davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
Interest in Factory Property for

On Saturday July S1st. 1870.
7 will sell to the highest bidder, at the Fac
L tory building of the old Richland Manu-
featuring Co., near Pulaski, all the interest
(said to be about One-tw entieth) hitch Jno
Z BraHdon has in the capital slock and 9TH
er proPeTty of The Richiand Manufacturing
Co., and Ia the Pulaski Manufacturing Co.,
and all his interest in abou: SIX acres Of
land in Giles county, near thu north bound
airy of the town of Pulaski, bounded north
by F H Wilkinson, east by tAetaYnpike road,
south by Mrs. Mason and others, Upon
which are situated the actoTy and other
buildings of the old Richland Manufactur-
ing Co., and which now belong to aid Co.,
or 10 the Pulaski Manufacturing Co., or,
perhaps to L Brandon. Sam tyr, Buford
and others; and all his interest in the per-
sOnal property, machinery &c, in SAID Fac
tory, and all his interest in the goods, mate
rials on hand. books of accounts, notes, and
other evidences of debt, belonging TO either
of said Co.. and to the said BBford, Orr,
Brandon md others, in and aboGt said Fac
tory, or pertaining to, or growing out of the
operations of said Factory. Levied on and
sold to satisfy 2. ia. in my hands issued,
upon a judgment in the Circuit Court Of
Giles county in favor OF Rsbeces c White
VS.. J L Brandon aud Others Terms cash.
iuyIStd u. II. PARSONS, Shelf.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
CULIEOkA
IN Slit u Il e.
W. r. WEBB. A. n. Primo.

THE FALL SESSION will begin August
1 h, 1870. The village of Cullevka. on
tie Nashville and Decatur Railroad, balf-a
mile from Pleasant Grove Depot as loca-
y on for u school is unsurpassed in the ad
vantages ofgood water, pure air and free
dom from all local cause IF disease The
standard ofscholarship will be high, the dis
cipiIne firm. the course OF instruction tho .
rough. intending, in the male DEPARTING, t.,
q full preparation for our best colleges. Tho
PrinclPa has for four years been connected
with one of the leading schools of North
Carolina. and designs establishing here q
iPLRIzNENT school Of high grade.
Competent assistants will be procured in
both Male ard Female Departments.
Mis-. Alternately y i'll continue in the Le-
paTtment of instrumental 2usic.
Board in private families of-the highest
respectability at from t13 to SIS per month.
Tuition IN the Preparatory and Instru-
mental Departments from $lo to SIS and in
the higher English and Classical Depart
ments from $50 to &25 per. session Of twenty
weeks. n usic Incl Lding use of instrument
1925.
I Refers to the Facalty of the University of
North Carolina and to the leading educators
of North Carolina. - '@.s
For circulars or further particulars ad.
dress the Principal at Culleoka, Maury coun
ty, Tenn. .Yz9-4t
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
SICKNESS, PAIN AND DEATH

Legitimate result as penalties for violation
of natural laws, from which none esespe.
dhe faded check, the pale and wan fea-
lures, the dull eye, the clouded intelleet, the
.ieep heaving s.gh, the feeble and enacIated
raIRe, the detected brow, the tottering gait,
Ill indieate pre- rious tranE2re~sion Of law.
knowing that Decentralization is the thief
# tIme," all Intelligent beings apply for
some remedy Us -oon as circumstances per
nit; while those who do not act upon the
principle that delays are dangerous gen
orally finger, lose more time and pay more
money.
all stations and conditions of life. Sre suffer-
ing, lingering and dying from the effects OF
81 me dreaded and dreadful
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
d eiyssA veg
bellion, IL was =.


