New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1870-10-28

avoid the evil arising i II would
ana mus, en-" attempt embarrass the w,nens
browbeatng and sac suSport the honest intelligent
WI as lar as may he consistent VIII 'e ~ aai~es
pert ~ Ia, the evidence OF the expert themselves
siam iI hen proposed have the experts appointed ny
tbe Executive OF the State But II Is not ceI,n u
tne Iecntiye would appoint the best men, Judging ny
onr experience OF Executive appointments; ana IL ~
were otherwise We have believe VA, w. Az
icmity specifying the various departments OF kn9wl
experts because they numberess and cannot he ex
acty defined II has also been suggested that experts
But this would limit the of information in man
ncr repugnant to the spirit of our judicial system
INTERNATIONAL LAW.
JOSEPH WHEATON.
Mr. Joseph wheaOn's paper upon International Indus
trial Competition began with quotation from Goethes
Faust effect that War. Trade and Piracy are an
nseparable trinity, which quotation meant to illus
trate the antagonstic nature OF trade oontradstin
uished from the universal brotherhood OF man, and the
mutual benefits Of international commerce which the
Free Traders insist upon The Manchester school OF po
ltca economists appear think that national grouping
is not important but that since nations do exist, one
should devote itself raising grain another TO raising
wool cotton and another TO manufactures nus estao
fishing sort Of division Of labor a9fs hne ana SV
sion of labor among the nations he founded upon the
deepest instincts and interests of our race or are they so
contravened by ineradcable human characteristics as to
be merely sentimental and illusoryf Ihcse questions
l. Is it intrnscally right for persons to form them
selves for mutual aid and comfort into nations, pre-
ferrng each other TO strangers carefully hedging them
about and jealous not only of their territory but
also OF their separate ana PeCrr In broHe So Sna
and mankind be Obliged to fuse and coaesce INTO
IL II the grouping into nations be permissible, is It
right each nation to endeavor TO he selfcenered
sefsuppoting, complete, and Independent as TO ma
teral wants, should certain OF them be permanently
subjected TO others by dependence upon those others Tor
articles indispensable to human webeing or comfort
which they could themselves producer
ILL., IT, again, men may properly form nations should
the several governments thereof niRe nlong
trade between Their respective nopnaiSn inSt th
the same each may see MT, or should they mint tner
action strictly to internal affairs absOyng their suecs
from allegiance, and imposing no conditions upon aes'
In so far trade is cOncernedl , ,, |
". Surprising, for arguments sake, me nmversai
brotherhood theory to be abstracy aluring that
citizens and aliens alike i'll matters OF trade Out
should find that by hostile industrial organization OF
other nations its markets were overloaded It's workmen
thrown out of employment its money drawn away It's
finances crippled and It's independence endangere req
ought 1t stu to continue IN 1e PTCy f and courage
enough to protect itself from such trade VasioS ny
v Surprising The right OF a nation to be undeniable
regards other nations protect itself by any expeden
devices from spoaton through trade has its government
the right as between citizens, to aid at the
expense Of Others in order that the whole nation may
VI Is there on the other hand any obligation the
part Of government toward its citizens to give all neces
sary aid and support at the common cost To such as are
laborng to expand its resources, extend Its industrial
domain, and fOrtify its independence
VII Is the common good of mankind promoted by an
enormous transportation OF raw material from the ends
Of the earth to few spots, there TO he manufactured
and the finished products in part Transported back again.
thus establishing among the nations something similar
TO the division of labor which is successfully practced
among Individuals ,..
which schoolgirls insist upon as the law OF nature
and the correct rule for international trade teach
dealings with each otherl
We start with the premise that mankind of right
always have been, and always will be- gathered and
separated into nations with strong cohesive and organz
INK internal force The power of nation to improve and
"A
mankind as consequence OF human trait which seIa,
men parcel out among themselves the various functions
needful to make not only coherent but an organic
working together like several parts of machine to
Ss tmae Of Which after ali the noble
achievements of the best organized communities are yet
| Some nations but little favored by nature must of
course limit their wants very closely or must endeaT"t
those great nations which possess bread and lavshy
spreServaon Clearly requires every
nation to be complete, as sufficient unto ITSELF and as
little dependent upon s neghbors Tor the meals OF con
tnued existence, whether IN peace OF IN war; as lts
national circumstances will permit. The right OF
nation TO regulate its foreign commerce Is attacked by
only few visionary social philosophers the same who
should be swept Of existence STILL since there is GER
tain vague seduction about the phrase freedom ftrade
since often enough repeated becomes at last
with some point OF faith, 1t may not be wholly useless
TO bestOw upon this specOus doctrine brief cOnsdera
ton 1t attacks, must remember, not only the policy
but also the right of nation to regulate its foreign com
the gates must be flung wide open with absolute
National imperative and must he adopted to
the nature of the attack Tariffs now are better than
forts. Portugal Turkey and India, each of them
powerful and naughty have enjoyed under English
course particularly with England herself the great
tie Of free trade and each OF them Is nova ptable IL
ustration of how free trading like free fighting, simply
means the defeat and ruin OF the weaker or less sktl
party Even our own nation whose Dlrlh as an indie
pendent power was greatly owing to the determination
OF her people not to be forced to trade with the mother
country upon terms of EngIands setting has since, at
several times yielded the latter auns and blandish
ments, and, blinded for time by the lusty vanity Of
Industrial warfare unprotected the result having upon
each occasion been our discontinue and forced retreat
No nation can long subsst unless its Government have
power compel the support of its subjects or citizens
that OF repeng nyasions is probably the first and most
soP sn9 es uaf c of f 1on + aed
whereby not the foreign enemy IN pr9Prq persona
That demand for his products, nuriment those
and that Of his family depend The foreign iegioms are
trained TO attack by missiles launched from their far
distant mines, mills and factories, and their attack has
often devastated homes and districts and broken
hSn cGd b, ess r as the Goaqae
invasons government which expects to survive il
and sillful citizens its artisans and industrial pro
ducers who the right arm of its strength. The OBJ
@ ,s or d D s4e
all his and urnps, and he must have cloth and
the one and furnish the other in default OF which
his must rot be sold abroad for trie and his
wants, other than for food must remain unsatised
lie supplied by foreigners al cost In the end ruinous
erse saying of NJ. Theirs well expresses the true pr
cipe "AmOng the most sacred rights is that OF the
| labor Of a country to its own markets"
Transportation OF materials OF commodities OF
the most universal and taks OF society
that constantly the best efforts of ingenious men
in attempts to facilitate it, 10 tighten its cost and when
possible to avoid H. The latter is frequently impossible
since when one locality possesses requisite material
Tor needful product while second and third
the Others as when the the limestone and the coal
needed for making iron found in different spots
those separated materials must be brought together or
the desired product cannot he made. Or again. when
commodity exists or grows abundantly in region
/ wEle It's consumers unayOidably iuhabit others.
! a. Is the case with coffee and many tropical pro,