davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The evening telegraph. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1864-1918, 1866-11-26
NEW PUBLICATIONS.
MARIuN HARLARD'S NEW BOOK.
JAMES S. CLAYTON,

(SuecessOr william $. & Alfred MartienJ
IL lOlm No 1914 CaEsNUT Street
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24
Exhibit of Our National Industry
and Commerce.
me TARIFF QUESTION CONSIDERED
The Morals, Economy and Independ-
ence of Trade.
1.-The National Capital and Labor.

Labor epriches. laws and arms preserve educa-
.on deyelops the welfare and greatness of nation.
American Industry has four great branches; u)
agriculture. ~ Manufactures ,3) Trade, ~ Min
~. all intimately interviewer, but of which Agr-
allure is primary; il is the basis Of the rest. The
spulstion Of the United States according 10 the
sest census 1850 was 5l,3S3,99S, and the
Al nated value of its real end personal property
yt l59, 6l6,O 6S. The aggregate value OF our pro-
s.eiions for that year are computed as follows;
,rculture 81. Sj6. OO0, 600; Manufactures, Mining
nd Fisheries 81, 9O6, 100000, or grand total Of
he 62 coo 900 as the entire product Of the national
rdstrv. OF this product IL must be estimated that
lot one-thrd is consumed where II is produced,
iesrng as basis Of transfer and trade Of Agricul-
haze 81 .237 600 900; Manufactures, Mining, Sc,
h. OoO. 600. or a total Of 81 So, O0O,0 coo.
HOME AND FOREIGN TRADE.
The trade Of the country creates nothing Of H.
k,N tits impossible to arrive at an approximate
L.anate Of the earnings OF trade. II has two nat
lnjdivisions-Home and Foreign. We have toll
Iatly accurate account Of the imports and exports,
kr5can thus distinguish the amount Of home
Ishc. The exports for the same year were 1913
i@g7i. two-thirds Of which was in American YES
!. The imports we're 1892 l66, 25l, two-thirds in
tnercan vessels, and Of this sum we retained for
rOwn consumption 1886, 233, 232, the difference
l,Ig rcexported The exports for the same year,
uding precious metals, were $500, ID, 296.
GROWTH or FOREIGN TRADE.
Il order to understand the nature, growth ana
xnt Of our foreign trade, it is necessary 10 con-
IL he following table:
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24

showed aside by those who have learned thls
first and simplest law for filling the soil, Wa;
Restore to the soil by artificial dressing, those
elements which have been withdrawn from il in
the form of crops. DO but this, and the round
of crops moves in circle as endless as the cir
Gle of the seasons; neglect it, and the prairie
turns TO desert
The KEY to the interest this city has in the
subject lies in this simple fact: that the kinds OF
lands in the neighbOrhood OF NeW-lork are
precisely the kinds upon which sewage has been
tried and for which it thus far seems best
adapted. Here are present all the conditions
required for making the trial. Does it seem,
then, entirely accidental that the shores OF New
Jersey and Long Island are in great part barren
reaches of sandl If one were to predict that
the elements of the food carried into the city
would be returned to the fields without waste,
and then recarred TO the city in the shape oil
other corn and meat, it would sound IKE
Utopian talk; but, approximately this may he
realized. This is substantially the supposition
made by Prof. Liebig, quoted in an earlier art-
Gle. Mr. Ellis. the competitor Of Messrs.
Napier 4 Hope, estimated the money value OF
the e1creta of the population north of the
Thames at los. per person, or f1 ,O0O0oO per
annum. Mr.. Hopes expectations would re-
turn to the rate payers of London al annual
income of f1S7 500 for the sale of sewage. Call
it rose -colored exaggeration, and yet it must be
deemed partially true. Here. in New-York,
with taxation Of three per cent, amounting 10
virtual confscation Of half Of all incomes,
something like that sum would not be all an
pleasant contemplation for taxpayers. Does 1t
really pay, in the long run, to submit to De
Ring-riddenl Are not reform and decent sd-
mnistration possibly worth an effort
Some time or other-alittle while in advance OF
the Millenium--when there are clean streets and
improved tenements here; when Mr.. lite Booie
Barnacle and all the other Barnacles are IN
private life; and when the city is governed by
itself because capable Of self-goyernment, We
expect to see sewage utilized and other To-
cal reforms effected. This is one Of series OF
measures all of which are dependent upon
one another.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24

