davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03

FAREWELL SRRNoN-Rey, DIR. Pinknev. Who
has been for fourteen years past the rector of
the Church of the Ascension. on III street. having
been elected Assistant Bishop of the Diocese OF
Maryland, and the time for his conservation
fixed for Thursday next, he last evening
preached his farewell sermon. Notwithstanding
the rain the church WIS well filled, the entire
congregation being present, and many of his
friends from other churches. He took for his
text; And this Is his commandment: That we
should believe in the name of His son Jesus
Christ, and love one one another, as he gave us
commandment LIST John. Sd chap, sd verse
In the course of his sermon he spoke very feel
ingiy OF the affection which had existed between
him and the congregation for the fourteen ears
ne had served them, speaking highly of them as
a body OF christian people, expressing his thanks
for having been connected with such people
ana the hope that the parish would, under his
successor, continue to prosper.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03

NO PERSON SHOULD PURCHASE AMI
gs:ss toned sTiEffs p ilIss q. I6SF1
~ BRO. $50 nth e.. bet Pa q, IN ' sa..
yis; new Guitars, Bsn)ss Flutes and Accoroesoas,
only "a, e2Q and as. special sfteniIon elsea
Dop0. ep6u
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03

GERMAN LEssoNs--It Will be seen by notice
elsewhere that the study OF the German IAN
yusge Is about TO be introduced In the Washing
ION Business College. and the Introductory les
son-a free one-win be d-hyered by Professor
of that language this evening.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03
Great stock
CARPETrNGs AND OILcLoTHs.

w. w. BURDETTE
Has full and complete stock OF all the new and
desirable FABRICS for the present and approach
ing season.
CALICoEs At Ga, .. ., 9, 10 and l2'< cts.
LOTIONS at Ga, rs, 9, 10, 12'., Is, Il s1d
30 cts.
BLACK ALPACAs At 23, 80. IS, 90, as, so,
SAL, b, SIR Cts, and 8 per yard.
BLACK SILKS at 81, sI:25. sl;s0. sI15,
81, s22s, 81 so, s2.75, IS and $3.50 per I'd
BLACK CREATIONS, rAMIsE. BoMBAZINEs,
hERlNOEs, DELAINks COED and cheap.
BLACK yELvETEENs ct 81, sI.25, $3.50,
S1.7s and S2-yery cheap.
A large line of FLANNELs, in White, Rcd, Vel.
low, and Grey, from rs cents up to s 1 per yard.
BLANKETS, from So per pair up to Sl2
A large stock OF Irish, French, and English POP
Inns, in Plain, Plaid and Stripes.
TABLE LINENS, NAPKINS, TOWELS, and
CRASH.
500 White BED SPREADS, at SI Us. Also, nDer
Spreads st 81 80, 81, S3, 81, and IS.
w. w. BURDETTE,
No. Gas SEVENTH SHEET.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03
si.-oNE poLLAR p.,,

"spalding's Glue, !" handy and ussfu,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03

STOLEN HORSE AND Buee RECOVERED
The Meskrs NAilor Brothers succeeded ON Fri
day In reco yering the horse and buggy stolen
from them by samuel II. Clarke ON Tuesday
last The animal and vehicle we're lett al
Laurel, Nd, by Clark, to be taken care OF
until he should return and call for them.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03
v In EGAR. vIHEGAR,

v IN EG Il. VIHEGAR.
One hundred barrels pure CIDER vINeoap
Suitable Tor Pcl on hand and for sale M lon,
TO snit purchasers By J.G. WArGRS
~ I'm 109 Water street.
WHlTE LEAD AND PAINT DEPOr-Au,h On.
70 High street. essn prices
eeS In 10. MIoHoLs.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03

