davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1855-1875, 1868-12-08

The following few selected from the multitude
Of recommendations in cur possession.
From W. p. Head, Esq, Bangor. Maine
BAN6oR, MAINE, April 18th 1858
hereby certify, that have used TOBACCO for thir
" and for the last fifteen years have used
two pounts per month. have left off one vear at
time, but always continued TO banker for it till
used Ortons Preparation. which has completely GU
red me Of the appetite for Tobacco. would recon-
mend ali Wno ara afflicted with this terrible habit TO
try the Preparat on which will eeartsinv cure if the
directions followed.
WP REAID
The Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1855-1875, 1868-12-08

Exceed those of every other establishment of n
kind-proot of this can be found in comparing on
premiums with those cf others FOR CLURS OF
THE SAME SIZE. in addition to which we claim I,
give better goods Of the same character.
The Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1855-1875, 1868-12-08

bocco.
One box Of orion 3 Prenoaration is warranted %
destroy the appetite for Tobacco in any person no
after how strong the Ia bit NAV be- Ii il fails in
any the money will refunded 1t is perfectly
safe and har mless in all cases tits almost impos-
sible TO break off the of Tobacco by The rna-a
exercise OF the will Some thing is needed to assist
nature in overcoming ha bit so firmly rooted With
The help of the Prepare ton there is not the least
trouble. Hundreds hazel used it who are rs IIino 10
u
hsar witness 10 the fact rhat Grton,s Prena tio,
completely destroys the ap petite for Tobacco an,
leaves the person as freev Iron any desire for i
before ne commenced its use. The Preparation acts
direrectiyupon the same g ands AMI seeretions .act
Cd by tobacco and these upon the blood the
roughly cleaning the poll son Of Tobacco f-on ~.
system and thus allavneE the unnatural cravings f
Tobacco. NJ more hankernine for Tobacco NV -;
Orton's Preparation. Re- collect Il is warranted
The Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1855-1875, 1868-12-08
ORTON'S PREPARATION.
ESTABLISHED 1896
The Appetite for Tobacco
DESTROYED!

Leare of eeing and Smoking the Poisonous Weed To-
b0r~o
The Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1855-1875, 1868-12-08

JOHN SIN. Treasurer ". C.
CentreviiI-, Ind, Oct ~, 1855. $40
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17
SOUTHERN ITEMS.

herd Of g, 900 Texas cattle are fattsning near
Toiona, H., for the Eastern markets.
The number of cattle driven out Of Texas this
season is estimated at half a million. A Texan
states that this large amount of cattle will hardly
be missed from the praires.
Since ISIS the Chattahoochee river, Ca, has
been nayigated by l34 steamboats,. OF these, $
half of which are tied up-are now upon il. OF
the remainder, during these forty years, 4j have
been worn out, blown up accidentally and by
the Federals, 3 blown away in a gale. lost by
high water, burned and 20 sunk in all 30 casu.
altts-and 30 have left the river.
On the 4th of July the scalawag sheriff of Beau
fort county, n. c. left the keys Of the jail in the
doors of that institution, and went out of town,
and left his negro deputy in charge of affairs. He
had scarcely turGed his back when the doors were
thrown open and al the prisoners, negroes,
marched out in the open light Of day. Among
them was one who was convicted of rape and
sentenced to be hung.
The Baton Rouge Advocate says "The crops are
still promising, although the cotton worm has
again appeared in some cotton fields in this par.
ish. Despite the droUth, heavy corn crop will
be made. The tobacco and other small crops are
doing well. Some new sweet potatoes are in
market and preparations are being made to ship
this remuneTative product to the West as soon as
sufficient quantities can be obtained. Planting in
August TO raise slips for the St. Louis market it
is said, will pay well, there being great demand
for the seeding sweet potatoes in the Vest
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17
The Words OF Philip Drunk.
From a London Letter. 7


