davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1870-12-12

nshed by the authority OF tho sacred scripturesi
established by plain argument from natural
reason, and that denial OF its exntcnco
drove those who denied II TO the alternative
OF saying that either those who died Imperfect, YET
yearned afrer God should be sent TO nell 70 nuri 70
eternal IRE, instead 81 10 the nre whch cieansed
rnen from their lmperfecfi0ns. that heaven should
be opened TO them, ~ II Il were possible that any
thing
DEFILEp or WITH STAIN
should enter into the presence OF the Lorn
Of the heavenly kingdom. Having quoted
various texts or Scripture and passages from
the wfinngs OF the hoy fathers asa lar
back The third century la support OF the Doctrine
Father Preston concluded q powerful discourse by
asking how IL was possible they could enter heaven
unless GOd had prepared place where they could
wash away their einsy Would GOD leave no pro-
vision 20 enable them 10 wash the STAINS from
their souls, 80 that they might enter into Iii pres
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1870-12-12
LONG ISLAND CHURCHES.
ST. naslcrs IN. CO. CHURCH, JAMAICA.

The Power Of Prayer and the Necessity Of
Eumility-Scrmon by Rev. DR.. Farley.
Notwithstanding the sudden change In the weather
yesterday the handsome Catholic church In ia
maca was well filled by gentcel con.
gregaton, whose humility and benignity be-
tokened piety and accidental The pastor
tRev. DR.. Farley the most aged priest on
Long Island, preached the sermon from the gospel
Of the Sunday according 10 81. joint am the
voice crying IN the wilderness: make straight the
way OF the Lord"
y The reverend speaker began with reference to
John the Baptist. When he came upon the earth
the people regarded him az the Messiah and extolled
his humility and devotion. The Jews were aware OF
the Pharisees TO John the BAPTIST n ne was the
Messiah or prophet, ana he meeky answered, al
CRYING IN THE wILDERsEss.
Make straight the paths OF the Lord" The Sa-
dispose themselves to receive nim. ale is now among
you, the latcnet Of whose shoe am not worthy to
ooss He M as sSptzs os se war and m the
throughout the world Today exhorts Its devoted PEG.
pie TO prepare the way OF The Lord and dispose their
souls to receive Him. 1t Is a liberty accorded the
human heart 10 be devoted and sincere But the
heart must not be OF the world. Tor If worldly
things snppant the love OF the Lord IN the heart the
soul Is lost But by complying with the rules or the
Church the grace OF God Will now into the SOUL and
the Lord win reign within IT, 1t isCods delight 10 be
Win the CHllurSu ol men, ana 10 nave INN with us
we must purify our sous for Ills dwelling place. IL
Is by pral er and thanksgiving we must
MAKE OUR PETITIONS KNOWN
To God Prayer II the only Key to the interior OF
Heaven. But while we pray must hope. III
Judas had had the virtue OF hope he would not have
betrayed our Lord. When we pray IL must be SIN
cerey, for Christ has said, ''AsK and " shall re-
ceive; seek and ye shall And: knock ana IL shall
be opened TO you.n We are all infrm, and
God knows infrmities. We are to
be compared to an infrm or help
asks for bread It's parents win not give II stone, OF
II 1t asks Tor an eQg they Will not give 1t scor-
pion. Tnen, II we ask sincerely a gift from the
Holy Ghost, He viii not be deaf to our pleading.
IL is by prayer aud humility that we must be saved
We learn from the ola Testament, in the third book
OF Kings, that the Lord had intended to deny
heaven 10 one OF the kings, but by his great humil
ity and devotion TO prayer his SINS were forgiven
MIN.
MANY INSULT GOD
In their prayers by having their thoughts turned
from His graces npon those or the world. st
Thomas says-"Prayer is the ladder by which We
ascend to Heaven.n by continued prayer we car
force God TO shower his greatness upon US, for VIZ
are told by scripture that Heaven Is taken by VIC
ience.n Christ mas SAID, Whatever you shall ash
OF the Father III My name 1t shall be granted to YOU
This Is good prs0f that II we pray devotedIy ant
sincerely petition VIII be answered Let all az
their duty to Christ and pray for the blessings O
Heaven, that we may have eternal life through
Jesus.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1870-12-12
sr. PAUL,s ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.
Celebration Of tho Octave Of the Feast Of tn
Immaculate C0nccpiion.

