New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1870-05-06

two partcs ought to levy considerable Protective
duty I'm order to make up the d renee In the cost OF
transportation.
81 have already alluded TO the fact that Protective
dnty being designcd a check to Injurious fluctuations
Of price, Is graduated with reference 10 the for" price
at which the foreign commodity II ever sold, and not
with reference 10 the price. Thus dniy 81
thirty may not raise the average price more than heon
per cent aud this a.t may be the whole amount Of rea
protection that the American manuf. tur,r needs But
10 secure this protection at all times The duty must be-
fixed at thirty per cent, because circumstances may
sometimes force the foreign COMMODITY upou Tie nafRei
at price fifteen per cent bolo culinary 'hln''
Thus, temporary excess ~ produ'u"i the reaction
after a commercial crisis, may food The 'h market,
for a while with manufactured goods. .e must he
got rid Of even at great sacrinco ana tler owners
urefer To send them abroad 10 be- sold rather than 10
lower prices by forced sales In the home market Hence
foreigners can often purchase British manufaoturo NJ a
less price than the English Themselves. The injurious
effect OF forced sale Ia thereby only transferred nom
the English TO the American market Prices here may
be depressed to a ruinous extent for time only To
recover their level even to rise above H. AFTER
the mischief has been done Of driving American manu-
features out Of the business. The proper object OF egs
aton in regard to the admission Of imports IL 10 pre-
vent injurious fluctuations Of prices.
"The disturbing effect produced by temporary gut
OF the imported commodity may be much larger Than lts
thrown upon the market need not be large But as we
have seem taking away third part Of the supply may
either double the price, fail to raise 1t even onesh
according the article is one OF prime necessity OF one
which people easily do without In lke manner
making the stock OF goods on hand onethrd larger ta
usual may sink the price, not merely IN proportion I'd
that increase, but onehalf of its former amount.
Then the whole stock, both foreign ana uonesc, uS'
be sold at this runous sacrifice.
"'To give the monopoly Of the home market says
Adam Smith, ito the produce OF domestic industry III
any particular manufacture is In some measure 10
direct private people in what manner they ought 10 EN-
poy their capitals, and must in almost all cases, DC
either useless or hurtful regulation IL the produce
of domestic can DO bought there cheapy as that OF
foreign industry the regulation is evidently useless II
it cannot, il must generally be hurtfu III Is the haAm
of every prudent master Of family never to atemptto
make at home what il will cost him more to make imam
TO buy The tailor does not attempt to make his own
shoes but buys them Of the shoemaker The shoemaker
does attempt to make his own clothes but enpoysa
Tailor What il prudence in the conduct Of every private
family can scarce be folly in that Of great Kingdom
d" The comparison of individuals with communities Is
often faulty and deceptive one, and Is particularly so
In this case. Certainly it would be unWlse In an
individual to be his weaver, tailor, carpenter,
and blacksmith; he would thus lose all the advantages
Of Division of Labor and would not become skilled in
any department But this objection does not hold in the
ca Sc Of "a community which has only fictitious unity,
and is really made up Of many individuals, VINO may
distribute among themselves all the empOyments which
are requisite for The production OF all the commodities
that the society needs No person Is thus required
to practice than art and the Division OF Labor
among these individuals Is perfect as II the same
number Of trades parttoned out among so many
distinct communities. still more as communities are
often separated each other by broad tracts OF sea
or land should each cOnne it, industry to the pro-
duction OF single commodity, and purchase whatever
| ,f, Statas all
sumption, alone excepted would come to 1t bur
dcned with heavy cost OF transportation and the sale
its single product everywhere but at home would
be impeded by addition to its cost from the same
cause All the advantages OF Division OF Labor result
from separation Of employments among indiridudts,
and become disadvantages IN The OF distinct states,
rounhes and eren OrHs. To who is blacksmith. 1t
Il 10 help but rather hindrance that his neXtdoor
neghbor is blacksmith also; he has thus competitor
in satisfying the wants Of his own village where every
mechanic finds his best and most profitable customers;
and backsmths work is heavy, he cannot carry his
sale to the next county or town without
lessenng his profits.
1.-THE Inhabitants OF every country town understand
their interests much better than Adam Smith did
Instead Of forming themselves into settlement COM
posed exclusively Of artisans Of trade each commu-
nifty has its mason, shoemaker, carpenter, shop
keeper lawyer doctor and clergyman and ls thus not
Obliged to send dozen twenty miles in order to have
horse shod, chimney built, tooth pulled or mar
riage celebrated. Yankee farmer with half dozen
stout sons upon the principle in not educating
them all to his employment, but making mechanic
of one, merchant Of another. sailor of third, send
ing fourth to college, and keeping only at home to
be his own upon the farm As all occupations
precarous, he knows that by this course, he multi
plies the chances Of reduces the chances OF
failure for the whole family besides suting each MEN,
Der OF IT with employment best adapted to his pecu
| liar powers and inclination.
| W. SIT no ot nat
II confessedly is for individual to enter upon
| OF education, apprenticeship During the
period of discipline, the gains will be small, the labor
severe, and perhaps the expenses heavy but art
handicrt may thus be acquired which may afterwards
be exercised with great profit We suppose that the art
is for which the individual or the nation is suf
centy qualified by nature, that merely the tact and
dexterty, which only be acquired by practice
| wanting The common answer to this question, that
when the proper time has arrived and sufficient capital
has been accumulated, manufactures will introduce
themselves without the aid Of protective duties is
evasive and insufficient 1t supposes that want Of capt.
tai Is the only obstacle to the immediate commencement
of manufacturing enterprise; whereas skill is also
requisite. Capital We admit, may be accumulated in
agricultural and other pursuits; but skill can be
qured only by actual experiments In manufacture and
those experiments be tried only at considerable
rifce Individuals cannot be expected to make these
sacrifices when the results Of the experiment, IL
cessfu will not their exclusive advantage, but
will be open to ALL
even in Great Britain, these principles carried
into practical application, through the encouragement
afforded to authors and inventors by securing to hem
for limited period the exclusive right to sell their
respective writings and discoveries Patents and copy
rights, which thinks it improper grant, are sig
nal instances OF the successful application OF the prnc
pies OF the Protective system They strict monopo
lies one but the author inventor and his agents.
being allowed to manufacture sell the particular book