davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
week the same tree was blown back

B..
week the same tree was blown back
over the wall into its former POSITION
upon which the Chicago Tribune re-
marks: "A similar affair (only differ
enD took place during the siege of a
castle in Germany some century or
more ago. A b~esieging chief order
ed his trumpeter TO mount a Hill over
looking the castle and blow n challenge
of defiance to the beleaguered garri
son. One of the castle gunners point
ed his petronel at the trumpeter, toucE-
ed it off, and the ball hit the mouth of
the trumpet +; but the trumpeter, not
relishing such treatment, blew back
the ball and killed the gunner. Both
these stories are founded ON equally
reliable authority"
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
SHERIFF'S SALE.
Jonathan Kurtx
John Hurts, ct. al.

81 SNNt @ cog.
State of Ohio, Ashland County, IS.
By virtue ola certain order of sale in Par
tition, against defendants, issued from the
Court of Common Pleas of Ashland Coun-
ty, Ohio, dated September 81, 1869, and to
me directed, Twill sell at Public Sale, At the
South door of the Court House, in said
County, on I:.rt r.a- y
Saturday, October 30h, Il. d. 1869,
ut 1 o'clock P. NJ, of said day, the follow
ing premises, situated inthe County of Ash
land and State OF Ohio, to-wit: y iHii
The west half of the southeast quarter
of section thirty-six 1867 in township TWEEN
ty-threa 23), Of range sixteen (16l, con-
tanning eighty 1907 acres, more or less. 80 :
Appraised at $500. = go .sfgua--
Terms of sale, one-third cash, one-third
in one year, one-third in two-years, with
interest from day of sale. Back payments
to be secured by mortgage on premises.
VIM. o. PORTER, Sheriff, as
Sept. %. 1~S69-5wl2
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27

These Examinations will q
} o'clock 4. - and close at 4 P.A.
No applicant win he admitted after
eleven O'Clock A. NJ. Written testimonials
of good moral character. signed by 81
ca 81 two responsible persons willie re-
luired, which testimonials will be kept OF
tile. No certificate can be ante dated, and
he School Law prohibits Township Clerk,
rom giving orderst to teachers for Tay, IN
ess they have certificates embracing The
Whole term of service. The School Law
rrequircs teachers 20 understand the fol
lowing hranches , and be able to impair
i~nstruc' .on inihem all Readif e. Writinr,
lrthoa raphy, AriIhm etic, EnglIsh Gram
mar and Biography. A failure in one e
, failure in all and those not having a ia r
knowledge of each and every one of II Q
above branches need not appl, for a cerli-
sicate. Particular attention will be ps d
10 Ortnography. ant those not having
studied it will be pr~mpIy rejected. No
Characterization will he held. a-d NO
application "by letter. will be answered
only four grades of certificates i'll be is
sued viz: For u months, IL months, IL
and - months. A certificate for 6 month";
is n trial certificate anu will rat be issued
the second time to the same applicant
Those having ceriihcnrcs for Elk month.
must be able TO procure certificates fer l.
months or none. School directors are re
.1uesIed 10 furnish us reports of the sue
cess of teachers. as they will aid us me-
rerislly in granting certificates onlya-
those who are s"ccpss!ul. Those expect
ing to teach the higher branches will be
examined accord ngIy. The standard OF
\ .hIand County Teachers must he ad
varced. ard app icanis will bear fhisi 9
mind There Willie no Adjournment stei
Examisaiions commence Until they clo.ti
\ fee of so cents is req ircd as a eendi
tion of Examination, and must be psid is
advance $50 --l.
by order OF The Board.
d Il. NC MPBELL. Clerk.
SPIT /. 1st 9-ly:24. EF
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
WOOSTER HACK LINE