Celebration Of tho Octave Of the Feast Of the
immaculate Conception.
The octave of the festival OF the Immaculate Con.
ception was celebrated in 81. Paus church In Court
street. with great pomp and splenaor. The altar
was perfect blaze oil lights, between which the
rarest flowers in prouse quantities emitted de-
lightful odors. grand high mass was celebrated
by toe Rev. Father Lane, and at the gospel the
Rev. Father Mcguire, the pastor or the church, as.
cended the pulpit and preached an eloquent sermon
taking his text from the Gospel OF ST. john l., 10 TO
Is. lie said the intelligence conveyed in this Gospel
ought TO be dear to all good Christians. II was that
which the patrIarchs of old signed for and which we
Christians OF the present aye know 10 be a reality
The prophets Of old had only through the spirit
OF grace the vision oil the Saviour coming on the
world TO
REDEEM MANKIND AT A REMOTE DISTANCE,
but II was reserved to st. John to introduce the
saviour TO the world, and hence it that he an
prophet and more than prophet. lie came to
prepare Gods people To be worthy to receive Him,
anq by Gods grace he was satisfied to iunl HIS
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1870-12-12

mission In HIS mothers womb. lie came to preach
penance ana SAID that unless we did penance
VIZ SHOULD ALL PERISH.
The Church to-day has the same high and holy
mission, prepare the world for the second coming
OF the Saviour and the Church to-day was more
particularly anxious 70 prepare her children 10 re
eeive with due preparation and devotion their
Saviour on Christmas day. The speaker enlarged on
this theme AT length ana with much feryor.
The music on the occasion consisted or Mozart's
Twelfth Mass which was sung with full orchestral
tanned by Mime Clark, soprano; Miss Estele A. Muir
iagh con,ralto; Herr Jahn tenor, and Herr Kramer,
bass0, all under the direction Of Mr. WolE organist
Az the oferiory Mme. Clark sung Wegand's cave
Maria, with trombone obligato by Mr.. Francis zayer
Diller. The performance or the mass. was the best
ever heard IN Brooklyn, and OH the conclusion Of
the service large numbers OF the congregation came
up to the choir 10 compliment the artists.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1870-12-12

Church. Judaism waytan organization for caring
for man, but II was yet until Christ came that he
was taken rom the bondage that Deset him. The
genius ana tendency oil Christianity was
TO make men wise unto salvation. New
the medi:eval church did everything for man. ana
was one or the worst ORGANIZATIONS in his opinion
that the world had ever been cursed with. II ne
(Mr. Beecherl had TO choose between the TWO ne
would much prefer being a Jew TO a Rornaniss. rhe
one had ritual that was healthlul both TO mind and
body, hut the other was only 20 cnsave AstilEing
illustration, In The form Of u Dialogue, In which
TIE sUGSLiNG BApY
was introduced came IN here antshe said that that
which some Churches sought to<lQ Tor mon was as
though some world had been cmnOded INTO nurse,
where tue men, who were alWoys cntldren, lay idle
and sucking al their lives anaSeveopinS into full
grown blbytood.
The sermon was closed bVap earnest and touch.
Ing appeal 10 the Christians OF the church TO d..
yeiop the religious lndividuankm OF their character
and q glowing sketch OF the certain eject thereof.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1870-12-12
ERCcxLIN INTELLIGENCE.

