davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Owyhee bullion. [volume] (Silver City, I.T. [Idaho]) 1866-1867, 1867-03-14

The PRIZE FIGnT - he iight between
Rndman and Dryer on Monday last, at Boise
City, resulted in favor Of the latter The
sponge was "thrown up by Redman's Sc.
cond after the fourth round. Both parties
says an eye witness, were. marked a LITTLE
Dryer was thrown the first round hut he
succeeded in Furnishing his opponent about
the ribs SO severely as to secure the result in
his favor, after Ills fourth effrrt. s'nn,
have supposed the whole affair throw of Z
Our informant h,uks not.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25

The thermometer has kept below zero pretty
steadily in Northern Michigan during the past fortnight
The Eighth-ave. car platforms were infested
by thieves from midnight 10 o'clock this morning, and
many passCugers were robbed OF their wallets and
watches The old trick OF crowding the platforms was
the means Among the sufferers Dr. Wickes OF New
ark our informant
James Roper the largest landhOlder and the
wcalthiest man IN Jefferson County, VA Is dead. Roper
cOlOTed man. the natural son Of an eccentric En-
gishan, who beQueathed the most ~ his property 10
the recently deceased who added greatly TO his patrno
NAL estate. Roper had great facility for acquiring
property, and mania for adding 70 his largo landed es
tate Every year two he would purchase farm, for
which he would often pay much Sl0 per acre. when
dollars dollars. lie quiet, inOnensive man,
and generally esteemed He never voted, served on iu-
ries attempted 10 exercise rights denied by the laws
A correspondent writes from Southern Illinois:
"The drOuth, which commenced hero last June, sull
continues The effect has been 10 cut short the wheat
crop about Onehrd the hay crop oneha while OF corn
there Is not third Of good crop All tho wheat Tor the
next harvest has been very late as the ground Waa
too dry for the pow much came mp badly, while IN many
Instances a slight shower would bring the wheai up only
20 perish from the effects Of the drouth. NOthmglke the
usual uumberOf have been sown, ana the spluI
must be uuubaliy favorable or tho crop "i DO B' u'A
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25

DIED.

cRtssFy Rland Kalamazoo County Michigan THURSDAY
Dee NJ amer Illness Theodore Cssey native
ers Canaan Conn aged s. years, months and " days
cALKINSOn TUESDAY Dee TO- long and Illness Mrs
Kate Ckns death occurred a. the residence OF her lues
Stafford Fulton County y. Y. 80.
She wi, buried IN tue village cemetery the llth inst
prNEA Yokye on Monlsy Dee % Ann ~, wife Of William C.
Dunu. daughter Of the late Wesley Budd.
The relatives Of the family invited 20 attend the funeral
from her residence Eighty ninth a. and Fssaye' on Thursday
atll o'clock a.
DoAYR-A jamaica L. l. Monday Dec a. PslO Dane 'gsd 80
pee % AZ o'clock from the Presbyterian Church Cars leave
Hunters Point al % returning leave Jamaica att O'Clock
SALKFLD-On MONDAY % Mrs Mary ~ Salked formerly or
Philaislphiil. u the 18th year OF her age. .
Her friends and II her sonnaS John O. Lgthody and grand
,op Lewis Leb respectfully invited 10 attend her funeral On
THURSDAY o. Y o'clock from Der late residence, No We"
TBenuethaL
sToNRou undy p Robert Of Dr. John O. stone the
18th year OF bis 49,,
ON WEDNESDAY 10 O'Clock a. No q NeSt TSsny
thirdst
wiLRY-on Monday Dec % Thomas Wiley In his 9d
The rs the family and Of bis sons John ard Thomas
invited attend bic funeral from No tO Bankst on
ThurIdsy, Dec. 20 - o'clock
YATES-Ou Sabbath morning her late resienee Peasane j.
ElIabeth Jane Yates in the ia year Of her age
Her remains will be brought Jersey C "Wednesday morning. Dec
on the 94O for nement in Green"ood Car
rges will readiness tho foot Of CouTandts to convey She
friends Ia thr cemetery
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25

