davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1866-07-25
The Extra Three MouahA, Pay-KS,
plnAatlon4
CHICAGO, July 2ath, 1865,

E0Al0fS Nn1CA&o AH'uAu*
TIE statenen's IN your tergrsphlc coIumns, .his
morning, showing the amounts due officers under
set OF Juiy 1a'h. 1860 gansng three months extra
psy proper IN some ea,es t grossly e1rnneous, and
shows great ea,eessnets tbs par. Of The ono who
dsured up Many officers have been decelred By
the statement md many Invalid clatns will be led
1nless you give the proper construction 10 The act
and the proper smounts due under 1t. The set OF
March Sd, 1855. and the explanatory act Of July IL
1866, ray expressly three monihs extra pay psoper
d not three nonshs' extra pay. as figured In your
despatetea. The correct amounts tue ths1eo.e, un-
der the act are as follows 1nan'ry Colonel. saa5:
ueu,e: snl Colonel, 10; Major, Sal Surgeon, 70:
As>lsian, Surgeon, $3.50; Adiusant. $50; Quarter.
master, same; Captain, Commanding Eompsuy,
&e10; rot commanding. $3.50; First Lieutenant,
{l50; Second Lieutenant, Sls5-not deducttng
revenue tax, which u Ave per eept On ths e1cess
Of $50. I.R. q,
, 1866-07-25

ing fire with f1tc"-opposius the Radi-
calls with negro suffrage. Bnt
the difficulty Is that this policy
is altogether too "smart" for the ordinary
range Of johnson voters. It's wholly out Of
their reach. They can't sec the difference be-
tween voting for negro suffrage to Toll The
radicals, and voting for negro suffrage to help
the radicals. We admire the political sasaci.
~ OF the Nt1o Era, but we commend to i,s
ealtor The advice Of the old farmer to th.
Young one who had built his hay racks 10.
taller breed Of cattle than be owned: ~ 7ery
good hay" said the old farmer, "cxcaleut,
and very good racks, hut you've rot ITEM too
mgh-your cattle can't cat.',
, 1866-07-25
SECOND LETTER.
From Our Own Correspondent

MILAN, July 7th, 1866.
We seldom have SO tremendous sensation
as that created by the despatch from the
-ho"itetir thnt Austria proposes to cede
Venice to France, and asks the Emperor to
mediate between her and her enemies. The
statement with which the Austrian offer Is
accompanied, that by the battle Of the cath
Austr1n has shown that she will not yield to
fear, and the cession to Napoleon, are two
things which set hard upon Italian stomachs.
Why not cede Venice TO the Tycoon Of Japan !!
And If Austria does dot yield TO fear, tchot
docs she yield to2 If the battle Of the 9th
Of June gave Austria distaste for Venice,
why not have made her offer OF cess,on to
third party on the 18th of Junee
The truth Is plain enough to everybody,
Austria was terrib1ywhipped By Prussia on the
I'd OF July, and cannot hope to shut the gates
of Vienna agatnst them without the MD Of
her army In Italy. Forced 10 abandon Ven.
Ice, it would be painful to retreat With 1tal-
ian bayonets at ler 1ofns. So she losses
Venice to France, hoping by this fattesy of
the Sapoleonic vanity, to secure his moral
and material influence to keep the Italians
out Of the further contests between herself
and Prussia.
Now, We have won no splendid victories;
but We hare occupied end held in the Quad
rIlatcral third of the Austrian army, and
we hnve done our full share or the Joint lob
up to this date, aud fully expect, II let alone,
10 do 1athee more than our share for the fu-
ture. We cannot, therefore, take gratuitous
insults, aud, what Is more to the point, we
cannot be br1bed to abandon our allies.
The nature Of the alliance between Italy
and Prussia forbids either to make peace With
the enemy without the consent OF the other.
and, Of necessity. Austrla must Teeogal.e and
treat ,cuh ltd!y before the war can end satisfac.
tori1y to Italians.
The Parisians seem to have been SO flat-
tered by this supplication of a beaten and
humbled Hapsburger as to have lost all tArir |
usual good sense. They Illuminated the civ.
carried Italian stocks up from forty to ffty.
eight, and crowed abouttit in the very flieE-
est Gallo key That was on the 5th. Yes !
tcrday they could get no news-rery strange
the Prussian headquarters was |
III the saddle, on the road to Vienna. OF !
course. the Bourse 1eaped at once to the con
elusion that the imperial Government could !
not get suth Hetes as It. wanted, and stocks
leu one-half the amount Of the rise. To-day |
they have heard bad news. Bismark Is not
ready 10 treat. Italy does not sec why she
honId be slapped In the face By AustEia to
please Napoleon's vanity, and there is fair
prospect that more gunpowder will be
burned.
What will Napoleon do about It? VIII he
enter the field against Prussiay Or will he
orce the parties to the present quarrel into
, 1866-07-25
Tie Ceaat0n or Yenttla-The YEill of
RFnstta,
From the Sorddeuttche Al1gcmeine Zeitnnp.
{ugv

