davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

The Louisville Democrat says: Nashville
has not supported Parson Brownlow. After
all the DISTINGUISHING of rebels and confirming
suffrage to loyal men, the votes turned up on
the wrong side. Brownlow will be apt to
find similar result in the whole State of
Tennessee. The next Legislature may, and
very likely will, play smash with all his
devilment Brownlow must call upon his
old friend, he is so familiar with, to help him
out, and even then he is not safe. These
Conservatives, If they do get started, may
beat the Devil.
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05
FOR MAYOR,

| TOh MA oh.
We are authorized to announce DR.. j.
COBB as candidate for Mayor. Election
to take place LIST Saturday in October.
Sept. late.
| We are authorized to announce JOHN A.
BAILEY candidate for reelection TO the
office of Mayor. Election first Saturday in
October.
Sept. 81, lsee-te
FOR CITY MARSHAL.
We are authorized to announce J. ]
RAWLS, as a candidate for reelection to
the Office of City Marshal Elec ton TO take
place on LIST Saturday in October. -
Sept. 7, ls66-tes
We are authorized to announce JOSEPH
II. ROBINS as candidate for City Marshal.
Election to take place the list Saturday In
October. nm. (sep Tie
We are authorized TO announce NJ. W.
CARCUFF as candidaee for City Marshal.
Election to take place LIST Saturday in octo-
Der. I
Sept. IA, ise6-te
We are authorized to announce RICHARD
WALL, as a candidate for City Marshal
Election to take place lst Saturday in Octo-
Der. [Sept IA, l866-te.
We are authorized 10 announce b. PLOS-
SER, as a candidate for City Marshal. Elec-
ton LIST Saturday in October.
Sept. IL, ls66-te.
CApT. II. II. AvRIT is a candidate for the
Office of City Marshal, at the ensuing October
election, and win be supported by
MANY CITIZENS.
Sept. 20, IsG6-te
FOR RECORDER.
We are authorized to announce CIIAS.
FAXON, as a candidate for City Recorder
Election LIST Saturday in October,
Sent, a. lS66-te.
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

TIE Rev. Dr.. BALDwIS.-We regret Il
state that DR.. Baldwin has been attacked
with cholera, but we are happy to add tina,
he is now convalescent. He has been inces.
sanity engaged in pastoral visitations among
the sick, and in this way, doubtless, superin.
duced the disease on himself We hope he
will soon be able to resume his labors-in.
deed he married a couple on Saturday, while
still in his bed.-NashriHe Christian Adpo.
cate,
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

A DELICATE QUESTION" by is the let
ter like ring - said young lady to her
acc ,ted one day. The gentleman, like the
generality of his sex in such situation, was
as duh as hammer. Because, added the
lady with very modest look, "re can't be
ged without il"
TUE value of true friends are never known
until we lose them.
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

JUDGE HARRISON, of West Virgin
il, has decided the test oath to be
unconstitutional, and ordered the
Register to issue a certificate to an
applicant who had refused to take
tho oath. 1t seems that, whilst Leg.
islatiye bodies, the immediate repre-.
sentatives of the people, are striking
deadly blows at the fundamental
principles of free government, the
judiciary are interposing to shield
them against assaults from quarter
so unexpected, Let tho judges re,
main honest and true, and all will be
right in the end.
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

THf overwhelming Radical defeat
in Nashville and Davidson county,
last Saturday, and this, too, under
the Operations of the latest franchise
act ,inapires the hope that the Brown
low faction is too nearly dead to be
saved by its own quack nostrums,
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05
-
KAXMnNn nH Az N

RAYMOND, of the N. Y. Times,
says: eff such policy as Mr..
Stevens is carried out, or seriuosly
entered upon, nothing on earth is
more certain than the overthrow and
utter ruin of this Republic"
Yet the man who uttered this SEN
timcnt, is a o-workcr with Thad.
Stevens aud, of course, with the fixed
determination TO overthrow and ruin
the Republic. This is the man, too,
who is the rcputed author of the ad
dress put forth by the National Union
Convention at Philadelphia.
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05
TOBACCO.

