The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1866-12-12
e.


and or those which have occurred until The withdrawal
II the from the various garsons IN the city or tho
.seven hills" in according with secret treaty be-
tween France aud the kingdom Of Italy, will be read
with interest in connection the close o. this impor
tant drama in affairs Of Southern Europe.
On tho death OF Pope Gregory XVI, In june 1si6 his
SUCCESSOR Plus TX inaugurated various liberal reforms
which met with the enthusiastic approval Of the people
Sardinia and Tuscany moving at the same time
and union Of the three Powers organized in is47
which partially beraed the press and in degree
gave popular representation. Tuscany was united
with the prncpaity OF Lucca, and the at'er
obtained tho duchy OF Parma after the death
Of Maria Louisa, in accordance with the treaty OF
Vienna In is4S Sicily against the King Of Naples
and declared It's indepennenoe. liberal constitution
vas preferred by King his subjects which was re-
FUSED and in upper Italy the revolution Of Feb
ruary, 1sss, insgaed popular uprising against Aus
Eia, whose commander, Radetzky relinquishing Lom-
hardy fell back on Verona. Charles Albert King Of
ssrdinia leading tho Italian movement, occupied Iom
hardy and bid fair conquer Venice but RHdetzky
came him and established the Austrian rule. On No
vsmber "a, 1s4S the Pope escaped In disguise from
Rome to Gaeta, when the duches were repubcanized
The Of the Ausans In Hungary encouraged the
King Of Sardinia and brief campaign with Radically
n March, ls49, the former routed and the duchics
were restored their original rulers and guarded by
Austrian troops
FRENCH Army OF OCCUPATION.
On April q ls49, the city Of Genoa seized by an
hsurgent mob and after murderous struggle drove out
NE garrison and proclaimed republic. The city was
declared he in state Of sege the day, and
General Marmora advanced with large force to bonn
bard H. On the 18th Of April, ls49 the Genocse in
surgens surrendered to General Marmora, the Tuscan
Assembly was dissolved and deputation was sent to
0sea recall the grand duke In consequence OF the
ropes appeal January 49, 1S4o to tho great Catholic
Powers for an armed Intervention in his behalf, the
French National Assembly April 10, 1s49, decided By
majority OF hundred and twelve for armed inter-
Ssation In the States OF the church Rome, after
obstinate defence under Garbad and Others there
Ssou which has remained thers for over sixteen years
dawn
In August l849, Venice surrendered. and ID Modena
XAples the Papa States reaconary
Victor Emanuel, the King OF Sardinia, fostered
liberal institutions, and the Austrian government to
reconcile the people Lombardy and vcneta conferred
material benefits upon them, such the construc
ton OF railroads. the Improvement Of the port OF Venice
SOwever = were unavsinr and on FEBRUARY 1853 A.
