The New York herald., 1870-12-11

kcpI ulun bnree uayb ana tlree nixntS O8rel00te0,
IN the depth OF winter, at the gates OF Canossa,
fore ne admitted HIM 10 audience, IL frequently
happened that the Popes were compelled. during
the struggle, to NY from their capital ana forced to
witness The ascent OF antl-Popes 70 the Apostolic
throne. Gregory VII. himself died In exlle at
Salerno, excaiming before his death, 81 have loved
justice and mated nq uity; therefore die an exile
After, however long confusion and doubtful strife
the Roman See succeeded IN asserting the principle
Tor which II commended; the clergy became wholly
dependent on it. CeliDacy had also been then fully
enforced among them. and the administration OF
every diocese was controlled by the Pope
EXTENSION or THE TEMPORAL POWER.
TINS, their spiritual supremacy. independent Of
princes; having LAYING % been , iul,y admitted the Ponrs
ton and extension OF their temporal possessions.
Let us here again quote Rank ON tins matter. He
Says:-"Whatever Judgment may be formed as TO
the popes OF the earlier ages 1t IL certain that they
had always important interests IN view--the duty OF
mpnodng an oppressed religion, tnat Or contending
the nations OF the north, and OF establishing
an independent hierarchcal government. TO
to the dignity OF human nature; ana while such was
theli tendency the P0pes were sustained In their
times by which 1t had 0een awakened. schlsm had
been suppressed but u mad become obvious that no
hope remained OF effectlng combined action
against theienemy Of the Church. Men would no
longer give their lives 10 defend her from the Turks
IL thus followed that her spiritual mead now devotcd
and pursued these with an eagerness hitherto un-
known. And this was In accordance with the tenn
per and direction OF the age. had once thought
tl4o3). tnat the secular power should be wholly
separate from that OF the Church; out have now
learned that yrtne without lorce IS but slightly re-
patrmony Of the Church, would be merely
the servant -., Of kings e. - and. and princes" the the
quarrel with the Pope seized Rome and drove
Alexander ILL.,, who had formally deposed him, into
sx M 81 SsS sa s ss
the rlgnt Of election to the Papal See as vested In
the cardinals alone; hitherto 1t had required the
confirmation the priests and people Of Rome. One
OF the most courageous asserters Of the rights ol his
office was Innocent I'LL He claimed Tor the see uni
versa control and formed with the cities OF Tuscany
the Guelphc league, In which they agreed to recog
nize no King duke or governor, without the apprO-
bati0n OF the See OF Rome N~3
FURTHER INCREASE OF THE PAPAL TERRITORY.
He took Spoler0 and Ancona under the plea that
they had been conferred by grant Of the Empress
Manda on VIII H. ana them Os the
Bulgaria, Bohemia ana Aragon; crowned Otno
Nv. emperor, exc0mmunicated Philip Ii. OF France.
that sovereign consented to take back hts queen,
lngeb0rg, whom he mad discarded; placed England
under edict In 1908, communicating King John,
who had resisted the appointment Of Langton as
Archbishop OF Canterbury and, indeed, held all the
sovereigns OF Europe IN passive obedience.
ACCESSION OF THE HAP5BURG DYNASTY.
Under the direction OF Gregory X. the princes
OF Germany elected, In 1878, as Emperor, Rudolph Of
Hapsbnrg The founder OF the present house OF Aus.
trla; but Nicholas LII. refused to crown him Elm
pefer OF the Romans until he had confirmed all the
CLAIMS spiritual and temporal, Of the Holy See.
was acquired as 'lefs Of the Holy See." Clement
", who became Pope in 1906, removed the seat OF
the Papacy from Rome to AvIgnon, where It con-
tinued during the reign OF the five succeeding Popes
for period of seventy years, when 1t was again
transferred to Rome by Gregory XI. IL was during
tins period tnat Aylgnon, the patrmonial estate Of
Joanna, Queen Of Naples, was sold by her to Pope
Clement W., and that Renzi, the son OF humble
parents, was twice elevated to the dignity OF die
tator by the citizens OF Rome, to check the tyranny
Of the MOBILES.
SUPREMACY OF GENERAL COUNCILS.
