davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1868-07-14

A shocking story Of brutal murder
and swift, lawlesa punishment among
a party Of miners travelling aa footeyef
The Rocky mountains 70 the SweelwA-
ter mines is reported in our Western
exchanges - Hess, a FrenchmAn, and
Armstrong, Nova Scotian, had quar-.
relied, bat apparently became reccncil.
Cd, when Armstrong reoPoued tho dis
agreement and threatened Hess for ta-
king some Of bis tobacco During that
day the party entered dangerous and
difficult canon, through which their
path wound along narrow ledge Of
rock, several hundred feet above the
bed OF the stream, which ran along at
the foot OF that fearful preoipicc AT
the point Of greatest danger, where the
party had TO travel IN single file. and
several yards apart Armstrong watch
ed his opportunity TO dodge behind a
ledge OF rock, unobseryed and TO thus
fall behind the others Hess was the
last man ia the file As he drew near
to the place whore Armstrong was se-
ereted, the latter stepped forth and FOL
lowed his companions, without seem
ing TO notice him. Presently he knelt
down as II 10 tic his shoes, and Hess,
unable to pass, stopped within few
feet Of him. The next moment, turn
ing about TO pick up his bundle, which
had been thrown aside upon the
ground, by sudden change Of move
ment he seized the unsuspecting
Frenchman, and hurled him over the
edge Of the terrible abyss, Some 20or
30 feet down the face Of the precipice
the wretched man lodged in the branch
es OF a scraggy hemlock tree, which
grew out of a crevice in the rocky wall,
and might from thence have been res
cued had assistance been nigh, But
there was none. How the murderer
could summon the hardihood to stoop
down and watch the fall Of his victim
from the dizzy hight, we cannot imag
inc. Yet Armstrong did look down the
cliff, perhaps to assure himself that his
murderous work was well done, and
saw poor Hess still desperately main
tanning his hold upon life, instead Of ~
ing sbapeless mass at the bottom Of
the canon. His fendish spirit mani
tested itself still further He got frag-
ments Of rock and cast them upon the
poor man, until his lifeless body top
pied over into the yawning abyss be-
low, then arose and pursued his jour-
ney, The whole act was seen from a
distance by another Of the party, who
was apart hunting for game, and after
they had got into camp at night he told
the story, when Armstrong was seized,
and charged with the murder, and
didn't deny it. A part OF the compa-
ny were in favor Of taking him with
them through TO the settlements, to be
tried by the civil authorities. But the
majority were determiaed to allow the
murderer no chance for escape; and 80,
about an hour before midnight, Arm
strong was conducted to the top Of a
cliff, which arose like wall to the hight
Of 1S0 or 200 feet, half mile in rear oil
the camp. Having bound his hands
and feet, they cast him over into the
black abyss, out Of which no cry return
ed.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1868-07-14

Eyes AND EARs.-Tho most accepta-
bic compliment one can pay in conver-
sotion is attentive listening. And the
most appreciative listening (if we may
use Ceticism) is done with the eyes.
For the human ear, unlike that Of the
lower animals, is q fixed institution
1t cam OF be elevated or directed for
ward when attention is aroused. Hence
its function is limited 1t cannot give
signs ofattention or appreciation in con-
versation. Thus, as writer in Black
wood says, we do our most effective his
tening with our eyes. And in many
regards our listening is far more effect
i've in impressing a conversationonal
companion than speech. No unspo-
ken affront short Of absolute rudeness
rouses resentment 80 readily as wan
dering attention manifested in wander
ing glances. A mans thoughts are
wont TO follow bis eyes, and be engross-
cd by what he sees rather than what
he hears. Thus, though o speaking
eye is rare social gift, listening eye
is even more rare and valuable.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1868-07-14