advancement. Her portion is peculiar; che has
goods 20 sell 20 all the world and needs both food
and raw material in return. The theory she prac
tees is very different from that which she urges
upon Others. Her industrial start gave her such
tremendous advantage that she can compete in all
markets with manufactures. America is the
only nation which has superior advantages. She
has the cotton, the iron, the coal, the wool. She
can grow or import as cheaply as England and the
skilled labor in abundance will follow. All that
is needed is steady course Of protective legislation
doubly necessary at this time TO relieve the nations
Indebtedness.
CONSUMPTION OF FOREIGN MERCHANDISE.
The actual consumption of Foreign goods per
capita is on the increase and Notwithstanding the
temporary and commendable check upon our i'm
dunng the war, the following fable will
show that we have nearly reached the peace ratio
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24
Pace AND WAR coSTRAsTED.

AMERICAN AND FOREIGN FABRICS.
Wooden and cotton fabrics constitute the larger
part of this exhibit of extravaganza. Both articles
are grown Oh our SOIL and all the most needed fab
RIGS of both are manufactured here 1t is the finer
and moro sumptuous article for which we incur
debt. Tea, coffee and sugar comprise another
large proportion and may be called partly Injuries
and partly comforts, and are therefore judiciousy
taxed. Silk goods are another very heavy item,
almost wholly luxuries, or worse. 1t is apainful
fact to consider that during the second and third
years of the war-the very crisis OF the nations eI
istence-we were importing half as many fine
woolens, silks, laces, embroderies, diamonds and
watches, millinery goods and fruits, as in time Of
profound peace, and as many as were consumed ten
years previously. Tobacco, which was Southern
product. like sugar, is heavily taxed so as TO Do
actually protective averaging, in 1860, IS per cent
OF spirits and wines, $50 called and sold we
bought one thiId the amount. which very properly
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24

which involves IN its consideration questions o.
national INDEPENDENCE morals, revenue, currency,
wealth. taxation and finance. Which policy brings
the greatest and most lasting blessings 10 the whole
peoplel There is large class IN the community,
chiefly those interested in the exchange Of foreign
goods, who clamor loudly for Free Trade, and H.
sist with much vehemence that the country will so
be best served There is something seductive about
the name Free Trade which leads TO great confu-
sion of ideas as it is usually allied in some minds
with Free Labor, Free Speech and Free Soil. II is
quite needless TO say that within our own bounda-
ries trade is absolutely free nor II be too free
but to understand it's bearings when applied TO
foreign countries consider the foregoing statistics
HINDERANCEs TO AMERICAN LABOR.
The main argument in its behalf is theundoubted
fact that at present we can buy goods cheaper
abroad than We can make them, and the chief com
plant, that we impose for the purposes of revenue
such a tariff as cqualizcs the difference or nearly
so. The tanf of the United States las undergone
frequent and important alterations during the past
50 wears, but by the political influence Of that por-
ton Of the country lately in instruction has, with
trining EXCEPTIONS been kept at point low enough
to yield revenue only with but little protection 10
ourmanuiacures. The instability of the tariff, even
If 1t were protective Of home industry, is one Of
the causes which must always operate 10 prevent,
10 some extent, capitalists from embarking IN such
enterprises.
FLUCTUATIONS OF TIE TARIFF.
The following table exhibits the fluctuations of
the tariff and the amount Of customs duties re-
ceived, and the ratio Of the duties TO The total
f1nnnrfS.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24
SEWAGE AND ITS UTILIZATION.

The following tables are extracted from inc
report Of the Special Commission appointed 10
inquire into the best mode of distributing the
sewage of towns and applying it to beneficial
and profitable uses" The tables are results of
the practical experiments of this Commission.
Those directly following indicate the amount of
green grass per acre obtained from fve-acre
field expressed in tuns and hundred weights.
The "plots" were equal in size, No. being I'M
sewaged; No. 2 receiving 5000 tuns Of sewage
per acre per annum; No. 3, 5000, and No. 4,
1000 tuns. This distinction in the plots will be
the same through all the tables we give.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24

