New-York tribune., 1866-12-26

i'O" ''' 'F''' FLORENCE Nov. % 1866.
To rourn to the pamphlet of PasquO yillar, to which
audcd in my previous letter. tho administrative body OF
the Italian Kingdom is there described rs consisting OF
three eemcuts Ofempyes of the past governments, OF
liberals Of erery shade, and finally, Of Piodmontese.
Among tho first arc many ablc mcn who render great
services 70 the country, but taken in body 1t Is easy 10
comprehend the improbabty OF finding mat men VINO
had bcon tho corrupt administrators OF the dccrccs'oi
microscopic governments fallen from Ignorance and bind
dcspOsm, govern foc country OF 22OtOOOO OF IN
habtantr yoi their experience required to conduct
the administration, after sotSddcn and Pacic reyolu-
ton. tnat umo was wanting to produce OF 10 ionoi
now men.
liberals. Justly rrputcd tobc Of ursmpeach9blc char
actcr and true paros hut they born aud reared IN
Italy when the country stlldyidcd into petty states,
governed by petty tylnis, ana whcrc le!tes' bCoc,
arts Industry and commerce in thciT infancy while
timd governments @ every ray ofhght IN the nidSt
Of frivolous and ont society The edueation'of men
belonging to the Lhcnl party was thereroro conhned
within small circle o cnLs: their youth spont in
protesting against tyf or IN conspiracy Their middle
lie in exile in prison cf 80 the camp q the v4'&Scs &
Without experience o nly previous ,trilnhS they nave
received Gppointmot. q" icc. To Their numbers must
be added all The m.t or wealth, all these holding
prominent posi- I. where adhesion 70 me ne" GOV
ernncnt Is 0f So. TO render their quaihoa-
tious for Office condary consideration.
" now coua TO the tkrd ecmcnt-that Of Piedmont.
This il compI OF what Professor Var ironically terms
ga sacred ph lanx" united 0nd compact. The political
superiority o. cdnont 10 the other states OF tay Is un-
doubled. Piedmont alone possessed an uuhlulsttnhOu
which il not necessary wholly to subyert; 1t had
free Constitution and hws which tho rest OF ltay con-
sened to adopt; il hal already had some experience oi
polticel fr it had brave army, with Knga Its head
who had fought r Italy and had Ministern CaSour,
whose abilities Acknowledged throughout Europe rs
we'll iI6ycy Italian Stto. But IL years ofsConsutn-
tonal Cover had no, Obtcated all trace OF od ied
onese ruc which, before 1913 had been In the hands OF
soldcrs priests and buroaucms nor swept away OLD sys-
tens, and those who could with difficulty govern fleu
mont by their SLOW pedaniic intricate method hamPe1d
by their tenacious adherence 10 tradiOn orc hos ho
zzcd hoT to couct the aiaiFsof tho whole OF Italy.
Schools for the training OF G0yeTnment onclaS were
opcncfn Naples and Sicily where ihoy were most wantedi
but the masters directors themselves subordinate
officials from Piedmont, unequal to tho task assigned
them aud the country is dcuged by multitude OF
incapable bureaucratic mon of the past ana men OF the
present martyrs and Prosecutors they have none OF them
rec we'd the education and the training necessary Tor new
tnos
It must however, be confessed that with all their mis-
akcs.and faults those who havo hitherto occupied high
places nhc country have done good service TO inc nation
and only necessary look back years to COM
prehend ~ cauco the improvements which have already
iakon place. aud feel convinced that tho confession
arises from the uncertain light OF dawn after long night
Professor yillar next touches tho great and vital
question of,e education of tho people, which has either
been whOyOr purpOey neglected by past governments,
or supplied ~ Mslinc false notions of religion, false
morels, aud spreading false information. Where knowl-
edge dangerous TO thrones, thrones become dangerous
to knowledge All agree on the necessity of education,
but how to give IT, how 20 introduce Unitarian system
uadcr Unitarian Government throughout provinces
which dier i'll habits races, and degrees of enghen-
mcnt becomes a difficult problem. Centuries OF autono-
nous existence have produced divergence OF feelings and
which nothing but thestronges desire for natural
life cement into unlon With the best intentions Tor
the improvement of the system of education, tho end Is
sometimes frustrated by the want OF experience
which has caused political and administrative errors pro-
posal was acceptedn tho chambers by which 10 or II
