, 1870-11-20

I
Blosaa FtTri Of the Doonsdsy B,ok This
eatiS p<ocess otsatinued. With s'is,s change,
unf1efsaf until tbs dt.coraly Of cat itou,
and, tosethaz NJ tho various raodlh.stions
and 81 saooa pa.e9ked nd unPsteated.
cess, prediction Of n a.is.b,s ION ion tho
orc, 1t ono process, IN distinotion TO tins or
note cc1arnon '' ta-tecs method" vhi:h drst
sntlta tbs isnn ore bJ tho olAss fu1nsoa.
A.d then sliminates from Tia. pig
o. o. oiher oh N aesns. Tha IL = sonSaasboai S
w2T should ba now generally adopted
seers s1noet pa1adoxicAi and IN inventor !
Of one OF the improved direct procosseS
being led BY m lsais Jatans 10 attempt tts
iron already malesblo On tho orn) into cast
iron, to be eeconvestad. At m1eh labor and
cost, INTO nAlleAble iron A7.ta7 Tho only
answer is th1: thus far the Indirect process
hAs proved tho noat useful tor ,ho Reduction
qusnity, al direct processes hithArso beiag
Applicable only TO rich, selected, aud aasily re-
duabls ores, xasteful Of foe1, prodigal Of I
Abor, or irregular in result.
The tesms ssTought iron and cast iron may
occasionally lead to eontuAon. and it shooid
bo borne In mind that iron i. Iron, however
a1d from wbA ever oten ohtained- Wrought,
II m,lleahle-irun, Is nearly pare iron, while
cast, Is ~ell ~ pig iron {.hlch 10 only ; form
Of csst.iEon), ls eompound OF iron aad cay
|
in ieo large. or too ultimately CD nained
qua .ity TO have been entirely removed by
lie llas,-fu1nsee and It is neither 1naiseAole
nor ductiIe. Mal'esole esstiogs, Of whlsh
uees md small articles are made, ia
.,art uon, In which cubon, aluoss the
only imru1its, b. acemeutah3u, hAa beeu 10
rearly removed Aato make tbs CA ,ings a'isat-
il znaileable. though destituts Of hbee (devel-
oped In wrought Iron, but not At Ill ductite.
To trace the bi.tcr5 Of iroa manufacture We
hAye only 10 so lack to the deyel,pHsnt Of
tho process OF mixing ,piE iron bT the blast
furnace, about tho middle OF the fs.sen:h
c>ntusy, i i probable .oa: tho gradually io-
formerly in use, With the gre.ter intensity OF
blast. siAo gradually increased. faa]iy 1ea 10 |
the complete mtitlng Of The Gre. and 80. by |
the fnl addition Of soma eas:hy fux, !
uacea, ezeo.ed to make only pig iron
rem 10 have been in France, or the deoat1- |
| lie land betweeu Franco md Germany; and
| one Of the earlieat makers Of pis.ison i'm
ported workman from France to teach htn,
in the art Bat England soon took: and hsa
\ su.ce maintained, the front rank In the qn1n-
ti,y made, though to ssedeu We still look for
| ! superior quality Of many descriptions OF
IRON. The quantity made In England uas for
time sefions1y checked BY want Of fuel.
tu1y, charcoal had been the onls fuel employ
I'd 10 any extent, aad the immense toreets
Of Russia gave her, for time.
certain Advantage, md she sent large
quantities to England. whero the drsin Of tim
Ser for iron-mah:g had been 40 great, that in
1881 stringent laws we're passed to prevent tho
| contumpt1on OF ti1nbe< ID any nav iron works
! within txent, two miles OF London or four
teen mi]es Of tie Thames, 10 prevent = famine
| Of fuel, the whole kingdom being thea de-
pendent on wood; it Wis finally f5r,idaen to
utc ANY tirnbt for charcoal for making irou-
The Dudleys epent much ime md money in
their experiments in the use OF pit-ooal, fnal-
II succeeding n making iron by its use, but
thrown in The way By jealou: charcoal IRON
makers, not being sble to establish it Is reg
I ularly accepted zrticle.
For nearly eighty yeara after the final aban-
comment bT Dudley Of his pe.severing trials
aed psrti,l successes. nothing was acconplsh-
hrooIiaie. succeeded. aud the manufacture
oer,p A frrsh prospsrity, though still only
nsrti,]. for the introductiou Of mineral coal
necessitated further improvements which the
ticsh,e md Enelaud cousiuued partially de-
,n,S. n, On Sweden snd Russia. In
iSsn sFnraton orected. at the
C,yTnn Morris. the lrat lxrge
, iatre9 Mu~s Snsnt;tr Of air necessary With oit.
