The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1867-05-05

hammer and Afterwards submitted TO the action OF
doss squrs out OF the iron nom all sides ana the iron Is
pressed like sponge Iron thus used Is called puddled
IRON, and Is generally much more malleabls and pure
tnan any other kind. When thus prepared iron Is used
Tor the preparation or sheet iron, in which very good
quality Of iron Is always necessary.
rnowadays the roller Is almost exclusively used II
gives Sheet not so well compressed perhaps, but one
more even After the rolling Is necessary 70 annssi
Nowadays when great deal OF iron framework Ia used
the wrought iron used in great many instances may
The exposition OF iron metallurgy from America is
mot yet opened. ] have seen 10 one OF the Belgian
VIDE and three-cuarters Of an inch thick In French
alcove iron beam. shaped like double T. and all In
piece, ninetyhve feet long BY foot and half
wide.
There are also iron plates for ships which arc
~ inches thick iron bars inches In diameter, which
English pudded iron that has been plated cold with FIVE
paits that are very regular and heavy plate for
the beam Of Atlantic engine 1t is "a feet long,
All Of these are magnificent specimens and could not
BE- manufactured cut OF any ether iron but the most
thoroughly wrought and refined Moreover, in making
thsm It was necessary to keep within the bounds to
COST - 70 make the article purchasabe This latter
confederation Is an end 70 bs accomplished in every
Is also OF the best iron that wire is made or
this have se0u some superb samples, others
There 10 also 70 be seen : sheet Of iron . feet
long, feet wido and lis OF . line thick.
ra: 'n:: .Se' S9 ss and rs..:
really samples Of industrial skill. and show what
power man has at his command II he only know how
to direct his intelligence and make use Of It TO overcome
and mould matter TO his will. In the beginning spoke
of the working Of iron by Of blast furnaces
and Of casting, which nowadays made OF 10 i'm
portant In general cast iron is regarded q
bination Of IRON and carbon which is found in IL in
pretty considerable quantities. According as this pro-
portion is greater less the casting Is called black
gray, white spotted The white harder than steel;
the black harder than ordinary Generally cast
cast iron is highly sonorous whereas the black is not
sonorous at ALL Sulphur often found in IT, well
or sss h @ out nsss are
very different proportions nor in any mathematical
ratio as is the with carbon This Is the reason
why MT Frenzy, who devoted his whole life TO
the study Of iron and STEEL said that cast iron Is
specially constituted, that 1t is combination Of iron
and carbon all other compounds being merely accidental
quantity OF sulphur OF scium contained In any cast
ing approaches the proportions of the carbon the casting
becomes OF bad quality, brittle and can little resist
being crushed in. sulpburetted phosphuretted cast
ings however. used for such household utensils
do not require the sodity needed in industrial impe
Speckled cast iron 10 mixture Of the white and grey
aud possesses the qualities of the two, while ut the
time being softer than the white 1t is used IN MANY
objects that require certain amount OF elasticity and
great solidy well, and It is the best for cannon
When cannon Is cast the first part cast is generally
the breech and the chamber which poured from the
top Of the melted mass which Is the most liquid
suffer from the abrasion Of the proiectIss and be-
sides II is more easily bored sin is liable owing to
the peculiar constitution OF the mixture to crystalline
from the rep Gated vibrations and finally TO burst
after being only short time In use.
/ have seen in the American department Of the Ex-
iron, enamelled iron. These samples are very fine.
and show to what great extent comfort IL carried In
Tho trouble in such manufacture .s to mako an enamel
which. while cannot be deprived Of It's polish BY any
OF the liquids likely TO be used In such utensils will be
also expansive with the heat from for the iron
should expand than the coat Of enamel the latter
would chip and scale on and render the uensil useless
This end 3 secured however. BY performing
two successive operations. and BY baking twice.
The nrst enamel ID covered with two coats OF an
aort Of bed between the metal and the outcoat and
pansion and contraction. Some household utensils
made OF wrought iron instead Of cast, but tho cost Is
much greater and American cast iron utensils are noted
the traditional American equality OF all by allowing tho
scantest pockets 70 purchase these utensils which are
cleaner more healthy and cheaper than the copper or
timed iron.
see that were TO undertake to write asons steel
to-day 70 might 60 TOO far; for numerous experiments
have been made for the purpose Of reaching perfection
in the manufacture and manipulation Of that useful
10. o su mide asy are mnrys
One III the peculiar characteristics OF the Exposition
the holiness and almost enthusiasm with which num-
bsress articles continually made out Of see-ar-
tces which require Rreat hardness joined with extreme
elasticity In this branch Of business especially great
Tho Department or CIotbin9-Class Twenty
seven-CottoR Yarn and Tissues-Fabrics Of
England. France and America.
TUESDAY, April 16, 1857.
Tho fourth group at the Exposition Uniyersee Of the
Champ de Mars comprehsnds clothing. superficial
observer scarcely notices the fact he over the
general catalogue but whom he Is roaming about the
large building pcrceives that there apparently
end to the included in the groups for they cover
large portion Of the edince and form thirteen distinct
classes II peems almost Incredible that should
quire so much the covering Of his body and that his
wants should have given rise to so many different
branches OF industry. and jester would smngly OBJ
serve that clothing has made immense progress since
the days OF Paradise earth.
The folio wing headings to the different classes will
help your readers other conclusions and DO useful as
programme to a series OF letters the very instruc
tive and interesting department which has fallen under
my study for the bcnent OF your paper:
and tissues Class 70. Ccmbed wool and wooen yarn
Class 90 Carded wool Cau 81. silk tis~uea Class g.
shs.ls Class ~ Lscss , ~ c xos smp ,o,h a.
Glass So Jewcry Class 81. weapons. Glass 81. Trnv-
eliug articles Class 80 Divers articles for use and
ornament
On looking round moderately sized room there is
not single object which does not como under one or
another Of the above headings consequently all descrp
ton would bs impossible II method were not followed in
the analysis Of each peculiar product; and the task
would DO herculean without system II the different pro-
ducts or every 10 be compared with those OF
ali the nations OF the world Az far ms this II possible
however h shall be achieved; only where hbre 10 pc
culiar To- foreign soi We must not hope 70 compare i
advantageousy with the hbrc Of soil which cannot
give the Same product In the same conditions.
sIndustry apart from nature our object The taste
Of dollhouse grapes cannot be the same q that OF
the uxurant purple clusters which gathered from
the heavy vine under . southern sum but hothouse
grapes are finer the eye than the Wild though moro
luscious fruit Of the South Thus II with individual
eort 1. conQusrs obstacles and supplies all but nature
Il ID the power Of will which subdues matter
SCUM cotton II made into white and colored sewing
cotton and b used for embroidery, hosiery and gimp
rhe finest specimens Of the kind In the EugIsh section
sre from Paisley and Huddersneld remarkable con-
strucsion 10 this department Prince Aberts monu-
ment bult up with spocls Of cotton Of al coors
: miniature temple . psrfec. reduction Of the gothic
sAos rassd By ths Queen In memory Of her departed
husband
IN the French sscslsa ths finest specimens Of cotton
tisssss Gro daily married THIS department ccmprensnds
calico twill masin cambria. tarlatan, ofgnnd, and both
worked and brocaded gAuxe muslin AL heavy close