davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05
Innuence OF social POSITION on LIE.

Influence OF Social Position on Life.
1t is said proverbially that poverty
favors longevity, because the poor are
not subjected TO the bad consequences
ofluxury and wealth. DR.. AIajer shows
the folly of the popular dictum. It has
been proved by the researches of. Ben
oiston, d. Chatauneuf, De, Vilerme,
Casper and others, that the value of
life is less among the heimpoverished than
the rich. Thus, of an equal number OF
infants OF the same age double the num-
ber will die of the poorer Than, OF the
weather. class. Where there is the
greatest misery there is the greatest
mortality. According to Caspers the
mean duration oflife among the better
classes of Berlin is fifty years, but
among the paupers, thirty-two years
only. The same writer compares the
death rate of noble houses given in The
ALnaandch De GoLhu with the indigent
of Berlin, and he shows that of 1000 in
fants among the former, 81 die in the
first five years; but of the same num-
ber among the latter, 345. Whilst half
of the poor only have attained the
thirty-second year of life, half of the
noble have attained the hfty-second.
During epidemicS the, poorer classes are
in an especial manner decimated. That
simple well being prolongs life Is dem
onstrated by the low rate of mortality
amongpersonswho "assure" their lives
at the assurance offices. A fifth or
sixth part of negro slaves sdieannually.
But the mortality among the free ne
grOes who serve in the English colored
regiments is only 8 per cent, that of
slaves being IL per cent. The learned
professions, followed by persons of
easy means, have an incontestsble in
fluence upon the duration of life. Thus,
the mean age of fifty-two French liter
ary men was sixty-nine years. Physi-
clans, according to DIR. Escherich, can
not hope for a long lie. AT all periods
ofage they succumb in larger numbers
than other professions. But the great
est mortality is during the early periods.
Three -fourths die. before fifty years of
age, and ten -elevenths before sixty.
Old men are rare.among them.-HdLE
Yearly Abstract of Medical Science, etc.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05
PrrTsBUn0, July 5, 1865

iaaias vNAsHv1LE. Tenn. Dec. lsss ise5-
MessrS. MccABEy yRRAET & Co, 9s.ts4el,
IN my ffIiitp for some time, and can eny Win
much pIeas1re. that e + the BES { nI.pICJsE
OF the Kind fhdve ever Iiseo, ana i 90
Win much respset aTl n ySSpl9EY tF9snd
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05

"You, then, would like to have the
extra ticket 2" asked the lady.
'sExactly so, irademoiselle," blandly
,.anlinh the nrfncta of shn rnhrS - -
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05

- NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.
FULL STOCK OF FRESH SEEDS In
a hulk and In popeTsr lust necelved by ~
LII ---tt .ss.isiJ fPRHORlBQSDGCO =
TREES, EHRUBBERY. BULBS AND
iaPfS' pssSs' = 'sf1' =" POI
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05
FROM GILMER COUNTY.

Proceedings OF Union Meeting at
t,a Troy, GILAIRR Co., W.aVA.,l
-.--.--- 40 ~ -. April 18th, 1866.
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05
The Great Crsre foraII DIseases or the
Rfannncll. Liver. nnh HoHEeIsi

/. The sick and suffering have always felt the
necessity for q safe and trustworthy IneIlI-
cine, free from calnmRl1 and other corrosive
minerals, which, while acting gently and
without producing nausea or pain, would 80
thoroughly cleanse. strengthen and regulate
the internal organs as to enable them 10 per-
form their proper functions without n COM
tinual resort to medicinal aid. i5t5a
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05
The Extra TIcixet--.somsbody lPecu
IiarIy French. go

liRrIy, French.
When the opera OF the 'fProphet'' was
first brought out in Paris, SO great was
the demand for seats, that tickets were
sold at a most extravagant premium.
One night q young military officer, who
had Just made an unsuccessful applica-
ton for a ticket at the office box, and
was about 10 fall back In despair, was
dextrousIy relieved of his watch by a
pick pocket. Detecting the thief before
he had time to escape he recovered the
stolen time piece without the interpost-
ton of policeman. Then, taking the
culpfit aside, he entered into CONVERSE
tion with him.
You are an expert in your profess
sfon,n said he, ssand I desire now to
avail myself of your sktll.n e =
Monsieur lei eCaplaine may command
me to the utmost OF my abilities, = said
the eishaFper. efaf3l = ss'. is1A
tsThen, ,, whispered the officer, Ego
immediately and relieve some gentle
man of his opera ticket, and I will pay
you one hundred francs for 1t. No hes
itationt be quick the money is ready"
cit shall be done;n was the sharper's
bnsiness-like answer. Is5tfsss.li,lr =
In three minutes the adroit rascal re-
turned with an elegant card-case, .con=
tanning four opera eckets, together
az, u q Elss e.flf 80 f5irEufi 80 81
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05
SATURDAY. M0RNING. MAY $. 1866.

