davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Democratic advocate., 1866-07-12
Bargains! Bargains!

n TJ. i. REIFSNIDER's.--4 --4OcO yds. Calico,
- $500 yds. assorted latest styles Ladies Dress
Goods, 5000 yds. Mems Ware, 5000 yds Domes-
tics, with a full assortment of everything sold
out Of large and well regulated Store. The
above stock was bought before the late advance.
Inducements offered June 7.
The Democratic advocate., 1866-07-12

"What are you doing there, Jane ?"
"Why, pa, I'm going to dye my dolls
pinafore red"
"But what have you got to dye it'"
"Beer."
"Who on earth told you that beer
would dye red.
"Why, ma said it was beer made your
lose SO red, that / thought"
"Here, Susan, take this child"
The Democratic advocate., 1866-07-12
Ladies' Fancy Goods,
At MRS. SllRINER'S
Bonnet and Fancy Store.

GLOVES, ali kinds Vcils, Of every dcacrip-
tion. Collars and Cuffs, latest styles. llandker-
chiefs, all kinds, Hosiery, all kinds, Pnrasols
and Sun Shades, Gorscts and Hoop skirts, La
dies Satchels aud Travelling Bags Sewing and
Fancy Baskets, Portmonie's aud Pocket books,
Hair aud Tooth Brushes, Combs, all kinds,
Dolls and Doll Heads Gum Diapers, Fancy
Soaps aud Perfumery, Albums, Chldrcns Car
riages and an endless variety Of goods for La
dies and Children at the
aplJ LADIES' STORE
The Democratic advocate., 1866-07-12
UuN e. Fu11rIf. D.. NANNiN'
FRlzELL & MANNING,
e r OK Z r s,

WILL buy and sell United Smtcs' and other
public Securities.
win buy Negotiable Paper, Bonds and Jndg-
ments, aud ada ancc money on Collections.
Win pay three per cent. for bcpotiics ip be
secured by Government Bonds, and redeemed
nt ten days notice.
Onlcc opened at No. Carroll Hall after the
lst. day Of April next until our new Office IL
prepared. marl5.u.
The Democratic advocate., 1866-07-12
Ladies Dress Goods

For sale at the old prices, before the war;
new and beautiful patterns.
may "a, J, L. Rcifsnider.
The Democratic advocate., 1866-07-12

When will takers refrain from evil
pcakingP When listeners refrain from
vii hearing.
The Democratic advocate., 1866-07-12
CnmnfrY PrOduce.

COUNTRY PRODUCE always taken in
I ] exchange for goods, for which the
highest market price will be allowed.
June !. i. X. Gernnnd
The Democratic advocate., 1866-07-12

VXTHERE he may be found at all times
w when not professionally engaged at
the following points:
Union Bridge.-1st Wednesday of every
month, h,--remaining until Saturday.
Ne,D Windsor. r.-2nd Wednesday of every
month, remaining until Saturday.
Uniontoion Wednesday every month,
remaining until Friday evening.
Tdpeytopn--3d Friday every month, re
naming until the Wednesday following.
The full trial of the above process at my
Office during last week, have the pleasure
of announcing was perfectly successful, as
can be attested by number of certificates
left in my hands-and have therefore re-
solved to continue the use oft in my practice.
CHAS BILLINGSLEA.
dec7-1y. ap19
The Democratic advocate., 1866-07-12

The Right Man in the Right Pl|
"A husband at home in tie eycnir
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27

For any other length of time, in accordance
With the above rates, which apply only to reg
alar advertising.
Business Cards of 5 lines or less, IS year
For Legal and transient advertisements, 81
per square for the first insertion, and so cents
per square for each subsequent insertion.
Special Notices will be charged so per cent
extra; and editorial Advertisements and per-
soDal Communications, double price.
Ten lines of solid Brewer make one square.
All fractions of half o square and over, are
counted as full square.
Advertisements requiring to be certified to,
will be charged the cost of certifying, in addi-
isn to the regular rates.
Transient Advertisements must be paid for
Invariably in advance.
u JOB WORK of all kinds done on short
nstice. as low as the times will admit. All
Job Work must be paid for when taken from
the Office.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
REAPERS, MOWERS,
AND THRESHERS!

