davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08
HOME PoLITENEss.

Should an acquaintance tread on you
dress, your best, your very best, and
by accident tear it, how profuse your
ssneYer minds-don't think of it'll
don't care at ALL" If n husband does
he gets frown; if a child, he is ehasA
tised. -.r.nif
81. All /! these are little things, say you!
They tell nightly on the heart, let us
assure you, little as they are. t,,rqr
"A gentleman, stops at q friends
house, and finds it; all in confusion.
"He don't see anything to apologize
for-neyer thinks of such matter
everything is all right . cold supper,
cold room, crying children, :tperfect-
ly comfortable 81 stft .fr,ia,i,
He goes home, his wife has been
taking care of the sick ones, and
worked her life. almost out. t'Don't
see why things can't be in better or
der, there never was such cross chill
dren before" No apologies except
away from home.
Why not be polite at home? Why
not use freely the golden coin of cour-
tesy? How sweet they sound, those
little words, g thank you," or ''you
are Very kind" Doubly, yes, trebly
sweet from the lips we love, when
heart-smiles make the eye sparkle
with the clear light of affection.
Be polite to your children. Do You
expect them to be mindful of your
welfare, to grow glad at your approach
to bound awayto. your pleasure be-
fore your request is half spoken?
Then, with all your dignity and au-
thority mingle politeness. Give it q
niche in your household temple. On
Ily then will you have the true secret
of sending out into the world really
finished gentlemen and ladies. .I4
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08
Rates ofsAdvertisi11gs
ofhcfal Regyigatly. ls..=ss igatly

Il = y -
COUNTY 9AoFF1CERs.
Judge Of Common Pieas-GEo. n. TUTTLE.
Probate 5udg dge 9eoss v. .Lshe . ~ ssits
Prosecuting Attorney-E. L. " EBBEE
County Auditor-HESRY H. STEVENS.
County Treas ID a yrs r. REED H''i
Clerk of Courts-AsDEEw JACKSON.
SheriT-oTIs d. PAINE.
RRcoRDER-G. w. B4KkEff. -ysa -
County eommissioners-HESRYJ j. NOBLE, PER-
RYP. DAwLEY ,J6s- s-g.I'oxRAD.8ad.IlJd
Coroner-LrTHER II. Pk4AiELEE, - y y 2 = ~
Suryeyor-eIIAEhRs j. 6ILLis,ss q Z ga 1sl-
Directors of County Ehff1nary e BlfBABc0cK,
GUAM CLHSESSfs al,d u C. sDoDGE.. sefliii
MAYORS OF INGORPoR ATEn T0WNs.i
RavepBar,Es4s. WEDBER;fI TsI-5 ,fgIaI5
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS. .Ti5ffs afglF q t-.lI
GarrettsviIie- L = : - Z - = -.
JUSTICES OF THE PEACE i,1 . 2
Atwatcr-James Webber and Sylvester A.
Hinman. iaxfliEisssEs slaat ~
Aurora-Reuben p. Cannon and W orthy Tay-
i0I EfinhsBi Jss51 q i. carrier and a il Lam
phare.
DesFHeid-Lo o. .rTbbal ! ana Johai H. EsofnnAas
EdfnbEfg gHoo smith sahS6rd and Asa Bin sssfiams.
Charlestown-Augustus MunyoR and Nathan
FrankliH- Edgar a. a&hhtdstirasoh.I &hhtdtiraso L. Luther X
: Parmelee and Wm. GrinDen.
FreedsA smaAE BTfsfft faa 4ryilIqf c.
Larkcom.
Hiram Rufus Butts and Richard n. Hank. :,
NTanfpa-A n Farr and Henry Cobb hd.. gsl
Nelson-James Ashald and AT Hannahs
Palmyra-John J. Williams, orrin Stevens
and sso3cslgiE sElgiE e. n,HITTu a
Rayenna-Wm. Goldman, S. E. Fink and Jo-
seph d. Horton. aroa4 ss4ig,g fr
Randolph-James P. Cole and y. c. Sears.
Rootstoxn-A. H.. .Barlow and Gideon Sey-
noour GO gag 81 90 rC4%
Shalersville-SamuelG G. Eldridge and w lillian
Cafst0n..sss sstsHo L. s3isg 9ii1 sEGe .asz ass
streetsboro-AE.. N. stanton and james Il
Nichols.
suaield-H. X. Martin and w11 Paulus
windham-E. s. woodworth and Cornelius j
EYneqnoQ goII aaaLIat2a 2
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08
Coke NoRTH-MAIN LINE
TyscARAwAs BRANCH.