From the return Of Gregory VII, In 1877, until
the OF the trst French revolution q space OF
mere than 400 years, Rome was In the possession or
the Pcpes. during this period some OF the most
momentous events in history tO0k place. 1t w.t.
messed the rise OF the Reformation, winch stripped
the POpes OF spiritual jurisdiction over great por
ton OF Europe, the curtament Of their temporal
possessions and the establishment from the time OF
the Council or Constance In 14lS to the close OF the
Council OF Trent, In 1858, OF the spiritual supremacy
o. .ne councs n q c ~ Ser he sb Pone
Claimed and exercised Tor many centuries unquali-
fed obedience on the part OF bishops, priests and
people to their mandates, but in this council, con-
sisting OF bishops, abbots, professors, ambassadors
or princes ana doctors OF law, 1t decreed "that
q general council had received by divine right an
authority TO which every other, even that OF Pope
must submit.o
The Council OF Basle held in 14a3 also declared its
authority paramount to that Of Pope. Its docrees,
however, got the seal of Nicholas v. attached to
them, although they circumscriDed his spiritual
his temporal sway.
GREAT EXTENSION OF THE STATES OF THE CHURCH.
julius H., who became POntlT In 1908 may be re-
garded as the founder, or rather s0ldlfer, OF the
late ecclesiastical States. During his short pontl-
cate he extended his dominion from Terraclna TO
Placentia, and from the Mediterranean TO the
Adriatc. He also taxed lightly the cities he &C.
quired, employed Bramante and Michael Angelo to
erect the new ST. Peters on gigantic scale, after
the m0ael OF the ancient Pantheon; caused the old
Basllica to be pulled down, and laid himself
the first stone or the new structure. He also
ciscan mcndlcant rriars to replenisn ms ex-
chequer, enc OF whom, IL Is said, brought him
in u 900 ducats. He endeavored to subdue all the
petty sovereigns Of Romagna and to acquire per-
manent territory for the Church He expelled the
Baglioni from Perugia and the Bentiyogli from
d. 1906 He further allowed all cities he conquered
municipal and other privileges. In pursuance OF his
plans Of territorial aggrandizement ne Joined the
League of Cambray, with France, Spain and Ger
many, against Venice. The Venetlans being defeated
at the battle Of Gheara d'Adda in 1909 he obtained
then making peace with them he repaired to his re-
cent conquest OF Bologna, whence he thundered his
anathemas against the Duke Of Ferarra, the Em-
In this state OF aRairs council was summoned
by the Emperor Macmillan and Louis Kill, King OF
France against the Pope, at Pisa In lol1 which
after adjourned to Milan. The Pontin then sum.
moned council at Rome and formed with Venice
and Spain the Holy League against France and Ger.
many. Henry WILL OF England also lent his name
to the league. The Pope took the SWISS into his
pay, and the Emperor Maximtlian having ultimately
joined the league, the French were finally expelled
from Italy. He is said to have raised his annual
revenue, ordinary and extraordinary, to million OF
ducats, or about two aud quarter millions OF dol
lars. Under Leo K, who succeeded him In 1919, the
temporal power was stu further consolidated,
and progress made IN the erection Of st. PETERS,
Under the reign, however, Of Clement VII, Rome
was taken and plaged by the Spanish troops OF the
Emperor Charles, aided by German force, and led
by the Constable Bourbon, who was killed in the
breach, and the Pope finally compelled to surrender
Ferarra and enter into treaty Of peace with Fran
cis the First at Marsellles IN 1888.
THE ERA OF THE REFORMATION.
Meantime the nations Of Europe were being
greatly agitated by the controversies entered intC
between the reforners and their opponents, while
strenuous efforts were also being made to effect 9
reconciliation. Pope Leo the Tenth had SENT In
1918, the Cardinal Caetau, % dispute with Martin
Luther, an Augustine monk, who had published
ninety-dve propositions against indulgences, al
Wittembcrg, in Saxony, October 81 1917 but the
dlsputat0n only served to further fan the name o.
controversy.
LUTHER BURNS THE PoPEs BULL.
In 1919 the views OF Luther were adopted by Me.
lancsh0n and Zuinglius, and In the same year he
was exc0mmunlcated by Leo, but In retaitation
burnt the Popc's bull and declared himself out o
the Communion Of Rome. In 1921 the Diet OF Worms
was held, which outlawed Luther, but from whics
he retired under safe conduct Of Charles v. In
1922, Adrian vi. having succeeded Leo, the Diet
OF Nuremberg was held, to which the Pope sen,