TRIcE's LANDING, Oct. 3, 1866.
Sales Of 53 hhds. Tobacco, by Richards,
Crenshaw h Co., as follows:
One hid. new CROP grown by T. J. wea-
yer, Stewart county, at 20 90, is so, II 45,
IL 30, 10 80, 10 90, 10 10, 90, 7 20,
7 90, 80, 6 as, 60, so, 80, so,
3 so, 8 80, 20, so, 2 90 3 20, 3 30,
5 80, 8 80, 60, A 80, 3 90, , 80, 3 so,
4 90, 90, 8 so.
Next sale, Monday, Oct. "a.
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05
Sawed Shingles.
KENTUCKY LAND FOR SALE,

THE UNDERSIGNED WILL SELL pri-
L vately, two hundred acres of the very
best land In Todd county, one hundred acres
in valuable timber, and the balance in a
high state Of cultivation, well watered by
never falling springs, and the waters Of West
Fork running through IT, Said farm, is sit
mated two miles west Of Trenton, and is con.
venient 10 several mills.
Persons wishing to purchase, would do
well to call and see it. can always be
found at my residence near by.
LEWIS W. GARTH.
Oct. s, ls66-2mo
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

Cotton has been grown with marked sue
cess In Southern Kansas. There Is no doubt
but that II might be made very productive
crop. The soil and climate are we'll adapted
to It's growth and culture.
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05
DR.. u. A. ROUSELAUX
The French Cancer Dontorl

rURES Cancel, Weus Carbuncles, Anchy-
" losis, Tor stiff joint chlorosis, Syphilis,
etc. Can be consulted, Tor a short time. at
Mrs. Mays opposite the courthouse, Clarks-
vile. Permanent Office, No, sl4, jefferson
street, between 9Th and 9th, Louisville, Ky.
Sept 20, ls663m
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

THE mass meeting called to ratify
the proceedings of the National
Union Convention, and was post
poned in consequence of the cholera,
in Nashville, has again been deferred
until the 9th Of this month. We
hope our readers will remember the
day, and that Montgomery will be
largely represented on the occasion.
1t will bea fine opportunity to let
radicals of Tennessee see sample
OF the conservative strength, and to
confer about the mode of proceeding
to secure to the people their just and
constitutional rights, withheld by a
few lawlcss renegades.
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

giving us call you win find we have well
selected stock Of clothing, Gents Furnishing
Goods, Boots, Shoes, Hats and Gaps, Shirts,
Drawers, Neck Ties, Suspenders, Paper Col
lars, Gloves, Piece Goods of all kinds, and
in fact everything usually kept in that line,
and kLEEaAs Co., particularly announce
to the public and their
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

MR, BINGHAM has sold his inter.
est in the Memphis Bulletin, and is
suc.'gica by Mr. DuNrec,
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

With the care we have taken in selecting
our stock of clothing, we cannot fail to ac-
commodate all who will favor us with call,
and this Is the proper season of the year to
procure your Fall and Winter clothing, and
to prepare for the cold. You should call at
once, and not be
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

