The New York herald., 1870-11-24


provisions. ~ =.
Since the treaty Of 1865 kussia has striven 10 de,
serve the boon she now asks BY peicy so enlight-
ened ana so closely In accordance with the spirit Of
the most advanced civiilzatten that a friends OF
progress must desire ner success. In spite OF the
facs that ct any time the outbreak Of war would
necessarily Involve the destruction OF all her CON-
mercial marine on the waters OF the Black
Sea- she has encouraged In every possible
way her shipping interests in these very
waters where she is poweiless 10 defend them rom
rum. Al the sxpenseol the Car steam lines have
been maintained to carry mafis, passengers ana
cargo at regular intervals betwcenal the principal
ports or the Black Sea and Constantinople there
connecting with second Russian line. trading to
the ports OF Southern Asia Mnor, Cyprus and Syria
"a well "a with three or four other steam lines to the
Western Mediterranean. And in this policy she has
been actuated by views so expanded as to carry on
even the Turkish traiic between Constantlnope and
the Northern Turkish ports OF Asia Minor. The
Turkish government has never had the energy to
start . line from Its capital to run along
tho shores Of the Black Sea, and thus
tap the ports under the protection OF
the Crescent Even the mails OF the Porte and the
persons Of Its officials are conveyed from stamboul
to TreDizond and other Turkish ports In Russian
steamers Then Russia has constantly labored to
improve her internal communications as to throw
the produce OF the whole Southern country into
Odessa. Railroads have been so systematzed as TO
concentrate there; the custom houses and her
tensive official hierarchy have been purged OF the
corruption which formerly made them the terror OF
foreigners, and alien merchants havo found that no
EFFORT spared to redress any grievance under which
they labor Unfortunately, there are no complete sta
tlstlcs OF the entire trade OF the Black Sea, SO
we are unable TO express in figures the exact
story OF the rapid progress which this wise and gen.
policy has brought about The two chief ports
Odessa and Trebizond, however-the one Russian
and the other Turkish-display the truth with sum
cient emphasis. Odessa In. 1850 was estimated at
only $4,000 population in 1870 1t is said to contain
10000 inhabitants. Trebizond has made even
grander strides and now boasts lo 600 inhabitants.
In this prosperity the whole civilized world shares
Certainly, when II Is seen how largely Russia has
been the author OF such immense material progress
and again. how Turkey has done absolutely nothing
toward 1t, but tosupiney eok on IN compiacent In
doience there be but little doubt about the ab-
stract Justice Of placing these two Powers upon
naval equality.
-. - TIE BLACK SEA. ~.
Some few particulars as totiie character ana trade
OF these seas will be or interest The Black Sea, or
as It was called In ancient times, the Euxine is
absu 700 miles In length with an average breadth of
waters OF Europe and 1t Is very much less salt than
the Mediterranean. Like the latter It has no per-
ceptib,e tide For long time It was believed to
have higher level than the Sea OF Marmora, fact
thar would have demonstrated that It flowed into
the Mediterranean. scientific board OF inquiry
demonstrated, however, that the levels Of the two
are Identical, and It is still matter OF doubt where
the Immense volumes Of water 1t annually receives
are absorbed. Evaporation, which is very active
under the influence Of fierce South Russian
sun, is the only satisfactory solution of the
problem left us. The Black Sea Is very
deep, varying along the shores from four to forty.
eight fatnoms, while in the centre no sounaipgs
nave yet been found 1t takes its name not from
the color OF Its waters but from the sonbre tns OF
the thick forests which fringe Its Shores or perhaps
as some have conjectured, from the gloomy, leaden
sky which forms Its almost constant canopy. 1t has
but enc large bay, and its ports though sufficiently
numerous, are not very secure. Its navigation,
though imperiiled occasionally by severe storms IL
Dy no means dangerous, as IL sngularly free from
rocks and shoals The shores on the northeast
east and southwest are formed by bold chain OF
rugged cliffs, averaging 100 feet in height hut on the
north and northwest the coastiie Is scarcely ele.
waited above the level setcine water
9tk - ~~ +. EIC0LAEv.
Where, according to recent cable dispatches a
centrated, is situated ell the angle formed by the
confluence Of the Bug and the 1ngoul. about forty
six miles from the Black Sea. 1t was founded by
Cathsrlne In 17se and speedily rose to Importance,
and IN the Orimean war no less than 1877 armed YES
sells gathered before IL, sixteen OF which
frgatcs. But the treaty OF 1855 indirectly dsarmed
H. and the present concentration of armed vessels at
this place clear violation Of the provisions of the
treaty.
THE SEA OF AzoF.
connected with by the narrow straits of Yenikale
is much smaller, being only about 168 miles long
and eighty broad. Its waters are fresh and abound
with fish, but are very shallow, and fall OF towards
the west into huge marshes, which have been aptly
named the Putrid Sea. 1t is Of comparatively little
importance fer purposes Of navigation though it
has several ports and roadsteads. Its chief indus
try Is It's fisheries and next TO the Danube 1t is the
most fertile source Of the famed caviar
All the shores washed by the Black Sea have
within the last decade made rapid strides in the
path OF material and industrial development The
entire Russian coast is annually growing In
population, wealth and importance. Odessa, how
ever, bids fair to absorb nearly all the trade 1t
chiefly exports wheat, tallow, hides, wool and
leather, and takes in return the products OF all
parts Of manufacturing Europe. The southern
Shore comprising the northern line OF Asia Minor,
has also been quckened into an activity which bids
fair to bring IL up to Its ancient prosperity. Sam
soon and Tresizond are the principal ports. and are
now rapidly becoming gates through which the
trade OF Persia, Armenia and Central Asia can now
TO Europe. The local products are not very i'm
portant chiefly consisting OF WOOL hides and bread
stuis. The
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION.
While Russia dlsclaims any other intention In the
present movement than opening the Black Sea 10
her neet and to all other navies and while, II she
gains that point by peaceful diplomacy she may ask
FOR NO other advantage, 1t is none the less certain
that II she has to resort to war, she will not be
saJlsled with that, but will aim at territorial ex
tenslon. 1t went hard with her In 1856 to have to
surrender that portion OF the Bessaraban province
which comprised the mouths of the Danube and
gave her control Of the navigation Of that river.
The Emnraas Catherine had Rresfed IL hY war from