davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

FROM SAN RRANCIsCO.
Geld Fire - Demecratic Test =
Heavy Mist-Whisky Slough 10 be
.Dammed.
SAN FRANCISCO, May 25-2 p. NJ
Gold at II A. NJ, 1l43S; other quota
tons as yesterday.
A fire In the store of NJ. Fiscliel, 239
Bush street, was discovered in season,
so that the loss Is small and covered
by insurance. The origin is n mystery.
In the meeting Of the Democratic
County Committee, last night, after
considerable debate and cross firing,
the test adopted at the last meeting
was reconsidered by q vote of eleven
ayes to seven noes. The following was
adopted: "That all persons be allowed
to vote at the ensuing primary election
who intend to vote tor the Democratic
nominees at the next municipal cleo,
ton.
A dense mist, almost equal to rain,
has been over the city all the morning,
wetting the sidewalks and laying the
dust. The wind is q gale from the
southwest.
Whisky Slough, which runs into
Roberts Island, Is to be cut of with q
pile and embankment dam. AS soon
as this job Is finished the work Of
levceing and draining the island will
be commenced. A force of 1000 mer
will be required If the machines do moi
accomplish the work, rs it is hoped
they may.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

Office, The flames spread with amaz-
ing rapidity, andin less than ten min
utes tie entire building was q sheet Of
fame. At this writing nothing Is left
1.-THE office but o mass Of ruins. Loss
estimated at $4,000, and includes the
entire outfit of the office, with perhaps
the exception Of one four cylinder
press, which was In the fire proof vault,
and not In use. The eight cylinder
press may also be saved in a damaged
condition. Insurance, $106, 900.
Destructive Fire In Canada.
A Montreal dispatch from Quebec,
gives details Of a great fire in st.
Roche, suburbs of that city. Five or
six thousand persons are houseless, and
100000 worth of property was de-
stoyed. The fire originated in a ba-
ker's shop, and brought the troops out,
and the house was blown up. All
efforts to stop the conflagration were
unavailing. Two men arc missing,
and a number Of accidents occurred.
The h~ouseless people are lodged by the
corporation.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25
Overland Dispatches
(~srEcILL 10 rHl cob Hnz DAILY xEws n
TIE wEsrraN U1apx rGxsRArH Lnn.l 5
DATES roW7srEnDAx. /
Great Ronian .KxcIsenens In th
RaSt-A Rafht On Canada.

Great Renian .RxcIsenent In The
Rast-A Raid - Canada.
RUTLAND (vt.) May Again all
Is excitement over the. protected raid
on Canada. The excitement Is greater
than at any time since the raid Of 1856.
Irishmen inzvarious portions Of the
State are active, and proceeding In
large numbers TO st. Adams, whore the
numbers are being augmented by hum
dreds from the east and WestCespeci-
ally from towns along the shore OF
Lake %Champlain. A company ofabout
fifty passed through here last night en-
route to st. Adams. They came from
Washington, Warren and Rensselaer,
counties, New York. Moro were ex-
pected to-day. A company goes nom
this town, and several recruits from
towns between here and Burlington.
Large numbers of men 60 up Lake
Champlain to be landed. at ST. Albans
bay, where others will join them from
Rouse Point.
Along the Canadian line the authori-
ties are vigilant, endeavoring to pre-
serve neutrality, but 1t Is deemed the
movement has gained too much head
way to prevent crossing the lines by
Fenians and the commital Of overt acts.
Captain Lonegan, Of the Fenian Cen
erals staff, Is here, hurrying mel 10
the front. He expressed himself con-
fldent of the success Of the movement.
MoNTPEIIER, May 24.-Fenians are
In such motion along the front from
Boston to the frontier rs to indicate
that they mean business, and large
numbers of men from Boston, Man
chester, Concord and other points are
awaiting transportation.
81. ALBANs, May M.-Trustworthy
reports from Fairfield state that seve-
raj teams have taken loads of Irishmen
and driven towards the line. A COM
pany Of forty-1ve men arrived from
Burlington last evening, formed In
military order, and took up their march
toward Fairfield.
The Curle,o, q small steamer OH Lake
Champlain, has been chartered to bring
men from Fort Henry, and the railroad
company have been asked for q special
train for bringing one hundred and
fifty more men from Burlington.
Several Fenian officers are In town
directing operations, but are ~reticent'
Their names cannot be obtained.
There are 10 Government troops
here and no militia. Deputy United
| States Marshal Smith Is looking after
affairs, but as yet he has had no occa'
| sion to interfere.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

