davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24


slaeeszga as Scoops ana zhsptssa tssu
with deterninstlon to hold ths place st 81 6
hasards. The ratiOns Of proyiaioss had beer
greatly Fedoeed ana began to tell sedly upoll
their strength and energy. Less tb,snso1e
half Of the regular rstions Of beef ana csE.,
meal alons, seemed bad enough. but or
some time IS vas even worse. TIE Esaas
and peas ii the eommisaariat's department
were ground up and mixed With the saeai.
and on this incongrooes a1d nisezssle dfst
our Eoor soldiers subsisssd, until i was dis
covered that such provisions were unst and
too unwholesome- The pea meal could not
be cooked 50 quickly as the other meal, and
50 the bread was always raw and d;sagres
able both to taste and smell, and bore a som
bre appearance by no means inviting to ths
most ravenous appetite To the esod ssu.o
OF our surgeons aost be &ttributed ehan5s
N this bad regimen, and a return again -to-a
better but Is seanty faro. The men grad
ually grew weak and sick under the cid
regime. and deep and pogtenteous .murmuE-
ings began to exhibit themselves. Let his.
tory record the hardships,, dangers and de-
privations, as well as the gloomy prospects,
to which these gallant men were subjected,
and posterity viii yet DO fall justice to their
enduranes and oourage. ProTidenee es-
peeially smiled upon them IN providing
beautiful warm weather. Only once dil.a
heavy rain fall, and while It rendered It very
disagFeeable and muddy in the diteSes, so
purified the noxious air, and eiensed the
hills and hollows of filth and corraptien,
that no blessing was more acceptable. Hun
dreds of horses, mules aud other cattle had
been killed and left upon the hills and in
the valleys, to taint and poison the stmos-
phere. So the temporary inconyenienee OF
mud and water which almost filed the
bitches. was wen reLaid IN benefit 70 the
soldiers health and spirits.
All this while. the enemy's mortar boats
from the river kept up their constant firing.
Night and day for weeks, the laundering
and almost superhnman roaring Of their
guns could be heard rushing through the air
q as if the heavens their echo would repeat,
while the terrible crash with which. they fell
told their work Of destruction. To one who
has never seen city bombarded, brief do
scription may prove interesting, and yet the
writer feara to undertake the task. FOX.
what skfnfai Inner ser e0uia esosss.
10 paint the raiab0w's varying kuss.
Unssis 60 lnlorssi is'sFeFs slseH s11
. To aiP hiE brush in dyes e hgavsn-- -
In the next number will DC transcribed,
as best he can, the authors improssieu.e Of
only one night Of the bOmbardment IS itap-
peared to him, hoping to secure his object
by selecting one Of the many nights Of sim
liar scenes during this remarkablo period
1t will be impossible to give more than
general outline from memory, assisted By his
notes, and yet the recollection of this sime,
which rises Ike segmens Of a splendid
panorama before his mind, seems appropri-
ate for an introduction here, before no eleaes
these disjOinted papers. as
fro BE coSTzsVED
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24
Tho south.

Written fog the Bolivar Bulletin BY ALVIN ALLEY.
The South, Tho South. the land Of the sun.
Where the cypress and wild aowsrs grow
In deep tangled glades where bright waters run,
That are stfanesrs 70 ice and tie cold Northern
The home Of the good, the noble and true
We love thee cen in thy dark hours.
Though the Angel Of Peace rapid wing asw.
Away from thy fields and -rose-coYered bOwsrE
We cling to thes Jet, though its hope against hope,
So far thy rights concerned.
And did but duty while striving cope.
-4a With the aaIae that so cruelty burned.
That dame was an error from. evil hearts bora.
Un5esomihg EatlOn,s proud fame.
And when its adhere1s from power shorne.
They viii sink 10 the Eulf Of misery and shame
Say. Why should = people forever be shaved
Because Of deed they thought honest anl rishtlss
Is It thus. that ths path shouid Be paved
Which leads as to day from ths darkasss Of Night
No let the spirit Of maphsod prevail.
For freedom, and truth. aad IT'S cause:
Then ship Of STATE VIA bo in fulf an.
Her compass the Nation, her hFlHssmsR the Lava.
Thsa- wen sing to The Nation. the lapa Of isspn.
Whe=o frsemsn and brothers doth dwell
Where cypress and pine blended as one.
Though they Ger fsIas where heroes fell
BoLrYAR. MARCH. 1866.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

