, 1865-03-15

TOTAL EXPORT IL 1861, 1868 ANp 1867. =.
From New York. Il f:s 1gsSsA IL IS IS -
!. Philadelphia. 7,7sS is 5,aS.7ss s,s1's7s
Ps1sias$::: Ps@sis: 9;ss 4ss s'sss sissss 1;sss 1
ihc d. slates. ,7aaoTa .. e5o7s1 1oss7 ,'o1
There was also exported, In 1864, from
Cleveland direct to Liverpool $1,000 gallons
refined.
AVERAGE PRICES Eon 1864 AND 1863
Refined, Refined, Naptha
5|s5::a5i5 55ss:::::::s5i5 fs5 :i!5 { siS iis 81
HOW OIL WELLS ARE BORED AND WORKED
The individual or company intending to
bore for oil, either purchases the land In fee
simple, or obtains an "oIl lease" AT the
present time the purchase Of land in fee
simple is uoatly effected BY companies, tho
II almost impossible for individuals to obtain
q tract Of my considerable dImensions.
OF the tract thus purchased but small
| proportion, generally, consists Of whnt Is
| now considered "borable territory" namely,
TIE nat land bordering on the river or creek,
| The remainder is usually high bluffs, valuable
| in proportion to the amount Of wood obtain
| able 1or: tuel. Some companies work their
own property, whilst others grant oil leases
| to Individual or other companies.
| An "o'l lease grants to oil lcasers right
to bore within certain limits for "oil, salt,
| menced within given time, and to be pros
ccuted With all reasonable diligence" II
these conditions arc not compiled with the
| land leyerts TO the owner Of the fec simple.
| Some Of the lenses granted IN 1850 and 1861
| were loosely drawn up. and made no proyts.
ION i ior tae rere5slon of fhs property IN e.se y
no unfreauent thing. after an old well has
| been taken BY new sdVenturers and made snc-
cces'ut, for the original lessee 10 make his
appearance and claim compensation. If the
INV propr!etors DO not comply, an injnnctfon
Is obtained, and, rather than have tue work
Tor t1ial, the Victims arc generally willing 10
| compromise. In the beginning Of the oil en-
tcrpfiscs en- OIL Creek. as now in some Of the
new oil territory, the owner Of the fec OBJ
| tanned, MS compensation for granting the
lease. royalty, OF "landed Interest," J. Of
+ ons-si1th OF one-fonrsh the OIL raised, leaysug
the IT mainacr, or working interest" to
bear all expenses. At the present time, On
| Oil Creek, The landed interest obtains one
ra1r aas,.ah1s ,ocas;onsa fsonns p "a Jamonda5
in addition. It will be resdiIy seen that The
owner Of the "Ianded Interest nreta the
lIon,s share. receiving half the products with
| ant being at auy expense for working. The
| royalty was formerly paid IN kiad, bnt is now
usually settled BY taking half the value Of
his adventure be ia allowed to remove his
derrick and enrine.
| Waving hon9ht nr leased n 1oration- the
| nert sttn is to select the adyanca roint far
! boring. n this the experienced worker il
Guided. 10 some extent. by the uature Of the
eoil and thc position Of the ground. a new
class Of PEOPLE has sprung into existence m.
der the cognomen or "otl sucl!eys," who
profess to Be able to ASCERTAIN the proper
spot for boring by smelling the earth, SONS
Of then, practice considerable mnuluery In
order to 1nysiffy and impress their employ.
ustd, the professional locator Of wells march.
Inc solemnly along, holding lis bands apart
with one end Of q iiorkcd hazel rod in each.
