davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
CLIM AK.

A plain statement Of facts inherited Scrofula,
and many of my relations have died of it, In
1889 my case was; frightful, Tumors and ulcers
spread until in 1912, under the advice of my ply
sicians went to Avon Springs. I received no
beneft--tred every medicine and did ererything
could. had to rest my arm on a cushion, and had
not been able to raise il to my head forever year.
The discharge from two ulcers was nearly pint
day. Amputahon was recommended, but pro-
nounced dangerous. could not sleep, and my
sufferin gs were intoIerable. friend brought me
an English ply sician who applied salye with
which he said he had accomplished extraordinary
cures in the hospitals in England Iticommeneed
to relieve; persisted in its use; it finally effected
perfect and entire cure. 1t is now 1S4s. 1t is
Eve years since had the appearance of a scroful-
Gus sore and my health has been good ever since.
L procured the receipt of this wonderful article
this blessing of humanity-and have called it
Pages Climax SaIve," and allow the public to
use IT or not as they choose. This is a brief but
candid statement given more fully in my circular
J. NJ. PAGE.
GENEVA, Y, December, 1s4s.
50. 81 su.ssai al NEw YORK, Oct Ie, 1866.
~'I have known ]. M. Page, Esq, of Geneva, N.
= for many wears He is one of the first citizens
Of Western New York. i him last week in
good health. His case was most remarkable one,
but actually true in every particular. -
Signed) DEhAs BARNES
I'VE have watched the unaided but growing favor
of "Page's Climax Salse,s and avaiIing ourselves
of the knowledge of its wonderful curative pow
ers have become proprietors of the same.
1t is cnrefor Barns, Scalds, Screfula, haAt
Rheum, Fever Sores, Broken Breasts, trest Bites,
Chilblains, stilgs, Bruises, Cuts Swelings, DC,
whether upen man or beast. 1t subdues pain and
inflammation with surprising celerity, and heals
buns without scar. No family should be With
out it. Itis always wanted, and is always ready.
wewiII forfeit dozen boxes for any single failure
We believe there never anything like it in the
world. 1t is putup in tin boxes, surrounded by a
full circular giving facts, directions, testimonials,
ke, and can be ordered by any respectable drug.
gist throughout the world, Price only % cents.
WHITE & ROWLAND.
Yora. - .fafr .5 n meh26dwly.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
ROCK ISLAND & CAMDEN
..a ACCOMMODATION HACK. .

THE UNDERSIGNED WILL RUN AN AC-
Il commoda.ion Express Hacs between Rock
Island and Camden for the benefit of the travel
ing community. Also, will carry packages, do
errands, and hssist al who wish 70 patronize him
in his line of business,
Hack viii leave Kock Island at s a. M. and 2
z. NJ. Returning, it will leave Camden alto a.
: Passage can be secured by applying at the
Rodman House, Rock Island House, Hermann
House, FarmeS Hotel and Farmers Retreat,
Rock Island, and att the Camden House, Camden.
.aaaT otCuP. MITCHELL, Proprietor, s{a,.
septzsdtf. Rock Island, III
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
THE REALLY GREAT PLASTER,
ALLCoCK'S POROUS,
Have the cempactness of kid, and the fexibility
of q silk glove
DIR. I. 7. HENpERsoN,s LETTER.

