The workingman's advocate. [volume] (Chicago [Ill.]) 1864-1877, 1868-09-26

facts upon which these assertions are found.
ed. NJ
From the London Bee Hive
TIE A B OF SOCIAL SCIENCE.
GOVERNMENT
We have seen the necessity for protecting
individuals in the production Of wealth fcI
securing them W the enjoyment Of thu fruit.
OK their possessions for guarding them
against depredations and violence, and for
some means Of settling any serious dispute
that may arise between them. To effect
these, and many other objects necessary for
the security OF society, strong organized
power Is necessary-in other words, the es-
tablishment OF Civil Government.
Government, in its just and legitimate
sense, means an organization formed, con-
troled and supported by the people Of q
country for the purpose Of protecting them
selves and their possessions against the dis
honest, violent, and disorderly conduct OF
all those who might strive 70 inure or in
wade them, and to otherwise aid in promot-
ing their general veil being. But. unfor-
tnnately, government may also mean an Or
ganization of force and fraud, for the pur-
pose OF keeping the people In subsection,
and for depnving them Of a large portion
OF the fruits Of their labor to support the
pomp and pageantry Of ambition, or for the
benefit of privileged classes.
The forms Of government NAV vary, ac-
cording te the will of the people, Us en-.
pressed by their representatives, to whom
the right belongs Of setting up, altering,
or deposng their government; but Is gene
raj character for good or evil will yery much
depend on the intellectual and moral char
acter OF the people, for as no form Of gov
eminent ean make an ignorant and demon
allied people free, 50 no despctisn can en-
slave wise, rosolute, and determined peo-
pie.
\ But each enduring form Of government.
whether constituted BY rulers or people.
may be said to be an organized Injustice
that has not for its object the general well
tare OF The community, to effect which Il
should be sssiduous in seeking th ,ir enEght-
enmsnt, prosperity, freedom and happiness.
The fundamental principles on which a
I government is based are cal. "a its coustisu-
| tiun, which may be said to be certain de-
/ cisred laws, rules, or principles Of national
! right or policy, for defining the Liberties of
| the people, and intended for the guidance
OF rulers ana legislators, much ia the same
way az the laws Of a country are intended
! for the guidance Of judges and ma giStrates.
1 To render q constitution as effective as
| possible, its principles should be clearly
defined. 1t should contain within itself
provisions for periodical and other al
terations or amendments, in accordance
\ with the improy sments of time; and no
ruler nor legislator should have power to
alter, suspend or abrogate any Of III princi-
Piles bnt in accordance with such provisions
For the want az some such precautions. the
constitutional principles of our own govern
ment have been often set aside, suspended
and nulli6ed BY unjust rulers and corrupt
{ legislators.
\ Experience has shown that the efficiency
of Government is best promoted by being
divided into three branches. entitled tue leg
islative, executive and judicial branches.
! The legislative branch ia a select deliber-
alive body, to which is entrusted the enact
ment and amendment of all laws defining
the legal rights aud duties OF individuals,
rs well as Of those laws which are TO regu
late the affairs OF the Kingdom, foreign and
domestic-the consent of the Sover reign
power being generally required 60 render
them legal fhe legislative may be COM
posed Of one or two assemblies, according
as the constitution directs. IL the two bod .
lee have conformity but one great interest
the benefit Of the whole peopIe--some little
advantage may possibly be gained by meas
ures passing through two assemblies, bat il
they have separate and opposing interests,
and the one seeks 10 thwart and oppose the
just enactments Of the other, the having Of
the two assemblies viii prove highly mimi
cal to the general welfare.
To the executive branch is entrusted the
! Iavo aRkt and oxrfn - - A.
maintenance # social order and security.
and the protection Of the country against
all invaders. In this country tue sole exec
utite authority is invested in the Sovereign,
ard by ber entrusted 20 her ministers, or
heads Of the chief departments Of State.
Any undue authority that might be exer-
cised by this braDch-having the whole
power of the army. navy and police at its
disposal-is guarded against by the repre-
sentatives OF the people having the voting
of the supplies for their support, and bv
its being necessary that the ministers chosen
shall poss IS their confidence. Public lib
erty, therefore, will be perfectly secure. as
long as We have representatives in the Com
mons wh1 honestly perform their duty.
To the judicial branch belong the investi-
cation Of all criminal and civil acts in on
position TO law; and the administering Of
justice thereon, according TO Law and evi-
dence. The constituted aushorities Of this
branch are the Lords and VI.s Chancellors,
the Chief Justices and judges. together
With the subordinate magistrates. s6eriffs,
coroners, and justices Of the peace. The
judges are appointed BY the sovereign, but,
to prevent that power from having n undue
control over them, they are appointed &c.
life; nor can they be removed from theil
ofdee, unless for gross misconduct, aud unor
an address from both Houses Of Parliameut
Being, therefore, thus independ deaf Of ths
Grown, there has been 40 cause to COMPLAIN
Of their unfairness In the administration oI
justice, exoeps on political trials, when tos
many OF them have allowed their party fell
. ings 70 incline them TO the side Ut power
The uorcners are appointed by the freehold
. ere OF their rsspecsive coanEies for life
Shsrihs and justices of the peace are ap
pointed By the Sovereign during pleasurs. "a
Government, therefore (if not 4 usuts
tioh ruling in defissce of iastce). Il !,
power Delegated iron the people for III
, preservation Of right and justice, and ii
aim should be 10 secure them for an. III
Laws should be brief, just, and clssr, for th,
, people 20 understand them asad iss dispsn
!; sstiop Of jastiss should be prompt Tchean
: snd equitabts- y should eyer seek, the u,
hshtennent of the people; should strivs y
d national Inpro~esnsst. and yeInovss III ~
pedinsnts that rseard it. Il shonIa seek q
promote peses abroad and satisfaction ~ an
: ranQuilitysst home; and its revenues siaoai
. be equally and jnsfiy ralsed, and ecouowI
, cally applied fdr pronssing the pablie n
= ttare. Ftse tAHsda RzHa7 Hs1R ss.l7asasst We.