The New York herald., 1869-10-28
SOCIAL SCIENCE.

0EIection OF Presidents of the United States,'
by Charles 4. Adnms, Jr.-"RefOrm of the
Civii service," by George w. Curtis, ant
.sThe National Census of 1922 by James
A. Garfield.
The Social Science Association met again yester
day afternoon and evening, at the Historical soc-
ety's rooms, Second avenue, corner OF Eleventh
ss eet. There q larger audience present during
the afternoon and evening sessions than there was
The previous day.
Mr.. Frederick Kapp read paper on "Inmiara-
tionr After informing his hearers why IN his
opinion, people emlgraied from foreign countries
he said that from 1875 to 1915 emigration was very
slim account OF the American Revolution and the
European wars. Not more than 5000 TO i,poO per
snnum arrived curing this period. When peace was
established 1t took fresh start The famine OF 1910
and 1917 gave the first powerful impetus 10 larger
German emigration. In 1897 there were li,so- eui-
grants from the United Kingdom, against ',Ios IN
1896 and in 1928 there We're l7.@o In 1879
the number sank TO 1884 ana IN 1861
70 ssy4 The increase was the same every
year OF great distress or revolution or ma
tional d!strusk During the decade from ls45
10 1854 inclusive, Ireland sent ,5l2 100 emgrants
to this country, but after that her quota has fallen
on to less than one-ha the average OF the last ten
years. The failure of the revolution OF is59-51 drove
immense numbers OF Germans over but the great
est number came IN 1854.
From lS45 TO 1854, inclusive, the number OF Ger
man emigrants was l,22d3e2. In Ike manner emil
grafton ials of as the chances OF SUCCESS III the
United States grow less, The worse the times III
Europe the larger the emigratiou The worse the
iiues in America the smaller the emigration. Emi-
gratis preer the United states TO other countries
equally fertile beautiful and easy Of access because
the soil Is cheap. labor s better remunerated and the
government does not Interfere win them. coionst
must be ms own master IN order To FULLY develop his
physical ana mental resources and TO help in build
ting up free commonwealth. The Teutonic race
represent the successful principle OF sefgovernment
and the Latin nations the unsuccessful one OF State
dependence and protection.
IL was from no whlm that the emerant avoided
the Southern states While theF were cursed with
slavery; It was because they mad no civil liberty.
Their natural advantages are In many instances
much superior 10 those OF the Northern states, and
. hencefortn tide Of emigration Will now into them
In 1856 every emiglani was questioned as 70 the
amount OF money he had with him; aud the average
OF l42 $t2 comers was found to be sos os. But
thls abandoned, as II was found that the full
amoGuts were not truly stated. IL was shown, how
eyer tina. the average they possessed a larger
sum thdn lis held by the LOCALIZED Residents OF any
Know community.
Ii IL estimated tnat tic German emigrants alone
brought INTO TINS country annually an average OF
valuAbies Also the value OF wnlcn, win his cash cap.
lta amounts 10 $50 "a low esiimate; 50, 5000
emlgrants arrived iii New York in 1885, the national
wealth was augmented that year by s3I, 500, 0oo An
emisrant IS worth st much TO this country as il
costs TO produce natiye born laborer oi the same
average ability but the net product OF his labor by
when the country Of hls adoption grows ana nour.
isaes, varies according to his intellectual
pacty, hereditary disposition and national
qualities IL Is calculated that American
farmer skilled iaDorer costs $500 for the nrst
fifteen years OF his life, or until ne becomes self.
kuDpOrtluT. ana a female 800, OQe-flitl
emlgrants are less than fifteen years old: but then
there are more men coming over tnan women and
very many are OF the higher order OF skilled aDor
the education Of whom costs here i've times 1880.
Taxing them, however, TO be haf male ana half
fene each one will be worth ST. l25 to this country,
whica l. gains Tree oi expense.