DR.I. T. HENDERsoN'S LETTER.
fARNvILLE, Louisiana, March 8, 1850.
Dr.. Z. ALLcocK-SIR. L have been suffering
under q severe attack of neuralgia disease of my
bowels for years, with hypertrophy of the heart,
and have tried everything known to the practice
of medicine from the very best NJ. DIS; but
truth prompts me to say that your Plasters have
given me more permanent relief than anything
else have used, and believe will produce q
perfect cure. p -, f. ..gt.- -, -.I,H.--. a.
The counter-irritant effect of your Plasters is
produced in such mild and gradual way, they
so invigorate tho circulation around the parts
to which they are applied, and exert upon all
nervous diseases such great sedatiye influence,
that place them confidently at the head of every
plaster now in use. a.s Yours, very truly, a;resn
.,e,,z-.-.- -,z- LIT. HENDERSON, N. D.. T.
Principal Agency, Brandreth House, New York.
Sold by all Druggists. octsdwIm.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
CriStad0ft's Hair Dye,
Proofs of the Superior Quality
-u.1 -es.4rr9 -51li of the e 'ssal u ,
Watch
t.-..- ---a4 made at srrE g,rs 49,
wALYHANG, MASS. 50

~ The American Watch Company, of Waltham,
Mass, respectfully submit that their Watches are
cheaper, mere accurate, less complex, more dura-
Bile, and better adapted for general use, and more
easily kept in order and repaired than any other
watches in the market. They q re- simpler in
structure, and therefore stronger and less likely
to be injured than the majority of foreign watch
es, which are composed of from l25 70 800 pieces,
while in an oldEnglish watch there are more than
700 parts. How they run under the hardest trial
ter:
- PENN. RAILROAD COMPANY. q ses.
OFFICE GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT, D
Altoona, Pa, Is Dec, 1886.
GENrLEMES-The watches manufactured by
you have been in use on this railroad for several
years by our enginemen, TO whom We furnish
watches as part of our equipment. There are
now some three hundred of them carried on our
line, and we consider them good and reliable
time keepers. Indeed, / have great satisfaction
in saying your watches give us less trouble, and
have worn and do wear much longer without re-
pairs than any watches we have ever had in use
on this road As you are aware, we formerly
trusted to those of English Manufacture, of ac-
know1edged good reputation; sut as class they
never keep time as correctly, nor have they done
as good service as yours. -
In these statements am sustained by my pre-
decessor, Mr. Lewis, whose experience extended
over series of years. Respectfully,
.z-'i, LIN - EDWARD II. WILLIAMS,
.@1- 80 go. General Superintendent.
American Watch Co., waltham.
We make now five ldiferent grades Of watches,
named respectively as follows: iEia sss
Appleton, Tracy d Co, Hsss NaHham' Mass.
Waitbam wateh Company, WaItbam, Mass.
p s R.r,ls,t - Waltham, Mass.
VIM. Filarv ...- q Boston, Mas.
Home Watch Company Boston, MASS
All Of these, with the exception Of the Home
l. warranted bv the American
Watch Company to be of the best material, on
the most approved principle, and to possess every
requisite for reliable time-keeper. Every dealer
selling these watches is provided with the Com
pany's printed card of guarantee, which should
accompany each watch sold, so that buyers may
feel sure that they purchasing the genuine ar
ticlc There are numerous counterfeits and ini-
tations of cur watches sold throughout the coun
try, and we would caution purchasers to be on
their guard against impositien.s ga- ts'>sf
Any grades of Mailman Watches may be pur
chased Of, watch dealers throughout the country
80 sa6 :, R0BRIHs q APPLETON, s !,
lEisIslsey1r sJg LA Droaaway, Neu York
may9dw1y
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
MOFFAT,s LIFE PILLS AND PHE-
NIX BITTERS,

The wonderful effects of Mofafs Life Pills in
cases of mental depression or physical weakness,
proceeding from indigestion, costivenessy bilh-
GUS secretions, certified to by millions of per
sons who have been benefited by them. They are
the most efectic cathartic and purifier before
the public and have ever been in use since 1s25.-
They cheap, safe and reliable. Sold By all re-
spectacle dealers every rywhere. ~ s3t--fs 1as-n
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
TO OWNERS OF HoRsHs.