a farm was lately advertised IN nsws-
paper in which all the beauty Of the aitus-
ton, fertility Of the soil, and salnbrity Of ehe
air were detailed in the richest dow Of rural
description, which was further enhanced By
this-N. g. There is not ar attorney with-
in fifteen miles Of the neighboTheoa. -
The following admonition vas addresssd
by a Quaker to q man who vas pouring forth
a yolleY Of Ill language against him" Haya
a care, friend, thou maycst ran thy lace
against my fist
What is the difference between the trunk
Of tree and an elephants trunkl Que
leaves in the spring, while the other ieagos
whenever the menageFie does
The king Of Congo, when the-wind blows
his hat Of, lays tax On that part OF his do
minions from which the wind comes.
Many despotical governments have ss iitfls
reason for imposing their taxes
An old lady, when told Of her husbands
death, exclaimed,---
Well, j do declare our troubles never
come alone. 1t amt week since / lost nay
best hen, and now Mr. Thompsou has gene.
too, poor man
Doctor" said despairing patient
TO one Of our physicians, " ] am IN dread
Elil state: can neither lay nor sat what
shall do
e Why, then" replied the doctor, very
gravely, i think you had betteF-Eoost.
During cause in which Tia b1uBderies
Of q piece Of land were % Be GseeFFaincds
the counsel Of one part stated, I. re kse on
this side, may il please the court and sise
counsel Of the other part said. = lIe sieoa
this" The Judge stoed uP and said =
you lts on both sides, waop wil Jon haTs
me to believe.
Wo saw a letter The other day in whiell
tho word weather was spelled ieetlsur lnas
struck as as being about the worst spsll -
weather we have known during ths Rrgstelsf
season.
The Earth Is o tender and kind mother -
the husbandmau, and yet st one seaso iis
always harrows her bosom, Gnl st ia 5t.ier
he pulls her ears.
Why is the letter the uiozt blessed of
vowsls2 Because is Is IL the midst of bliss.
z IS in Hell, and the rest are - Pergato-
a drunkard, leanipa saiass q church
railing replied IN answer q as1ssieii fruia
the sexton. shat be didnt tzkcsls iseloas ~
that church, bat be was loaninE that way
Speaking Of beautifhi braaAlto helis 81
an illinois city. osr devil aeenaa.s flr shs
brognneas Of hee complexign IS tie fsss
that she had bsen 50 oftsn ssastel
When g shosmekeF goes IS make s boot,
gho first thlpg be uses S ths ast
Lipssrsiee IS 5eusidssed GiscrsdisabIs &
ehzisiien, bAt s > 3 saiigllfal SAiI-z e.
tween tFo lsFsrs.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

One Of the heaviest robberies ever com
mitted was the abstraction Of bonds from
Rufus Lord 5 banking house, Exchange Place
New York city, on Saturday morning. Il
IS thought the perpetrator was a sneak-thief,
who waited his opportunity after steady
Reconnaissance, and then when the coast
was clear to take. possession Of the bonds
and stock certificates. A reward of $780,
600 is offered
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

The Reconstruction Committee have or
dered the printing of 10000 copies Of their
report. They have picked out such wit
nesses as would testify to suit them, and
then reported part of the testimony elicit
ed, and had it printed for effect in the cleo
tions shortly to come of.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

The election in Connecticut on the first
Monday in April is important from the fact
that the Legislature then chosen viii elect a
United States Senator for six years, the term
Of Hon. Lafayette S. Foster, now presiding
officer of the Senate, expiring next year.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

Mr.. John McGayock, of Franklin, Tenn
has donated suitable iot Of ground out of
his landed possessions, embracing portion
of the Battle>feld Of Franklin, for the burial
Of the Confederates wins fell on that oeca-
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

Friday afternoon, Gen inst, In accordance
with orders from Washington, S. r. Mallory,
eX-Secretary of the Confederate Navy, was
released from Fort Lafayette. he has been
in failing health for some time, and, it is un-
derstood, that he was released in onse-
quence of representations by physicians
that prolonged confinement would prove
fatal. He viii rejoin his family, which has
been residing for some time in Connecticut.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

