The New York herald., 1870-12-11

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was long AMI sangulnarv before they could bring
their enterprise 10 u fortunate issue. Although
Gregory 80 humbled the Emperor Henry w. that he
kept MIN three days and three nights barefooled,
fore he admitted him TO audience, IL frequently
happened that the Popes were compelled during
the struggle to ny from their capital ana forced to
throne. Gregory VII himself died In exile at
Saierno, excaiming before his death, :. have loved
justice and hated iniq uity therefore die exilen
After, however. long confusion aud doubtful strife
the Roman See succeeded IN asserting the principle
dependent on it. Celioacy had also been then fully
enforced among them. and the administration Of
every diocese was controlled by the Pope.
EXTENSION or THE TEMPORAL POWER.
This, their spiritual supremacy, independent OF
princes. having been fully admitted, the Pontifrs
began to attend to the importance u the consOda-
ton and extension Of their temporal possessions.
Let us here again quote Rank on this matter. he
says:--"Whatever Judgment may be formed as TO
the popes OF tine earlier ages 1t rs certain that they
had always important interests IN vlew-the duty of
mbnodng an Oppressed reilgaon snat o. eontendng
the nations OF the north, and OF establishing
an independent hierarchica government 10
WILL and to achieve some great OBJECT, il proper
to the dignity OF human natures and while such was
thel tendency the Popes were sustained In their
lofty Efforts but this spirit had passed away with the
times by which it had been awakened. schisIn had
been suppressed, but IT mad become obvious that no
hope remained. OF erecting a combined action
longer give their lives TO defend her from the Turks.
1t thus followed that her spiritual mead now devoted
DiseIf to the interests Of ms temporal sovereignty.
and pursued these with an cagerness hitherto un-
known. And this was In accordance with the tenn
per and drection Of the age. had once e thought
ll4a3), tnat the secular power should be wholly
separate from that OF the Church; out have now
pstTi@cny sTi of Of the % Church, would Ds merely
fas Frederic
quarrei with the Pope, seized Rome and drove
Alexander Ill, who had formally deposed him, into
exile at Benevento. IL was during this pontincate
that the Council Of Lateran. held In 49, defined
the rght Of election TO the Papal See as vested IN
the cardinals alone; hitherto 1t had required the
continuation OF the priests and people OF Rome One
OF the most courageous asserters OF the rights o his
office was Innocent I'LL He claimed for the see uni.
yersa control and formed with the cities or Tuscany
the Guelphc league, In which they agreed to recog
nze no King, duke or governor, without the appro-
FURTHER INCREASE OF THE PAPAL TERRITORY.
He took Spoleto and Ancona under the plea that
they had been conferred by grant Of the Empress
patrlmony Of ST. Peter. He created klngsin Armenia,
Bulgaria, Bohemia and Aragon; crowned Otno
Nv. emperor. excommunicated Philip Ii. OF France,
and put the whole nation under interdicJ till
that sovereign consented to take back his queen,
lngeborg whom he mad discarded; placed England
who had resisted the appointment Of Langton as
Archbishop OF Canterbury and, indeed, held all the
soyere1gns OF Europe IN passive obedience.
ACCESSION or THE HAP5BURG DYNASTY.
Under the direction OF Gregory x. the princes
Hapsburg the founder Of the present house OF Aus.
trla; but Nicholas III. refused TO crown him EN-
perer OF the Romans until ne had confirmed all the
claims, spiritual and temporal, OF the Holy See.
Under this Pope the whole OF Romagna and Bologna
was acquired as 'llefs Of the Holy See." Clement
", who became Pope in 1905. removed the seat OF
the Papacy from Rome to Avgnon, where 1t con-
nued during the reign OF the five succeeding POpes
or for period 81 seventy years. when It was again
this period tnat Avlgnon the patrmonial estate OF
Joanna, Queen Of Naples. was sold by her to Pope
parents, was twice elevated to the dignity or die
tator by the citizens Of Kome to check the tyranny
Of the MOBILES.
