The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1869-10-29
SOCIAL SCIENCE.

Sheppard DEMONSTRATION OF Ort2l-
nal Jastice,o by Judge George q. Barrett
"HeaIth Laws and Their Administrations"
by DIR. elisha Harris, and "InternatiouRi
Gode,' by David Dudley Field.
JOSEPH d. PoTTs. President OF the Empire Trans
pestation Company, read paper on Transportation
Is a Science.n lie said
The transportation OF property by railway was
now limited chiefly by cost Cost, by common con
sent, has two standards OF measure; the working
expenses FOR part, for the other the investment
or capital account. None DOUBT the necessity OF
charging enough for transportation 10 cover FAR
wsrklng expenses and lew DOUBT the need Of cnars-
ing beyond working expenses sufficient excess 10
induce capitalists TO provide the requisite permanent
Gaeiities.
Expenses are exaggerated por ton carried by
partlal use OF facilities provided. leading trunk
nae in 1868 moved eastward but alsy.sA pr cent
ana westward but eisaleen per cent OF TIE amour 1
oil paying lreIght It's irelgat engine had power
10 haul. Expenses increased VI sue dead weigh.
hauled or the number Of tons Laoyed upon ali the
rallreads or Sew York Ia 1865, dity.eght per cent
consisted of engines and car or dead weights; aud
on the Harlem Railroad the proportion reached
eighty-one per cent lScosts IL much 70 move ion
Of rolling STOCK as ton OF lading, anu Tue Of
paying freight shoulder the expense OF hauling the
dead wegIt
The fundamental secret OF cheap regnt transpor.
tauon The fact that expenses reduced per ton
when the lotal tons moved are Increased n NUMBER
For example, III loOS tie Harlem road, which Is ISL
miles long, moved $4,000 tons, or 5000, 600
Of tons one mile, at cost per toa per
mne to Itseli OF 8 sic cents, uad TO the
public OF clio cents, while IN the same
year the philadelphia and Reading road,
winch, with It's Harrisburg branch Is i47 miles long,
and mostly double tracked moved $500 900 toas Of
coal and -Op, tons 81 merchandise, or III 600 0a0
tons Vi mergAandise ana cOal oAe ME-, al cost iof
oosll per ton per mile 10 itse.l Vi I-lv cent
the puDlc o! = l.lJ cent.
no effective method for protecting the public
against excessive charges has Ueen aeYlsea Gov
ernnent rs eneap transporter mas been Tested
nnd FOUND waiting Iohpe.i.Ion is and must
great 10 usually permit lAe CONSTRUCTION oi more
tnan one through asYen district; though many seek
the same large commercial centres. Competition
Snly reached therefore, tue iraue or those centres
and Tor that 1t Is Waged IN tle WllAeSt na4uer. Folly
In control Q. one or the INES Nill IOgce lts wiser
rivals INTO raging battles Ia wa4ch, TAI a truce i
declared transport service se.is lar beneath cost
the truce 10 perlnaneaI competition ceases; II
broken, II IS Shortly renewed, ana agaA and again
repeated TIE rupture aud renewal, while the price
OF carriage PUSHES up aud down win kept proAen
GlllA TIL commerce Is nall pdraiyzeu.
Gross revenues Should DC pei nlltted, Sufficient TO
meet fair expenses and far prodt or percentage
on the interest account, wlca later shoala always
represent proper yalUaIon or tie permanent iacl-
lies. TINS GROSS reyenue, SO far rs received from
freight could he dvisDle among the tons according
TO quantity and distance moved yaue, risk anu
compacIneSs. These results could only be success
fully sought by body OF trained, ablo and upright
agents, creaLed and sustained " the national gov
erhment leading the States 20 tat similar atio4
I'll the coua ~ should DC mai simultaneously
The speaker taen considered various otncr points
such rs The eject 81 fast rsigat ami express lines.
and probaoiriea OF future improvements n utizp,
track eapactJ, increasing power ana speed anu r.
ducing the eIects OF RTayitation aud illCtlOG.
ShEPrAKD H9AASs, Actuasy oi the mutual Life |
Insurance Company next read paper on Lille !
