davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
The Memphis Riot.

We gave, last week, a short account of
the second days riots in Memphis, between
the negroes and the white citizens. Accord
ing to the best information we have, these
terrible riots, resulting in loss Of life and
property, were begun by the negroes wear
ing United States uniforms. The radical
disunion press, however, attempt to throw
the responsibility solely upon the white cit
liens, claiming for them bitter hatred to
the negroes. Ifthe disnnionists' story be
correct, ii but adds to the depIorablc condi-
ton of affairs, resulting from the abolition
war for the beaeft of the negro. No such
hatred as that representei existed before
the war; no such scenes were enacted.-
The negroes and the whites got along yery
well then Now, if,he negroes are the in
stigators or beginners OF these riots. it is in
consequence of the encouragement and
teachings OF the mongrelists of the North.
If the white citizens are the leaders, it is
for causes arising ont of the same devilish
spirit that urged on the ward of John
Brown. In either case, the real blame at
taches TO the Northern Intervals, and only
proves that so far from benefttiug the ne
gro, injury is the only result to both white
and black.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

MORE AMENDMENrs,-In view Of the
fact that the Abolitionists in Congress have
proposed some eighty add amendments to
the Constitution, a facetous fellow, 10 Ken
tucky, offers the annexed amendments for
the consideration of the Constitution tink-
ers:
l. Every freedman shall bav. bureau
for himself, with looking glass on the top
of it, it he likes
2. Every freedman shall have secreta-
ry. .....
3. Every freed boy or girl shall have a
wardrobe.
4. Every freed child shall have every
thing It cries for
5. White people, whether free or not,
must behave themselves.
8. All people of every color, except red,
must vote.-Ex.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
ERRORS OF YOUTH.

gentleman who suffered for years from Nervou.
Debility, Premature Decay and all the effects of
youthful nliscretion will for he sake of suffering
humanity, seni free to all who need IT, the recipe
and directions for making the simple remedy by
which he was cured Sufferers wishing to profit by
the advertisers experience, can do by addressing
JOHN B OGDEN,
..- No. l3 Chambers St., New York
n2l-lyear.-S II. p. & Co., .- .s
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
ADMINISTRATORS NOTICE.

Notce is hereby given that letters of Aiministra-
ton on the estate Of Joseph s. Vaow, late Of Fork
ston Township jec'd, having been granted to the
Undersigned all persons indebted to said estate
are requested Tor make Immediate payment, and
those wing claims against { he snme will present
them duly authenticated for setleme mt without de-
lay. JOHN Il. SPAULDlNG. Admir-.
Forkston Pa Nav l6, 1866.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

The Cosr.--The hospital records, which
have jnst been footed up, shows the enor-
nous aggregate of 100000 Union soldiers
to have died on battle fields and in hospit
ais during the war to suppress the rebellion.
!. This does not include those who died at
their homes of lingering diseases contract
ed in the service.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
EE Thad. Stevens, who is now SO Bit

EF Thad Stevens, who is now SO bit
ter against rebels" was, not many years
since, equally bitter agains Freemasons.
At one time he was as Economically deter
mined on the humiliation of the Masonic
Order as he is at present to wipe out the
Southern people. He then struck as furi-
ousIy at the Masonic Temple of Liberty.
He failed in putting down the superstruc-
ture of Masonry, and he will fail in making
a wreck of the Union.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

@Fort Goodwin, Arizona. has been
taken hy the Ind ans, and the garrison
numbering 124 men mas>acrrd, and the
fort burnt. Will those who are IN control
Of the affairs of Government allow such
outrages to be continually perp"tratrd, while
their entire attention is occupied with
worse than useless legislation
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

EE- The Post office Department has
issued orders to discontinue the delivery of
the mails at an carly day at all offices in
South CarOlina, and perhaps in other States
where there are no regularly appointed
and commissioned postmasters. The Gov
ernOr of South Carolina recommends the
selection at those places of such as can take
the oath.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
JOHN FLUMMERI
EXECUTRIX, NOTICE,

Letters testamtntary the estate OF William
Fitch, late Of Northumberland Township Wyomirg K
County, decd., having been granted 10 und rs,so-
ed all persons having claims against said estate
requested to present the same, duly authensca.
ted tor payment and all persons ind' bted to said
estate will please make payment without ielay to
Northumberland Pa, SARAH u, Fitch,
Apr,i 10th 1895. Executrix.
v5n356w
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
Died..