Leaves
New PhiladelpIlia, 65Osas M. ssa.l< id
Bayard, 12.I0 p m.
Arrives.
b BaSafaga5S a. M q 8 "a st-ai13S5t
New Philadelphia, 800 p. m.
ssgtiS Stttk@ f. R. MYERS,
General Ticket Agent,
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08

fcLEvELAND & &PfTTsEURG RAILROAD
on and after Dee. 2fst, se5s. Trims win leave
stations daily, (sssatA excepted as folloyss,
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08

THE, # TRUE iTHEoRY OF GOVERN
.ssig fMENT. fq.tt, .s fEa-gt.!f
SPeecli of Senator Hendricks, of Indiana,
on Washington's birthday. at Philadel-
phia-Nobie and Patriotic Utterances-
Able Exposition OF the Doctrine of State
Rights.7-&c., &C. srfstag at{t 7p 7g-sffi,
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08

TRANSLATED for the ,ncmoeratlc PresssE.
LECURGTJS AND SOLON s&S Law
s t.A5i iff--.i .lfaGIYEES. - -ytli 5tsi u n
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08

A. G. w. Ry-Change of Time.
The following are the times Of the departure
of trains at this point and east OF here. II
took efrect Monday, Feb Is:
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08

-T.:ANT-HILLs.l11A correspondent of
the 4meYicda EntamoIogist says that
aifew sliced onions, buried in the. ant
hill will cause the ants to leave It A
gill OF kerosene oil poured into tshe Or
ifiees Of the nests will secure the, saine
result -A E"N'-~
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08
W.aB. THOMAS.

W.aB. THOMAS, iss
Attorney at Law, Ravenna, Ohio Office in
Empire Building. Sep3, 1855, 1y.
YENaEr-C- Z xsSET EDFwa a aFS p a fTFfriD
Isq sRaANNEYoa aS5 4IaAGsFIELD a7ia1
Attorneys at Law venna,5 Ohio. Office
over the First National Bank. Sep3, '69, 1y.
sssss qls.S a3. A.D AIsI 0WERssa "a a ~ 81
Eclectic Physician and Surgeon. Rqotstown,
Pnrtage fottntS. Ohio. Z Chronic and Private
diseases treated Successfully iy.s . OFFICE eSt'
Snor south of Green Bs,rlowis Store, -, = u
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08
GaRda.

C.: TEN. #RASk1dN,
Licensed Auctioneer, Rayenna o. Leave all
orders Mt the Office of .'The Demacratic Press p
stating the day enT wlifchz the sale is to take
place. TerInssb &c, may be obtained at the
same place. Oh % op % bHSo-tt
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08

count of tie iron, he caused the iron
destined for this use in III first place
TO be SO hardened, by thrusting It red
hot into vinegar, thatit was rendered
unfit fof. any otheriuse. Z IN. p
Hudson, Ohio q iTei| ! .Lddo9
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08

+! Is there any good man whose heart
does not send up to Heaven the aspi-
ration for the return of government
that is a blessing only, and a protec-
ton. Such government may again
be ours, but we must first return to
the doctrine of Washington, that the
military power shall be subordinate
to the civil authority. ~a-5 ~ 2r.-.if-,
The Democratic press. [volume] (Ravenna, O. [Ohio]) 1868-1901, 1869-04-08