-Thore dwelt in Maine 8 good
Metbodist brother, who was pleased"
with = wife Of fretfui disposition. Be
ing AT eamp-meeting. they ON ons occa-
sion met together in kbe camp prayer
meeting The husband felt called up,
on 70 pray, which be did IL deyout
and proper manner he was followed
b. his wife. who among other things,
said: fThon knoweat. Lord. that / Asn
somewhat frstful add croas Al home,
bat before she could announce 10 the
Lord another statement, tbs husband
exclaimed, sAmenl truth, lord, eve
~ word" Il would be revealing The
secrets oi domestic life 10 disclose as 10
the manner and spirit IN whieh lhs
conversation vas resumed and ended
in the home circle
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1868-07-14


COMMON EYExTs or IagE-.-W old
times. Michael Angelo took bis copies
from persons in tho streets, and wYoat
them ont on the ceiling and walls of
the Vasican. changing baggaF into
giant, and an Ordinary woman with
basket Of flowers on her arm into 80
angel; and the b4ggar and the hower
Girl stand there now in their lastrouD
beauty. spasking 20 eyes that wander
from every side of the green wofld.@~s
The rock slnmbared ia tbs mouatnans
and be reached bis hands onL and took
il, and gathered tho stones from The
fields about him and built them into
that awful pile. which, covering acres
upon the RrDund, reaches up ~ Euiegia-s
" dome toward hoaYen, constFaining
the mob u tho city " bow their fore
hoads and vow great prayers % God.
Sc, ont Of the con1nnon events of life.
cat Of All lhs passions pat By God into
your hearts, yOn may pant en the
walls of Jour life the iniress figures.
angels and prophets Out 81 the com.
Hson stones of your daily work you
nlay build yourself temple which
shall ahelteF yoaE head irom ~ haKm.
and bring down upon you tho innpi-
ration Of God - Theodore Parker
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1868-07-14
PoebN


Carus hts.d ura. ~, euss swaAsn
kHsa sal4 g. gss igdsy
Tstsas lansi1 sas fgssssa.
fuas,l aztaeg ~ a~ag
nsci a.oas lfss pssaiar Pea usy
Gstas. tlsd u,sm.srg 81 ~.ih ulei
have ieii sms &sFhnE lfvA@ures
TbA ts.aa5 sist b sssg
T. yor raFg ihtT rtft gaifastod,
Al uy saefed, pftesioss stare;
Hsfs yog kop. thcn safcly, mcmog7
Ia me i1ok 81 them Once mafe.
T.ny yoars age, snd ever,
Yaa b0F1n g. Store svay,
Opea up the castst men1ry,
Iuossd 40 thsm ~ today.
Mgtbrgs aria, hat luiBed aboui ne
With parental lows and care.
And tae lips u.ai gently tss'd me,
H9cking iu the "a arm ehsiF
Father, als1. faihfal memory,
Wei biz nsanly form know,
Tbgaeh gave h.m yger b. y1u
More than forty ysaFs age.
And ttis gr5up oi Bttlc hocs,
can cal thtm al b. Hsme,
Aad tht Joyous P,sis Il laughter
d ls sIl tho very same,
And, aaAr memory, here's smother,
NEST iiugef here sahile,
EEtFy fasinre ls familiar,
E'eiy mouub, every smile
but dear mcmury, that DARK shadow,
Hearing every word ] say,
Nith his stony ga2a npon he,
MCmory, ba him 60 away,
''This is not shadow, c'u,
-nsA real earthly FORM,
You must know him, 'us Bereavement,
n won't do us auy harm"
Bot kind memory, stand between US,
! would pass enc happy hour,
And ihs presenoc here deprcsscs,
With q cad aud sickeuiug povcr.
And gather up The treasures memory,
II Ehs presence mus be here,
And memory put them in the cahkel
And seal It with this bitter tear.
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1868-07-14

The family OF Gen Grant consists
oi himself and Mrs 6rant; Freirick, a
youth oi is, now cadet ht West Point
Ulysses, Jr., shout Is years old Nellie,
an only daughter, and Jessie. the baby,
Who 4 named after the generals father.
Miss Nellie Is described a. "a sunny
dispoaitioned and merry young lady,
whom everybody loves. aud Jessie s.
"a bright lad who sometimes appears
in Highland costume. the garh of bis
5seilc ancestors
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1868-07-14
YORK.
NEW
L.. -. z-:sO Notes.