SiiUPP On the 10th inst, ofiapoplsxy, Abraham
Shupp, aged 7S years and 26 days.
WEIGH In Tunkh annock on Sunday 2Oth inst.
RICHARD WEIGH, aged e3 years, mon:hs and
20 days.
The deceased was born in Penbury Kent County,
England where he grew UP to manhood and mar
ried In lSl7, having lost his wife, he, with two
sons-the e!Gesi iess than FIVE years od-emigr sted
10 this country. ming at or near Philadelphia
where he lived for two years. In 1919 he passed
through this reglon-then almost an unbroken viii
derness-or foot, to Silver Lake, in Susqushanna
Co Il He returned to the city, he came, and re-
tim count Using hut four dwellings where, or in
its vicinity, ne has lived loved, honored
ana respected an Industrious honest and upright
man. His two sens, Of which Richard j. i. :he
ldest, survive him. His remains were deposited in
the Marcy family burying ground, where rests the
dust of those noble pioneers those stern men Of
trying times, with whom he associated nearly ffty
years ago two generations of whom he had followed
with fearful eyes TO their last resting place.
BILLINGS. Mrs HuLDAH E. BILLINGS, wife of
Paul Billings, died April 80, 1866, aged 32 Fears
6 months and days .+f "a
No better obituary of the deceased 10 needed in,
this community than to say, here she lived ami here
she died, respected and loved oy sll who knew her
Reliyiously she converted In 1881, and became
a member Of the NJ. +. Church soon after. In that
communion sho Eved and died, consistent and
worthy christian Her last moments were peaceful,
yea triumphant She was married TO Paul Billings
in January 1855 with whom she Ii ved happily until
death unloosed the silver cords For u few months
previous to her death, this excellent woman was .
eat sufferer, but she bore all with christian fort
ude, and goriously triumI he'd in the death strug-
gle. She has left q kind husband and two little
cherub children to mourn her loss.
IF. WILIuE
HEWITT-MRs ANN A. HEwIgr, wiee OF tAscatur
Hewitt. aied May LIST. 1865, aged - years, 10
months. and % days.
The deceased bid fair for o long iife, but her
prospects were suddenly blasted. Disease accom-
plshed its work speedily but death did not find her
unprepared for his COLI embrace. She experienced
religion in the Fall of 1861 but like many other
persons of her tender age, lured from the path
Of street religious raoitude, although she never lost
her relish for the duties of religious life. In Mo-
yember 1856 she was married. and lived happy
BRIDE tor the few months intervening between that Pc
rod md her death She leaves n very kind hus-
band to mourn her loss, and very many friends wnc
will feel the sadness Of spirit Incident to the io"
such an amiable friend
F. WIIsuR
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
The Printers Delight.

Oh, never in the world beneath,
Or in the world above,
Did printer hear sweet sounds OF bliss
Dear tones of heavenly love.
More thrilling to his inmost soul,
As when with kinllv glance.
A patron SAYS. oh 4! bless your heart !!
TNpoy you in odUnnce p .
Especially for an advertisement.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

DEMocRATIc FICroRY-On Friday last
the municipal election took place i'll Scran-
ton, Penn and resulted in brilliant Dem
ocratic victory. Last year the Disunior-
lists carried that borough by majority OF
about 4euc hundred and fifty, showing a
gain for the Democracy in twelve months
of seven hundred votes.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

g Mr.. Miller, radical member of the
Harrisburg District of Pennsylvania, in his
recent speech in the House, urged his Co
laborers to hurry up their business as this
might be the last Republican Congress that
would meet for some time, if ever.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

a. The House Committee on Elections
have taken such action as is believed will
result in their reporting against thr seat Of
that sterling Democrat, John L. Dawson,
of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania District.
The Committee will report in favor OF De
land, of OHIO, but then the latter is a Re-
Publican, and that makes all the difference.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

A large meeting of tn friends of Presi
dent Johnson MAS held at rmbrrland. Nd.
on Saturday evening. Addresses were d
livrred bv Hon. Montgomery Blair and
Capt Frank Gallagher Of Baltimore.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
STRANGE. Rt,r TRUE.

