The New York herald., 1870-08-09
6r. PETERsBUno, July 0,

history, but In the history OF Eastern Europe. In
1770 the success Of Russian arms on sea and
land deprived the Turkish Sultan of whatever
prestige there still remained to him since the days
OF Mohammed II. and Solyman the Magnificent,
and reduced him to that hopelessly sick condition
In whioh he still lngers-unable to get well and
not permitted to die. In the year ITO began that
great movement Of the Christian populations In
the East which has resulted In the establishment
Of an independent kingdom in Greece and almost
independent principalities In Serbia and Rou.
mania, well as the recognition Of the independ.
enoe of Montenegro. This movement was organ
Led under tho auspices Of Russia, and although it
did not attain the desired results at that time, it
A memorable % being the first general indication
OF life among the Christians of the East after
1ethargy Of three centuries.
GLORIOUS RECOLLEoTIoNs.
Yesterday, the 9Th Of July, the Russian navy at
Cronstadt celebrated the hundredth anniversary
OF the great victory in the Bay Of Chesma, where
the entire Turkish feet was destroyed by the
Russians under the command Of Count Alexis
Orlof. Before proceeding to give an account Of
this interesting festival will endeavor to describe,
"a briefly as possible, few Of the events Of ITO.
War was declared against Russia by Turkey in
1768. The first year, however, witnessed nothing
more than raids Of the Crimean Tartars on Rus.
sian territory. The principal event Of the second
year was victory gained by Prince Galitzln over
the Grand vizier and the capture Of Khotin. ITO
was the turning point Of the war, and in this year
Russian arms gained their most brilliant victories
on sea and land. Galitzin was replaced by Rum
yantse1, and Count Alexis OrloA was appointed
admiral Of the naval forces Of Russia in
tho Mediterranean. Early in May Rumyant-
self broke up his winter quarters, and,
moving upon tho Turkish army disposed on
the east bank Of the Pruth, drove It across tho
river. On the 7th day of June, ITO, the army Of
the Crimean Khan, 100000 strong, was defeated
by the Russian commander and the whole Tartar
camp captured. On the 2lst of July the main
army of the Turks, numbering 5000 men and
commanded by the Grand Vizier, was utterly de.
feated at Kagul by force of not more than
10000. While Rumyantseff was thus occupied in
the basin Of the Danube Orlor was not idle in the
Archipelago. On the 9Th of July, after stub
born battle in the Bay Of Chios, the Turkish feet
was forced to take refuge in the harbor of
Chesma. OrloY followed them to their hiding
place. and on the Sth the entire feet was de-
stroyed. Constantinople was left defenceless by
the destruction of the Turkish fleet, and If Orloff
had sailed directly up the Dardanelles there is
little doubt that he might have dictated his own
terms of peace.
The Moscow Gazette contains an able leading
article on the campaign of ITO, few extracts Of
which give here In translation, thus -
Kagul and Ohesma are glorious names in our
military history, and besides this we think they
mark an epoch famous in the history
Of the human race.namely, the beginning
Europe. Let us remember to-day, and remember
with pride, the blow given by our ancestors to
the power of Mohammedanism. Let US remember
that the blood which they shed at Chesma,
Owing to their struggles and their victories the
condition of Roumanla became improved. thirst
for freedom was aroused among the Greeks and
Blav0nians; the rich lands bordering on the
Crimean peninsula are no longer subject to tho
ravages Of Tartar hordes; the fourshing valleys
of the Rion and the Kura-[the Rion and Kura are
rivers of the transcaucasus]-are no longer red.
dened with blood; Anaha and Akhalzikh have
ceased to be slave markets; over the broad ex-
panse Of the Black Sea trade in human flesh has
given way to the commerce of civilized life, which
the victories gained by the soldiers Of Rumyantseff
and the sailors of Orloff Russia must re-estabsh
her power on the Black Sea. She will do so. OF
this her enemies have no doubt. They are but
possible. Russia does not need naval power on
the Black Sea for offensive purposes; the days of
Chesma are passed.. Other times and other pur.
poses have appeared. The task left by history for
new victories, even if they were as brilliant as
that Of Chesma. Russia has attained her ma.
tural boundaries, and new conquests, instead of
strengthening, would weaken her. The Eastern
question has long since ceased to be question
awaiting tho decision of the sword. 1t is peace
alone In time that assures success in all AFFAIRS
Every success in the internal development of
Russia will strengthen the position Of our coun-
try. among the nations Of the earth. Russian
policy In the East has changed since the DAYS of
Chesma. We shall better serve the interests of
the Christians of the East and maintain
school which we assist in building or main.
tanning among the people of the East will be of
new victories, even if they were a. brilliant as
Chesma or Kagul.
PEACEFUL DEVELOPMENT.
This article Of the Moscow Gazette reflects faith
fully enough public sentiment at the present time.
Russia desires peace, wishes to be let alone in
order to develop her internal resources, and will
20 to war only If forced to do so. OF all European
States there il probably none by which peace Is so
little threstened as by Russia. She Is sure not to
take the initiative in any military combination
which may take place for some years to come. Fully
sensible of the services rendered in the past bv
her soldiers and sailors she knows that the future
Is for tho merchant, the manufacturer and the
farmer. No nation, however, owes more to the
military power than Russia. As De Tocqueville
30 aptly said, the American conquers with the
plough. the Russian with the sword. That period.
however has passed, and In future It's the plough
shat must give Russia greatness and success.
THE FETE AT CRONsTADT.
must return to the description Of the festival
n In Cronstadt commemorating the victory of
sa., Unesma: Cronstadt on this day was arrayed in
real holiday attire. The feet which had been sta.
noned ct Transund returned in order to take part
"a tue festivities All the ships in the harbor were
uecorated with flags, national colors and
In the principal square, and at short distance
lrom the statue Of Peter the Great, q triumphal
arch was erected with the names of the principal
actors IN the af1air Of Cheama Cloaa 20 Ha |