.as,,.fF h,s.,I.,xsFs
The Portland daily press., 1869-12-11
Probate COurt,

The business transacted by the probat
court at its December session on Tuesday wa
as follows:
james Fl. Trefethen, Henry Trefethen, Jr
administrator; Henry Sayward, Freeland A
Staples, administrator; Florence McCarty
Lewis Pierce, public administrator.
Wius proved-Stephen Patten, james H
Hamlen, executor.
Guardians ppointed-Granville M. Steven!
over Hannah Charles James, Maria, Charles
Edward, Charles John, and Lila Strayton
minors; Elbridge Sayward over John Fl. Say
ward, minor; Hiram James over Annie Z
James, minor.
Inventories filed on the estates of-Rebecca X
Chesley Of Westbrook; Aipheus Shaw of Port
land; Simeon Turner of Westbrook; Huldah
Blanchard Of Yarmouth; Charles Elicit O
Portland; Annie b. Piper of Otisfield; Benja
min p Barker of Bridgton; Elizabeth L.
Rounds of Gorham; Eliphalet Wright Of Otis
field; Mary l.. A. Jordan of Cumberland; Ma.
ry c., Charles H., Susan A., and Horace M
Quincy of BridgtOn minors; Leonard Hans
com OF Bridgton; Benjamin Walker of Bridg.
ton; Peter r. Hall Of Portland.
Accounts dll0,Ced on the estates of. Igna-
thus Stevens of Gorham; Emma Robinson OF
Windham; John L. Lambert of Falmouth
John Darton of Portland; Julia Smith O
Portland; Enoch Trickey of Cape Elizabeth
Theodosia Blanchard Of Yarmouth; Barpwel
Johnson Ol CumOerlanu; horace Il. and VIM
A. Sylvester of CascO.
License granted to sell personal estate of
Eliphalet Wight of Otisfeld; BENJAMIN Walk
of Bridgton; Peter r. Hall of Portland
Oliver Sawyer of Harpswell.
represented insolrent-Florence McCarty OF
Portland.
AHdayits filed on the estates of-Charles Ell
nott OF Portland; EliphAlet Wright OF GUS
Charles Knight of Falmouth; Orison
tens of Portland; James r. f Fernald OF
PORTLAND; Elizabeth H. koanos 3 Oh m3ruam' Uun )
scom of Bridgton; Simeon Turner Of West
brook: Eupice Brown of Cape Elizabeth
BarnwelI johnson, Cumberland.
Copies of miHs uerifed and established under
ocf Of 1S67-Albion X. Paris of Portland
Joseph Adams of Portland Simeon Elder OF
Gorham.
The weather being very stormy there was
ut the usual amonnt of business before the
Court.
The Portland daily press., 1869-12-11
A Great War ship.

They are building war ship in England,
the Devastation, which is proudly called "the
First Rate of the Future" The keel was
laid few days ago. The new vessel is tllr-
ret ship of a novel description, and the Admi-
rally and her designers have high hopes in
her construction. The ship is an iron-clad,
without masts or sails, depends upon steam
alone for propulsion, and has new form of
turret. The English regard this ship and her
mate, also building, as the pioneers in a class
of vessels more formidable than any afloat
either in offensive or defensive power, or in
les modified. The Devastation is 2S5 feet
long, 81 IL wide, has draught of 26 feet, and
her burden in tons is A 4,406. The Warrior is
$50 feet long, and is of 6,0O9 tons burden.
The Minotaur is 400 feet long, and Is of 6,O2l
tons; yet neither of these can compare in
strength and solidity with the Devastation.
The Warrior has for plating IL inches Of
hammered iron, and IS inches of teak. The
MinOtaur has 51-2 inches of rolled iron, and
inches of teak. Each has an inner skin of
thin iron. The Devastation will have 12
inches of rolled iron, Is inches of teak and
1 IL inch Of inner skin. This is regarded as
seven times as strong as the other vessels
named. The Devastation will have two tur-
rets, and in each will be mounted two 3O-ton
guns, each carrying a 600 pound shot. Her
cost will be $29OOOO. The Warrior cost
100000, and the Achilles $450,OO0 A crew
Of $50, all told, will suffice to man her. The
guns will have an "all-round" fire. Her en-
gines are two-S00-horse power each. She is
screw steamer, and will make IL IL knots
an hour. Her coal storage is 1900 tons
enough, says the London Times, to "make
the shipt to proceed to the Mediterranean and
return without cOaling between the time of
her lAaEiDg Spithead and anchoring there
again at the conclusion of her voyage; or, it
would enable her to cross the Atlantic, fight
an action, and afterward return to home
port without having to renew her stock of
fuel .
The British Naval Constructor has, says
the Times, ,"started from the American model,
and taking the benefit of the experience gain
ed by the Americans during the war between
the North and the South. he has undoubtedly
added IN the breastwork type of turret-ship-
many important features, and has given the
navy class of turret-ships that can go to sea
and fight in any weather."
The Portland daily press., 1869-12-11