INDIAN MURDERS IN AMzoNA.-An
interesting discussion on the reduction
Of the army took place in the United
States Senate on the 18th Of May.
Senator Stewart opposed a reduction
below 30, 900, rank and file, because of
the unsettled condition of the frontier
Territories OH the Indian question.
He cited the case Of Arizona, and Said
that from 1854 to 1860 no less than 1853
whites were murdered by the Indians
names, dates, places and all particu-
lars being given - besides 200 more
estimated to have fallen similarly,
many of whom were tortured most
fearfally. In n county-the largest
lin eighteen months one-ninth Of the
white population were killed. In New
Mexico, in a single county, there were
forty-four distinct Indian attacks, III
yolving many lives, last year. During
the last six year,, in the Department
now commanded by Sheridan, l,aOO
settler+men, women and children
have been murdered by the red devils.
The Senate determined not to reduce
the army below $4,000.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

Iowa enters the field against Vir-
ginia in the invitation to emigrants to
make their homes within her borders.
In the northwestern section Of Iowa
there Is said to be room for one
million farmers to come, settle, thrive,
and not crowd each other. This Is a
much stronger inducement than Gold
win Smiths invitation to the Old Do
minion, even had r. E. Lee Endorsed
1t as the Professor desired. The better
class of emigrants will 60 where labor
Is held in greatest esteem. This is why
slavery was regarded as a wall Of fire
by the thrifty foreigners who settled
the great Northwest, and BY their I'M
aided industry made the wilderness
blossom like the rose.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

PRocLXMATIoN.-The President yes
terday issued his Proclamation warn
ing all American adopted citizens from
participating in any military move
ment upon Canada, at the peril OF
losing any and all claims to protection
by the United States Government.
Finnegans who are on the rampage to
make a raid upon Canada had better
keep posted as to what they are about.
This Government is at peace with
Great Britain, and Is bound by inter-
natinal law to prevent, as far as posi-
bic, any encroachments upon the do
minions adjoining our Government,
from its adopted citizens. This Cana
dian raid Is likely to be the sensation
for the next month.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25
DISPATCH

SAN FRANCISCO, May 25-3 p. M
Stocks arc still declining, with limited
transactions, except in Hidden Treas
urs, Mammoth, MONDAY, Savage, Vel,
low Jacket and Sierra Nevada, which
are comparatively active.
The Masons are turning out in very
strong force for laying the corner stone
of the new mint. There is All increas.
ed attendance Of spectators, and the
ceremonies promise to be very imprcs.
sive. .
The Eureka mine, at Grass Valley,
sends down $2s, 800, for IL days run.
\ Dispatches from Yreka report heavy
rains last night.
A German colony from Chicago, has
purchased a large tract Of land in Lane
County, Oregon, and will settle thereon
Immediately. ,
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

RED CLOUD and his band Of warriors
are en- route for Washington, General
Sheridan thinking that perhaps q visit
to the East and a sight Of our immense
would do more than anything
else to put a stop to hostilities. Per
haps the solution Of the whole difficult
might be found in the transportation
to the East Of the whole Indian popu-
lation, and dumping them down some,
where along the Atlantic, north OF
Virginia. There are but q few thou
sand Of them at all events, and under
the fostering influence of our perfect
American civilization they would be
likely to rapidly disappear. Delaware
might, perhaps, be the best spot for an
eastern reservation. There whisky and
the lssh would soon do the work.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

HoRRrBLE MURDER OF A WHOLE
FXNLY.-Among the kilograms which
we received this morning, was one from
London, dated last evening, giving an
account of the murder of a whole fam
lily at Uxbrdge, consisting Of a father,
mother, sister-in-law, and two children.
The sister-in-law was to have been
married on the day Of the murder.
At first it was unknown who commit
ted the horrible deed, but n second dis
patch states that it was supposed to
have been done by a rejected lover OF
the sister-in-law. He was seen to
hastily embark on a railroad train for
London, and has disappeared. What
. dreadful and unnatural crime, and
what a human fiend to perpetrate it.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25
rnulligrubs

The people of Chico have appointed
Geo. F. Nourse, Capt. De Haven and
Geo. F. Jones, to visit Red Bluff, Co
lusa and Marysville. and confer with
the people Of those sections to secure
their hearty cooperation in the eele-
bration Of the approaching Fourth of
July at Chico.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