Professor Mulrenan viii lecture this evening At
ST Peters Academy Hicks street, on 'Arch blshvps
Maclialc and Hughes The subject is certainly One
or much interest and should attract u large audi
encc.
The body OF an unknown man was found ON the
beach at Bay Ridge yesterday. The body was that
OF man about four feet ten inches In height and
thirtyhve years OF age; had sandy colored hair
short soalee aud mole on The right cheek, and was
atiTcd black cloth suit, white shirt gray UNDER
shirt, canton flannel drawers, blue woollen SOCKS
ano sewed boots. The body apparently, had been
IN the water but = few hours 10reRer Bennett held
the inquest
Between eight and nine o'clock on Saturday
evening last Mrs. Ann Doig, residing on Bushwiek
avenue, Williamsburg, went cut with one u her
daughters and, while walking IN Grand street. was
taken suddenly sick and fell to the pavement. She
was removed to a house close by and her daughter
ran home 10 inform her husband OF her cOndi.
ton. In short time she returned with
MIN aud mad the sick woman conveyed to
her home. where she died IN few moments after
her arrival. Her family say that mad money in
her portmonnaie which sue carried in the breast OF
her dress when she went ont, and that after her
death the portnonaaie was ioand In Its place, but
the money had been abaracted. Coroner Whltehll
viii investigate The case.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1870-12-12
PERSONAL NOTES.

The City Surveyor OF New London has been layinu
out the grounds Of Edwin Booth, the tragediau near
tue Pequot House. He viii build q handsome house
there IN The spring.
Captain Charles J.. Seabury, OF New Bedrora. will
nave command OF tue steamer Arizona. which will
sail frsm New York on q grand Oriental trp 10 Gi.
braltar. Malta, Port said Suez Canal, Aden SinQa-
pore ana Hong Kong, On the I'D inst.
. me minneapolis Tribune says that Mrs Charles
Duosr, living in ST.. Anthony, Num- gave birth to
TWINS, male and female, the first weighing eleven
ana one naf pounds, the second eleven pounds. Or.
soar ihe attending pnysican, vouches for truth
OF the statement There was n period Of eleven
hours between the births. Mother and children
well.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1870-12-12
IMPRESSIVE CEREMONY IN NEWARK.

Bayicy.
ST. Peters Roman Catholic church, on Belmont
avenue, Newark, was the scene OF an exceedingly
impressive ceremony yesterday afternoon, being The
conservation Of q new and spleDdidly toned
set OF bells, fourin number by the Bishop. Besides
the entire congregation OF ST. Peters there were
present large number OF people from other
churches. In the conservatory services Bishop
Bayiev was assisted by the pastor OF the church,
Rev. Father Pruth, and various other clergy. The
bells were made IN Troy N. y, tue largest weighing
1900 pounds
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1870-12-12
THE PAPAL GOVERNMENT.

ALBANY, Dec. II, 1870.
Bishop Conroy, in the Cathedral to-day. announced
that a meeting Of the members OF tho various
Catholic churches Of the city would be held soon to
protest against the invasion OF the states OF the
Church and the occupation OF Rome by the Italian
troops. The Bishop, IN strong terms condemned
the sct " Victor EmmaDueI.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1870-12-12
an ina eternal lite, alew me to toll you whore you

ran nd eternal lite, hNew me 70 t0lI You whore yOu
NAV lind II. Do you Gsk
TO WHOM SHALL WE cor
Co to Jesus Christ. He Is the eternal life. II is
treasured up IN Him. IL Is founa In Him alone He
came into the word to publish II. lie has revealed
by His holy HE, by His painful death, by His glo-
rlOus resurrection. urge you 10 lay hold upon dim
the eternal life. am come that We might have llfe
and have 1t mere abnniianty. lie Is The way, the
truth and the me- In dis hands IS reserved the right
70 Distribute endless life and endless death.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1870-12-12
ST. rATalck's Rsm.s CATHOLIC CHURCH.

give. but wouldn't the contribution was very
liberal
The Manitowoc tribune. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1866-1878, 1870-09-29
The Interview between Bismarck and
- Favre.