July a. "
The helpless condition 10 which Austria has
been reduced By the kucccss Of the prussIan
arms could not be more st1ikinely testi(|cd
than BY this step of the Austrian Empcror.
But upon this, no doubt In its Intentions yery
generous, Intervention Of the Emperor OF the
French, the question rery naturally arse, in
every pFussian mind, why this mediation for
the restoration OF peace says nothing about
the measures to be taken In Vienna to satfsfy
the Just claims Of Prussia.
That We did not enter upon the war solely
to conquer Vcnctia for the Italians. even that
nation will be forced to admit, which was
So magnsnjmous as TO wagc war for the idea
OF On united Italy when the latter was too
Tenk to carTy out that idea herself. We first
took up arms against the threats Of Austria,
md then for German unity. In the first in.
stance the object Of our Efforts was to obtain
the guarantee that Austria should not agaIn
be in position to convulsc at pleasure the
peace Of Germany and OF Europe. In the
second Instance We determined to achieve The
unity Of Germany IN place Of the hitherto e.
isting -duallsm, and such unity of course uu-
der the leadership OF that State Of the two
German powers which is able to conduct il.
TINT Stnte ig. ~-
, 1866-07-25

49, WAFER
ruFe water Is essential 10 health That the
an.';. usy ., 'ue NlE6lssippi has an unia1lng and
noalloant source OF supply Of the purest
~a'ea na,n, Mould not be 90 readily admitted until
enc can tell when that supply will be bcstow-
sd upon us, it becomes important to he pre-.
Jared to talc good care Of it when II comes.
'aNe plain practical suggestions >6hould now
~ ncsoeo' especially as that xfead scourEe
~ Nv e1o'sta W, '2 no" beginning lis raVages In
r. .oA ~. ,.,..-
1h,. ..hn1..e -. 49,. ~ .as Ae'lous ansofs OF
ir- ion n,n.1, n.a,a eta ~ po.cu 1aat al1nk-
impure wa,c- w. i, sr,.,s, @ os1ak1ng
tht cause. n f,n,t rulsocc.., s, y. y. II mol
cast. While in New WI in $50 " -. ~. ~" es- %
city was building 1arrt fns+ft,,.,as ~ VT
kind upop the upper ne 4 ~ 49,. 80. y. 0ome
CHOLERA broke out amoun tha .ra1a...,u t"e
, 1866-07-25
Shocking B2ybarftv.

Colonel ). Y. Forpey sends the following
to the Philadelphia Pres, over his own sig
nature:
"Amorg the voluminons reports just re,
ceiyed by Gen. Howard from his subordi.
mates in the Freedmeu's Bureau, Is detailed
certified statement OF the barbarity of a VIr-
ginia woman, inflicted upon her femate slave,
which almost dehes human belief, aud far
surpasses the exaggerated pictures Of fiction.
This woman had been In the habit of beating
her slaves for many years, and the fact they
were made free seems to have intensified all
the passions other nature. Tho case referred
In which similar crueltles we're practised
upon others. She waa stripped naked, tied,
, 1866-07-25
THE INTERNATIONAL ROWING
MATCH.