From the return Of Gregory VII, In 1877, until
the OF the first French revolution space of
than 400 years, Rome was In the possession OF
the Popes. During this period some OF the most
momentous events IN history took place. 1t VIII
messed the rise OF the Reformation. which stripped
the Popes OF spiritual jurisdiction great por
tlon OF Europe, the curtaiment Of their temporal
possessions and the establishment from the time OF
the Council OF Constance in 14l8 to the close OF the
Council OF Trent In 1563 OF the spiritual supremacy
OF the councils OF the Church over the Pontlffs.
Previous to the Council OF Constance the P0pes
claimed and exercised for many centuries unquali-
fed obedience On the part OF bishops, priests and
people to their mandates. but In this council, con-
ssting OF bishops, abbots professors, ambassadors
or princes ana doctors OF law, 1t decreed that
a general council had received by divine right an
authority 70 which every olner' even that Of Pope
The Council Of Basle held in 14sa also declared its
authority paramount to that Of Pope. Its d.crees,
however, got the seal OF Nicholas v. attached to
them. although they circumscriDed his spiritual
power, ana he vigorously set about strengthening
GREAT EXTENSION OF THE STATES OF THE CHURCH.
julius H.. who became Ponuff In l5o3 may be re-
garded as the founder, or rather SOldher, OF the
late ecclesiastical States. During his short pontin-
cate he extended his dominion from Terraclna to
Placenlia, and from the Mediterranean TO the
Adriatic. He also taxed lightly the cities he ac-
quired, employed BramaRte and Michael Angelo TO
erect tine new ST. Peters on gigantic SCALE alter
the mOael OF the ancient Pantheon; caused the Old
Baslca to be pulled down, and laid himself
the first stone OF the new structure. He also
restored the Vatican and employed the Fran
ciscan mendlcanT Iriars to repienlsn his ex-
chequer, enc OF whom, 1t Is said brought him
In q, 900 ducats. He endeavored to subdue all the
petty sovereigns Of Romagna and to acquire per-
manent territory for the Church. He expelled the
Bagiont from Perugla and the Bentiv0gli from
Bologna, which last city he entered In triumph A.
d. 1906 He further allowed all cities he conquered
municipal and other privileges In pursuance OF his
plans Of territorial aggrandizement ne joined the
many, against Venice. The Venetlans being defeated
at the battle of Gheara d'Adda in 1909 he obtained
from them the remaining cities OF Romagna, and
then making peace with them he repaired to his re-
cent conquest OF Bologna, whence he thundered his
anathemas against the Duke OF Ferarra, the Em-
peror, and the King OF France
In this state OF affairs council was summoned
by the Emperor Macmillan and Louis Kill, King Of
France against the Pope at Pisa IN l5ll which soon
after adjourned to Milan. The Pontif then sum-
moned q council at Rome and formed with Venice
a spain the Wy ga sns bs snd
to the league. The Pope took the SWISS into his
pay, and the Emperor Macmillan having ultimately
joined the league the French were Gnally expelled
from Italy. He is said to have raised his annual
revenue, ordinary and extraordinary, to million OF
ducats, or about two aud quarter millions OF dol
lars Under Leo x. who succeeded him In 1913, the
temporal power was still further consolidated
and progress made in the erection OF ST. Peters.
Under the reign, however Of Clement VII, Rome
was taken and pilaged BY the Spanish troops OF the
Emperor Charles, aided by German force, and led
by the Constable Bourbon who was killed in the
breach, and the Pope finally compelled to surrender
Ferarra and enter into treaty OF peace with Fran
els the First at Marseilles IN 1888.
THE ERA OF THE REFORMATION.
Meantime the nations OF Europe were being
greatly agitated by the controversies entered into
between the reformers and their opponents while
strenuous efforts were also being made to effect .
reconciliation. Pope Leo the Tenth had sent, in
1918, the Cardinal Cajetau, 70 dispute with Martin
Luther, an Augustine monk, VINO had published
ninety-fve propositions against indulgences at
Wttemberg, in Saxony October 81, 1917, but the
disputaton only served to further fan the name OF
controversy.
LUTHER BURNS THE PoPE's BULL.
In 1919 the views OF Luther were adopted by Me-
lancGh0n and Zuinglius, and In the same year he