The New York herald., 1870-05-23

Of ali crsdes 7es. Isl nSf-commissoned officers and
prlva es. These were divided into
III tan nry................. .6z60da or 70 per cent
Artiile y............... si's02 II per cent
Engineers s................. l9,OS2, or per cent
Total ..............:.,.....s9 s9s,loi
0fwhch after the deduction OF garrison, local troops
DC, there would remain, N case O! war, tl44 men
In the Russian military Journals the strength Of
the army MAS stated, January J, 1851 Us 7lsO45, tn
Guiding sos officers; January J. 1865 TIA 0vO; jan
unafy l, 1869, 72d,0 900. .r rtnaFt
Owing to extensive furloughs the numbers OF the
reserve nave been greatly increased amounting at
present 540 900 men. or the Cossack countries 1t
might be remarked that with population OF over
5000 600 they alone furnish 900 cOmbatants OF
wlicn i72,0OO can take the held leaving 10000 IN
reserve.
political power OF Russia gives glowing account OF
her army and its improvements IN tactics and man
agement. In Europe Russia Is said 10 have a. divI
sohs, eacn VI regiments OF infantry, Witn an AZ.
gregae OF 49,, 900 men; 80 Dattalions or rinenen,
equal 10 10000; regular cavalry, $4,000; artillery,
- ,o iIs grs, %Sooo men, Sma s
Win !, i2s guns. 10 inis add 10000 men aud
lIo gus now IN Caucasia she wlelds force Of
ing all the men emp Dyed IN the administrative san
itary qnarteImaster and otaer Departmental 1t IS
been abolished '.in principle,n though The author
does not say how far II has been done IN practice
The best critics agree on one point-nameiy tnat
since the year 1894 the Russian army has greatly
Improved IA quality, and Is now very strong In tue
defensive eieaent though much less 80 IN the otien
siye. la The former the Russian soldier eVinces
great endurance and bravery; m the latter he can
not as yet compete With otner Continental troops,
ana tns diicnlty OF mobilizDg her army would pre-
vent Ru STA, FOR years 20 cone, obtaining much ad-
vantage from her numerical superiority. IL iS sup
posed that after Two months Oh preparation kus
might concentrate al the utmost 100 900 men al her
west rh irontier and in two months more increase
IL 10 double thai number But with the present sys-
probable everything Is decided Dy a rapid CON
centiatIOn OF forces and quick acton. The cna e
OF The country Is also great impeachment during
fully seven winter months IN tie year.
THE ITALIAN ARMY.
The nuceus OF the Italian army Is the former Sar-
dlnan foroe In the campaign of s4s Piedmont nad
but So 0OJ men, whish were easily vanquished by
Austria. Aiter being reorganized we see the Pied
monteSc army IN the year 1853 number $1,000 with
rese We OF 70, 000 men, strengthened by The Carl
blidi vount ers After tae peace of Vi!nfianca
and the annexations IN the year following the army
numbe red 48 00) though should have been ia 000
In the year 1858 the whole army counted $4,000.
OF whom 273 900 regular troops and 1v7 900
serves, the wen disciplined Pledmontese army being
now emb died with the ial n, which Was thereby
much improved IN quality. the reserves. however.
were insuflcently drill d and not to be ieed upon
IN active duty. We VIII not dw ], on the many
alterations wh Gu have been ad pied on mat ac-
coun, but sp nix AT once Of he plan OF eorganiza-
Su Of @ enraae a ane Of recruits
OF twenty rs Of age and aboshes substitution.
The annual quota from three categones, OF which
the first serves nine yeats, four in the
ranks and five on rurloagh, after which It
joins the for three years. The cavalry
beU years OUly, Ufe Oh WHICH, HOheic cf III dCtlVc
duty The second category Is drilled during one or
several years, but for only five months altogether,
and Is ilab.e 10 duty, though on iurlough for six
years The same Is the case with the third cate
gory which is drilled but forty days and belongs for
SIX years 10 the reserve. Those of the rst category
on furough are not permitted to marry until the
completion OF the twenty.siyth year OF age OF the
second category until the twentyfourih year.
