, 1869-08-18
TIE FARM AND GARDEN.
Whnt Farmers DO With Their Apples
OrchnFda-Whnt They May Do
Sheep in tho Orchnfd-Thc VFlud-
1nll9A Neyr Cider Ercsk-Tho
Vrnsto OF the OFcIturd-The State

1ul1NA NeYF Ll0cT ETC4k-TAe
Vgnato OF the OFcItnFd-The State
Fair Grounds.
tF8oA ouR AGRICULTURAL CORRESPONDENCE
CuAhFA1aH. Ill, August II, 1868.
What VIC do and whnt VIC ought to do are quite
different thInga. The one We know and are cog
infant Of but the otherls often too vasue to be o.
practical gal1e, when We come again to the samt
\ object. An approach 10 the latter object We cal
\ rrc6rees, but another nAme for education. 4
farmer may be learned but not educated. Befort
We 60 further let u understand these terms, thai
We may not be misled. Al We intend 70 dlscusl
agricultural education ~ learning, ,as occasionana]
demand, 1t Is better that We start Alright. Webster
de1nes EedFned: "yelsed In scholastic as d1st11c
| from other knowledge. Men Of much reading an
greatly learned; but mny be OF little knowledge.
| tEEe7y coxoomo sWea1 a. lesrnedly IS they"
On the other hand, 10 educate Is to inform nnt
enhghten the understanding; to tnatil into tht
mlnd principles of arts, science, moral and lellg1
Gus Behavior; trained and disciplined for useful
meas In thetr future stauons.
In aelecttug men to WELD the deatlnies OF oul
| agricultural colleges, the great mistake was Il
selecting learned Instead OF educated men. ouct
| knew m EAstt1n agricultural editor who on visit
Ing the West rode through the country IN the bag
gage car, and on his return advised hts Westerr
| readers that he was now prepared 10 give then
useful lessons In Western farming, Tor IN Rddltiot
TO seeing the country from The side door OF the
baggage c1T, he had gained much information II
regard 10 the country from the very polite brake
| man, uawsboys and baggaSe-ma1. Well. Western
men did not see this store Of knowedse in .he
same Light 4 veTy learned man TtSIts
Europe at hts Owl expense but At the same ttnie
| draws talnly Of 3s,oou per anaum. lie tyaye!.
and grows more learned, and will come home
with about the same results the Eastern editor
II Is 10 be hoped that he may, III addition to the
baggage car. take ride on the engine, and have
o rlde with the engine-n3yer, Tor the engine.
driver sees vast deal Of the country.
Now What we Western farmers want, Is 70 know
what we ought to do II we are doing light, We
ought to know that. fact, and then fog on in the
right. but II wrong We should Iot only know that
we are In the wrong. but should seek tne Flsht,
1t Is 0! vast importance TO know We are in the
wrong, and to be set right IS often pu1znR
question. hut we ehonid seek the truth with care
and perseverance,. In regard TO the orchard we
have 10 doubt been and yet continue In the
TrorE, not only In the selection OF varieties and
culture, but In the care Of the frult As this the
sesoa for the latter, It Is proper that 1t have at
teItton.
WHAT We DO.
We generally let the 1rHr windfalls {Tormy ap
p1es] rot on the ground. The codliug molh, then
IN the form OF Small WORN, that has destroyed
this frllE, c1nwl5 up the tree, spins cocoon, and
going through the pupa stnte, comes out q winged
miller, and, after par1pg, the female lays single
egg in the cnly1 OF blossom end Of about three
hundred Of the sound apples, II there are 50 many
on the t1ee, each Of which viii In due time COZ
tgtn woEn. Some Of these emerge from the
truit, spin their cocoon, and, winter over, are
ready 10 begin their round Of destruction On the
next crop. One female miller In the spring de-
EtroFB 800 apples and rears $50 more female MAl-
ers, and thug destroy - COO app1eg, or rather
would, according 10 chronological rules; bnt the
birds come to the rescue aud PICK up the cocoons
that have w1ntered over, and make dainty titblts
OF food out OF them. and thus reduce their num-
ber. At the time Of the blooming Of the apple las.
spring, could not dnd single COCOON Of tnIs
insect, though few did Ieludc the sharp eyes OF
the little wrens. When the larger w1ndfalls come
down In the summer storms, We send the best OF
them to market, generally IN q lumber wagon, and
are often disappointed IN q good price, Then when
We come 10 gathes apples, We Eake no distinction
In regard to the proper time Of picking given
variety. We as often pick W,nesop, Ronlca Jnuet,
Willow Tw1g and Little Romantic first or last
and leave Ranbo, Winter Russet md Snow
Apple, until the last. We do net con-
slider there Is any difference in these
varieties tn regaru to the condition Of keeping.
We know that some years they keep well. and
some Jears they do not 1t Ia 700 often looked
upon as an accident Of the season: whereas II is
matter OF chemistry tho want Of little educa-
ton that VIC ought to obtain at the Industrial
University, And. lastly, We put our winter apples
In some damp, unScuulated cellar, cover them IN
pits, or expose them 10 sudden changes OF heat
and cold. These thlugs We do, and as o result
and the apple orchard less profitable than We
read OF.