NEW 7 oRK,- Sept. %. "A Calais spec
ial says: "a special correspondent has
Just arrived from the Kings headquar-
tiers. Bismarck, ca behalf of the King
of Prussia, refused to treat with Favre
except regarding an armistice. Favre
urged proposals for peace, and insisted
that he represented the government of
France, but Bismarck hard logic COM
pleteIy upset him. What power recog-
nized you as the government Of France p
asked Bismarck what seal of Office do
you use do you not call yourselves only
a committee Of defense? Does not Gen.
Trochu refuse to recognize you as any,
thing else? Prussia can treat with you
for an armistice, on the capitalization of
Paris, as can we treat with Bazaine for
the surrender Of Metz.
''Favre was forced to relinauish the
first position, ands asked the armistice.
The terms demanded were the occupa-
ton Of Strasburg, Toul and Verdun.
Eavre left refusing these terms
a special correspondents at Berlin, tele-
graphs on the 25th, in the evening
The interview between Fayre and Bis
marok occurred on the 10Th Of Septem-
Der, at Lafferriere,- and lasted from Q to
Favre r rf68 % Paris. The surrender
of Strasburg, Toul and Verdun was ask
ed as conditions OF an armistice solely to
enable the g erahn farmies to obtain
necessary supplies and provisions. The
sorrenderEoi Mont RMerfsn Wis not de
manded. The Russian government de-
'clares it considers these conditions rea
Snnahla /. - p - - I" -.
The Manitowoc tribune. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1866-1878, 1870-09-29
MONDAYS RATTLE.
LONDON, Sept "a. -The=iouowing ac-
count of Mondays battle is from the

LONDON, Sept .-The=iouowing ac-
count of Mondays battle is from the
Opinion Rationale:
rQns Sunday evening Gen. Dacros
marched his troops in the neighborhood
! of Chatilon.. AT five the next morning
( the trDics:irears began to be active and
were repulsed, but NOT vigofensly,by the
Prussian infantry at Naern. The French
artillery took a position and opened a
very vigorous cannonade, in the direction
OF the woodsa-but no enemy showed him
self. For half an hour there was no
movement by the Germans. They than
began to reply from the fringe Of the
wood. Several French detachments then
pushed forward and entered the giades,
5especiailyron the French left, to carry
Bayneux. The cuirassiers yentured too
far, and coming suddenly on a strong
body. Of Germans, suffered heavy losses.
At that moment some of oar troops came
upon a corps Of Prussians at almost point
blank range. The latter had our men at
great adYantage.1 They seemed to be
quite at home In the woods. Every tree
was fertilization from which they took
deliberate aim. The firing was incessent
and very fierce. 'eaJust at this time a
battalion of the Mobiles of Seine came
up and began firing into the spot where
our 18th regiment was stationed. which
threw the latter into disorder and caused
their preclpltatezretreat."
The Manitowoc tribune. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1866-1878, 1870-09-29
Dated this 11th day of August 1870.
feb. HI p. MULHOLLAND. Sheriff
IN EEkOEsAEE.

MANIr0WOC COUNTY COC2T-sTATE OF WIS
C0NSIN, NANIr JW0C COUNTY.
the matter oftde Guardianship OF Minor Heirs (
4 Matthias kolbcel1. On reading and cling the pc
tition of John Strohfe Guardian of said minors
representing among otter things, that they the said
wards seized Of certain real estate in Nauit0woc
County and that 1t Is necessary that the should
be sold aud praying for license sell the same ard
it appearing to the Court from the petition that it
is necessary to sell said real for The support Of
said wards, 1t is ord red and directed that the next
of kin to said wards AID all persons interested III said
estate appear before ne, Monday the 10th day Of
October, A. ID, 1870, ten O'Clock A. NJ at the Pro-
bate Office in said County, then and there to show
Of any there be- why license should not be
granted for the sale of said estate according TO
the prayer of said petition.
And it is friher ordered, that copy of this cider
shall be publishe for successive weeks prior to
said day of hearing, in the ''MANHOwoc TRTDuNE"
weekly newspaper psted at Aanitowoc in said coun-
ty. BY the Court. WM. W. WALDO.
& jd,m-22@ft County fudge.
Dated at Nanitowoc the 18th dav OF sent 1870 t-<.
The Manitowoc tribune. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1866-1878, 1870-09-29
SHEEELEE,s SALE