duty under the law to enforce TIM.
amendment, and to indict all persons
thus disqualified who held or offered
10 hold or assume the duties of any
flee in the State. We did not see
Judge Hughes, and therefore. cannot
cay how he received his information
or how correct it is.
How these legal questions are to
be decided We do not undertake to
cay. but of one thing We are conf
dent, and that is that Congress in
tended to embrace all persons who
had held office Of any kind before en-
ga ing in the war aud to exclude
sbsm from holding Office again. And
while We have The most supreme CON
tempt for this amendment and the
law to enfo:c e it, yet. like many 9TH
ar diabolical and disgracsful acts of
the Radical party 1t is la0. and We
a5s forced to submission. 4 there
is no doubt of the fact Il Rad
Gals will use their greatest energies
10 see to it that this Ia q is enforced +,
and in every eou ell persons will
b. Informed on ahoindictsd who vi
olate its provisions-even down to
Justices Of the Peacs and Constables
-particul arly so as the Law gives the
infOrmer one-hslf ofthe fine imposed.
Therefore. Is it not tie duty Of the
people to see to it that DO person who
Is disqualified from holding Office
should be elected ? And is it not
the duty Of all candids tes for Office
who know that they are uuder disa
bili,ies, for the peace and welfare Of
the State. to adopt the course pursu-
ed By our patriotic fellow-eitiE n.
Maj. Thos. M. Jones, (Who Was a
candidate for Chancellor. and at once
withdraw from the contest?
II they do not, but continue to ran
sad are elected, and offer to assume
thI duties of the office. they will rot
only subj4ct themselv es to indict-
men,, and probably great annoyance
aud ezpen'e. but may also involve
the whols State in 8 vast amount OF
trouble-as we ara cou6daut that il
this course is pursued it will give the
Raj :als another excuse for Teviviug
the reconstruction movement.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
COMMON aRoG-ssa0F BITI Hrs.

: Empty Bitters Bottles, of various STYLES,
can be found around almost every dwelling
and cabin thr ughOut the land. Their taste
is pleasant, and are advertised to cure almost
every disease, while the manufacturers know
thay possess no medicinal properties what
ever. The, are so many disgui>es for ex-
ceedingly onmon beverages which do not
nor cannot Possibly cure amy one.
Beware of there pleasant biJtcrs in art
bottles, they con ain sting s0r your \ itais,
and he who buy them carries ,'torcT's r
grog into his mouse. One NAH who knows
nOthir about medicine, say his big bottles
of co nuion stuff viii cure chI!l> and ever,
rheumatism AID CONSUMPTION; another,
whore bottle Is very fancy cures ali impur
Is of the blood, makes oil men young,
casts out devils, rosCOr - sight to the blIeds
and numerous other miracles; while yet an
4Siher, who Presumes every man drankard
proposes to c. re collie, iEgrowiHg nails. yell
low fever heart disease. ana love-sick mai
dens We know they make no such cures,
we know the people 1T large are deceived
and swindled, and as we desire to ventilate
these common humbugs, make the following
challenge to one and all:
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29

After ali that We have said upon
the subject Their is bat one conclusion,
and that is this: Dr.. WnIhornr
does certainly keep the purest drugs
to Be found. the finest Perfumery
made. the best soaps and toilet arti-
Giles 10 the market. and q general vs.
riety Of fancy and staple articles. 81
(which are as cheap as the cheapest
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
CNH AUNDKBDPOLLAns

That one tablespoonful of ENGLISH FE-
MALE BFrT IRIS contains as much medic
iDal properties as one bottle of any of the
pleasantly tarted common advertised bitters
OF tie day The medical profession to de-
eide question Be it understood that I'm
glish Female Bitters is not beverage but
Is powerful Iron and Vegetable Tonic com
bined, curir g long standing chronic fena lie
com plants in every direction.
Put up in large bottles at so per bottle
or six bottles for $500, snd sold by drug
gists and merchant, everywhere.
]. PsDR0MG00LE s. co.,
PrOprietezs,E MemRhls, Tenn.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
InsoIvent Notes.