The reason why the Senate refused
to pass the House pension Of 5000 to
Mrs.Lincoln is, that the Senate Commit
tee had satisfactory evidence that she
is still possessed Of over 100000 worth
of property. Either Mrs. Lincoln has
misrepresented her case to Congress,
or the Senate has been grossly de-
ceiyed.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

CALIFORNIA FENIANs.-There was a
report, a day or two ago, by telegraph
from the East, that California was ex-
pected to send forward at least n
thousand fighting Fenians to join the
raid on Canada. The Sacramento Rec
ord thus speaks of the probable re-
spouse: "We have no means Of ascer-
tanning the truth Of this report, and
presume it should be taken with at
least q salt cellar full of seasoning. If
Col. NJ. c. Smith and Col. Walsh are
to command the California Fenians,
there will certainly be terrible work.
Col. Smith has shown his ability during
the past year In manipulating the
streets of San Francisco, and Colonel
Walsh has always been a trump card
at the Fenian ~picnics."
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

The frost last week injured to a con-
siderable extent tomato vines, corn,
grape vines, and other tender plants
and it extended from Los Angeles to
SiskiYon.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

TIT FOR TAT.-The Nevada City
transcript of the 22d instant says
Justice Lovejoy, Of Verdi, who was
instrumental In getting officers Burke
and Rider indicted for kidnapping In
Washoe County, Nevada, for their
action in regard to the persons arrested
for burning the Central Pacific snow
sheds, was himself indicted by the
Grand Jury of that county, at its ses-
sion a few days ago, together with
Seth Martin, of this county, for kid
mapping and conveying out Of the
State Of Nevada, into California, about
thirteen months ago, Ward, the man
who came very near taking his own
life IN jail In this city, and who was
charged with an Offense committed in
Truckee.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

oysrERs.-Some epicurean says that
Oysters, like pork, must not be eaten
In the four months spelled without an
"r." The "r," we suppose, indicates
mulligrubs.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

An Intelligent youth, recently en-
gagged in one of the commercial offices
In Oswego, made out a shipping bill
for "fOurty" barrels Of flour. His
employer called his attention to an
error in the spelling of forty. "Sure
enough" replied the promising clerk,
81 LEFT ont the gh." bS
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25
D. J. HICKEY is now on trial the
second time at Grass Valley for burn
inc the Truckee round house.

NEWSPAPER OFFICE BURST.-It will
be seen by III latest kilograms, that
the St. Louis RepSUiean was entirely
destroyed by fire yesterday.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25
LATEST TELEGRAMS


ESPECIAL TO THE o HILL DAILY NEWs BY
THE WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH LINE.l
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25
W. HAvE
PLENTY OF Goods
AND WANT TO SELL THEMl

We will sell them as cheap as any house on
the Pacific Coast. We can afford to do so, and
by giving us a call people will discover that we
mean what VIC say, and do It. We import all
our goods from tho East. Our CLOTHING IS
THE BEST
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

To provide funds for this MAGNIFICENT
ENTERTAINMENT,
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

Each ticket consists OF Five Coupons The
holder OF d whole ticket or i've coupons Will be
entitled to admission to the Concert, and to the
whole amount OF the gin awarded to 1t.
The holder OF each coupon will DO entitled to
admission to the Concert, and to one-nfth Of
any gin that may he awarded to such ticket.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

The Trustees have appointed MAURICE
DoRE and CHARLES r. PETERS, 3lS Cali.
fornia street, Business Agents. for the sale Of
Tickets, and for the Transaction Of oil Busine,s
connected with the Entertainment, 10 whom az
communications may DO addressed.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1870-05-25

A PRENIUN OF $500 win b given for the
best Modal OF two wheels II eiass and iroo, tr
this distribution. Tbs Trustees rsssrvs ~
h9ht % reject any and I'll nbdslS,
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1870-09-09