Insurance. In the course VI his paper he said
LIe Insurance mas increased 80 rapiay dariag tue
past few years that IL Las now become one 0l tue
most important economies OF our country IL - es
sentaily local economy. II has indeed, been often
aodueed as a measure OF the SOCIAL advancement
and Condition OF peop.e. lie tu3t as II may, IL
may saiey be said that II can only nourlsh IA ad
vaneed clviizauon DEEPENING more than any
other human transaction upon confidence and that
TO extend necessac Tor man! years into the iature
generally Indeed, Until the death OF the person oy
whom. the benefit Is purchased, us existence aud
growth proof OF the confidence OF a peo-
PIE IN the stability Of Its government ana III Their
own commercial integrity. It's growCn ana preseas
position IN the United States some Of the most
astonishing Facts IN thls age vi wonderul develop
ments. Lie insurance has Tor lls basis thes avs
governing the duration OF human e, or the chance,
of living and dying IN gwen period, cOmOard
win the IMPROVEMENT OF money py lgiefes~ TIE
census returns Of different nations ana the investi
Fatlons OF the mOrtalty experience among iusared
lives, &c, incline US 10 bass our calculations as TO
the probabilities OF living or dying III future anou-
given number OF persons al each age, win al the
confidence ana precision resulting nom tue appii-
cation OF neural laws Tue mOrtuagy experience
OF seventeen British companies published In
1s43, from which IS deduced the actuaIes' COM
81 twenty OF tue argest BRUSH companies published
In 1862 resulting IN the actuaresi taDle the lnvest-
cations Of Dr. William farT IA regard TO the mortal
returns OF Great Britain Tor 1s4l, 1851 and 1851
resulting In tue English Life Tables Nos l, aud g.
and the mortuary experience OF individual com
panies IN tnls country and IN Great Britain, together
with the Investigations OF the insurance companies
OF Massachusetts, as to the mortality IN that Common
wealth, and the most reliable contributions to a
knowledge OF the laws governing the duration or
human lie and the probabilities OF living or dying
a miscellaneous iii
among the special class OF males from which are
taken the persons insured.
the evening session opened NJ eight O'CLOCK
wien Judge GEORGE O. BARRETT read an Interesting
paper on administration OF Criminal Justice in
New York; lie commended that 1t was feeble and lax
In this CITY, and agitation OF the subject would be
productive Of goou results. The stability Oh our in
situations and the existence OF The social fabric de-
pended upon the proper administration OF crimal
Justice. He would consider cause or the laxltY
of the execution OF the existing criminal laws. sug-
gest some changes in detail and give the outline OF
fundamental change. The election OF judges TO serve
for brief terms had been tried and found wanting
The present system had tendency TO weaken and
pull down the strong, while the lie term would
strengthen and uphold the weak. Ihe remedy was
with The people TO make judges Tor lIe by appoint
pent or election, II mattered lte which. Judges Tor
life, with ample salaries, would have no other ambi-
ZION than TO become upright Jursts and faithful pub
lie servants. The detention OF Witnesses he de.
nounceo as tending 10 discourage good citizens from
testllylng IN important cases and the practice OF
appealing from the lower courts to a higher court
la bsnque lie considered to be altogether wrong
direct appeal TO the court or last
resort ought to be SUFFICIENT lie also depoupced
the system which allowed Judge 10 fit 10 review
OF his own decisions, also the unanlnity that was
required u petit Jurors 10 decide verdict Ike
twU-thHds rule ought 10 be adopted instead; nor
did he approve Of the secrecy grand jury sttlnQs
man should oe allowed, ne thought, preliminary
examination and the right TO cr0ssquestion hrs
nccuser before he was put trial; aud the question
rs 10 whether testimony sufficient 10 call
Tor an Indictment should be decided by the
Judge II the Grand Jury was abolished police
Magistrates dulles would be increased: but there
shoup be an assistant police magistrate ana Uuo.
Tic defender whose duty il would be to defend all
persons unable 70 employ counsel. An accused
party IN TINS state could YOUNGER Statement in
hts own defence, but he should De cOmpe LED to give
statement. The innocent man ~ ever ready TO
make his statement, because 1t Is Tor HIM means 10
explain the case; but tie guilty. inan shrlnSs
from such o thing fearful he may convict
himself. The Judge then denounced the ava.
TEN OF punishment Tor CRIME as praetsed
nowadays, and cOutended that wlen the
present system was changed 10 a rciormatofy one,