Having suggested to the County Court
Clerk of Giles County the insolvency of the
estate of Geo Wall, decd, all persons having
cl aims against said estate are hereby mott
fed to file them at the Office of said Clerk,
duly authenticated according to law, for pro
rata DISTRIBUTE N of the assets of said estate,
on or before the 18th daY of October, 1870,
else they will be forever barred. This July
18th 1870 1T ALLEN WALL, Admir-.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
Soturdoy, Julv 31s,, 1870.

two tract, of land lying in the 18th civil dis
trIct OF Giles county the first containing IS
acres, levIed ON a. rho property If j May
field and bouuielS-as follows, viz On the
north by j Johnson y Horn, west by Cox and
Howard, south by Wa Barwell's estate, east
by Shav. The second tract. con aiming 100
acres. levied en- as the property Of L How
ard. and bounded north by Cox, soTth and
west ~ Mack shelton and cast by Vim Har-
well. Estate sold to satisfy said f. ia.
iuyl5td ID. II. PARSONS, Shelf.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
BIO IN YOUNG GIRLs S.

Niddl Jed matrons, those at the critical
period Ind the aged grandmother, are all
cured by the use of our English Female Bit
tiers, now prescribed and used by physicians
all over the country.
lfyou are troubled with Falling of the
Womb, attended with sense efweight and
bearing down pain in the back and side. and
other attendant evils, English Female Bit
ters will give entire relief.
Those ut the1"turn Of lIfe," mothers after
confinement, and all OF hers (male or female,
who are convaiescentsS rom aHV protracted
ordebilitatinx complaint, who gain strength
slowly, and whose digestion is slow and i'm
perfect, Will find these Bitters the very
thing their system demands It gives .
powerful appetite. aids ind as ,ists diges-
ton, arouseS the liver, strengthens msAt..l-
ly ana ply sicaliy, ana fills the whole sys-
tenn with pure crimson blood cOursing
through its channels.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29

take pleasure in calling
the attention of OuHreaders to the advertise
ment of English FIemale Bitters, in another.
coIumGf This com bination is regarded as
the great Female Medicine of the age, and is
highlyrecommended by the Medical Pro-
fessionS and all who have tested it:
Our female community are troubled with
many complaints peculiS TO the sex, and
now is the tire to SECURE bottle ard be
cured.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
ShcViHf Sales.

By virtue OF six executions issued to me
ny the Clerk of tn, rcuit Court Of Giles
county, in favor of the State of Tennessee,
two against Samantha Mayfeld, J S May
field and Il r Howard, two against Grove
Layfeld, J S Mayfeld and L r Howard, aud
the other two against S May6eld and L K
howard, will Sell to the highest bidder, for
cash, at the court house door in the town of
Pnlaski on
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29

FEMALE COMPLAINT,

That claims its victims throughout the
length and breadth of the LAM
Many females suffer IN somSway at each
monthly period; some girls are in great peril
at the commencement of men truation.
while older ones dread it's decline at the
turn OF ife''. Sometimes the menstrual
flow is too T uch. or too little, and may be
attended with pain, may be irregular or en-
tirely checked, changed in appearance,
attended with other distressing sympi oms.
LeucOrrhea, the Whites, frequently
drains thesysIem, or liberation ofthe womb
may create pain and cause rapid prostration.
r Falling Of the womb is an exceedingly
common complaint, giving much trouble and
distress, which, under ordinary treatment,
is difficult to cure.
Mysteries Green Sickness, ] TitabilitY OF
the Womb, and other serioHsand fatal COM
plants follow the female sex through life
Lives there medical gentleman who has OF
can relieve the fair sex of the above troub-
lesl Not many. Is there no combination
of remedial agents that will come TO her res
cue2 We answer, Yes.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29

We are authorized to withdraw the
name Of Geo. W. McLaurins IS can
djdsss fOE County Court Clerk, Mr..
McLaUrins does this from the fact
that he is disqualified by the 18th
Amendment. aud no one osa say but
that he acted wise part.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
sBarrett's'' hair restorative

