davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1868-11-30

FLANNEL UNDERWEAR, al sscrihSei
at 222 Main street. 90
FLANNEL UNDERWEAR at q sacrifice,
at 222 Main. 81
ATTEMPT AT RoBBERY.-About the
hour of ten o'clock on Saturday night
last, thief of the sneak order endeav-
ored to get into the front of Mr.. Pullen's
boarding house, on Court street. His
intention no doubt was to steal hats,
coats, and other small articles that might
be found on the rack, but his nefarious
designs were intercepted and his object
frustrated by some sable brother with a
pair of lungs aud voice that would have
shaken down the walls of Jericho itself,
which, with one shout, be so disturbed
the nervous syssem of the thief, that
he instinctively took to bis heels,
and the way be went out Of the
gate weuld have done credit to the
running capacity of greyhound. The
sable brother of the African species pur-
suing him and yelling at such rate,
that people who had retired left their
beds, mixed unthoughtedly With their
better dressed neighbors on the street
all anxious to know what the disturb
ance could be, thinking, perhaps, from
the noise of the parsusrs, that the stoves
were falling or some calamity more dire
would befal the Inhabitants OF Eem-
mis-. The thief made his escape, out
Running the man with the voice who
could not sneceed in shaking him of his
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1868-11-30

HAYS yos CRATES set, smoking chin
neys cared and paving done. ! an pre-
pared 70 put dozn sewerage pipes OF
ABy size. No So6 Main street
n III McALExES.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1868-11-30

Go TO F. G. Huse & Co. for your choice
Goshen and Roll Butter. The best in the
market ~
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1868-11-30

CHEAP fall overcoats at 222 Main
atreot 81
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1868-11-30

LEW. WExLrR, 222 Main street.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1868-11-30

LEW. WExLER, 222 Main street.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1868-11-30
FINE BEAVER SUITS at 222 Main street

FINE beaver suits at 222 Main st.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1868-11-30

LAnoE assortment Of ties, etc, at 227
Main street. o.
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1868-11-30

FLANNEL UNDERWEAR, at sacrifice,
at 222 Main street. %
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1868-11-30

LANCE ASSORTMENT of Ties, ETC., 222
Main ~
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1868-11-30

FLANNEL USDERwEAR at q sacrifice
at 222 Main. :
Public ledger. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1865-1893, 1868-11-30

CHEAP FALL oEERcoArs at 222 Main
street. %
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
tions. He thinks that the State Guards viii not be
THE NEW REBELLION.

REBEL VERSION OF THE OPELOUsAS BUTCHERY
AN MPUDENT RADICAL IN DIsFAVoR-
PRINTING-OFFICE FALLS INTO THE STREET
TIE ARMED BLACKS RUN AGAINST THEIR
OWN BAYONETS--THE INOFFENSlVE WHITES
DIsARM a NUMBER OF BLACKS, WHO DIE
UNDER TIE OPERATION.
NEW ORLEANS, Oct. Lieut.. Lee, of the
Freedmens Bureau, who sent by Major utchngs, in
charge Of the here to investigate the troubles
Opelousas reported this morning that the immediate
cause Of the outbreak personal difficulty between
the editor Of The ST. Landry Progress epublcan) and
three citizens growing ont Of offensive articles published
IN The Progress. The editor, Mr. Bently who is also
school teacher, caned ATeport at circu-
lated among the negroes that Mr. Benty had been killed
and courers dispatched to arouse the negroes
the plantations and in very short time they were
hOckng, fully armed, to Opeousas, apparently being
well organized and prepared for such OCCASION ssev
eral bodies Of negroes met, and dispersed by the
efforts Of sensible, moderate men, both cOlorcd and white,
who had acquainted themselves with the facts regarding
Mr. Bently. one body however led by IA negro who
called himself Captain refused to dsperse when ordered
TO do A fight ensued, in which two negroes were
killed, and four five wounded Five six whites
wounded two very severely and number of horses
belonging to the whites were killed The negro who called
himself Captain killed. Eight of the negroes were
captured and lodged in jail, and the others dispersed.
The orders by the civil authorities for dsarming the
groes executed with difficulty, but efiectuay,
ana arms pcohSlhE 10 tho negroes III lhe
of the authorities. During the excitement, the material
OF The st. Landry Progress scattered, and portion
was destroyed. white man killed by three ne
groes who were lying II ambush. The negroes were
arrested and killed Another white planter is reported
20 have been shot while sitting IN his house The troubles
existed only in the Parish OF St. Landry. The adion
inc parishes perfectly quiet Lieut. Lee reports that,
far he could learn, but two whites were killed and
eight ten wounded. Five negroes killed and IS
20 wounded lie expresses the sopini0n that the num-
ber OF casualties viii exceed this estimate the negroes
in instances resisted the daming and had 20 be
OverpOwcred. Mr.. Bently the only white Radical
who suffered and ne only ih the loss Of printing material
and the Gaming which he received Lieut.. Lee reports
that quiet has restored and that the citizens
pursuing their ordinary avocaons No further trouble
is apprehended. The white inhabitants of The parish
outHumber the blacks. Armed mounted patrols, how
ever, arc still kept up.
TIE ARMS DETAINED IL MEMPHIS.
MEMPHIS, Oct THE City Council APP
pointed committee TO confer with Cen Gordon Granger
in regard TO destined for Arkansas, which have
been stored here. Tho result has not been made moWn
but it t. understood that Gen Granger declines to inter
icIe.
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
CJBd.