The statue of Edward Everett in Boston is to
be faced east for better cnect.
The Union Club of Boston has unanimously
elected Richard II. Dana. jr. It's President.
Cant. Horace II. Watson, an officer IN the war
NJ si3 and member OF the NewEngland association OF
soldiers OF that war died at Chelsea Mass on Saturday
A bank which was being undermined at an ore
he'd al South shafsbury. W. cayed In Thursday falling
abont 40 feet and buryng number OF men and horses
Al ast accounts three dead bodies had been taken out
The inside dome over the Representatives.
Hall i'm the Indiana state House fell, on the I'D inst.
with loud noise making general wreck Of the desks
and furniture in the hall The entire building IS old and
this accident indicates general insecurity
Robert S. Prnge, one of the Registers of tho
XXIId Senatorial District Of Georgia, Was candidate
before the Reconstruction Convention for Sergeantat
Arms but defeated by negro lie took the matter
80 much heart and 20 tainted by IT'S neighDOrs
that he committed suicide.
The messenger of the Adams Express Com
pany at Paducah while coming Off steamboat 90 night
recently with packages OF money amounting TO nearly
$4,000 was attaC ked by two ruaus He dragged for
distance but when first assaed had tho prudence
drop his treasure. when tho robbers came TO search
him they found nothing. and decamped Under cover or
the assault tho messenger ut decided 10 se tue
money himself An agent OF the Company went TO IN
yestgae the matter lie watched the messenger for ten
days and obtained facts that excited his suspicious The
messenger was accused OF the theft made ful cOfes-
sion, restored all tho money except ltiie over sD,
which he says he thinks, IN moment OF ONceleht, ho
threw uyerbOa I'd, and no IL now in jail ~ Hdduceh
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25
PERSONAL.

MIS- Gen. Sterling Price has recently received
40 o0O insurance upon the life OF her husband in Con
uectIcut Life Insurance Company.
Prof. Silas Metcalf, for many years the Prin-
cpal of Kiuderhoo Academy, died at his residence IN
Deposit. Delaware County, recently.
Conrad Ray died in Brookfeld, Waukesha
County WIS., The 9th inst aged los years and 5mOnths
He was born in Columbia County n. y.
Stcnographc reporters in Boston make 1t
r,ctce o steal new plays from the lips of the actors
manager requests Information OF the robbers from the
audience.
Maior-Gcn. Darius n Couch, late of Taunton,
has established his residence In Mercer County, virginia
where be has purchased ands WIN the intention oi oe
yoting himself to agricultural pursuits.
John A. Rocbling of Trenton, n. j., the builder
Of the famous suspension bridge over the NIAGARA ana
that across the ONO az O'atl hs ius s "a oo
farming Iowa where he has nice lttle aIm VI 2SVV
acres
Gen. Hancock is now welcomed at operas In
orleans by Hail Columbia" from secession bands
ia, SriJ.gGeld AsUbcI observes that when sheridan
was there 10 the other way; twas lie that gave the
Rebels Hail Columbia"
Erwin If. johnson, the pioneer settler OF
Wiuoua Mimi died there recently. lie landed tlero ~
a. MI ~ ian with provisions lumber FOR shanty ana
with an OK aud he staked OUT eaiIn lnc,us
hnlfmo square upon the high lana a. tue east part VI
the present city
Mrs Susan II. Thorn Of Carlisle, Pa, who
dicd few days ago, left viii, IN which she mahes
specific requests 90 various religious ana oU
beoloccal Seminary aud the Theological Seminary al
Getty sburg each receive $500.
A Springfield Yankee has invented power
ice or street carriage" which resembles double seg
has seats live. and is propelled by machinery ~olHea
bv the driver on tho front seat IL viii run backward or
forward with persons can go shauhS ana Keep "oh
wrapped up i'm buffalo robes ana aIghahh'
When rant went to Washington TO receive ms
appointment Lieutenant General he stated 10 Mr l
coin his PLAN which was to occupy WIZ ic o o sb .o
man DESTROYED the COnfeoerucy. MT Lincoln Iepuou'
u see you will hold the iegs' while shermah '""'
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25