A second crop Of 400 weight was obtained
from No. 4 on the oath of August.
The tables giving the results with fattening
oxen and milking cows are too detailed to adj
nit of either condensation or quotation. The
summary of results, however, was given in our
last article.
The sewaged meadow.grass, as cut green,
contained less solid substance than the unsew-
aged; and that cut later in the season contained
still less Of solid matter. Although q given
weight of solid substance Of sewaged grass pro-
duced more milk than from the unsewaged,
there was comparatively little difference in the
composition of the milk from the two grasses.
In IN experiment with oats, in which 1861 tuns
of sewage were applied per acre, the gross value
of the increased produce amounted to more than
sd. per tun of the sewage employed, or to about
three times the value of the constituents of the
sewage, supposing them to have been extracted
and dried.
So great is the difficulty of presenting, in
our narrow limits, anything like just resume
of the materials at our command that We have
aimed only at quoting enough to awaken in
terest and provoke inquiry. 1t is the French
mind that loves scientific experiment for its
own sake; the English are not open to the
charge of impractical research, and as they
are an older nation, we Americans may do
wisely TO profit by their experience, resting as.
sured they are always keenly on the watch to
profit by ours. The public of London and the
other large cities Of the United Kingdom, hav-
ing been literally forced to devise some new
plan Of getting rid of sewage, have at the same
time discovered that it may be proftably gotten
rid of. This fact, which the public mind now
begins to appreciate, was long ago known by a
few scientific men who had more closely studied
the benefcent economy of Nature. Some
glimmerings of knowledge akin to that are be-
coming visible in this country. The old
fashioned sneers at " book-farming" are not so
much heard now. The Legrees in agriculture
the men who treated soil like slave, work
ing it without change or rest to the point OF ex-
hsustiOD, and then seeking nev-aIe being
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24

The increase lin the last table, OF the early
cuts during the last seasons, was owing to the
application of sewage in the Winter months.
:. The four following tables present: First, The
total amount Of produce per acre per annum as
green grass. Second, The same produce calcu-
lated as hay THIRD, The increase, as green
grass, for each ! 600 tuns of sewage employed.
Fourth, The increase, reckoned as hay, for each
1000 tuns Of sewage. The distinction in the
four plots (Which are numbered from left to
right remains always as stated at the begin
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24
.fthe following table:

N course the value Of the exports in a series Of
h. must be about equivalent to the imports.
must pay either in produce, manufactures or
kious metals, for what we have bought. In
case Of the bonds sent abroad during the war
Il the interest will appear until they are recalled.
\ noticeable, however, that for the last three
b. of war, our exports have exceeded our imports
y sos, 600, 900, indicating rapid transfer Of
ID 10 other countries.
EXPORT OF THE PRECIOUS INITIALS
thus appears that, in the 10 years preceding
lvar, the whole foreign commerce Of the country
increased over 200 per cent, the importations
increased over 100 per cent, while the manu-
,Gres had increased 90 per cent. A large pro-
on of this increase in our exports consists OF
lp and the precious metals, as viii be seen by
I'm, ..ll OF q ayn
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24
WHAT We BUY ABROAD.

This is by 10 means a complete list, a. there are
such articles as perfumery, notions, and articles Of
fancy. not enumerated. But these figures only
represent the amounts actually entered at the Gus
tom.House. The actual receipts were probably
much larger, in some cases as much as fifty or
hundred per cent. When the duties are ad paiorem,
il is a common and fraudulent practice TO swear
the goods through. by means Of false invoices,
at much les. than their true cost. So, when
the duties are specific the quantitics-especialy Of
dry roods-are fraudulently entered. The former
is our bill of Injuries during a prosperous peace
Let us analyze the importations in years Of
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24

disturbs the councils and clogs the movements OF
industry, and manufacturers should at once spring
up in all parts of the country. Europe needs our
breadstuils and caunot dispense with them. Manu-
factures enhance the value Of our land, conserve
public morals and furnish home market for our
surplus. So soon as once established they can COM
pete for the markets Of the world. We shall then
have rounded and complete system OF balanced
industry. Why then continue this depletion!
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24
ling table Of specie export. (:

