New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1868-06-04
SCIENCE.
DIFFET

ferent liquids, having the same temperature ana no
chemical affinity placed in an inverted syphon, their
Nights each column, under the condition OF equilibrium
will be nversely their densities Two glass tubes,
communicating with each other at the bottom, are placed
aide by side with graduated scale between tnem one
the water In the boiler so that when the copa
is 10 he made the connections are cut on IL Il said
60 the point saturaOn than formerly, thus obvatng
fhe difficulties and loss Of heat arising from too frequent
extraction Of the saline deposits from the boiler.
MIRAGE.-TherareO optical phenomenon known
~ mirage consists IN the apparent displacement OF on
tOcts in the vicinity of broad sheets OF water OF over
contact with heated portion OF the ea1hs ,bn
dilaed; therefore in sustaining tho WegIt V "
incumbent atmosphere us elasticity Is NC t ~ dnrent
density is diminished. Adjacent layers OF ar OF
Night coming with great obiGHity from distant object
before reaching the earth arc mus PEN ~ acted fin
the surface of water and where sch o9ectt a.
both the light directly from ~ ana .1 Which two images
arc seen 0nposte one 20 the other ana J0ned at
~ Se eohfoGndcd With to the reflection Of teFes
trial objects on the clouds h ne object is
Mirage is visible near the horizon ano when I'VE
not fir off is more distinctly as the eye aIploe
she ground My TcyeaIed Inv hS elcscope The con
frsts of temperature producing mirage occur ielent
IN the Arctic regions wien the summer sun 9cIS poMCt
fTsy ON masses of zee; in mlder climates such contrasts
When strata OF ar OF =,
extend vertically instead Of n0doay ~ Object viii
song b opcIe 70 IFS true position and such has
been proved by observation 10 be the tact. ,LaterM
nragcs have been Lake Geneva SwltzellanI IN
these phenomena Of refracton tho distance from
The observer to the actual position of the objects
represented seldom exceed 10 or Is miles a very
remarkable occurred on the 18th Of April at BATAVIA
which is by rail 81 miles from the foot OF Lake Ere anu
Is thus described by correspondent oil me ItOheND
Union. "Wile we were admrng golden suIsSC WY ,
eastern horizon the time arehed by the bow OF
prOmise the waters Of Lake Line roSe upon o 5iG G
believe we were In the region of enchatment Inc
IF 5s wiessd by Several Citizens Of buffalo
AZ one time vessels were distinctly visible even a
stack Large bodies Of ice covering what Appeared 20 po
several acres each were seen openly no"tnh @ o
NJ Tho
naturally enthusiastic, and declared that they hao never
seen the lake OF their pride exhibit itself IN more hatu
bahilnents from their Riao, yCep the docks
The mirage above described was remarkable iOrls great
strength.
PURIFICATION or IRON.-In paper read be
fore the institutions Engineers in Scotland by - John
v Day on certain points IN tho manufacture OF hled-
pressed that this process mot long SINCE described III TIE
THBUSE has effected what has never before beei 1oue
In Great Britain in producing from the conmonest pigs
containing the highest per contage 81 sulphur aG nho
Phorus better ana purer m'teIial tn C. ne nss
n is now wellnsceralned that in the pudding furnace
acme Of The phosphorus passes from the charge into the
cindeT, but by means the whole OF IT. Inns clcum
more of element existing the charge as phosPmde
of iron was quaied or sWe4ted ont uer tne tnUt" "s
balled II there Is any truth IN the snlposihon u aP
pears confirmed 10y the results OF Richardson pode
Ton therefore greater time is afforded this supposed
hquatOn OF the phOSphde The author merely thIeN
form theory That the phosphate is not got I'D Of by
oxidation in combination with the iron is certain or IL
would unqucstiOnably be eliminated IN the BcSseiner
converter every means hitherto tried notwithstanding
chloride Of calcium the latest substance useu having
An interesting discussion followed the reading Of this
paper The President asked whether any experiments
had tOsest the tensile strength OF non iue
by inc e5TUn PTecd that the tcnsonal test was q
per square inch in the direction OF the hper ana o
MT J. ST. Rowan quite conceded with the sentiment ex-
pressed tho impossbity OF removing either sulphur
Mr. T. Kohn said the Besscmer process is capable OF
producing every variety from the hardest steel 10 the
eaffas
other mode 10 true, however, that this process was
iron ana for ills reason il appeared to him that The
Richardson process which was applicable 10 the INFERIOR
20 become of vast Importance.