A good comfortable Hack Line for the
tccomu oia:ion of passengers will leav,
ashland for Wooster, tri-weekly. leaving
ashland Mondays, wedre sdays 4 Friday,
at 8 0 clock in the morning. via Rowsburs
i'it'sturg. .Reedshurg and Jefferson.-
rnrough fare. $500 .,.s.'i y,. +.
Hack also 'tri Weekly from Ashland to
orange and back the same day. Leaving
ashland Tuesdays, Thursdays and Sntu,
lays, Fafs Scots. i'E'i-
i"r \. WENTWORTH,
...- .et:s, % Proprietors.
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
Plum, genangol Co, Pa, Dec, II, 1865

q Plum, eenango Co., Pa, Dec, II, 1865
DIR. SAGE & Co, Buffalo, Il, V
Gentlemen:-Your excellent Catarrb
Remedy has accomplished for my wife more
than we could rave believed without having
tried it. We had given up all hope OF ever
e~ffectinga curein her case. We had rlready
tried almost every other remedy proposed
by the medical faculty without the least
benefit, some really were an injury. Her
sense of smell was destroyed, and her vision
becoming much injured from the disease
having produced closure of the tear Duct
and ever the sense of taste was much I'M
paired. With the use of three boxes oniys
of your Remedy. l believe the Catarrh is
entirely healed. What a great work 1t has
done in driving awayth the dark broodingd is
pair that had Settled oneour minds. ] shia
ever recommend your Catarrh Remedy T.
all with whom 1 meet afflicted with tho
dread disease. ,sIfl s-sii.-[ T. -reo
Yours truly, JOHN WRIGHT.
: DIR. Sage's Remedy will be sent to anyad-
dress by mail, on receipt of SixtyiC Cents
Address by above. .iss -r1 Ht' s,7' 4w4
For sale by most Druggist everywhere.
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
RAILROAD TIME TABLES.
Atlantic Inns liable.

On and after Monday, Dec. 2lst, 1868
passenger trains will arrive 1T the follow
ing places at the time set ...
GOING SOUTH.
Y. London 1910 n. m. 4:30 p. m. 9:51 p. m.
Crestline lilo a. IN. 5:45 p. m. 1875 p. nj
Gallon 1l:50 a. m. 6:25 p. M. 1l:l6 p. M.
II NORTH
y. Lond'n 5;15 am fO:10am 2:1j pm 800 pm
Grestline LOO am $40 am 1,15 pm $40 pm
Gallon 3:51 am $3.50 am 1:06 pm 5:27 pm
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27

5000 WAN
TEGD-to buy the First Epition of 400
CHOICE SELECTIONS No q" Containing
the latest good things for recitation, dec
lamation, school-reading, SC, in poetry
prose. Send 30 cents for n sample. to p.
GARRETT 4 co. Chicago, Ill. Also
Excelsior Dialogues" price S1.75.
no164w
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
BEST SEWING MACHINE IN, E1ISS
q TENCE! iS I+nA'],

The Machine in question is Simple, C0mlL
pact, Durable and Beautiful. 1t Is quietf
~light-rhhniug, and capable tof performing .
range and variety of, work never before att
tempted, upon d single machine, using
either Silk, Swist, Linen or Cotton Threads,
and sewing with equal facility they vERY
FINEST and coarsest material, and an thing
between The two. extremes, in the most.
beautiful and substantial manner, Its St.
tachments for Hemming, Braiding, GOrdinEs
Tucking, Quilting Telling, Trimming
have been invented and adjusted especially
for this Machine,
Circularss describing and iiiuattsting DOR
Manufacturing Machines, IA also thentru1y
wonderful and only practical ByTToS HoIH
MAcHfNE ever yet devised sent p6stsss
free on applicationtoo sd1 ii 1si oIs Il,
L.JEFF. SPRENGLE.
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
NOTICE TO

I5Nhe Board of School Examiners of Ash
land County will hold the following,
Examinations during the school year 1868
& 1870:
SPRING AND SUMMER.
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
NOTICE.