a successful teacher, so rarely met with.
We are sorry to say that our county sent
a less number to its Institute than any
other thus far: the number of different
ones being only eighty-six an average
of about twenty-five daily. Probably
the camp meeting detained a few,
while one committee allowed his teach
ers to be present only two days-the
common way TO lave good school.
The new and interesting methods OF
imparting elementary instruction given
us. caused us to wish it was demanded 10y
law that no one should be employed as
teacher who did not attend the county
Institute. We have the promise of hav-
inc an Institute during the winter at st.
bloomsbury, to which we urge every
teacher to he present At the close OF
the session the following resolutions were
adopted.
ResoIced. That the or uitudc OF teach
crs and superintendent Is due TO the
State for the enjoyment received, and
the lasting oil which we may hope has
been obtained through lis llbcrailty, III
dciraying the expenses of our Institute
here.
ReSohed, That we will evincc oul
gratitude by renewed earncstncss anC
conScientiousnes in taking up our dutie;
again.
Re,oired, That the members OF thl:
Institute tender their sincere thanks 1t
heir instructors. Dr. French and Prof
ki.e, for their unilring efforts in pre-
-cnting their several topics, and that W.
90 forth deeply impressed with our i'm
periections and the Importance OF til
work before Us.
Hc>oir.d. That we most heartily thanl
the people of East ST. ,Johnsbury for tn
kindness and hospitality with which the.
have entertained the members Of the In
siitutc. We trust that the anticipated
Improvements III their schools vii
abundantIy reward them for the interes
thus manifested in the GOOD cause OF ed
ucatiOn.
RcsolroJ. That from the benefits W
have received from our attendance, "
regret that every teacher and school eu
pcrintendcnt in the county could no
have been present. {.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1870-09-09
ST. JOhHSbu"y's List.

The people who live in this VILLAGE
have been quite #stoui-hed the past
week, at learning the rate Of appraisal Of
their property 10y the listers. Many
We're expecting 4 small advance over tic
Apr. isal OF 1863, but no one expected,
ar had reason II expect. the abumina-
bic cNtortion saddicd upon them in the
present list. We d. NOT know oii what
principle the listers acted. but should
Judge on lack Of all principle. Ger
family they did not take into account the
ProductivencSs of the property in making
up their list. Take an insiance: The
dwelling of T. NJ. Howard-a modest.
una>,umimg story and a-hall house, with
Il garden three rods square attached, cost
ing 2,0OO-had been in the list at
500, until five years ago, when il
was raised to - 1000. This year the
listers jumped it up to s.. G00-almoSt
double It's former appraisal. But, says
some one, the place would sell for that
to-day. Granted but how does this
appraisal compare with property out OF
the village! Geo. Ranneys farm of
l52 acres, with new two story house-and
new barns, and location the envy of all
Passers-by, is appraised at only So, 600.
The farm of Charles Stark.-142 acres
and buiidings-a farm noted for pro-
dncuveness, is put in at %, GOO-the
same as Mr.. Towards house. The
Royal Aver farm at Paddock VILLAGE.
with 80 acres of good land and rood
buildings, is rated at 5000 The fine
farms Of Josiah Ward and Hiram Pierce
are severaily appraised at 50, 200 and
50, 500. The excellent Cobb farm, with
nice meadow and beautiful upland, and
buildings the pattern of nea%ness and
comfort, is priced at So, 200. The Isaac
Woods tarm-now owned by A. j. Will
lard-a farm of 240 acres, and one of
the best farms in town for location and
Productiveness, is listed at $4,000. But
we have cited enough to show the in
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1870-09-09
Y"dCHcrS' LiStitffc.

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St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1870-09-09
The BrflOHjH .f,HbS--5.

ME. EpIr"E: HE Bct"uin can Kill
a man with very latte ceremony il. tAi-
is ,hr thing 10 d., but OF the other ha"l.
hc can feast and entertain u man to.
And, what seems particularly convenient
sometimes, hr can grace hl~ plan of
slaughter with "a high AMI n"i'r h">pi-
i".i'y. Foo according {" the .l,-cr. code,
wh"yN,r c'm,- to the tent. .tiunt or
enemy, i, w,ir'ln. to the h.-'. There
= very rl-id principle Of honor in thj-
mater. For instance. il i party i out
on a r.Gale,iug rand, and 'inl them
~'iN'H any way i"l'v'', t'''.y "a" =" directly
t" The tents they were @"lrg to rob AMI
say I've are PInn.'erln4 but we WANT 10
ha'l --anu although their P!'i be per-
i'''iy wen una 'iH'' o. ny 81 ''"'" i"'
'F,ajv' &c c'iiet' rice, perhaps even II
goo! i""-i H"e'p' "hd sent away VIII"
/ blc'~Iii@~ "n t1'W Ir .'i~- luz Tor nj.
ms 'hey t"N' :" perfect right I" lHGndcr
tht-I S'''"' l. ms 9'iHo otirr 'hl" I! lhry
can Las Is "'m"-t ~ cohNcn.eIt ."r
thieves ana burglars You notice, - lllo
po"'e system o. New 1"rN city Only
Il lac be"'u.a should chance to gri
c'"5't' I"e r;t~t i All up with m'i', and
lie need not 'AP'ct SUCH Il y mPat!Hzih%
demonstrate III ~ the Villain john h'"I
had Tie other day after the gt'i"W<.
1t l. 4 F"ihi OF ""'ior with every b.
doMh - do not SIMPLY Il h'- thirg, but
Inc "I25t7'' III Tine way OF entertaining
''''>-. E''' Inc r''i''' l''d'"'" VIII"
hi'iN " Sh''p ihN'i1- every o"Hy III 10 h'ip
cat IL ana Il anything Is Lett OF II (Which
Is 'o' Often me e"S') Il Is gwen away
Io' 1t never W"u'u do |" serve up cold
9nI'P the next day, even though one 90
Wi'ho" MS elmer. Better to lose a
"'i''e' IcAl "ay imam l" Keep anything
over 10 De served Il SECOND tiihe, ana so
'oS' u II t'"'''''''' io' S'n'iosi'y' linen
''7''''' 'h' E"','' "'''.'el ''e - ''"s' Dc
'e'' ''' III - anu WIN me pest lie RUE
a'o"' ms l. i''+A'i'"'t' anu II some
'i"'e' "o'NS qu'e'Iy' we ei'calhpeu one
ii3"' III '''' y "'t4-e'-h ""''|e"' north OF
sinai bH Robinson oil New YORK
Pl'ched III the same valley some years
before, ANA bought KID Tor hI- iiedou-
ms. They served up the Xii in all haste
and were Jus! ready to eat HIM, when SIN
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1870-09-09