A desperate conflict took place a few days
ngoson. a plantation in Steward county, Ca,
during which three whites and seven negros
were killed, and number. Of others in
iured
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

breaking GrDund-The work on the
street railroads viii commence this (bfan-
dag3 morning on Main street near South.
There viii be q large number of hands em-
ployed, and the work VIII be pushed forward
with all possible dispatch. Il Is believed
that the cars viii be running from South
street 70 the Ohio Depot IN less than three
Memphis Bulletin 1911
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24


TEE Nav CoTToN CROP.-In the March
number of DeBow's Review the editor, who
haz just completed tour through the cotton
States, estimates the next cotton crop at not
moro than one million five hundred thousand
bales He adds: These figures are not
likely to be increased by anything that is
now to happen, and may be greatly reduced
by the ignorance, neglect or desertion of the
laboring classes, which, dging from the ex-
perienee of all other countries is more like
Iy to occur than nos, and reduce the crop to
1000, 600 or 200, 600 bales. No account
is taken in the calculation of the applica-
ton of white labor to cotton, beyond what
was applied to It before the war. The ex.
tensive mortality of the war has made white
labor at the South very scarce, and 50 far it
is employed in the necessary pursuits Of the
mechanic arts and trade which have been
furnishing most lucrative employment. The
wear and tear, and frightful destruction
caused by the war opened other channelsof
employment besides agriculture. The IN
crease Of white labor at the South, so far as
the H1xt cropis concerned, from immigra>
ton, IS too trihing to be taken into account.
The aggregate number of Iaborers introdue-
ed Is insignificant, and SO far Is largely abb
sorbed ia the cities
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

Archbishop Spalding, of Baltimore, has
received letters from the Pope of Rome, ap-
pointing him Apostolic Delegate, with aua
thOrity to cOnvene-a plenary council Of all
archbishops and bishops in the United States
during the present year, and to preside over
them The council it is thought, viii be
assembled some time in September or
October.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

: The following gentlemen were elected in
Williamson county on the Sd: Col f. NJ.
Lavender, Sheriff. William II. Crouch, Esq
Trustee, and L. II. Woodbridge, Esq, Tax
Collector.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

A new express company, the Merchants
Union, has been formed in Western New
York with q capitaIof SI5,ooO,OOO, and the
arrangements already completedfor immedi.
ately opening business E. R. Ross is Pres
sident VIM. II Seward Yiee-President, and
4Iajor-Gen H w Slocum Secretary
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

The Little Rock Gazette understands that
-tSGien. Albert Pike probably the greatest of
living lawyers, is again about to locate in
that city the scene of his earliest efforts
and his proudest triumphs."
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

Parties from Marietta, Ohio have arrived
at Nashville, for the purpose Of erecting an
extensive petroleum refinery in the neigh
borhood of Nashville.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

Gen. James LongseAeet has been elected
President of the Great Southern and West
ern Life and Accident Company, just estab-
ished in New Orleans.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

The Press and Times intimates that the
election IN Williamson was not conducted
legally. His sort wasnt elected and that 8
what's The mater with the 81 purp - FrasiE-
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

A fellow by the name Of Duggan, radi-
cal member of the Legislature from East
Tennessee, was hauled out Of negro den
in Nashville a,few nights ago, from the en-
bI a ses@ Of a sable nympfl, ana taken to the
lock-up." He was fined the next morning,
and, we hope, ere now is expelled from the
Legislature Louisville Democrat
That's +" forlorn hope" Don't you
know that :" birds of feather flock to
gether77 Of coarse they do, and hence
there's no chance Of ousting the Honorable
Mr.. Duggan. -...--..--,. .--.--.ea.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

The Southern Express Company paid two
hundred thousand dollars for money lost on
the W ar Carter, which was carried past Its
destination, Memphis, where the Carter ar
rived at night.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

e A. resolution favoring the eight-hoaF labor
movement was voted down on Saturday, by
the Legislature OF New York.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

Orders have been issued for the discon-
tinuence of the Military District of East
Tennessee, and for dismounting number Of
forts around Washington.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

New Orleans now has a population larger
by sixty thousand than ever before.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