with number of cards having the
name of Mademoiselle Solange Dude
want engraved upon them. -
4tyVretch!a exclaimed the captain,
s'you5 have been robbing lady"
.'No, indeed, sir" replied the thtek
"There is my victim.m .
as the sharper made this nonchalant
reply, he pointed to a young, rosy
checked young gentleman in u black
dress coat, black tights, and white vest,
with plain. fiat buttons and white kid
gloves, who was engaged in an anima-
ted conversation witha couple of young
ladies just within the yestibule. mn
"Doltl" exclaimed the captain, Hthat
is a lady dressed en eGUdLer. If is
Mademofselle ;Solange Dudevant her-
self. Return the article Immediately"
SMonsieur Is right, y said the pick
pocket. mo one butt u brute would
knowingly rob lady, especially when
the lady is the daughter of George
Sand, whom we all love so well.
Excuse me, monsieur rely upon it,
will yet succeed in procuring a ticket.
In an instant the sharper placed him
self before Mile Solange with a pro-
found bow. E lITI
Begging mademoiselle's pardon. !, he
said, "She had the misfortnne to drop
."rhank you most kindly" replied
Mademoiselle Solange, taking the card
case into her hand. stAlIow me to re-
ward you for returning it. ~
GAS to that, mademoiselle," !" said the
sharper, "permit me humbly to suggest
that you have four tickets for the grand
entertainment in your case, whereas
you party consists of only three per-
sons"
''You, then, would like to have the
extra ticket 3i asked the lady.
I, Exactly SO, irademoiselle," blandly
replied the prince of sharpers.
"You are quite welcome to 1t" re-
turned Mile Solange Dudevant. sat
The sharper took the ticket to the
young officer, who, having noticed the
manner in which it was obtained, did
not hesitate to receive it, and handed
him over the promised hundred francs.
On taking his seat in the opera house
the captain found himself elbow to ell
bow with Mile Dudevhnt, with whom
he was well acquainted. He frankly
explained to her the equivocal process
by which he had procured his ticket,
and the lady laughed at the trick OF
which she was the unconscious victim
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05
aaratfal. sass..' ''..'...'

TIHE BEST TONIC m THE WORLD
H They inY1gorHte, strengthen and EiveneW
life TO the system. They work like magic,
a gu S oi plL,i;'
Gravel, Jaundice, Nervous Affections, Liver
Complaint, Loss of Appetite, Heartburn,
Bilious Collie, Cholera .AoThuS. Fever and
Ague. Rheumatism, Salt Rhsum, Sea-siclI-
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05
sHuaIPHREYs,
Honnmopathic Specifics.

- -lSl4NS4gd144 0S4A4Sk2s /
Tive PROVED, FROM THE MOST AMPnI
fasisRs. sass sas fslissIs iS
thaf usi4tnSet cannot be made in using them; %
r re- H SSssfi irs aHe Il
ndation from ali aae elSek s9anSst ~
tstAeeion: Cents.
cgEs Worm; SSsEss.iGgs' SSiie
1 IS Crying Collie, or TeethtnS Of lniants 2 2
5ssshiefys eripiae. Bilious Gale. g
& SSSshs. SeSssss; GoIdS,
8
,ii di 8
Is essap, SssR. ,SaIS
IS Rhenmatisui, Rhenmafie Pains-....i3s
"a fIIgs is Sa 3 4 esiI, keIss e
IS y. ~ b.: g g
an, Asthnia, oppressed ng.......s..s 90
as seseiala sRplIl,Essd hrs ps pSslandS Cling. g
gasS ;pses z slsaes. sFoTl Eiaini g
SeFToui iSSSiiyts ssninsi y
=. =. as soT,. Motth Il q 90
~ Urinary 1ncontenanee. ygtting bed-.,oQ
g, 4 sniserifSS at chang 10
s rs TTeas 3
fFAlfIfN gASls Oh nisa .,.,
Si1s EeEessS Is ,a 7asl nd 8 %
- isrea Siss piain easo, and book. : eq
os's ssi Ell a AZ sis Sc
NsESeSssES sEsAs a. g g
bs ne ca.e singie bon. arc
frs2 of chstfo, on recaiiltof tke AddrslS
4 bhss 4
0lheeand ipelpt, Se ~ l3feqd Nes 1eEss Z
III By letters AhQkey lqr AZ tlrtas 81
Z II LOGAN tGO.s Azgfltgs y
- = 80 : - = rF,ss rrrsss.,
slVrcceiyed and for sale by o1BEtfIs Cnern
- ezst of slolis BRIDGE. lnzzt
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05

"a KEGS WRITE LEAD, PURE JUST
Slurese seIyea and for rsaas by oDBEisTs Chem
Z - enlt of 6lon6 Rridge. lix1f
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05
Ehey Contain no Poisonous Drug.