: 1 hereby notify all persons, not to trust
my wife, or any member of my family for
goods of any Kind on my account. as l will
not be resr onsible for any debts 40 contract
ed. JACOB WELTMER, Jr.
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
Willis, Kaufman e.. Co
k~HANHOOD: How 10 ST
sAHOW

AGsaf1 Just published, a new edition OF
80 Dr.. GslverwelPs Celebrated Essay
60 on the radical cure, without medi,
cine, OF Spermatorrlioea, or seminal weak
ness, involuntary seminal losses ~In,potency
nert;.l and physical incapacity, lmpedi-
ments TO marriage, etc, also Consumption,
Epilepsy and fits induced by self-indul-
gence or sexual extravaganza.
Price, in a sealed envelope, only 6 cents.
The celebrated author, inItlis admirable
essay, clearly demonstrates, from a thirty
years successful practice, that the alarming
consequence OF self-abuse may be radically
cured without the dangerous use of internal
medicine or the application of the knife +;
pointing out a mode of cure at once simple,
certain, and ef~fectual, by means of which
every sufferer, no matter what his condition
may be, may cure himself cheaply, private
Is, and radically '[
This lecture should be in the hands of
every youth and every man in the land. ,
Sent, under seal, in a plain envelope, to
any address postpaid, on receipt of six cents,
or two post stamps. Also, DR.. Culverwell's
Marriage Guido" price 25 cents. Address
the Publishers.
CHAS. ]. C. KLINE & co.
l27 Bowery, New York, Post Office box
4. 5S6. 45,wG.
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
Daniel Brown, Plaintiff

~ John G. H, Goldsmith, Defendant,
Before VIM. Berry, J. P, of jackson tp,
Ashland County, Ohio, on the 18th day Of
September, A. D.. 1859, said Justice issued
an order of attachment in the above action
for the sum of sac, u.s. III
y-afT DANIEL BROWN.
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
ERRORS OF YOUTH

A gentleman who suffered for years from
Nervous Debility, Premature Decay, and
all the effects of youthful ihdiseretion, viii,
for the sake of suffering humanity, send
free to all who need it, the receipt and di-
r~ections for making the simple remedy by
which he was cured. Sufferers wishing to
profit BY the advertiser experience, can do
SO by addressing, imperfect confidence
JOHN b. OGDEN, 7
1y46 No. AZ Cedar street, New York.
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27

.aa1I SO, ~ot iss a-a f.1c l.
baa sasq ssilaa:e7d ~ ss.v,e1
i. = ,G3i s-ssIhuf j. i.T % =ssu . sis IA
h-5s 1masi gfi15za- 70 ~
iii Bar s!i aai Il aayg o. liz q
y ti5sfeT l,t 2a-AslI -. zro
n saih4.1 as-3nz ty @ ~ Hsil.
-Es ,so-EsE5s-es -5si- -1vEa ara -: $40.
..ll5b.iGlo jssiESa-ai ,Zalzz57bhs I'd a
A-gHTT % rr -<NTA- -
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago
Railway

On and after Aug. soth, 1869, trains will
leave Stations daily, Sundays excepted, !
as follows. Train leaving Chicago at 4.20
p. M, leaves daily.1 lTrain leaving Pitts
burgh at 1.25 p. M, leaves daily.1
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
Peruvian bark, lin
Chamomile flowers,
- Snake root,
Wild cherry bark
and Ginger.

and such other herbs and roots as will in
all cases assist digestion, promote the secre-
lions of the system in the natural channels,
and give
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
ESHERIFF'S SALE. .3
irst National Bank or Ashland, Ohio.
NOTICE

Is hereby given that the undersign-
cd has been appointed Administrator
of the Estate OF Jonas Yearick late Of.
Perry Township deceased. All these
having. claims against. said Estate, Will
present them according to law:
Oct, 18th 1869 JoHN VAx NEsT,+;
3yl5 AdMWist rator-
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27

