The evening telegraph. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1864-1918, 1870-11-17

ing trade In the Black Sea shall be conceived In
spirit favorable TO the development OF commercial
transactions.
Article iS declares that, the Black Sea being
tral, according TO the terms OF article eleven, the
maintenance establishment upon its coasts OF
military maritime arsenas becomes alike unneces-
the Emperor OF all the Russas and his Imperial Ma
jesty the Sultan engage not to establish or to main
tain upon that coast any mitary-martme arsenal
Articles Ia and 10 refer to a separate convention
between Turkey and Russia relative to service OF
small vessels In the Black Sea and the Turkish right
OF garrison in Servia-
Articles 20 and 2i concede a portion OF Russian
territory, to be annexed to the principaty OF Mol
Article 22 The Princlpaties OF Wallachia and
Moldavia are to enjoy under the suzerainty OF the
Porte, and under the guarantee OF the contracting
powers, the privileges and immunities of which they
exercised over them by any os the guaranteeing
powers. There shall be no private right OF inter-
Article %. The Sublime Porte guarantees to the
aforeFaid PTncpalities an independent and national
administration, as well as full liberty OF worship,
legislation, commerce. and navigation.
Article 2s. The Principaty OF servia will continue
to be dependent upon the sublime Porte, and sub
Ject TO stpuations nearly similar to those named for
the other Princpalities.
Article 49, Russia aud Turkey are to retain in their
full integrity their possessions In Asia to the same
extent as before the war. Commissioners are to De
appointed to settle the boundaries.
The Black sea,
the supremacy of which was the direct and i'm
mediate point at issue in the Crimean war, as it
is the paramount point at issue in the present
difficulty, was known to the ancieuts as the
POntIs EuIinus. 1t is an inland sea on the
border between Asia and Europe 1t is bounded
by Turkey, Russia in Europe, and the Caucasian
provinces, and is connected with the Mediterra-
mean by the straits of the Bosphorus and the
Dardanelles. IC lies between % degrees aud Al
degrees 81 minutes E. longitude, and Al degrees
and 46 degrees 40 minutes N. latitude. Its longes
length, which is from east to west, is 700 miles.
Its greatest BREADTH which is on the 3lst me-
rdan, is 400 miles. 1t has coast line of more
than 1000 miles, and q superficial area of about
10000 square miles. The waters of the Danube,
Dnieper, Dniester Don, and other smaller rivers
empty into it, and by these territory in Europe
in Asia is drained which is equal to about
1,000,0 600 square miles. The modern name of
Black, given by all the European languages, is
thought to have been given by the Turks in
their terror at looking upon the first large
expanse of water with which they became
acquainted. Natural features proverbially as
sisted in suggesting the name. The preva-
lent wind from the northeast comes
laden with moisture from wide
swampy territory, and the sea is frequently hid
den by dark clouds of fog and rain On account
of the confined extent of the water, strong
wind quickly lashes it into a tempest. These
brief but troublesome storms very frequent
during the winter season. Thunder storms are
comparatively rare, but are very violent when
they do come, and are frequently accompanied
by waterspouts and hailstones. But these dis
advantages to navigation are fully compensated
for by the character of the itself, which is
remarkably free from rocks, sand banks, and
shadows. Ships can always lie to or ride at
anchor with very little danger.
Serpent Isle, 80 miles from the mouth of the
Danube, is the only island in the whole sea. 1t
was at first sacred place, with temple upon
it, but was abandoned for centuries, until late
years, when it has been made station for
French and English vessels. A lighthouse is in
course of construction upon it.
The depth of the sea increases regularly ac-
cording to the distance from the shore and in
its central parts no bottom is reached with a
line of l60 fathoms. There is no observable ebb
and flow of the waters, but there are strong
currents occasioned by the rivers, which
all set towards the Bosphorus. When
these currents are helped by the winds,
the water is sent through the straits with
such violence that vessels are sometimes de-
tanned outside for months, unable to enter be-
cause they cannot make headway against the
current. The climate has extremes, but is
colder than would be inferred from the latitude,
on account of the prevalence of north winds.
Odessa is the most important commercial port
on the coast, aud Varna is the chief Turkish
fortress. The principal harbors are Kherson,
| Sebastopol, Sinope aud TrebiZond.
The shores of the Black Sea are known both
| in fabulous and genuine history. Colchis the
| goal of the Argonautic expedition, was located
in the East, the original Cimmerian darkness
was upon the North, and on all sides the Lydian,
Persian, Byzantine, Turkish, and Russian powers
have acted the events of their history. From
the time of Constantine till the fifteenth century
it was the centre of the transpanted Roman
world, and until the Cape of Good Hope was
discovered and sailed around it was the passa e.
way of the Gennese and other European trade
with the Indies. The Turks for a time excluded
the ships of all other nations from it, aud a few
years ago Russia sought to make it a closed sea
under its own military command, but the result
of the Crimean war was the naturalization oi
the Black Sea, the equal exclusion from it of al
ships of war belonging to whatever nation, and
the equal admission to it of all ships of com
merce. Regular lines of steam packets hav,
traversed the sea between Cohstantinople anC
the mouths of the Danube, and between tn,
principal Russian ports.
The CoBteudiDK Powers.
In case the present complication should no
be tided over peacefully, Russia will have
arrayed against her both Turkey and England
probably Austria, and possibly Italy, although
the latter power has at present quite enough Il
attend to at home. lt is also Tumored that, il
the event of declaration OF war by any of tn
great powers whose interests are involved il
the dispute, Egypt, Seryia and Roumania, will
unite against Turkey aud assert their indepen
dence. Such action on their part will material,
complcate the situation, and, by surrounding
Turkey with belt of hostile territory now sub