At Meeting Of Tie UNION REPUBLICAN 9fNshAb GVA
MfTTBR f On Monday evening Dec % 1871 tie ioosi-s esoat"s
adopted ....,.. ,-,,,... -. d
s,ls That . several Assembly District Union Republican hssS
headquarters On fhlAi
Dec r. 1891 elect officers Of said Associations os ~
Committed Delegates 10 the Gene w
the ensuing year. ,-.,r.h.st A, Tn.
Notice % the time and place OF said meetings sha De
New York Tribune days prior 70 sad election IIe F0 " 10 Wv
from % O'Clock D m
The President Association bis abeuce the nropr ohss
thereof shall appon three inspectors Of eec1 Who togue WIN
President and Secretaries shall certify the celess Of TIE onoe' anu
delegates elected -.
ME General Committee elected shall headquarters eorleS
aud Broadway THURSDAY Jan 3 1905 al
o,cock CHARLES S SPENCER. Chairman.
ROBERT L. DAkRAGH, NiceChirnan
wN DaUNNoNp Secretaries
) 3 NN~-~
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25
MARRIED.

-YoUNGLOvR-Ou Saturday Dee a. at the redsnee o.
Colonel Goddard Mouose NewJerey Major willard Ahoos Of
Rochester r. % A Caroline F. loungoye OF Cleveland "
wenesd,y Dec a. at the re,denee OF
Fbset Wces esl the Rev Thomas PunHe Wilbur r. Corss
70 Miss JuliA Parmelee. al Of New York No cards
OUTWATER-In this city MONDAY Dec % Tho Rev
FreecE Brown H. Fisher Of Harlem TO Hiss Katie Oui
water Of Newark, n J. No cards
MAsOy-KNOX-Ou Monday Dec o. At the Middle Dutch Church
I.fve,pe. hv the Rev j. H. W. KnoI D. d. OF Germantown
Pa DR. Ekne and Cshane NJ knoI daughter Of the A
Rev John Knox d. d., both Of this city
PARKINSON RERTINROn Monday Dec o. st the residence Of tbe
e arnts by the Me Samuel Parkinson TO Sarah
G.. Berthe all Of this city
ARDs-On TUESDAY Dec a. by The Rev Henry Ward
Be.cher William \ Mari Richards both OF ihI cJ
Utei. n Y and DoyestoWn, Pa papers please copy
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25
su,rial anutitts.

The long the short of Is that when short OF rAbo@S
NIGHT BLOOMING cRREUs you loug orit
Thirteenth Assembly District Union Republican AssgT
pursuance of cali Of the Central Committee ~
he Primary Election held No. zoe Eighth on IhOhSDN
EVENING Dee %. Polls open from to Rr-IL President
Gko NJ MrrCltErL, Secretary.
Ninth Assembly Di-trict Union Kepubnean 1850
annual election for plcrrs 9i VIC
delegates the Central Committee wiz be eo NJ 5s Pos open nom
Abingion-s square Ga THURSDAY kVhNsbTN"' Nv
9oeoe' ~ 'rl'f u1HsIa WEIasr KIRBY sser...r..
W. a. CARPENTER,
eycalctn, Assembly District GTen ,i Paa RsSesa
Aocihion'- .ne this Association VII pc Gsl ~ sG7
hHc commute snyut6.st Hall, on lHUksDh ~
December 70 " c D,lerate General Committee TOR inc
ccnu'e .oIlA al open from 70 O'clock p m ,.opn ptt
,.- DOME Secretary.
hohtH' - ,.am0ly District Union Republican Assoc
Eighlec ',ssnce u call Of the General tonnts 1 &c
an THURSDAY EVENING December 20 az he1uqua
70 d, cSa% See, Polls 'P'a no" Pullman President
,io, Nepubliean General COMMITTEE, meeting %
held NJ heafquarss oornef U 1'
nro.iaay Son Monday evening" Dec TO- ioo'' 'He "S " ~
@g9sy Tb ,h uuon Republican Assembly District Ae5aaops
tsrsby directed % their gespecI'e
- Committee fr 1859 snd sacb number o. officers OF
hah t nt,ict Associations elected FOR the year 6J
% time ,rd paee holding ad eeous ahA DC Puofsned n AZ
At ast tmo daily papers and uRe thus Gay siger
80 liz election will not he deemed Talnl
o. . elected shall certified 10 By three Inspectors TO be ap
- ~ p.5ept OF the District ASSOCIATION Who also together
Association. shall cStty 70 The Tbs
sas shall DO open nom y to o'clock y n; - -. -
- fTvSst tlirst Boady, the SECOND THURSDAY Ia
'N'S''' THOMAS MURPHY President
Qan II. Hist s,aet,He.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25
NAVY GAZETTE.