Abuse itwith wonderful success. Brings
COLOR to the pale white lip, BLOOM
AND BEAUTY to the thin face and care
worn countenance.
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27

Containing iuII uIrec,Iuns aiIu ioiIi:
for all transactions in every State, by,
.THEOPHILUS PARSONS, L. L
d., Professor of Law in Harvard Uni
versity. m sr.a I,t at
4 NeU Book for Everybody; explain
ing the rights, duties, and obligations
of all the relations of lie, as well az
every kind of contract and legal obi
CATION. IN E~conomical and safe Conn
selor and Aduiaer,so plain, full, accurate,
and complete that no person can at
ford to be withoutit Emhodying tho.
results OF the labor and study of the
most popular and successful mriter Of lar
books az the country. Send for our de
scriptive circular with terms and testi-
monials. Address JONES, JUNKIN
& CO., Chicago, ILL.,, or NATIONAL
PUBLISHING CO, Cincinnati. 0
r.:..t 4w1i
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27

Cures fever and creates appetite. Try
them, use none other. Ask for Speer's
Standard Wine Bitters, sold by druggists.
and grocers. See that my signature is over,
the cork of each bottle.
ALFRED SPEER,,.i e
Passaic, n. J., and 243 Broadway, N. Y.
Trade. supplied by an Wholesale deale r
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
THE SINGER
FAMILY SEWING MACHINE

The superior merits of the "SINGEW 8
Machine over all others, for either Family
use or Manufacturing purposes, are 80 wen
established and so generally admitted, that
an enumeration of their relative excellen-
cies is no longerinecessary. Our
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27

ing wedding and. cofIlioa. cards
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27

we have the best facilities for print
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
~ 8I.E .. tFll"-'.I LI-r -
NEW FAMILY AACKINE,

Whieh has been over two years in prepara-
ton, and which has been brought to perfee-
ton regardless of TIME, LABOR or Elk
PENSE, is now confidently presented to the
public as incomparably the .qoty my3
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27

IN ASHLAND, 5
At the old carriage shop formerly oeeuried
by Ames Il Leach.
We would respectfully inform the rid
zens of Ashland and adjoining counties,
that the well known firm of a.
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27
TONE AND-VIGCR
To the

10 r. t4tH..
g. Il. -.
q fGau = -
The States and Union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1868-1872, 1869-10-27

B~ILLeHEADs, =
G.t7 ag.rt o-';.
, 1869-09-07

ANAS NA~ AHA Il
dor at Berlin, and Count Bismarck for
some time is alluded to. The despatch
explains that this was owing 10 the alter
nate absence of both gentlemen from
Berlin from the spring of 1868 until the
close of that year. After the return of
Bismarck certain we'll known, continuous
and violent attacks in the public press on
Austria gave the Austrian government
cause to recommend that Count Wimpffen
should abstain from visiting Bismarck.
The Austrian Premier concludes by de-
cIaring that the reproach that Austria IN
tended to prolong her attitude of reserve
cannot he better disposed of than by re-
terring TO the uninterrupted intercourse
between himself and Baron Werlher, the
PruSsian Minister at Vienna.
London, August l9.-Despatches from
Teheran state that a band of s~ectarieS
from Constantinople have been arrested
charged with conspiring to assaSsInate
the Shah Of Persia. 1t is said that many
eminent persons are implicated in the
conspiracy.
The Persian troops have captured
GarietreIa and defeated the Turcomans
in a pitched battle.
' ICutldS august 1S'-1l is IEIOIlCh lIIdG
no sovereign will be present at the in
auguration of the Suez Canal.
London, August ia despatch from
Bombay, dated August II, says that the
rumor Of the attempt to assasSinate Shere
Ali is false.
1t was reported that the city of Herat
was captured.
San Francisco, August 19.-Adyices
from Honolulu to August 7 state that the
English frigate Galatea, the Duke Of
Edinburg commanding, arrived at Homo
lulu July, 81 from New Zealand via Ia
nit, where Prince Alfred dined and feasted.
During the Princes stay at Honolulu he
was the CUES of the King, who accom-
panied him TO the'.wharf on his departure.
The Galatea SaiIedfor Yokohama Augusta.
London, August 20.-The Harvard
crew went over the course to-day, from
Putney to Maltlake, in twenty two minutes
and twenty seconds. Their time from the
aqueduct to Hammersmith Bridge was
nine minutes and twenty five seconds.
The OxonianS only rowed from the aque-
duct to HammerSmith Bridge, making the
distance in nine minutes and twenty Sc
conds. The wind was not as favourable
for them as for the Harvards, but they
had a better tide.
Both the Harvard and Oxford crews
were out again for practice in the even
ing. The Harvards at the start made
thirty eight strokes per minute which
was increased to- forty. The pace was
good and we'll sustained throughout.
LaVallette has presented his credentials
as Minister from France.
The Oneen has nnna 10 Ralmnral
, 1869-09-07