A GRAND e EPOCH IN MEDICINE.
DR.. Maggielis the founder of rev medical
system. The quantitarians whose vast internal
doses enfeebie the stomach and paralyze the bow
els and with whose external remedies the ulcerat-
ed and eraptiye surfaces of the skin are deluged
in vain must give place to the man who restores
his health and appetite with from one to three
harmless pills, and cures the most viruient and
scrofuleus disorders with from enc three bexes
of his Instchless sslve. -. 1888 g. aza1s l1
DIR. Maggiels Pills and Salve have ushered in
a medical era. No more nauseating avalan-
ches of drastic drugs need be poured down sick
peoples throats, One of MaggiePs Pills rectifes
the disordered condition Of the stomach and liver
cleanses the head and restores the nerves in q
space of time short enough to be almost classed
marvellous -vst as sse.5E 4-a So. sat =.
In fact Maggieps Bilious, Dyspeptic and Diarr-
hea Pills cure where all others fail. While for
Burns, Scads, Chilblains Cuts. and all ahrassions
of the skin, Maggieps Salye is infallible.
CAuTIoN!-Purchase none without name of j.
Haydoek on the wrapper, proprietor, and the
trade mark J. Magiel, NJ. D. Sold by all drug
gists, at Is cents per box, and ]. Haydock, pro-
prietor, New York. -.t mchl2dwly,
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15

&c. which We are selling at a lower figure than
sny of the samo quality is sold in. the market
The bighest market price paid for Hides.
.TapnerB oA Illinois Street, near the Island
Bridge. augshdwtf.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
Energy Brick.

The best quality of Energy Brick can be had
ut the Energy Brick Yard, on the Bluff, hack OF
the Atlantic Brewery, and in any quantity - (
Contracts made on liberal terms. Please give
me a call. ga4f8 ~ e VIM. ATkINSON.
Rock Island, Oct. IL 6tf.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
HIESkELL'S
OINTMENT.

This Ointment, after an experience of
twenty years, has proved itself sovvr-
eign remedy for all diseases of the Skin;
having effected radical cure in every
case on which it was used, curing many
obstinate easesgofs fifteen or twenty years
standing, that had previously resisted all
ag remedies prescribed by the best medical
talent of the country. Its effect is aston
ishing, in 8 few days the soreness and
Irritation is removed; the skin becomes
smooth and healthy, and remains perm
anently healed, without the of any
other remedy,
Thus, Tetter, Salt Rheum, Itch, Sol
diers' Itch, Erysipelas, Blotches, Pin
pies, and every form of disease of che
skin is punctually cured, ne matter eof
how long standing. It has cured bad
cases Of f-Infamed Eyelids, and Dfschar-
ges from the Ear, when nothing else
would heal them. Piles, that have. re-
sisted all other treatment for many
s. years, have been efeetaally cured by the
use of only one box of this Ointment
Burns, Scalds, and Old Sores, it heals in
f "a very short time. Price SO cents per
box. If not sold by your Druggist,
send 60 cents to Johnston, Holloway d
Cowden, Philadelphia, a box will be
sent free of postage to any address. g
OBSERVE-None genuine without
the signature of the proprietors on the
wrapper of each box.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
HOLLOWAY'S
.-.'. ARNICA .r
a PLASTERS.

; IHe OI IISIIIIaf tIIU oI1IJ -tIue n nlea. =
Pfasters possessing the great --
healing properties of the
Arnica Flowers.
The curative effects of these plasters
in all cases Of pain or weakness in the
breast, side or back, and in all cases of
Inflammation of the Lungs, and Cough,
are truly astonishing they give imme-
diate relief.
sa Physicians prescribe them, and thous-
ands recommend them. Observe, Hoilo-..
ways are the Original and only true
Arniea Plasters.s
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15

DRoDHGE Il COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
214 South Water Street, Chicsgo.s Post Of
foe Box 642. Orders and Consignmsnts solicited.
may26-d&wtf
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
8RECIAL NOTICES.