"The President contends that the body Of
men acting as a Congress has no consttu.
tional powersi and can do no valid acts in
the absence of the excluded States. The
Congresses that authorized the war debt and
laid the internal duty to pay it were COM
posed of precisely the same number of rep
resentatives, from the same States, as the
present. If it should be decided that those
Congresses had no constitutional existence,
then the five-twenties, ten-forties, seven-thir.
ties, and the legal tender greenbacks will
have been issued without authority, and will
I've worthless"
The foregoing is the reply of Thad.
Stevens to an interrogatory, and a
glance will suffice to show that it is
most contemplate dodge Of that
most contemplate demagogue. Nei-
Their the President nor any one else
has denied the constitutionality of
the Congress in session, during the
war, or the validity of its acts. But
when the war ceased, and peace was
proclaimed, when the seeded States,
by federal authority, he'd elected rep
esentatives to Congrets, and those
States had been declared authorita-
lively to be in the Union, then
the Congress which rejected the
Southern delegates ceased to be
constitutional body, and none of its
acts, since that date, would be affirm
ed as constitutional by an honest
Supreme Court. This is the plain
state of the case, and the remarks of
old Thad amount to nothing more
than a mendocious attempt to alarm
the avarico Of those who prize the
dollar above God, country and honor.
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

of disease caused by neglect in taking care
of yourself, for it is generally
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05
SUPPOSED

that it is better to guard against the maladies
derived from inattention, to proper care taken
in clothing the body suitable for all seasons
of the year, than
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

nearly opposite the Court House, in Clarks
vile. Remember the place, and don forget
that we are always obliging and ready to
oifer greater inducements than any other
House
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05
FOUND

in any city, and our stock is unsurpassed
anywhere in beauty and durability. We can
always be found ready and attentive to bus
mess, s
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05
HEAD

foot, than any other house in the city. Our
Clothing is manufactured by the best work.
men that can be
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

Ingenuity hds been able to devise. We offer
our stock at very reasonable rates, and we
Halter ourselves that we can satisfy custom
ers better in all styles, from
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05

We are authorized to announce CIIAS.
FAXON, as a candidate for City Recorder
Election LIST Saturday in October,
Sept. u, lS66-ts.
Clarksville weekly chronicle. [volume] (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1865-1867, 1866-10-05
MUNICIPAL ELECTION.

Next sale, Monday, Oct. "a.
The Jackson standard. [volume] (Jackson C.H., Ohio) 1847-1888, 1866-12-20

STRANGE DIsAPPEARANCE One OF
our most prominent citizens strangely and mys
teriouSly disappeared from our town last week.
As he was benevolent man, and universally res
pected, it was thought that he could not have
been murdered. Inquiry was made all over the
country, and we are happy to state that he has
been heard from. He was last seen far out in the
hills on top of a peddlcrs wagon. lie explains
his disappearance thus: He has been engaged in
the clothing business and the weather becoming
SO cold that he thought his customers could not
come to town. and being afraid they might suffer
for winter clothing, he went to their relief. The
man was Grassland
N. B. He left some clothing in town, which
will be sold in his absence at very low figure.
The Jackson standard. [volume] (Jackson C.H., Ohio) 1847-1888, 1866-12-20
Pathetic.

One summers eve, when the breeze was gone
And the nightingale was mute;
The moon was beaming on the HILL
The stream was staid, the leaves were still.
And gentle as lute; ..
Was heard a VOW, and half prayer
1t spoke Of hope more than despair,
And rose into the calm sweet air.
Thus sweet and sad the words did flow:
"Ah. me ali, me! if could go
To Isaac Nathan's clothing store,
With pockets full and plenty more
Where crowds of folks have gone before,
Twould be my hearts desire;
Then would buy of clothes the best,
Shirts, Collars, Gloves and all the rest
might require. s.... ....
"But aint got the tin and they wont trust IN
at the sign OF the Three Red Posts"
N. B.-We have nice stock of Piece Goods fc
Men and Boys.
The Jackson standard. [volume] (Jackson C.H., Ohio) 1847-1888, 1866-12-20