II increase in the importatiOns has been almost
lsiyely confined 10 manufactured articles,
4 proportion of them the manufactures Of the
cotton grown on and shipped from, our own
| still larger proportion consists of articles
Eiactured from iron, wool, hemp aud other raw
lrial produced in this country.
ENGLAND ENRICHED FROM Our PRODUCTS.
is apparent, therefore, that the nations Of
liern Europe derive large profit from the car
l. and manufacture Of raw materials which they
IN 70 US, orfrOm furnishing the produce Of their
r. It is estimated by Mr. Bailey "that during
as, fifty years, upon affair computation, the i'm
tandmanufacture of cotton has yielded England
PIT Of not less than one thousand D,tliOR p0pRdS
lEg.' The value Of the raw cotton which she
lrted il 1859 was $3.50, 200, 600, which were
r. into fabrics worth 800, OOO, OOO leaving her
pit Of $3.50, 600 600 above the cost Of manufac-
r Her wooden mills yield about the same rev.
half Of the wool being grown IN Great Britain.
ron furnaces turn out three millions Of tuns Of
T. ore worth sol 900 900, while her fax and silk
lliaetures are nearly as valuable. The annual
y Of her textile fabrics alone il $3.50 000. 600
imports, principally of food and raw materials
lnted in 1859 to 1895, G97 ,775, while her ca
y reached the enormous sum of $652, 057 ,64J
bssum S3iG, 900, 900 was for textile fabrics. Of
p $500, 900 were sent 10 the United States
trade with France and Germany las the same
hral features.
iWHY not MANUFACTURE FOR TIE WORLD
becomes very important 10 know what are the
advantages and disadvantages Of this species
fmmerce. Why should we continue 10 con-
so large an amount Of merchandise Of foreign
iaciure! II appears that on account of the
EneSs OF labor and the accumulation of capital
lTope we can buy fabrics Of iron, cotton and
cheaper than we can make them at home.
Importance 10 nation of manufacturers is
TO be moderated. Both i'll war and peace
I'ontrbute largely to national Independence
Feslih. 1t is pertinent 10 ask why Amenca
her skillfui population, her coal and iron
; hrwater-power, her ingenuity and ,eeming
p'4uon should not at least supply her own
~ Win her own produce, even if she do not
pa'eTih England the markets Of the world, as
ue carrying trade, beside furnishing labor
'noas Of her skilled artisans.
} "'-Free Trade W.. Protection.
question. has agitated in some shape
sa,elh Of the nation for years, and contributed
= We elements TO the great Secession Con
'heTeof We have just seen the end. 1t Is
n &c lie Free Trade and Protection issue
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24

The amount of hay was calculated on the
assumption tina; he hay would contain "a per
cent of dry substance and IL per cent moisture.
The following table exhibits the amount Of
green grass obtained per acre from the four
plots. in 1854, without further addition Of sew
age the object being to ascertain the condition
in which irrigation had left the soil:
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24
THE SHIPPING INTERESTS.

There are many well-meaning persons who are
led TO echo this cry Of Free Trade and there is
class whose interests seem to be menaced by Pro-
lection, the Nayigators and Shippers of the
country. by the tables for 1868 it appears
American vessels carried only a very small
portion of our foreign commerce, and nine-tenths
of ali the steamers plying hetween this country and
Europe are foreign. BY striking at the foreign i'm
ports we should strike also 1t foreign shipping, and
would then be ready to compete for the legitimate
carrying trade of the world.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24

The figures during the war are for the fiscal year
ending June 80. The mean Of greatest revenue
will be found to be between % and 80 per cent upon
the total imports and near 30 per cent upon those
,,aviur dufv
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24
IMPORTERS AND THEIR PROFITS.

The profits OF this yearly importation OF $3Oo'-
600 600 a year, TO which should be added a con-
siderable sum struggled or fravdu!ently entered,
are enormous, and constitute probably the inspiring
motive Of many free trade partians. These pron's
vary from IL to 200 per cent. S'ven-eighths oil the
foreign importa,ons are sold fr'm this city. This
comprises its greatest branch of'rade II there
fore an interest adverse 70 the rest of the nation
The more the country spends il foreign luxuries the
more are Nev-York importers Drehed in the hand
ling. Il would be interestingto know how many
OF these American importers are foreign sub
iects. OF those who clamor br low tariffs, many
are not even domicled here, Others are merely
agents for foreign houses, jews and middle-men
who have no interest in the alyancemento Of Ameri-
can industry.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24
IHI-AnaIysis Of Our InIports.

or The importatons for 1880, So ,6ii were
free, while so 49, 327 paid duties, sj3,s9.j'0, or
an average duty on the whole Of li'O per cent, or
an average Of 1929 upon the dutiable portion. The
same average is maintained for three years previous
The goods paying duties may be classified ar fol-
lows.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24