PURELY -Hubbelis celebrated
Golden BitteEs are composed OF Gentian, Cal
anus Root, Wild Cherry Bark Antse, Orange
Peel, CaItsaya Bark, Colunbo, Bark of SaSa-
mas Root, Sherry Wine. BptteTuut BARK. Car
away Seed, Yellow DOsk, Dandelion, &c,-0Q
preserved In Jamaica Rum. iad --i7f
The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.) 1865-1903, 1866-05-05
ave- HUBBEI's SUPERIOR OLD
CABINET BRANDY, (Medicated.) }

1''lt uNEoUALEp REMEDY FoR
Diarrfiea, Summer Complaint, Chol6rn Nor
the Medical Faculty for change OF watt and
diet Used with great success in the amy
hospitals in violent cnFeS of Chronic Diarrhe0s
This preparation +, simple and harmless, I'M
adultered, expressly for medieinRluse
For sale I'm all Parts OF die world.
inG- Central Depot, American Express Build
Ing, So Hudson Strset, New York; 61anulao-
tory Corner Water and Ferry StleetB, Hudson,
N. z. GEO. G. HUBBEL& q co
i-b ~ Il .rtl Do 3G4efLi-I !RropEietoHs-
2 BfccABE, KRAFT & co.. Wholesale Drug
-gtsts, Wheeling, Sole Agent for West Viz
ginta: also, prOprletnE8 OF KraitB DiarTheA
Nerve and Bone I.iniment, DIR. StAhlS Ger
man RELIEF and Oriental Hair on.
? Tiec2S- -6rIidaH -fst 20 gizls1I - etil-f-
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15
wisconsin on DooiittIe and the
Veto.

While Senator Doolittle, of Wisconsin is
in Connecticut laboring to distract and d.
vide the Republican party. and trying to
carry a fragment over TO the Copperheads,
the Legislature Of his own State have just
passed resolutions indorsing the action Of
the true men 10 Congress, and condemning
the veto Of the man who is President by
assassination. Says the first resolution:
"We should be guilty
of deceiviDg the President, and Of ,atsrepre-
senttnq our constituents, If we failed, at this
time, 10 declare that bis message vetoing the
Freedmen's Bureau bill, in its general tone
and spirit, hes caused pain and dis0ppoiht-
nient among his true friends and supporters
in our State, and has been hailed with ex-
uberant joy and exultation by every man
who sympnthized pih the REBELLION, or who
was cold and Indifferent when treason
threatened the life of the republic"
All the Union members Of both Houses
voted for this resolution, and only those
who sympa,hized with the rebellion voted
against it.
The next resolution declares:
That we most cordially fadorse and up-
T,rore Of the action Of such Of our Senators
and Representattces IN Congress as firmly and
consist emily supported the Freedmen $
Bureau bill, and who have persistently as
serted the right Of Congress to determine
for its elf uhen and in phdt manner IL piU
odmh Representatives from States ulose
!Governmeats ooere disorgonized ty the rebel
Ion and we earnestly request them to re-
sist The admission Of Representatives. to Con.
gress from disorganized States until peace
is fully secured, and until the people Of such
States shall hare positively GUARANTEED equal
and anna jastice to all men teiA.l their Dor
ders."
This resolution, while it upholds Senator
nounces the trcacherous and reactienary
course of the apostate Doolitte 1t passed
the Senate by a vote of ayes q, nays 10
and the House by ayes 62, nays So =
] Chicago Tribune.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15
Anecdotes Of the war.