FARMERS are hereby informed that the
Il undersigned is still Agent for the sale of
McCormick's Reaping and Moving Machines,
which he will procure at short notice. They
are manufacturing their celebrated Self Raking
Reaper and Mower combined; and also two
wheeled Mower, with Flexible Cutter Bar, Lee
yer for raising to any cut, and new arrangement
for fitting the cutting edge to any angle in
moving close over rough ground.
will also attend to procuring Threshers and
all other kinds of Machinery that may be ,re-
quired. Having been long engaged in this
business, and being acquainted with all kinds
of Machinery, those in want of any such arti
cles would do well to call on me.
JOHN Ii. UTT.
White Cloud, April 5, ls66-tf.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
1866.

A VOICE FROM THE FAR WEST
Speaking of "CosTAR's" Rat, Roach, Ant, &c,
observation-disclosures grain and provisions are
destroyed annually in Grant County by vermin
than would pay fol tons of this Rat ard lnsee
Killer."-Lancasfcr WIS Herald.
u See "CDstars" advertisement above.
u Sold in White Cloud, Kansas.
u By
and ali Druggists and Dealers.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27

HOUSEKEEPERS troubled with vormin
need be SO no longer, if they use CosTAR's -
Exterminator. We have used IL to our salts
faction; ard if box cost S., we would have
it. We have tried poisops, but they effected
nothing; but "Costar's" article knocks the
breath out of Bats, Mice. Reaches, Ants. and
Bed Bugs, quicker than we can write it. 1t is
in great demand all over the country.-lMedin0
(OhiO) Gazette.
IL See "COsrAR's" advertisement above.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
PLEASANT WORDS FROM our
CONTEMPORARIES


The following complimentary expressions
are selected from numerous notices of the re-
cent Improvements in the EVENING Posr:
"The" Evening Post of New York City
where else for this paper has the proud cog
nomen Of "The" Evening Posts one of the
NEST ably edited. racy and high toned papers in
the country. We heartily bear witness to the
ability, character and culture displayed in its
management-Chieo9o Post.
Though in its sixty sixth year, the Evening
Post has all the freshness and yigor of its more
youthful competitors. Mr. Bryant's writings
have always been its principal charm, and it is
gratifying to know that his pen is still as active
as ever.-Ameriean A2ricuhurist.
The Evening Post is an honor to American
journalism. Having definite convictions, and
broad, comprehensive political creed, it is not
so much the organ of any party as il is the ed
ucator Of statesmen. Dgnifed, direct, and
forcible in style, its editorials are frequently
models oflinguistic purity and elegance. With
its political philosophy is allied practical COM
prehension, which has secured for the Post
confidence sparingly reposed in journals of a
more impetuous or more servile temper. We
are glad that paper so deserving of apprecia-
ton as the Post, receives it with ever augment
ing Observation-Disclosures IntelEgeneer.
The uniform candor, admitted ability, and
general tone of culture which characterize the
editorials of the Evening Post, render it a ia.
vorite with very many ers.-Sandusky
Register.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
LATEST FASHIONS DEMAND
J. W. BradIey's Celebrated Patent
DUPLEX ELLIPTIC
COR DOUBLE SPRING)
- * L z "