THE NEWS FROM sPAIN-GREAT EXCITEMENT IN
CUBA WHAT THE GOYERNOR-GENERAL
WILL DO-sPEECH BY A NEGRO,
IRON OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT
HAVANA, Oct. 3.-The excitement in refer
euce to news from the Peninsula continues unabated.
On the arrival OF Eagle the whole city was aliVe'
aud anxious get the latest details. When the Cuoa
from New-Orloans entered yesterday morning, every
body was on the qui rire for a newspaper some IN
pcsaut news around town with respect % the pO
son of affairs at Puerto Principe. But no one seem
ingy thinks IL probable that disturbance VII arse
There have been in circulation two rumors, well youehed
for with reference the head authority OF the lsand
and the Admiral commanding the fleet IN the west III,
dies It Is SAID that Ills EXceeucy the CptanGeheIai
and the segundO Cabo, interview had win the Al
mlra expressed wish To leave Havana ana go 10 SPAN,
giving up. time, the command OF the Island
10 the latter But the Admiral was unwns 70 agree 20
This arrangement and expressed ls opinion 10 DC tat
the better would be for the two former 10 remain,
and follow. he should do himself in the pain marked
ont OK events In the mother country sec
oudy IL that officers OF the royal navy
have put under arrest for words spoken at meeting
OF officers convened by the Admiral and at which the pO
sltion of matters at home was discussed.
Last Sunday night negro was arrested at the Pace de
Ysabel Segunda, because Of his harangung the pubic on
the situation THIS is place where large numbers as
sembe every evening 10 prOmenad> The negro, gong
over the Spanish news, remarked that the CuOans hau
nothing i'm common with Spain neither the negroes ana
while proceeding in this strain police olcer came UP
and took hun in charge
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
PRICE FOUR CENTS.
FOREIGN NEWS.
SPAIN.

SLAVERY TO BE ABOLISHED IN THE COLONIES.
MADRID, Oct. 7.-The Provisional Junta will free
the children of the batk in antieipaton of the total
abolition of slavery in the Colonies by the Cortes.
THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT.
The Provisional Government has been organized
Serrno and Prm have been made honorary Presi
dents. and Aquirro acting President. Ribero aud
Vigo Armigo have been appointed Vce-Presidents
Figuerola has been made Minister of Finance. 1t is
said that Mon, formerly of Brava's Cabinet. has
given in his adhesion to the Provisional Juna. Sa-
gosta Rivero Losenzana, and Agalo have joined tho
Ministry
OPPOSITION TO MARSHAL sERRASO.
PARIS, Oct. IA report from Spain says that the
Carlists are agitatng the Basque Provinces and
Aragon, and that some of the local Juntas have
published protests against the supremacy Of Marshal
SeTranO.
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
c0yNEC1ICUr TOWN ELECTIONS.
prrrrr THAN THE TRIBUNE CLAIMED.
TO Hon. James Thompson, CAleI JUSTICE OI IHo ouI
Court.

