The New York herald., 1870-05-09
THE TENDENCIES OF GOVERNMENT"
Mrs. Victoria G. woodhulrs Fourth Paper-dre-
clan and Roman History Considered-A
Retrospect Of Ancient History by tho
Balmoral Broker Of Broad Street.

| oeA1AAuSoA pIVker "a 0IV&o otEoots -rsf
Below we present the fourth subdivision Of Mrs.
Woodhul's treatise on "Thc Tendencies Of Govern.
ment," from which It will be perceived that the
lady has delvcd deep into the mines Of governmental
lore. and Is vigorously training for the Presidential
sweepstakes OF lS72:-
be tney are less Indefinite than those Of Egypt or
or Assyra. No country OF antiquity can be reverted
Whatever Iirht ner history IA consdered Industrious
examples OF true greatness abound finer MILITARY
career be reviewed, where can more glory be found
| to have been achievedS II her government be ex-
amined where has greater wisdom and moderation
| ever been exercsedY II the comparative advance
ment OF science, literature, art ana philosophy
made within ner domain Oe appealed 10, where has
greater proficiency ever been attainedl II the pe-
sonal characteristics OF ner great mon be analyzed
where has patriotism ever risen to so subinea d..
| greer In many respects Greece may be considered
the school honse OF the world wherein It has been
| taught the rldmen'ary princp es oi knowledge,
especially that species OF knowledge that c0nduccs to
Inc erltors OF anc ent Greece was by no means the
Greece OF to-uay, but embraced all tnatcouDtV lying
| southwark from Llyra and Thrace now lorming u
part OF Turkey IN Europe. II then consisted OF the
PROVINCES OF Epttus, Pel0ponnestt5 Greece proper,
Thessa and Macedonia, beside many Islands IN N;
Aegean sea. The earliest inhabitants OF Gfeece OF
| whom anything Is known were the Pelasgi, who
| 'knew no otner law than force were ignorant even
OF agriculture ana fed on roots and herbs.' A peo-
| pie called Inc iiclenes, from Asia mingled with
them, and Their common name became Greeks. rom
|
| Afterwards the seat OF 50 much knowedge and Wis
| com it does not appear that they originated among
the descendants OF its original inhabitants. bat that
| they sprung from the Phmncial aud Egyptian coi0-
mes that from various causes found their way into
| Greece
| the several Greclan provinces no mention VIII De
made. The first OF these 10 arise was Scyon, iol-
! lowed by Argos, Mycene Athens, Sparta, Corlnsh
and Macedon. When the population OF any OF these
| became large IT. was TIER custom 10 send OUT
colonies thus distributing Grecian influence iIsteau
| nj mr.
cuse, Syoars, Croiona. Tarentum, Gela Locrl5 Mes
sna, Marseiies and Agrtsentum were formed rom
colonies. For the space OF thousand years or
until 500 years h. Co., the Grectans appear to have
confined their operations within ther own domin-
| ions. Being continually engaged IN war with eacn
other, they hal opportunity OF carrying on
aggressive warfare-thls was never Grecan
characteristic, though so lorciDy Illustrated Dy
Alexander Of Macedon, and By Cimon aud Ages.iaus,
| for retaliation rather than aggression:
IL Is to be specially observed a5 illustrating tue
part Greece performed in the general advancement
and diffusion OF civilization that bile all other great
naaons Were made 80 by aggressive conqs'ests.
Greece rarely ever made war except in se-deience.
The influence other nations had upon the W0Flu was
gained by conquering contiguous countries. The IN
nuence Greece exerted was by dilfusng among other
| nations the principles vi science philosophy aud
government and by commercial intercourse. Thus
Il s found that mp TO the time Of the first Persian III
vaSlOn here here had been concentration Of the
military forces OF the several provinces, except as
dal wars The Persian attempt to subjugate Greece
! was most unpropitioqs from the very onset. Mar
aoaas ~ marched nss large army no ,v the pns Nery
Lon; but his neet Ia approaching the coast
Of Macsdo9, saeonnted M storm m and ans was a
| encamp his asst army IN pla;e or form OF secu-
| rly. mere band Of Tnr scIans, taking advantage
| pleieiy roued the whole army This double defeat
| by such unexpected means caused Mardonils to
| return gu ck.y into Asia,
Nothing dannted by this defeat which he at
| tri0u'ed 10 the lnexperience OF Mardonius Darius
| despatched another army. under veteran command
ers CONSISTING OF 5O0, 00J men an 60J SHIPS The ueet
rst cap4ucei Eretrea While the army caused such
constsrnaiOn in Greece that only Sparta, OF all the
provinces, responded 10 the Athenian call for sue
cor. Tne spar an troops, even, did not arrive in
time TO paruclpate IN the battle OF Marathon when
Mlltiades, with 10000 Athcniaas, c0mpletely
rou,ed The whole Persian army. This victory
gained by the Greeks over an army outnuIn-
Dering them neariy twenty tunes, was no DOUBT,
tie inspiring cause by winch ali succeeding
victories over the PersianS Were gained. lC taught
tue Greeks that lew determined Hel, fighting In
defence Oi their country, mightier than nul.