FINB TOMAroEs.-Mrs. J ames F :
Smith and daughter Miss Ar "a, have
our thanks ior sumo fine tom aGoes.-
We like nothing better than our lady
friends ard tomatoes.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29

ton road to D.
other short routes.
all ESQ miles of turn
The writer is not =
cry neighbOrhood in the
perhaps, other and better routs
might, in some instances. be SUCCESS
ed. It is said that the Company wig
now ovu the turnpike from EIkton.t 70
the Maury line will surrender their
road to the county whenever they are
assured it will be kept in good con-
dition, and she Pulaski and Pisgah
and the Pulaski and CornersvilIs
Turnpike Co.'S would doubtl-Bs sur
render their road beds and privileges
upon the same terms. So tina We
might thus secure about 45 miles Of
indifferent pike to commence with.
A good portion of the roads above
named could be made turnpikes ct
very little cost, particularly. portions
of the Foad from Anthony's Hill 10
Mre. Cox's, and the Powtl's Mill
road. and the roads leading to the
western and north" estern parts of
the county. The improved method
Of constructing roads will make ttess
roads cost much less than they would
have cost fifteen years ago. Itiiab !
lisVed they can now be built for at
Euo thousands dollars per mile, to-
GLIDING the cost of all the bridges.
Then the whole of the 250}mil-s of
turnpike will cost about $500, 0OO.-
Now, how is this money to be raised
l think l would be safe in saying
that the people of Pulaski and Viciu"
ity will give sc 3 bo8us to such . sys-
tenn Of roads at least $50. 900. and
propose that the balance $3.50, OOO)
shall be raised by taxing the people
of the county. Of course. il these
roads are bsiIt, they will be paBIic
roads of the county. with DO toll
gates uPos them-trse to all persOnS.
This looks like a large amount to BE-
raised by taxation. but if We pay
$4,000 per year We can pay 1t all in
ter years without any difficulty or
inconvenience. When the PROPOSE
ton was made a few years ago to tex
the county 1915. 600 to aid in build
ing the Railroad. it encountered great
opposition. Even many intelligent
l0en expressed fears that it would
bankrupt the county, yet that tag
was paid At the rate OF S55 900 per
year, with no inconvenience to the
people. and itgWould be difficult now.
iPsT6.Ps.JE0 fnd man il the county
Tho regrets its payment. II these
rnpikss are built within the next
sear CT two, as they should BE-, they
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
DROMGOobE x GO, . BUCHJ

The best and cheapest combin alton for all
affections of the Kidneys and Bladder ever
offered to the pubic. Iti prepared by reg
ar physicians and used by the profession
Price 81, or TX bottles for IS; Sold5by
druggists and merchants every where.
il DR0MGO0LE s CO.,
iuy151y Mer pl.isrT Tenn
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
ESTRAYED

TAKEN up by me on the 18th inst. ter
i miles south of Pulaski. on the Pulaski
and Elkion Turnpike, light bay mare mule
about four years old. The owner can re
cover property by paying charges.
jugs I'm JACKSON CALDWELL. =
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
HaaIth,a Best Defence.

