The New York herald., 1870-11-24
7 u r K E y.
The Eastern Question and tho
Treaty Of Paris.
-~~~~~~~-o~>~~~-~o~-~~~~~
The Muscovite Policy Of tho
Past and Present.
The Black Sea and the Sea
OF AZOf.
R0UnfANIA AND PANSLAVIHM.
~~~~~o~0>oo~~~~.>>oo>~
The Dardanelles and tho
Bosphorus. .
~~~~Nc~~~~~~~e>>e~~~>~
BYZANTIUM REVIVED.
BYzANTIUM REVIVED.
Articles Of tho Treaty Of Paris-Ths Black sss
Neutralised-C -Cession Of Territory by Russis-
She Yields Control Of the Mouths Of the
Danube-Ths Danubian Principah-
ties United Under tho Name Of
Roumania- New Code Of Mari
time Law-Privateering
Abolished.

8t 'Essg. =
=, t.g.- 81 .f@f s.t l4Ms#
The despatches from Europe In reference TO tho
menaced war On the Eastern question, while moro
pacific In tone than they were week ago do net
by any means indicate that Russia is disposed 70
withdraw or to lessen her demand for the abolition
OF the treaty oi Paris OF 1885, They only show that
the other Powers which signed that treaty In con-
junction with Russia, and, IN fact, compelled Russia
TO sign 1t, are not prepared to resort TO war mea-
enforce Its provisions. France is no longer
o power In Europe. Prostrate and bleeding at the
feet OF Prussia, she thinks but OF making some last
desperate efforts maintain her sovereignty ana her
national life. Prussia even II her whole military
power were not engaged In the CONFLICT
with France, has no desire to interfere
with Russia In any course the latter Power
may desire to take in the extension OF her dominion
eastward. Austria Is TOO evidently afraid Of the
designs Of her great military neighbor and foe,
Prussia TO embark In any enterprise that might bring
the tvQ into cQQison. Italy has az much trouble on
her hands she Well attend to in the matter Of
Rome and the Papacy, and besides, is under recent
Obligations to Prussia and has no special interest In
the Eastern question. There are therefore, only
two of the cosignatory Powers who would interpose
any obstacle to the course proposed BY Russia
these are England and Turkey
1t VIII be recollected how the English Cabinet
started or In the controversy by response TO tho
note OF Prince Gortchakon. That response,
written by Earl Granville, the Secretary OF
State for Foreign Affairs, though not very
warlike In its tone, was too firm and definite 70 be
acceptable to his colleagues In the Cabinet or to the
Queen; ana, although the popular feeling sustained
Earl Granville, and seemed to favor war rather than
to submit to the Russian proposition 1t Is pretty
evident now that Russia will carry her point with
out necessity of resortng to extreme measures.
And what u her pointf Simply to wipe away that
restrictive article In the Treaty Of Paris OF 1859
which prevents her having a navy or any fortified
places In the Black Sea- and absolutely prohibits TO
ships-of-war passage through the Bosphorus or the
Dardanelas -. trSs.1 xg.ts, - -
EARLY POLICY OF RUSSIA.
The map which we publish to-day OF the Black
Sea and the Sea of Azof shows very strklngly-
though only indirectly and by suggesi0n-the in
Justice done to Russia by the treaty OF 1861 Pre-
vious TO the Crimean war the success
sors or Peter the Great, by unceasing
vigilance, and frequently at the cost OF
great sacriicees, had acquired an ever-increasing
preponderance OF power upon the shores washed P
these waters. And 1t should be remembered yat
this result, though often heralded ny military ag-
rression had been the fruit far largely OF the
peaceful development Of Russian industrial activity
The Czarina Catherine saw clearly that conquest
ana occupation were but the precursors OF real
sire pyth and she devoJcd herself and the vast re-
sources at her command to the building up Of the
material interests Of these Odessa, by far the
most Important commercial port on the Black Sea,
was founded only short half.dozen years before the
opening OF the nineteenth century, and It's rapid pro-
gress In trade has been the consequence OF
the liberal and enlightened policy OF the Rus
Sian government Ere yet the cntrancbisement OF
commerce had taken Its place as cardinal prlnci-
pie OF civilized progrcss-ndeed, far back 1920
Odessa was declared q free port. Sebastopol and
Kertch are also monuments OF the fostering hand OF
the same benencent craftsmanship. Some other
parts OF the Russian policy are. 1t is true less defen-
slDle. For instance Russia, by a series OF bloody
attacks attempted TO possess herself OF the control
OF tho mouths OF the Danube, and only desisted
when, by the treaty oil 1922 she was allowed to
attain the same OBJECT by pecuniary bargain. Sne
had also assiduousy applied herself to the task Of
stirring up in the Danubian princlpalites the ma.
tonal sympathies OF The Savonc races VINO inhaDit
them. Until 1866 she succeeded In making herself
regarded by these populations as their natu-
raj national affinity, and by the treaty
OF 1929 her right to protect their religious
liberties had been recognized by all the great
Powers OF Europe. or late years. however, IN spite
Of the efforts OF Russian agents. 1t Is evident that
the sentiment OF Panslavism, especially in Rouma-
MIA ana Servia, has been supplanted by fierce
craving for absolute independence, accompanied
Win q uemOcrallc, OF at tue WOISV COuStltutlOHa
form OF government. The disastrous treaty Of 1856 q
undid nearly all that Russia had achieved by GEN.
tury OF sacrihce 1t stripped her Of portion OF the
Bessarabian territory 1t transferred the protecto
rate OF the prncpaities to the general body Of the
civilized Powers, and, above all it deprived her OF
the right to protect her commerce In the Black Sea-
and future developed strength in the Levant and
the Mediterranean by stipulating that henceforth
the Black Sea In time Of peace should not be ira
versed by armed vessels.owar. This last condition
| was to Russia q death blow, and moments renec-
| ton will show upon how unjust an inequality 10
placed her as compared with Turkey. The latter can
! stl hold powerful navy In the Sea OF Marmors,
| which can be diverted In few days to any point OF
| the Mediterranean OF the Black Sea. Russia, on
the other hand though she Is still allowed to station
vessels-of-war within the narrow limits OF the Sea
OF Asof and on her rivers emptying into II, would
be poweress TO transport them the waters OF
the Black Sea through the Dardanees into the
Mediterranean, even though she were at war, n0s
with Turkey, but simply with Italy or Austria or
France or any Of the Powers that hold possessions
on the shores OF the tidcless sea. ia pretty clear
also that navy such as she is now allowed to keep
In the Sea OF Azof, unaccustomed to actual cruising
and manned and orlcered by tars who have never
enjoyed the opportunity Of seeing salt water would
be incapable OF coping with the abundantly educated
feet Of Turkey any one Of the other great Powers.
Looking at the two facts embraced in
the last paragraph-the liberal efforts constantly
made by Russia to develop trade OF the shores Of
the Black Sea- and the gross injustice done to her BY
the treaty or 1855 lit Ia plain that this latter nstru
mcnt must at some time or other be modified, even
II IT be not torn into diplomatic shreds Most pro-
bably the approaching European Congress, jealous
and distrustfu Of Russia the Powers that will
mainly compose IL, Will arrange some equitable