Every young lady and gentleman ain the United
States hear something very murh to their advan-
tage by return neil (free of charge), by addressing
the undersigned. Those having feais of being hun
bugged will obIig. by not noticing this card. Al!
others will please address their obe dent servant
THOS. F. CHAPMAN,
s3l Broadway, New York
v5n2l-lyear-S. NJ. P. Co.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

@ Gen Banks, Representative in the
Rump from Massachusetts, declared. the
other day, that it is the intention of the
Republican party to impose negro suffrage
upon the whole country. lie said the OILY
reason the matter is deferred is because the
people are not sufficiently Republicanized
vet.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

E Twelve boys, most of them of re-
spectacle parents, have recently been ar
rested in Binghampton, charged with set
ting fire to buildings in that place for the
past several months.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

A black duck-Charles Sumner. A
lame duck-Thsd. Stevens. A dead duck
john w. Foruey. W"urd-d ducks ~
Po,tmaslers, r. venue ColIerio.s and As
SCISSORS, and Federal office holders, gcner
ally.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

81 In the conspiracy rewards. Detec.
tive Bader is down for only $3.50. Its
said be estimates his services at $4,000
and calculated to receive that amount.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

E A convention is to be held in Bos
ton. on the 9Th of June, to consider the
ploblesn Of the training and reformation of
ysgrant children and juvenile criminals.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

cg Th" property of Ex- Governor Al
ken, of South Carolina, has been restored
to him upon the recommendation of Gen.
Sickles.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

I Jefferson Davis has been indicted
by the Grand Jury, in session at Norfolk,
OF treason. His trial, it is now supposed
will take place ia June.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

a. A Catholic Seminary is about to be
erected in Philadelphia for the education Of
Catholic priests. Accommodations will be
made for 800.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
Special Notices.
CAUTION

Nv wife Emeline having left nv he'd and hoard
without just provocation this is TO forbi all
persous harhnring or trusting her on my account
as I pay no debts of her contracting
EMERY HINKLEY.
NICHOLSON, May l6h, 1866
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

BRADF0ED-PROPES- Factoryvlle, on the
10th INST. by Rev n. Doolitte, Mr.. John
Bradford Of Bailey Hollow to Carrie NJ. Props.
of FactOryvie.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

ET No less than seven different Com
pissioners are now,or soon will oe,engaged
in investigating the facts relative to the re-
cent riots IN Memphis.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

ca Troops are being sent from Canada
70 the West Indies The thirteenth regi-
mcnt, now in garrison at Montreal, will
soon depart for Jamaica.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

"a The Democracy, and Johnson Re-
publicans of Indiana have made flshion
against the Disunionists.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

1t is believed that two-thirds of the staff
officers now in the Federal service will be
discharged in the course of few days.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
------------A -
A Byasphemous Old Sc0undrel.

When the Disunion patch for the Con-
stitulion was being ranted upon in the
Rump House, on the 10th inst. by Thad
Stevens, Mr.. Thayer, or Pennsylvania,
asked him "whethe" he thought he could
build penitcntiary big enough TO hold
eight millions ofpeople:" Stevens imme-
iiately replied:
"Yes sir That penitentiarv which is
guarded by hay"nrts down below and if
they undertake to come back we will shoot
them. The penitentiary ofhcH is the pen
iteniary that they deserve to have till
them"
THAT p,nitentiary down below has
certainly had more bars, bolts, bayonets
and suIphurons dungeons added to it bv
the oil! rcpiobate from Lancaster 1--WE beg
pardon-rrom Vermont)than by any Aboi-
ton traitor who ever disgraced the old
keystone. He IS about fit to build peni-
t"ntiaries for the devil, and nothing else.
The remainder of Thad "speech" was
largely made up ofthe same kind of dirty
stuff. which passes current among the veal
thy, talented, and respectable" people of
tn "grand moral idea party in the interest
ofGod and humanity" as ''patriotc elo-
qnence." Oh, shame! Alas. for the days OF
dec"ncy. of honesty, of patriotism, of states
manship, of m ,desty, of virtue, of sohriety
and of godlness.-Pat. d Union.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

EF Judge Abel, ofthe First District
Court of New Orleans, has declared the
Civil Rights bill to be unconstitutional.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

EF Our loyal friends used to talk a
great deal about the "boys IN blue; but
now all their CAB and capital seems to be
invested in the boys az btaek--the nigger
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
THE INDICTMENT.