1.-THE weak eateth herbs,' says St. Paul,
so that eighteen hundred years ago the val
ne of medicinal plants was appreeiat d. In
repeatedly recommended, but in no passage
of sacred history is man recommended to
swallow ealomel, or blue pill, or any other
mineral preparation. The sick were recon-
mended to eat herbs to strengthen them, to
purify en-, to heal them, to restore them.
in that day the art of making vegetable ex-
treats was unknown. The herbal medicines
were mere infd1ons.
It was reserved for later age to unite the
tibilious roots barks, and plants, with an
active stimulant, and thus secure their rapid
diffusion through the debilitated and disor-
dered system. The erowniRg triumph Of
this effective mode of concentrating and ap-
plying the virtues OF medicinal vegetables
was achieved inAthe production of Hostel
ter's stomach Bi4eAs. Never bsfore had
perfectly pure al lie stimulant heen COM
bined with the sssedsuiees of the. fine t
specifies of the e,blesski g4osn. Never
yet, though eighteen years have elapsed
since its l-pdpetion, has thisgreat restOra-
tive been called. 1t. is taken a: all sea
sons, in aE6limes, as the most potent safe
guard against epidemics, as a protection
against all unhealthy exalations that pro-
duce debility OF beget uisease; as a remedy
for intermittent and other malariOus fevers;
as an appetizer; as a sovereign cure for dys-
Pepsia as general tonic and invigOrans
as gentle. painless aperient; as q blood de-
purent; as nervIne; as cure for bilious af-
fections as harmless anodyne; and as the
the BEST DEFENCE or HEALTH under unfavo-
rable circumst ances, such as sendentary
pursuits, undue bodily or mental exertion,
hardship, privatiOn and exposure.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29

Lewis Nelson VI john N. Garris and others.
DURSU ANT to a decree of the Chancery
L court at Pulaski, in the above cause,
will on
Saturday. august 20th. 1870.
sell at public sale to the highest bidder at
the courthouse IN Pulaski, on q credit of six
HI1nths free frOT' the equity of redemption,
the interest OF John n. Garris and William
GarriS in 8 tract of about 10 acres OF land be =
longing to the estate of their father John
Garris, dec, Situated on the waters of Jen
kinS' creek, Giles county. Tenn, adjoining
the lands of J. S. Edmundson. Sam Hughes,
Eunice Gilbert and George B. Adams.
Notes with approved sccurii y required nd
lien retained. jisly2e a. cox an
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
pRuG STORE FOR SALE.

On account of the bad health and old age of
the Senior partner of the firm, which rem
ders him unable to attend to any active bus
mess, we offer for sale our stock of Drugs in
Pulaski, Giles county. We wall give first
rate trade.
IL any land or town pTopertyiE offered IN
part payment, it will be estimated At a ash
Valuation, our stock, also. to be valued at
cash prices.
To good pul chaser we will give some
time on part Of the purchase. The stock and
furniture will in voice about nine thousand
dollars. Propositions received by
A. J. WHITTHOREE & CO.,
Pulaski, Tenn.
WI. WHITTHORNE,
mR253 6hslbyville, Tenn
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
Great C0ancII.

he third semi-aDDuaI ses6~SA oI
the Great Council, Improved Ordsrpi
Red Men for the State Of Tennessee,
convened at Columbia ast Tuesday.
After q little business transacted in
the morning. the Great Council ad :
journed for the purpose of lining
Chicamsuga Tribe, of Columbia. in
= grand procession, together with re.
representatives. from nearly every tribe
in the State. The procession. headed
by = good band. after Parsding
through several streets Of the city.
repaired to :he caPaeiOus grounds OF
the Atheueum. where an address was
delivered in the Athsneum Hall TO
q large audience by Great Sachem
Col. Lucie NJ. Temple, of Nashville.
Col. T., although labOring under the
disadvantage Of severe physical disa-
bilities. delivered q most beautiful
and chsste address upon the subject
OF Red Mvnship, setting forth the oh
jects of the institute tie origin and
present status in United sss,es
ress the assembly sd;,,
oyer:losded ,ables,
lreshat the hos
Eco; could
k.5ths bountiful
II tnisyconnscfi0n We desire
say that We never saw a more gem
QUE hospitality displayed upon al
casion than was upon this. Every
seemed determined to do more
he comfort Of the visitors than
,dy else.
dinner a etring band being in.
r'adItJ the young people spent the
remainder Ssthe evening in dancing
under the gene 10. SD tde Of she mag
ni6csnt grove the A,heneum
grounds. 60 -
The Gfeat Couacii-se-sssembled'
at 5 O'Clock. when the Fiction Of Of
6oers for the ensuing Grand Sun.
took place. The fOll,~ing are the
chiefs el..t w. J. Parkes, OF
Pulaski. {Great sachrm: W. H. .Hy4
ronsmous, ofNashvills. CIR. Sr. .S4g-
,
amors; MajeH. c. Bate, Of Pol.sEE,
Or. Jr. Sycamore Josh xBaily ,1of
Columbia. CIR. Cbisfscf Records; Pat
Walsh, Esq., Or. Keeper of Wam-
pun;
The officers vsFe publicly installed
at-ths Methodist Church At night, =
large audience Columbia s4-fair
daughters and chiyalrous gentlemen
being prersnt. The Gres. Council
again convened on Wednesday morn.l
ing and transacted a great deal of,
business for the benefit of the Order )
AT 12 o'clock on that day our rel
porter. and one of the rspresentativs6}
from the Pulaski Tribe. vas
psllsd to return homsS leaving The
Great Council srill in session.
We shall ever hold in grateful mem
DRY the generous courtesy extended
by Chicamauga Tribe, and al the
citizsns of Columbia, to the mem
bers of the Great Couneil, and to the
msny invited guests. The lhsGks of
the Great Council, BY appropriate
resolutions were extended 10 Mrs.
Smith. OF the Atheneum. for tie free
use Of the buildings snd grounds.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29


