The New York herald., 1868-09-27
THE REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE.

ppn n-LOuis NapOleOn-Spain-The Insurrec.
tl0ns in the States Of Italy, Germany, the
Provinces of Austria-Their Effect aud What
They Have Taught the PeOple-Is Gem
eral Revolution Like That OF 1S4S lui.
minents
1t is not a farfetched or ngurative expressioii to
say Of Europe at this time that it is in transition
state We all are that in the mora as in the
physical world effects are as their carses. BY i'm
mutable law physical changes are rot more positive
in the economy OF the universe than by moral hat
are those which happen, and increasingly, in the
social relations, and which advance or retard the
mentality the morality, the civilization, and higher
than these, because the outgrowth OF every pre-
ceding psychal condition, the liberty Of thought and
action in government-the to be- SO far as 1t Is con-
sistent with the well being OF our fellows, "a law
unto ourself" This s the secret OF every moral and
political movement which, since man became
social being, has marked the progress OF the world
The mind of man has ever striven for the mastery,
and when the grosser elements OF force and OF incon
gruous conditions attempted to repress its asp
rations it, with the certainty that characterzes
the escape from the interior of the globe Of the mol
ten masses and vaporous elements, will effect its
purpose by revolutionary fierce assault upon that
which attempts to hold 1t down--to crush 1t to the
earth. When the interior of the globe is charged
unhappy conditions il at the eliminating point they
md but limited escape to the exterior we are over
whelmed with terrible commissions, such as visited
South America n few weeks ago, and the effects OF
which it has been since ascertained were expert
enced In great tidal waves on the lines of the arctic
circle and westward 1000 miles on the continental
and nsuar shores of Asia. AS with the physical so
b 1t with the moral relations of the EARTH When
the aspirations OF a naton--when the aggregated
mind Of any people by violent external measures is
repressed the elements Of revolution seethc and boil
and bubble beneath, until finally they cannot,
longer be pent up and when least anticipated burst
forth with hideous roar, overwhelming and destroy
ing IN their sweeping, impetuous course every land
mark however ancient however respected, how
ever fixed in the minds Of legislators and governors
Of narrow vision, as bulwarks OF the State-moss-
grown, fosszed pillars that conserve nothing save
the hatred which, growing and strengthening az it
grows shadows the ever widening chasm that
divides the rulers from the ruled.
1t may with certainty be asserted that when the
earth Is pregnant with those overwhelming fires
which consume and rend the globe ITSELF when the
atmosphere Is charged to excess with electrical
forces that are the precursors of tornadoes which,
breaking loose, destructive In their effect as
the most violent earthquakes, the ''peopesr in the
more advanced, and possibly in the least nations,
seem to come into sympathy with these terrestrial
and celestial cOnvulsons and Instructions of
greater or less magnitude and correspondingy seem
70 follow them curious parallel might
be drawn between the disturbances which
are physical TO the earth and those which
moral IN man. The great French revolution of 17s9
which ended in overturning the throne OF Louis
XVI. and erecting on its ruins and on that OF the
quasi republic which followed the seat of the Napo
leOnic empire was preceded by the terrible earth
quake of Lisbon in which 10000 people perished,
IN 1855, and year or two later by a tornado that
swept nearly the whole surface OF Europe. The
earthquake which dcsolated Caracas and thousands
OF people in 1912 in 1919 and 1920 succeeded
by the instructions which destroyed Spain: and TO
these may be added the earthquake at Naples IN
1s57-the premonitions OF its destruction as a king
dom, and, IN the following year, that which partially
devastated the CITY and territory adjacent OF Mexico,
which merely anticipated the invasion OF that coun
try and the subsequent efforts of France 10 erect
burg.
These parallels might he continued with even
more closeness and cleaness If II were necessary,
but at present IL Is only desirable TO call the atten
ton of the reader to brief review OF the revolutions
which have disturbed europe since about 1890 and
10 consider the causes the results, the leaders and
the effects these have had on its political divisions
severally and on that continent a whole.
In q former article the Revolution in spain
that OF 1922, against the tyranny of Ferdinand the
Seventh his priests and MOBILES. by the people con-
Jointly with the army, fully considered. on the
abdicaon Of Joseph Bonaparte and the return To
power under the treaty concluded at Nalencay by
the Emperor Napoleon l., Ferdinand on formally
tering Madlid and ascending the Spanish throne
made many promises OF character that by the
people were esteemed exceedingly liberal. Forget
ting his Bourbon nature in his gratitude for return
70 power and utterly ignoring his father Charles w.,
and that In the absence OF the constitution Of 1872 he
would abide by and conscentously execute the de-
crees OF the Legislative Cortcs. Unhappily for his
Kingdom he gradually gathered around him men
who were inimcal to progress or liberty. Persuaded
by them and forgetting his solemn oaths 20 the peo
granny Of 'pl bOod thirsty craey ns the
course OF years compelled his army and the
people to take up arms In defence OF their
rights. The tyrant was in brief time necessitated
to compromise first, and next TO abdicate: but the
Holy Alliance convened Congress at Verona, and
In armed force and renstate the cruel purposed
monarch Ferulnands death in 1888, together with
the abrogation by him OF the Sale law established
by Philip v-nrst OF the Bourbon line on the spanish
throne-threw the people OF the peninsula into a
civil war for the succession by Don Carlos as the
assumed heir under the Salic law TO the kingdom,
and as defender OF the rights OF the offspring OF
Ferdinand on the part OF the Queen mother Chris
tina. This revolution, which continued for nearly
seven years, devastated Spain. From Its dire effects
Its people have not wholly recovered TO the present
DAY AS other uprslngs and revolutions, successful
and unsuccessful In the peninsula were fully noticed
In the article to which we refer, we shall con6ne our
attention to those which, as we have already inti-
mated In their causes, effects and leaders changed
the political complexion OF Europe, advancing some
10 beralistic ideas, while none have been seriously
and consequently juster and the adoption OF more
humane systems In the economy OF government and
the administration OF law.
Europe is. to speak fguratvely. standing on the
edge Of q volcano that may at any moment break
Out with terrific force and sweep the present systems
Of government into oblivion. We look for these
grand revolutions OF power and OF opinion, and
shall not be surprised should-suddeny and with
out warning, like vast avalanche OF snow loosen
ing from It's moorings and descending with meal.
Culable impetuosity down the side OF some Alpine
hill, burles beneath In inevitable ruin fair villages
and faf afrAr6 6at In vail IL atns
upon us in a night The revolutions OF 1852 OF $780,
OF 1922, of 1s4s and OF yesterday in Spain were all
but undreamed OF by the peoples" until they actu
ally found themselves In the midst OF the fire and
slaughter and din arms OF internecine war, brother
contending against brother aud the dearest relations,
engendered by the heat and anger Of the moment,
broken up and lost forever: what happened in the
years named may happen In this or the year that
soon viii dawn upon US. There Is no JUST reason Tor
persuading ourselves that the era OF revolution has
passed away from Europe. No SO long as asinge
soul feels itseli oppressed-so long as In the admin