A MODEL PAPER.-The Watchmdn d
Reflector, of Boston, has an enviable reputation for
ability and enterprise. 1t has not been surpassed
In merit by any religious journal in the country.
But 1t aspires to higher excellence. and proposes
to become, with the opening of the New Year,
one of the most comprehensive family papers in
the world. It will be greatly enlarged and pub
Ished on double sheet: one sheet devoted, as
hitherto to religious matter; the other to literary,
social, monetary and agricultural articles. This
latter department will be new and peculiar, with
q rich variety of contents, embracing articles on
current moral, social and political questions; on
the leading men Of the age in thought and action
reviews of import mt books; tales for the family
circle; agricultural and gardening matters for
farmers; and monetary articles and reports of the
markets for business men.
No Journal in the world certainly has more
comprehensive plan to meet the wants of all fam
lilies, and Of all the members ia family; and as
the editorial staff will consist of nine men, all able
and experienced in the several departments, who
will be assisted by thirty contributors, many of
them having national reputation, the Watch
man & Reflector must become model family pa
per, unequaled In merit and In circulation. Its
enterprising conductors deserve the largest sue
cess. We refer our readers 10 Advertisement in
another column.
The Jackson standard. [volume] (Jackson C.H., Ohio) 1847-1888, 1866-12-20

THE following new advertisements
will be found in the STANDARD this week..
EarGrocerlcs--A. w Buskirk.
arBlacksmithing-E. K. Hood.
Ed-old Eyes Made New--Dr. E. D. Foote.
EarManhood &c.-Dr. Kline.
EaExecutor's Sale--Dan. W. Hoffman.
EarSheriff q Sale-Colson VS.. Moler.
ErAttorney's Card--Dungau & Mayo.
fTAgricutural-Wm B. Steele.
e3-Watchman g. Rcfector--Ford, Olmstead d
Co.
ETSalc of Real Estate Commissioner OF JacL
sonCo.
eTDiyorce Notice-Elizabeth Jones.
The Jackson standard. [volume] (Jackson C.H., Ohio) 1847-1888, 1866-12-20
BLACK AS A CROW,

few years since, was many splendid head that
isnow grey or grizzled. Why not rest re to the
yet unwrinkled brow its raven honors1 Five min
utes effects the splendid transformation. In less
time than rfeman would take to
LOAD AND FIRE
three times, the greyest head may be made darker
than the
RAVENS WING.
No matter of what undesirable tint the hair or
whiskers or beard mny be, the change to q superb
and perfectly natural black or brown is accom-
pShed bv one application of
Cristadoro's Hair Dye,
without staining the skin or injuring the fila
ments. Manufactured by ]. CRlSTADORO, 6
Astor House, New York Sold by all Druggists.
Applied by oil Hair DresSers.
Dec. 20, 19G6.-1m
The Jackson standard. [volume] (Jackson C.H., Ohio) 1847-1888, 1866-12-20
New AND PERFECT SEWING

MACHINE. - THE BARTLETT ELASTIC
STITCH practical family SEWING MACHINE;
combines all the advantages of the best and most
popular Sewing Machines, greatly simplifed. with
other essential improvements. Runs either way,
uses short, straight needle, Is extremely simple,
sews all kinds of goods runs very still, has only
one threading, has the most perfect tension, and
performs easily with less instruction, and more
perfectly and efficiently, oil kinds of family sew
ing than any Sewing Machine ever introduced
ETIf you want the best do not fall to examine H..
Licensed to use the Wheeler & Wilson feed and
Howe needle. PRrcE $25. Nine Demorests
Emporium of Fashions, No. 473 Broadway, New
York, General Agency for the United States.
Agents wanted. Send for Circular.
The Jackson standard. [volume] (Jackson C.H., Ohio) 1847-1888, 1866-12-20
MEDICAL NOTICE. --nR E. Cone may

MEDICAL NoTICE. --nR. E. Cone may
be consulted as follows:
In HAMDEN, at the jackson House, on Mon
days, Sept. 10 Oct. Is; Nov. 10; Dec. "a Jan.
28; March A; April 8; May 1S; June II.
In JACKSON, at the Isham House, on Tues
days, Sept. Ii Oct. 16; Nov 20; Dec. 25; Jan.
20; March s; April 0; May IA; June IS.
All sick persons would do well to consult DR..
Cone, as he charges nothing for consultation and
bis success In this community, during five years
practice, is guarantee of his skill in the treatment
of all varieties OF diseases. But do not defer your
application until your disease Is incurable.
The Jackson standard. [volume] (Jackson C.H., Ohio) 1847-1888, 1866-12-20
TRANsvpRs OF REAL ESTATE. .-Th