RY THOMAS BOWLING, Auctioneer,
- TIA Bridge street, Georgetown
- BY virtue OF o decree OF the Supreme Copr,
E, Of the District Of Columbia, passed the lSth
Eday OF July, $50, in equity caase No. isss.
wherein James Jackson and others are com inanfs
and Louts Jackson and others are defend mn. We
shall, on SATURDAY, the 18th day Of October
next, ~ O'Clock In the afternoon, on the premise
oher Tor sale at public auction, the properly de-
tcrfoed IN the proceedings in the above mentioned
caufe @ follows, viz: Subdivision Of bot No a 81
Old Georgetown, extending IL feet the north side
o. Bridge street, and running back 369 feet Improved
by fne three story Brick Dwelling and two story
bnek back building, including large storeroom on
Terms: One third Of the purchase money I'm cash.
the residue in two equal iustalments Of eix and
twelve months, with interest, to be secured Nv an
proved notes and reserved lien on the premises
SAMUEL L. PEILLlPe, $50
EDWIN l. STANTON, Trustees.
SEES THOS. DOWNING Apct,r
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03

MR. L. WRITER, Professor OF drawing and
painting, announces elsewhere that he has re-
sumed his professional duties at his hail. corner
Pennsylvania avenue and street Oteoo Hall
Gentlemen, ladies and children can receive in
struction at that place.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03


At Georgetown to-day the water has fallen to
its usual level. The Water street merchants
are all busy clearing up the rubbish. On the
south side OF this street, from the Aqueduct
bridge to Rock creek, all the merchants are losers
more or less. Among these Is Mr.. r. L. Moore,
guano dealer, whose losses will be about 81 900;
the New Rork Steamship Company about the
same, occasioned by overflow Of their warehouse.
Evan Lyons loss on grain and plaster DANA ged
VIII not exceed 800. The lumber dealers have
been put to great Inconvenience, as well rs
positive loss, by the moving about and mixing
Of n cir Timber. Messrs. Picsrell, WLeatIey e
Sons, Iibbey, and others, fortunately have sus-
tained but little loss by luIr Der floating away.
few hundred dollars each viii probably cover
10 al. III. r. Gilbert x Co. lose about 800 or
: 100 IN stock. Considerable damage has been
done TO all the " harve segSrll of which have
been washed entirely away. The entire losses
will probably foil short rather than oyerreach
he figures stated IN SATURDAYS STAR
Inc Sharves OF the Philadelphia packet Inc
aud Piekreli's wharf verc rot seriously dam
aged. Edmonston s Co. lose abou. $1,000 in
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03

ME-. AND MRS w. j. FLORENCE, ALWAYS great
favorites in Washington, commence two week :
engagement at the National Theater this even
pieces in which they have achieved q reputa-
ton. Handy Andy" and "Mischievous Anme''
are on the bills for tonight.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03

ANOTHER VETERAN PAINTER GoNR-Mr.
Thomas Foster, an estimable citizen aged 20
years, died on Sunday evening. the ID instanf,
the Rev. Jonathan Foster, who established the
Republican CoRsteldfien at Winchester, Virginia
which pare was co=tinued until the second
year OF the civil war, with the title of winches-
ter Republican, under the successive and s1c-
cessful editorial control of Samuel H. Davis,
James G. Brooks, William Towers, John $.
Gallaher, Serseney Il Cofroth, and a. Meade
Mr.. Foster was faithful assistant in the OF &c
for many years, until the autumn OF 1850. when
he was appointed chief messenger in the Third
Auditors Office, while that bureau was under
the management Of hts long time friend, John
s. Gallaher. So we'll esteemed was he, that,
under all the mutations Of politics, Mr.. F. was
retained by all subsequent auditors-Messrs.
erford-a striking proof Of his fidelity as a pub
lie servant aud his worth as q man. Mr.. Foster
served q term at Norfolk during the war of
1872, in the rifle company OF Capt Thomas Rob
erts, Of Winchester, and was present nj the re-
pulse of the British barges in their attack on
Craney Island. He has been for over thirt |,
years a member Of the Methodist Episcopal
Church at Winchester and in Washington, and
has gone down to the tomb with an unfaltering
trust in the promises made by the Saviour 20
every good and faithful servant" Mr.. Fosters
remains are 10 be taken to Winchester, TO be
laid in the cemetery In which repose many OF
the companions of bis youth and brethren of
the church In which he had been for years A
faithful class leader.
LEVY CouRr.-The regular meeting of the
Levy Court was held to- day in the Aldermen's
,hamber-Messrs. Nichols, (president,) Burr,
Garden, Plant, Rowland, Shepherd and Ten
ney present. with Mr.. n. Callan clerk.
A petition wss presented asking that a chan pc
be made in Good Hope road; also, one asking
that road Tor street, be laid out from the hea 1
Of 10th street. through Meridian Hin property
to Meridian avenue. Mr.. Shepherd offered an
order for an estimate; which was adopted.
Mr.. Plant, from the committee on improve
tod Ia
dered 10 be paid.
Mr.: Rowland. from the committee on schools.
asked further time on the petition from th,
seventh district in reference to the teacher i'm
CniontOwn; granted.
Mr.. Shepherd offered resolution that here
after no money shall be expended for roads nm
less the title OF the roads is vested in the court
Adjourned.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03
The Courts.

