nomination
for the next Presidency will hardly be worth
contending for in the national party conven-
ton. But how are they to carry New York in
November as matters now stand? We cannot
tell, though Mr.. Greeley still holds out hope
for them. The Fenton-Greeley republican
faction still maintain their warfare against
Senator Conklng, Collector Murphy and what
our amiable bran bread philosopher is pleased
to call ''the Custom House committee; but
nevertheless Mr.. Greeley is evidently getting
weak in the backbone, and has intimated that
If pushed by General Grants party to the wall
in the approaching Republican State Conven-
ton at the Syracuse salt works. he will sur
render as gracefully as General Lee capitu-
lated at Appomattax Court House, or as gra-
cously as Napoleon surrendered at Sedan.
Senator Fenton, too still with an eye upon
the Vice Presidency (though Speaker Blaine
will be apt to supplant him), is said to be
ready for reconciliation with Collector MUIR
ply and General Grant upon the most reason
able terms, including coalition against Tam
many Hall. The wind and tide are setting in
this direction, and the chances are in favor of
union of our republican cliqnes and factions,
and indicate some discords and divisions
among the democrats in November, and what
then? The loss Of the State to the democracy
and another change in the figures of the politi-
cal kaleidoscope.
With the loss of this State to the democrats
in November next we may have such com
motion among the politicians on all sides as to
bring about a national scrub race in 1872, with
three or four Presidential tickets in the field,
or we may have such fusion around General
Grant that he will quietly walk over the Presi-
dental course. In any event, the coming Sep
tember elections in California. Vermont and
Maine, and the October elections of Pennsyl-
vania and Ohio will only add to the command
ing public interest which these new political
phases have drawn to our Empire State and
to the crisis thus presented to the democratic
party of the State and of the United States
The New York herald., 1871-08-19

THE PITTsToN DIsAsTRR-A coroner's
inquest was held yesterday into the causes of
the late disaster at the Pittston coal mines.
AT midnight the investigation was concluded,
and the jury found that the explosion was the
result of the falling of portion of the roof of
the mine, which forced the iredamp into i'm
mediate contact with the lamps worn by the
miners. They further say that had the mine
been properly ventilated, in accordance with
the provisions of the mining laws, the acci-
dent would not have happened.
The New York herald., 1871-08-19

THE IRREPREssIBLE AFRICAN again figures
In diplomatic circles and is the cause Of some
tart correspondence between the government
Of Great Britain and the United States. A
negro justice in Darien, Ga, discharged on
writ of habeas corpus four sailors who had
been imprisoned on board an English vessel
at that port for insubordinaton. OF course
such breach of International law could not
pass unnoticed, and notes on the subject are
passing thick and fast between the British
Minister and the State Department
The New York herald., 1871-08-19

The ESCAPE OF PRISONERS AT SING SING
Some of the prisoners who escaped from Sing
Sing on Thursday have been recaptured, but
the majority Of them are still at large. 1t must
be confessed that the public sympathy is, for
once, on the side of the jail birds and against
the prison officials. Not only was the escape
cleverly planned, but the prison discipline was
80 lax that most people would prefer seeing
the officers punished to the punishment of the
escaped convicts.
The New York herald., 1871-08-19

Ex-MINIsrER RoUHER has not yet given up
the imperialist cause as lost. AT any rate, he
seems to be scheming for the restoration of
Napoleon, if we are to judge from the fact that
NJ. Abbatucci, an imperialist deputy from
Corsica, has resigned his seat in order that
the most able champion of the Bonapartes may
take his place in the National Assembly. This
step was probably preconcerted in the impe-
rialist camp, or enacted according to direct in
structions from Chiselhurst.
The New York herald., 1871-08-19

STARVING PENSIONERS. Wikner, a
veteran of the Mexican war, and who served
in the war of the rebellion until he was dis
charged on account of disability, arising from
a wound received in the Mexican war, Is 10
the receipt OF pension Of two dollars
month. Of course the old soldier is in an
almsh0use,
The New York herald., 1871-08-19
THE OGDENsBURG RIOT.
The Riot Quelled-Free speech vindicnted>-
baron DE Csmin Delivers His Lecture.

OGDENsBURG, N. Y, August IS, ISL
The excitement about the Baron DE Camln lec
lures Is abating One OF the rioters who was baiied
on Wednesday, assaulted one Of the most respecta-
bic citizens to-day at noon. and then gave hlmsen
up lie was again bailed the Baron DE Samln
delivered hts lecture this afternoon az tne okaung
of the Mayor and police. No attempt was maae 70
disturb him. lie VIII not deliver any more lectuies
IN tlls cltY. now tRat Lee speech " VlRalsaVeo'.
The New York herald., 1871-08-19

THE SPREAD OF THE CHOLERA IN EUROPE
Our European dispatches continue to record
the progress Of the cholera in Europe. From
Stettin it has made its appearance. At
K0nigsberg during last Tuesday and Wednes
day there were one hundred and fifty new
cases, sixty of which proved fatal. 1t will
thus be seen that this dread visitation, the
terror of people wherever it appears, is making
its way steadily and surely westward, and il
behooves the health authorities here to be on
their guard and leave no precaution unattended
to to guard against its approach