~ Hrsthar ths cnla frnm III too.l-r.x
cosi ts;nr ret rtnrsed1aho xed ron msster,
a.,t IT. ct;on i.v the clief tf1 :nlty h,ib.
,,tn nreTsntinr The complete suocess EXPECT.
'o ~ v af1Sns Yn,n9 n.T,s', discover: Thiles Al
~ nous ~ thessma he lima thai Smsa,on w.s con.
,-'r,;rt, Vi. t.rre r,lindera. watt wa i'm.
1,,r;ra 10 ata,T-a1e;na. md ha nd IN -,
. art.est,s + wish ,bs ia ~ HonItnn. thst II
!, t3ss n-n.eters vere beginning generally q
h ,an rraras..rv to Snrk tha Isrrn 6ioTinc.
ia i.,;,d.-. tHra oomnfet;nr uh1f n,rIr IT,,
l. srrn hit Il eE.rndet no Il. u.ther than tbe
tl.st.in,nsce md The manufacture d
,irmetal Another step had beer
needed for the ppeedy and economical con
u version Of pigs into tars thus was suppllei
Ia thenretically hy patent Issued 10 Potel
,e Onions. Ia I7Ss in which the rationale Of tht
l. pudalipg process wa described, aud the pzin
Z. ci1 lea involved fully covered Tho next yea
:. urnry Cort, Of Gotport, took out psten
es covering the practical use Of the pudding pro
VI cess, md the use Of grooyed rolls. and to Cor
u is generally ascsibel tho merit Of both fnven
3 tons; and he has been styled the Faihe
OF the Iron Ttade; although, As
matter Of fact, the mode OF puddlin
described by neither Onions nor Cort !
precitely followed Ut the preaant tina. Cor
III arens 1Asge sum in perfscting and intsodue
nS ing lis inventions, and ha'l Whist seemed III
be eh1eHdnesa to get GovsEnnent OH 1al intel
% .s.ed in his patent, and to furnish put {
q the capital necessary, and ouioDs atnk out
ae sigat. Cort's Govssnmens friend Was eaugh
= 2. however, in defalca:ioo, having atolen tt
81 money he advanced to lort- The Govert
nent seized the patanE: WIS locKed up
tourt, and Cort finally died poor rnan. rune
by what has proved to be the means Of Eealt
>. to England. .......--.. ..-
rRoonEss N ENGLAND ASD TIE UNITED STATE:
~ As the completion OF these improvement
'A about 1870. was tho eonmeneeneot OF u
us present era o. !ron-maklLs N Ens1ano,
e may oe worm wh,lo 10 coastoes ZEE po:tas
'ea IN this industry. 1fom eommefc,A polnt
;aa view. Ihe iron msde IL the hnsdom near
ins sufdced for Grest Britain unu1 the passage
mo the stringent Fuel lsHs ABOVE spoken 6
lie, aud there we're nesthet imports nor expof
Of ANY great quAntltv untl toe seventeen
century. Statistics Of pfodnet OF t
British Island previous TO 1t43 ase
AN. 10 be had; IN that year thers we're about
~ furnaces in operation, and the price Of +
Az was about l6 per ton: from the dearness
fuel and the operation OF tho laws against t
a employment OF charcoal, the production g1s
TO ualty fell ofY. until IL 174o theirs were only
eap tutuacts, producing II, $50 tons per aonum
se0 hs. rip While the imports Of iron Oh al descr
IL uons. mainly from Ruasia, Sweden, and I
American colonies, we're About a, 600 to-
Then csu1e D3rbys auccees with pit-coal, =
the make immediately began to increase. hi
nna ! er.tely. until, in l7sS, the total production
.,rd Great Dsit lin war g. 800 tons, And her net
-. pctts about 15, 600 tons. Then came SHeat'
,tnR and W1tt md CeH; ne ou'y on oas W. Eas
,err | At Sc shillings per ton, tho Vaiae oi n1 y
tne le;ng shout ELS per ton. and the 1aanuf
the ! ture fairly began the prosperity i has s1t
PEI retained, with occasionally anu pettoa
al scar or more In IT'S ~ addiaonn dntE
tc- 81 Fer ton was lid upon oa6s, rfse
G 'stout so Ter cont TOOK p!acs IN hussls,
I "a t.ubt3 Tooke. !" the produce proEGeGe0