1--WE wonderful hexibiIiiy and great con-
I fort aud pleasure to any lady wearing the
I Duplex Elliptic Skirt, viii be experienced par
| t;cularly in all crowded Assemblies, Operas.
Carriages, Railroad Cars, Church Pews, Arm
Chairs. for Promenade and House Dress, as
the Skirt can be folded when in use to occupy
small space as easily and conveniently as
silk or muslin dress, an invaluable quality in
crinoline, not found in any Single Spring Skirt
lady having enjoyed the pleasure, comfort,
and great convenience of wearing the Duplex
Elliptic Steel Spring Skirt for u single day.
will never afterwards willingly dispense with
their use. For Children, Misses and Young
Ladies, they are superior to all Others
They will not bend or break like the SINGLE
Spring, but will preserve their perfect and
graceful shape when three or four ordinary
Skirts will have been thrown aside as useless
The Hoops are covered with double and twist.
ed thread, and the bottom rods are not eply
double springs, but twice Tor double) covered:
preventing them from wearing out when drag
ging down stoops, stairs, &C.
The Duplex Elliptic is a great farorite with
all ladies, and is universally recommended bv
the Fashion Magazines as the STANDARD
SKIRT OF THE FASHIONABLE WORLD.
To enjoy the following inestimable acvantaS
ges in crinoline, viz: superior quality, perfect
manufacture, stylish shape and finish, fiexibii.
ity, durability, comfort and economy, inouire
for ]. W: Bradley's Duplex Elliptic, or Double |
Spring Skirt, and be sure you get the genuine !
article.
CAUTlON.-To guard against IMPosI-
TON, be particular to NOTICE that skirts
offered as "DUPLEX'' have the red ink
stamp. viz, 81. w. Bradley,s Duplex Elliptic
Steel Springs" upon the Instantaneous 9th :
ers are genuine. Also Notice that every Hoop
Will admit pin being passed through the cen-
ire, thus revealing the two Tor doublel snr;,1.
braided together therein. which is the secret 81
heir fexibiiity and strength, and a combins-
ion not to be found in any other Skirt
FOR SALE in all Stores where FIRsrli
CLASS Skirts are sold throughout the United i
states and elsewhere. L
Manufactured BY the Sole Owners of IN. &
latent, ie
VESTS. BRADLEY & CARY. r
y Chambers and 79 81 Reade Sts, NY.
Oct. 1S-3m-
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27

"COSTAR'S" RAT EXTERMfNATOR
is simple, safe, and sure-the most perfect
RAT fcation meeting We have ever attended.
Every Rat that can get it, properly prepared,
will eat it, and every one that eats it will die,
generally at some place as distant as possible
from where it was !aken.-Lake Shore mica }
Mirror.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
rNHE MODEL PARLOR MAGAZINE OF
AMERICA.
Demorest's Monthly Magazine

| OoihoA oooS -AoAoilAJ SNSoeeoia>
Combines and presents the most interesting
useful, and attractive array Of popular features
ever offered in Magazine, including
Larger & More Costly Steel Engraving>
than are furnished in any other.
ORIGINAL STORIES AND POEMS by THE MosT
| EMINENT AUTHORS.
New and Valuable Music.
By the most popular composers.
ARCHITECTURE$ MODEL GOTHIC rs,
With diagrams
FINE PORTRAITS Of EMINENT PEasoxs.
THE FASHIONS,
Ta-eyery department of Ladies. and Children
Dress, ppiendidly illustrated with unrivalled
and model FASHION PLATES, and our usual
Full Size Patterns, Braid & Embroidery.
Also, Household Matters and Receipts. with
Jennie June's Talks on Woman's Topics; Par.
is Correspondence, etc., etc., together with a
constant succession of Brilliant Novelties, all
to be finely and ar.istically illustrated, and the
Magazine to be printed on the finest paper, and
in style for binding into handsome volume
for the centre table at the close Of the year.
Yearly, 50, with a set of two beautiful Parlor
Steel Engravings, or Package containing two
Dollars Worth of Extra Full-size Patterns, as
Premium to each subscriber Each addition
al subscriber, when sent in clubs, 50 80; three
copies for 81 so; i've copies for sl2; ten cop
les for S22; with the Premium to each subscri-
Der. Address
w. JENNINGS DEMOREST.
473 Broadway, New York.
Single Copies mailed free on receipt of price,
Back numbers, as specimens, 10 cents.
Splendid Premiums are offered for clubs, con-
sisting Of Gold Pens, Albums. yearly subscrip-
tons to the best Magazines, We6ster's Large
Dictionary; Clothes Wringers; Music Boxes,
Sewing Machines, Pianos, ETC., etc. /
Anybody can easily secure one of the above |
Premiums
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
1866.