WATERBURY,, Oct. THE Republican gain III
this city is over So The Democrats elected most OF their
ticket by majority Of 2iO against last years majority OF
$780, They elect their Collector by majority OF t5 against
last years majority Of $40, loss of 2cd.
CoNYECTICUT's ANSWER TO THE CAMILLA MAS
sACRE.
The NQr- Hdren Courier says:
ouited themselves noby. and the result is as VIII De
Seen by our returns glorious Republican gains every
where The Democracy parayzed by the approaching
tidal wave from the North ana East, hauo . poo,
prosnect ahead and the record OF Vermont land Mane
addressed themselves TO the work, ana nave staIleu
"ectcut ON her return 10 the position she SO long held
her c sister states in the Republican ranks In New
Haven have cut down the Democfauo naS'i5 gd ~ ~ -
xork The Old Democratic stronghold, the town OF
Seymour, goes Republican ZOE hor u" Sovmnnr
goes Republican Even Harnden whose voice Tor De
mocracy has always been considered certain; d
Conservatives defeats the Copperhead Ticket al nUo
to Seymour and Hamden Madison also ~ nas G NIv
done Madison From all over the State comes news OF
Republican gains
THAT TIDAL WAVE OVERWHELMING TIE REBELS
The Palladium says: -. ...a.,o,.,,,. ,,,,
90 sSaw ronehisiyely tremendous reaction in favor OF
the Republican party and its nominees Derby elects
pannhlican Clerk the board is divided. Norwich gains
iSo over last Spring. The Republican Clerk ana two
other officers are elected by IS majority. Mdd!eGwn,
ms year portion OF the Republican ticket seymour
Branford aud Madison, all Democratic Strong, %
holds have been redeemed aud In almost every DT 1U%n
there s handsome gain. The vote In Hartford "pplO
nriating half million dollars each, from the lOWn
treasury in aid OF tho two new railroad projects ,t was
carried by large vote The following is the result
Enr The Connecticut Western road 402S; against Wv
for the Connecticut Valley, i09i; asIlnsVi Siy LUIS
secures tho building OF both roads witio"' "o""''
| CLOSE UP THE RANKS FOR THE FINAL ChAH"h :
! The Hartford COWant says; ...,..,.. -. ,,,,,,o,
The result Of the town elections YESTERDAY Is partct
larry gratifying and encouraging To- Republicans. III
spite OF the secret plotngs oi the neinoev % @ e"uo ,
wa have made handsome gains both III the relative Vote
| and in the boards OF Registration. The election Was
SIMPLY skirmish preparatory ior tne 9a.te IN NO'T th,.
stirmsh. Int they failed. The large Republican gains
| i'm many places prcsago victory when We move upon
thc enrnys works next month. Close mp the ranks 4Oi
| the final charge
Snow fell IN -. Joseph, Mo, yesterday.
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
OEAOCRATYC RIOT IN PITTSBURGH

REPUBLICAN, ToRCHLIGHT PROCESSION At
hCKED-FORTY SHOTS DELIvERED-MAYOR
BLACKMORR WOUNDED.
11sBURGH, Oct IA serious riot occurred in
Saiy tonight at about o'clock. A Republican
saAght procession, while passing along Wylie-st.,
"a near Tunnell-ave., was assailed by a party of
ess aud severe fight ensued. Stones and mis-
asw in every direction and clubs were freely
About forty shots we're fired. Several per
seie severely wounded in the back Of the neck
80 lAn' named McCann. was seriously hurt. Mayor
sSI0fe was slightly wounded in the arm while
7" suppress the riot.
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08

