davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
SARDls.
Thrift-The Cotton and other ~CrOps-The
Weather, Etc.

From an Occasional Correspondent.l
SARDIs, Miss, Sept. II, 1S71.-I
reached this thriving little town on
Saturday last, through much dust and
sultry weather, and since then have
been looking about to see what might
be seen, and hear what might be
heard.
1 notice cotton Is coming into mar
ket, and to-day the average price is
about Is cents, for what | imagine,
would class as low middling in Mem
phis. Not higher, if so high.
Sardis is one ofthe most rapid towns
in growth and improvement that l
have come across in my travels. The
population Of the place, all told, at
the close of the War did not exceed,
/ learn, one hundred souls. To-day
it is estimated at two thousand, and /
am sure falls very little, If any, short
of that number. The buildings are of
the better class, and they are still
going up all over the town.
A special term of the Chancery
Court commenced here yesterday to
try a very famous mill-dam case. 1t
had heen referred to arbitrator in va
cation, and nothing wa done beyond
the filing Of the award. 1t is under
stood, however, that there will be a
fight on this at the regular term in
October.
hear that five estimable ladies of
the county have died within the past
two weeks, to wit: Mrs. John r.
Dickens, in the southwestern part of
the county; Mrs. Ed. 7. McGehee, in
the northwestern Miss Clara Sledge,
at Como IA granddaughter Of Colonel
n. r. Sledge); Mrs. Richard Young,
near Pleasant Mount, and Mrs. Clark,
of this place.
1t is not only warm but UeTy, VERY
like Memphis used to be before
the NicOlsOn pavement WIS laid, and
1t is a wonder to me why the suthOri-
ties here do not have a street sprinkler
in operation. My attention has been
called, too, to the want of a market
which seems to me to be much
needed, and its absence is a matter Of
surprise.
They have one of the handsomest
Jail buildings going up here, that l
have ever seen, and it was designed
by your townsman Mr.. James b.
Cook, and IS to be completed, 1 learn,
by the first of November, so that
comfortable quarters may be provided
Tor prisoners DUNG the winter.
Extensive preparations are being
made for the coming Fair, which is
10 commence on the 30th OF October,
md Memphis is expected to compete
or many prizes. Your eOnfeTe, Mr..
Ofthe Star, expects to issue
daily paper during the Fair, and
HARLEY Richards is making ample
arrangements to take car of all vIsi-
OT5.
Perhaps l may give you additional
TENS from here on my return. The
rops are only middling, They need
ain.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
6ZI TN
555O,OOO

After paying III expenses o. the enterprise ans making the distribution Of tn GIFTS the
balances OF The proceeds arising nom, the sale Of tickets win be aPpropEahd to theetah-
The 0oaess4 nd Distribution viii axe place under the Immediate supervision IF the
TheT Trustees viii be- shtsdb by walk known and eminent citizens OF Kentucky, whohsve
consented o be prsentat the concerts nd 70 superntend te drawing and EtHhuno OF
them their fraction 1.-THE office in Louisville, the second day after drawing md every
business 6 m day for 6 six 5 @G1thS ShsT Ha Eta and may be sent dhSs 1t 5r90gh an 6nk or @-
o. erenPaAs will, De promptly attended to- and tickets returned By mail registered or
expressed, as desired - TtckesG are Ike Greenbacks-gOOd oly to III oda
BuyeB viii note that thereM are onyO me Hundred Tho1san Tickets instead Of Two Hun
ded TnSId as IN ess IAN raneso Gift Coneerta nd tha there is $500 mWed stnbu-
fEh AsW1Ln a1a mm9 he aNAsm ruooIn an0 paid sESOut uczeth holders from
It win be particularly noticed thatn isl matter Of mposdbnty for any one to know
whstn numbers draw gu5a as tls1 % now what the I'm Of an humble drawn rom the
taken rom the o6erw hee ad opened full Vewo The audience. Therefore the Larger
gifts may not ome out until owardit he last OF in the middle n the drawing h s6r
2Mh number Drawn. and wasa awarded and paid TO gentleman IN New Orleans "a Gins
SSThe Numbers and GIFTS arr drswn by blind children from st years OF age -
The Drawing viii be extensively PubdkhSdhnd parties ordering tickets win have printed
lists sent them. Parties forming Cnhs,s desiring fOrmshO will please address hs
II Tickets tor sIOO 2s Tickets for se55; Sc Tickets for s5oO; rs Tickets for $1,000
The Undersigned, lstep principal business manag OF the very successful Mercantile Il
Cit Concert IN aid CT the PubicL dbrarytn Kentucky, =.
Thed drawing VIII take place. In public and everything yin be done to satisfy buyers OF
tickets that their intessw win be a. WE'LL protected as they personally suPerntsndec the
MANNER OF DRAWING
There Will be two CLASSY Wheels One wheel wiz contain 10000 numbers pIanlyp printed
number vim o drawn from tn 900 Wheel md the ht boz dnwn iron tn sseond or
box wheel will contains gn. neatly printed me sealed uP md he gn 50 drsEn from
70 insure ticket holders he public are assured tnat Il only 5000 tickets ar sddo only
60M0u tickets only are sold only numbez1 70 5@O &C IN he large wheel, M ne71
S%d il fd9fb epgT Tsnd led nat NJ amddT kSHST hail 5SrusT1se "eA s"S "moe
The Manager has s1esdy Pidtnt0 the Citizens Bank Sa06 toward derayng re AZ
2 doe notd depend q sales Of tickets pay MS eEPsnses Of Printing sdvGtE-
hair
DESTROYS OF acting as agent or the sales Of ~ rekssL in NJ dtyo the United
states or Cansd&s address CHARLES r PETERS,
Manager, Louisville ny. Ome= Io Main So, Johnson BEck.
v. NHALDkMA n. Vice. reldent CITIZENS BANK Treasurer
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