Mr.. Disraeli's speech at the merchant tailOrs'
dinner has revived the scandal about his drinking.
That he habitually drinks to excess is what no.
body saws or supposes. That he sometimes drinks
enough to uDsettle his judgment is plain. Very
likely this was the case at his last dinner. Fond
as Mr. Disraeli is Of saying sensational things and
bitter things, he would scarcely, in his uninspired
moments, have committed himself to such state
ment as he made in respect to the foreign office
administration under the Liberals. when we
acceded TO Office said Mr.. Disraeli, " the name
of England was a name of suspicion and distrust
in every foreign court and cabinet; for want OF
English influence, wars were frequently occurring;
but, since We entered upon Office, say that all
this is changed; that while we have shrunk from
bTistliBg and arrogant intermeddling, we have
never taken refuge in selfish isolation y
ard the peace OF Europe had been secured by
the coed offices Of Lord Stanley.
Naturally, this sort Of language could not pass
without notice. On Thursday night, IL the House
of Commons, Mr.. Grant Duff, liberal, who IS re-
cognized authority in foreign politics, asked Mr..
DsIaei whether he meant Il. "Ihey were" sald
Mr.. Duff very wild words for British prime
minister to use, and although much might be for
given to a man, especially TO the right honorable
gentleman speaking after dinner, It must be re-
collected that lie was DOt offending Tor the hTst
time" The sting of his sarcasm lies in its truth.
The whole House has seen Mr.. DisTaeh twice
speaking in great debates under the influence OF
brandy and water. What can he say IN answer
TO such taunt But if Mr.. Disraeli said that
Lhb4eLu' D. SO-,N toN-oo " -. -
under the liberals, was an object OF suspicion
and distrust, was he aware, asked Mr.. Dan,
that Lord Derby, on succeeding to oihee IN
1896, had urged Lord Clarendon, then liberal
foreign minister, to retain his post! All Mr..
Disraeli had to reply was that he dld not mean
TO hit Lord Clarendon, bat Lord Russell. Bat TINS
would not answer at all, for it was at once shown
that Lord Clarendon had been two years IN the
liberal cabinet and was responsible for It's foreign
policy. Not phrase of Mr.. Disraeli's unlueky
erepch would stand fire. What asked Mv. Lay
ara, were the foreign wars which in Lord Claren.
don's time were "frequently occurring" And
what we're the wars which in Lord SANKEY'S time
lie Tories had prevented? No answer being
ready, the debate proved damaging one to the
Tories. Lord Stanley came TO the rescue Of his
chief hut Lord Stanley is no debster, and the time
il psst when he could supply that deficiency by
anpealipr TO lis character for impartiaGty. Him
with the rest of his colleagues has Mr.. Disraell
dragged down TO near his own leVeI'
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17
MARKETS.