OLilt toUhT, JuuJe SnSu.-on SATURDAY., Il
j: Hale, arrested by detectives Coomes anC
Miller, was arraigned on a charge OF obtainin,
by false pretences number of medical work
from DIS Bliss, Lincoln, Buckley and others
TO give bonds to appear at the Criminal Court
Mary Montague, cOlored, disturbing the peace
and profane and Indecent language; fined :;
ana costs. Lewis Frazier, charged with obtain
ing liquor on false pretences, the property O
Mary Pagan; required to give bonds TO avail
the action OF the grand jury. Mike Nash
charged with beating his wife, plead not guilty
John Brown, George Emery, and Chas. Wood
ruff, for disorderly conduct were fined s. AM
costs. VIM. Shalf and George Gordon, for Xix,
ohence, received the same. Isaac Fouke
charged with being drunk and disorderly, wa
fined in the same amount. John Norman re
cefved like fine for similar offence. Adam
each sentenced to pay So for disorderly conduct
ASSAULT NO. !.
BENJAMIN Warden was charged with commit
ing an w assault on on. George Koher. Latter
tooth looee; fined 50 and costs.
Alfsed Ih9rnett, charged With being drunl
and dsordeIly and insulting ladies, was ar
been punished sufficiently by the COMPANY O
the ladies, dismissed him.
LARCENY CASES.
henry Harris alias Turner, alias Taylor, fol
the larceny OF preserving kettle, arrested BY
officeS Aldridge, was fined $40 and costs. Allen
Colbert, charged with the larceny Of a pair O
shoes from II. q. Windsor, was next arraigned
Sergeant German arrested the boy On descrip
ton given, fined 50 and costs.
ASSAULT NO. ..
Frederick Arbuckle, charged with assaultin,
MS wife and being drunk and disordery, arrest
ed by officer Needs; he was tined 80 and cost
for dasord derby conduct, and the assault case wa
dismissed.
SERIOUS CHARGE.
Richard Clark, charged with an assault witt
intent to commit rape on Cordela Morris
was next arraigned; Mr.. Barrett for defence Tn,
prosecuting witness testified as to the facts O.
the assault, which are unit for publication, ant
that she called for help, and a man named Will
liams came out, when the accused ran off. OF
hcer Robertson subsequently arrested him.
DISokDKRLIRS.
James Pinkney, drunk and disorderly; finet
50 and costs. Jerry Green, disorderiy, and
using profane language; 50 AND costs. Kate
Queen, cursing and swearing in the street; 9;
and costs. Henry Taylor, drordsf1y in a church
g and costs. John Hest, cursing nd caring
S. and costs. Michael COnroy, f1nk and dis.
orderly; 50 and costs. Robt. II. White, drunk
and dis0rderly; 80 and costs.
CONCEALED WEAPONS.
James Cavanaugh, carrying a concealed
weapon, namely: butcher knife; fined $50
Mary Smith: carrying concealed weapon
fined so, in default GO days at the farm. John
Kirk and (harlaa WHITE nh ;&t,
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1870-10-03


