davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14
Promotions i'm the Army.
THE LATEST FOREIGN NEWS.


My YoRK, Nov. Is.
Gov. Andrews is at Washington for the
purpose of a settlement Of accounts of Mas
sachusetts against the general government.
General Indignation is felt in government,
and diplomatic circles at the wanton attack OF
Spain upon Chill.
The Spanish squadron for blockade con-
sists of seven frigates
1t is represented that the greatest nnauim.
ity offeeling prevails among the Chilians
Gov. Hahn, from Louisiana, Represents
that the reconstructed rebels of that State are
acting very badly. In one parish they met in
convention and re re-estabished slavery by for
NAL enactment and resolution. Three negroes
have been shot by returned rebel soldiers
s.ast wesh, Ien@& ,aseiv,ScSx,ssS.gssd sd
negro to bs whipped sndsr the old Virg ginia
code. General Augur promptly annpiled
the sentence
ihe Secretary of war notified the Quarter
Master General, that the officers of the vete-
ran reserve corps, mustered out under general
orders loo, who held commissions March 3D.
1860, shall receive extra three months pay
authorized by act of Congress of March 3D.
1868.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14
New YnRx Nov /:

New YoRK, Nov. 13.
The Tines special says Paymaster B. r.
Cowan has been breveted Brlgadier General
The following paymasters have been bre-
veted Lieutenant Colonels: ]. a. Parrish,
j. II. Mulborn, c. NJ. Terril, J. N. Crosby,
r. S. Webb, Geo. Phelps, A. II Howe, f.
A. Adams, Fl. Gregers, j. S. Thurston. w.
Brown, Jacob Saltade, L. 8. Hueston aud N.
II. Hutchins.
The I'd Comptroller has made : decision
relative to servants pay in the case Of SOL
dier transferred to the Veteran Reserve Corps.
Agresebly to General Order Of Provost Mar
shal General, dated April 18th, 1855, subse-
quently mustered out BY General Order No.
116, Adjt. Genl's. Office, 1865, application is
made for balance Of recruit bounty. The
Comptroller decides that as he was discharged
by reason of the close Of the war, he is enti-
tied to the balance of his bounty the same as
though he hsd remained with has reximent,
the fsct Of his being transferred to The Vete-
ran Reserve Corps, and discharged ron that
Organization. mot affecting his right to I
bounty to which he was entitled under his
enlistment. In fhe case Of Representative
substitute for pessou pot Liable 70 ifaia, il Il
held that the former Is entitled to the same
bounty as other recruits enlisted It the same
time and for the like proceeds Of service. !.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14
Is TREASON A CRIME.
EFFORTS OF THE PRESIDENT TO HAVE
THE QrESTIOy SETTLED.
- eeFlsE FChase. KMkss
DIFFICULTIES IN THE WAY OF TRIALS
FOR TREASON.
WAsHrxGrsx, Nov. !, 1866.

WAsHrxcrsx Nov. :, 1866.
II II known that President johnson has ex.
pressed the greatest anxiety to bring to le-
gal issue the question whether treason is 4
crime and whether it can as such be ps nished.
The following from to-day's National Re
pabiicaS 10 believed TO be substantially cor.
rect.
The President has not only committed hia
constitutional advisers, is Cabinet and thc
proper Law officers of the government on the
subject, but he has also invited to this council
some of the most eminent constitutional and
criminal lawyers in the land. Among these
may be named Chief Justice Chase, Who came
here from Ohio, some time in August last. At
the special invitation Of the President, to con.
suit on the general subject of trials for trea-
son. Subsequently, about the FIRST Of Octo-
Der last President johnson addressed a let
ter to Chief Justice Chase, informing him that
it might become necessary for the Govern
ment 70 prosecute some high crimes and mis-
demeanors committed against the United
States within the District of Virginia. Chief
Justice Chase's Circuit, and inquiring wheth
er the Circuit of the United States for that
District Is SO. far organized and in condition
to exercise its functions that the Chief JUS
tice or either ofthe Associates of the Supreme
Court would hold term of the Circuit Court
there during the autumn or early winter for
the trial Of causes.
About the middle Of October Chief Justice
Chase replied to the President. He positively
stated that his Circuit Court for the District of
Virginia, either to bepresided over By himesf
or one of his associates, would not Hold tern
during the Autumn or early Wintse He s(ntel
that thereguiar term authorized ~ Congress
would commences this year on the 9th Of No
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14
New YosK, Nov. ls.