Tio iaac j. naaf a huad Wheu these Notes ell
te iaV and aop ls the timu bF Conversion or
esAE tiffgsr n which shuull h. 1Qae Immediately
ilie hsltepkiil kasataai liask ~ Manchester sill
fF#aId thoae Aeiss ~ lshyefsioa, 81 purchase
II Hntfet auu
l7pSa wP. BLACK. Cashier
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1868-07-14
DENTISTRY.
wM. W. BRocKwAY. DENTIST

A. rsnfned - NSafhsssF. 4frf fteslstn6s is Al
~ hAag ~ sAa Eeafs4 anftHe whsth gns se has fs.
49, ~ fgssA o. a5Hts BIZ sfeai esissfirufe var
Ala il saylss As Ne ~ saisass afpau tA~ toetA
sHaRi = stfxtisa a 10 Essie "A uha hfv - nsed
y sassi na sf~ tsesg Il can spsa MIA Al hls rts.
Eassfss lz hazsstesssT. -
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1868-07-14
Bennlngton { RntIana Rallroad.

aRnrsasss n Iratns - tssffssgsas Mesfsust ssls
s'fslls HNd fasfsss ssse wssss F@ wAtteAsf1 apa
sEslsss
= are fsfsNfae& d lhs lfscs
nesssassaa.. ~ s. lss
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1868-07-14
THE EQUINOX HOUSE,

Routes 10 MAnch ester.
Thssa IIahs3n River Railroad Train from New
York faa Ttay aud Gstisrds fcsehea AahcRvriff ~
|eNH.H -
s nqFtins Trsin ffana springfield. Mas, 80 bfai-
alsbsfa Aad Hsiiaes Rsis eauHFCs "a AailAhd Win
ktFH Train fsf szuchsttet
Nsw fafk passengers rsa Aiaens, Or Albany and
TAtsta.a fasfh Msnrhesiff - Bennington a Rutland
naiFaaA isistng HafiAhd a. g a. y. o. ~ F,s
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1868-07-14

FnHfs lone stfshse g heiai siii oantinnes "ptn ft
L the accommodation ~ he HayeiiH9 pahe, Par
tir sf sttfuan sfHtn a. i8fiefs fnH htrpad during
shs saa,ma maaths 1bs ratlie FaiFopAEc hl'helis
Hhfralif sytfaAri Il feegecttailF eaH4iFa.
IN EAkpEkIlF PraGfteiuf, Manchester, "
The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1868-07-14

SIvRo
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1868-02-09

the party 10 beginning show isslk ne iass proof OF
Its influence = seen IN the app9iatnsnt Of Matthew
Brennan 10 me Police Commssionershp made vacan! oy
the death OF NJ Bergen The appointment belonged 10
Brooklyn, put fammany was anxious TO ses seas o.
the boaFa OF Police Commissioners and they have sue
gates 70 the National Convention in the Interest Of Tam
many, Ihnrow Weed 1t is said, for purposes Of ms
schemes IN which the 'rlng have large interests At
stake. and . - not unlikely that will carry ito point
AZ present the only opposing power that shows bold
Mozart party which, Strengthening itself BY extending
its organzon and feeling that great fraud was prac-
ticed agAns them IN December last would gladly con-
front ls victorious rival and contss for the palm in
another struggle for political ascsndancy.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1868-02-09
THE FORTIErH CONGRESS.