TRANsFERs OF REAL ESTATE. The
following are the transfers OF Real Estate, filed in
the Recorders Office for the week ending on
Saturday night last, md furnished by John N.
Martin, Esq, County Recorder:
Daniel T. Colson and Wife 10 John Poor.
Undivided d OF lands Of VIM Molcrs es.
tate, Ia Bloomfield township ..........$ 1000
Abraham Keller to WIN. Seal. W,sW,
tT6, R17. 40 acres. es........nnn..$ 800
Augustine MeGhee TO WIN. c. Long. 20
acres L side II W, Sc, 80, 70, rH. Al.
so, 90 acres. Same and r..........S 800
John Roach TO Andrew Warren. AHA.
Part sc, NV, s32, ", 7,rH..."....S 90
John Cochran to Margaret Clewers. Part
lot ~ in Jackson. .....................s 1000
Hezekah s. Bundy and Wife to Isaac
Dempsey. Sc, e. s36, tS, rlS. 40
acres. .,...................$ lou
Daniel HurrOl and Wife to Abijah Hurral.
w u, W, s'25, t6, RIG. so acres. ..$ 1000
William L. Williams to Evan B. Edwards.
Sc, 8 W. and sc, 8 e, and n e, &c. ands
W, se, and acres e, $ e, s25 S, 1S.s 2l76
Thomas L. Jones to James Whit. Sw,
Sw, 83, t7, r II. 40 acres. ............$ 600
John s. McGhee to II. +. Austin. Sen
w,ss, t 0, II. 40 cres..............$ 600
Henry +. Austin to A. A. Austin. Lands
ins1 II, r IS. 240 acres Also, sXs
e. and S e, W, 80, tS, RIG. 12a acres.
Also part W, 81, to, II. 1877 acres. $25, 900
Madison Canter to Hugh Woods. Nw,s
e,s24tS, 10. Also, sc, n e, same st
and r. Also acres in same s.....,.$ 1910
Total for rlands transferred during the week $93 756
The Jackson standard. [volume] (Jackson C.H., Ohio) 1847-1888, 1866-12-20
DR.. sCHENCK'S
Pulmonic Syrup.

This great medicine cured DR.. J. II. achenck,
the Proprietor, Of Pulmonary Consumption, when
It had assumed It's most formidable aspect, aud
when speedy death appeared ~ be inevitable.
His physicians pronounced his case lncuTable,
when he commenced the use Of this simple but
powerful remedy. His health was restored In
very short time, and no return Of the dlAease has
been apprehendcd, for all the symptoms quickly
disappeared, and his present weight Is more than
two hundred pouDds
Since his recovery, he has devoted his attention
exclusively 10 the cure Of CONSUMPTION, and the
diseases which are usually complicated with 1t,
and the cure effected hy his medicines have been
very numerous and truly wonderful. DR.. Schenck
makes professional visits to several Of the larger
cities weekly, where he has Il large concourse Of
patients, and 1t Is truly astonishing to sec poor
cOnsumptiyes that have TO be lifted out Of their
carriages, and in a few months healthy, robust
persons. DG. SCHENCK'S PULMONIC sYR-
UP, SEAWEED' TONIC, and MANDRAKE
PILLS are GENERALLY oil required in curing Con-
sumption. Full directions accompany each, 30
that any one can take them without seeing Dr.
Schenck, but when II Is convenient 1t Is best to see
him. He gives advice free, but for thorough ex.
animation with his Respirometer his fee Is three
dollars.
Please observe when purchasing, that the two
likeneSses Of the DoctOr-One when IN the last
stage Of Consumption, and the other as he now is,
In perfect heath--are on the Government stamp.
Sold by all Druggists and Dealers. Price sl6O
per bottle, or $3.50 the half dozen Letters for
advice should always be directed 10 Dr. Schenck's 5
Principal Office, No. Is North 9Th Street, Phila-
delphia Pa.
General Wholesale Agents: Demas Barnes g.
Co., N T.; s. s. Hance, Baltimore Nd. John
D. Park, Cincinnati Ohio Walker g. Taylor,
Chicago, H.. Collins Bros, St. Louis, Mo.
Nov. l5, 1866--3d ca mo 1y
The Jackson standard. [volume] (Jackson C.H., Ohio) 1847-1888, 1866-12-20
SPECIAL NOTICES.
DIR. TOBIAS
VENETIAN LINIMENT.