Gen Dick Taylor has leased from the
State Of Louisiana the new canal connecting
the upper part of New Orleans with
Lake Ponchartrain, for $3.50, 800. payable in
ANIMAL instalrnerts-
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

The Illinois Penitentiary contains eight
hundred and sixty-three conv;cts, of whom
fortv are females.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

The total number of rebels pardoned by
the Presidentto date Is six thousand eight
hundred and thirty-fve.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

: A Nashville dispatch, Of the 18th, says /:
At one oel0okr AIonday morning tie build
ing at .Centrevilie, Hickman county, Ten
nessee. occupied as n postofioe and freed
maa's Bureau, containing the county records,
wac burned to the .grognd, together with al
the contents. Il is case Of ineendiaEisra
and the parties are suspected who have been
Affected BY recent military orders
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

From recent scientific Investigations in
Europe il has been shown most eonelusively
that in localities where impure water has
been drank by the Inhabitants. the cholera
has principally RACED, proving impure water
70 be one Of the chief causes Of cholera
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

I'm Charleston, s. ..C.,a few days ago, Judge
Aldrich sentenced white man, convicted
of robbery, to receive thirteen lashes on the
bare back, IN accordance with the State law +.
General Bennett interfered and prevented
the infliction of the punishment, declaring
that q it was sagainstthe spirit of the civiliza-
ton that peryades society at the present
day"
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

+ Last week the Treasury disbursed $50,
295, ,983-thc heaviest weekly disbursement
since the war.
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

A Boston dispatch Of the I4th says the
Whipplc File Manufacturing Company have
failed. Their capital stock was 100000
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

Noless than 1851 suicides took place in
France from IS27Hto 1850 Hanging was
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

sAMrEL aIE-IEH19s
Preparations.
chronic Diseases.

Ia SAMUEL GILBERT. so oeIebratet
iss Asd. ssF sAs za s~szgyss year ia sao fsszsssn
The Bolivar bulletin. [volume] (Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tenn.) 1865-1888, 1866-03-24

- sss issI@sIzs seaissi as.s e s s5asA has e last
EEzi = aoW sgFcfa5 81 his nest esreuei rez5di51
e FFe1sd and sold prppretay sedane8 This ressEu-
1 - sen engenaera y the repeGesd salicisations q
ete- 1aF ezzrzscfa she teHees pso-
lsga4 a End ~ tn i1lpossi giving especial
e-lgn t es ~ tha written applications nsds 70 him for
pra- ~ tness hogs senniry cireunassancea. has-
2.l s Ereciaae tAs poa2sity ef appEE in rsrsaa 90
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-05-17

AS WILL b. seen by notice in onr adver
tising columns, the people of Barne-vill,
are moving in the matter of having q Turn
pike constructed from the N ,tional Road,
4, H"ndrysburu, to the Monroe Countylin
at Malaga. Good for hiatt
Now can't our friends in the South b r,
Of the County meet US At Warnocks with .
pike?
Col Blair, Resident Engineer in charge
Of the National r 'ad, n mar Of great ex.
p%srience in such things, says it will Cost
about 81 900 per mile to lay OUT, grade, and
snacsdamizs roads in this County. o.
course, If an old road is adopted, q great
saving ID the matter Of grading will be
effected.
Who cannot see that these roads will pay
for their construction, by causing an in.
crease in tho value of property? and that
all our great thoroughfares should be mac.
sdamized? They would increase the value
of real estate, start business into new life,
and promote the social intercourse and hap
pipess Of u people.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-05-17

TaE FINALE OF THE CADIZ BANK Rob
Berry Three of the party who were en-
gagged 10 the robbery Of the Harrison Ma
tional Bank at Cadiz. were taken to the
penitentiary last week. We are told thew
entered a Iles Of guilty. Two Of them
were sentenced tfNrteeu years each, and one
eleven. They give their names as Richard
Roe, Beuj 0'Connen and Andrew Jones.
Two Of them succeeded in Slipping off their
irons while on the way to Columhu-. and
jumped from the cars, but were speedily
rec srtured.
Two Of the robbers ere eth at large, with
considers j. of the mnney.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-05-17