RECENT PUBLIcATIoNs.-The Family Doom.
or The Sin Of a Countess, is the name of q new
novel by Mrs. Emma d. e. N. Southworth,
now in press and to be published in few days
by T. B. Pc = & Brothers, Philadelphia.
1t will command a very large sale, as it is fully
equal, ifnot superior to ''The Changed Brides,
The Brides Fate, " Fair Play" and How
He Won Her." which have proved to be four
of the best novels ever published, and which
are having unprecedented sales, for Mrs
Southworth, as a novelist. stands at the head
of the sensational school. Her conceptions are
marked by originality, and there is purity
and sweatness about her language which give
a necn,iar charm to her writings. Many of
bar characters are powerfully and touchingly
drawn. and we learn to love them because they
are more natural than affected. The Family
Doom" will be issued in large duodecimo
volume, and sold at the low price of $f75 in
cloth; or, $50 in paper cover; or copies will
be sent by mail, to any place, post paid, by the
publishers, on the receipt of the price of the
work in a letter to them.
A. WILLIAMS & Co.. of Boston, have issued
in pamphlet form "A Letter written by Capt.
John Goldman, and addressed to the Hon. John
Lynch, chairman of the special Congressional
committee on the navigation interest" advocat-
ing the expedency Of purchasing iron ships
and steamers in Scotland, and being, as the
author states, the result of a recent visit and
extended observation. This letter contains
suggestions that will undoubtedly receive the
careful consideration of Congress The man
object of the writer is to show that our existing
navigation laws are onerous and useless, ana
next to prove that the river Clyde is the nat
ural shp-producing district OF the world, he
regards it as just as much so as the Mississippi
Valley ia the natural centre for the supply OF
grain. And, he argues, as Great Britain ad-
mits the cereals duty free because she cannot
produce them in sufficient quantities at home'
so should we initiate her policy in supplying
ourselves with free ships. The main feature OF
his letter is precisely what has for some time
been advocated by the shipowners of New
York, as the Only mode of speedy revival OF
our commercial interests.
The Portland daily press., 1869-12-11

q The New York Weekly Tribune is great
farmers paper. Its Agricultural Department,
valuable always, containing as it does full re-
ports of The American Institute Farmers
Club, and articles written for its columns by
the most eminent Agriculturists of America
about to be enriched by other attractive fea-
lures in Horticultural Department, which
will comprise Management of Small Farms,
Fruit and Vegetable Culture, and how to
make them pay. Also, Veterinary Depart
ment, for which Professor James Law, Veter-
mary Surgeon in Cornell University, has been
engaged to answer questions concerning dis
eases of cattle, horses, sheep and other do
nestle animals, and prescribe remedies
through the columns of the Weekly Tribune.
See advertisement in another column.
The Portland daily press., 1869-12-11