Or the many funny anecdotes detailed in
the army, the following always seemed the
most ludcrous. To uly appreciate it, one
must remember the difficulty almost uni.
versSlly experienced iu keeping ordnance
accounts straight early in the war. Very
stringent regulations were adopted finally,
and with every notification of failure in cor
rectness came also the notification that
your name has been reported to the War
Department in oider that your pay may be
stopped, or your name has been re.
ported to the President, in order that it
may be stricken from the army list " Ona
in this latter form was received by old Cap.
tain -, who had puzzled over his accoun,
unsuc,essfully until he was nearly frantic.
On receiving the notification. he ceased from
his labors, and waited patiently. Finally.
hearing nothing more of it, he sat down and
wrote anxiously: Dear Sir: What did
the President say7 Yours truly. "
We have never seen the story in print, but
it was known throughout the army, and
" What did the President say ?" was the
popular reply to all threats Of whatever sort
from the Ordnance Bureau.
1t was regulation, adopted, perhaps, in
1862, that no officer was to be allowed to
resign until he could present certificate
iIUui tHc oru0dnce bureau tanu Otner FuD-
departments that his accounts had passed.
Ip the winter of 1923 au officer Of a -
Regiment was examined by Board IN ses-
sion at G, and ordered to resign for incom.
potency. He knew nothing of war or peace,
and was too ignorant to know which was the
right flank Of his company, or the butt end
Of a musket He promptly rendered hi:
resignation, according to orders, and was no.
tilted that it could not be accepted, because
his Ordnance account was in utter confusion.
He was still in service in July, 1865. and
had been working on the account all the
time
A Quartermaster of a German regiment
was more successful After several prod
dings from the Department, calling his at
tention to the fact that ne returns had eve,
been received from him, he tumbled all hi,
papers prsmiscuously into large box, and
sent them addressed to General Meigs, with
this note: desc by my return. bees il
de field, you bese in de office. You make,
dem out to suit yourself. have no time. ;
The returns must have been satisfactorily,
afterwards figured as Captain, A. Q. N
Il Columbus Journal
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15
More of the rrichina Disease In
Germany.

The newly discovered disease caused by
trichina continues to cause great consterna-
ten in Germany. Fresh outbreaks have
succeeded to tho series of fatal cases at
Hedersleben, where some huudrels of per-
sous fell sick and many died through eating
diseased pork. Stringent measures, both on
the part of the state and the part Of the
butchers themselves, have been taken, in
some parts of Germany, to prevent the sale
of trichinous pork. In the larger towns
every beast that is killed is submitted to mi
croscopic investigation. In the town of
Brunswick the examination has bsen COM
pulsory since 1868, and is conducted by med
ica men appointed for the purpose.
An English paper says:
"The trichina cannot live at the tempera-
ture of boiling water, 50 that thorough cook
ing of suspected pork is all that it required
to render it harm less. An illustration of
this occurred at Hedersleben: A woman
who bought some sausages became seriously
i'll through eating some of them, whilst her
husband, for whom she fried the remainder,
was uniniured. As meat. however, is usually
boiled or roasted in pieces of some consider
able size, it dhay easily happen that the in
terror may not reach the required tempera-
turs. Professor Hertwig made some very
conclusive experiments in proof OF this. He
placed two pieces Of trichinous pork, each
about the size Of ones thumb, in cold water,
and then raised it to the boiling point. One
piece he boiled twenty-five minutes, the eth
er twenty five; and he found that the first
piece still contained living trichina, whilst
in the second piece they were all dead. The
violence of the outbreaks at Hettstadt and
Hedersleben must undoubtedly be ascribed
to the penchant of the inhabitants for raw
or insuf6cieutly cooked meat.
| x,au.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15
8elmunt Chronicle.
st. CEairsviEIe, Ohio, March 10.
How the Administration Meet
Ing I'm New York was Engin-


Those who know Thurlow Weed will
not be surprised by the following
statement, which we copy from the
Chicago Republican. Gov. Oglesby
has not been in the market; does not
belong to that class of politicians who
are bought and sold; neither is the
Lincoln Monument Association mar
ketable institution. Hence the failure
of Weeds proposition. We may re-
mark here that Gov. Oglesby, since his
return to Illinois, has made an able and
elaborate speech, in which he handled
the Presidents veto message 1nd his
22d of February speech without gloves,
and sustained fully and boldly the ac-
ton of Congress. -}. .~.
The managers of the National Lincoln
Monument Association have been industri-
ous in their efforts to expedite the work
which they have undertaken; and in answer
to repeated appeals, Mr.. Thurlow Weed, as
representing the great Union interest OF the
State of New York, advised the Association
that if they would send committee to New
York about the middle or the close of Feb
ruary, the subscription already made would
be increased to the rOund SUN of 500, 00Q.
Accordingly, at a meeting of the Associa-
ton, q committee consisting of Gov. Ogles-
BY, and the Hon. o. VI. Hatch, late Secre.
tary of State, was appointed to receive this
liberal subscription, and they visited New
York for that purpose. In the meantime,
the meeting to indorse the Presidents policy
had been called for February %. and as
soon as the presence of the Committee in
the city and the purpose of their visit were
made known to Mr.. Weed, the name of the
Hon. r. j. Oglesby Governor Of Hi
nois, was added to the list of these who it
was assumed would address that meeting.
Governor Ogleshy demonstrated. and stated
that he was in New York to receive the
promised subscription TO the Lincoln monu-
uent; but finally it was plainly intimated
! that ifhe as Governor Of Illinois, would ad.
dress the meeting and iudorse the policy OF
the President. he could have the 100000
for the monument The Governor declined
the invitation, and the committee returned
without having received q dollar.
We think that if those. facts were known
to the people Of New York, they would take
! the question of erecting mnnument to Mr.
Liucsln out Of the hands OF MIR. Weed. who
evidently sought to purchase public respect
for a living President bv a donation O
money to build monument for bis murder
ed predecessor. ... ........ ....
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15
TaE Columbus Journal. speaking of MIR