NEW foRK, Nov. 13.
New gold notes Of the denomination Of 500
were received at the United States treasury
in this city today.
The Commerci0Fs Washington dispaach
says the Presideat informed an ex-Confeder-
ate General to- day that il is his present inten.
tion to pardon any more civil or milifasy
leaders Of the rebellion.
Chief Jaaice Chase is expected in this city
tonight, when something definite respecting
JED. Davis trial viii be announced.
A Paris correspondent Of the Times says it
is generally reported in Partisan papers that
the Fenian army in Mexico will be Withdrawn
by instalments. and that by August or Sep
tsnabernext year, the whole will have returned
to France. This resolution is said to be
adopted, not only from decision to afford no
reasonable ground of complaint, but also on
economical ground.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14

NEW YORK, Nov 13.
Files of the official journal Of the Mexican
Republlca, Mexican newspaper published
- PssoSdelr Norte, have beea received here to
tie 8th of August.
They contain sCesunts of q singular liberal
demonstratiun in chihuahua on the day APP
pointed for the celebration Of the re-establish-
ment of the empire. A number Of the citi-
zens held . funeral ceremony in memory OF
Hidalgo. The flags we're lowered to half
mast and the place wore general expression
of mourning, rather than of festiYity.
The Penodico of Fiscal announces that
Oaxaca has been occupied by body Of Ju-
arez troops under Col Diaz, a brother Of
Porforio Diaz
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14

STATE OF IOWA, Lee county. m-Ir
~ the District Court Of ssid County as Krk.h q
nchars.on PieaasaA rsys1 ys-r a Aackley, - Ioss
= nAcsssy, ~ 80 Nary DesgAerty ana Dcnshrr.
Billings. Defendants. 1As'
Notice hereby given 70 the herein shov,
named, that petition In . civil ~rtsoo 4 q. a. -
the Clerks once cf tAs Dasce Court sssssaad IN hs
hall q sss above plaatn asainst yoa snd clsiu
Ing the partition Of the soilo~fug deecsfhcT rs~l
sstsaie1 II L~e ssaasy, Iowa sfa: HssJse - 1lno
i tll scr~s 10 ths AortA hF u the VI han Of ~
soneh sest ssArtsr u esctioa 131l Il town
ship north of range Ave fS Eest net,sso
ci.ns9 TO Be the owner Of the sadividsd
GID Of id prcperty; and snles roo appear snd ~.
term Of sAid Court tooo00sace on the arst Mondsy ~
Rsoruary, 1896 jsdGmsnt will Ae rs4dered a~.nss
Jon, - prayed fos in sid petition.
ROBT H. arLLnORE
Rev stamp. 50 cts-cancellsd.l Asssy 10 Plsinfi6.
n0vl4dAW-tu
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14

STATE OF IOWA, Lee County, ss.-In
Richardsen Psasst6 Archisee McTD0vell ne.rv
DongAerty aud . pougt erty her husband v XII
bourne. 0eorgs kheosrne, MIftngs. Ds1sedauts
Notice hereby given - The defendants hsep sAovu
ns@sd thaf prtifion In civil on die ID IT,
Clerks ONCE Of the District Court afcress1 in hehsf n
tegshion of ~ { q bmg aS5ntsi sesi q - SeSSsS
m kcosuh Les county Iowa, viz: Lot nuaber two m
In block seventeen 7l petitioner claiming 10 BE- IT.
owner OF the undivided fhree tvehs 3l2) Of the sav
ana unless you appear and make defense thea eto b -
noon Of the second day Of thu next term OF said r
70 sommenc. on tho nrst Monday Of February 1sae
80 yssEso1 kOBf. H. 03l<i MORR.
novl4d4v-tu
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14

THE Dubuque Herald insists that the de-
feat of the possum and soldier ticket in Iowa,
New York and elsewhere ought to convince
the Democracy of the policy of sticking to the
party organization and nominating straieh,
out tickets. Well, the party did that thing
In New Jersey, but Jared no better than they
have elsewhere. No, the people are deter
mined to bring the disloyal Copperhead lead
ers to reckoning for their opposition to the
war, and their attempt to. compel the govern
ment to enter into dishonerable compro-
mise with traitors. And the Democratic par
ty which has become infamous under its anti
war leaders, need not expect the favor of the
people, either straight ont" or under any
Of the crooked devices it may choose to as
sumo to deceive the public. In fine the Dem
ocratic leaders and the Democratic party is
effectualy .'played OUT and may as we'll re-
tire to its grave decently and in order.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14
HAGAN's MAGNOLIA BALM.