IT is hardly proper for FreDchmen.
Italians, Germans OF Irishmen, as
such, TO effect political organizations
in this country. A foreigner, natural
lied here, should deem himself, as be
IS recognized by our liberal codes,
thoroughly an American in politics.
Social habits and crstoms and modes
Of thinking may well be perpetuatC1,
but the %striies, passions and preju-
dices of the old world should not be
introduced into municipal, State or
Federal elections. II foreigners pur-
sue a different policy rom that, we
suggest there would exist a pretext for
that barbarOus ACKNOWLEDGMENT
crushed not long ago by the Demo-
cratic party. It is an easy Rsk for a
foreigner to learn the character and
worth Of candidates; and easier, be
right, to vote for the Wisest and
best men who may be candidates.
Especially is this true in local cleo
tiOns, and through the intervention
Of n~aturaliZed citizens, we may have
the best, cheapest and most honestly
conducted government in Memphis
known in any city Of America.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

COLONEL HORN, of Meridian, Miss,
who was made to appear before the
Federal grand jury, at JACKSON, en-
gagCd in the Business Of R9ed's and
Weissler's scheme of plUnder1 g the
State, and in promotion of the pur-
poses Of Grant, who would find a pre-
taxi for the Suspension Of H15e0s cor
Dsls in the South, says that the grand
jury has been wisely selected. There
are members Of the jury capable Of
any crime, on every lineement Of
whose features depravity is written,
and som their eyes there CLEANS
forth devilish Inalignity, indicative
Of thirst for blood. There were bet
ter men on the jury, but the majority
were we'll fiji / for tasks imposed by
an express robber, and by 8 thieving
murderer.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
now THE PEoPLEs MONEY CO.'S


The Radicals are making the mos
capital and stage-thunder possible out
of alleged fnsveFle practised by the
Oakley Halle nnolly ring thai
reigns in New York city. 1t is assert
ed that the thieves have stolen from
fifty to enc hundred millions. Mean.
while, from developments hourly
made, it seems that Grsnt's appoint
ee8 to Office Eare doing q furnishing
business OF The same sort. There were
two discoveries Of defalcations an
nounced yesterday; one by the man
ager Of the money order clerk Of the
q New York pcstofice for Sl35, 900, and
hOtheF by enc Hodges, an army pay
master. for half a million. Il is very
Drobsble, so corrupt have the depart
ments of government become, and so
thoroughly '1oyal' are they, that all
incarnation in reference to embezzle-
meuts Of public funds practised by
faithful partisans of Grant is sup
messed, and from this time, until the
Presidential election, the public viii
he suffered to learn less than ever be-
fore of the m~alfeasances of the tools Of
newer. uthere were no other reason
ahen this, the necessity for a change
n rulers. that official deiaultens may
he discovered and punished, becomes
imperative. Conscious Of preseDt inn
munitv from danger, Federal Office
holders. until the Presidential cleo
tion. win rob and pilfer with 8 degree
~ rockIessness never known before.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