RATS versus BIRDS-Whoever engages
in shooting small birds is cruel man; who
ever aids in exterminatiug rats is benefactor.
We should like some one to give us the bene-
ft of their experience in driving out these
pests. We need something besides dogs. cats,
and traps for this business.-iSciersife Ameri
can, ". Y.
II See "CosrAR's" advertisement above.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
.. d. BRUMsAUcH. yv poLLINsKR.
BRUMBAuGH & Dol lNGER,
ATTORNEYS At Law.

MarysvilIe, Marshall County, Kansas,
MILL practice In all the Courts of the
w Second Judicial Districs in Kaasas and
in the Courts of the Second Judicial District
In Nebraska. They win pay particular stten-
them Kansas and Nebraska. Claims collect.
ed on reasonable terms. and proceeds promptly
remitted. ss Oct. 8, '65-6m.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
The Magazines.

We furnish the following publications to our
subscribers at a discount. We append the
prices which single subscribers must pay when
they send direct to the publishers, and the
prices at which we furnish them. Persons who
are not subscribers to the Chief, are not emit
tied to the benefits Of this arrangement through
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
AGENTS.

ALBEIT G. RICHARDSON, Corner of Nassau and
Beekman Streets, New York.
is. WILLIAMS. 81 Chestnut Street, ST. Louis.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
NORTH MISSOURI RAILROAD

NOU ~ NsaOSVOtt siHt6ttSNS
@ zs:s Essss 80 81
CONNECTS with the Hannibal & st. 10
! " r. r. at Macon City, l36 miles East OF
st. Joseph, and forms the
ONLY ALL RAILROAD ROUTE
To St. Louis and ALL POINTS EAST,
NORTH and SOUTH via St. Louis.
Baggage Checked Through, and handled
Free of Charge. Ticket Agents of II. & st.
10. Railroad will not discriminate, and pas
sengers will have to choose their own route.
Fare by this route is the same to New York
Philadelphia, Boston, Baltimore, Cincinnati,
and all points East, as by way of Chicago or
any other route.
Passengers purchasing tickets via the North
Missouri Railroad have this ADVANTAGE
over the Keokuk Packets. They will avoid
$50 miles of River Navigation by Eight, the
unavoidable delays incident to steamboat
navigation, besides the
North No. Railroad Trains Await Delays
on the II. & St. 10. Railroad, making passen-
gers certain connection instead of a possibil-
ity of losing connection with boat at Hannibal
and Quincy with trains. In case of either,
passengers
WILL MAKE QUICKER TIME
via of the North Missouri Railroad than by
any other route. Another advantage is, that
we make certain connections with the Ohio
& Mississippi, Atlantic & Great Western, st.
Louis & Terra Haute, aud st. Louis & Chicago
Railroad, the FINEST and most superbiy
equipped Roads in the West.
Passengers have the right to choose, in con-
gection with the North Missouri Railroad, any
of the above named Roads-FARE THE
SAME.
Tickets can be had at the Ticket Offices of
the Hannibal & st. Joseph Railroad in St. Jo-
seph.
Ask for tickets by way of the North Nilsson.
ri Railroad, and see that your baggage is
CHECKED THROUGH.
ISAAC H. STURGEON,
Pres't and GenI Sup't, St. Louis, Mo.
II. II. WHEELER,
Gen'l Ticket Agent.
L. NJ. DUNN,
General Western Agent.
p. III. EARLY,
Agent, st. Joseph.
March l, 1866.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
The Black Diamond Varnish,