C1RCtfT COURT HaAiTO noe (OLNTY
Roswell 1s. Reth, Plaintiff against Geo W Barker
Richard IL Hoes. Otis ". i.astoH, bcnamip ..ohct
Oliver N Bostwicl, Geo. y. kTickerbocker Valentine
Hope, Jr., Charles L. BostNek Erastus Corning Gu
bert c.. Davidson j.rlstHs Corning, .r., George d
Winslov., Anthony G. Barley, John Tyrell Join 4
butcher, Kellogg seSton, Charles $ Brett, Thomas
Turton, John SCI onih, Richard Irvine, Alexander
Proudiit, Jacob 5. Ne,more, GeuSe " Sale, George
n. Towslee, George Barker, Il. n Holm an and obn
H. Stevens, observation-disclosures of Foreclosure
and sale. Hi-tE-
I'M VIRTUE OF and pursuant to a .Iul lrncnt rem
dercd in said Court ia the above entitled action,
dated December % 1854 isall expose for safe and
sell at Public Auction al the Court House in the City
OF MaBitowoc, ON Thursday. the Eleventh day of An
gus t. 1870 at the hour Of 10 oolock A. of that day
the following described mortgaced premises. or so
much thereof as mty be necessary raise the
of said judgment, interest and costs together with
expenses of SALE toNit All the following described
pieces or parcels of land Situated living and being in
the City and County Of Manitowoc and State of Wis
consin, to-wt :ots No. Three 49, -Four q Five o.
Six 90 and Seven O. in block No. Two Hundred and
twenty glit US the i LAID 4, in the
corded plat of the City Of Mani towoc on record
IN the Office Of the Register OF Deeds Of Manitowoc
County, Wisconsin.
Dated, Sheriff Office, AIanitowoc May 2ist 1870.
u. MUlH0LLAND.
Sheriff Of Manitowoc Co.
J. D. MARKHAM, Attorney for Plaintiff
The above Sale is this day adj nT1ed 10 the Hin
day OF February. 1871. at the time and
place.
Dated this 11th day of August 1870.
MIST feb. i'll p. MUIIIOII,AND Sheriff
The Manitowoc tribune. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1866-1878, 1870-09-29
TAX NOTICE.

OFFICE OF CLERK OF COUNTY Board OF SUPERVISORS, /
Manitowoc, July IS 1870. +
A LII persons interested hereby notified that
~ the following tracts Of land apd Village lots,
lying and being situated in the County OF Manitowoc
and State Of Wisconsin, remai ng unreIeemedn the
ehiee OF the Clerk of the County Board of sSlpervi
soiS OF the County of Maniowoc, and State of Wis
consin, for the taxes due ana unpaid thereon for the
year 1867 for which said taxes the said tracts of laad
and town lois We're sold on the l2tf day of Nav A.
D. 1865. Now;therefore, unless the amount OF t xes
interest fees ana charges set opposite TIE several
tracts OF land and town lots herein described be
paid on or before the 18th day orsIay 1871 the same
WILDE conveyed to the Purchaseror his assenees in
pufsaa1ceos te statutes IN such cases made and
yided. p p FUESSFNICH
Clerk of the County Board of snnerxieors
The Manitowoc tribune. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1866-1878, 1870-09-29

Tho n. Y, Tribune says the Score
tary again reports "coin balance of
500, Isl 0S2, and currency balance of
$34, Sol in the Federal Treasury.
Deduct S2l, SIT, 200 from the coin to bal
ance Treasury Certificates outstanding,
aud there is clear balance in the Treas
ury of over Sll2, 000.o IF there is
any possible reason for keeping this vast
sum, or the half thereof, why will not some
one PROFOUND it? The interest thereon
exceeds six millions of coin per annum.
We want to save that six millions to the
people by using every dollar in the Treas
ury to buy up and cancel some sort, of
Public Debt. Don't try to move the slit
tie joker from one thimble to another SO
quickly that we can see it, but use every
dollar in tie Treasury to extinguish some
sort-Gny sort-of Government liability,
and ne will cry out, ''Hell done |" At
present, we cannot.
The Manitowoc tribune. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1866-1878, 1870-09-29
aile --latest FROM Europe.