Of depression and profit although they succeeded In get
ting the Treasury officers rOundly assalled.
deny, with honest indignation, every allegation OF
connection with or favOlitism toward any individuals OF
combinations in the discharge Of my official duties
have studously abstaiued from making th Treasury an
instrument of oppression profit to any persons cOr0
ratOns interests. In the large peeuniay trusts Win
which invested, II has been my endeayOr ialthluy
TO subserye the interest of the Government without III
reference with that Of the business community Honor
able is my position, II not sought by me hcspo
sble cOnfning thankless. as 1t has proved 10 De am
ready 10 lay it down at moment, and without n re-
gret But while faithfully endcayornG 10 discharge
the dnties imposed upon Ms, To the best OF our Aby,
both Secretary McCuOc and myself have the ilght 10
ask the confidence and support Of rghi-mnded cltzcns
however we may share IN the denuciaions OF the sesh
and yenal. H. H. VAN DYCK, Assistant Treasurer
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
DEDIcAuoy or CORNELL UyIyERSITT.
ADDRESSES BY EZRA CORNELL, PRESIDENT
WHITE, PROF. AGAssIZ, GEORGE WILLIAM
Curtis AND OTHERS.

ADDRESSES BY EZRA CORNELL, PRESIDENT
WHITE, PROF. AGAssIz, GEORGE WILLIAM
CURTIS, AND OTHERS.
ITHACA, Oct. THE dedication of the Cor
nell University has been success in every particular
The weather was ne and the city crowded with visitors
over 400 students have arrived and will find In
the address Of the founder Ezra Cornell, he said: Il
fear that those who expecting to find finished
institution Will be disappointed. We did not invite you
TO such an entertainments nor did we expect OF desire
have a single thing finished We expected only to
commence an institution which in the future viii mature
t Great degree OF usefulness which will place at the
DISMISSAL Of the industrial classes such facilities Tor
aeoung practical knowledge and high mental culture
ne the limited means Of the humble can command
trust that we have made the beginning OF an INSTITUTION
which will prove highly beneficial to the poor young men
and the poor young women OF our country IhS SUM
thing we have finished but more aud more we nope
70 perfect until the young OF honest efforts ana
earnest labor upon whom fortune has omitted 10 snie'
hau he able 10 secure to themselves thoroughly pract'
cal and useful education thus making better the lhu
yidua the state and society itself trust tha we nave
made the beginning OF an institution which sha orns
science to the aid OF agriculture ChenlsNy mas '"o
same great store OF wealth for Agriculture mat
IL has layshed upon the Arts and we must instruct
the young farmer how TO obtain the mudeh treasure
Tho farmer needs more ght and this we are preparing
IN suppy We also hope to strengthen the arm OF the
mechanic that be may multiply his productions oy means
OF a mind OF higher culture. Millions nave Deeh "aseu
for the want OF thorough scientific and practical training
among our mechanics. The great wealth OF our nation
has been derived mechanism applied to agriculture
We must labor earnestly in this inviting field hope we
have made beginning toward condition IN when men
shall have enlarged culture, greater truhuness honesty
and manness and higher aims, and be better quailheu
70 serve their ellowmen their families ana the oou'
shall be our aim TO make true christian men, "i'nou
dwarlng or pairing them down tit the narrow gauge Oh
Sect Finally trust that have laid the foundation
OF University where every person can hnd ns'fucu"n
I'm any study Interesting addresses were delyere9 Wy
PresJent White prof Agassiz q. W. Curtis, ana others
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
s,srRors STORM OFF CAPE HArTERAs.