THE letter from Judge Orlando Da
Wis, OF Mississippi, in which he advertI
to efforts made by knaves in Office whC
propose to secure the acquittal o
Webster, commonly known as Goa.
Oil Charlie, through the intef vention
of partisan influence, deserves TO be
remembered. Judge Davis presides,
by appointment, we believe, Of Gov.
Alcorn, in the CircUit Court Of the
COrinth district. His Honor wrote as
follows TO the editor Of the Pilot, the
then leading organ of Radicalism in
Mississippi:
/ wish to stand OF fall by the law
and the testimony. / cannot allow
the political quest1Ors involved to
have the least weight upon me.
When the time comes (if ever it dOes)
that l am 10 consider the political
effects or bearings of nv judgment,
when sitting as a court, L shall cee Sc
to be e Judge.
In most instances, in view Of the
materials at bis disposal, Governor
Alcorn made the best possible selec-
tions in the appointment Of Judges
and ChsncellOrs, and in this fact con-
sists the sole security Of popular and
personal rights in Mississippi.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

GENERAL MORGAN, O Ohio, follows
and answers Senator Sherman. Inc
latter hes been boasting Of the pros
peritv Of the country under Radical
systems Of all-pervading taxation.
General Morgan points to idle mills
snd manufactures everywhere IN
Ohio. and asserts that the distress OF
the poor and anxieties of the rich are
wholly due II r~emorseless eXactions
imposed by the General and State
Governments.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

AvEIN of black lead, three feet N
thickness, used in making pencils,
and one of copper, have been opened
on the line Of the Chattanooga and
Alabama (S~tanton's) road. Stanton
NAV have robbed, but he has enriched
the Stateof Alabama. his road, that
should have cost ten, hes cost more
than twenty millions. But it VIII
constitute the bssis Of a system OF
railways that viii add countless mill
ion 10 the wealth of the State.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
sWAYNE'S MAMMOTH SPRINGS.

THREE AND oNE-HALF MILES NORTH
Il OF ~sprtngville Depot, OF the Memphis
morning train from Memphis at the depot
Daily mail and express ONCE there. Nc
4" style" to pay for at the Springs, but All
and gTeenest park, and best and most aburd.
ant mineral waters FOR drinking aud bath
ing. Board, by the month, but SIS; by the
week. go; by the day, 81 80. Address NJ. 4.
BfRNE, Proprietor, at Sprtngvtlle p. o..
Henry county, Tenn, a letters, ETC., for the
e to his care. Persons going up.
would do well first to call on Judge Swayne,
10 Main street tAIl
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

IT amszes no one to find those who
riot in public plumber incensed when
it is proposed to reduce taxation to the
least possible per centsge, consistent
with the maintenance OF the State
Government. Naturally, Zoo, they
inveigh against any proposition to
lessen the burdens Of the people.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
Monday. October 2. Iazl.

within legal hours, the following described
real estate, tO-Wis: A certain lot Of ground
In the city OF Memphis, Shelby county, Ten
neasee, on the alley unDtn east and west
between Madison and Monroe streets and
between Second and Third atrest8s Begin
ming IN the north side OF said alley between
Madison n Monroe at 8 po1nt about sixty
two feet east Of Second street: runs thence
north seventy.tWo feet. more or less; thence
east fOrty-nine and q half feet; fence south
seyenty-tWo feet, more or less, 10 said
alley; thence west with the north line fasad
alley fOrty-nine and a half feet, 20 the BEGIN
ulng; upon which lot there is 3 stable.
TERMS o. T. q credit of seven
months purchaser executing note with se-
lien retained to secure aymen OF
purchase money.
This SA5t3mber 9th, 1871.
M. Is. I. STEWART, Clerk ana Master.
]. A. TAYEoR, Sol. for complainants.
sun ssple
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

EVERYWHERE in louisiana the
people are holding meetings for the
purpose of inaugurating a system OF
thorough reform in systems of legal
lied robbery, sometimes called taxa
ton. T~ennesseans should resort TO
like measures that when u Legisls'
ture meets it may not, in the capital,
forget the relations Of its members to
the people. There is nothing like the
healthful pressure Of public opinion in
controlling the action Of a legislative
bOdv
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
FOR SALE.
Lots for SaIs in Ida CITY, On LOau
Island, Hsw YOrk.