Tours, Sept. 27I.-TBSe5 following news
is received here from Paris, dated ODD =
The division Of General Mordhay yester-
day attacked the heights at Vile Jeuf,
SOUTH Of Pafis; which were occupied by
the Prussians. The battle began at A.
NJ. After sustaining sharp Prussian fire
for some hours, our troops captured the
redoubts of Maulin, Sague. Vile Jeuf
and Hau;s-Brazers. WcNoecupy them
now. The enenys loss was great.
On the day considerable force Of tho French
made reconnaissance, and drove tho enemy from the
village Of DFancy. The day Gen. Bcllamere, tho
commander at st. Dennis attacked tho village of Pr
erefitte, about milo north of ST. Dennis which tho
Prussians had occupied In considerable force. The
enemy driven out OF the village and the French
troops returned 10 st. Dennis unmolested
Bazaino has not yet offered to surrender.
King VIM. Is preparing to winter in France.
Napoleon has sent envoy to Metz to consult with
Marshal Bazaine in rcgard,to terms Of peace.
Orleans was evacuated By tho French on the Goth
IN good order.
The Manitowoc tribune. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1866-1878, 1870-09-29

The New York Tribune says there is a
strong political argument in every item
Of the curious and valuable table, which
compares the receipts and expenditures
of the Government for the last eighteen
months of the Democratic rule Of Presi-
dent johnson, and the first eighteen
months Of the Republican Administra-
ton of President Grant And the argu-
ments are not lame and hating, nor are
their declarations in any sense equivocaI
While the receipts in eighteen months
under the present Administration haya
increased $87,2I3,7 65 60 over those of a
corresponding perion of Democratic mis-
rule, the expenditures have decreased
$S3, S53. 060 II, thus saving to the coun-
try $l70, 0GG,S26 81. Here is the posi-
tive proof OF present economy. 1t has
cost less under President Grant to collect,
under the reduced Tariff, 1924, 725, 139 q
of the customs than it did under Presi-
dent johnson to collect 1921, 1913, T0S 10 !;
while more than a million dollars repre-
sents the decrease in the cost of collect
ing, under Grant. s53, ,9l9 Is more
Of Internal Revenue than under johnson.
Here is the proof positive of honesty.
The Democratic Administration reduced
the public debt, during the last eighteen
months of its existence, $1,3S3, AGO 67 !;
the present Republican Administration
during the ike period, reduced it $780,
542, loo 60. Here is the assurance of
financial wisdom. Economy, Honesty,
Wisdom, and Peace! Verify, the country
has reasons to be thankful for this direc-
ton
The Manitowoc tribune. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1866-1878, 1870-09-29
SUMMON S,

NANIF6W0G- COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT.
SeWarel Nclis. Plaintiff, against Amanda Nellis.
observation-disclosures for relief.-{Complant served)
HE 81 ATE OF WISCONSIN, TO Amanda Nellis, Defen-
dant: ACu are hereby Summoned ana required to
answer the complaint in this action, of which copy
is herewith served upon you and serve copy of your
answer on me at my Office in the City and County of
Manitowoc. isconsin within twenty days after the
service hereof exclusive of the dayo such service;
and il you fail TO answer the complaint as aforesaid
the plaintiff viii apply TO the Court for the relief de-
manded in the complaint.
Dated, August Is th A. d. 1S.a.
80 j. .. sMARKH AN, PLAINTIFFS Attorney.
ThecoReaint the above tlesaction yvasthis
day duly fled in the Office of the Clerk of the Circuit
Court of Manitowoc County.
Dated August, Is, 1870.
t 19-6tj.d.m. j. D. MARKHAM, PITTS. Attn'y.
The Manitowoc tribune. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1866-1878, 1870-09-29

TnE annual municipal election took
place in Memphis on Saturday. Morris,
Democrat, was elected Mayor over Allen.
Republican, by 1900 majority.
The Manitowoc tribune. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1866-1878, 1870-09-29

-Marg4et Waters, having been found
guilty, in London, Of the willfsl murder
Of forty infants, has been sentenced to be
hanged. a