AN instaptaneous remedy for chronic rheuma.
tisn headache, toothache, Group, collie, quinsy
sore throat, and pains in any part Of the body
Remember, this article Is succcss--not an exper-
iment; for 10 wears 1t has been tested. No medi-
cine ever had such reputation as this silently 1t
has worked Its way before the public, and oil are
loud In its praise. Chronic rheumatism .
Thousands who laid for weeks on a bed Of agony,
and never walked without the aid Of crutches,
with this complaint, can testify to the magical { q"
lects of this liniment. They are cured and pro-
claim its virtues throughout the land. Remem-
Der relief Is certain and positive cure Is sure to
follow. Headache Of all kinds we warrant to cure.
Putrid sore throat, quinsy, and diphtheria are
robbed OF their terrors by timely use of the Ven
etian Linlmcnt. 1t has saved hundreds the past
three months. Price, 40 and 50 cents bottle.
Office, Sc Cortlandt street. New York. Sold by
all Druggists.
Dec. 20, 1S66.-1m
The Jackson standard. [volume] (Jackson C.H., Ohio) 1847-1888, 1866-12-20
DR.. Cheeseman's Pills

have been a Standard Remedy for over thirty
wears and are the most effectual one ever known
for all complaints peculiar to Females. To all
classes they are invaluable, inducing, with certain
ty, periodical regularity. They are known to
thousands, who have used them at different peri
ods, throughout the country, having the sanction
of some of the most eminent Physicians in Ameri-
ca,
Explicit directions, stating when they should not
be used, with each Box-the Price One Dollar per
Box, or Boxes for S., containing from 30 10 so
Pills - -s-----.---
Pills sent by mail, promptly, secure from obser-
vation, by remitting TO the Proprietors. Sold by
Druggists generally.
HUTCHINGS & HILLYER Proprietors,
81 Cedar st., New York
BENTON & DUNHAN, Cleveland, and JOHN d.
PARK Cincinnati, Wholesale Agents.
E9r6old In Jackson by DR.. o. G. MILLER.
Feb. %, 1366,-Iy
The Jackson standard. [volume] (Jackson C.H., Ohio) 1847-1888, 1866-12-20
A New AND PERFECT SEWING

MACHINE. - THE BARTLETT ELASTIC
STITCH practical family SEWING MACHINE;
combines all the advantages of the best and most
popular Sewing-Machnes, greatly simpliaed with
other essential Improvements. Runs either way
uses a short, straight needle, is extremely simple
sews all kinds Of goods, runs very still has only
one threading, has the most perfect tension, and
performs easily with less instruction and more
perfectly and efficiently, all kinds of family sew
ing than any Sewing g-N0chine ever introduced.
Ej-If YOU want the best do not fail to examine it.
Licensed to use the Wheeler IL Wilson feed Il nd
Howe needle. PRICE $50. Nine Demorest's
Emporium Of Fashions No. 413 Broadway, New
York, General Agency for the United States.
Agents wanted. Send for circular.