biased mind that to increase the balance of the
water fund during that space OF time from "a, Isl
to $4,000 can hardly be adjudged a very serious
case or maladministration on my part. From
Mr.. Cranes own statement, there is now in the
bank to the credit Of this fund balance Of over
S57 COO, as he says" 1t does not appear tn a [
he" the Mayor "drew any checks upon the
for any other purpose Such was the fact, and
every cent received by me while Water Regis
trar, which was not paid for such purposes, still
OF other funds can no more affect it than CANAAN
oyer-draft Of my private bank account be set
on against the balance which the bank holds in
s.elear v:oldtiea Of lar," 20 that to AFTERWARDS
startle US with the caption of 4" Hoso the Water
Fund ros Sscdmped'' really is not consistent. Mr.
Crane Is certainly misinfoImed that the bank
ever, during my term OF office. refused to honor
warrants drawn on the water fund.
3. In the course OF Mr.. Cranes report one
caption reads, An unpteasant state Of affairs
What hos become of the books 20 That there were
no books Of account in the Office at the time Of
my accession thereto Is no news, but there are
books, opened and kept by me, showing all
me, all water MANS laid, tire-plugs erected,
property taxed, permits given, taps made and
water introduced, az well as all other essential
transactions Of the office during the two years of
!. Another caption reads" Ninety ThoMssad
Dollars Of Water Tar in Arrears hro.0h Ne9li-
genee." This certainly is Q Typographical error,
truth. When l left the ONCE, on the I'D OF
June, there was about $4,000 Of water tax then
due, as estimated by Major Bramhall, then at
work Oh the waterta tax books, possibly 81, 900;
and / can hardly believe that Mr.. Crane has
allowed the arrearages to increa sin e tie to
$50 600, or, in the round numbers OF your COM
nents, to S1O0 coo. II go, 10 is certainly not nv
fault; bu: really think this is typographical
error, or that Mr.. Crane has c0nfounied the
tax assessed and to become due In fut IRE in
stalments with that already due. Now, go 900
u rnf In tvx
arrears OF all the water tax that has ever been
assessed, though used every exertinn TO have
IL LEES. The general taxes Of the corporation
are, i yen.are ~ assert, unpaid in q greater
The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1870-07-30
Strength Of European Armies.

In view of the possibility, If not probability
OF q European war, it is interesting to know
what military force the nations concerned can
put in the field. France has 414632 soldiers on
the peace footing and 647,271 in the field, total
Of nearly 100000. Of these, 100000 men are
ready to march on the tap of the drum.
Austria has 27s,47O men on the peace estab.
ishment, S3s, 200 of a war strength, or 100000
fully prepared to move. Could the South Ger
man Confederation, or group of States, be secur.
ed on the same side, they have 70 $40 on the
peace, or 1884, OG on the war footing, with 107,-
600 Of these prepared for instant service Such
a coalition would give France the control of
777,0UO fighting men at once, with reserve of
1,596, l0G trained soldiers
On the other hand, Prussia has 10000 men
on the peace or 100000 on the war footing,
with 3oO,O00 now ready for operation on her
western frontier. North Germany, going with
Prussia, has 31552G on the peace, SOL 1903 on the
field Or 944,391 on the war footing, of which
$4,000 are instantly available. This would place
at Prussian disposal l,S4G,0O0 for the first mo.
ment and l,364,32l in reserve. Thus she would
have, instantly, 69,OOO men more and hereafter
23l $50 less than the French alliance Should
she be able to manage Southern Germany for her
cause she would have l053, 600, or nc, 900 more
than France, to move at once, or quite enough
to cope with her and Austria together, for the
tlme belhg WITH all the advantage Of "a common
language and position. This would leave Prus.
STA still reserve of AL 127 men, or only 154.
379 less than that of France and Austria coales.
ced, difference swamped to the extent of nearly
10000 men by her superiority of immediate
force.
Italy, out of a force of 37O,12l on war foot.
ing with 100000 of reserve, or 5i3, .2l in all.
could spare possibly 100000 men to operate on
the French frontier, or hold u hostile foe in
check The direct and open participation of
Russia is hardly to be expected, unless circum.
stances should force her into the melee. In that
case she could dispose Of about 100000 men from
about 100000 composing her army in Europe,
including the Cossacks. She could take no other
course by family alliance, position, and the re.
collection of Crimeam wounds then to aid Prus.
STA. Sweden and Denmark would, if they dared
to move at all, have TO go in the same direction,
with about 10000 men. Thus Italy, the Gar
and Scandinavia would bring King William
50O,OOO men-a force that, with South German
aid, would place him $4,000 ahead Of France,
allowing England, Belgium, Holland and Swift.
xerland 10 remain neutral.
The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1870-07-30
NIIE INDIAN GREER MILLS.