On naesino oyer an oil spring or basin. the
point at tic junction of the forks suddenly
defects tovatds tue Garth, aud there the
the property-aecosdine to believers In Its
powe,s-of iinding streams Of water In the
fnmc manner. 1t sometimes happens that the
water, instead Of oil, proves 10 be the pro
duct of the well,
no" TO BORE
The exact spot being determined, huge
derrick is erected imnelia' ely over it. This
is q SQUIRE ffa1no Of tinbers, substantially
bolted together, making an enclosure about
forty feet high, and about ten fect
at the base, tapcrlng somewhat as II
necends. This is generally boarded up 9
portion of the distance to shelter the work.
men. A grooyed wheel or pulley hangs at
the top, and windlasa and crank are at The
base. 4 short distance from tbs derrick q
small steam engine. either stationary or port
able, is fixed, and covered with q rough
boarded shanty; pitman rod connects thc
cranksof the engine with one end Of large
wooden walking beam, placed midway be.
tween tue engine and the derrick, the beam
being piyotcd on It's center about twelve feet
from the ground. The walking beam Is q
rude imitation Of that Of eide~heel steam.
er. 1 rope attached to its.othcr end passes
over the pulley at tue top Of the derrick, and
terminates Immediately over the intended
hole. cast:iron pipe, from ~ to inches
in diameter, Is driven into Tho 6uf flce ground,
length following length until the rock Is
rtnthed. In the older wells the ground was
in it. The earth having been removed from
the interior Of the pipe the actual process OF
boring or drilling has commenced. Two
huge links Of iron, called jarsn NC attached
10 The end Of the rope. At tho end Of the
lower link . ling md heavy iron pipe is fixed,
and in the end Of this fs screwed the drill,
about three inches In diameter, and yard
long. When nil Is ready the drill and Its
heavy attachments are lowered into the tubc
and ibe engine set In motion, With every
| elevation Of the derrick end Of the walking
beam, the drill strikes the rock, the heavy
and thus preventing d Jerking strain on The
r,nc. Thc ,ock ag It is pounIied mixes in d
pulyerizcl condition with the water con,
s,autIv dropping into the hole, and assumes
d nasty fotrn, after q willie the drill is
hoistcd out and saud p7mp dropuc6
t into the hole. @ T The s,nd nd nump MI Is Ra con1,er
fnhe. abour fyc feet lonp. and a title smaiter
than the dr1Il. h1vfnlp n rn]ve in its bottom
| oCeninr nnwnrdg nni fnvnrds. AZ fiji, fubc
ID droppcd into tbe ho1e the Dastv mass
rl,shcs into it through b the valve and rcmaIns
there. When tlfs has bern dnne eeyero]
thc nnerat;on he;no rencafef' until the lo1G
ie c1e5r .rhon tha vnrE nr d-;ii1no rorom ~,
mtncos' T. Il cT;dent that ns fhe Ami ia nof
roDni} nj tbe noint. Int V1th . chisel shaped
edpe. the hole wouli rot be round unless
so61s otirr mans would be adopted. Thtq
is partially accomplished by the borcr, who
ejts On seat about SIX or eight feet above
thc bo1e, and holds ahandle ASel to the rope,
giving tic latter huff twist at every blow.
By this means nearer approach to cylin.
diical hole is attained. But the whole must
be as nearly roprd as possible, and therefore
*rca1per," sent down, which cuts down with
the irregularities Of the hole.
In the earlier days Of welt boring, as nov
in some localities, the wells were sunk By
baud. or by horse power. In the former ease
. stiff spr5ng pole, firmly secured at one end
lifted tic dill and rods suspended from 1t:
free End, and the power Tas applied to this
end to mike it suddenly descend. Two men,
standing together, placed each q foot In
double etirIup suspended from the pole, and
suddenly bore it down. Immediately Il
sprung np, and the operation WAS repeated
This Tns tedious and laborious operation,
and has betn generally abandoned.
AS the holes get down to points where th<
first Indications of. oil are reached, the con
tents Of the sand pumps arc anxiously exam
TEN Of their oWn, the prominent points O.
which are three layers Of sandstone Ths
''ti1st sandstone" Lies Immediately below ths
allugial deposit. The second sanostone'' !!