Ornamental Iron Work. Machinery
Agricultural Implements, Wag.
ons, Furnaces, Tools, Steam
Pipes and Boilers,
And for all purposes where a QUICK DRYING
LusrRoUs VARSIsH is required; this is equal to
the best-is more durable, and costs ONLY ONE
QUARTER AS MUCH.
TO GENERAL MERCHANTS. 81
Our Paint and Varnish are sold by the larg-
est dealers in Paints, Oils, Drugs, &C., in near
ly all the principal cities and towns; they find
ready sale everywhere. Send for Circulars
and prices, 10
The Johns & CfOsley Manufacturing Co.,
No 7s William Street, New York.
Orders for Paint or Varnish may be sent
through American Advertising Agency. 3s9
Broadway, New York. Nov. 2, 1865.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
HELMBOLD'S
FLUID EXTRACT OF BUcHu.
Philadelphia Eren;ng Bulletin Editorial.
SEPr. IL, 1868
HELMBOLDeS
GENUINE PREPARATIONS.

His solid and Fluid Extracts embody the fall
strength OF the ingredients of which they are
named. They are left to the inspection of all.
A ready and conclusive test of their properties
will be a comparison of those set forth in the
United States Dispensatory. These remedies
are prepared by H. T. Helmbold, druggist of
sixteen years experience in this city, and We
believe them to be reliable; in fact, we have
never known an article lacking merit to NEE.
with permanent success, and Mr.. Helmbold's
success is certainly prima facie evidence. His
Drug and Chemical Warehouse, in the city of
New York, is not excelled, if equalled, by any
in the country, and we would advise our read
ere, when visiting that city, to give him call,
and judge for themselves.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
KNITTING MACHINES
FOR
FAMILIES AND MANUFACTURERS.
Something New and Invaluable for
Family Use.

We offer the public the simplest, strongest
aid best Knitting Machine in the world.
1t occupies but little space--is portable, and
can be attached to a stand or table; weighs
about 40 pounds.
1t will knit variety of stitches-the break
age of needles is trifing-the cost of needles
is Insignificant; and the most delicate material
can be knit pure and sposless. as the needles
are not oiled.
Orders for Machines may be sent through
the AMKRrcAN ApvrRrIsISG Agency,
3s9 Broadway, N. Y.
Send for Circular-Agents wanted.
DALTON KNITTING MACHINE CO.,
535 Broadway, n. Y.
Sept. q 1865. lflf
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
1866.

INCREASE OF RATS.-The Farmers
Gazette (English) asserts and proves by figures
that one pair of RATS will have a progeny
and descendants no less than 65l ,05O in three
years. Now, unless this immense family can
be kept down, they won!d consume more food
than would sustain $1,000 human beings.
u See "CosTAR's' advertisement above.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
H. N. SEAVER,
NOTARY PUBLIC,
WHITE louD. KANSAS.

TAN be found at all times at the Store of
" Seaver, Jennings & Herrick, ready to
transact any business in his line, such as max
ing and acknowledging Deeds. taking Aida
wits, administering Oaths, etc., with promptness
and correctness jan. 4, &c.
Advertise,
II you wish 10 get rich.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27

POSTMASTERS or others, acting as Club
Agents, who prefer cash discounts instead of
Tree copies, can learn particulars on application.
CLERGEYMEN are supplied by mail with
the Daily at $40; Semi Weekly at 50; or
Weekly 81 so per annum.
kemittances should be made. If possible, by
draft or Postcfice order, payable in New York
Specimen ctpies sent free.
WILLIAM G. BRYANT & CO., Publishers,
Al Nassau Street, New York.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
TERMS TO MAIL SUBSCRIBERS

TERMS TO MAIL SUBSCRIBERS.
Evening Post.-Semi.WeekIy.
One copy, year $500
Two copies, year 700
Five copies or over, for each copy 800
An extra copy will be sent for each club of ten.
Evening Post..Weekly.
Single copy year o. 90
Five copies 9 90
Ten copies, addressed to names of
subscribers 17oo
TMenty copies, addressed to names of
subscribers s4OO
Ten copies to one persons address * On
W Additions may be made to q club, at any
time, at club rates.
An extra copy win be sent for each club of
ten. FT
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
1866.

