New-York tribune., 1870-11-02

where and by whom tho changS c w the first furnaces
erected make only EsirS0%o fSS the dsRataIlc
France OF S %t Ince and Germany and one OIL I
est English makers OF Sn art Rut II France
from tfanee 70 ~ rho manufacture England soon tIpx
claim the origin Y, ned The front rank in the quantity
and has since ms, sJcn we still look for superior
iiy of many descriptions OF ron i"siv checked
iron made IN Lngao novn to the beginning OF the cish
y,h ny w centnTy charcoal had been INC on & ana The
poyed 70 g of Russia gave her, for time after the
established there, Ger1.ia 49,
% h sent large quantities Of iron to En9land, wbcle
AZ ir"in of timber for rOn-making had been so great
mat In 1881 stringent laws were passed 10 reyet u
oslmuou of timber in any new iron-w0rks within ~
miles of London or IA miles Of the Thames such cglsia-
ton being necessary 10 prevent lahlne ol lut1 Wy
whole Kingdom Ges aem SsTinS faed Of It's object il
finally forbidden TO use any timber Ior ena'o oi
making iron. 1T.
time and money in their experiments IN the use OF p
through various obstacles many them thrown in the
way by jealous charcoal iron makers not being aDe 10
For nearly 30 years after the final abandonment by
Dudley OF his persevering trials and parta suceheS
noine was accomplished toward the practical solution
of the problem UNTIL finally, in 1875, Abraham Darby OF
COebrOokdale succeeded where 30 MANY otners INV
failed, and the manufacture began tresn peToa y,
prosperity though still only partial for the Introduction
of mineral coal necesstaed further improvements WHICH
the state of the mechanical arts made sun
and Russia. In 1760 Sineaton erected AT the Carron
Works the first large blowlngcyinders, and the.e,
furnishing the larger quantity oI air necessary with
ptcoal, or rather the coke from pt-coai-raw
coal being yet inusedshowed ironmasters in what d.
lay the chief difficulty hitherto preventing the
complete success which had been expected to follow
Darbys discovery; while at about the same time that
SmeatOn constructing his large cylinders, Watt was
improving the steam-engine and he had so far per
fected it, with the aid of Boulton, that In l7SS iron
masters were beginning generally TO employ his double
engine which supplied the power necessary To work the
large blOwing-cylinders thus completing what Darby
had begun; but 1t extended no further than the blast
furnace and the manufacture Ot pigmetal. Another
step had been needed for the speedy and economical
icay by "a patent issued TO Peter Onions, In
1913, in which the rationale of the pudding pm
covered The year Henry CO of GOspOrt took out
patent covering the practical of the pudding pro-
ally ascrbed the merit of both inventons and ne has
been styled the Father of the Iron Trade although as
matter OF fact the mode of pudding described by neither
Onions COrt Is precisely followed OF the present
time. COrt spent large sum in perecng and ntr0duc-
to get Government official interested in his patent, and
to furnish part of the capital necessary and onions
however, defalcat6n lire guarity," having, III
fact stolen the money he advanced to Cort Ths GOV,
COrt finally died poor man. ruined by what has proved
10 be the means of wealth to England.
PROGRESS OF THE ssANUFACTURE n ENGLAND.
These improvements laid the foundation of Engan6s
supremacy on-produeer they speedily came into
general use, and the production Of iron, aided by the
fostering care Of the Government and the unusually
high price OF foreign iron, rapidly increased Az the
completion of these improvements about $780, was the
gland may be worth while to consider Tor moment,
her previous and succeeding position in this industry
from commercial point OF view. The quantity OF IRON
made in the Kingdom nearly sufced for the cOnsump
ton of Great Britain until the passage of the stringent
tuel laws above spoken Of and there were neither I'M
ports exports of great quantity until the seven
teenh century: Statistics OF the whole prodiet OF the
had; in that year there were estimated to be
about three hundred furnaces in operation.
and the price of pgirOn about tG per tun "nlthe
dearness OF fuel aud the operation of the laws against
he employment 0i charcoal at iTonworks the pr9due
furnaces in operation, producing 1850 uns per anum
of pgron while the net imports of iron Of all deserip
tiOnS mainly from Russia. Sweden and the American
colonies, were about 10000 TINS Then came Darhy's
success with ptcoa, and the make Immediately began
TO increase, and continued to do moderately, until in
1888, the total production of Great Britain 6Sa0
smeaton ana Watt and Cort the duty on bars put
SO shngS per tun, the value of baron being about
per tun the manufacture fairly began the pros
pcry since retained. with occasionally dun
period of year In 1876 an additional duty OF
Al tn was laid upon bars, rise OF about 80 cent
took place in Russia aud the manufacture increased 50
rapidly that with the aid OF further duties, amounting
almost to prohibition of importation, 1t not only Kept
pace with the increasing demand but actually nearly
superseded the use OF foreign IRON IN ths country ana
furnished surpns for eXportaton In 1791 the pro-
lus that there building or in blast, ~ 7new
furnaces 25 being then the total number of the old ones
discovered since $780, had special improvements
been made, meantne IN furnace Inachnfry; m & tne m
rise in foreign IRON caused miny by this increased dc
ranging the duties that Great Britain might herself reap
the m benefit of the changed circumstance carefully
sustaining the feeble steps OF this branch OF industry
while thus in its infancy. In 1906 the otal number Of
furnaces in a8reat Britain 173. making
than 1,5OO tuns TO each furnace In 1873, there
S6i furnaces, of which pol were in blast maling
$500 tuns per annuin The duty at tins tme on bar
iron 46 l0s per tun having been gradually ralsed
importer had changed her relative position in the iron
world, that her net exports were 10000 tuns
USE OF HE TED AIR.
There was still further change in mOdeGof mana
~.
out his patent for the of heated air. instead Of the
cold which had alone then been support
internal combustion i'll the blastfurnace. Whatever
merit may gladly concede 10 the predece sors Of Mr.
single invention in the manufacture Of pig iron has been
followed by great benefits or occasoned 80 marked
the words Of Dr. Percy there is no reason TO believe
the value of his nycntic and the great influence
was destined to exert upon the smelling of iron" But
vantages it offered and promptly availed themselves of
them, 80 that by 1885 II Is said that the heated
with single exception, and the quantity Of coal
necessary to smelt an TIM OF IRON was coSS gduceH
tuns used raw, actually consumed In the furnace ad
cwt of raw COAL the Calder works having Demonstrated
in 1884, the needessnesa OF e0klng wren not bast was
heating the dispensed with the waste gases
from the top OF the furnace being sedIO tnI puflO
in ISL NJ Aubulot took patent for their employ
Ient and utilization reserving TO himself however, only
their use as far as connected with his business, the
ceInentaon Of seegving to iron masters, witt sngu-
lar generosity cuy all the benefits they comic derive
in other ways from his patent but carefully lnstructhg
such chose to apply 70 him III tia best no knew o
collecting the gas although he foresaw at least part Of
the enormous advantages which would nraI result rom
his idea But little actually done with the waste
gases, however,. TO assist in ameuhss; until,
England for the utilization. of the gases for
heating the blast, and applied bis Iz1ncipe, not
only to the stoves nut to generation of steam in the
boilers, at his furnaces, and since that tse 1t is almost
the universal practice to Employ only the heat from the
combustion Othese gases for those purposes, and at some
furnaces their employment carried still further and