New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1868-11-13
LECTURES.
AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTI-
CAL SOCIETY.

helu ts ffst monthly meeting the
season at the Cooper Institute last night The Hon. c. p.
DAILY, the President the chair The minutes OF
the previous meeting and lengthy list Of new members
having been read by Mr. Srasnyck, the Honorary Secre
ary the Treasurer presented his report showing the
ceipts to have been s2GG and the expenditures s229
leaving balance OF s432, beside outstanding Of
t5. The Librarian reported that there had been 1886
donations OF books maps charts. &c, and that tho
library had now been properly classified and arranged
The President then stated shat he had with great regret
TO announce the death ofMons de la ROguette President
OF the Royal Geographical Society of Paris, and u
corresponding member OF this society who had per-
sonaly done wonders for geography and who had aided
and encouraged others in doing the He thought
that such occasion should not be allowed to with
out some expression Of the deep regret they all felt at the
loss OF so great and useful ana lie should there
family OF their late associate aud the society which
he had presided To be brought forward at their next
meeting The President then reported that Mr.. George
W. Blunt had presented the library Of the Society col
lection Of all charts and works navigation which had
been published by his house since 1893 He also an
nounced that he had received dispatch from Bombay,
dated Oct 80 which confirmed the reported safety OF Dr.
Livingstone, and stated that lac his way Zanzi-
bar thence TO proceed to Lake Nyanza in order to solve
the last problem concerning the Mica problem which,
when finally settled In the way he anticipated would
the Nile to he the longest river In the world,
upward OF 1000 miles in length. Paying tribute
TO the high character OF Livingstone, he declared
that IL was through his great talents honesty OF purpose,
and ndomtabe perseverance. that some of the greatest
lnodGfh geographical discoveries nave Deen maze.
speaking Oi the many explorers IN the aicilc regions, ne
SAID mat the three who had reached further thRn
Others were memDers OF the S0clety-Perry Name, anu
Iayesand that the council considered the subject OF
Arctic research to be Of 10 important and Interesting
character, that they had determined to nave aOtber
Arctic night, when members Of the Society geDcyMy
would have an opportunity OF expressing their views
On the present OCCASION they would cOnne the business
Of the evening To the address Of DR.. Hayes, whom he
begged most cordially 10 introduce to the meeting.
Dr. Hayes prefaced MS address by remarking that IL
his object To prove certain theories or 10 an
nounee new discoveries but simply to give new group
lng OF WeiFkhoWh events ana recorded Iacts tusoiy
tracing the course OF geographical knowledge from IT'S
commencement TO that point where ancient geography
ends as eXcmphed In the writings Of Moses, Homer
Herodous the strabos tue Pny-, and the Ptoenys he
spoke Of Tie time when modern Europe came INTO Delng
ana vain IL modern keoRr"pEi 81 lhe great
discovery 81 the Italians ana Neutrality-suspicious., ist Que
quarter uf tie globe, then another, discovered by
DE CANA, AhaIcdda ana SOulhous aItu y! lho HWY
introduced magnetic needle I'll the whole vast theAcr
Oh the globe with some partial shades was opened 70 the
gaze oI sccnoe-onc notable exception Ogug tnae ush
portion Of The earth around the North Pole known ~ tho
Arctic Regions. At this period tue iablousy cXaggclated
West. Tic northern nations Of Europe, finding tho
southern route 10 the Indies barred by the spaniard and
the Portuguese determined II possible L" nhd northern
through the Polar seas not rom love OF science
oi which they were cuy0us. with this object many
expeditions aud schemes were inaugurated, beginning
cecde Explorer only 10 dispc the conclusions already
arrived AZ, aud Was not untl 1903 that Mcclure proved
that there Was truth northern route into the lacic,
49, 49,, ,1 49,, ,,' Itch Inc md found Vas not
available for commercial purposes. Dr.. Hayes gave
1, is f ti'os, tires wing now erroneous aud i'm
dgotius Fuc-. Ia 1891, india and America defined
ouc continent. In thi, belief Columbus died In Tue
nlp 81 the Italian astronomer fOscau'il japan ea =.