WASHINGTON, Feb. 8, 1868.
Immediately after tho reading Of the journal the
House went Committee OF the Whole on the state OF
shs Union Mr. Dawes In tho chair FOR general debate on
the Presidents annual message.
THE riYAycEs
Mr. HUNTER lrep.) OF Ind, addressed the House
on the financial question. He argued that the true
o. tho present depression In business arose. FIRST
from the partial failure Of tho crops; second from tho
contraction policy o tho Secretary OF The Treasury add
third tho action OF tho democratic party In de-
He believed that reputation was not only the
desire. but the Intention OF the democratic party n Il
ea,tv was As follow that onis .r"s snonsn
should DO levied TO pay the interest the public debt
and tns current expenses OF the government leaving tho
principal country shall be prosperous con-
dion. Second these should not b. levied 40 a
to make every pay according 10 mis- worth but ex
Of the country removing from the aborins ana
producing interests Of the country. Third, all the
bond: s wS'sn payable the
date should be declared due and payable Al
this time. and payable in the lawful currency
the holder cent long bonds payable princ,-
pal and interest," CON- uutaxsbs but with deduct on
Of one per cent to be distributed 70 the states according
M CLARKE, rep OF Ohio, mex, addressed the com.
mites On the ssbjec, Of The national banks The cur
rncpai Of tue nvotwentes Ia lawful currency and the
substitution OF greenbacKs for national bank notes but
an such manner not to do wrong injury 10 the
banks which be thought could DO wound up without
great evils to tho country. Ho was In favor the re-
alteration of the free banking system, but would have
no banks Of ISSUE the currency being limited green
lacks aud specie.
POLITICAL QUESTIONS.
Mr. SrrvKxs frep) Of N. H., next addressed the COM
nr,iso on the question OF general potics He declared
thai the majority in Congress we're not responsible for
The present disturbed condition Of the counry nor for
the burdens resting the people The responsi-
bly lay on the people OF the south and their allies In
The North. The rebellion had been democratic rebel
lion, the opposition 10 the army bad been democratic
one, aud the failure 70 restore the rebel states
consequence OF democratic opposition.
hr. JOHNSON merit addressed the COMMITTEES on tho
general political questions OF the day
the committee rose aud the House nj half past four
O'Clock adjourned.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1868-02-09
Am Sc N z N IS.

GKrrYBuRo AsYLUn FUND CoEcxRI Last evening Q
concert in aid Of the Gettysburg Asylum fer invalid
soldiers took place at Irving Hail. Setting aside the
attractive features Of the programme the object Of the
concert itself was quite sufcisnt TO elicit generous
response and long before the hour announced for the
''opsning march" the spacious building was dsnsey
crowded In every part Indeed seldom has Irving Hall
presented such an APPEARANCE for shortly after eight
o'clock standing room was impossibity-a fact which
speaks volumes for tho Gettysburg Asylum fund.
Among ether things Mss Brainerd sang few appropr
ate songs which evoked hearty sncoros with which, in
every instance she considerably complied and the we'll
grand national medley which gained q good round OF
deserved applause Al tho conclusion the first portion
OF the programme Major James Haggarty came for
wark and delivered heightened address behalf OF
the object Of the proposed asyum for the Gettysburg
soldiers Personally he was not Identified with the
matter more than 70 advocate the cause OF the bravo
heroes who died defence OF their countrys rights He
alluded In glowing terms 70 tho brilliant deeds Of the
on ths rscsn sna Il ma a,r for ~
kind and liberal recognition OF their merit and its
advocacy in their behalf Moreover he exceedingly
had been widely copied by prominent journals through
out the country, which he was assured would have tho
and the architecture Of ships In this country generally,
alluded to the Henrietta an example for all nations
to follow 1t as the acme Of perfection and
model for the world. He was sure that though the
government had hitherto passed over the
very praiseworthy object Of the Gettysburg
Asylum fund, no doubt through pressure OF
business it would nevertheless meet with It's de-
served consideration and support Major Haggery
retired amid loud applause and the second portion d
the programme was then proceeded WITH Tho orchestra
under the direction OF Mr. Theodore Thomas, played
some pleasing selections from Rossini Strauss and
Verdi IL Eclair' oharmingly rendered ~ Miss
Brainerd, and determined encore bad the effect Of
evoking the humorous Barney o'Hsa," which was
greeted with loud tokens Of appreciation The concert
subsequently brought 10 close by grand sslec-
ton from al Trovatore," comprising the most popular
airs IN that favortte opera Altogether the worthy
dertaking decided success, whether In reference
to the performances OF the artists point of At
tendance the latter having by far exceeded the
sanguine expectations Of It's generous promoters
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1868-02-09
ARMY AND NAVY GAZETTE.
The Army.