TIE Columbus journal. speaking Of Mr..
Bingham's recent speech in Congress, says:
Mr.. Bins sham, also. has made speech
very recently, upon his proposed coastitu-
tonal anleudment-the bearing of which
has been discussed in these editcria! COL
umns. Mr.. Bingham is the most iggravs-
ting individual to the Opposition who has
ever appeared to them. His last speech is
characterized by an unusual amount of his
bland and captivating suavity of manner,
and the Copperheads pressed their polite
attentions upon him to such degree that
he occupies about FIVE columns of the Globs
in disposing of the interruptions made to
this one speech. And rhe fate of each in
dividual one is most aptl, pr figured in that
prlnd heroic poem by X N. Pepper, en-
titled The Alligator and the Water Snaik,"
in these lines: ..,..
-' And he slowly went of for TO cool,
A wonderful what made his tail hurt so.n | '
Nothing in literature so completely de-
scribes the successive action aud sensation
of each Coppsrhead, as he retired from the
contest.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15

CLEMENT L. VALLANDIGH AN made a
lengthy speech at Dayton, few days
ago, in support of "the Presidents
policy" report Of which we find in
the Dayton Empire. Mr.. Vallandig-
ham, in the course of his speech, sta
ted the significant fact that he did not
see one Union man in the assembly
Theyswere all yallandigham Copper
heads. a.- ~ ..' 'a'.'..s .'
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15

GENERAL GRANT is ne longer caressed by
the Democratic newspapers. Since the
issue of his order relative 10 disloyal presses.
they are almost unanimous in denouneing
him-charging him with seeking to convert
himself into Napoleon, and exercise dss-
potic powers. The copperheads have dis
covered that they cannot use the iron'willed
soldier and patriot.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15
After the Railroads..

Ill 1,,c
In the ONO SENATE, MI " aiiihS nus
offered the following important resolu-
~. ;,dnmont Observation-Disclosures
'loh LII o"' Ju" n'"'' ','' e $3.50
ought to inquire into and remedy the
ov;Is our neonle ara now subjected to
,,..,-l. .p..,;.. rho fo,,ou;,n
by railroad companies Ihe eioiio"ihS
is Mr.. Walling's resolution:
P.,o,,.5 That III. standing Committee
n, Ra;iroad. he Instructed to inuuire and
ranort va % to shs senate what legislation, if any.
;s poos ssary to secure betteS. protection of
Tho II lives md riyhts of persons who travel
@ srd do business on the railroads OF the
following points:
l. whether or not there Is any inaia 1'scr,'i,,,
" e,wee" SINNERS interested in said reads in
any capacity, and others not so Interested.
ns.m. rnna oen,n.n;s. IRA hv
.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15

Hon. WIN. DENsIsoN, P. NJ. General,
has written letter to New Hamp-
shire Congressman, in which he states
that he stands by the great Union
Republican Party, and that sooner than
swerve from it, he would resign and
return to Ohio.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15

OK our fourth page will be found a
valuable essay on the Cholera. This
paper should be preserved by every
body. ''1.' '' ~ 4
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15

EVERY Union man in Belmont County
should take TEE CHRoNICI.ss
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15

NATIONS have their lives as well as indi-
viduals, only they lack the clear and uemis-
taxable symptoms by which nature marks
the progress from youth to manhood, and
from manhood to old age; they are as the
finite as the persons who compose them,
only without the same data for determining
the progress Of their existence.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-03-15
this memeir with these lines from Tcnny

"Mourn, for IN us he seems the last .-'
Remein berinz all his grsatness in lhs past:
Mourn for the man Of amp est inhue nee
Our greatest yet with least pfetence,
And, as the Creates only are,
In his simplicity sublime.
Such wa. he whom deplore,
The long self sacrifice ~ DER