MI W NJ. Nelson said it wei known that there was
considerable of sulphur given of by the coal IN
the furnace, and suggested that the smaller quantity of
sulphur found in the iron might be accounted for by the
fact that in the Richardson process the iron was in the
furnace shorter time Than in the old process draw
description OF the form Of the furnace might eX-
Mr. BeaIdmore said an ordinary reverberatng furnace
was employed. The air was admitted through hollow
iron rake or rabbe and blown INTO the iron near the Dot
MI Kohn remarked that there sufficient expert
mental data record for forming at least an approach
the aud by the Richardson process lie wanted
70 first refer to Mr nelson's remark about the sPlo.sd
diminished absorption OF sulphur rom me col ~ ,ne
padding furnace. This explanation although p!aUSble'
does suffice for explaining the actual remcV al OF The
sulphur already c0Alheu IN th5 pslio! Deloie ne De
ing charged into tho furnace aud which the experiments
IBeus had been made 10y Dr. Grace Calvert Of Mnchcs-
ter Prof Wedding Of Berlin. and others 10 ascertain at
what period Of tie padding process the sulphur and
phosphorus removed from the iron and driven into
The Stag Samples Of iron were taken out Of the furnace
during charge al intervals OF few minutes, and partic
ularly those moments whenany Of tho vital changes In
the pudding process occurred. The analysis of These
samples showed that the sulphur and phosphorus were
principally during the early stages OF the pud
ding process that these elements combined with oxygen
aud formed suphatcs and phOsphaes. or salts which
formed a portion 81 the Stag II seemed probable from
other experiments record that at higher tCnprra-
ture. snch that which follows the boil"
in pudding, or hush as eAiHtcd IN me Bcsseniet
converter, the liquid HOn in contact with the
frfui he q %
iron IN the Bcssemer process the whole liquid contents
Of the converter including these sulphdes and phOs
pbdes turned into tho casting adle aud haly into
the iugOt mOds themselves there - Therefore OppOr
tuny by this process fOf separation OF the metal
from these nOXOus substances Ia the pudding process
the stage OF balug' affords such an opportunity II
WelilnOwn that the phOspdes OF iron are liquid at
much lower Temperature than that as which the wrought
iron sOlidGes on comes nature" in the terms OF tire
puddlcs IL seems also likely that OF the suphdcs
of mon have a similar property An experiment recently
loan Iron works appeared TO evidence this point.
la certain kinds Of pig peculiar speck OF different
Iracturing the pig through the confer, the speck
occupying the center Of the fractured surface.
NT Addie had portion OF This material drilled
OF the center OF pig and the analysis showed that
portion contained much greater per Ceutagc Of sui
This seemed 70 prove that the pig sOdifed at temper
tuTe which the suphides mixed with were still liquid
and that these latter therefore accumulated IN the center
OF the sOldying and remained liquid there until
the Temperature zen below their own point Of solldca-
ten Taking this FOR granted IL would appear that the
Iecng and FASTING together the solid particles OF
sisg hut also from these lGuid snphtcs and uhOspfes;
herring liquid mass by the subsequent mechanical opera
tOus. would therefore contain only small amount 0t
sufficiently plausible TO be OF utility in the present
state OF knowledge existing the subject In conclusion,
the peculiar function Of the bang process connection
with the removal OF sulphur aud phosphorus from IRON