nsurrecton broke ont az Milan, which was promptly
suppressed In 1887 Colonel Piscane and small band
" republicans unsuccessfully endeavored 70 overthrow
Ne King Of Naples, and about the same time repub
oan insurrection occurred at Genoa Piscane having
gave rise to an acrimonious correspondence between
eardnia and Naples, and in 1868 war was somewhat
1nminent on that account but was averted by
timely ntercsssion In consequence Of Orsins attempt
On the life of the French Emperor the 14h January,
1865 SPECIAL law directed against all 'suspected In.
Gviduas' was enacted in Sardinia, and this was COP
odered as significant symptom Of the intimate relA
esos existing between Franco and Sardinia Austria ~
hat time began 10 suspect the Intentions OF her neigh
Vos. and by series OF liberal measures and promises
endeayored to strengthen her foothold in Lombardy In
fuly, 1858. At the same time she tried 70 form an
3laian league; but though Modena and Naples will
6g TO into all the Austrian prospects, the Duchies
q Parma and the Grand Duke Of tuscany declined, and
when In August 1868 II became known that Sardinia had
vded 10 Russia locality suitable for anavy yard at Villa
fanca and that Russia had sought purchase Monaco
md asked for naval depot at Bsindis Of the King or
Naples, II was generally believed that triple alliance
S.inst Austria was on The point Of beng concluded
ought matrimonial alliance with the daughter Of the
King Of Sardinia On January !, 1859 The French EN-
tsatons BY few words % the austrian ambassador;
3D. while war was preparing on all sides, the people Of
cd national organization Of Italy which the French
Emperor intended effect Dreading the approach off
rstica prisoners and on April 81 Gyusi he Austrian
Uonera sent an ultimatum tothe King Of Sardinia and
Duchsss Of Parma The Dnts Of sodons and The
Grand Duke Of Tuscany quilted their States. Tho
;nsI Pr nns ss sn %
- May 20, and IN danger Of being outnanked at the
Astes Of Paestro May 81 and June l. They rccrosscd
fhe Ticno and were routed 81 Magenta the 9TH Of
Sune Austria then rellnquished Milan and the north
western portion OF Lombardy which Garibsldi had BY
shat time invaded They then rercaed 70 10 iine Of
Che Mncio where they defeated the grand battle
q solferno on June "a but under circumstances which
SnaAe II doubtful whether the French could conquer
them the ground Of their famous quadrlatera OF
fsreeseG This and tho attitude OF Prussia induced the
yfenon Emperor 70 suddenly conclude truce during
which the two Emperors met at vlafranca July IL
lerdy exclusive Of The fortresses Of Mantua and
40echera 70 Sardinia which had 10 pay f42 900 900 for
sns conquest Venice confirmed 70 Austria, the
Grand Duke Of Tuscany and the Duke OF Nodena were
tsstcecd and the question about Parma was left open
An ITALIAN CONFEDERATION
vss 70 BE- formed undor the Presidency of the Pope
(Ay, who protested against thcir former rulers The
tap States transferred their allegiance TO the King ~
S.!sniA but be refused the protered crown and sub.
has The peace, according 70 the original stpuistpns,
va signed 81 Zurich on November TO- European Con-
sss 70 settle finally the affairs or the Ducbies
January, 1850 but was delayed BY other diplomatic de-
vslopmena pamphlet then appeared under the nsmo
f"M do u Guerroniars' at Paris, but believed -
lave been written by direction OF Napoleon advising
At the revcted Papal States should be forced TO
essssis,sd q temporal sovereign 60 Very s' small
tsrritory and 70 limited authority. The Emperor
.afs sru. ,s si,s 'ai fBs 's hen
= 70 make . sacrince OF revoltsd provincee The
Pope pcremp,ouy declined the oner. II had been
8sntiy proposed by diplomatic arrangement between
France and England that the Ducbics the Romagns
should be- united sardinia integral part Of that
country In case their inhabitants voted for Ration
Assisted by Garhadi Victor Emanuel theoretically puf-
lued hspupose, andlCount Cavour resumed January
serSp o. new S Cabinet xodess and PARMA wsr.
qnncxed, and IN Mach Tuscany and the Eninan pro-
v1nces "a the Pspsl States decided by overwhelming
popular majority TO themselves 10 the constitn
qonA monarchy OF Victor Emanuel H., under the
snsnged M.ie o. the Kingdom Of Italy savoy and Nice
afterwards sanctioned the transfer An insurcction
Neaking out IN Sicily, General Garoaid assembled
unteers in cenos to AID the insurgents and
te Ministry refused 10 intermeddle Sardinia prepared
Cor war. and undor Ia Marmora an army was stationed
along tho Mlncio aud the Po 10 guard Austrian sc
svssson and Caidni with another 10 600 men
wss stationed Emilia the eastern slope OF tho
Apennines, while third army, under Fani az 3o.OOo
ssn concentrated 81 Arexzo, TO guard the valley OF
Me- Tlber On September III Garibaia entered Naples
and Caldni and Fanti advanced their arrnies Truu
entered Peruga onbs 18Th, and Cisdln after capturing
rrbIno, moved toward Apcona, routed the Papa troops
ender Iamorictre a. rassihdardo, took four thousand
prsoDersaf Loretto beseged Ancons where LAmorc ~
bad rereaed and forced him 10 surrender Upon receipt