, 1869-11-07

Tue tcWpefatare, III indicated hY The tne,no,nats,
IN INC balloon. varied almost exactly xith ,br
nfatuEc Of the Euperncumoent MI, ne d.6etrncrs
pen9 70 very nearly equal. that ve aro jus,laod IA
assuming fhai tho eight irregularities weee due 10
me presence Of nnie or less raro. nj the nn.rrnt
POINTS OF Observation. The,empentre decresses
= oeefeeh with each inch OF le2sened pressure
OF neatly ~ degrees with the dlmlnutsou OF ouo
pound ID weight oI the saperincnmbeut air on each
sQuA3e inch Of surface; tNo iDchea Of mcrrmy
corresponding 70 about ono pound
We can only account for this remarkable coin.
t,dence II one way-by luppoatng that the amount
o1 kenslblc heat, indicated on the the,momc;rc
scale, u aue to Tho amount OF force with which
tne AZ stona arc Kept together BY the Rr1vitAttng
Pressure OF the air ASove It. In othef wnrts, lhal
tne manifestation Of heat Il result Of the toloe
with which material atoms press towards each
other, and u measured BY It We viii conslder
the theory Is proved, though great quantity OF
Other proof could be adduced Il uece45arJ.
In tho sane way that tho temperature OF The
atmosphere yAries tTegulariy within mile OF the
earth Nut1sce. on nccount OF fsdi1tou, We und
TINT the temperature Of the earth the anflaco
vor7ex with the general conditions Of climate AID
scakon, and the special Pertufbattons Of ntuos-
rhcr.c change. But Al Al average depth OF about
one hundred teet the local variations disappear,
md the temperature tcm4lns the same for cenrq-
rtea, The climatic d1fesences disappear also on
u 'tne which Ia nearly parable! with the line Of
perpetual snow above the eurface, The depth
y21tIng from or feet ~ the equator 10 T. w
feet In the longitude OF u degrrea, and a3ou,
t,@o feet Al the poles. Below The mean distance
81 1vt Iett from the surface We 0nd the 1emnera-
tu1e INCREASING steadily Al the rate Of oue degree
Tor each - feet Inc average the Increase being
hest rapid a We approach tue pole4- 1t IL no:aoe
That hs acceltra1ion Tor longitude corresponds to
The Increasing RrAylta>1ve force n the 6urface It
st::rR we'll known that 4 mass OF matter which
We'Eh8 pound a4 the ennatur weighs much fuurr
1hsn pound in high lautudcs
50 far a. we caD follow The proceas, the iacrcase
@! Temperature IL uniformly IN proportion to the
deplh; that l., 10 the pre-sure- An addition OF
seventy i've Ieel Of 5npetiDcutnbent earth pro-
aueea An e1uA pressure equivalent 70 an addition
of or degree To the temperature. Tue average
weight OF rte rockl Is to tnat OF water about ~
e6 Is TO 10, whence the psoductl0n of one degree
nf sent.h!c heat is equal u thc pressure Of la5
feet OF water. The variation In the density Of
The material conposIng The earthh crust 2t the
sit1cicnt points which hare been selected for
inenenrang the augmentation, enables NJ to ac-
count Tor the wide discrepancies IN the results Oh.
tajned; The variations beng from 81 to s. Test Tor
each degree. Where the oensi,y Of the soil and
rocks Is lrsst, greater dtptn Il necessary 10 pro.
duce the same amount Of pressure. We may add
pla!ucd III 10 oihst WY.