srcand Days Rnce-EIamqlr arafr
Heaten-Rep"rts OF Fout pIay-Beu
N"t I" be Given TP-lnotlaer Race
Talked o.
lSeweastle-on-Tyne duly s. Correspondence OF tht
| London Times
| The second great sculler mitch between
Henry Kelley, Of Putney, and James Hamlll
| Of Pittsburgh, United States Of America, came
OH on the Tyne this morning. As stated YES.
terday, the two matches were for e5OO side
or ESQ side each race. That of yesterday
| was straight away race Of five miles. The
out and The eame distance home, the starting
place being the High Level bridge, to pull
round two boats at the head of tue Queen'a
Meadows and return. The weather was not
go Propitlous IS yesterday, as 1t was raining
ana aqua tns river vas slightly s.lumpY." There
however, and more popular enthusiasm; but
Kelley having beaten Chambers, the Tyne
side champion, some time sgo. Is not very
popular with the multitude. There Wns
little Or no betting what there was would be-
FULLY twenty tanne In favor OF Kelley. 4
TAXING TIE BoATs.
Inc time Tor the men to get into their boats
was holEpnst eight, and ut TINT hour the
referees steamer SWING ont into the stream,
But It was few minutes after when kelley
and Hhmiu put Oft from the Mansion House.
Hamnlisa a strong, powerful man. oil twenty
eight years OF age, and in mere physical de-
velopment the Englishman il much Inferior tn
him. Indeed, the fact was marked. and was
as striking Us the difference IN the appearance
OF Tom Sayers and Heenan.
But Kelley Is one of the most elegant scul-
lers in the world. He works up, while row.
1EDg, all bis force, while Hamill wastes his BY
his style Of pullfng-short padding strokes
and motion Of the arms like man using the
dumb bells Besides, Kelley has evidently
more stamina. He could breathe the course
through, which Hamiil could not as be had
this morning to consi antly slaeken his pace
through quill he held In his mouth, and then
make spnrt on again.
THE START.
The men got well away at seventeen
minutes TO nine O'clock; Kelley led. But for
,e first quarter Of mile the raco was good |
one tie was half n boats length ahead Bnt
at the I'd Of that distance be was evidently
pump !" Kelley took his water before
they rea. led the Shot Tower. At the Red
burg Ferry landing he was three clear bouts |
lengths Rh.ad.
TILE RUN, VICTORY AND TINE.
Al the end Of mile Kelley wns SIX bont's |
lengths, and it is but lair to state that he i
pulled at all bis speed. at the Queens !
Meadows Hamfll. by q series OF spurts, crept
np again but on reaching Sir William Arm
strong's works be collapsed, and Kelley had
The rnce in his own hands. 'e
Two miles away from home Kelley was six
At that time Hamill IVES pulling fo1ty.three
strokes minute, Kelley thirty.two.
AT the turn Kelley was two minutes In ad-
rance Of the American, who was then steer
Dg very I'D, and as soon as be rot halfway
7ound the turn md Eaw how far the English
'oatman was ahead OF him, the strength
eemed to 90 ont Of him, and he yirtuailY
ave up the rnae. He paddled little further
, 1866-07-25

ANCIENT LANpMARKs


lug nc" aork Ho',a "aAes mucn ADO In
1hankme rfeslacnt johnson ior directing
oseetars otzneon 70 1e,ase 1os. bso"hlo"'s
request 1or troops 10 aia tae Legislature OF
tennessee In compelling quorum Of their
members 10 attend IN order % vote on the
Cons11tutionh Amendment. Tue World
!auos Tue freeaaeni 1or restoring the ancient
IanomafKs o. our consutonAnal Govern"
tnenl Lei us eee "lat ANA OF an act calls
tof1h this Coppe1head praise'
Inc constitution ol the United States, md
o1 most etates IN Inc Union, including Ten
nessce, conIalns clause providing that
1"o-thlrn tho whole number Of
members shall constitute quorum
to do business, "but smaller
number may adjourn from day to day, and
may be authorized to compel the attendance
OF absent members, in such mauner aud undsr
euch penalties as each House mag prsyidc."
For the purpose Of compelling attendance OF
absent members necessary TO make Quorum,
The members actually present under the Gov
cnor's call constituted the Legislature OF
tennessee The Constitution oil the United
STATES further provides that ''the United
eta'es shal "on tue application of the
1ee1s'ature OF s'ate or Of The Executive
"he' .ne LEGISLATURE cannot be convened"
lfotec1 each state aSainst domestic violence.
IA 'ne present instance, several members OF
Tue Tennessee Legislature, In order to pre-
vent quorum, refused TO be present or to
vote. Two Of them wcre arreeted BY the
scrgeantcnt-Arms In obedience to the Consti-
tuition Of Tennessee md the mandate of the
House, and in conformity with the constltu-
ton Of every organized body, from the Brit
3s1t pnv1{o
, 1866-07-25
IRE PHILADELPHIA M1EN.cF.
lkkE,