IDA CITY Is situated ON Long Island. 81
miles nom New York city, the Long Island
Kallread running centrally through Ida City,
LOIS there are hereby offered for sale en- the
following TERMS: Fifty dollars each, on a
credit OF ten years, payable In ten 1nual In
stalments-say IS % per year ON eaeh lot.
Inc parties owning the above property pro-
pose TO sell TO the Sonthern people one-half
OF the lots, say 1o00, on the above terms.
without interest. The East River Fridge Is
now in process Of connecting
Manhattan Island, upon which New York q
situated, with Lon Island.
This IA q good opportunity for aLy person
of this section OF country 20 invest small
sums IN the purchase Of these lOts. Terms
are easy. and within the reach OF all Prop
srty on Long Island viii rapidly Increase In
pletsd.
Mar { the City OF Ida can be seen. and fulE
Information given, upon application being
made "a ny. FONTAINE.
CORRESPONDENCE Secretary.
fvQ No. 70 Madison stress
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

II. is stated by the Cincinnati En-
o,,irsr that the cottage at Long Branch
was given to Grant on condition thai
he should remain there till the close OF
the season. 1t seems when q donation
il involved, that the good President
,dherns 70 his contracts.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
CHANGER SALE
RMAh m9TATD
ON
NOnday, October 2, 1871.

No, A2T2-In the Second Chsnesry Court Of
Shelby county. Tennessee.-A. b BsrthOlo-
new ct al. VS.. Marcus ]. Wrsgh ct al.
81 Y virtue OF an order OF sale made In this
~ cause, 1 viii sell AZ public auction to the
highest bidder. IN front OF the once Of the
second Chancery Court Of Shelby county,
Tanueaqea- m =
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

THE town of Dyersburg hRs done
well and wisely in voting almost unan-
imoUsly for the subscription Of $4,000
TO the capital stock Of the MeLlphis
and psdUpah road.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
SHERlFF's SALE.


ID virtue of a X. Hk, issued by the CLERK
ID OF the First Chancefy Court OF SHELBY
county. and 70 me directed, I win on
Monday, I be 18th day Of September, 1877
In front of the Sherld's once, on Second
street, In the city ofmemphis, shelby county,
Tennessee, sell for cash, TO The highest bid
der, the following Described real estate, lying
In shelby county. Tennessee: Beginning al
the northeast corner Of hcLemore avenue
and Latham avenue, ~Tnnning south nineteen
chains and niDety-Lhres links Q991 to
Triggis avenue; hence west along the north
side Of Triggis n eight ain and sew
enfy-Onn links TO q stake; thence north
nineteen chains and IS links (l9.s3l to Nc
Bemore's avenue; thence east with McLe-
more avenue tOlthe beginning; containing in
all about seventeen acres "a acres) less one
acre sold to Nathaniel and Henry Trigg. Sd
July, 1879, beginning at q stake on the north
side OF Latham avenue. 30 feet from the In
tersection Of Latham avenue with Trigg ave-
parallel with Latham avenue, west side 2l0
feet 20 the intersection of the west side of
Latham avenue with Trigg avenue thence
Wextwardly aud parallel with the north side
OF TrigR avenue 80 feet TO q stake; thence
nOrthWardly n parallel with Latham
40 feet 10 a stakei thence
east and parallel to Trigg avenue 40 feet TO
the beginning, containing one acre. The six.
teen acres levied upon IS the property Of
Martha l.. Trigg. Sale In legal hours. be-
tween 10 o'clock am. and O'clock pm.
August 18th, 1871.
MARCUsI. WRIGHT. 6herih.
aSaS Deputy shsrin shelby County.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
EMPE.IS APPEAL
FRIDAY MORNING. SEPT. IS, 1871

IT is wiekedly asserted that the
only gift with which Grant has never
been endowed by kind friends is
The niff of 0nb.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
EoR RENT.

q EVERAL large and very desirable COZ
y TON OFFICES In b new building,
aos. 35S and s58 FrSnt Street
- Also. stores Nos. - q $50 Front
street leach g by 10 feetl good location. and
we'll adapted for produces business
ar Rents moderate. Apply 70
iys STEWART BIOS aGWYNEB,
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
HOT SPRINGS Of ARKANSAS.
Accom- mediation Hack Lat
WM. S. DAVIS, Proprietor.

IN successful operation for SIX years. NO
Il THROUGH TICKETS sold on his line,
Parties SEE and KNOW what they pay for he
fore parting with one dollar.
These hack are all OF the very best maize
rial and bU u expressly for this travel. They
seat six persons, are large and lOOmy, and
be used by parties Of from two to I'VE
With ordinary baggage, or for UNVALIDs, the
seats being so constructed as easily to con-
sttute a bed. Remember, his g the only
accommodation Hack Line, and nc through
are sold over IL. Hacks may be he
cured by letter or telegraph. Office at the
n Ashley stablea. little Rock ARK
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
Steam EnQines and Kachinarv
Meredith Female College.