1hILADtLFHiA, ic, iCOO'
A special dispatch to the Ledger of this
city, from Washington, received at md
night, says
The Indictment found st week. at Nor
folk. against JEFF rSon Davis. recites that
h. did, on the 18th of June, 1864, in tie
city Of Richmond. wi force and arms, un-
lawfully, falsely, malciously, and traitor
ously compass, imagine and intend to raise
lew and carry on war, insurrection and re-
bellion against the United states, and i'll
order to fulfill and carry into effect his trai-
torous designs, he and great multitude OF
persons, whose NAMES are at present un-
known, armed and arrayed in a warl'ke
manner, did falsely and traitor usly assem-
ole and gather themselves together against
the U. S., and did in warlike, hostile and
traitorous ~ amer array and dispose them
selves against the United States of America
contrary TO the duty, allegiance and fidelity
of said Jefferson Davis,ahd aga nst the Con
stitution, peace, dignity and Government
of the L. S., and against the form of the
statute Of the us. in such cases provided.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

o. Rachael Semincs has been elected
Judge of the Probate Court of Mobile,
Alabama.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23

READ.-Honest conviction is nv cour-
age, the Constitution is my guide An
dreW johnson.
Such usurpatinn two centuries ago wo'd
have cost an English King his h,ad.-T
SteUenS.
Is it usurpation to stand between the
people and The encroachments of power
Men may talk about usurpation and be-
heading, but when am beheaded want
the American people to be the witnesses.
Andrea johnson. ..
There are earthquakes beneath US and |
dare not yiel,i-- Thoddeus Steoens.
Yes, fellow-c citizens, there is an earth
quake coming; there is ground swelling
of popular judgment and indignation
The American people will speak, and, by
their instinct if not otherwise, they will
know who are their friends and who are
their enemies --Andrew johnson.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
TEACHERS EXAMINATIONS.

issuing of professional certificates those deserving
W. LAMONTE, Co Sup't,
Tnnkhanuock, May, 9Th 1866
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23
The Case and Condition Of Jefferson Davis,
FORTRESS MONROE, Nay ID

F FORTRESS MONROE, Nay Ia
1t is understood, as the result of Mr..
McCulloch's visit, that President Johnson
has directed the surgeon of the Fort to
make special report of the health of Mr..
Davis, it is said that, during the past year,
the tramping of the guards around his cell
has prevented him from enjoying, at any
one time, more than two hours unbroken
sleep, aud that his health is failing He
expressed extreme pleasure when fine rews
of his Indictment reached him. confident
that speedy action in his case would soon
follow.
immediately on the adjournment of the
L. S Circuit Court in Norfolk, Oh Thurs
day last, Judge Underwood left for Wash
ington. The various attaches of the press
cndeavored in vain to obtain permission to
copy it, the Clerk of the Court, acting nn-
der the pcrcnptory orders of Judge Under
wood, positively refused to allow any one
TO sec it.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1866-05-23


As it at present appears,the position of the
Committee is utterly untenable.
Aside from these points, the worthless
ness of the Committees proposition is oh
vious. 1t cannot by anv possibility effect
anything. We may confidently take it for
granted that the people of the South will
never. under any circumstances, acquiesce
in their own disfranchisemeut for four
years, in reference to alpthat relates to tho
Federal Government There is room for
difference of opinion on the general merits
of the reconstruction problem; on this
point there can he none. The South has
taken its stand on the ground Of common
citizenship, and it will never accept as the
price of Congressional representation, that
which wonId be equivalent to an acknow-
ledgment Of four years serfdom, or infe-
riority, as the penalty of rebellion. Nor
should it be asked to accede to terms of
this nature. Punish the rebel leaders, il
necessary, by banishment or otherwise -
But to propose to punish a whole people to
suit the partisan convenience of those who
dictate the penalty is an outrage upon
justice and common humanity. With all
their errors and faults. the Southern people
have shown that they are not towards -
They will not belle their nature by writ
ing themselves down slaves, at the bidding
Of Committee appointed to consider the
question OF. reconstruction.
II we would do ought to hasten the re-
suit which all moderate men admit to be
exceedingly desirable. il 10 'ueaessary with
Daily Davenport Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1864-1874, 1866-06-25