LONDON, July 16-NoOn.-Consols 9is OIL.
Bonds 72E.
FRANKfoKT, July lG.-Bonds 76s.
PARIS, July l6.-BOurse quiet. Rsntes 1887.
LIVERPOOL, July lG- Noon.-Cotton dull.
Sales 5000 bales. Pork 77s. Bacon ass. Other
markets unchanged.
LIVERPOOL, July l6.-Afternoon.-C otton easier
Breadstufs dull. Corn Sos. Sd. Sugar steady.
LIVERPOOL, July l6.-Evening.- market
heavy but unchanged.
LONDON, July G.-EVening-Consols 9ii00lz.
Bonds 723. Specie decrease in the Bank OF Eng.
land, 1894 co.,
NEW York, July -Alternoon.-Cotton heavy
and declining. Sales to-day 400 bales middings
3l3032c. Flour declining; common to far extra
Southern IS 1909 so. Wheat 38ic. lOwer-new
mixed Georgia 81 so, Southern 81 Corn IN.
changed. Mess pork S2S 25. Lard-kettie rem
dered l7l@lSic. Groceries quiet. Turpentine
4o9439c. Rosin 2i@7a. Gold active at 425.
Sterling 100. Governments active. Tennessee
Gs, SO; North Carolina's ~ Virginias, new, %.
NEW YORK, July lG.-Evening- 5-2Os of 1862
with coupons ll3i of 1864 Il0t of ISIS III Of
ls67l09s; 40 40's l0s 1905 have expired. Money
easy, call loans 500. Stochs quiet, but firm.
CHARLESTON, July Is. Cotton market dull. No
sales. Middlngs nominal, &c. Receipts bales
receipts for the week 2Sj bales. Sales 81 bales
Exports cOasIwise $50 bales. Stock on hand 4l90
bales, Of which 800 are on ship board, not cleared
SAVANNAH. July lG.-Cotton market dull. Prices
nOminally unchanged. No sales. No receipts.
MOBILE. July l6.-Cotton-Ne sales, market
dull; middlings nOminally, 49, Receipts l bale.
Exports bales.
LOUISVILLE, July 16.-Sales to-day So hhds.
leaf tobacco; Jugs and fair leaf s70l6. Super
fine -four S. IS; choice scarce at Sill. Wheat
81 g062. Com 93@g6c. Oats TSlS0c. Rye
81 5O6gl co. Ness pork SIS 5002S IS. Bacon
shoulders l3i0l34c. Clear rib sides lie. Clear
SIDES l74c. Bulk meats shoulders l2ic. Clear
sides l6lc. Lard IS@lSlc.
! CNCINNATI, July l6.-Flour unchanged and
dull. Wheat 81 gO6ll 90. Corn, 9J0ySc. Oats
I49Ijc. Wbifky 35G5Ic. in bond. Pork, SIS.
Lard, l74c. Bulk Meats-shoulders, II lc. sides.
lac. Bacon-Shoulders, l2}Gl3c.: clear rib
sides, l69e.; clear sides, Tic. Butter, $50
25c. Eggs, l5@l7c.
ST. LOUIS, July l6.-Tobacco firm and un-
changed. FlO1r-choice s1perfne S7G17 Is.
Wheat s202 CO. Corn Isn61nc. Oats SOaS9c.
roIh TuuII, sZJ. Bacon-shoulders he. CIOar
sides lie. Lard, l75c.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17
MISCELLANEOUS.

PH1 ADELPHIA, July lG-Operatves az the
gas works struck for higher wages. CAndles IN
Consequence advanced heavily.
eba,ed, Thermometer 81 TO lOl IN the shade
Patrick Curran died to-day Of sunstroke.
The crops of this section are suffering greatly
from want Of rain, and most serious apprehenA?ns
are entertained Of a crop failure 10 this section
among the farmers.
The municipal election today eHcites no inter-
est, the people being divided in opinion concern
ing its legality. The vote polled is very small.
The radicals took 10 part.
SAvANNAH, July l6.-Weather hot. Thermom-
eter 90 in the shade.
AUGUSTA, July l6.-Hest intense. Mercury 100
in the shade.
special 10 the Chronicle says: " The purgng
Comnittes IS of the legislature will report az Ainst
expulsion of members from either house,
PHILApFLPHIA, July l6.-John L. McDonough,
of -"Black Crook u fame, has sued FOrney's
Press for 900 for libel.
CoLuMBIA, July l6.-Fred. A. Sawyer, collector
Of internal revenues for Charleston, has been
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17
TRIAL OF LIFE SAVING APPARATUS.