The number oi emigrants who from May 5, 1s47 10
January !, lsaS arrived at the port OF New York was
4o3o, ygi, winch number represents capital value or
81 l25 ana cash yaue OF $3.50, being Sl,275 In all
per head, or total increase 20 the National wealth
Of 50, las llS, 52j. Assuming the immigration into
tie whole Union to be $4,000 souls per year, the
country gains s3o2, 100000 per year, or more than
81 uo9,0J9 per day.
without emigration the yearly increase OF the
population by excess OF births and deatns is about
l.3 While the actual increase from 1910 TO 1850 was
1851, ana from 1850 10 $780, $3.50 per cent; and We
must understand that large proportion OF the
births are Of the children o Iorer emigrants
Had emigration been stopped IN 1926 there would
have been very little numerical change popu-
iaton IN 1865. Immigration, therefore, has pushed
the country forward forty years Ia national pro.
gress, and the increase IN all the departments or
national progress has been in exact ratio TO The
Immigration IS matter OF State concern
Alone II Is argued that Congress should take II IN
Charge and that the, Communication money OF
S. 80 per head collected at the principal ports
OF entry should be distributed pro Tafd among
the several states. New York. where i've
sevenths OF the Immigrants are landed Is espe
ciaily attacked; yet this state Is tue only one
which has organized a proper system for the pro-
feet 1t, however. Formerly emigrInts were treated
Ike brutes and shameiully robbed; but at last the
community saw that It suffered as much as the emit
and the EoarI Eomm1a-iO m
Emigration was appointed on the Sta OF May. ls47.
The Commissioners, who serve gratuitously, are the
guardians or O fund credited by the commu alton
money Of 81 80 per mead which the emlgrant has a
right to fail back upon. Last year the receipts
amounted TO little more tnan s670G coo, and the Com
mlssoner5 now hold in trust on Wards Island Q
property valued at 81 600 0o0 and perfectly ahle
The expenses last year were:-For salaries rent, re-
pairs &c, OF Castle Garden, $4,000; to hospitals
Tor care OF emgrants, 100000: and for IL ,5l3 IN
mates OF hospitals and refugees on Wards Island
$3.50, 900.
IT is true tha, only ten TO nfteen per cent Of the
Whole number OF em1grants apply for support but
the free landing OF their baggage, the protection
against fraud or imposition, facility OF procuring
passage tickets and correct weighing OF baggage are
worth more than Two dollars and hIty cents Be
sides the emigrant, IN case OF sickness when he
remains five years after his arrival has the right OF
admission to the hospitals on Wards Island, aud he
is taken care OF when destitute. Congress has only
the right protect the emigran, the hirh seas;
after he lands ms cass Is purely police regulation
IN which the state alone Is interested
II Congress should take hold Of him his case
would soon become the subject Of political
chcanery, and the result may be Imagined. About
nifty per cent OF all new corners 90 TO the coun-
try, and OF these again about seventy-nve per
cent go to the West, so that In proportion to its
size ana population New York derives less benefit
from immigration than the Western States The
healthy, industrious and wealthy emigrant gene
rally goes West or South, and the worthless one
remains behlnd. The Board OF Emigration prevents
disease from spreading AL over the country. IL Is
specially important that the emgrant should not be
imposed upon, as he then loses MS elasticity Of mind
and trust III his new relations, and becomes more o
burden than source oil profit.
The enigrant Is stn snameiullY abused In his
transit to TINS country and Congress should endea
to effect some international treaties for his pro
lection. II has fine opportunity now in the onel
of the North German Conf sderation Let 1t be uont
as soon possible.
The next paper read was by Professor Francis
Bacon, Of Yale College, on the subject OF "Yaccina
tioD as an Element OF Public Heaita."
The Professor began with some historical accoun
OF the great destructlyeness olspalpoX. Ihe ryage
Of this dlsease he SAID, have been SO far re
strained b. the use OF vaccination that they have be-
comm q matter OF history ralner lhan OF pIesen