tAc middle of ,Lc between c eastern coast o ASIA ana
lines 1cAico Is placed lte TO the east uf the Ryor
Gangc- AID ~ I.sliors map published IA 'Ay car Io
maps uc-e to depend upon want OF success Is bo0
surprising in attempting 10 iad a northern route To
lbdia ~ means 81 largo ""sIaih' ~; hnl - 49,
planned the position aud appearance 81 the Arctic Re
gon- ~ deN,a % m9aSt s'93,ap"oIs, ""T That tbi
ocean covers an extent Of nearly ioOoOl square miles
Ame,c that IL d. closely invested by land throughout
the groslcr part o is extensive circuit and iohs ohe OF
i,ree-f I'm The word-tle former cquaIing 3JOOO0O tho
latter $1,000 squlic miles. Its cuirents arc q
rourh whose agency tie rtlon about tue Pole is tenn
pcTod with warmth not otherwise natural 10 10. while
In Lc proportion the chilled waters returning 10
the south soften the great equatorial heat lie then pro
coedcd TO give general description OF these great
oceanic currents 80 lar as known, starting WIN ta' cur
rent which flows in westerly direction through the zone
OF tie "South-I.ist T.c-," and being interrupted by
the coast OF Africa. defects portion n"rth"'.d out
sends the main current southNaId through lbe M1hah'
bquo Channel. which, reaching the Cape oil G2od HOPE
enters the Atlantic Follows Nc west coast oI AltIa ''
IL assuHes again westward e0use ha the great iquao
raj Current OI the Aiahici spuhk on tle tAst CoSt
Of Amttc" par 81 j. sh,eis ne Hu % tn crt
originates. the Gun slitaln u j. from uIls SIcat,
artery of the ocean that the cur stream ana
the japanese current break away, and, from
tropical heat, nnd themselves at last III lhe seas
OF the Arctic regions, and are lost ia lr ukhO" regions
round The poe Lutte 70 hno|h oil me now Oh waters
within the ulis ul he Polar ned Dut Que eeal CulVV
traced Out OF IT, sweeping both coasts OF plethtu'
aft
where 10 ioius the Diner branch tnat sets lonsn Snl
sound. and passing through Hudson srai comes down
Inc coast OF Labrador and Newfoundland freghted Win
zee then along the American coast, TIL II Is hnay osJ
oil the Capcs Florida. TINS downward course oil the
Polar current, aud the upward course oi inc Gun stream
produce that remarkable difference OF temperature To DO
found countries the same parallel OF latitude FROM
Gull sam should be TIC most feasible route TO INC
North Pole, bat experience proves That the ice
barrier Is moro lmpacted there than IN any other
quarter. IL was for time fayOrably regarded,
bat after the disastrous voyages Of WnlouHhDy ana
men ls SEA
the wcst became general aNorte, and many OF ie most
noted mariners OF the time thought the lonwishedfor
passage was TO be found there. Hudson Phipps Caver
iuy. sabine BuChaD uud Franklin, oil urea IA Naln ~
MAS here that Parry boldly struck upon the Polar
sea with sledgcs aud reached latitude 80 ~, but with
out success. IL into the Spzberseh sea mat tho
(,rrmui and Swedish expeditions mnde their way this
Summer but their success present seems no greater
than their predecessors The attempts when nave Dee
made to Ind passage by the japanese current nave met
with .c same late those by tho Gun stream although
most important additions to science baNo IosuIu o
the Efforts OF Barun Wiaugc, Who periormeI tne most
remarkable sledge Journeys OF record; OF Hearne,
who rea., led the great POLAR water ~ NV, Vpvhns
90 cay FOR Mackenzie, Franklin, Roharis0ni fA Back
aL,se pioraons finally delneated the shore line from
:" thn S,sravei ~ HcSafS oi Ingeheld. tho fret 10
Reached The open sea OF Bel0t, OF DE Haven ana o'es
ttv wose united EFFORTS AN extensive region has been
.n"J to srence-Dr Hayes himself having traced the
laud nearly a5' Latitude uhtll IL was quo
nr,ec INTO tie Polar sea This Polar sea- he says, Is the
point of all arctic questions. and adduees the laws Oh
nature and analogy Of reasoning prove that IS never
fr"1en over Firmly frozen bodies OF water OF any con-
siderable extent. lac allrms unknown BaIino Bayls
never sealed Hudson Bay is ~ opeu ~ It's oener Ia
is lined with bolt Of Ice, all being
open beyond, aud he assures US ma ~
when he passed the Winter of 1900 upon the margin Oh
that upper part OF Barins Bay known as the N1ran
Water they could always hear the sound OF Ihe Deats
snrf the Thermometers being below zero. The waters
OF tie Arctic Ocean moving continually In currents from
south To north and from north TO south, arc kcps ."
general temperature above the freezing point ana are
Of course. subject to those rules OF nature WHEN h
uniform temperature OF about 4O' iahreinnsit ere
deep sea WATER though the surface water patakeS oo
or less OF the temperature OF the air Thus, WINE III .ho