Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1867-03-17
SOUTH AMERICA.

! Prof Agasslz delivered last evening the anal
! lecture OF the course, which have nseh gtseh
undsr the auspice- OF the New York assooia-
, ton for he advancement OF science and art.
The esubjsct was :. The honkey and The naive
, Inhabitants ofSouth America. Eyory seal 9i
the large hall OF Cooper institute was ~ CO.
J snd Considerable portion Of the standing
room occupied. on coming forward, the
, speaker was greeted with applause AS 'neh
LADIES' and Gentlemen: In On ungusrded mo
ment proposed for this evenings lecture the
. subject which hiss been announced uPon the
ti-Eets. II hao considered the inaltsf nots
! maturely, ! would probably nave aDs,AIhee ,i.
from bringing into such public notice a snoyeet
! | 30 fun Of difdculties respecting Whieh, aIteT
all, 50 little is known, and with reisienee %
BY the most corn petent investigators. As II Is,
, have nothing left but candidly TO express
/ my convictions wi ihout retlcence, ana II
can. without prepossession. OF course, you
/. do not expect that shall tell you enecootes
concerning the monkeys when nave seen ~ w,
| ing IN the tres In the valley OF the Anal0n,hot
| to contrast with them the HABITS OF the nhtlNe
iuhabitants.butth thst shall take a orsasier view
OF the subject, and discuss before you the Iela,
! tloDs which exist between the monkeys ana
nankind-a subject which for the last zen
years has engaged the rect attenlon OF 81
4 naturallsts with reference to-whioh ali the
Investigations made within the last ten years
have been more or less connected; for now a.
an animal, 10 with reference 70 the posslDie e1.
PLANTATION Of the manner in when tnas Soll.f
| pncated structure whs brought into eNistenestt
n a paturalist nowadays investigates the
t, / embryolOgy OF an animal, tai r. ~
J
u win tbs view OF aseertaining how thst law
! which regu ates those changes was stamped
. upon It a. a living being. When nslpralisss
! now a-dsys investigate the geographical dlstri-
button OF the animals upon the surface OF our
earth, Il i with TIE view 81 !.
can possibly be done, in W at way lhe ulNeIslty
viii n prevails all over the globe has been l'Io-
duced, what Is The primitive orig q OF this gIest
diversity When gsUiUg1slS investigate the los-
u remains which are embedded In tue strata
OF eur earto. and when they trace the OrdeF 70
which they have followed one smother IN tne
eour-e or time Il il It present with the view 81
ascsrtainiug how this SUCCESSION = as bstn IL
tro fuced which we're the first. which have fol- 4
lowed. and in what relation they stand 10 one
fanOther. And when men iHves lgsJe All olhel- Z
ences which exist among theii ielilWslleni y I
/ is with the view n ascertain ng whether men I
OrigiU ated from one pair, or whether there ~ a
multiple ig n te uman ty- You see ., ,nst I
50 nipct T. f. eve, ywhers with one vieW-to as I
1 cert in n IL can be dene in what way things /
| orIgiua'el and whist Is the primary cause OF 4
/ the differences which We oo>efNe among Item lem
! And he subj. ct u tust opening We nave \
hardly any result to present 70 y"u. itI, on tHe
contrary, We h We extreF'e views 1ltsnlns Win ~
! one another, much IS the views Wnlch u 1
I vide men concerning matters OF thelr s2iVstlonI 1
/ sial orga izations; for we h We schools In nat
urL history there have been Schools IN phl- 4
{ Ias,phy We have, as II were, sects, a ther-
| ara diffareut den ouninations among Christians,
| and no one has light u present MS view oi
the suntect as the 0ny correct oGe' sts1ss
his arguments IN the hope OF pressing
his views, II he believes themi ~ ne !,
chtPRy O WINGED Of their accuracy, upon MS
hearers-but not Uitn the pre'ension thstt
ne has found the inal solution OF the proolem-
There is a great change in tnat r speot II i
no longer p SSH f'ras man, 81 IsE suy - -
OF men, n assume that tie tru'h Is IN them
exclusively. zen have learned that there Is
only one COmmoH founda ion for their DeIleis,
however they NAV dlffer from one an ther N
their religious principles. Men nave ieSrns1 ,T
that there is only enc source lor tnelI hnOht-
edge. which is nature however much tney hsy
diner in their int, rpretaJion Of natures "a .