discovered. 1t changes the sun burnt f.rs and
hands 70 peariy satn texture Of ravishins beautv M
parting the marble purity AZ ycnth and the aistn q
appearance - inviting IN the city belle or fashion
removes tan fr~ckes, mples and rsnghness rpm Tia
skis loving sAs conpisxon fresh, tranrpsrsaf and
s"cosh- coeians No Datesial injurious 70 the skin
Patronred by Actresses Opera rineers II il vhss
every lady should have. Sold everywhere Retail prce
20 cents-
Prepared BY v. Z HAGAs. rroy,S.Y.
Addrrss all orders 20
DEMAS BARNES 4 Co, New-York.
nay I0desp
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14
WAsHISrox. Nov. Is

1t appears from the United States Treasu-
rer's monthly statement for October that the
amount on deposit in coin was s34, 754, 600,
and the total amount ON deposit Was nearly
$l00, ,0O0, 900. All the coin was available.
The amount on deposit in the National banks
was nearly S300. .O00, 900 and the unavailable .
funds in tn late insurrectionary States s7l6,-
0OO
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14

"A IOILET ID L LIG HTI The ladies'
treasure and gessienea's kconi fAs -swss44st
thi1g and largest quantity NanufActdred from the
neh souts<n Magnolia UssA ha&hisk shs lsee and
70 Isnosf the tkn son and fresh, topFevent erup
ssoes, TO perfume clothing, &C.
ovseones the unpieas.nt odos Of pefspirsticn-
removes redness, tan, b,escAsa &c.
IL cures nervous headache and allAys Inflammation
Goods, aoftens and adds dalscaey 70 the| ain
II ytsids . snhtusd aad lAssing psrfuue.
cures masqueto bdtss Aad stines Of is1srss
htontasns no material injurious 10 the Skin.
Patroniaed by Actresses and Operu esperr, II G,
vnas es1y aay shooid have Sold everywhere. tt ,
the nagpofts Water and ron viii kse no ctb.,r
Cologne. Perfem-ry. Toilet was~s sstsrtEsr4s
DEMAS BARNES i Co.
Props Exclusive Agents NJ "
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14

GES AuGuR, it will be seen from the tele-
graphic dispatches, has the audacity to inter
fere withthe immemorial rights and customs of
the +. f. VS. over in the Old Dominion.
What next; if a Virginia aristocrat is not to
be allowed to wallopa niger his "occupati on
is gone,' and his identity must soon be lost,
for Virginian without nigger to vent his
spleen on, and show off his Importance over,
ceases to have the characteristics of yir-
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14
aoxro. Nov. I3

TO RoXro, Nov. I3.
II has been decided TO place force Of vol
unteers on active service to check Fenian
raids. Two battalons received orders to hold
themselves in readiness for duty. The guard
at the Volunteer Armory had been doubled
in consequence Of information received of
Fenians
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14
/ EGAL NOTICE.-To John a nu-r..

i .EGAL NOTICE.-To John A. Durkee
1A surviving partner Of tbs hrm OF John Drrh.s 4
Co. Hebe Durk~e, wife of John Durkss Louisn = ~
kee widow Of Bentamin Darken dscsssbd Jeme. Az
lott. Q Hall, Il Parry, Samuel NiIisr peTrv
and Abnsr Reeves, EXECUTORS Of Levis X Reeves a..
Co.. Hencs c,aAins Yoa snd sacS q ~ - Aershv
modified thAt tAsre b no~ nls II the oSDce 81 ~
Clerk Of the Distrct Court Of Lee county, Iowa AZ
knk, petftios at Jana Aarsh, oluiaing Of Won ~
aid John Ourkrc surviving partner Of the late arm Of
!oha 4 Darhee Z Co. ave ihou+and and I've hnadred
dollars, q money dns hin froA yen ~ prcmfourv
notss and alSo claiming ~ Ill You tha forsno X
mortgage given for the securing Of said notes
ing the following described real estate towt Lots
q1l IN block xtyssveu ( situated IN tie city Of Kso
kuk seuar Of e: end etsss q Ioxe UgeeyenAppsar
4e1ne dsa As39 rPAef1he seSRs1 ~ SkShs
Arst Monday n February jadgment and decree v
berendsfd eea~t - thssseA. Il dsfasAf
Revenue stamp soc--cancelledl Atty's for PFC.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14

