The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1869-07-22
EGYPT, ANCIEyr AND MODERN.

The history OF Egypt divides itself into six great
perlods:-l the Pharaohs, or native kings; 2, the
Persians; 8, the Ptolemies; a, the Romans; 8, the
Arabs; o. the Turks. The main facts Of its
history under the Pharaohs are derived from the
Scriptures, the Greek writers Herodotus, Diodorus
and Eratosthenes, some fragments OF the writings
OF Manetho, an Egyptian priest and hlreoglyplic
inscriptions on the temples, tombs and the bulld-
ings OF ancient date The Scriptures inform US that
the Hebrew patriarch, Abraham, was driven to take
refuge Ia Egypt on account OF famine that pre-
vailed In Canaan, and then found 1t ruled by Pha-
roah. Joseph, after having been sold as a slave,
became prime minister 70 oae OF the Phay oahs; and
later when the descendants Of himself and his father
Jacob amounted to some three millions, they re-
VOTED under Moses and lett tn, country, order to
conquer The land OF Canaan. TINS event occurred
somewhere about the year l49l q. q. Friendly re-
latons were kept up between the Hebrews aud the
Egyptians until the year 49, u. o., when Shlshak,
KING OF Egypt conquered and piunderea the city or
Jerusalem. The three great pyramids were built by
the kings Cneops, Cephren and Mycerinus. Previous
70 the &c conquest a1en OF Egspt o. Alexander the
nearly all the writers vary IN their ac-
counts. The entry OF Alexander into Egypt
opened out period OF progress aud welfare, the
city Of Alexandria, founded by him, soon became
the emporium OF the commerce or the
Alexander Egypt was ruled by the PtO-
lenles, and IN inc reign Of the twelfth Of that
dynasty was reduced to q Roman province by Au.
gustus Caesar, In the year so Is. y. For upwards OF
three centuries 1t remained subjected to the Romans,
and was the granary from which the indoient no.
mans drew their daily Bread In the year $50 A. d.
the Chris Of Egypt triunphed over the pag ans,
and then followed series OF religious contests that
lasted upwards OF three CENTURIES. After having
been subjected To the ravAHe5 caused by the out
breaks o. M0nam nedanisn 1t was conquered In $40
by Amron one OF Caliph Omar's generaIs a the
Unite Caphs built the city Of Cairo and there
established the seat OF his governmeNt. From I'LL
to 1913 the country was successfully invaded
by the Crusaders, which ended In the de.
feat of Louis X, Of France, who was compelled
TO capitulate after losing $4,000 men, comprising
the flower OF the French nobility. Al the close Of
tue fourteenth century the Circas5ian3 conquered
the country, who, Ia their turn were driven of by
the Ottoman Sultans In the year 1911 under Seim L.,
who reduced 1t to Turkish province. For two cen.
turtles the Turkish pachas ruled the country which,
In that short period, lost all that 1t had formerly
gained. In 1865 the Mameiukes, under ALI Bey,
threw OF the Turkish yoke and for the term cf four
years Egypt was subjected to civil war between the
the French INVASION under Napoleon BOnaparte, In
1893, VINO held TIC country I'll his expulsion, In
1901, by the British army, under Generals Aber-
crombe and Hutchinson. la 1905 MeneMet All, an
pacha. lie introduced great reforms, especially in
inc army and navy, and engaged many American
and European 0ucers Commerce again fiourished,
and the population OF Alexandria increased teni0d
under his reign On account Of old age he abdicated In
favor OF his son In lS45, who died within two
months, and In turn was succeeded BY his nephew
Abbas. Thc latter died, IL Is supposed, by Violent
means in 1854, wnea said Pacha, tho fourth son OF
Mehenet Ali, succeeded to the Vicer0galty, who,
being an intelligent man, carried out tire en-.
NOTED the commercial interests Of the Country
SAID Pacba died on January IL, 1893, and was stc-
ceeded by nis brother Isnaii Pacha, VINO occupies
TIE tlgohe W The present moment ~ the NTH Wee