49, 49, NN1BSSS G"S
Committee.
The French authorities have arrested
twelve Carlist leaders who were attemp-
ting to cross the frontier into Spain.
Information has been received from the
city of Mexico that two Frenchmen and a
Belgian, all partisans of the late Emperor
Macmillan, have been arrested there, i'm
pIicated in the conspiracy against the life
of President Juarez. 1t is stated that the
American Minister at Mexico refused to
intercede for them.
The Times, in an article on the liberal
changes in the French government, says:
The Emperor Napoleon, after presiding
over the destinieS of France for seventeen
years, and after doing much 10 make
amends for the loss of the liberties of
France, will do well if, by restoring those
liberties, he proves that he considers the
remainder of his reign a preclude to that
Of his Son. There will be no lack of OPP
portunities for the French to accustom
themselves to regard the son as the natural
lieutenant of the father.
Madrid, August 2O.-A band of Car
lists, under Polo, was recently defeated
I EItIJdSIO1 ntdl Cluudu 1CSdls IOIO Ilul-
self and his secretary were among the pri-
SOnerS captured.
Most ofthe CarIiSt bands have dispersed.
1t is rumoured that q conspiracy in
favor Of the Prince Of the Asturias has
endiscoveredby the Spanish authorities.
London, August 2O.-This mornings
Star has an editorial article on the subject
Of the acquisition of Cuba by the United
States, wherein it says :-''As a naval and
military position in the Gulf Of Mexico,
Cuba is of great value. Troops and a
squadron would be required there, but
the people Of America, with whom the
acquisition Of Cuba is so popular, would
offer no objection to such an outlay.
There is no reason for Great Britain to
grudge their possession. England's pos
sessions In those seas are so exposed to
attack at present that the danger cannot
be augmented. In the interests Of com
merce it is desirable that Cuba be pros
porous, and her prosperity is much more
probable under American government than
as a distressed colony or a Spanish re-
public.
Madrid, August 2O.-Two CarIists have
been shot at Temeute without trial.
CasaIls, the officer who recently shot
nine CarIiSt prisoners, has written a self
exculparory letter, in which he says that
in executing his prisoners he merely com
piled with The orders of the government.
The government declares that the orders
only applied to ~highwaymen.
The Riforma (newspaper) eulogises the
late American Minister, Mr.. Hale, for the
steady favor he showed and the protec-
ton he gave to Spanish liberals, especially
To thnse mhn haue heon Of rnrioua iiu,nn
, 1869-09-07