The undersigned desires to inform the public that has
purchased the Cuyca Mills situated Indian Crock, and Is
BOW prepared TO grind gs with despatch and from His long
make his @ one Of the best custom and mills In the
water enough to good business the year round He In.
tends p keep dam tight and repair tho
every effort 70 merit liberal share Of patronage.
bn IA sSor nov ON hand ana r nc y Invest nrce1
Highest market price In cash paid for old spring wheat
The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1870-07-30
legal.


STATE OF ILLINOIS, la sALLR Co.'S
- niue Circuit C0lvt thereof
Affidavit of the nonesidence the said Dnah Jenkins de.
tendan having been filed in the Office of clerk OF said
the mpanant iled Els bin of COMPLAINT in said court ON
the chancey side thereof the 10th day Of July A. d. 1870
ana issued ont OF said court against said
Now unless you, ne said Dnah Jenkins shall personally
first day Of the next term thereof to be heden
House in Ottawa In said county, the first Monday Of
panant's said bill of complaint same and the matters
and things therein charged and will be taken ms con-
prayer of said bill CHARLES II. HOOK.
5. ct il. HARRIS sol'rs for Compl't. uly2s tw
SI'A'EI; OF ILLINOIS. SUPREME COURT
ssoono G% e . Ss % Rr,Sn XXI. S Ste
Abraham Cohen.-Etr0t 10 ne Circuit court Gf Woolford
toMMy.
cd by said George McFadcn Morris and Abraham Co.
hem against said Solomon Bennett In the said Circuit Court
in said supreme Court; and whereas writ scbe is has
been duly issued herein, rcturnabe the day next
State the second Tuesday September next according TO
law and whereas also II appears by affidavit nlc the
McFaddcn. Morris Sc,z and Abraham Cohen
Of the State OF Illinois, and without the reach OF the process
Now, therefore, YOU the said George c. McFadcn Morris
se1 and Abraham Cohen, the said defendants in error whose
residence appears aforesaid hereby notified to I've
next term OF said court TO he holden at Ottawa in said State
the second Tuesday in September next to hear the record
OF said writ OF error and the error assigned II you shall
IT. and further do and receive what said court shall order
WOODBURY. NJ. TAYLOR,
Clerk OF the supreme Court.
Attorneys for Plaintif in Error. iulyeaw
The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1870-07-30

More people are killed by lightning than is
commonly supposed. According to some recent.
ly published statistics more than 10000 people
have been smtten by the electric fluid within
the past thirty years. of whom 2,252 were killed
outright The frey bolts, however, seem to make
distinction on account Of sex, for Of the $50
killed within the las: ten years, only 243 were
females.
The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1870-07-30