IN, e,iio-inE omcer' have been
,.i.pbsI FROM The u; :. ''esper
a J, .,,,,b,l,' on waiting orderii
! .sat p. II. Harrington fasSns
lt'' 4 LIONS, A. u. Carer. bgS'rd
a, a; ;. :" j. v. Hemphill, j.. 5.
n ,shsrds second Assistant Hug. % y
q { J. lI,bises,. AL Cs'g'ni'' A w.
TAOmN
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25
ARMY GAZETTE

p ,,,io,, n Mu. svr,e,or Ia. been appointed Ife,' Tres.
Co., Coop,i kd In. IuIer and Secretary u 'Ae s"
f,rt,v appolbtsd Home. -
the Soldiers ltms, bis MAJOR w. isrrd " report
olNei $50 AZ m Ia Ce, Van Yhei. ptphy S'''''
9enk I,t m ~, du,s, .,lm..tsr General at baln"''
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25

Parlor Library Curtains @ ~ Presents satin Daask
Silk and French Wool Terry Curs mal 70
order Rc French Tapestry Table Piano Govern Embroidered Cloth
Piano and Table Cover; Crochet Tides received from Pans
Linen Table Damas the beautiful yet offered Damask Napkins
10 match-u0st acceptable gtft 20 Ladies
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25

"a Good Sewing Machine ghens the labor and promotes
the health happiness For family Grover
Bakers best and therefore Tor Holiday present the most DEAR
able salesroom No. 495 Broadway.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25
THE WEATHER.


Nsv.YoRK Hoar Their Bar Writ HonrThsr Bar W1sd
Dee pa 20 3D3l s. ". 24-6 5to 81 20 W.
y 80 9ln SSw 9 80 @@ ~
s43 JiT Ss.W 80 302 5. W.
RzslRKAf23 No. 10 y eiearl Path The thermometer
hug D. m Mor1ng- clear, ha overcast Afternoon
overcast Erenuoveresst r. Position le Pauett
new moon % Christmas bay; and two DAYS s- fiN
Dec viii be the principal evening siaT
lhe planet Yeuui, in the $ w.
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25

The following Dsped Midshirmen
Of the united states Nav have
been ordered 10 orinsnee duty Fred
eheh W. Croker. John G. fole o
Hsnry w. LYON, and Charles
sperry At the Boston Ntrf-1Ha
Vim. n. Parker, ~ the NAg l -
al Wsshingt,sa; u. 5. Day Geo v I.
Cos,ar. add Rufus Wsirfm'A' y
the New York hsFtAtrii IS
Nsiksr, Al i'vIt.olu.b, Z il
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25
CAMBRIDGE CATTLE MARKBT-Dsc. "A.