Main ana R~r0Advzay.
OPENS LIST OF September. W. +. wilkins
~ and Lady in charge OF Boarding Depart
" s1isd4w I'D. MEREDGTH. Principal.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

sequence On Youthful irCi5crctions.
E9- This medicine has been used in our rrac-
hce for many years, and With thousands
treated, it has not failedin q single instance,
81 Each package Of Te5eidIie Cure L.
wrapped in uItramarine blue paper, printed in
goidlotters, andcontains enc bottle filed with
Sugar-eoated Pills, hnd ore vialof Mudicateti
Powders, sufficient 10 make one half pint Of
Injection (; and one Syringe.
50 Price s., Ver package, sold bv Druggists,
Or sent by faail or receipt Of $50.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
PRATT'S
S0UTHERN-MADE gin.

THIS 5in, OF light dran, makes a good
Il sample, and win pick more lint from the
same amount OF seed cotton, and Ia less
time, h any other Gin 1t does not break
q roll nor choke; Is simple in its construc-
ton, and not liable to get ont of order.
MI. Pratt has made upWaI q Of 1900 .Sfns
for India, Egypt. Mexico, Brazil and TIE
southern States, which have given general
satisfaction.
1t is a good rule to try ali things, ana hold
last 10 what has been approved and answers
the purpose for which IL Is made. Is
claimed for Fratts Gin, and admitted by
practical lantsrs who have used IL
Steam Engines and Machinery,
made by Talbot a Sons, of Richmond. Va.
fer sale. These engines, with the latest I'm.
provements and OF superior workmanship,
have taken the premium over others t fairs
where they have been exhibited.
orders Tor Gin Engines and Gum Bands
promptly dlled. Clint repaired BY a skilmI
9inwright. Address, Memphis, Tenn,
q. w. TRUEHEART, Agent
d&w FOR Daniel Pratt. Talbntf a Hons
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
COTTON PRESS.
N. D. Cheeks Wrought iron Screw PIanta
ton COttOs Press.
Patented Dec. 80. 1858; August %, ls7O.

IA Memphis, Tennessee. L will superintenG
and give my entire to the mann
facture of this justly celebrated and mos
wonderful lRbor-ssving Cotton Press In tho
last two years 1 ave sold This Press to many
old experienced cotton planters, to whom fl
has given snch universal Snd entire satisfac.
ton that it would now be superfiuous in me
to say more than pledge myself that, this
year, the Cheek Cotton Press shall be fully
equal, If not superior, to those l sold last
year. Suffice Il TO say, that in baiing on this
press you are rid of much laber, many DIM
culties, and a vast amount of annoyance that
you have when baling ON any other press, to
say nothing OF the humbug tricks.
All orders for the Cheek Cotton Press must
be addressed 10 FORD, R & Co, Menu
phis, Tennessee. ND. CHEEK.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
OPEN DAY AND NIGHT.

The course of study is extended, thorough
and practical; afording superior facilities
for obtaining a sound business education.
For Catalogue call at the SCHOOL, room. or adj
dress tse2O 7 A. EEDDIN, Principal,
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15
gGNNd3IC

Cur5s all diseases caused
by scif-abuse, viz Spamd-
toTTbed, Seminal Weak
ness, Night Emissions.
/ Less Of AeROTy, UHtUeTs1l
I LGSSitude, Pains IN tie
] Back, DiWasss Of Piston,
! Premature Old Age, Hcat
! Nsrres, Difficult BrsdftHl,
sPGis Conference, 4 san
73B Consumption, and all
Z 49, AA Iii
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

100000 T1c1kees or AdmfssfOn,
$40 60 EsGh in CurrsHey Half Tickets, SIS 90; Quarter Tickets, 81 so.
- EmI Ticket viii consist o -four quarters value 81 @each. The hoIIsrs entitled tn
to the Concert INT to the amount OF gift awarded tOt tor IT. naMo1 FCETS
number Eonl to 10000 n Citizens ank of kentucky il Treasurer
All NOnes arising from the sale Of Tickets will b. depotedw with he CdzsnsT Bank sub-
only % the OTrO OF the President ant Treasurer OF the LNbrarEo 0unte~LgnaIh nv ua
Manager During the Concert the sum Of
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

WIN be distributed bylOt to the holders o Tickets, in the following GIFTS. viz:
one GRAND CIT $4,000
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1871-09-15

DR.. Irwin, N. ]. Wright, @. France, W. W.
Mcdowell and Hon. s. H. Jones.
iy22 DIV H.. J. HULINGs.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1871-11-03

MEMPHIS AND LOUISVILLE RAILROAD.
Arrives, Leaves.