Ey'he announcement Of the namA nj tbe ae,.
egate selected from all sections d the conn,
Try 10 .>present the hasty rcconstA Act5onIsts
al fhlta'e1phia, 1t is evident that \a1 con.
Vent1on Nh be far more venomous nd ran.
cofous asemblage of traitors thau Net IN
1864 at Chiceo. e' IL
Virginia inst7ucts her delegates not tA.,.
their seats If reosls who cannot Take theas.
oath arc to be excluded. New York sS,s
loe "oods' md stozsrt hall, which weE.
heTc was e1dnd co at Chicago. will be fun
represented ut Philadlph,a, Kentucky seudA
Leroy Black, who, as Buchanau's Attorney
General, decided that he Union could moi
lawfully eoerce State, had Gov. Bicler. who
made one Of the most bilcr speeches at the
Chicago affair. Iowa sends Henry Clay Dcsu.
whose speech ut the Chicagl Convention vas
thus reported br the Chicago 1Yas.:
ue FAD IN tie presence Of tac Iaca of c:,mn
40, s nc az the eatrsps Of 1ncoin, th1t thc
nao never turned dishonest man ott Of ot;cs ~
- n,p @ 4ohsst @ enc r.; IA vofee-*What hsse Won
sSon;y sS say h'1 o. 'e pansrI hare no,aIns say
WIN him, and never Interfere between black oo-s
49, ~ 'nas Ron. IN ;he speakess remarks IN -
'aesr oEas saorsa na, h n np ed
anep. End tbey have Been given. Tns viii % u! he M
se<' e hsd annie; ;a9R 9'Issd ,ta, a. his sc9n,3a
bssn bbsAsnfEnl,fi fao., suen iaiiare I'D nsses
BEN knoTnn kon, Such dest1ntion Of lifc had nerer
bs 1he bpesih nes r tbs destruction Of sennaeherib
e,er v Mtnr o! tae Almighty And s,1ll The mou.
psns. ifond cri.s I, ,sa9re nc9 for biz slaughter
forest ras naMan; aIMa9;s IN s.,c,es esaaeni1s r.
sefstng The young rroN1S of " ,,nnme nfe'
tyrnnt and deepot who frid ihls peoni. IN pni tae
s,ntah h.,a " 20 .eSssd t. ase q ooad1t1on o d.
the h'Enset p!aca tr she etft OF thc peops IsciaE
luo larceny sFerr written o.cy him a. olteu a. was
oae On dollar o. 1oe one COLLAR bllle Or ths Bank oi
Iha Democracy were fos peace. The people werr
Or rttce, but the CONTRACTORS and army officers snd
attape Of the Auutnlsustion wnnt-d 1t rot flreaf
ant had oecup,ed he Presidential caair. tns Ks-
ublican party had thnu:ed uar to the En1ft snd
3e knife to the hjlt Blood had flowed in ior!ents~
ID .es the thint of the old monster was uot
Nebraska esnds another hero of tho Chi.
so Convention, George Francis Train. In
'ed these who did not attend the Chicago
All, and *onld like to see the show repeated
tb the addition Of the largest sizes of
nth Carolina Rattlesnakes and Louisiana
,ers, would do we'll to purcha ase tickets for
Grand Combined Philadelphia Menagerie.
is said that the wonderful Lion-eater, An
" johnson, will there insert his head into
lions jaws md clap them together. What
! become OF his head has not yet trans
ed
, 1866-07-25
POLITICAL.