-
1 KRokHNIs NIs-UPHAx,s-HArR DFs.-5O Cents q
box. Boxeslarger than Dyes that sell for 81. Ma
TURAL, DURABLE, BEAUTIFUL. WAR
IRANTED To PLEASE. ThisT article has been
thoroughly tested by Dr.. Chiffon, of New York,
and Profs Booth. and Garrett, of Philadelphia.
who pronounce it free from all poisonous ingredi.
ente, and the material composing it win not injure
the most delicate hair. Sold by Druggists and
Fancy Goods Dealers everywhere.
/ a. = 'rzao JNO. J. KRONER, Sole Proprietor.
! LORD SMITH, Chicago, Ag's. nov5d1y.
| BArcHELoR's HAIR DrE.--This splendid Hair
Dye is the best in the world The only
Instantaneous No disappointment. No ri.
dioulous tints. Natural black or brown Renee
dies the i'll effects of bad dyes. Inyigorates the
hair, leaving it soft and beautiful. The genuine
is signed William A. Bachelor All others are
mere limitations, andshuuid bcr avoided Sold by
all draggists and peffaihers.i Factory 81 Barclay
street. New York. ., decl0dwly.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
FOR FEMALE DISEASES,

Nervous Prostration, Weakness, General Lassi-
tude, Want of Appetite, Maggiel's Pills will
be found an effectual remedy. .A 81
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15

It is said Of the ladies of France, that, as
class, they are the handsomest in the world.
With their rosy cheeks and black hair, who can
aelp but think SO DR.. Velpau's Pills never fail
te make the complexion of healthy and rosy
hue. Ladies, try them. Sold by all Druggists.
| sept24dlm.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
LIFE IN A PILL BOX.
-aE acs e.g " .g s.1a s4rm
EXTRAoRDISARY. EFFECTS FROM
MACCtEL'S
ANTI BILIOUS PILLS !!
ONE PILL IN DOSE,
ONE PILLIN A DOSE,
ONE PILL IN A DOSE

What one hundred letters day say from pa
tients all over the habitable Globe! N =
''Dr. Maggiel, your pill has rid me of all bili-
ousness." - ..r .s,- .-...-a ....E
''No more noxious doses for me in or 10 pills
taken at time. One of your pills cured me.'' r
s'Thanks Doctor. My headache has left me-
Send another box to keep in the house.
'After suffering tortures from Bilious Cholic,
two of your pills cured me, and have had no re-
turn of the mafady." 80
"0ur doctors treated me for chronic eonstipa-
ton, they calledit, and at last said I was in
carable. 'Yourepills cured me -"ACrk - ; - 6 S
II had no appetite; MaggiePs pills gave me
hearty ONE IL rs.F.ss :. -s,.Fs-.rrr
''Your pills are marvellous" !" @sA~~
81 send for another box, and keep them in tn
house" s4.s..-. ,.---- d. ,.......s.
"Dr. Maggiel has cured my headache that was
ohrcnio.' .-.-. . .-.. .. .-,5..,,.-
81 gave half of one of your pills to my babe
for cholera morbus. The dear little thing got
well in day" go rs..aaa ses.......
/ "My nausea of a. morning is now cured" - "
"Your box of MaggiePs salve cured me of
| noises in the head. rubbed safve behind
my and the noises left ,TELoE5
,sssend me two boxes want one for poor
family"
"I enclose dollar; your price is twenty I've
oents, but thu medicine to me is worth 3 dollar.
'tSend me dye boxes of your pills. v75Hg.T
eJet ame have three boxes of your salve and
pills by return mali %
;! .FE aEs,E HEE,E
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
HolIoway,s Vermifuge Confections.