THE REPORT OF THE PosMAsTER GENERAL
shows that the expenses of his department
have been nearly one million dollars greater
for the year ending June 3Oth, 1862 than for
the year preceding, and the revenue of the de-
partment somewhat more than two millions
greater. The excess of expenditures over re-
| ceipts was about five and oRe-third Millions
The report speaks of the number and statistics
of mail contracts and routes, special agents.
| railway post-ofices, and foreign mail SERVICE
| 1t is ascertained that the number of letters
sent from this country to foreign ports exceeds
| those received from other countries by only
about six per cent. This near approach to
| equality, suggests a method of simplifying the
| present complicated system of international
| postage accounts. By adopting the rule Of
| compulsory prepayment, and letting each gov
ernment retain the postages on all letters that
| it dispatches, the accounts would adjust them
| selves without trouble
The postmaster general would prefer such
| legislation as would revive American COM
| merce, and enable American lines of steamers
| to compete successfully With foreign vessels
He has received proposals from responsible per-
| sons to contract for the conveyance of United
| States mails in vessels equal to the best now
employed, at compensation limited to the
amount OF sea postage, upon condition that the
| department should bind itself to long term Of
| years. subject to the approval of Congress-; but
| as the law limits the authority of the depart
ment to contracts for term no longer than
| two years. he did not feel at liberty to make
any such contracts
The report reviews the attempts to make a
| new postal convention with France, and their
defeat by the narrow and liberal policy in
which that government persists, adhering to a
| rate of fifteen cents per quarter ounce, a much
| higher rate than that between the United
States and any other civilized nation, and in
| other respects making demands which our gov
| ernment could not concede. The present most.
| al convention with France terminates with
| the close of this year, and, as no new arrange
ment can be made, it seems probable that our
| direct postal relations with France will then
cease until the post department of that coun-
| try shall adopt more reasonable and mutually
advantageous views. With Great Britain
convention has been recently concluded reduc-
ing the rate OF international postage 10 SIX
cents for every half ounce, which VIII take ef-
| fect on the first of January, 1871.
The money order system has met Win mucn
| favor. and the number and amount OF money
| orders have increased rapidly, the amount for
| the mast wear being nearly $25, ,OOO,O 600. The
| convention for the exchange of money orders
with Switzerland has also worked WELL
| Mr. Creswell urges, with much earnestness,
| the abolition of the franking privilege. The
expense of it, he thinks, exceeds S. 100000 an
nually, and if it were abolished tine post. office
| department would be self-sustaining
New York is to have depot that will
The Portland daily press., 1869-12-11
DAILY PRESS,
CORTLAND.
Saturday Morning, December IL, 1869.
MIR. Vickery,s Propositio II

WI. sAcAeFy'b FTOpOsAuOns
Mf. Viekery the Augusta printer who re-
Gently issued his circular to members elect Of
the Legislature, notifying them of his inten-
ton to submit proposition to doOportion
OF the State printing at less rates than are
cow paid, follows up his circular with another
publlcation in the similitude of a news paper
bearing the name of "The Conservative
Republican" published whenever occasion de-
mands; terms, free" Herein he publishes the
responses and comments of the press whether
or otherwise, and pitches into one member OF
the editorial fraternity who "professed to
know something about this matter" in man
ner which, considering the dullness of the
times is quite refreshing. He fortifies his
statements with alleged facts and actual fig
ures, and seems to be thoroughly conversant
with all the particulars of the art and cost of
printing generally and of the State printing
in particular. In this paper he announ-
ces that instead of proposing to do the
enerossing at rs per cent. less than heretofore
done, as he originally intended, he will sub
NIT proposition to do 1t so per cent. less
with original conditions as to proof reading,
&c, &C., which proposition if accepted will
efecta saving of from $1,7O0 to $1,000 to
the State There can be no doubt that Mr..
Vickery has enlisted for the war and intends
to fight it out on the line of economy if it
takes all winter. Some papers object to the
acceptance of Mr.. Vickery's proposition upon
the ground that it is unfair for him to select
a particular part of the printing, alleged to be
more profitable than the balance, but we un-
derstand that Mr.. Twill be prepared to dem
onstrate to the Legislature that the balance
is paid for at fair rates and that there would
be no difficulty in finding parties who would
be willing to contract therefor without an ad-
vance upon the rates now paid. Whether the
proposition is fair or otherwise is question
the Legislature will be able to decide upon
investigation of all the facts. 1t certainly
seems fair
The Portland daily press., 1869-12-11