Itt0Tk .Drt9S AMT rs
NEW DRUG STORE.
-.r,-. .-. ea -. ..H.
srRAVB { POWELL
Have just opened, at the corner of
Main and La Sale Streets, mills
old corner a DRuc, Prescription
AND FANCY GooDs STORE. Their
Stock is perfectly fresh, and COM
prises a full line of Drugs, Medi-
cines, Chemicals, Patent and Pro-
prietary Medicines, a carefully Sc
lected assortment of Fancy Goods,
Coudray's, Rimmells and Lubin's
Perfumery Soaps, Pomades, Face
and Sachet Powders, Fine French
and English Brushes, a full line of
California and Imported Wines and
Brandies for medicinal purposes, a
complete stock of Paints, Oils and
Dye StuAs, Carbon and Lubricating
Oils. Particular attention paid to
the preparation and dispensing of
prescriptions, according to the legi-
innate rules of pharmacy.
Ottawa, April 9th, 1870.
The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1870-07-30

To this day the pulpit in which John Calvin,
the eminent religious reformer, preached and
the chair in which he sat, are preserved in the
cathredal of st. Pierre, in Geneva. Calvin died
in the year 1864, aud was buried il the cemetery
of Plain Palais, Geneva. The monument over
his grave is the only one of this extraordinary
man. 1t is square stone, eight inches wide by
twelve inches high, bearing the simple inscrip-
ton, ~ c."
Knoxville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1870-1875, 1870-04-27
A PICTURE.

The farmer sat in his easy chair.
Smoking his pipe of clay,
While his hale old wife, with busy care,
Was clearing the dinner away
A sweet little girl with fine blue eyes,
On her grandpa's knee was catching flies.
The old man placed his hand on her head,
With tear on his wrnkled face
lie thought how often her mother. dead,
Had sat in the same, same place;
As the tear stole down from his half shut eye.
Don't smoke" said the child "how it makes vol
cryl"
The house dog lay stretched out on the hoor,
Where the sun, after noOn used TO steals
The busy old wife, by the open door.
Was turning the spinning wheel,
And the old brass clock on the mantle-tree
Had plodded along to almost three.
Still the farmer sat in his easy chair,
While close to his heaving breast
The moistened brow and the head so fair
OF his sweet grandchild were prest.
His head bent down on her soft hair lay
Fast asleep were they both on that summer day
Knoxville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1870-1875, 1870-04-27
Three Hundred Apple and Peach Trees
Girdled for the Fifth Time.

Again we have to chronicle another dia-
bolical outrage, by which the value of the
orchard recently owned by Martin Green,
Esq, and now the property of w. G. Hun
ter Esq. of West Liberty, Ohio, has been
eopardized. When this business is to
stop it is impossible to say, but from the
present appearance it is to be continued
INIT; the orchard is destroyed. On Sun
dav nfft"noon last some men passing
through the orchard discovered this new
Outrage, and Immediately gave notice. On
examination Mr.. Cook, who is temporarily
occu ,ying the premises until DIR. Hunter
can arrange to move his family here dis
covered that about three hundred apple
and peach trees were again completely Cir
died, the work having been done more
effectually than ever. 1t is impossible to
tell when this fiendish work was done, but
probably within forty-eight hours of the
discovery. The trees, no doubt, will be
saved, IA the weather was very favorble,
and the work of binding up and covering
the wounds with grafting-wax was COM
menced as soon as practicable. This is the
fifth time that this orchard has been gir-
died, and it is the.strangest affair that we
ever heard of. 1t is strange That the trees
have not been killed; but there are very
few that are materially injured, the wounds
of the previous girdling having healed over
nioe,N, 1t is no less strange thot the MUIR
derois work has always been done about
the same tine of the month, and on clear
moonlight nights, and that the men have
not been SEEM and tEet Mr.. Green has not
been able to form any idea of who the
scoundrels are who have perpetrated this
crime. The orchard has been closely
watched until just before new attact,
when it has been thought no further effort
would be made to destroy the property. It
is strange that this last attempt on the life
of the trees should be made when it is well
known that Mr.. Hunter-who is gentle
man of high standing where he has former
ly lived, and as he is an entire stranger to
the people here can not be supposed to be
the object of any persons hatred-owns
the property and that Mr.. Green, against
whom, no doubt, the outrage has been in
tended, has no interest in the property.
Probably the scamps think Mr.. Green's
sale is a sham, because he sold the property
far below its value Benton Harder Ditch
igd1t) Palladium, 18th.