Ce-Recp 7l3 bead; market quiet aud demand yh sses
Err SJdsl3 90. First quality, Sll OGSl2 500 second quality
4l0a tiri qualify 80 Sheep aud LambsReccpts 3o4
head unchanged sh EXCEPTIONS sales z 9lc 10
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25

Po.t-Opce Nouce-Ihe mail, ter tie United SgrSn 30. the
Va aud bremen steamer UNION, will eoss
. e on THURSDAY Ne 26 da Of December at IL m ani At
"o Iuu loys Nations aud y. II ~ m stations
w. "''' JAMkS kLLLH. q "A
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25

The market r Beef this week dull but the prices o last
week were kent up offerings and sales amounted % ZOO head az
from No. gross for far 10 good cattle, and from yiGi0
for prime stock
tendency sold at from 4d3f Z H. Is 20 condition
IossIhs market and rather loser
reached head al from 50G 10 % y 100 b net
change this market 2O had we're sold
Al fom 0a so Tor spnaser 800 o aud cat
New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924, 1867-12-25
The Seusatlon Toys Of The season.
SPRING CUP AND BALL TOY,
AKD
SPRING cur AND SHOOTING.BALL Tor

Patented December 1891
s o attractive desirable and cheapest Tors the market, ar
interesting and pleasing children young people either use
female.
Two or more may play With either Toy -.
Liberal the trade Agents waited IN every cry nh IoNH
Send Cor illustrated circular Quincy Co. Manuhc.aIets
No 81 Court Apdt. 81 PostOlee Boz No ti8 NeN-lorL
Daily Ohio statesman. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1855-1870, 1867-12-13

away with themselves? 1t is difficult
70 construct any other theory on which to
rest so anomalous and mortifyipg a state
OF things. After Mason and Webster,
DAVIS and Choate, why Sumner and VIII
son, boutwell, and Butler? Conceding pc
cuilar abilities to each-and every living
man has no choice but to take up with his
what possible service are
tney at the present time? With the careful
framing they have willingly subjected
themselves to, other men, of much Inferior
powers, might have become as obstinate
agltatOrs and canting consDirators as they;
out the men are rare and hard to be met
WITH who possess the high qualities and
powers required to cope with questions
which the present delegation in Congress
instant.
>, Massachusetts, of all other States of the
Onion' needs to put forth full blown states
uleh and patriots now. She should have
zone with all the little games CT party SUI
premacy, and personal or local advantage,
ana snow an example of actual character
LOT every other State to follow. 1t is her
pride that she furnished the first blood in
the war for Independence, and again in
the war 1or the Union but she was careful
TO accompany the gift OF that prolific seed
10 the continent, in the former case. with
the other gilt of high, and pure, and pat
rlotlc minds, whose ardor was fed with
the Oil OF wisdom and experience in the
latter case, her martyrs lie buried with
no inspired voices to impress on the cOun-
try the simple lesson they freely died to
teach. Instead of tba' lesson the popular
ear is dulled with repetitions of the selfish
assumption that they gave their lives to
set the blacks of ten States above twice
their number of whites, to subvert the
spirit and purpose of the Constitution. to
establish Freedmen's Bureaus and military
satrapies, and to set up educational insti-
tutions and supply land and transportation
for slaves who became emancipated by the
course of war. What a wretched conclu-
sion to such vast sacrifice of human life,
and the expenditure of such a mountain OF
treasure!
Daily Ohio statesman. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1855-1870, 1867-12-13
DEMOCRATIC STATE CONVENTION

DEM. STATE CENTRAL COMMITTEE RooMs,l
COLUMBUS, Dec. 4th, 1867.
To the Democracy of Ohio:
A State Convention of the Democracy of
Ohio will be held at
Columbus, ON Wednesday, the Sth
Day of January, Next,
To appoint four Senatorial Delegates to the
National Convention to nominate candi-
dates for President and Vice President of
Fhe United States; to nominate two Sena-
7orial Electors of President and Vice Pres
ident, and to nominate candidates for the
following State offices, viz:
Secretary of State;
One Supreme Judge;
Commissioner of Common Schools.
Clerk of the Supreme Court.
One Member of the Board of Public Works
The ratio of representation will be as
/ follows: One delegate for each county; an
, additional delegate for every 500 votes cast
tor ALLEN G. THURMAN for Governor at the
last election, and an additional delegate fol
every fraction of $50 or more votes SO cast
This ratio gives to the counties respect.
lively the following number of delegates
Daily Ohio statesman. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1855-1870, 1867-12-13