WASHINGTON, July l6.-The heat continues
undated.
The Senate bill extending federal commercial
regulations over Alaska and preventing indis.
crimnate destruction of fur bearing animals and
foTbidding special hunting privileges, passed.
The bill extending the time for the collection OF
the direct tax in the insurrectiOnary States TO JAN
uary, 1869, passed.
The conference committees report on the bill
for supplying vacancies in the executive depart.
ment was adopted.
The bill protecting naturalized citizens abroad
was postponed BY "a TO p.
The Indian appropriation bill was resumed and
discussed to executive session, after which the
Senate adjourned.
HOuSe-The secretary of war presented a com.
munication relative to certain cotton seized at
Vicksburg.
The Missouri contested election case, between
Benjamin and SEitzler, was resumed
The conference committees report on invalid
pensions was adopted, the point Of difference
being the disposition Of the naval pension fund.
The funding bill was reported with half G dozen
amendments. Ordered printed and rec ommitted.
The report Of the conference committee on the
bill regulating executive vacancies was rejected.
Recess.
Thermometer at noon 92; at adjournment "a.
Both houses have night sessions.
The principal amendment TO the funding bill
makes new bonds changeable into legal tenders.
1t is stated that the president will make no new
nominations, but alter adjournment will appoint
NOmhkSOLCf hOuinSB SUCCESSOR.
Receipts from customs from the lst to llth
inst were s4,250O00.
The reconstruction committee have taken no
action regarding Mississippi.
Nothing was done in executive session to-day.
The congressional naval committee made an ex-
cursion down the Potomac river to day testing l..
J.. Rossvally's Ife.preserving apparatus for pas
sepger vessels. The experiments are represented
as highly satisfactory, and Mr.. Rossvally has the
assurances Of the chairman OF the naval commit.
tee that bill will pass authorizing its employ
ment in the U. S. navy.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17

Court of the parish Of Orleans to the First Dis.
tTct Court of the parish OF Orleans created by the
Constitution OF 1865 those in the Second District
Court of the parish Of Orleans to the Second Dis.
trct Court for said parish created by the Consttu-
ton Of lS6s those in the Third District Court Of
the parish Of Orleans to the Seventh District Court
of the parish of Orleans created by the Constitu-
ton of 1865, except the records Of appeals from
justices of the peace, which last mentioned re-
cords are hereby transferred to the Third District
Court under the Constitution Of 1865 those in the
Fourth District Court of the parish of Orleans, to
the Fourth District Court of the parish OF Orleans
created by the Constitution Of 1868 those in the
Fifth District Court Of the parish Of Orleans, to
the Fifth District Court of the parish Of Orleans
created by the Constitution of 1868 those in the
Sixth District Court Of the parish of Orleans TO the
Sixth District Court of the parish Of Orleans,
created by the Constitution Of 1868.
SEC. 2. Be Il further enacted, ETC., That the
courts TO which any suits now pending may be
transferred under this act. shall entertain and ex
ercise jurisdiction over the same, and the cases
so transferred shall be proceeded with in the new
courts in all respects as if no change had been
made.
SEC. 3. BE IL ftu,ileT enacted, etc., That the re-
cords, dockets, indexes, and all other papers on
file in the district courts Of the parish of Orleans
shall be delivered over to the clerks of those of
the district courts created for the parish OF Or
leans by the Constitution Of 1868, to which they
have been removed by the first section of this act
and the records of suits not finally disposed of In
accordance with the act in the Third District
Court of the parish of Orleans, created by the
Constitution of 1864, shall be transferred to the
Seventh District Court Of said parish, except the
records of appeals from justices of the peace
above mentioned provided that all costs in said
transferred suits shall be paid before said suits
shall be fled in said Seventh District Court aud
that the receiDts of the clerk Of the Third Dis
trict Court shall be evidence of the payment Of
said costs.
SIC. 4. Be IL further enacted, etc., That this
sct shall 60 into effect Immediately on its pas.
sage.
by Mr.. Lynch-A resolution appointing joint
committee Of two from the Senate and three from
the House TO examine into the books and records
Adopted.
The chair announced the following committees:
On Parocbial Affairs 80 H. j. Campbell, p. O'Hara,
J. Wiugenstein, A. b. Bacon, r. w. Futch. On
Claims-P. 0Hara, q. Y. Kelso, A. Il. Bacon.
The Senate then adjourned to Friday, at meri-
dian.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17
FROM ATLANTA.
The GeOIgin LegIslatuye-The Trial OF the
COlun bus RrIsoners.