FORTRESS MONROE, Oct 5.1Ihe severest
,rn - tbs season set IN on last Friday, and has mol
n,nh V ~ has done much damage 10 our shipping TWO
disasters having already been reported The Brsh TOP
sa5i schoonor Blanche. Capt. OBrien from Bahama Is
ands nr Ratimore encountered severe gale from the
Il on Tuesday last of Cape Hatteras The yesse
rrnfy aleak and all hands needed TO Keep hei
FHnaf The captain stood away for Cape Henry ont the
atcr gained so fast that he obliged TO run the YES
eI ON the beach, which he did II miles south Oh cape
Henry The vessel and cargo will prove IOtal lVss
The captain and saved all their effects Inc scvon
er Lota, Capt. Adams of aud from Portland Me, Win
General cargo for Baltimore, encountered gale on e
coast aud on Friday night driven ashore on te
de Grounds about four miles southwest OF eape Ia
Light, The vessel is well the bar, ana ab low tIe
there is but three feet OF water under her INC ~ hv
and crew anti the vessel today, and were D1uSat ,iy y
the brig Anna of st. Johns " b., from the MeSs nns h
Tor Baltimore, which was coming INTO te PhnaJenha
Ior The schooner Ida L., with coal nom me
for pcbmond which sprung alcak of me mouth Vi nne
Potomac RIVER last week and was oeacnea a ew hnne %
soth of that point reported by the wiechIg senoons
Iii ,rent to her ASSISTANCE 10 have gone To pieces
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08

fs"iklBuTIoE or TROOPS IN TENNESSEE
A,.A'hLE, Oct. 7-GOy. BrOwnlOw pub
&4en..as AN morning, saying that companies Of the
Lu.se are organized and ready 10 be placed in the
sJAs- order but that they are not under pay and
th,a,..ssaed Gen. Thomas hesays, has ordered reg
iva seani.fs, ~ compliance with ls sggges-
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
HUNGARY.
DIPLOMATIC ADDRESS I

DIPLOMATIC ADDRESS TO MR.. DEAK.
PEsTH, Oct. THE ambassadors of the various
foreign powers resident at Vienna and Mr. Bancroft
the American representative at Berlin, have united
in an address to NJ Deak which will be presented on
the occasion of his banquet.
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
SOUTH AMERICA.

REPORTED DEFEAT OF PRESIDENT LOPEZ.
PARIS Oct. 7.-Adyces from Rio Janeiro mention
the rumor that President Lopez had been defeated by
the Allies and obliged to retire from his position at
San Fernando.
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
ACCIDENT AND LOSS oF LIFE.

An explosion occurred to-day at Barnesley in a
building used for the manufacture of fireworks. The
building was utterly destroyed. Five dead bodies
have been taken from the ruins. Seven other per-
sons were badly injured.
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
SUICIDE IN THE ALBANY EXCHANGE no.

ALBANY, Oct "A man who registered HIM
self az the Exchange Hotel IN this city, the 2st 0
August as o. b. Davis Of Ohio found dead In his bed
this morning 10 s supposed that lac first took poison ana
then shot himself through the head. The pisOlball Gu
tered at the ear. Several kinds OF poison found ~
his possession IIc had said that ho lived IN Cleveland
Ohio lie left letter saying that he tired OF me-
and directing ms effects be given 10 the hotel boys
Tie letter was signed o. H. Davis" and underneath the
signature was written, Assumed name" The suicide
WAS about u yGars ~ """
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
OF A TROY GRAIX ELEVATOR

TnoY Oct. 7.--Messrs. 7. \. Moore a sons, ms
is a. inward of s29O0O follows; p A. Moore Soh'
socoo; insured Tor ss)ooo Iannmann ssheS@f, @ ma ill.,
S,s 1.o insrrcd for S20o9. q. Willard Co, t.1tV III
..d tar <ioo0o T. NJ NMl X son, slloWf InsAieu lyyI
sSG0S C. Coukey, s75os insured Tor s's9 h,nT.' r
bt au0 100 bushels vi grain Of ali kInds Is IN ruins
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
GREAT BRITAIN.
LAND LAWS IN IRELAND.

LAND LAWS IN IRELAND.
LONDON, Oct. 1T is said that the Committee
appointed by the last House of Commons on the sub
ect of the land laws in Ireland will report to the
next session at an early day, and that the Ministers
will bring in bill to adjust the question as soon as
nOssible.
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
OHM.