'osrAR'sv advertisement above.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1866-12-27
1866.

IS" advertisement above.
The daily dispatch. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1884, 1866-11-26
apECrAL NOTICES.

m WORDS OF VITAL rNTEREsT.-will
the thousands who read columns Of frivolous verb.
isgs every day devote ave minutes 10 the perusal
Of q few facts which concern them nearly Oar
text IL Health, and we will put our commentsry
into nutshell. Weakness Is Indirectly the cause
Of all sickness for II nature DO strong enough to
resist the morbid influences which produce illness,
OF course they are powsrless. Seek strength, there
fore; invigorato and regulate the system. When
the quicksilver ranges from eighty to ninesy.s'
degrees In the shade the most athletic are enfee.
bled, and the weak are Frustrated. tits stsuch a
time that such an invigorstor a. HOsTETTER's
STOMACH BITTgRs is urgently needed. What
are the effects Of this vegetable tonic Would
that all who have known its benefits could con-
dense their experience into this paragraph. They
would tell the TO protect their health they
must use this great safeguard against the debiits'
ting influences. They would exhort the weak 70
discard all unmedicated and impure stimulants'
and cling to this wholesome and unfailing tonic
and Alternative az the shipwreeked mariner would
cling TO q raft in Q stormy sea. They would OF
dyspeptic pangs be relieved OF appetite 0,
shattered nerves restrung, dSheadaches cured, OF
disordered functions regulated, Of hypochondria
dissipated. OF miasmatic diseases baied, OF fever
and ague cured, OF liver complaints arrested, OF
heat, privation, and toll dened; Of hope reani.
mated. and cheerfulness restored. such are the
effects Of HoSTETTBR's BITTERs.
no 2e-eod2w
The daily dispatch. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1884, 1866-11-26
rhe Colony OF Poles-Immigration.

rhe Colony Of Poles-Immigration.
nh. colony Of Poles recently settled in
sno.svlysnia are somewhat destitute Of
tie means of livelihood at present, andmust
- remsin until their labor Is rewarded
v;th crops to subsist upon. There are now
.bout thirty Of them, and their number
win be increased to sixty or seventy be-
fore the winter fairly sets in. They must
depend upon the kind aid Of our citizens
for necessary supplies during the winter,
and General TocHxAN, through whose
agency their steps were directed to this
State, is making an effort among our peo-
plo to raise means for this purpose. We
trust his application may meet with he
kindness and sympathy due to strangers
aud exiles who have cast their lot in Vir-
GINA, and who promise to become good
and industrious citizens.
These people are exiled from their ma
tive land for attempting to gain their Free
dom, and are therefore all the more deserv-
ing Of kind feeling and good treatment.
General TocHxAN states that they are the
FIRST corners Of slarge community, number
ing 1000, who viii follow, and whose des-
tiny may be very much controlled by the
opinions of these, their predecessors. In
this view, this little colony deserves to be
fostered and encouraged on the ground Of
policy, irrespective Of the obligations Of
charity and hospitality.
We cannot well hope that strong cur
rent OF immigration will COW towards
our State until II receives direc-
ton and impetus from the accounts
scot back TO Europe BY thcse Who
have cast their iots here. One letter
from such parsons win do moro 70 invite
emigration than al tho Immierssioa soc,etv
documents and all the editorials az ths
newspapers.
Contributions Of Ill klnds-mousy,and
proyisions-will be most acceptable to tbs
exiisd Poles. Major ToculAH win receive
and ftFxard tbem.