The New York herald., 1869-12-08


replaced by the Roman republic. Re-established In
iSoA py Napoleon l., 1t was oyerthrown BY the En-
peror himself In 1909. Restored IN 1914, the FIRST
care OF the Pope, when he arrived in Rome on The
2Sth of May. was to abolish the French laws and IN
stltutlons to reinstal The JesuIts and reopen the
inqnisilion. Destroyed anew In 1913, again raised
mp ana sustained by the arms OF France II is now
called In question after crisis In which, without
tne heip OF Its powerful auxiliaries. it would have
iniailbly succumbed TO the pressure OF outside
puoiic opinion. or the Injurious effects OF the
union 0 the Church with the State and the conse-
quen. terlerence OF lay princes IN matters purely OF
@colscsence gu the exceeding great tr.bulations which
tle last Ecarneniea CouUcil-of Trent experienced
aord sad proof. Conyoked ia the year 1859, 1t met
~ lo1o ana Was so frequently displaced or suspended
.nat u did not termlnate untll 1868. The Duke OF
Mattla prevented the meeting; next tae exigen-
tone v transfer II 10 Bologna but the Emperor re-
tanned at Trent tue bishops Of his states ad obliged
gu..us ~: 70 re-estabiish tie Assembly there. The
hhg o. France protested against the resumption Of
tne council, Which only met again zen years later TO
nnaiy concldsiss dlffcult career. such u tne way
III which matters passed. when people too readily ina
EihSd princes were The very humble subjects OF the
& ou .hs CONTRARY, they were the BISHOPS OF tue
word ouiside,o or representatives OF civil society,
anu iusi tilt title they exercised rlsnt OF inter-
ierehcs badly defined aud consequently very little
iIllteu. lheI nai the night to coiyoAe me Coun.
cts shu Tue custom 10 exercise O pressure occa-
slohay Nloent, on those WAU SAT there IN ofaer 10
catis ous taeW owa wlshes. sometimes they took
part IN tbe vote IN person by their Ambassadors.
IA taese assemblies tue Pope aud the lay soyereigns
were Ia presence 0. each otaer, either in accord
o. IA rlsafy, according 70 the period, and tnat
s.utc % tBinss was d natural eject OF the mix
lure ol cvli and religious society. Ihe princes
formed lart oi The one and tue Pope had influence
over tne Other Tue Disn4ps were the arDltrator5.
Aeagcfs OK civil society By their feuda privileges
ana tie paEt which they had ia the temporal power,
ana AZ the same tine or the religious by their ecce
sa steal Character they took sometimes. at the in
susalol o. ths iflnces, decisions contrary 10 the
Wishes OF TIE holy see. The eeciesastica ana sccu
lai powers DISCUSSED together the al OF religious
anu clYl society. Inc Council Of Trent changed
that state OF tAings as the rope succeeded in ge
ting himself ps socalmed there superior 10 such as
sembles. Since tnen the Counciis, losing their
ancient character, can no longer be anything but
purely clerical meetings.
Pope Plus the Ninth and the Iay Potentrtcs.
Outside Of Ecumenical Councils, however, Pope
Plus the Ninth himself has been Obliged to call in the
aid or the sword ana Temperatures OF foreign lay
men in order to SUSTAIN his position as temporal
sovereign. France, Italy, Germany, Ireland, Eng
land and America have each contributed armed
recruits for the army OF nts Holiness. The force
assumed really organized shape In the year 1854
under guarantees Of what is known as the
sEpTEMBER CONVENTION.
This important document, which was ratified on
the 18th OF September In that year between Italy
the Pope aud the Emperor Napoleon, reads:-
ARTICLE |, ltaly BINDS her5elI not 10 attack the
actual territory VI the Holy Father, and 10 prevent
even Dy TO- ce every attack coming rom the interior
against the said territory.
AKr. 2. france viii withdraw her troops from tho
POntrca states by degrees, ana in proportion as
The army OF the hoy Father snail be organized.
The evacuation shah nevertheless be complete within
the period or TWO years.
AIR 3. me Italian government will make no COM
plant against the organizauon oi q Papat army,
composed even OF Iorei9a Catholic volunteers, sum-
cieat to MAINTAIN the authority OF the Holy Father
tranquility oon In the interior aud the
tier Of the states, prosided thai this orcc shall not
become means OF attack against the italian gov
ernDent.
Arr. l. Italy declares herself ready 10 enter into
an arrangement 10 charge Aeraef wisa proportion
ate part OF tae uebS OF the FORMER States Of the
Church.
ART. g. The present convention snail be ratified,
and the TatiheationS exchanged Ia tue course OF
Ilteen days, or sooner II npssio.e.
Acang under the inspiration OF the DEGREES OF the
Council OF Trent and in accordance witn the spirit
OF the september convention, az above, the Fapa
bull convcnug the present Ecunellcal Council does
not invite soyereigus to SIT IN the body. Inc omls-
sion has been remarked and it Is remarkable. 1t
implies That there are no logger Catholic crowns-
that is TO say that the order IN Which society has
lived for the last thousand years no longer exists
What has been called the .lliddie agen mas come to
an ena. Ile 2sth o june, tSV5-the uate oi tho pro-
Navigation Oh LAe uul "Asterni Pauisi--i5 tie date
OF its DEAN. AnorAer era begins. The Church and
state separated 10 lact, aad born recognize II.
Inus we can unoerstand why the POPE has departed
from iAie plcCStyut VI llc CoHatu oI .ttll, ana mas
not summoned the epfesentatlvcs OF the
temporal authority. 10 that OF the Vatican. In
the butts Oh the sixteenth century the Rmpe-
ror and princes were formally invited ..Ine
Emperor, the very ylristan King, aud otacr kings,
dukes AMI priaces,'' were requested ito appear at
the assembly, and If they were prevented, to send
amDassadols.n THUS ii was that we sec at the
gouncn OF Trent the representative Qf SPAN,
France, Savoy and other princes. The ambassadors
not only appeared ia pomp of the sessions, but
spoke ana read oiica addresses IN tue general con
gfegatloas, IN WHICH vera slAmcl up tne dlscas-
Sous and decisions " ME special meetings Nolne
non-appeaiance OF Cesar. Ihe separation vi Churcn
anl state VIA spring iii principle IRON tals Council,
either because TIE temporal power nas no SHARE In
It, or because tie cauor5 which Will be passed Wil
be SO Iatoera9le that the mixed ana transftory
system actually la Practice 70 thc rciaaon OF the
two powers Will appear abnormal In every one's
eyes.