New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1869-07-24


may, however and probably does exist in this, that
while vet in the pans theSOurinQ and coaguaton of
the milk takes place before the whole of the cream
has risen 10 the surface, the thckenng of the milk
preventing a rising of a small proportion of the
cream. AS addendum TO this it may be noted that
the percentage Of cream from milk Is in degree de-
pendent upon its relative fudlty inasInueh as the
quantity of cream is perceptby increased BY the adj
dition of water. In this connection il may not DO
without interest to briefly mention couple Of expert
ments related in an old English work, and made for
the purpose of determining the results of ohurning
az inherent temperatures. In one OF these the cream
at the start so degrees at the close CO. the time
of churning four hours The butter was of the very
best, firm and well tasted In the other experiment
the temperature ranged from GO TO 70 degrees and
the cnurnlng continued for two hours and half.
The product was inferior in every respect and less
quantity than in the former, in the proportion Of 100
TO l5i, the deficient portions being dispersed as
greasy constituent Of the buttermilk The time oe-
cupied in chuming was Internationally long in both
cases. The apparatus employed may have been I'M
perfect but the process was undoubtedly hindered in
the by the low temperature and in the other
by the ununiform rupture and agglOmeratOn of the
unduy heated butter molecules Let us now turn
to the mechanical aspect of the butter question and
consider the history varieties, and desirable charac
teristics OF
CHURNING APPARATUS.
In the veraeious narrative of Capt James Riley,
whose vessel, the brig Commerce, was wrecked on
the coast of Africa and who, in consequence, was
taken prisoner by the Arabs more than hall cen
tury ago, is an account of the manner In which
those people made butter from camels milk. This
was probably the old original method by which the
article was produced III primitive ages ana con-
sisted simply in putting the milk in skin. and lash
ing the latter last on the back OF camel az tae
commencement of days journey. When the tents
were pitched at night the skin opened and pat OF
fresh butter the of mans clenohed hand taken
out-the agitation of the milk by the rolling gait OF
the camel having suiced to churn it. The writer has
somewhere seen q statement that among some OF the
ndan tribes in the southern part of our own c0un-
try, t customary to fill skin with milk, hang
it up by string and subject it to amotiOn from two
persons who pushed it alternately from one to the
other. These rude methods, by providing for the
agitation of the milk would of course prove sufficient
10 bring the butter, but it is hardly to be supposed
that the product would be very firm in texture, or
very finely favored. Even the crude ingenuity of
ancient times must have early found substitute for
such imperfect means. bnt of their nature we have
no certain knowledge. 1t is very likely, however,
that some of the essential principles OF construction
found ia our modern apparatus may have been used
many ages since. 1t Is commonly supposed that
rotary churns are recent invention, but In Iassos
Jerusalem Delivered written more than three hundred
years. Is mentioned wandering Princess, who TOOK
upon herself the Office of q cheerful daiTymaid and
who. the poet says, was accustomed to sing the
while ....
'rhe dulcet cream in ehtu1,s rerolci1 rolled o..
Till firm the fluid fixed and took the tinge OF gold
This shows that the Yankees cannot claim the credit
of originating this class of dairy appliances but per
contra II we may paraphrase Bulwers line, VINO
bonny milkmads of our Northern land may vie in
charms with the royal beauty who by the streams of
sunny Italy, sighed for the absent Tancred.