HOG CHoLERA.-0ur friend VIM. J.3 Coch-
ran informs us that the hog cholera results
from worms in the stomach, much like bots ia
horses. And he assures us that BY mixing
alum with with the slop or feed Of hoes, Il PIE
vents or cure the disease. If the disease a
mates as Mr.. Cochran supposes, W rerf
his remedy as . reasonable one, - u
events, his own observation and expsst
entities his statements to the eooGi1oIooS n
parties interested.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14

A DErRoIr paper says that 100000 barrels
ofapples have been transported on the rail-
roads from that State duriag the present sea-
son and estimating them as worth So so per
barrel we have s1.458,0O0 as the proceeds of
the orchards of Michigan exported elsewhere.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14

RaILRoAD EAgNIxGs.-The Des Moines Re.
custer is furnished by Secretary Wnghts with
the following exhibit Of the earnings Of Iowa
railroads during The past year.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14

THERE were 81, 1882 votes registeted in Ne
York City.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14

The earnings of the last named road are in.
cluded in the report Of the Keokuk, Mt Plea
sant b Muscatine Road. The Chicago, Iowa
4 Nebraska, and Cedar Rapids b Missouri
River Roads, unite at Cedar Rapids. and
both are operated by the Chicago and North.
Western Railway Company.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14
BY TELEGRAPH.
French Trsops - BE Withdrawn
from Mexico.
WHIPPING NEGROES IN VIRGINIA.
CANADIANS PREPARING ron THE
ss FENIANs. gss 3
ACTING IN BAD FAITH.
,4,sl33 ~ Il i, Ia
President will Pardon mo More
Leading Rebels.
THE FRENCH UNIVERSAL EXHIBI-
lion.
AND EoGANs APPOINT
MEyT.S
French Troops - Be Withdrawn
from Mexico.
NEGROES IN VIRGINIA.
'ANADIANs PnEPARING FOR THE
r s -. FENIANs. V /
LOUISIANA ACTING IN BAD FAITH.
President will Pardon NO More
Leading Rebels.
THE FRENCH UNIVERSAL EXHIBI-
lion.

AND LOGAN'S APPOINT
NEWS
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1865-11-14

Although the suggestion contsined in the
following dispatch and its aocompaniments
has been, to certain, anticipated by the De-
partment Of State, these papers are published
for general information
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1865-04-07
Richmond is Ours ! .

Such is, the glad news OF the week,
which has given a thrill Of JOY TO every
loyal heart in the country. The Rebel
Capital is ours, and the Rebel President
and Cabinet are fleeing with Lees beaten
and demoralzed amy, before the vicio-
iious legions Of the Union President
Lincoln sends greeting from the late
mansion Of jeff. Davis And the people,
long suffering, hail their deliverers with
JOY |! The news needs no comment, nor
can any that may be suggested deepen
or intensity the profound impression its
simple announcement has made upoE the
public mind. Everybody feels instinct
lively that the great battle is won. All
honor 10 our heroes, both living and dead
and long live the Republic! -..i. .a
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1865-04-07
The Late Movements and Battles.