The Georgia LeElslatuTe-The Trial OF the
COluE bus Prisoners.
ATr AVA, "a, July Io.-Ee gISiTrJG'e-N0 ses-
sion in the Senate. IL is believed the committee
will report adversely TO expulsiOns.
The House met this morning. The chairman of
the investigating committee reported satisfactory
progress in their abOrs and hopes 70 submit their
report tomorrow; believes that the committee
are Unanimous in their views and that the House
would be able to take speedy and final action.
II is now regarded as doubtful whether any will
be expelled.
Wheatley, the government detective in the Ash
burn murder case, left for Washington to-day it
is believed he will not return.
Major wilkins of Columbus, and 7. c. Miller,
Of Lagrange, we're on the stand to day for the de-
tense. Their testimony is considered very damag.
ing TO the prosecution.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17

TIE GREAT Doors FOR THE CAPIToL.-The
Springfield Republican describes the bronze
double door4 for the capitol at Washington,
which have been in the hands of the Ames Conn
pany at ChicOpee for the past three years, and
which are now approaching completion. Early
autumn, it is expected will see them in their des-
tined place q Washington. The peace side,
representiDgF peace" the " ovation 20 Washing
ton, at Trentpl," the EMANCIPATION Of Washing
ton" and the Masonic ceremony Of laying the
corner stoDeyY the capitol, September Is, 1885,"
suTmounted ~ an oak wreath and a star" are
already arra,sged for insertion in the cast iron
frame that y 70 support them. The pannels Of
the war side represent war" the charge
at Yorktowns, the 'the rebuke Of Lee by Wash.
Dgton, at Monmouth and the " death of War
rem at Bunker HILL" The artist, Crawford has
been fortunate in having the highest skill in the
country TO carry out his designs. Each Of the
doors weighs 1900 pounds. of which 800 belong
to the iron framework, and the remaining 200 70
the panels of the polished bronze back. Not
wthstanding This immense weight the doors will
swing with comparative ease as has been demon
strated by actual trial. The hingings are ponde-
r0us but the point Of friction has been reduced to
the fraction of an inch.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17

A stylish. young New Yorker has appeared on
the streets Of San Francisco, and IL described a.
follows The latest styles of walking suits APP
pearing on our streets may be pronounced very
nObby more 80 when the Wearer has a big
Me- Yawk was noticed on Montgomery street
the other day. His coat tail ended where the
tail Of a well-shaped gorilla begins, and ILLS
tight pants gave TO bis small legs (Which termin-
ated IN prodlgious yGms,) the appearance Of
couple Of brOomsticks spIinging out Of molasses
kegs. The youDg gal who sells bouquets on
the corner u Clay street viewed him with an ad-
miring eye remarkiDg that he looked 'sWeeuy
uOotvi1
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17

MCCOOLE AND CoBURN.-0n Friday a severe
contest for the championship Of America came of
on Sixth street. between Central avenue and John
street, in this city, between Mike McCoole and
Joe COburn. The parties met at the house of
mutual friend and agreed to have a grand "set
to-" ring was lmme diately made and the par
ties prepared for the contest. Nike was first in
the ring, and Joe soon confronted the would be
champion. Several feints were made, and finally
CobuIn got a Tight-hander on NcCOole's nasal
organ and the claret flowed copiOusly. First
blood declared for Joe. Time, AZ seconds. After
Nike was sponged of time was again called, and
the parties met; both parties now seemed con-
sidersby excited. mcCoOle displayed great
strength, but Coburn proved the more scientific,
and again got good inning on Mikes potato
trap. Nike down. Time, 80 seconds. The par.
ties now made a rough aud tumble fight, when the
lady Of the house rushed into the room, to see
large chalk ring on the carpet, and her two little
daughters, sged respectively eight and ten years,
with their faces well scratched and bleeding.
The mother inquired, "What in the world is the
matterg" "NothiDg, mother, !" said the least OF
the two, "but Mike McCoole there has got good
licking, and here is little Joe COburn can do IT
any day." The mother Immediately commenced
Ieconsiructing the combatants.- Gin. Com.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17
FROM SOUTHWEST PASS.