WHAT WE NAT DO.
We may DO little differently, Jet what 1s the
best plan In each case Is not quite 30 well defined;
but we may do 8 little differently, aud reap come
corresponding benefit Mr.. Whitney, as the rcnd-
crs OF THE TKIBufE were advised Last year, grazes
his orchard OF one hundred aud tairty-hyc acres
with sheep. These cat all the apples that fail,
whether good or bad, worms Included; and the
result Is d remarkable exemption Of tho cooling
moth, which destroys SO much fruit throughout
the country. II Is not convenient to Craze al the
Email and large orchards IN the country; Jet II
ought to he done, not only for the advantage the
sheep are 10 the fruit, hut for the cheap mutton
and wool that they would produce. To reach this
tceult Hc must haTe IN amended dog Law, Large
otchardlsts Ike Nj. Whitney can Ai1onI tho tlme
to ook after three OF four hundred sheep, hut the
farmer with his orchard Of hundred trees and
nocE OF ten or twenty sheep cannot do it.
TIE E1kDFALlS.
The carly wtndfalls arc only nt for the pigs mud
the sheep. Tney contain no Starch Or susar, and
Will, therefore, not make vinegar, bur they should
not be allowed to remain on the ground In which
to breed the codlins moth. Mr. Nelson, large
orrharlist near Fort Wayne Ind, has man to
pick up these wormy apples daily and feed them
10 the pigs. Those later In the season, after the
starch md saccharue arcderelohed 20 to the vine
gar house aud arc worked into vinegar, mixing
from two 10 three gallons Of vinegar
per hushel, according to maturtty. The
summer storms throw on great] numbers Of op-
plea, few Of which are 1T for market and ret very
profitable for vinegar. By this means Mr.. Nelson
thinks he has nearly drlrcn the codlIug moth
from his ground Ills orchards are In grass, cul.
uvated crops, or AMPLY culuyated In my own
practice the plan OF Alr. Nelson is pursued, with
very satisfactory results, No wtuIlalls arc sent
to market, and none but sound, hand picked fruit
Is packed for this purpose The result ir, good
prices With ready salea for the best, md fair re-
turns In vinegar for the Inferior. II La the wind
fails Of tall aud winter apples sent to markell pre-
rtpeled, TINT produce summer coul-
p!aint, for no one need fear summer complaint
from eating q well Hpeued apple. Wln-
ter apples put In boxes at this eeason,
sweltertng IN hot cars for two or three hundred
,niles, mud lhen exposed on the Sidewalk, soon
have the appearance Of rtpeness, are mellon, With
much Of the aroma that belongs to the variety.
but after all arc not proper fool and get this IL
the character Of much Of The fruit tha: ends Its
way 10 market from our small orchards
A rain storm with hard wind th1ows on q
wagon load Of winter apples; the owner has no
cider mil, no vinegar barrels, md there Is bat one
course for him 10 pursue, to take them 10 the
village and get I'll he can Tor them. The fruit
dealer bnyB them, sorts ont the best and ships
them TO the distant market, when some grocers
pcddle them out 70 their customera. When there
Is an overstock OF this kind uf fruit you viii hear
In all the back streets the cryfol "eres your nice
cooking apples, thirty cents peek
CARE OF WINTER APTLES+
We must lie educated to know the keeping |
qualities Of apples as to pick them At the right
lime. An apple picked when fully grown and
ready 10 FHen ts'tn' and put In cool place, will
keep leng time, when If exposed IN q warm
room 1t will soon be "i1 eating condition"
Early winter apples musL therefore, he picked |
asst, for II left en- the tree they fully mature and
then decay more quickly. The Rauoo and Snow
Rrp1cs are well marked examples OF this Kind;
both are esteemed autumn apples, Jet 10th will
keep all winter II picked early and put In a well |
cellar that is Kept near the freezing
potnt. warm, lamp cellar hastens maturing and |
The frulf rotA Fruit In all casea must be han.l-
picked. A man with bag on hts shouloers, as FOR
SOWING grha, will pick twenty-five to forty BASH
cls lay, provided he has suitable step lahders-
These are carefully eup,ied into baskets and the
baskets taken to the place Of packing aud storing
In spring wagons. |
crDKR MAKING. |
The making Of good cider is as much Of ~ art |
IL the matitg Of good wlIe. The stuI generally |
so1d as cider l. hardly ct for vinegar: unr1pe and
rotten apples without much regard 10 cleanliness,
las 10 dcmota,zed cider that Il has become |
very rIetelaa drink, and good cider Is sold under
other Names such lis champagne, Newark, Jersey, !
cEah, Harrison and Canncd. Pure cider, Rs 1
rEorhslsct,c IN all bilious disorders. stands at |
premium. aAd could such IN article IL bad 1t |
would soou lecomc popular. At Ffankltn Grove, 4
Alton. md Fort Wsyne, there Is n good artclc |
made that sells at 1lty cents gallon b.! the cask,
And what sach men as I1illsatd, Whitney and Mel.
son eau do, other paIns-iaktng orrhardlsts mag ac
Comp!Ish.