Which have almost entirely superseded
the old nauseous Vermifuges, to the de-
Ightof the poor little sufferers. 1t con-
tains no calomel or other poisonous in
gradients. 5ag 81 - !.
So highly esteemed is this popular Il >
Vermifuge by the profession, that all
intelligent physicians who know of
them, prescribe them in preference to
other remedies, as not only more pleas
ant to take, but more effective to cure.
Parents and guardians, having the
care of children, should keep them as :,
family medicine; for they not only erad-
icate Worms-those pests of childhood
but correct any derangement of the
digestive organs, so prevalent with chill
dren. -E ...-.. =.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15

An EFrEcTUAL Work MEDIcINE.-BR0WN'S
VERMIFUGE fGoMFITS, Or Worm Lezenk %.
Much sickness, undoubtedly, with children aa.a
adults, attributed to other causes, is oceasioned
by worms. - The "Vsrmifuge Comfts, al
though oeffectual in destroying worms, can DO
no possible injury to the most delicate child.
This valuable combination has been success
fully used by physicians, and found TO be safe
and sure in eradiceting worms, SO hurtfnl to
children.
|, Children having Worms require immediate at
tention, neglect of the trouble often pro-
longed sickness.
Symptoms of Worms in children are often over
looked. Worms in the stomach and bowels cause
Irritation, which can be removed only by the use
of sure remedy. The combination Of In gredi-
ents used in making Browns .'V.rmifuge COM
ts is such as to give the best possible effect with
safety,
CURTIS & BROWN, Proprietors, New York.
Sold BY all dealers in medicines, at Is cents per
box. may2ldw1y.-
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
A STAR ON FIRE

~ ~ = <AkN oAV = -
was recently reported by the astronomers. What
of that W ho cares for an orb myriads of miles
away. Meanwhile, the whole country is
I'm A BLAZE
of excitement at the wonderful effect produced
during the past year upon tens of thousands of
HUMAN SPH ERES
by that quencher of fiery hair, that transformer
of gray hair, that swift beautiier of hnir of ev-
cry unpleasant shade of color,
..a Cristadart's Hair Dye,
preparation as harmless as the April rain.
Manufactured by j. J.-CRISTADoR0, 6S Maiden
Lane, New FORK. Sold by all Druggists. APP
piled by all Hair Dressers. eet9dwlm.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15

For all diseases OF the Kidneys, retention o
Urine, &c, Maggers Pills are perfsctoure. One
dose will satisfy any one. - 20 - fros
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15

/ Hills Hair Dye so cents, Black or brown n-i
stantaneuus. Natural, beautiful, durable. The
best and cheapest IN use. Contains as much as
any dollar size. Depot No. 66 John ST., New
York City. Sold by all druggists, patent medi7
cine, fancy goods and perfumery stores every
where. af0t9l -sag veH nov9dwiy.a
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
MERCHANTS INST RANCE co.
HARTFORD, CONN.
Cash Capital, 80 S500,00O
GEO W. CoPP, Agent, Rock Island.

A glance at the eminent services and great pub
lie usefulness of this weli-tried and thoroughly
tested corporation, mny be obtained from a peru.
sal of the following figures of losses paid:
Maine, s26,eS4,s2 Arkansas, So, 2,s39,4S
N, Hampshire l9,9l5,36 Missouri, 44,726,12
Vermont, 32i, ,43 Tennessee, = 5,4S2 90
Massachusetts, "a, ,307, SO Kentucky, :, 38.2oo.7l
Rhode Island, Id. sos, 3 L ohie, 5-3g- 69267,s9
Connecticut, j 90, ,925, so Indiana, 43, ,e46 40
New York; 46s, ,635,53 Illinois, = los, 1889
New Jersey, ; $780, 80 Iowa., - 20,sSO73
Pennsylvania, 81 AT Michigan, 53,2s5O2
Maryland, 3g602, ,95 Wisconsin sc, ,I07, ,s3
DIST. of Columbia 1883 Kansas, s,765,s2
Virginia, 8 ! ~, "a Minnesota, 14,e28.I0
S. Carolina, 20,932,75 Nebraska, : 4, le700
Georgia, 2l,933,75 California, 109,630,24
Florida, 20,46s.42 n Brunswick, a, ,93i,74
Alabama, $3.50 Nova Scotia l4,2S5. .7e
Mississippi POSSESS Canada, - ss,s73,so
Texas, 3,96i,ys - z.t'.' ~ f-@d
sAti Of which have been promptly adjusted ana
w. The man who cmits 20 insure his property
now, must be either negligent, ignorantao aor reck-
less. 81
MH>sCallon the undersigned
GEO. w. COPP, Agent.
Office under Baboack B Hall,
Rock Island.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
: :. a.'.@ :
/ , a-avYE vYERMIFUGE .,zy :, :.
.'ga., CONNECTIONS.