SOUTHWEST Pass, July lG-l2 M.-Barometer
1850. Wind east, light and squaly. No arrivals.
Sailed-Steamships ConcOrdia and 0lida.
SOUTHWEST Pass, July l6-7 P.M.-BarometeT
1890. Arrived-Steamshp Star of the Union,
Cooksey, master, from Philadelphia, with mer-
chandse and passengers, to Creevy, NickersOn &
Co.. schooner Lizzie, Major, master. from La.
vAcca, for Mobile towed in by the cutter Wilder
less for water. No departures.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17
RIVER NEWS.

VIcKsBURG, July i6.-Passed up-Bismarck at
s A. NJ, Allen at and Indianola at Z P. NJ. Passed
down-Pauline Carroll at P. N. River falling
steadily.
ST. LOUIS, July l6.-River falling slowly. MIS-.
souri, river rising.
LOUISVILLE, July l6.-River falling, with four
feet six inches in the canal. Thermometer 90.
Storm brewing.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17
FROM EUROPE.
The MonIteur on Peaee-Franee Go Encsur-
age Rero, m In Austria and Turkey.

PARIS, July l6.-The Moniteur Of this morning
has specific article on the subject OF the speech
recently delivered by the Marquis DeMousuer,
minister of foreign affairs, before the Corps
Leeisatif. The Moniieur regards this speech as
proving the policy of France one Of moderation.
No step will be neglected on the part OF the
government which has a tendency to quiet the
public mind. France win carefully abstain from
Intervention in the German question, but will eX.
tend her sy mpathy and encouragement 10 internal
reforms lately inaugurated in Austria and Turkey.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17

elected United States senator for the term ending
in 1873. On the eighth ballot the vote was as fol-
lows: Sawyer rs, Mackey 6s, Campbell Demo
crat) 3.
RICHMOND, VA, July l6.-The Thermometers in
some localities here to-day were l07 degrees in
the shade. Two deaths reported from sun stroke.
The heat was so great in the Libby Prison that
the military commander removed the prisoners to
the posts from whence they were sent.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17

The following method Of keeping ice-water for
a lOrg time in a common pitcher is worth know
ing Place between two sheets of paper news
paper will answer, thick brown is better layer
Of cotton batting about half an inch in thickness,
fasten the ends Of paper and batting together,
forming circle, then sew or paste crown over
ore end, making a box the shape OF stove pipe
hat, minus the rim. Place this over an ordinary
pitcher filed with iceWater, making il deep
enough TO rest on the table, so az to exclude the
air and the reader will be astonished at the length
of time bis ice will keep and the water remain
cold after the ice has melted.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17

GIITTERNG TEErH.-Not only does Sozodont
mpaTt the whiteness Of the purest porcelain TO
the teeth, but its polish too. They glisten after
being brushed with ii ike the inner surface OF an
ocean shell, and the effect Of this peerless denti
frce is TO render the enamel as hard and indie
structible as adamalt.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17
FROM RALEIGH.
The North Carolina LegislntHre-State PrlG.
Iers-R ALLEGATION MeetInK.

RALEIGH. n. c. July l5.-But little Of import
ance done in the legislature to-day. n. Page Il
Co. were elected State printers.
Excluded members were allowed mileage aud
per diem up To to-day.
A grand Democratic ratification meeting was
held at Tucker Hall last night. Able speeches
were made bv Hon. Thomas Bragg, Gen. W. r.
Cox, Col. Jno. F. HOke, VIM. Robbins and others.
Resolutions indorsing the action Of the National
Democratic Convention were adopted amid the
greatest applause. A large number of ladies
were present.
The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, 1868-07-17
FROM GALVESTON.

The Cor venIIon Rn6 the Proposed Division
of Texas.
GALVESTON, July ia special dispatch from
Austin to-day TO the News says: " The coDsttu-
tional convention disclaims authority under the
reconstruction acts, to divide the State, and re-
fused TO consider the matter except by authority
dir ect from Congress.