| "1scosAs.-1hc AllNfuker Stntln4 has m aytt.
eie On the Congressional csuvaes In Wisconsin,
from when re gzthef eoDt Mcf, and add soue
IRON other sources. In the FIRST {Mi1waukee} Dis.
tnet, LIE present member, General Aalbcrt E.
falne teems to be 4xed upon by sort OF common
| consent OF all Rfpnbhcans, al the noet proper
stan0Nd bearer II the approaching campaign. ua
il, without dooh, as popular candldate n could
be named in tbs District. In the great ssue he is
n tfpeia tied. No Copperhead ia THE District
ean beat him. James s. Brown, Henry L. Palmer.
Jackson u3aley and c. L. bholea are ambtt1ous tn
taka The field sgdnst General Paine, with the
chances Of Brown gstting the nomination; but no
chanee ior his election In the Second District
ueie Il an army OF candidates-uon Ithansr C.
sioan, present. member; Israel Holmes.
h.qr OF Portage City; Hon. b. F, Hopkins,
oi AAaiton ucn. S. D. Hastinee, late State Treas
ures; Aon. jonathan Bowman, Of Columbia Conn
y; ). J. Enos. Esq, OF Jefferson County. .Sc.
ine eoppesbeads will probably was.e no ammuol
ien IN The dh'Eics II being politically OF the iue
.auoe pstsuaeioh. In the Tn,rd District, Colonel
sono, " common consent, Is the Union candidate.
DC having expressed his willingness, to serve AM,
,nsf Term. There eeens no show Of opposition 10
u'n ffom Co9peshead quarters, In 1he Fon,th
Dls'hct. General Z, S. Hamilton. Of O.bEosb :,
recognized as the Republican canclda'e for Car
:;fcst. Ihe district Gas heretofore been atronp4x
eopnefnead. End II is unuerrtood That Eldndee
candidate fo, r-ro,,,,.,tss VI "ut DC
Nan, cr u.sh,N altooncn join E.
und want. ~ nv. a.,aa s uesn psomnea the place,
,l,tn c.n bc,t F1,,,sso y. ~ "'Eaus to'nE nam'
20. In III. EInh ~ nA LUZ a .na. ae may 90
nor m nj, sacors 49,. noA' in"eius sa"ser,
be rrnomins,n1 ~. - - - .Snss. VIZ probably
m unronnron,x,nr 5en;'nMe ~ a, pfaSnG' man, and
opc,e.s la. h.r,, h,,e,. Ut es. LIE eoofse IN
uenis. u-viIfhe onnosoa -. ~ ..y tou' consult
by ti,her nr ns,.e IF Soptstne7o sfoe.
Abr, ma. of Green r,.y hoth an,'sss ~. W a. y.
In ,he SIKH u,stt1ct Il IA rneerso,. 49,,
D. Melodoc u,1l rnt he ~.nd;d.,e ~ u4at non. W.
Ger. C. C. nnshhnrrc To1 49, ~! &c e1ecaon.
Lon. y, r. Price mn r,ned =. ~ HsmIlon' ma
ne Coppcrtaad. h,re M ~s.,,, s,.. ~ eusesea'on'
Dist, frf hnt II !. rnns,.toos ~ VIZ uan III INC
who nm for Iien,- f;oss+ros ~ 49, -. u&onsa5,
ticket last f,l, md uhn - .,1 w. ,ns eoPpefnead
pe,pead md John,ors+s ~, ~ . osNeen cop-
nnerxrt ,f.nrreee "AA De 'oo a1an, WIN no
On,o,-The cIsrat.v. ,,.-,,:, .-..
rre.a a.and, ,Rn,,s- ,s,-, :. lne osean OF Tho
,tntlv mt nie,ssd ...,,h ~ NSs'n on'o, Is ert-
,nn n.rtr +, ..-. ~. w uoue .. events IN it,
"a. hacn sat.a - -. Hs a"o.,i ngfv oa4on name
,,tr. II ~ -a.s. @ ~. VI oa10 democratic dele
a., -, ~ oues, oi Hasne, The
een,b M.,.,s. s ~ .at' tooeFese from tie Fous-
: NV ~ -. ou NOT Know how
ia ~ otaa stafes, but 6
ns 80. - ee ate going IN OHIO, In n
~ oppoiIlAenI OF delegates 10 | 4
, 1866-07-25
= KAHKAKEE COUNTY.
Great Union Mass Meeting.