THERE appears to be no lull in the excite
ment concerning the Richardson scandal.
The subject was debated before the Woman
Suffrage Association in New York on Wednes-
day, creating quite stir. Mr. Poole said if
Beecher had refused to perform the ceremony
he "would have been unworthy the name of
American citizen," although he admitted that
there was statute against performing such a
marriage. Mrs. Blake was not in favor of lax
divorces, but Mrs. Norton took an opposite
ground. The latter argued that woman
was better off with six husbands whom she
loved than with one whom she detested. DIR.
Hoeber thought the present system of mar
riage was nothing but prostitution. "E."
writes to the World that
Free-love and kindred ideas will engulf So
ciety, if political parsons like Henry Ward
Beecher, unrebuked, shall be allowed to give
another mans wife to dying man, with par
tisan zeal, in the arrogant attempt to white
wash adultery.
Recorder Hackett's charge, spoken of by
telegraph, concludes thus:
In vain shall conductors of influential news
papers, and claiming to be moral leaders, ben
eficially affect the community, if they con-
vert their homes into tree-love asylumns. In
vain shall ministers of the Gospel be heard
when crticising public men, as well as warn
ing private parishioners, if they are allowed,
unrebuked, to give benedictions to bigamy, or
to consecrate lechery by prayers at the bed of
death. If there has been bigamy committed,
or aided or abetted by any persons, no matter
how elevated in life they may be, fearlessly
Ir,un fn a nd xrtnn of fv,n
fact of probable guilt, promptly indict.
The Nation, of this week, styles Mrs. Nc
Farland's divorce proceedings mockery and
delusion. 1t denounces Beecher, and attri-
butes the reaction in favor of Mcfarland to
the error of Richardson's friends in attempt
ing from the start to carry public opinion by
storm, to push home conclusions THAT Rich
ardson should be admired and cherished and
Mcfarland hung.
The Portland daily press., 1869-12-11
MISCELLANEOUS.

THESE BONDS CAN BE REGISTERED
SIX MILLIONS OF DOLLARS PAID-UP STOCK
SUBSCRIPTIONS. No bonds issued on road un-
der construction issue limited to $40 900 per mile of
road built and in running order, BEING ONLY
ABOUT HALF THE ACTUAL COST. The road is
being built with great economy for cash; $50 Miles
are already completed in the most thorough manner,
equipped and running regular trains; and the whole
line lover 400 miles) it is expected will be pleted
within the ensuing year. It is one OF the most i'm
portant roads in the State of New York. 1t short
miles ,and to Oswego 4hmes it traverses populous
district destitute of other railroad facilities which
must furnish it a large and profitable local busi-
ness; and it will be completed at an aggregate cost
far below that of any competing lne These advan-
tages canno: ailto make it one of the best paying
roads leading from the metropolis, and its First
Mortgage Bonds of the safest securities ever is
sued. All mortgage bonds issued OIL railroads run
ming from the City OF New York are good, and the
interest promptly paid, although some of them are
mortgaged for more than double the amount per
mile that the Midland is. Among the bonds now
offering we know Of none equal to these. For the
investment of trust other funds there is nothing
better; and in exchange for Government Bonds
they give large increase of income besides capital
izing the premium. They are meeting with rapid
SALE and we have been gratied to find that they are
taken chiefly by most conservative and sagacious
capitalists in exchange for Government securities.
Price par and accrued interest in currency. Circu-
lars, pamphlets &C., on hand for distribution.
GEORGE OPDYKE & co,
Bankers, No 25 Nassau-st.
The Portland daily press., 1869-12-11

NATIONAL NEGRO LABOR CONVENTION
Two hundred members of the National Ne
gro Labor Convention assembled in Washing
ton, Monday. These delegates represented
twenty-five States Of the Union. Ten of
them were white men, and there were also
ten women delegates, nine of whom were
white. George T. Downing, of Rhode Is
land, was chosen temporary chairman, and
Mr.. Harmon, of Florida, secretary. On tax
ing the chair, Mr.. Downing made brief
speech, in which he said that protection, CO.
operation and amelioration were the objects
for which the convention was to work. Mr.,
Downing was followed by Mr.. Richard Ire
vellick in short speech, after VIII ich the con-
vention was permanently organized by the
election of Mr.. James H. Harris of North
Carolina, as president, and the usual list of
vice-presidents and secretaries.