NAO ~ Wv ~OuhCIIS Il ~
paragraphs concerning the relations of
the Church and State will be modified and
probably intensified. The dogmas of the
infallibiIity of the Pope and the spiritual
and corporcal assumption of the Virgin
will be promulgated. The Holy Father
has expressed his regret that no schismat-
&c or Protestant bishop has offered to take
part in the Council.
Prague, August 2O.-The Czechs de-
clare that they will send deputies to the
Bohemian Diet only on condition that
alterations be made in the election laws
and that guarantees be given for the Sc
parate position of Bohemia in the empire.
ConstantinopIe, August 2O.-A con-
f1agratlon at Janina has destroyed the
business part of the town. Thirteen
hundred stores and 800 dwelling houses
are in ruins.
London, August 2O.-A complete re-
Cancellation has been effected between
the Sultan and the Viceroy of Egypt.
The English and French ~consuls at Alex
andria have congratulated the Viceroy on
the termination of his difficulties with
the Porte.
Athens, August 2O.-The project for q
ship Canal through the Isthmus of Corinth
has been presented TO the Chamber.
San Francisco, August 19.-The civil
war in Japan is entirely ended. Prince
SatSuma has been appointed Treasurer of
the government and the charge of the
army has been conferred on Prince Choi-
son. Prince Loss takes command of the
Imperial navy. Their revenues are
largely increased. They have issued a
manifesto requiring all the other Diamos
to diSarm Immediately and several Diamos
have left Jeddo in consequence. Trade
is resumed with Hakodadi under the au-
spices of the Mikado's government. Eve
mente, with the leading actors of the late
disturbances, was duly expected at Jeddo,
where they will be tried and punished.
Echison will be made Regent, according
to reports. Stotz Bashi, now in Jeddo,
has accepted a position under the govern
ment which fact caused an advance in
government paper.
Everything was quiet in Hakodadi.
Gachion Fletcher, English Consul for
Jeddo and Yokohama, died in July.
Paris, August 2O.-Advices from Para
quay have been received to-day up to the
10th CT July.
The war news was unimportant.
The British subjects were still detained
in Paraguay, but they were welland we'll
treated.
Havana, August 90, 1869.-By the ar
rival of the City of Mexico at this port
from Vera Cruz we have received Mexican
dates to the 14th inst.
The State of Tamaulipas has been pa
oiHoI br, NoooIo, N,o.4 - -
The evening telegraph. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1864-1918, 1869-04-03
CITY ORDINANCES.

An RDIN ANCE
"a Relative to Rents TO be received from the
Thomas Coal Company and s. E Griscom
Whereas, The title to the lands demised by
the city of Philadelphia, trustee under the wifi
OF stephen Glrard, TO the Thomas Coal Com
pany and TO 3. Griscom & Company is
claimed adversely to the said city; and
whereas, Actions OF ejectment are now pend,
In 9 In the Court OF Conn mon Pleas Of Schuylkill
county 10 determine the question OF title TO the
said lands and IL has been agreed that all rents
TO be received from the said Thomas Goal Com
pany and y. E. Griscom Il Company shall be
held by the city of Philadelphia as a stake
holder. to be paid over to the several parties in
whom the title to the said lands may by the
final Judgment OF the proper court be declared
Section l. The Select and Comm mon Councils
OF the City OF Philadelphia do ordan, That
until the question of title 10 the lands leased to
com Company, respectively, is finally deter
mined by the judgment OF the proper court,
the Superintendent of the Girard Estate be
and he is hereby authorized ana directed to
Invest an moneys which may hereafter be
received by him for rent from the said Thomas
Coal Company and the firm of 3. r.. Griscom Il
Company, or their respeotf I've assigns, whether
under existing or future leases, in the loans of
the city of Philadelphia, and from time to
time TO invest the Interest of such loans in
similar securities. and TO hold the certificates
delphia, trustee under the viii OF Stephen
Girsrd. deceased, TO await the dual determina-
JOSEPH Il. MARCER.
President Of Common Council
ROBERT BErHELL,
Assistant Clerk OF Select Council.
WILLIAM 3. BTOKLEY,
President of Select Council.
Approved this first day OF April, Auno DO.
mini one thousand eight hundred and sixty
nine "a. ID. 1859. -
DANIEL NJ. FOX,
431t Mayor of Philadelphia.