Pursuant TO alcall, the Republicans of Knn.
kakee Comfy met IN mass convention at the
Court House In kaDknkee, July elst, 1866. 70,
me purpose OF electtng seven delegates to At
TEND the State Contention, to be held at
SSprmsaele, August sth, 1865. On motion,
John Z. Holiday elected Secretary.
IN motion, the Chair appointed q commit
zee OF n7e, consisting Of the folio stpg named
PERSONS: C. A. Lake, ". a. Richardson, Ia
W. Mosier. Nathan Chester, and E. GAY, to
satss essss ths o. prnPer Tor dele
zee reported the names Of the following Der
cons, VIZ: G. A. Lake. Chas. R. starr. b. q.
Bean, F. Worcester, ". W. Todd. Nathan
Chester, and J. E. Sabine, who were iinlv
elected as delegates to attend the Couycn-
Ion.
A committee on resolutions. con.ist,ne of
Mason B: Loomis, Charles r. Starr, 6. A.
Lake, A. Buck. and rhonas P. Bondeld, was
appointed. During the absence Of said COM
nittee the meeting wns ably addtessed by
the Chair, r. A. Lane. Esq, Capt. Squires,
The committee returned and reported tho
following resolutions
ou>. loyal and state.manlike couree Of cur present
EoDcrets IN manaQlDg the reconstruction Of lha
sia.ea lasey In rebellion. and that Wills they wers
reconst1uctton, hey finally struck shs sey no;e ia
the amendment 10 he toL-t1fui1on Of she Tinted
States. 60. offered 10 the Sacs for adopt on, AID
NOUS TO all.
Esso.etd, That We arc opposed to the mouerel
Convention soon to be held Ut Philadelphia nudsr
ife auspices aEd direction or our accidental PFst-
DENT and Tegard It as only the continuation OF al
SAINTS uIson cur Government, and II attended With
much sucee,s, woold fn that degrees perpe.uate the
evils or ioe late Institution Of slavery.
:, Aesotred. That Ne sympathize *i.h Secretary
Seward t. and On account oi the suffering he under
, 1866-07-25
tbs AYLANr1C TnLECuAp8.


Tue Great Eastern, II she has met with no
6elaYslnd has proceeded with the despatch
Of theiosmer expedition, Is now about due
on this side Of the Atlantic, and in this con-
nectbn resume OF former attempts to con-
meet the Old and New World vii be OF In
ter.Et-
The first attempt WIS made in this summer
OF 1851. The cable was coilcd in equal parts
On board the lInitad States steamer Niagara
and the British steamer Agamcmnon. They
commenced to lay 1t In mid ocean, June 16th,
The Niagara sailing for the American coast
and the Agnmemnon Tor the Irish. Tho wire
broke three Times and the attempt WAS given
up.
1.-TWO months afterwards the attempt was
renewed on different plan. The shore end
wss fastened AT ValentiR Bay, aud the Niaga-
ra began paying out on the Tth Of Angust, the
Acnmennon intending to commence when the
fiaeasn had uncoiled half her portion Of the
cable. Alter 3c5 miles had beeu lnIa, the
cable broke again.
The third attempt was made In 1855, the
seme vessels beng engaged. The ends we're
Joined in 1nid-ocean aud the two vessels ar
tiyed at their respective destinations at the
Same time. Mr.. Buchanan and Queen Victo~
ria exchanged congratulations. The mystic
rious DeSauty was o. E., but suddenly the
electric current grew weaker and weaker, and
Dcsauty and the cable disappeared together.
Certain defects in the paying ont machine
~, and radical defccts in the construction of
the cable itself were soon remcdied, and the
Great Eastern sailed from Valcntia Bay in
July, 1866. An accident 10 tile machinery
caused the loss OF the cable when the VOYAGE |
was half done. ThreAtimes it WAS erapplcd |
for In two and half miles OF wntcr, but the !
coupling was not strong enough TO LII 1t to
the deck Of the Great Eastern.
Now again the monster vessel is on her
way with all the appliances science can de-
rlAc for the SUCCESS Of the undertaking. The
cable Of 1858 had breaking strain of little
over three tons, or 4 capabflity OF bearing
five miles Of Its length In water. The
cable Of 1865 has breaking strain
Of eight tons, or capability Of bearing twelve
miles Of Its OWE weight. Insulation has been
made perfect, and graphing ropes sufficiently
strong TO recover the cable, lost, hare been
secured. There Is abundant reason to believe
that the expedition will prove SUCCESS.
that science, guided BY past tail
l1es, could suggest, or that money couid
supply, has been brought into requisiion.
rnt public may now begin to look for the
Tords ''All Righi-De sauty," In the tcle-
5raph columns Of their morning paper.