unde with no such incentive through the course
Of sue aeedns ages the Grecians exhibited o nooe
| emulation or ald desire 10 iIniate II not excel,
their ancestors who fought aud conquered at Mara
thou. Aerxes, the successor OF Darius persstlng
Heiiespont on u 'brilge vi boats, win al army OF
| 1,1U00oo and $1,000 horse, 10 which submitting
the pass OF Ihernopyie with 100000 men,. Against
ms force Leon das opposed l2OO0 Spar ans
been turned INTO preparations for naval warfare.
winch, as the sequel showed was The salvation OF
Greece. The manner in which Leonidas aud his
$40 Spartans defended Therlnpiyle still fur
ther raised the determination OF the Greeks
to reslst after the same fashion all
battle OF Thermopyle a great though indeclsive
naval battle was fought at Artemesium. Aerxes
advanced upon, captured and burned Athens. The
fate of Greece seemed decled; but the great naval
battle VI Salamis entirely changed the face OF
aniilrs. xerxes being secretly informed tnat Il was
tie inienJon OF Thenstocles 10 proceed with the
Armenian neet and destroy his 'bridge" across the
Helespon, precipitately abandoned Greece, leaving
Mardonius wltiFS0o 900 men and Instructions 10 sub
| due Greece 'If he was able" At the battle OF
Plataa, which soon followed, Mardonius was com,
the Persian neet was destroyed at Mycale Haging
thus rid themselves OF the Persians the Athenlans
Athens would gain great naval superiority over
tien, opposed L.; thus the Grecians were no soon r
rid Of common l0e than STRIFE broke out among
themselves. THIS tendency arose from the process VI
NATURALIZATION and is specially illustrative 0f the
progress or evolution. Athens was rebuilt, and as
The Sparians feared soon exceeded ali other States
power and spienuor. Athens so became the centre
of the arts and Sciences knowledge Of which was at
this tim. rapidly developed. Sparta. no lo1ger able
to end ve the overbearing pride OF Athens, brought
on the Pc oponnesan wat. Tlis war devastated
Greece and ensiaved Athens Sparta in time was
compelei to yied TO EpaInnondls, the Theban. In
spite o. tls terrible war poets, phiosophe 8. artists
and statesmen continued 70 arise, com enerce dour
ished and the customs OF the people were raised to
the highest degree OF perfection.
But q Time OF unhappiness soon came upon this too
prosperous coalition. Philip OF hiacedOl, bold and
cunnlng, took advantage OF the discussions that at
ali tunes pfevaed, and by sud len cOUD de mann
can be asserted that not Greece. but one man,
Tor 1orty-eglt years continually frustrated
e designs OF pnlP waS himself da sa
more harm than all The armles and fleets OF tho
Athenans. His barangues are like machines oi war
and batteries raised at a distance by which all my
projects and enterprises are ruined Had been pre-
sent and heard That vehemenG orator decaim 1
should have been the first TO conclude that 1t was
necessary to declare war against me. Nor can
reach him with go for in this respect, by which
have gained so many cities, find hin inyincibe.' -
AnLpaJcr also says OF him, II value not the galeys
nor ARMIES OF the Athenans. Demosthene3 alone
fear. Without him the Athenianstlre no better than
the meanesG Greeks. IL Is he that arouseS them
irom their ethargy aud puts arms into their hands
almost aganst their Will. Incessanty representing
Tile battle Of Marathon aud Saamis, he transforms
them into new men. Nothing escapes his penetrat-
Ing eye, nor ms cOnsummate prudence. lie loresees
all our designs he couniermines all our projects and
dlsconcerts Us in everything. DID the Athenians
conide him ana follow his advice we should be
irremedlaby undone"
From all that can be gathered about this remark