cuualitv of the listing, although we might
90 through the town and find Is bad II
not worse instances of bad listing. lake
the new brick block on main street Ii
Is about 49, feet long by 60 feet deep,
and three stories high : built in the
pIaine-t manner, but good aud substan-
tial. 1t i in five sections. j. {. Bimg-
ham owns one section Of about - feet
10y 90. This one section Is put III the
list at 50 .0OO-as much as the splendid
farm of J. Ross, into one hundred dol
lars Ii the other four sections OF this
block are put IN at the same rate, rs we
presume they are, ii will make the pretty
sum OF $50, 0O0-or equal to the eight
farm, OF Geo. Ramney, iona. Ross,
.liausOm Aidrich. David Goss, Josiah
/ Ward, Hiram Pierce, VIM. G. Ilouyh;on
and Charles Siarks. Does any sane man
/ believe that this one building OF l3j sc
/ I'Cl, oSSauSt II - III 'iiS 'll'S', 'hou'''
pay us much tax rs these light large
farms, with their eight SETS Of buildings,
and an area of Over 1900 acres OF land :.
The trouble OF our grand list was just
here: Last March meeting the town
elected one lister from the village, and
Two farmers. These farmers are bitter
III their prcjudjcyS against the village,
and so ovrr-ruled the other lister, who
underworld to 10 justly ny all parts OF
tie town. Mr. Chadwick Is deserving
OF much cred; for sticking by the board
and doing his best to secure an equality
in the list. Had he abandoned the field
and lett the listing to the other two, the
property in til, village would stand to-
day more than hundred thousand dol
lars higher han it does There Is one
lesson to De learned from this affair, am
that : lor this village TO elect men 10 dc
lis work who have the interests OF til,
village at heart. And ii is their deter
mination hereafter, to do it-judgir4
from expressions we hear on every side
We shall refer 10 the curiusitits OF this
grand list again.
St. Johnsbury Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1867-1919, 1870-09-09

Incrcdulous as men were then, the thing
is done. and it Is Il perfect success. 10
see il and be lifted up its sleeps. one Is
more astonishcd at lie result, than he
can be merely to hear of it. 1t seems
sleeper than l had supposed 1t goes up
more directly, with less windings. On
HJacob's ladder the car rises thirteen
and onc-half inches to yard. The av-
eraoe ascent of the whole road is one foot
in four. When we stop at the tank 1t Is
hardly possible to believe that the water
stands level. the grade is so far from hor-
| iZontal. Yet such is the machinery that
the ascent is made with the utmost
safety. Every part is strong enough to
sustain manifold greater strain than
can possibly be brought TO bear upon 1t,
| II one form oi brake could fail, two or
three other forms are ready TO come TO
its help. The brakes on the car are so
efficient. that one day this season, they
let down Il disabled engine weighing five
tons. two miles or over, by the car
brakes alone They might load "a car
with stones at the top, and leaving 1t tc
the action of the atmospheric brake
alone, it would 20 down with perfect
safety. even if no one was with it. by