A MOST fearful railroad accident trans
pired on Wednesday at Harlow Briuge,
near Northtield, on the Vermont Central
railroad. The bridge was burned on Sum
day morning, and during the week about
one hundred men were engaged in rearing
trestle-work for temporary use. Most OF
the employees, having dined that day at
Mortified, were returning to work, about
one and a half miles from that town, in a
passenger car, which, being backed up t.
the works, by some inconceiyable forget
fulness of the engineer, proceeded with
them at rapid rate, and did not check its
speed until too late. The whole car, with
its freight of seventy to one hundred men.
was backed off the abutment into the riv-
er below, distance of sixty feet, the ten
der to the engine following. Fifteen men
were killed instantly, three or four have
since died. and more than as many others
were injured-many seriously; some it is
feared fatally. Another account says the
center car struck the brink of the precipica
and broke into three pieces, the roof slid
ing forward and half of the body falling
seventy feet to the river below. About
twenty-five men were spilled out in a pile
on shelving rock, twenty-five feet below
the track, the rear half of the car falling
upon them, and the tender upon that. 1t
was there most of the fatalities occurred
The tender remained on the shelf. About
ten persons saved themselves by jumping
from the car before reaching the brink, fif-
teen were instantly killed, and four more
died soon after. There are others who can
not survive. Scarcely any escaped serious
injury.
Daily Ohio statesman. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1855-1870, 1867-12-13
The Massachusetts Delegation.

no ON1hSSaChhAStlu0 ABeleSSnuIOns
The Boston Post draws the following
faithful picture OF the Massachusetts, Dele
cation in Congress:
Taken as a whole, and considering the
many professions which it has made for
itself ard which have been made in its be-
half, the delegation in Congress from this
State is failure in point of ability and
character both. Massachusetts has tradi-
tionally made her boasts, and not without
good reason, of the superior quality of her
political representation in the National
Legislature in the past; but boasting in
these later times has become a ptiful
mOckery. There were no such crises
as the present to call forth the
natural powers of Mason, a Da-
Wis, Choate, an Otis, and an Ad-
must take up with the narrow conceit and
contemplate partisanship of Sumner,
Wilson, and Boutwell,. In point OF gen.
uine ability, Mr.. Dawes no doubt stands at
the head of our delegation; but that is a
small contribution to his credit, when the
delegation itself is notoriously so inferior
BY dint of iteration. people have had the
notion in certain degree worn into their
minds, as the persistent dropping of water
will finally wear cavity in the rock, that
there has never been manifested such re-
markable qualities in the history of our
politics as the three last named men
have to show. In very different sense
from the one intended by these self
eulogists and their supporters, this is
doubtless true; but interpreted for
wards instead of backwards, it is a
delusion that would be supremely ridicu-
lous IT it were practically harmless. The
questions of former days were trifiing in
comparison with these, yet men of larger
mould and superior powers were summon
ed forth to grapple with them. As Burke
remarks in his Letter and Regicide Peace,
In com pairing Pitts administration in re-
spect of France with Walpole's in respect
OF Spain, nearly sixty years betore-'.The
events OF that era seemed then of magni-
tude, which the revolutions of our time
nave reduced to parochial Importance; :;
and the debates which then shook the ma
tlon now appear of no higher moment than
a discussion in vestry."
Yet Tor the grand events and the impos-
ing issues we present only small men. Is
there any moral reason to restrain us from
dolng 6etter-from doing the very best we
can! Or has nature interposed a new stat
ute, in reversal of all the ancient rules, that
requires the matching of great public ex-
igency with the piddling cOnceits, the per-
sonal vanities, and the tortuous partisan
trlcKery of men who cannot comprehend
the situation of affairs? Has Nature re-
solved on enjoying her revenge tor having
given US great and strong minds whose
counsels are held in derision, by affecting
us In our extremity with group of public
agents whose largest stretch of thought
only takes in the notion that they
are the State, that public office is
a property for them to hold in per-
petuity, and that all will finally pass