Clarksville chronicle. (Clarksville, Tenn.) 186?-1872, 1869-06-26
The Profits and Losses
Or THE
BUSINESS !

taken from him but this was moth
ing which he could certainly count
upon. Like Shakespeare's Merchant
of Venice, all of his fortune might
be swept away, and he rendered pen
niless in single night. This hap
pens even now, often, to those who
are improvident enough not to insure
their property. The hard earnings
of years vanish before the flames or
the waves, and leave their former
possessors to begin life anew.
insurance is device whereby the
effects of such calamities, instead of
being concentrated upon single indi-
viduals, are divided up among many,
and the burden thus borne by each
is comparatively light. In its print
tive form, it is an agreement between
say hundred men, that they will
all equally contribute to make good
the losses Of any one of the number.
IF merchandise, ships or buildings
belonging to one are destroyed, each
Of the other ninety-nine pays his one
hundredth part of their value. and
thus the particular owner receives
from his associates ninety mine one
hundredths of his whole loss. The
hundredth part of the amount, which
he and all the rest pay, is called a
PREMIUM. 1t is the price of right
to demand from others contribu-
ton to replace the property destroy
ed, instead of being dependent upon
their charity.
In practice, indeed, no such formal
agreement is made. For the sake of
economy and convenience, the bust
ness of insurance is carried ON by a
special class of men, or companies Of
men, who collect from each one OF
the insured his premium in advance,
and out of the total thus collected
pay to the losers the sums to which
they are respectively entitled. Usu-
ally the men or companies fix the
amount of the premiums at such
rates as they think will meet all the
losses likely to accrue, and leave them
a surplus as reward for their own
trouble. If they calculate Alright in
this respect, and no unusual losses
I occur, they make money IF they
miscalculate, and unexpected losses
have to be borne, they lose. For tho
safety of the insured in this latter
contingency, fund is usually provi
ded, called capital, out Of which
losses can be paid if necessary. But
as general thing, the amount of the
! premiums must equal or exceed the
amount of the losses and expenses
or the business must stop.
, There is an impression prevalent
among some who have not become
acquainted with the facts connected
with the subject, that insurance is ar
extremely profitable business, and tina
the companies engaged in it receive
a vast deal more money, in the shape
of premiums, than they pay out fol-
losses. Statistics, however, demon
strate that this idea is an incorrec
one. In the three years, 1865, 1861
and 1867, the fire and marine com
panies of this State received in pre-
miums S11O,72O.O0O, while they paic
out, for losses and expenses, Sill,
$4,000. That is the aggregate isnur
ance business, for three years, of al
those engaged in it in this State, re
suited in loss of 100000. Som
of the companies, to be sure, mad
money, but others had to draw upol
their capitals, and the public actual,
gained S8O0,000 at their expense.
These considerations show that
great deal Of skill and knowledge i
requisite to so manage the INSURANCE
business as to make the premium
cover the losses and expenses. Care
full estimates of the risk to whicl
each particle of property insured i
exposed, and of the likelihood of it
being destroyed, must be made. AL
the circumstances under which acct
dents occur must be observed an,
studied, and differences drawn iron
them. The average of losses in par
ticular kinds of business must be no
ted, and premiums regulated accord
ingly. Even the personal characte
Of those who apply for insuranc
must be taken into account, and allow
ance made for it. All this, and nue.
more besides, is essential to the prop
er conduct of an insurance Office
and without it, the business is sur
to come to an unfortunate end.
Furthermore, it is apparent tina
not only must the men who attemp
to carry on the business of insuranc
. be competent to the task, but the
must also have some other resource
to meet their losses than merely tn
premiums they collect. With ever
precaution the losses will, as we hav
seen, sometimes exceed the premi
}, ums and then, if there be no cap
= tai to fall back upon, those who hol
" policies are really not insured at al
and in case of loss, fail of the relic
u they counted upon. Hence the nj
81 cessity of some supervision Of insui
ance companies to assure the publ
20 of their pecuniary ability, and I
protect them from such bogus cor
Germs as those which lately fourishe