Volunteers having the requisite education are ad
mtted Tor years service provided they are able
to maintain themselves
the field army OF Italy is computed by the Minister
NJ, tts fol
Ordinanxa and remnants ofthe discharged. $4,000
Nine classes OF the lrst category. 273,0Oo
Six cfa ses OF the second caLesory.. lOo,00O
Cavalry and train. 5000
Total. 425, 900
The number ready for mobilization and to Cross
TIL frontier is given 100000 TO 2s0,000 sup
ported Dy tie reserve, consisting o.
Three classes of the first category. ....... $500
SIX classes Of the third category. ........ $4,000
Total. 1913, 500
This law was t. come into operation on the lst Of
January, 1870, but II Is diicut to tell how much OF
1t has been executed and how much owing TO the
financial stress OF the government remained II dead
letter.
Tie strength Of the Italian army on a peace foot
ing wls January l. 1885, 23s 927 at the close OF 1858
il was only I7os9o, showing reduction during that
year OF o., 600 men. The new organization OF 1863,
Establishing the army on a war footing at 1000
and the reserve at 100000, limits the military budget
TO Iso 0G0,0oO res, thus compelling the government
men,
The military budget for the current year amounts
1885, li3 900 lires FER the ordinary, and 6644600
llres for the extraordinary wants OF the department.
Tie number OF actual combatants IN 1865 was
about $4,000 men. The computation OF the Italian
Minister OF War, allowing for 1859 an active force OF
100000 TO go 600, must be considerably reduced by
the troops requisite for keeping up inter-
nal order and checking the brgands in the South. 1t
would be near the mark to estimate the available
Italian force at 100000 combatan.s While Il would
be unjust to Judge OF the quality Of the Italian army
tnn lInlU 20 nn nttrnn hat n lsc
tozza and the defeat OF the navy, 1t must not be
overlooked that it is but young institution, without
glorious tradition, and suffering materially from
Manent political and financial embarrassment.
THE ARMY OF FRANCE.
The many REFORMS ~ the French army from the
time it was considered invnclble under the great
cheftain Napoleon up TO the present dynasty can
not be the subject OF this inquiry, which looks 10
recent events only sucn as the rsorsaa1aion N
against Austria and the establishment or tha North
German Confederation. The imperial government,
occupied in Europe, thought necessary to frame
law which would enable It to Weld an army
OF 100000 men, ready In all cases Of emergency
to protect and march beyond the frontiers.
The law OF February |, 1868, respecting recruits
for the army and organization Of the Garde
Mobile, was intended to carry out this object.
Its principal features those OF the law
OF 1892 but ii increases the time OF service to
five years In the ranks and four years IN the reserve
Tue military age Is twenty-one substitutes al
lowed; measurement of the height Is reduced by one
centmetre, and the men OF the reserve may contract
vice. A material alteration Is the grouping Of
the different categ0ries, there having been drawn
formerly $1,000 of the first class, while the number
at present is 63 900; the Old system giving after
period OF seven years $4,000 experienced soldiers
and 252, 600 OF only I've months drill while with the
present system there are obtained AL 900 experienced
and only $4,000 raw soldiers.
The real strength OF the peace establishment Of
France is at present about 900; to these must be
added In case OF q war footing,
Nine categores OF the second class at 1900 900
Four categores volunteers. or vi those retaken
from the reserve, at 1000 $4,000
Four categories first class at CO. 000 900
Making grand total off,. ..776 600
AS the average cost OF q soldier In France is $3.50
francs per annum The war budget will amount 10
e72 100000 the peace budget TO 346 900 900 francs.
Deducting from the above aggregate so.o30 for
gendarmes, arsenals powder manufactures, &C.,
co. 900 for Agiers and S. 600 men for 2i0 depots
in the INTERIOR there would be left for active opera
tons at or beyond tue frontier force OF $4,000 men.
Tho efficiency or the National Guard, or Garde
Mobile need not here he discussed. We Will only give
the dlferent views as TO the development OF that
ganizatlon OF the $4,000 young men who annually
attain the age OF twenty years 60 900 are taken for
the Garde Mobile. This gives 100000 men for five