The evening telegraph. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1864-1918, 1870-09-14

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roads and similar improvements, opening public
offices to laymen, and stimulating manufactures
and agriculture. He visited the hospitals and other
institutions in disguise, in order to detect whatever
faults might exist in their management, and made
his appearance In the streets on foot and without
pomp.
In November, ls47, he called together Council Of
State composed of delegates from the provinces.
The enthusiasm exhited by his liberal course ex-
tended throughout Europe and America; and in De-
cember, 1S47, remark able meeting of sympathy
was held by Protestant citizens In New York. The
revolutions OF lS4S however, soon made the Romans
dissatisfied with the moderate concessions OF the
Pope; and his unwDgness to take active part
in the Italian campaign against Austria though he
permitted body of volunteers to march to the
frontier, increased the popular discomfort lie is
sued proclamation, promising constitution on
liberal basis and summoned to the ministry the for
mer French Ambassador, Count Rossi but on
November Is Rossl was assassinated at the
door Of the council chamber; on the next
day the populace, the civic guard the gendarmerie,
the troops OF the line, and the Roman legion be-
seged the Quirinal and forced the Pope to accept
a radical ministry and on the cath, having mean
while remained prisoner In his own palace, with no
control over the civil administration and little or
none over ecclesiastical affairs, he escaped, dis
guised as a simple priest, in the carriage of the
Bavarian Minister, Count Spaur, to Gaeta Here he
was received with great honor The. King and Queen
Immediately sailed from Naples to meet him, and
persuaded him to abandon his original pur-
pose of accepting the hospitality OF SPAIN Declara-
tions OF attachment and sympathy, and presents of
money, were poured upon him from all quarters of
the world. He Immediately issued protest against
the acts OF the revolutionary government and on
February is, 1s49, called upon the Catholic powers
particularly France, Spain, Austria, and Naples
for armed assistance. On the same day the Roman
Constituent Assembly declared the inauguration OF
republic, and the deposition Of the Pope from his
temporal authority.
On April 25 a French force landed at Clvita Vec-
CHA, and marched upon Rome while the Austrians
invaded the northern and the Spanards the south
ern provinces Rome capitulated July 1, and the
government was intrusted to papal commission
consuta of state, consulta for finances, and pro-
vincal councils. The Pope returned to his capital
in April 1850. He declared partial amnesty, but
his progressive tendencies had been thoroughly
checked, and he afterwards showed no disposition
to rule constitutional monarch. Shortly after
his restoration he published a brief restoring the
Roman Catholic hierarchy in England, measure
which provoked violent outburst of popular feel
ing and led to act OF Parliament forbidding the
Catholic bishops to assume their titles.
In 1854 he invited the bishops from all parts Of
Chrlstendom to meet at Rome, and with their con-
sent formally defined the doctrine of the immacu-
late conception to be dogma of the Catholic faith
The ceremony took place in St. Peters December s.
Among other important ecclesiastical acts of this
portion of his ponti6cate were the conclusionj of
Concordats with Spain qS5D, Baden Qs5f, and
Austria Qs55), and the foundation at Rome OF Eng
lsh and American colleges for students Of theology
At the time of the treaty of Vllafranca, after the
Italian Of 1852 1t was proposed by the Emperors
of France and Austria to favor confederation of the
Italian States under the honorary presidency of the
Pope, but the project was soon abandoned. In the
| meantime revolution had commenc ed in the papal
territories and on July IL and December Z 1859, his
| Holiness addressed notes to the diplomatic body,
| complaining of the part taken by Sardinia in these
| movements and asking the assistance of foreign
powers in behalf Of his temporal authority. on
october the Sardinian charge dG6direS at Rome re-
ceived his passport On December the Pope
addressed letter to the French Emperor refusing
to take part in the proposed European Congress un
less tie Emperor recognized the integrity of the
Papal States defined by the treaties Of 1915. Ma
poleon replied by advising the surrender Of the Ro-
magma the only possible solution OF the Italian
| question: and the Pope published, January 10, 1860,
an encyclical letter explaining his reasons for re-
| iecting the Emperor's f1vce This was followed
March &C. by a bull OF communication against all
persons concerned IN the invasion and dsmember-
| ment of his dominions which was published with
the usual formalties on the 29th.
But, despite his repeated protests, the annexation
of the greater portion of the Popes dominons to the
new kingdom of Italy was perfected by popular
VOTE in March, 1860; and after that date repeated
attempts were made upon all that was left and even
upon Rome itself, by the Red Republican element
with Garibad and other reckless leaders at its head
The presence of the French troops in and around
Rome, and the timely action OF the King of Italy,
however, suffced to suppress these manifestations,
and as long the French remained in Rome
the temporal power OF the Pope was apparently Sc
cure. The final evacuation of Rome by the French
on the sth of August might not have proved fatal,
If it had not been closely followed by the overthrow
OF Napoleon as Victor Emanuel was still under
obligations to preserve the temporaties OF the
Church from assaults by his own people But now
the lPope is powerless to resist, and must sit by
calmly while he is deprived OF the petty domain
which he has seen narrowed down from 17,2l(
square miles of territory and over 100000 inhabl
tants to 1852 square miles and 723, ,12l Inhabitants.
OF the great Gcumenical Council which recently
adjourned its sessions, 1t is unnecessary to speak
length here. The Council was assembled in tht
Vatican on the Sth Of December, 1859, and after
lengthy session. the 18th OF July last, by vote
45O 10 S. ratified the dogma OF infalllOiy, IN def
ance Of protests from nearly every Catholic countr,
in the world These and the other events connecte'
with the Council are of too recent occurrence Il
, demand recital in detail at present
: Cardina al AntoueIIf, the PapaI Premier.
a With the downfall OF the temporal power or TN
Pope, Antonell, the willy diplomat who has been Tn
chief adviser of the Pope for so many years, Wi
cease TO figure prominently in the political histor
! OF the period. Giacomo Antonelli belongs to a
! Italian family of the middle Glass; and was born
Sonnino on April 2, 1906. He was educated l
Rome for the Church, and, entering into hol
a orders, held several positions under Gregory XIV
the predecessor of Plus TX, being finally, On Juu
IL, 1s47 raised to the dignity OF Cardinal Deacon
. the present Pope, under the title OF ST. Agatha.
1s49 after the PoPes arrival as fugitive at Gaets
Antoneln was raised to the position OF Secretary
! State OF the Papal Government, in whc
q he still remains, being also President
the Council OF Ministers and Prefect