We can new measure the degree Of sensible heat
| 1t any Designated depth. TIE Attraction at my
roitt IN Tie interior OF The sphere IL exact pro
portion TO The distance frDln the centre, In othe1
N0,dAt pound Of mattef n tbs surface would
| press towards the centre w1tn but the force ol
hal1 pound, II placed half way between The
I euIlAEe and the ce1tEe. Int the pressure Al thai
point u 1ot only the relative weight there, hut int
weight Of Ai the superintendent natteE, II Il
easy to obtain ths designating the d!ztance III feel
| from The surface by y, nh1 The eArtha diameter
In lte. BY u. the presaure Al the required potus Il
! equal 70 y, plus Que; minus l7us onr) divided
| BY u. The latter part OF The quantity Increase,
flon nothing At the surlae:e 10 0a At tho centre
~hetce the rrlalsye pressure VARIES from y pla
/ one a. the surface, to y plus ouc-half NJ tn
| ses,tE. Tsits quaDs1ty IL alsaru 60 nearly cqua
70 = that we may segard the pressure at an,
rotpl Us telrg elaal 10 the depth, the sncr. l.
t!eI sIty productivity this kurertncutnbeht Yrex5un
telne exactly coupenastcd BY The .nninuuou /,
| The area Ut section of lie presdlay column IA v,
| ArproaSh the certEC.
Tue increase Ia temperature Is therefore equa
TO onc-sereDtJ -1lth part Of the depth In feet I,
middle iAutuoes- Al the equator the augnept4
Hon OF he0t viii be one 'lsrfce Ia III fces; At III
poles, one degree In tAs feet, so that the prnce.
In each direction Will give the zane result at III
ccnt1e-a sensible heat o1 2ss,tuo degreeA II
tG'eAte VI A"@".ute aeat "onp'' ao"esef,
H"sn 'e-' 'aaI eiA' t'esauze .ae 'nc'easeH aens's
" WY ceoHe, ea"sco ~ sac fupelnenmoen
pressure, "eu,u eve NJ toolA iat Tue eAa'coce
| iaIent hr.4t We have Id tnean9 Of hosefmIplu
TIL. quantity nj the carlh.s surface. The tempe
azure Uf the inEe1plsnutarg spaces was long se
| estimated by lhe writer ns Mtaus ID ueg7cG1, m
he stated II as probable that those spaces q,
warned hhout " degrees By the rays Of 1sl
which taas thsooen tnen, giving 1'a degrees b
| Low the melting point OF water As the zero OF &c
| s!hlc heAF- HUT II we sire.I OF 1he xeso OF II
| force which keeps the AtoMa Ct matter RsuEd
tcaiorie, or specific heaI. we should proar'lJ ha'
| todetceui much Eore shac Is tGousaud degrees lo1
er:,yery fat beyond the.-e.o degrees assumed
Slr Joan flcrscneu as the aaso!ute zere- eresle
degree OF cold than -1m ha.te cn i'fuduce'l vi
Gc.nli.. but this lstent heat nus. nll appear
ttnsS!t heat uas er the etortnnns pressure ut Il
centrr- Hence, lh& as=olale 1nctca<e OF temper
su1e *ul be nucn leas than HAT gwen by The $50
formula
We can NOW Ecasou GU, the eartnrs internal m
at,ut.,n [sne form rn.,er which matter rx,.,
! 1itho,1t n,nrh dtt,cnltv rvan +, m Inn, -.
! | ,hrorn On the oueatton hy the trnm.nse mns.na
molten matter which are yomit4. up p,,l dtstr4
ut4l uver The es1,hp surface bE more than =
tolcanucr At a depth OF IL, ~, feet from the n
f4ce, or two end quarter niles, the senpe,atu
Ie Cnnal to That OF boIltCg atcr ard at a jent,
tt,y y.nlnc u,llea, or e0a zoo feet the tempcratu
viii te equal TO that OF mpten iron n sal ,eerne
I Below thls 81. tuust In nu,d mn, for .,,nn !,
lance Afs,, II 1he rni,t ,on,.,on rr.t ~, xt
1hr IAN. merriam nr cr7,xt Of ,h,, r,,+h ..ar
l r.,r-,. 1niy,,.ntne ~ ,Ja. N ,tIcs No.. 80 =.
nr,an.,. mo, morr tcnn ,,I,ern r,,,a1 tr,r, . ;.
0 | r,+.,r. ", ~. H., ..t nu,,,. @
. l
! sAeau. e'aeu' tne average aeaAtS OF