The evening telegraph. [volume] (Philadelphia [Pa.]) 1864-1918, 1866-09-04

fish, nor req herring" power OF Europe, which,
in n niercantle supremacies worldwide dscOve-
ries and colonial conauests, had once looked
down in contempt even on Englands efforts OF
imitation, if not OF rivalry, stepped into the
Congress, IN the persons of Palmella, Saldanha,
and Lobo, huddling under the skirts of Wei
lineton's military frock. Sweden. through
Charles XIV, ex-Sergeant Bernadotte, sent
Count Lowenhielm, no inferior specimen of an
able and accomplished court parasite. The five
great powers constituted themselves into D-
rectory Committee with Prince de Metternch
as its chairman.
Prussian, Polish, and Saxon Questions.
The first discussions turned on the Prussian,
Polish, and Saxon questions. In the kingdom
of Saxony, Prussia found the only possessions
which, rounding off her territories, could secure
to her the source of power that her position
entitled her to WELD. She was, however com
PEELED to yield in this leonine distribution of
spoils, and, after much negotiation, signed
the treaty of May Is, 1915, by which she re-
tanned Upper and Lower Lusata, the right
bank OF the Elbe, and some districts in the
North. The remnants OF Saxony, Dresden and
Lepsic were allotted to Frederick Augustus
her King, who, In consideration of these grants
to Prussia, escaped the penalty of his attach
ment 10 Napoleon, and saved his crown. The
destinies OF Poland, much shorter work. were
settled simultaneously with those of SaXony
The intamies consummated in 1796, in spite of
Kosciuskos heroic efforts, were reasserted by
the Congress. The Grand Duchy of Warsaw
was reunited to the Russian empire. A portion
500 GOO souls, was dismembered and tackled to
Prussia. portion OF Eastern Gallicia, which
had been ceded to Russia, was, together with
the territory Of Wieliezka, restored to Austria;
while, in the indulgence of grim Joke, the
Congress declared the city of Cracow to be a
Tree, neutral, and independent republic.
Sardinia.
secret article in the Treaty of Paris of May,
1914, had annexed the territory of Genoa to the
states OF Sardinia. This question commended
nm nf thn IN tbo
opening of Its sessions: but it was not resolved
until the conclusion of the side treaty of the 2Oth
May, 1915, between the rulers of Sardinia,
France, Austria, England, Prussia, and Russia,
as contracting parties. With this addition, the
boundaries OF the kingdom were settled and
nearly within the limits which it occupied before
the LIST OF January 1892, and before the triuIa oh
OF the republican armies under Bonaparte. The
States which had heretofore constituted the Re-
public OF Genoa, including the island of Capraia
were merged in the possessions of Sardinia
conierllng upon its king the title OF Duke OF
Genoa. The countries which had formerly
beel' designated as Imperial fefs, united with
the LlsIlrian Republic, were also attached TO the
States Of Sardinia.
Austria and Italy.
Pretermittip,T the stipulations touching Swift
zerland and those relative to the Old United
with which were closely connected
the des1e Of % aTEed %RGn ont m tee a O
battlefield for France, tbs review brings us to
the definition and settlement OF the concerns of
Italy by tine Congress. 1t ha0 passed on the
rights of Poland and of SaXohl. Inc recon-
struction of Prussia, involving spoliations of
territory. had been de.reed with touching
OF consent. The enladIgehnedntS hnd SI Oi
Hanover, Sardinia and Netherla nah odr,ittoa ptea
confirmed, The arbiters of Europe the unusa
the principle that the three branches Of the
of Austria should be reinstated in the Italian
possessions, through earlier treaties at the be-
ginning of the revolutionary Struggle in France
Here, IN connection with the Austro-Italan
phase OF the present war, 1t may be well to take
a backward step. AT a late banqueting, with
the object, perhaps, of warding eff some posi-
BILE imputatlon agair st his administration. for
failing to foresee what it might have done, Lord
Russell expressed the opinion that 1t is but
natural that Austria should resort to arms,
"havine, by a very equiuocdl treaty in the year
1898, obtained the government OF Venetia.o
From the times of Cardinal Wolsey down to
those OF Lord John Russell, so tortuous and
unfair have been the negotiations OF England
that even in our days, British statesmen can
find traces of their own unfairness and ambigui-
ties in the plainest records of diplomacy. We
are not aware of The existence OF any treaty OF
179S equivocal or otherwise, that Austria can
claim as a sanction fer her authority over Vene-
tia. With a very fair compend, however, of
the collection of the treaties OF Europe before
us, we find that IN consequence OF a succession
OF victories, which carried Bonaparte within a
hundred miles of Vienna in the night of the
18th of October, 1897, at the village of Campo
FoImio, Austria, treating for peace and for her
hereditary possessions, ceded to France Bel
Gisalpine Republic and Austrian Lombardy.
The agreement divided the States of Venice,
Corfou, Cephalonia. Hagia-Marra, Cherigo,
and the depending, islands, together with
Albania, were ceded to France Istria and Dal
natria, the AdIiatic Islands, the city OF Venice,
and the States of the main land up to the Adige,
the Farraro, and the Po were allotted to Austria,
so as to settle her dominion from the Gulf OF the
Adriot tin fha hon he nf hn han fb1c
nothing can be more PLAIN or unequivoca The
Congress, therefore, acting upon the protocol,
assigned to the eldest branch of the House OF
Austria the ancient State of Venice, which, in
exchange for the Netherlands, mad been ceded
to her by the treaty of Campo-Formio.
The Return of Napoleon frOM Elba.
AS to the rest of Italy proper, the pretenslons
OF Spain TO the Duchy of Parma and those OF
Murat, vigorously sustained by Austria in claim
ing his kingdom of Naples-the price OF his
tTeachery-greatly disturbed the conferences OF
the Congress which had them in hand, when
the intelligence of ofNapoleon's escape and of his
landing at the Gulf OF Inan on the first of March,
1915, swallowed up every minor interest in the
means of averting the Dattle-Etorm bowling
about their half completed fabric of arrange
ments. The claims Of Spain and Naples we're
unceremonioUsly thrust aside to make way for
their famous declaration OF the powers of the
18th OF March, 1915, which, pr0claiming Napo
leon an inveterate disturber of the peace of
nations, and civil and social outlaw, held to
public retribution, pledged the contracting
parties TO the maintenance of the treaty OF
Paris of 1874 and the appliance of every effort
and means to secure the tranquility of Europe
third source, the bitterest, perhaps of the de-
testation ranking in the nephew's heart, was
The German Question.
In the meantime, formal conferences on the
great question OF the German Confederacy,
opened between the PlenlpOtentiaries of Austria
Prussia, Bavaria Saxony Hanover and the
other DartleS IN interest, were closed IN thp 9Th