ANOTHER PORT OPENED TO FOREIGN TRADE
LONDON, Oct 7.--Advces from China by the Over
land mail represent that the Emperor has opened tho
port of Chifau on the Gulf of Pechele, TO foreign
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08

2. 60 Eii,r orre Scr IoIl Tafa
Tie statement of the public debt and the
available means 90 ho Treasury The 1T Of October
lu.t being before the public aud Tie action of the
Secretary of tie Treasury and myself having been made
tho theme 81 much misrepresentation and oboquy. allow
iuo pfcsou fcw facts for the consideration Of fair
minded iucr.
Ou uy assuming the office of Assistant Treasurer n
July. lsa5 the following temporary Obligations Of the
Cow, I'd of H.
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08

OF these obligations considerable amount Was pay
able dcuaId and none extended beyond three years
from their date of ISSUE Much soiCiudc was felt the
subject many predictions of prcuuary disaster were
uttered. much Of gtultCus advice, aud not little OF
abuse showored upon tho officers of Tie Treasury.
Yet within the time required. this enormous amount ~
lmpcndig ubh-at0u has been almost entirely hquidacd
or changed into long loans that there remains To
be provided for:
COMPOUND interest notes 52jl90 90
Certificates al three = ccut............ G5.2s1OJJ 90
Matured debt not presented l2liO2i3 "A
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08

Snow fell in St. Joseph, Mo, yesterday
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
WASHINGTON.

.,,rr- ,,e7rcy CHASE on TIE REsULT-DIsMAY
OF BiNCKLEYs COrPERHEADS-Ih CA
ulLLA RIOT REpORT-A MODEL hLbEL
spEEcu-TIE ARMY REGlSIER-GON' In
c,Is,t-CuBA-APPOINTME
New-York tribune., 1868-10-08
I'M AKMs pErAINEp IN MENrnIs.

MEMPHIS, Oct THE City Council ap-
pointed committee to confer with Gen. Gordon Granger
in regard to arms destined for Arkansas which have
been stored here. The result has been made noWn
but it understood that Gen Granger declines to inter
ferc
Daily Ohio statesman. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1855-1870, 1868-07-21
Ho, Attention BondhoIders.

The Philadelphia Press publishes side by
side the financial planks in the Republican
and Democratic platforms, and then calls
the attention of the Bondholders to it in
these words:
LET the hundreds of thousands who
hold our national securities contrast the
bold and fearless language of the Repub-
licans with the halting and half-hearted
invitation to reputation of the Demo-
crats."
This is saying, ''look how bold the Re
publican party is in its declarations that
the $40 Bonds shall be paid in coin," while
the declaration of the Democratic plat
form that these Bonds shall be paid in the
lawful money OF the United States illegal
tender) is 'halting and half-hearted invi-
tation to repudiation of the Democrats"
There is in this no invocation to the tax
payers and toiling millions to compare
these planks OF the respective parties and
see how much more the Republican Plat
form proposes to do for them than does the
Democratic Platform. The call is alone to
the Bondholders, the chosen wards of the
Republican party. 1t is true that the
Democratic Platform is the Taxpayers
and Workingnen's Platform. Let them
look to it that the candidates standing on
this Platform are triumphant.
Daily Ohio statesman. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1855-1870, 1868-07-21

A REPREsENTATIvE-Mr. Ross-threw
open the doors of the Democratic party. and
invited Thad. Stevens to enter. If Stevens
enters the open doors, we hope they will
slam to so that he cannot again get out OF
that party into the Republican fold. A
man who has but one idea as his political
faith, and that one of mere dollars and
cents, and who says he would trust Frank
P. Blair with that idea, is not fit to manage
his own business, and should have a politi-
cal guardian it matters not even if that
idea is correct. A man is weak minded
who hinges his political life on one idea,
and he is worse than weak-minded who
says that, under any circumstances, he
could vote for Blair.-Cleueldnd Herald.
From this we infer that STEVENS Green
back speech don't sit well on the stomach
of the Herald. 1t is one of the party evil
IDENTIFY in the conspiracy to defraud the
taxpayers.