and Il is with that conviction tnsi l present,
this evening, my views upon the subject OF ne
latiOn which exists between III n Anu ~
monEey, urgiug those views W 'ich are my
conVictions but urging them with the con
sciOusne>s that there are oTher VI VS. eatel-
tanned by Others lAppiauss-l wisil, l now
record aud, therefore I want 10 make
few stStements concerning aceSsA,
me m scientific as well as other journals. II
ha, been stated that in my pubic lee ure]
make loose statements when are bOt ~ agS.l'i e
IN matters OF fact; that aAoE ibyseLl 70 @ y
C rrIed away by the impulse CI the lnoIn 5Et,
and that my statements lack that pstelsion
which entities them 10 respect ana cohhoehC
ana examples OF such loose statements are
quoted Sow l will, that You may Au0~
within What limit my statements are e0nsla-
ersd Iust ansver a feY OF these charges. In
some o he lectures have stated that yerte-
I,rsfss bav. fOur limbs and II IS argued hat
& ~ boIl- yvb - fanili n Sith The last ecord
Of ,ur science knows tn.t whales, mat p T
uoise~, that manatuses and dugoRgs nave ouly
the text books, tut text books are only com
uiI4tionS o. our kn bvls sc and II these critics
had looked 81 Eu6 OrlEluGl luAfEA4aAtoAA Hff---
tnis matter, n they had consulted tns best
authorities u pon the subject, they would khoH
that rudimentsry Posterior clements us ~, ,l ~
all the-s auimalS, aud that Lhe are Only con-
coaled by the skin. have dissected proposes
and have had the opoortu nity {, I disseelns
the n tnatus on the Amazon. so that ku9H
T ON per-oual obsery-tiOn that these assertions
have gu bted are correct when they say tnst
beside, tue full developed pair OF limbs upo
Tfa side OF tine crustacla \ they have a sec nd
pair ~Onc-aled under the skin when Are lul- @
Ff,afF - Tendency
in AL verieorats TO develop four limbs, and
that here and there only TWO are deyelop5a.
and in some a second psiF Is cnncesled undef
The skin. Aud even the snakes baVe been AS
ce. tained To sustain pair OF ruulmentAty
sfateuent Applause The second is that l
affirm that fishes have lived-snd long IS OF
other err rs are eAumerstedZtnst enA N ~
that fishes have existed from the De
ginuing OF creation-as early as olns5
animals-while in reality they existed
Gully from the time Of the DeVOnlan Pefl9u-
Now. how is II with dates7 II, in the oder
strata, the remains were preserved As pefieSt'
ii might be easy 20 Distinguish group OF ioo-
Sters rom q group Of fish; bnt IN these older
beds, the remains which We have, aud WniSn
have been interpreted by some fish and by
others as crustacea, there are only traSm ehtafs
spines such a. we have in the no OF some ',snesi
for instance, in the common dog nsn, the uoIsAl
a has 10 its anterior part 3 small, pony spine
which prCjec;s IN this way. On the otnec haha,
the horseshoe group has upon the SIDES OF @ Ihe
serOnd shield series OF slines " nlcn art solhe
,rbat al Ike in appearance 10 those spines- Now
spiues OF this kind, resembling these, are nu-
mains have been found, and the qnesuOh Il
whether tuey are the remains OF crusiaceas oI
the remains OF fishes some ma. u .lls-s , &
affirme that they are the remains o. cTustaceS;
I have stiirmed that they are the remains OF
4 hes and have based my assertion upon thls. t
that the sfrunture Of the spines oi Iee
cru,tacea when examined mlcroscoPicallyi
have all the characioristics OF The horhy SUI
stance which Iorms the shield OF crusJsceS'
yvDiI- the spines OF fishes have the chaaactPr-
i,tic structure, micr.lscOpScally. or OOnes Wnicu
Is yery easily sistingulshed from every other
] krrszrrf q
potts have tue characteristic OF BON = Ihete-
fore, l say az ,ln, that these splnes are lhsg
say that fishes eI sted as early As any othe otheI
animals fApplRusel But TINS rs no plsce sceI ~
a controversy, a. will now turn 70 the SUI SUI
ject ofthis evenings leo ure, ana consluSl W., w.