Ovs Orr ScsssaA.-WitA ~ resQpas
ussk ~ ss1ssls sftAs 0sssspsss Clg De.
tsise, - bsseohs sss slsss. 1he easssisss
ssoossls1 thsssvi1h, = ~ vaFisas dspast-
nsais, will - = ~ osss isssssellae shaf>
ssess, ~ sAssld - possaly aaAsa1sd b
~ psb1s.
10 Dsskisg ssss ~ ssessis sfths Sspss>
iotendeat. ~ - ~ eho sttpodAnee DUR
~ ~ vsss - bssa esiss libesal. Ths
soeoe6 bao AnoUs:
Daily Davenport Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1864-1874, 1866-06-25

BsaslAnsse.-At sbsue ~ Sdess ~
nosaiag. b saisiag bassnsst visasw. .
hargis sGsslsd - satsssee iats ~ rsal-
dsass II JsAa P. Cssk. ~, = ~ esssss
e Dss1v - 1hisd. M. OsGk ~
avsksas1 y ~ pssssns = ~ 1884,
osppsssao ~ ~ oslhss ~ ssas h ~
- sanss. - sshsi, - ~ -, aGEA>
~" uAgsspsa ~ touls saaAsAs1 ~
suels = fh1is5 jswsly ~ atnssas, (lsss.
~ toe woesAss - . - e oeoey ~
ssssAsdD - -hsssyiag dswn sanlss, sliDts1
sse ~ vlaase. - peaDs1 ~ ~ sasssa.
Ne ssiasatly = sass asses1 ~ seest =
re. juo1s ks1s4 ~ vslksl tsl6t -
- ~ ~ seslG1A ns ~ sonnse.
- Il61lne ua11Asa ~ 6)jsg ~ dssss
q tAs diDtssae tsasssas. II. 1ooa ~
= astAs tiaas. - Asasiag ~ sSllsw, ~.
= ups wseaas aallsA ~ stsppiae ssollv
y ~ ~ sfhh ~ naoAa : elinpes 4
~. ~ osfSlae. hsuias ~, 49,
dsva slaisa. Nm tAsaelDse lya,eAehaa-
NJ. Js11 asea,hn ~ Aisfas 6oInnn -
drssss1 = ~ dslha.e. ~ osolase15se
anslhR pssssa, soossa1y . - loehsul
= otvs1a1 neDuun1y - - - ~
rsesl toese vso1A - sAsUvtu1 Assa
- ~ soaoA ~
B~slas sss oululAt = - pssa>s,s 4
eR ~. TAenbtueuno solslnal ~. 4
Daily Davenport Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1864-1874, 1866-06-25

4 TALs Bnassly TeaD.-Oas ~ lass
wssk . ssevAnt gisl eslls1 q The residence
sfMr. I. N. Cesk, he pAsessssphist, I'D
solicited snp,oynssk. Shs vss sivsa . sit
uaaisn. but disappsassd With sbsut 90
worth q clothing a ~ following day. asd
~ Dot been seen siuco.
Daily Davenport Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1864-1874, 1866-06-25

AnRDo1sD - SuoU1gooa.-A n -
A vssnon blair - arrested sAieee,ae
on suspicion of being concerned inue 4
ths recent burslariss. Ne pesia& evi>
deacs bsing preeusabls, be was cent ! isil
- . charge Of vasssncy. NJ. BIsr W
that be i ~ eminent lawyer u PanA, J.,
. small town on the Illinois Centsa) &,
read. His wife, be says. 10 sev III pOs0
ssn lava. He sent her : letter thiG. sssa
ing stating that h. ~ili b unable tosso
b ses hse for some tine. which, I ~,
pssssb,s. Mr. Biair's basgage is -
tensive, and consists of one shirt 4 : =.
psr cellar. (ths collar partly ~ H'
was formerly member Of the eSdsdiaaa
Infantry, 10 about - yeaes sld5 lsst
isshss high, dark couplexiossd, = blasl
eyes, black hair, end black nustas. We
ere thus explicit fsr the bstt = his
many influential friends. Who wssdssbs.
ely rush y biz rsscss = ssso ~ y =
print. He hes bssa usdss tlvs u ess
police for . week, end is chsss~ith havs
ise encs stolen small sam onasy ftsa
. genllsman while in ths Diasd Saloes
on Brady street. In saying I b. Il .
practising lawyer. NJ. Blair mbs right
bat he must carry % his businia : more
formal and leeal mAnnes.