New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1869-12-25
THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE.

III N IA Nj EhlOhN lA'C
snoo,,r op ruv COURSE OF SCIENTIFIC Lee
TUpRs-ppoR r. s. MORSE ON HOW AMI
MAILS MOVE"
The second of the series oil scienCnc io0'uioo
before the American Institute was delivered ass eVcs
at the Cooper Institute, by Prof. T. D. morso vi 'no
body Academy OF Science, Salem. Mass SUBJECT nv"
Animals Move" The lecture was illustrator W VIA"
nps OF the animals which we're rapidly and ninety exc
o,ed non hIactboard The President OF the Institute
Mr. Horace Greeley introduced the lecturer In the fol
lowing remarks: ALL.
I,nrys ,xn GENTLEMEN: The next lecture OF this
will be delivered on Friday evening net pbysca
Forces bv Prof G. F. Barker Yale College. New Haven
TSs letu2e tbi; evening is entitled. How Animals
Move and will DO delivered by Prof f. s. Morse, whom
now have the pleasure OF introducing.
Prof Morse, upon coming forward, was greeted with
applause. He SAID:
HOW ANIMALS MOVE.
LADIES' AND GENTLEMEN In selecting this subject LOT
lecture had a twofod object in view To compass
within the limits Of single lecture rapid sketch OF the
animal kingdom and illustrate from the examples oted
a new principle OF classification The great thinEihg
class desire principles They demand the results Oh
scentihc invest CATION. They have no desire 10 kno"
the number Of petals in flower, or the NUMBER OF seq
monts in an insect and while this work must DC done'
and patient inqurers there be who are continually auu
ing the minut9 to science, the public are only IN
terested in the deductions drawn from this maze OF iacs
In the classification OF animals we shall IND principles
that give clue TO the relative superiority oil an UNI
NAL and while there is no question about the hghes' an
imal in existence certain forms which are known W
be the lowest the hundreds OF thousands OF
forms are to be classified and arranged i natural So
ouence The relations among animals may Do SHOWN oy
their structural resembancos but the relative grade OF
an animal is not only by the greater complication OF
their structure also by certain principles whch wiz
Illustrate principle first enumerated by froL AgaSs
is that animals which live In tho water I'm ther respect
i've groups are lower than those which 1--we upon iau
and this may be plainly seen by noticing the ac' 'ua M
the animals below vertebrates, excepting insects anu
tow other smaller groups arc all inhabitants OF the
wafer and among the classes OF yerebrates the lowest
class the fishes are all aquatic and breathe by gs inc
class of which the frogs and tOads are common rep
resentatyes are aDphibOus In their haOlts tnousn
some live In the water and furnished Win gs III
tho next class the reptiles have all OF thein ar
breathers and many OF them terrestrial though soc Do
| the turtles. aquatic. ,
h hrds are Terrestrial anc aerial though among the
lowest OF them We find aquatic animals Ike tne aux.
The mammaa, again, have their lowest tofiS' "Ao 'no
| whales and dOlphns, In the water
| EMBRIoLoGY.
Arotber nrjneiple OF far more special application Is
that based upon chronological data IL has been FOUND
that animals in their development pass through certain
stages that recall adult conditions OF animals Delo"
! them A common example may be cited among the am
pbious where the forms resemble fishes having
tufts OF gs on sides Of the neck ana long hhheu
tail little higher up to those that have inc
same general form, but the giils are h ana
breathe air The tOads and frogs are the highest hn1
here the tail ia absent, and locomoton Is perorhen
nv The hind legs II we now examine
the development OF any frog, IT VIII De Iounu iat O
leaving the egg the animal 10 without legs anu e"ms
h it ta and breathes by gls; that by successive
stems IL becomes an arbreather little legs qua OUT anu
nieted animal You will see by figures that the
different stages resemble some OF the FORMS n , o
drawn. Many other examples might be eited' Out ''
| Will not allow me TO present them -. =. r.r,o,,, q,
This principle has beenrecognized under variety OF
nronositlons by many minds Goethe IN 1877 ana Won
Baer in 1928 showed that development wac always from
the general the special from the 70 we
| by gradual series OF differentiation ana HeIoeIl
spenser has applied the same law OF evolution IN ns"
new and startling ways. And as law OF evolution u y
interesting 70 notice that In the advent OF animal l.S
upon earth have sequence OF forms that ,he,
respective groups were also the lowest Aghssz hh,
beautifully illustrated tins among the ,SS Srpe s
column terminated IN the upper tone OF the csnaa M
like sharks while fishes OF hgner ~, he c,udaI
fin Yet II you will examine young trout Just hal,hsu
YOU will that the tail resembles that OF 'he snN ~
| this feature. ,. ,,o,
In order to illustrate rat; aapIhS goD pse%up9,sd
| vfith some OF the various modes OF locomo-1 s
ton av..s the Of AG al f the S9omo SR% @
Among many Of the lower e eg So Is nS
assists in rs wider dissemination. Among the lower
plants the same feature recognized and the spore,
Of many sea weed propelled through the water by
means OF this primitive, though effective apparatus
THESE ella are like little membraneous hairs tha
randi vibration urge II through the water. They are mi
croseoplcJ We msy rightly conclude that sary motion
fbo lowest mode OF propulsion OF an animal ana 80
and that among the PrOtOzoa this mode IA conspicuous
| ~ need only deneate few OF the inin.orlA 90
common in staguant water 20 indicate this feature
| 4 1 Now while these low forms depend upon the
4 presence Of ella 20 propel them niue hlgner III
a HE scae the same peculiar ciary membrane As
stats only in exciting currents Of water To now u
eI the mouth, whereby particles OF food are brought
within its reach OF within the stomach and intestine the
| nutritlye matter Is circulated.
| ANHBA.
Another form OF lOcOmOtOn Is seen In the AmHDa ono
| of the smplest OF animals. The body has -
| no stomach no locomotive organs, In fact ( W
| we might say has organization, reseln- ~
| hlng more q drop Of thin glue than any ~ ~