DIR. Holloway, some fifteen years ago,
witnessing the distress oecasioned sickly
children in taking the nauseous vermf-
fuges of that day, resolved to annalyze
them, and from the most effective OF
these remedies succeeded in separating
their active medical properties, pure,
tasteiess and inodorous. Then, by
combining these with sugar, and mold
ing them into an agreeable confection,
formed the present poP ubAR aud EFREc- 81
iruuwp -a...-
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15

sUss Lalfamand's Specific for Rheunatism,
Gout and Neuralgia. 1t effectually destroys, all
poison in the blood, and Performs radical cure.
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
THE LAW or n6HRcx,

IN RELATION TO GREAT SOCIAL EVILSA =
An essay for Young Men ON the Errors, Abus-
es and Diseases incident to Puberty which de-
stroy the manly powers,-with reports on new
and highly successful Remedies. Sent in sealed
letter envelopes free of charge. Address, DR.,
SKILLIN HOUGHT0N, Howard Association,
Philadelphia, Pa. ,ia1H7 sept26dw3m. {
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15

- EVERY BUSINESS MAN D 3
s1lLsA@z a.--sriouED-- . sAansssG
AoVERT162 in THE ARGUS
The evening Argus. [volume] (Rock Island, Ill.) 1861-1871, 1867-10-15
= GALE s. WRIGHT.

= = : = = : = :
Geo. III. GALE. 8. p. W
Daily Davenport Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1864-1874, 1867-08-10
SrNaa.gs ~ Ofs'F.

The Gfze,s o. ycns'd'v morai'e VAe
for a text "bonas ana Taxa"o' "'1
after clipping IN ostrret e ~ "na'" '''
an T1saD ~aortatie organ
"W,tnout s,oppinr - examine the cor
r,rt.sess a. chs OF re hgltes eFr'i' We
.. ,hr .+fent.8n Of ON feaaers 70 q cans
al ,.r,,u at.,a e the iaeis mvoiyei.
Sa4f-ivest.auon commences with a hfst-
IL All end, at.h a hf,hly, and consists Of
an exhaustive eiIari on subject that the
writer has not brains or sense enough 10
compre,end, and hence his ridiculous fail,
ure. Won't the Gazette exhaust itself
again on the following:
Thu interest bearing debt Of the United
S a,es. ace r ling to .he estimates of the
Secretary of the Treasury. approx ate.
50 5la,o0o, 900. The interest upon that
sum, pay able scmi>aSnually, is about sl5o,
o0O-about twice a. much as were the en-
tire expenditures Of the government in
1850. To the intere,, upon THIS debt ~ 10
bc aided the clricnt expenses Of the gem
crat government, Wnieh WIN amount ~
,hou, $500 900, 900 more, making the entire
annual expenses Of the government in the
nei. 10 hood of 500. oD0, 900. To this is
also TO be aided tn, Sta G. county and locaI
expen.es. which will amount to no, less than
$500 90 900 annually, that i, pro'idei tho
Rsaicll. can have thor usual stem n, priv
lie ee-, max ng IN all the enormous sum q
1850. 200. geo. These figures will give some
idea Of the exhaustive drain upon the in>
dustry 81 the country FIR the support Of
the Government in lis various ramIications.
A candid Investigation willn no doubt be rel
ishei by the readers OF the Gszeffe.