WASHINGTON, Feb 3, 1903.
general order has been issued by command OF
General Grant, dated headquarters Of the srmy Feb
sxempsing from the operations OF General Order No.
II, issued from the army headquarters Nov IL 1857
all officers Of the Ordnance corps arsenals duty
acting commssariss OF subsistence acting
quarermasters The order luded TO directs officers
to the manner OF entering INTO contracts for supplies.
&C., by advertising end proposals submitted to com.
mandng officers who held responsible by that order
with view TO tho moro economical administration Of
Affairs In the army and to q uniform and sys-
tematie method OF letting contracts
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1868-02-09
The Navy.

Commodore John A. Winslow has been ordered TO
report At Washington ID. c.. chairman Of tho board
apprase certain iron-cad vessels under the act OF
Congress. Captains John Almy and Foxsll A. Parker,
and Chief Engineers J. W. King and L. San,on arc or
dersd TO report to Commodore Wns0w members OF
the board They will visit all the ports whore iron.
elads are stationed
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1868-02-09
THE ARMY OF THE CUMBERLAND.

AZ the meeting Of the surviving officers Of tho Army
of the Cumberland, in Cincinnati, the 9Th inst, the
following among numerous other letters we're read
FROM THE PRESIDENT.
ExEcuTTvE MANSION, WASHINGTON, d. c.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1868-02-09
Democratic Meetings In New Hampshire.
From the Evening Telegram Of yestorday.l
Impenchmcnt M Home.

The Albany Evening journal proposes that the Assem-
bly, Committee the subject OF corrupt practices in
connection with canal administration and otherwise 60
forward to the work proposed for them Let them, it
suggests, anayze al tho testimony and weigh ali the
proofs bearing upon this subject Let them present. inn
partially, Tor impeachment and removal. any officer
against whom they hnd suspicion Of guilt confirmed by
evidence. The republicans VIII not impede them In this
work. And then lot the democrats Of the House unite
with the republicans of the Senate In which
Will battle the combination VI democratic contractors
and underlDgs who have possession Of least four
tbs Of the work the canals under contracts which
must have been the result Of fraud the charges which
Ia We been made are true.n
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1868-02-09

The tonnage statistics show diminution Of our
foreign trade, but none in the coaswise The specie
value Of goods shipped ward during the quarter
ending September g. 1867 Is stated to DO So. 100000
The value Of our foreign rans trade was, during the
past fiscal year, over $17, 900, 600.
Our trade with the Sandwich Islands for The year 1867
Is as follows
Imports. ................ 102 7s5
Domestic exports. S66 3s7
Foreign re-exports. ....................... 8Tfj0
Duties received on imports. $685. lel
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1868-02-09
o y 7 = q A \ 2.


Mr. Hsrriok, we'll known Ia political circles Of this
city a. Q prominent politician, and still wider a. The
editor and proprietor the Sunday Atlas died on Thurs
day last his residence Lexington avenue, AFTER
brief illness He was nfty.sx years OF age Of the time
OF his demise, and had for thirtytwo years been
neeted with journalism In New York He Was born In
Lewiston, Name In 1912, and resided there up "
1885, when he removed to this city While IN Maine, he
was connected with . weekly Newspaper and there
gained knowledge OF his profession. On arriving 10
New York he worked time journeyman printer,
and in 1888 became partner with Mr. Ropes in tbs
concern publishing tho Sunday Aaas which had been
rum ing few weeks undor the control Of jesse Fen y
Co. Since that Mr. Hcrriek has been proprietor o.
the la1a He was always ardent politician OF tns
old democratic school, and became leading snd ~
nusntial in his party His devotion 70 and soors
the democratic gained MIN the appointments %
Naval storckseper under Mr.. Buchanan IN 1875 ~
elected alderman Of his ward. aud 10 soA wss sens
70 Congress a. . representative ron snis c'y. NJ
father had been Congressman rom Name Tor one
term. We believe be has not neiu oncs sncs sns *
pirAton Of his CongressionAi term.
-. w. Mexican.
a N Mexican disbursing CLERK Of ths Treasury De-
nsrusnt in the secrstarys ONCE ded ~ wsshinston
ysssrday morning, IN the seventy ninth year Of liz
.ss he came INTO once in 1917. He was in 1880
elected the dsbrrsng agent Of the Department. which
post held until 1883 ~ which period ne was chosen
cse Of the three dsbursng clerks created for the Dsper
ment BY act o. Congress- and which once he held unu1
his death. t4E
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1868-02-09
MISCELLANEOUS POLITICAL INTELLIGENCE,

