The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1856-1888, 1866-02-24

HEAr-PREssUKE TO INCH SURFACE.
2l2d, l4.75 pounds pressure or atmosphere
23+i, y pounds pressure or i atmospberes.
25+d, 81 pounds pressure or ?: atmospheres.
=74d, IS pounds pressure or 5 atmosphere
292d, 90 pounds pressure or / atmOspheres.
3o6i, 10 pounds pressure or 5 otmosPheres.
3+Oi. 10 pounds pressure or ) atmosphereS-
$500, 225 pounds pressure or 10 atmosphcreS.
4l5d, 29+ pounds pressure or 20 atmosPhereS.
Thus it is seen that when the heat of boiling
water is barely doubled. the pressure or strength
Of expansion Is Increased twenty fold, In pro-
portion to heat Is expansion. Apply the caloric
and the steam gauge walks right up. But IN
Danford's generator this law of expansion IS set
at naught. Danford found that when he APP
piled a heat Of, say 325 degrees. his indicator
stood at 1876 pounds of pressure. He increased
the heat TO $50 degrees and found 1870 pounds of
pressure resulting, but the efficient power OF his
engine had doubled. But what is more extra
ordinary Is, that when he had carried the heat
up to 600 degrees the pressure on the gauge had
increased but 10 or Is degrees the lead packing
of the cylinders melted from the heat OF the
steam, showing that it must have been at least
6l2 degrees, for at that point lead fuses, and Yet
the pressure on the indicator and safety valve
was less than $50 pounds, while in the water
boiler 4l5 degrees of heat produces 294 pounds
Of pressure. Dantord does not undertake to
explain the cause of this singular fact, but con-
tents himself with having ascertained it. While
the pressure from super-heated steam does not
seem TO increase beyond Il certain moderate limit,
the power impaired TO the engine confines to in
crease with the degrees of heat. Who can explain
these phenomena
The first question the visitor asks Of the in
ventOr or his agent is, " will the generator eX-
pIode?" Mr.. Danlord deties any engineer to
blow it up. The positive limit to the expansive
power Of steam he claims to have ascertained.
Ills generator holds about as much as a barrel
say 81 cubic feet. To fill this with steam re-
quircs but four cubic inches of water at 2l2 de-
grees, and when the heat is up to 6l2 degrees,
or the melting point OF lead, there is still less
than Il gallon OF water vaporlzed within the gen
orator, and when the pressure exceeds certain
limits. the steam blows of at the safety valve.
The common boiler of six-horse power contains
something like sixty cubic feet of water, which,
if suddenly converted into steam. would FIJI seven
teen hundred times its own bulk. Hence, no
boiler could contain it. IL would tear through Il
lannon's thickness.
The cause of boiler explosions may be traced
to the sudden conversion of too much water into
steam. If one c., bic foot Of water should expand
into steam in a second, it would tear Il twenty
horse power boiler into pieces. But in Danford's
generator not more than half an ounce of water
is converted into steam at each Jet of the pump.
1t Will require three or four Jets to throw in n
cubic inch of water. and an inch makes less than
a foot of steam. Meanwhile, the steam is escap-
ing into the cylinders as fast as it is being created
in the generator. When the engine stops the
pump stops. When the pump throws in Jets in
quick succession the engine takes out steam
in equally quick strokes. How, then, can it eX-
plode? There is no large mass of water in the
to suddenly vaporize and tear it to
atoms. 1t does seem as if DantOrd had solved
the problem OF perfect safety by simply keeping
the stock of water outside of his boiler instead Of
inside Of it, as is the present custom, and using it
as he needs it. The water in the tank is safe and
harmless, but confined in Il boiler over IL fierce
heat it becomes angry and terrible in its wrath.
is 1T not the true principle to admit the
water to the boiler or generator only SO fast as
the heat can convert it into steam? Does not
this secure absolute safety as well as great econo-
my in the size and weight Of boilers? Only one
third Of the space OF Il boiler is devoted to steam,
two thirds are flied with water. As super-hcated
steam is at least double as powerful as the steam
in locomotives, only half the remaining space is
In other words, a generation of one
sixth the capacity of a boiler will equal it in
efficient power.
y multitude of improvements in the engine
and boiler have been made since Watts time.
Watt, in 1859. 50 far perfected stationary en-
sines and boilers that they came into general use
Tor manufacturing purposes. Fulton successfully
applied Watts steam machines to propelling
BOATS through the water in 1907. but he made
title or no improvement on the engine or boiler.
stephenson. In 1929, FIRST successfully applied
to railway locOmotiOn. Ericsson invented
the screw propeller in 1887. One man invented
tubular boilers, another hue boilers, another cut
safety valves, indicators, condensers, blowers,
governors, cccentrics. throttle valves, steam
alarms. pressure gauges. try-cocks, etc, etc.
a thousand improvements, great and
small, have been made on the marine. locomotive
ind stationary steam machines since Watts time.
all the inventors have proceeded ON the prin-
laid down by the Marquis Of Worcester in
1868, of generating the steam in the vessel con-
aiming the supply Of water.
1t was reserved for Danlord to challenge and
'%yerthrOW this principle, by boldly abstracting
he water from the generator and admitting it
so fast as the heat can vaporize it. Hence
lis = boiler . contains nothing but steam. Dan
ord's system is more than an improvement-it is
total subversion of all that has preceded it for
wo hundred years in respect to the mode of va
'orizing water for motive purposes. Hereafter
nen Will marvel that steam was generated and
etained in the same vessel containing the water.
I will look as absurd to them as it would be to
nut the coal, as well as to put the water, inside
he boiler instead Of outside. And our children
viii shudder at the perils encountered by their
'rave but ignorant parents, who applied 300 to
90 degrees Of heat to whole tons Of water i'm a
vessel, strained with compressed steam and
constant danger of explosion from sudden con-
ersion Of boiling water into vapor-a thing that
occurring almost daily with terrible destruc-
ion Of life and property.
rs the term : ; su per- heated steam = it destined
GREATER to become & familiar word, it is proper
D explain its meaning. Many persons suppose
means water heated until it is resolved back
lto its original elements of oxygen and hydro
en- gases. But this is an error. Webster de-
mes thus . Super-heated steam-steamr removed
contact with water, and heated until it re-
embles a perfect gas; called also surcharged
team. and hydrous steam, and dry steam. Steam
Gated only until the water it holds in suspension
vaporised is enormously called super-heat-
I steam : Saturated steam - steam a. 3al;v-