yyu he question Of the reiatlon Whlcn ! e1ss.e
between the NJ 'nkey and man Inat CUES qe ,'9
Is a recent question. Ancient hat atuLAilses @ ~ ~
n [ think ot OmpsriDg men and monkeys sly
more specifically than they compared 1Su
with other animals. The WOrks o AfleS. ~; IN
= hich W. have the earliest comparisons oI @ lhlS
kind ZOO years ago, di discussed the structure
OF ipan as compare with animals put ne
ala n I md a spec al resemUlsnc7 bet~eeu
mouk Us and man any more tuan between
man and the otuer warm -blOOded verte brates-
and the rea on is va~y obvious IN those oa :
tre on Y monkeys known ~ere three Inc ol
facus as Aristotle ais him, me common , mon
kew o. Northern Afrtc-, which was ne 4uenliy,
no doubt brought 70 Greece a. IN oar uays ~ l.
frequently brought 70 the southern parts OF 6n-
rope; the -econd was the cebus, or the red mon
key OF North Am erica, which / quite common
| on the csaSL Of Barb tTy, ana Hhlch Is 3 ions-
I tailed monk GI refiQlND cOlOfr Will a soAAbc-'
snout somewhat like lse common moneys
that obtain over South Am rics, but dtffer
from them in many respeets-ln ihe pseulls,l-
ties OF IT'S face, II eeth, ana me Ike IN a tne
/ third sp cies OF the monkey Known 70 toe an
clients is the b4bOon, o. VII eh Ts preseni atoms
ara TO be oI the ancienL Egy Itian mon
/ umsHts. Now, n-ith-r OF these aLOnkeys has |
I ANYTHING paTIicul rly human. The oaDoon /
| mas a head no un Ike that Of a bal-dog, and .
l va alIed by the ancien > kun0cepha Gus, o. 4
/ dog hesued, ON aecoun OF tha peculiar eonst-
tuIiOu Of its head. Bat after the psss''ge 70 tne
d f,NT y
/ has be, discovered, natura ists be, ans A.
! guam ed with seveIa' kinos Of monkeys IN the .
I ,yuich stand far above those known 10 the /
| anc cent and among them are none more I
! SthSing than the ouraDg-outang OF boIntO, {
/ Java and -umatra, and the chimpanzee OF ths /
l coat of Guinea These two MONKEYS excl ed /
| the curiosity OF anatomistS to tne uliiii.st' anu
! at once called for the COMPARISON win man IN .
! consequence Of the higher form OF the head,
aud the o culiar develo pment OF the features OF
| IN ce. From that time com "a lsohs between I
| mon kays and meu have been In reduced in l
/ all ire ttiCs Of natural history: these COM \
| parisons have always had Tor their object, 10 I
J aastsbiiSb Tha dinaTenees when exist be- /
/ tween them. Recently third sind OF monkey .
closely allied % the pressing, hSs ~. a 0een
| southern parts Of " est Africa, have been de- I
| ,cnb-d under the name OF gor llas. II Is now I
! known 10 the t5reeEs though very tmperfe tly 4
| ior in the Writings OF Ammo there is an alluson
| 10 a small Kind OF hairy men, observed on the 4
| west coast OF Africa, winch tuid not SPEAK /
! and which we're very savage aud lnd0intts Die. I
I NOW that the 20 lilA Il kuONui II CaunOl pe I
doubted that the animal mentioned by Ammo
| Was this kind OF monkey. Now the question
I Isl what are the structural relations which eN-
/ IA between these monkeys aud other kinds OF
| monkeys, and between all monkeys taken to-
! gether and kind Before proceed 70 COM
pare them more closely, let me say lew gene
/ raj words concerning their distribution.
An the monkeys known are 70 be
| found within the traplcs for il Is
only upon the borcers OF the tropics,
IN 4 parts adjoining the warm temperate
| zone in the Old World, on the southern ex-
! trsI ~ Of spain, on the rocks Of Gibraltar,
ina A few monkeys have been found; and y
few III the southermoSt part OF Japan. Other
1 Wise the home OF all monkeys IS within the
! tropics, with the exception OF Australia in
/ which none exist al all. Bat monkey are not
the same in different parts OF the world, there
Is a vice difference among them. Ia the hrst
place, as q natural group, distinct among the
Il other n'ammsiia, monkeys are ehafaeteFi Fed
5y an anat0mt, al fact which is very striking
they have all four hands. while other animals
have four feet and man ha Two ie@t ard Two
hands. The difference which ehAracler1zes the
hands and the feet is very obvious hlab ter
minated with fingers which arr all on one level,
and whiuh all point in the sane direction, is a
foot A limb which has plumber OF fingers
| bending in the same way, while one hnger may
| be oppo.ed 70 The oIheTs. and may be success
niyefy brought into contact With each Of
/, tha other 0ngers Is hand. Ihe thumb.