The Plymouth weekly Democrat. (Plymouth, Ind.) 1860-1869, 1869-01-07
Horace Greeley ON Flowing.
THE Hon. Horace Greeley lately rea

Farmers Club of the American Institute !:
"Many controversies arise from imper-
feet definitions. The same words, the
same phrases, convey different ideas to the
rival disputants. Let me begin, then, by
making myself clearly understood. To
save time. | will define by negation or ex-
clusion as follows: All soils do not re-
quire blowing to the same depth; because,
1. A large portion of the earth's surface
should never be plowed at all. No wet
lands should be plowed until thoroughly,
permanently drained. Flowing them
while still wet, or certain to become SO af-
ter rains, is throwing labor away. Avery
large area, consisting of swamps, marshes,
boys, fens, lake, river, brook margins, or
intervales frequently submerged or sodden,
should never be plowed until drained or
embarked 2 Then great proportion of
the rocky hillsides or crests, which consists
mainly of rocks thinly covered by and of
ten protruding through the soil, should
be kept always in forest, from which tim
Der is taken from time to time, but never
to such extent as to reveal its ruggedness
Westchester county alone has thousands
of acres, now denuded and devoted to
grazing, which should never have been
cleared. Cut off the timber, if you are not
content with cutting cut, but keep such
rough land always in wood It's cultiva-
ton can never pay; its grass is burnt up
by sultry week; while stripping it of
timber tends to render our springs and
streams scanty and capricious. There is
nothing worse in our rural economy than
this uncovering of rocky sleeps that ought
forever to remain timbered 5. There
are, moreover, lands too sterile to be cul-
tivated with profit, at least while SO much
good land lies idle and useless. These
lands are often level enough, and not too
stony but it will cost more to bring them
to proper state of fertility than they will
then be worth. Some of these might be.
and probably ought forthwith to be, sOwed
with nuts and tree-seed and so covered
with timber probably the pillow might be
advantageOusly used in the process; but
it would be unwise to subject them to other
culture for ages yet, if ever. Then there
are lands which have good though shall
low surface soil, but covering poisonous
sub-soil, which must not be disturbed.
Prof. Mapes found such q tract in West
jersey, where a stratum of sui plate ofiron
(copperas) lay but eight inches below the
surface. To plow into this. and mix it
with the surface soil, arrested vegetation
altogether D And again there are soils,
mainly alluvial, at once so mellow and fer
tile that the roots of the cereals and most
plants will permeate and draw sustenance
from them though they are never distur-
bed by the pillow. / presume the annually
flooded intervale of the Nile is of this
class. | Judge that the valley south Of
Maysville, Cal, annually covered many
feet deep by the turbid floods of the Yuba,
Tolber, and American rivers, is much of
the same. There are portions of the inter
vale of the Illinois where the muck is six
teen feet deep, very loose and rich. Twas
told in. California that the grape, though
1t had to be watered sparingly during the
first two summers, needed no irrigation
thereafter in the valleys of that State,
though they are dried up in summer to
the depth of several feet. The roots strike
down through the rich loan below till
they find moisture that they can appro-
pirate and thrive upon. judge that the
valley of the Sacramento and its numer-
Gus tributaries is often bored to the depth
of four or five feet.
81 have thus fully conceded that deep
blowing is not everywhere requisite.
Now let me show where and why it is
needed: l. 1t has been abundantly DEM
onstrated that the roots of plants are of
ten found at a distance of several feet
from them. Any of US may have seen
that this is as true of Ind an corn as of
Canada thistles. With a m GRO scope and
due patience, the roots of wheat may be
traced from four to six feet. OF course.
these roots seek nourishment and find it.
Nature, in the broad view, makes no abor.
tive, at least no wanton effort Roots
wander in search of food not otherwise to
be found g. Our subsoils are generally
compact and repellant Wherever a
ditcher would naturally use pick, there
few roots can make their way except very
slowly and by wasting effort Few or no
cereals or edible roots can feed and flour
ish on the penetration of such subsoils.
And while our sands or looser grayels are
more easily traversed, they seldom con-
tain the plant food whereof the roots are
in search. They either remain unpen-
etrated, or the effort is unrewarded by anv
gain of nutrition to the plant. 8.
Our summers and autumns are
often persistently hot and dry.
The continuously torrid suns,
which this year destroyed half the later
crops of Europe, are here encountered as
often as every third year. Drouth is one
of the foremost causes of the failure of our
crops. Our ancestors mainly migrated
hither from the British Isles, from Hol-
land, and the coasts of Northern and
Western Europe, where humidity is the
rule, protracted drOuth the exception.
Sixteen inches Of soil in our climate is
hardly equal, as an antidote to drouth, to
six inches in ireland and Holland. And
yet the best farmers of those countries
agree in commencing deeper blowing
4. What we advocate is not the burying
of the vegetable mold or natural surface
sod under several inches of cold, lifeless
clay, sand or gravel. II the subsoil is not
to be enriched, it may better remain a
subsoil. but that does not prove that it
ought not to be lifted, stirred, aerated,
pulverized. The right thing to do is to
enrich as well as mellow and aerate the
entire soil to the depth of fully eighteen
inches, though twelve may answer as a
beginning. Use Michigan or q subsoil
pillow, if you will, and keep the various
strata where nature placed them. But
give your plants, like your cattle, chance
to reach food and drink at all times. Let
down the bars that would keep them from
the life-giving springs. g. Plants look
to the soil for a. anchorage; (2)
moisture (3) most Of their foou. If
they cannot find these more certainly in
twelve to eighteen inches Of soil than in
six, then reason is fool, mathematics
conjectural science, and a farmer should
prefer a balance in bank to his credit of
5000 to one of $1,000. 6. We are told
that the roots prefer to run near the sur
face, loving the warmth Of the sun. Let
them run there, then, We do not hinder