SIdNoR MoLIER This Magician. or
s'eieht of hand performer will give two en-.
tertainnen's at the Court House. on Wednes.
day and Thursday evenings, of this week.
Tie seems to be well spoken of by the press
wherever he has exhibited, as a wonderful
and dextrous performer in le~deerdeusin
md prestidigitation. OF his performances
the Luzerne Union, Wilkesbarre, Penn,
says:
SIGNoR MOLIER. This renowned Ma.
gician closed 3 series of his wonderful enter
tainments on Saturday night, having aston.
ished our community during that and the
two previous evenings with the adroitness of
his tricks and the cleverness of his entire
exhibition. The double headed sphinx. "
which the Signor describes ms "a head with.
out a body. or intelligence without a soul, {"
and which he introduces very much to the
delight Of the audience, is a wonder of
itself. 1t is a most successful Illusion.
while all his tricks ofledgcrdemain, sleight.
finland, Nc. are equal to any performer
hat has exhibited in Wilkesbarre, not ex.
cepting the famous Blitz. Siguor Molier
caves here on u Southwestern trio, and we
have no hesitancy in saving that wherever
We exhibits he will be sure to please his au.
dience.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-05-17
Commrrtial Matttrs.
Live 8 ock mark.t-m.vI no.

latte he market during the week was well sun
piled. being in excess of las, week heing ss,;,n,,.J "
ron fo TO SUD head The market exhibited a bette,
leeung; prices wrre higher. The sales WERE more lib.
eraI. Thr market WIS visited BY y number of d,hlefs
rom other parts Of he State. hence the sales were large,
than for some time past. amount q in the aggregate ,
-, head 10 buichers aud for export. The advance OF
choice lois reached ic y ID. on offers J.. Tn. ,,,s. y,
lair to good were 80 2507 20 p cw, ; choic, to rx,ra,
81 soU5 10 cwt. AT the close OF the market the
holders. NV" VI
Hoes;-The season being over, hogs were negle ted
me safes were confined to lots 10 supply the wants of
city but hers. A few buuc;,es only wer. pisnossd ~
al prices ranging from 30 90. 50 IS to SO u cwt
SHEEP The market was firm, with a fair d, mard for
nome pnrposes ani for export Las weeks prices
Were steadily maintained The safes were not larg.
,or the hes, OF reasons the stocks to operate with were
limited me rates Tor shorn were S. 90 to IS rs %
cwt Wooded sheen sold at the usuaI advance aJowr
'c v 10 i'anbs--Fhco offerings were light. A few hrnd
were disposed Of at Sc 50 to 81 90 per head, as per
size and condition. " p"
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-05-17

WORTH CONSIDERING The last Gazette,
oomme"t'ng on the fact that certain ladies
4 Wheeling have learned that they can
huy goods cheaper here than there, and
come to st. Clairsville to do their ''shop-
ping" while our people daily crowd to
Wheeling, says:
we do not know the reason for this
strange state of Things, miles, it is the fact
nat the Wheeling merchants generally nd
,@,erliss their business. and ours generally
10 not"
This fact is worth considering by the mer
'hants of St, Clairsville, ard every othcr
orominent town in the County. We, be-
leve, if our merchants would advertise their
business, and employ the clerks to sell them.
they could dispose Of double the amount of
goods they are now selling.
Belmont chronicle. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1855-1973, 1866-05-17

Tue next session Of the Court Of Common
Pleas for this County commences on the 18th
day Of June. The following Grand and
Petit Jurors have been drawn.
GRAND JURORS.
W. r. Vanpelt, Pcsse Township.
X NJ. wilkins, Richland
John Lisle. Wheeling
Archibald Major, Coleraiu
kersey Kirk. Flushing
WIN. Tarbet, Pultney
Michael Dorsey, .
I. IL Sfs. s'''"'''' York
John Cole, Warren
X. VI james. Kirkwood
J. H" II. Mi k'1si Riohl.nd
isaac Is, IL. w SsIST'''' Washington
PETIT JURORS.
George w. Green, York Township.
Richard Crawford. Pease
w. II Dunn, Pultney
Philip King, Wayne
Henry Taggart, Union
Reece Berry. Pease
John 8. Anderson, Richland
Jph1 n Gardner, Warren
=. II Murphy, "a're"
joel Hunt, Wayne
Albert d. Rice, Pease |
j. II. Coleman. Mead