New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1870-10-28
ART SCHOOLS.


taken in the furtheranoe of Art Education during the
past year. Thanks TO facilities OF communication ana
reproduction certain nations of the world are no longer
:" eNeeptonaN favored ny % ,ssizsd Amer
lea II she will, hope to take her place, tTn
the European nations who are engaged in peacei her
giles for the improvement Of their Art bc has
TASK greater than theirs, but at the same t
aud study the causes OF their success - ., st,dv he
England offers America the best G Industries and
nferiory to Continental nations III nsition when she
1SIg atTg s,encc the producer and the consumer
the supply and the demand for t Inf in 1859 she
entered upon the right path ana WITHIN &c" ''"i'
attained az the necessity of state help as fully
proved in Europe, and expressing LIZ ~ aducation so
rerocjze il in this as we come TO value
arr tightly Mr. Perkins called attention TO the laSt th9t
a. we are without IL individuals have double
nty resting upon them-that Of laboring not only Tor
local. but m national end 10 enable them 70 Go sD ne
spccia division, called the National Art Department
which stand in the same aton to II as that OF
the English science and Art Department to the Commit
Tee Of The Council Education and made motion that
each OF the principal cities OF the United States with in
sructons prepare scheme of organization 10y means
of which the cause of art education may best be pro
NOTED in every part of the Union with authority to take
such steps It may deem necessary for this purpose
THE THEORY OF THE CIVIL SERVICE.
BRINToS COKE, ESQ. OF PHILADELPHIA
In the modern the offices Of the public admins
tration may be filed three fundamentally different
ways: First: BY systematically arranged body OF pro-
fessiona officials appointed by the Government either
with or without egallysecured tenure of office. Sec
Jpm4crtS or I'M aristocratic basis Thirdly By ntrus
ing local offices to unpaid volunteer officials upon the
principles of the institution OF local sefgoYerhmen III
either its aristOcratc its democratic form. Other
methods possible but our subject confined 10 those
The transaction of public business by professional
gans of public power in existing states the most
frequently occurring system, for Is to be found even
MIMI that his system occurs in two distinct
f.rfnz he
question whether the public officials do or do not possess
and lega claim to pensions for themselves and their
families in OF old sickness, or death Nothing
eau be greater error suppose that this fxy OF
tenure is subordinate question The whole character
OF the institution is changed according as one or the
other course Is adopted in this respect. -,
When tenure for life and proper pensions are secured
cumbents as legal right the Government has the least
difficulty IN efficiently Milling It's Offices the state service
then becomes regular and secure career Tor honorable
instead of its degenerang INTO mere source OF patron
From officials receiving such lifelong TeluIera
tOn the State exact all the qualifications OF prOies
onal experts. II can demand from each candidate or
office the general education and special preparatory
probation, preliminary discharge of the duties OF
subordinate posts, the discrimination between t 1
qualifications necessary for different services the order
OF transfer from branch of administration to another
the prohibition Of any private oScupation' tne pro-
promotion, severe inspection, wise discipline anu
good system OF morazaOn of the service, are rendered
perfectly possible The natural result of such measures
when properly planned is to produce an Official body
consisting of trained skful industrious, and Jealous
men occupying distinguished place among then conn
For all this, however, IL Il dbSOlutN necessary
that the right of security IN ONCE should remain IN
The natural independence given likewise tends
the officials are protected by the law when refusing to
obey illegal commands. The State, on the other hand
ample power obedience 10 legal orders, ana
to overcome any possibly existing opposition and
hostility in the official body against its legislative or
anything else. Another beneficial effect of the system
and social views and Of official nOn-oicia customs
characterzing the members of the service BY this
branches and uniform action of the government IN all
parts of the country, greatly furhered. Finally II
is great advantage that whenever the proper spirit
animates the appointing power the relatively best man
and re critiral k@nwiedee of oncals previous ser.
vices, must prevent bad appointments unless IN eX
ceptiona cases II would, however, he very partial to
overlook the disadva which this like every Other
official system possesses In the first place its costumes
is unavoidable and inherent for the officials must be re-
public service and for the entire concentration OF the
not denied that the influence of superors upon in
ierors in such cyl service may nave Gad eeet upon
have such effect upon the weak and the 0Veram-
greater the danger of a serviity in the service which
when developed, may give the Government powerful
of executing its arbitrary Will and thus may en-
danger the liberties the people. Furthermore there
certain amount Of danger that lifelong official
may fall into thoughtess routine and his occupation
from intelligent profession become "a dul trade.
LASTLY possible, happily not necessary, that sys-
temac corruption may perlneate such clNl service.
The mldest which this take IL that Of dleness
d@VeIoped the evil Of bribery is most difficult to erad-
cate and is alike upon the government anu the
fraud lying and cheating and honOra bic men VIII avoid
retire from the While dH geg fS weight EG5
Mohl is strongly OF opinion that b9th ana
judgment 10 be pronounced upon the system OF officials
with legally secured tenure.
We come now to the system OF professional ofhclas
without legal right in their Offices This inferior posi-
ton of the public officials has many important eonse-
auenees. Whatever may be the advantages which the
practical working OF this system in any country may Sc
cure they appear to he merely those which could be OBJ
tanned III greater degree by the establishment OF
tenure of legal right H., -, .,o,..o..,,o o,oo,;o,.
special importance In the day. First among
the good this Institution is 10 be placed the fact
Gals. The nomination Of its organs essentially
function Of the sovereign power whether 1t be lodged In
prince or people. Ii is likewise necessary that the
Of government should not he opposed TO its
political tendencies and feelings Again. is beneficial
and consistent that the existing officials should express
the sentiments OF the existing majority for democraeies
and must be governments of the majority Another
advantage the cheapness OF the system for remunera
upon basis Of republican simplicity and for merely
the limited time taken from private affairs Is al that s
requisite. officials too who must soon retire from office
cannot readily fall into the oppressive conduct OF
The last principal method Of filling Offices is that pur
der it, the administration of local affairs may be In
trusted TO such persons have interest in the proper
management thereof and who willing to assume the
corresponding Offices without remuneration The adVan
lows Personal everyday familiarity With the business
administered, regard for the substance of transactions
the furnishing OF a school training public men, and
especially representative prevention of weak depend
upon the central government the impOssibty Of
the governments using such functOnares tools Of OPP
ana nlegaS On tue other OF the account
may he placed the danger of spirit such
officials Their dependence upon their subOrdnates from
their want OF cXpertness will lie great. The regular
tormaties Of business will frequently be egarded.
THE EVIDENCE OF EXPERTS.
By DR. ISAAC RAY OF PHILADELPHIA
With one exception the testimony of witnesses con-
fined 10 facts within their personal knowledge To pro
mote the ends of justice il sometimes becomes necessary
10 obtain their opinions rather than any facts because
is not the naked facts, but the differences be drawn
boin those facts that il desirable to know. The wit