= Saturday. august 2oA, 1870.
sell al public sale to the highest bidder in the
town of Pulaski, on credit of s, II and Is
months with interest. the property now
owned aud occupied by VIM. SimOnton. in
the town & Pulaski, con listing of commo-
d:ouE and conveniently arranged brick dwell
ling house and about So acres of ground
composed originally of the lots known on
the plan of said town as lots nos. 50. 81 and
= portion of lot no. Al portion of which
b - been recently subdiVided by VIM. ST.
monton into smaller lots known now as
''Simou toms 4 edition to Pulaski" includ-
ing lot no 29l in said sub division purchased
at a recent sale in this cause by Andrew B.
Keuns. All of the property except lots nos.
CSC, PSI. 2s2, 3sS, 2S4. 2s5, 2s6, PSI, 2ss, 2S9,
29I. 1872, 29S. 294, 295. $50 297 1913, 2S9, 300,
S03, S04, sos, 8O5, 8O9 and go IN said addi-
tiOh wiIl be sold, or 40 much of the same as
will be sufficient to satirfy she debt, interest
and cost in this cause.
Notes with approved seeurity required and
lien retained. jUiy29 cox, c q m.
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
Teachers

Bust have Certificate Of Com
potency" from Col. c. G. Rogers,
County Examiner, before they can
d Az their pro-rata Of the school fund.
Zee for osrtlf cate 81. Call on him at
on 2. 1t
The Pulaski citizen. [volume] (Pulaski, Tenn.) 1866-current, 1870-07-29
DEATH IS AT THE LOoR

In all these complaints the system evil
IDENTIFY shows q want ofred blood, and Mr..
church, II, in his work on Diseases o. Fe-
males, says Clearing in mind that the
blood is remarkably deficient in red corpus
cles, and the known property of iron to cor
rect this condition, theOry suggests it as the
most to be relied on, the b, st of which as
Citrate" citrate OF Iron enters larg ely into
the composition of English Femule Bitt4rs,
combined with powerful vegetable tones OF
rare qualities.
Among the mounts of Tennessee and
the piney woods of MississiE pi is ound Il
certain hard and hinty root, which has been
secret use by some Old midw YES for many
years, possessing mage powers in regulaL-
ing ana restoring all females suffering with
any affection OF the womb. This root we
have obtained, gave it fair test in our prac-
ce and it is now one of the principle in
sgredients in these Buffers. other powerful
uterine and general tonics lso enter INTO It's
composition. We also add Laptandra, or
Black root. sufficient to act upon the liver
and keep g bowels OPEN.