Total ...-.-.-...-.-.-.-- s@19s ~ sJ3s'9,J'O
II will bee useful 10 observe what We are paying
our gold and grain for. The articles We purchase
abroad are conveniently embraced in four classes:
J. Useful articles which can he manufactured hei,.
2 Useful articles which canno; be MANUFACTURED here.
Article. Of mingled convenience comfort or luxury.
4 Articles which az. needless OF hur,fuL
The following are some Of the items IN our bill
of purchases for the year 1860:
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24

Welded handsome revenue, while tie Internal
Revenue Offset the protection and fayo'ei the cause
of temperance and morals. The Importation Of
nearly 200, 900 dozen pairs Of kid gloves annually
is q very suggestive phenomenon of or condition.
cURIosITIEs OF THE cUsrors
There are several curious items il tbs little bill
Of Injuries. For example, Of huma' hair we i'm
ported in 1863 $36750 paying duty Of ~ per cent
while Of hair-curls, rnglets, headdresses &C.,
made up, We imported $26 9sl, at duty of 40 per
cent OF mahogany wood we brought infree $l22,-
81, and Of pineapples tS $50, also free Of DO
heman and colorcd glass we imported s,l9l, at
duty OF IS per cent. Coal 81 1873 2O6, principally
bituminous at 81 10 per tun. OF calf Sins ,O9i,-
s37 pounds, at 80 per cent, and $69,l4 worth OF
patent leather at IS per cent duty. OPIUM Tor
smoking 5000 S72, at duty Of s0per ceIt, and gum
opium G., 6ls pounds, worth $266,5j3 at 3 per
pound. Ale and porter 295, 623 gallons, worth
$2i5, $50, at duty of 80 cents per gallon. All Of
s27s. SO worth of files and rasps at a duty of 80
per cent. These are said 10 be manufactured here
new BY machinery equal to the best European. OF
pig iron 81 O07 tuns, ct s. per tun. Rilroad iron
II OsS tuns, al $l3 80 per tun. Roledand bar iron
I9s4 2lO tuns, worth =, s73, Ol5, at duty of slS
per tun. OF spices, pepper, cinnamon, &C., $6'5,-
49,, at duty OF from 20 per cent TO Il cents per
pound. Ribbons 81 s22 AL, al dty of 40 per
cent. silk dress goods 1911 $50 square yards,
costing s. i57 5l2 at 80 and 40 per cent. Nelyets
3l69lS valued at s7l76j5, at a dutJ Of 30 and 40
per cent. Cigars and cigarettes 7sl, l62 pounds,
valued at 81 0lj, jS5, at a duty Of 80 cents per
pound. Gin ,O6i, SO gallons, entered as being
worth $6O1jO or less than 80 cents per gallon at a
duty of al per gallon. OF wines $780, 100 gallons,
said 10 be Of the value of $l,72Gj, or about SO
cents per gallon beside 136 429 bottles al duty OF
50 PER cent Brandy sol, co7 gallons, at an average
Of nearly 81 80 a gallon, at a dIty Of 81 80 per
gallon.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24
TIE MORALS OF Tree TRADE.

It's clear that the policy of buying abroad
what We could produce at home is in the
long run quite ruiDous 10 our wealth, and also
10 our independence and altogether unworthy
Of our business shrewdness. Ii is wel-known
abroad that America and Americans are the hes;
customers in the world. They buy more, pay bet
ter prices, and pay more promptly than any other
people They buy more oycr-cxpensive goods, lux
lr.es, and fine wares which pay high profit. Our
men and women even to the lowest Of laborcrs
seem 10 indulge 70 the widest limit that latitude of
being well dressed. while our more wealthy CLASSES
are prodigal IN both comforts and Injuries. e.
percnce demonstrates too painfully the fact that
our people cannot resist the temptation to buy any
thing, however worthless or trifing, which II
brought over and shown 10 them so long - tney
have the money in their pockets. Foreigners
know this and traffic upon our weakness. Under
the guise Of fashion cheated out Of millions
of hard money annually. The difference between
what we desire ard what we need is worldwide,
though the words are used anonymously by the
advocates Of Free Trade.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1866-02-24
RATE or EXPORT.

By this it is apparent that our exports have
doubled in Is years. OF thissum, however, there
has been in u years no less han $3.50, OOo 600 in
bullion and coin.
TIL FUTURE POLICY OF AMERICA.
The remedy for this state ofthings lies with Con
gress, but legislators must be backed up by an en-
uehtensd public sentiment. Slavery NO longer