Radical Mass Meeting in Manchester, N. II.
(Trem the Evening Telegram Of ysstsrdayl
MANCHESTER, N. H., Feb. 8. 1858.
The republicans Of Manchester held their nrst formal
mass meeting Of the present campaign At smy,hs Hall
last evening There was immense attendance, hun
drsds being unable 10 obtain seats large delegation
OF ladies' occupied the galleries.
On the platform many distinguished men. repre-
ssntins the professions and the industrial interests Of
Manchester. Al eight O'Clock Ex-Governor Frederick
smyth President Of the Grant Club OF this city,
ducsd in short speech tho orator Of the evening" Hon.
Henry Wilson, OF Massachusetts, who greeted
with prolonged and enthusiastic cheers He spoke
Of the importance Of the pending campaign In New
election as Presdsn. The comns fall '' The mex, half
hour the speaker devoted 10 a sharp review Of the
record Of the democratic party Of the nation during the
policy and acts Of Andrew Johnson.
In discussing the condition OF the Southern States
ton had adopted the present plan Of rsconstruction
and would stand By IT. come what would, which state
ment called fcrtn tremendous cheering from the
audience In closing Mr. wilson spoke particularly 70
the foreign citizens present and urged them TO give
their support to the republican party which s for pro-
tecng At home and sbrosd the rights Of all men, OF
The address was nearly two hours in longth. Tho
audience was very attentive. but full OF enthusiasm
the speaker being often interrupted by applause. The
meeting closed with dsasning cheers for the speaker
for General Grant and for Governor Hartman.
Democratic Meetings In New Hampshire.
from the Evening Telegram Of yestorday.l
CONCORD Feb. 8, $685.
large and well attended mesung was held at Leba-
non yesterday afternoon BY the democrats Of that por
ton Of Grafton county. Colonel A. o. Brewster, Of
Boston, addressed the meeting for about two hours
an eloquent and forcibls manner upon the political
issues involved IN the approaching election He was
listened TO with great attention
Tho conservatives Of Beiknap county also held very
full and spirited meeting At Iacona yesterday afternoon.
The meeting was addressed by Mr.. Richard vaux, Of
Philadelphia He said that he wished TO call the radical
party to an account OF their stewardship; that their
speechmakers passed the live issues of the day,
and he deed them to discuss these issues He claimed
that Congress fraud upon the people, that the
republican party had no fixed policy TO submit 10 the
popular vote. The meeting was very fully attended,
Notwithstanding the inclcment weather and the bad
state Of the roads.
The New York herald., 1868-04-03

WE BEG TO INFORM OUR FRIENDS THAT WE
w have purchased the exens works at the foot of East
cnyhir1 street New (atey occupied by the N. "
Steam Engine Worksl TO which will the LIST
day OF May where, with superior laccs FOR the manuiac.
ufe Of steam pumps vacuum pumps, blowing engines and
machinery desc rptlOn shall be pleased 70
all orders entrusted to u.s. a. s. CAMERON CO.
NEW YORK, April !, 1865 foot OF Easi Twen,y-thirde
The New York herald., 1868-04-03

8100 BONUs-FOR SITUATION, POLITlCAL. ,D Os
PlUO otherwise, paying $3.50 per year, by an actpe
energetic young man Address, with particulars, ). d. u
ll9 West fhirtyf st.