Inc nrSt patent RfdnteN Oh al hlneIlcau
was granted to one Isaac Baker doubtless long since
laid 10 rest under tine turf OF his native iassachu-
sets for his letters dated Feb 20, 1902 OF the
pecuarities of the invention we know nothing, and
probably can learn nothing, the burning of the
patent-Office in 1885 having destroyed most OF the
earlier records. We do know, however that from the
date of Bakers apparatus down to the 29th day OF
May inclusive not less than one thousand and forty
seven patents have been granted IA this country on
churns alone Probably In no other department. OF
invention has 50 much ingenuity been expended to
itlle ANY daIFymau Will bear witness
that all the multltudlnOus mOdlilCa
tions and attempted improvements there is no chnrn
80 good in practice as the oldfashloned dasher and
with one qualification, which we VIII presently point
out this opinion in is undoubtedly correct still the
study Of these inventions is well worth while as show
ing the manifold mechanical devices that may pc ap
piled TO secure given result. and as illustrating
how futile thing mere GENUS Is when kept apart
from practical knowledge and common sense way
Of using 1t. In April OF 1903 two Connecucnt IN
yentors patented chuTn that was rocked like a
child's cradle. Five years later John Devote OF
Vernon, n. Y, took step forward IN doing the
same thing with combined churn and washing
before the churning or vice versa, does not appear
In August, 1919. Cyrus Hitchcock, also OF Vernon
brought out a pendulum ohurn. evidently modelled
TO work after the Indian method 10 which alu-
sion has been made. In April. 1915 one Anthony
Zernan of kew-IOrk brought the promise OF labor,
misery and stripes 10 the canine by taking ont
patent on the first American dog power for driving
chuns-and three years afterward two other invent
OTIS Of the same State made an additional onslaught
the IDLE nADlIo OF poor lonoCh
ohurn-operatinR apparatus which belonged to
the tread-wheel variety. In 1881, protection on
Method of Chnrniug Cream by ATMOSPHERIC Air.
was granted 20 Elias v Coe Of Warwick, n. l., and
in 1885 Asahe Baker of Windsor, In the same State
patented plan Of propelling churns by weights; a
principle that has since been embodied IN quite
number of churning machines, but which. no matter
how ingeuously applied, IS IN practice not worth
cent The destruction of the Patent Office, as above
alluded TO- has left US s. IN the dark as 70 fhs Pseise
however. that their most important features nave
since been re-invented and applied IN many dller-
ent WAYS This is especially true with regani 70
the atmospheric process, the most important Of
all modern improvements IN the churih as VIII
naturally be inferred from what has already been
said concerning the admission OF air TO the cream
while being chumed. All efficient forms OF atlnos-
pheric chuTns have combined some uevice Tor forCbg
the air INTO the cream with some variety OF dasheT,
either rotary or otherwise. Some SIX years ago a
claim was allowed on certain devices for churniug
by the use of air alone, which lt was proposed 20
carry into practice follows A stationary bellows
forced current of air through flexible tube inf-
uishe,l with nozzle at the end. This nozzle was III
serted below the surface of the milk, contained III
suitable vessel, and the agitation caused Dy the ar
blast was presumed 10 be capable OF bringing the
butter About the same time or little later,
another Chumng apparatus WIN q IoIcl-
BILE ar-blast was brought out, but TINS was
used i'm connection with beating mechahlsl'
double acting bellows driven by acrank ana ptnan,
was employed TO force the ar into q noH9W slatl
arranged centrally within the churn nus shIt car
ries the heaters, which were formed with numerous
small holes through which the air passed from the
shaft into the cream. We do not consider either OF
these plans of much consequence, An atmospheric
cliurn without beaters or dasheTs VIII churn very
sIowly and will not be able TO gather the butter,
while one that has beaters and IS properly con-
strnctcd will force air enough into the cream With
ont bellows or blowing machinery.
The essential feature in good chuTn,is capacity
for giving steady and uniform agitation TO its con-
tents and for doing this at the most rapid rate pos
sibr without raising the temperature OF the cream
moro than ten degrees in the process Uniformity IN
the agitation causes the butter globules To burst
nearly all at the time while the avoidance OF
undue heat insurcsa firm hard texture to The butter
different kinds of ehurns for instance IN the barrel
cbnrn in common use in the English dairy districts
fnr many wears and formed OF u barrel made to
rotate on shaft passed obliquely through It; Also
i'm tLe old Kendall ohurn in winch internal rotary