youths 10 be chosen by competition from the UnYer
ses and 20 be sent abroad, especially TO Germany to
complete their education and their return home, to
form nucleus OF gool professors which might increase
l- Iknt In thn
examination by which those youths arc chosen there no
auAol made 10 acquaintance with the language OF the
people, among whom they 10 be sent TO complete their
sudes and the length of time allowed fer their residence
abroad being limited TO yearst is not surprising that
the country has hitherto caped no advantage from this
outlay OF money, that the Italian youth, though
among the most intelligent of Europe, have made little
no progress "To have good schools there are wanted
good professors and for good professors there are wanted
good schoosi but as yet Italy has neither one nor the
other"
"If VIC examine" continues Professor yillar one by
all Institutions which need REFORM we shall al
ways hndtha the first stop must be TO Introduce greater
intelligence in order 10 have capable men. Education
is the only firm basis Of liberty but aus, not suppose
that agoOd system Of education or of instruction only
to have elementary schools 10 teach reading and
writing o'haYe yceums for Greek and Latin end unlyef
stos TO train professors civilized nation is that where
individual character draw forth natural iI<e enco, and
increase the number OF thinking beings in the nation,
while aiordng moral discipline, and improving the
whole man. a good system OF education through the
schools makes able workmen, multipes industry and
commerce and where the art of design ordrawing is
added gives perfection to the most important branches
of manufacture drives poverty out OF the land and intro
duces every where the means 10 earn competence"
While upon this subject, desire to draw your aten-
ton 20 the circular issued by Baron BeltnO Reaso on
the 18th November and addressed TO the Projects and
ROYAL Commissioners of theItalian Kingdom | wilradd
short extracts prove how tho views of the Minis
ter Of the Interior agree with those OF the author OF this
pamphlet.
The circular begins with instructions to those ia author
y well as TO the people under them respecting their
conduct the Roman question. The Italians are urged
10 remain faithful To their part Of the Convention ofSep-
temler 1864: Italy has promised France aud Europe
to interfere between the Pope and the Romans and to
allow this last experiment to be tried Of tho vitality
OF an ecclesiastical sovereignty which has paree in
oil the civilized world and which 10 contradiction ~ the
advanced civilization of the times
"NoW.thQt our banner Venice II is our duty
10 consider how may strengthen ell orders of the State
In order develop its elements OF power and wealth for
everything Italy can not and ought MOTTO continue 70
rely on the rest Of Europe She owes an obligation to
contribute all IN her power 70 tne general proSPs ana
Providence but which have hitherto been bgntsdby the
miserable condtionsofthe country. ~ -,
Liberty either to awaken and to keep alive the
consciousness Of dignity and strength TO render the
sentiment Of responsibility ecscious for good and 10
make the powers Of the intellect an active benefit to the
country or TO serve only 10 open field o.the vulgar am
bton and base cupdy Of the most forward and the most
arrogant"
Alter dwelling on the necessity Of using means to i'm
prove tho material wealth of the county Baron Rcasol
proceeds "No less urgent s II TO e6aco tho cpher
of millions who neither read or write, which STAN
upon Italy, and the most terrible denuncation OF past
governments Examples taken from ancient az well as
modern history, prove that the capabilities OF people
be measured by their knowledge, that nothing SIoa
nothing enduring nothing glorious may be expected nom
nation indifferent TO heal the leprosy Of ignorance
must again refer 10 pamphlet OF Professor a
70 remark;hat there branch Of education ne wisely
urges upon public attention; and that 10 the practice Of
gymnastics and the encouragement Of games which tend
develop the physical part Of man. Tho Importance OF
th, sugeeson must strike oyery traveller IN Italy who're
the finely organization OF Southern race
not sufficiently balanced by muscular strength and vgor
Tho Tuscan has not TO seek abroad for games exercise
his bodily strength since the old Pa0Hs or great ball.