In the absence of the full details of the
movements, and battles Immediately pre-
ceding the fall Of Richmond, which are
too lengthy for our columns, the follow
ing summary will be Of interest TO our
readers ban ,aa''9.r fj-g. lol isJ,tass
On Wednesday, March 90 h !, at four A,
NJ, the Second and Fifth Corps, occupy-
ing the left Of Grants line, moved out of
their inlrenchments to tho south and wes.
with'the evident Intention Of on,ilsnkinc O
the enemy on their right The SIKH and
Ninth Corps retained their position in
front OF Petersburg, and the line held by
:Ee Second and Fifth Corps was manned
by General Ord's troops, from the Army
OF the James,. Genera. Sheridan's ;roops
moved ON the same day, upon Dinwiddie
Court House, eighteen miles south west oI
Petersburg. No opposition was made to
the movement except iu front OF the Fifth
Corps, where desperate resistance was
made hy The enemy. ..,.. 'I...
On Thursday, March 3OIh, in spite Of
heavy rains. which added greatly to the
difficulty of the advance, the troops pusheh
on two miles further. and the Fifth Corps
reached the Boydtown plank road. The
enemy made but slight resistance on ,hie
day andour loss was light. Sheridan oc
cuped Dinwiddie Courl House.
On Friday, March Slst, our forces ad
vancfd.. After bard fighting they were
driven back to the Boydtown plank road
but, rallying, recovered their ground and
advanced, ustill further. Our 1loss was
heavy. - .lp1f et,r,u ar rsaal a, ... !.
On Saturday, April ist, sheridan's 8 cav.
airy, together with the Fifth CORPS, after
more bloody work. drove the enemy still
iurtheIr west and north, capturing three
pfgades. hwagon train, and several bat.
teres OF artillery. This seems. to have
been the hentnrning point Of the s,rugqles
and resulted in Gus gaining n "a vorabIe no.
sltlon in the rear Of Petersburg, about six
or eight miles from the town. fsu T,TC
9On Sunday, April Ga, the flankinc
movement having been successfully exc
euted, and the enemy having in all pr
ability Withdrawn most OF its men from
the defenses in front of Peters burg to re
pelh, General Grant ordered a gerers
attack 70 be made on the whole line o
works surrounding Petersburg, and up tc
the latest dates, the battle was raging fu
yiously along tie whole line from 'Oily
Point away around south Of Petersburg L
the South Side Railroad on the west.
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1865-04-07

out will not amount to- less than l2 600
men, and probably fifty pieces of artillery.
Edo not know, boxeyor, ,,he npmhes'of msn
and guns accurately. Ff y In ~ L
. A portion Of Fosters division. cath corps,
inadea most gallant charge this afiernoon.
and captnreda worry important fort fom
the eBomy. with it's entire garrison.
All soems we'll with US, and everything is
quiet js%st jss'snsss nss; ;;03 A1JAi,,Mxcoa,.,
. WASHINGTON, April I'LL A. M.
To MaJor GeneraL Din. ..v.
Tho ollowiDg particulars, dated at City
Point, April A, . A. NJ. giyo tho latest in
iormation direct from RichmoDd. General
Wcitz'I telcgraphs from Riohmopd that OF
railroad stock he found there 90 locomo-
tivos ~ passongcrs aud baggage ears and
LOG irolght care. 10 g5igl.rl ssragIs~sI
At $50 this morning General Grant,
from Sutherland Station. teu miles. from
Petersburg towards Bnrksville, ,tclegraphs
that Gencral Sheridan picked up I.2OO
prisoners to day, and from 300 TO 81 0 more
have been, gathered up by our troops. Tho
majority ot the ari.s that woro left IN the
hands ci Lees army are now scattered be
tween Richmond and where his troops now
arc. The country is also fnIl of stragglers.
Tho line Of retreat is marked with artillery
ammunition. burned or charreG wagons,caS
sons, ambulaDces, sc.
(Signcd) q, f NJ STANTON,
..,f t..t - . Secretary ol War,
g.s WILSON STATION, Va, April 1.
Hon. T.. W. Stoaton:,t "a. .. ms ...r
The a.mys pushing forward in tho hopo
Of oNrtaking or dispensing tho remainder
of Loos army. SnoriGan's' cavalry aud tho
9TH corps are between this and tho Appom-
aiox. General Meade and tho ID aud 9Th
corps are following Ord along tho line of
tho Southside X. r.. All of tho enemy that
retains anything like organization have gone
north Appomatox and apparently heading
for Lyncbburg. Their losses have been
very heavy Tho houses through the coun.
try arc nearly all used as hospitals tor the
wounded. IN every direction hear of reb-
el soldiers pushing home. some in largo and
some in small squads, aud generally with
out arms. Our cayalry pursued hem so
closely that tho enemy have toen forced TO
destroy a great part ,of their transportation.
cassiObs and munitions OF war. The nnm-
bor Of prisoners captured yasterday.exceeds
1000. From the 2Sih OF March iokthe pres
cut ,tine,, our loss ip killed. wounded and
captured. viii not. probably, reach 1000, OF
whom from 500 to 2 900 wero captured,
and many but slightly wounded. s.tar aa
We shall continue tho pursuit as long as
thoro appears 10 be any uso Of it,. .!.ar' .''
% (Signed) i7.st sod" u s! GHANL, p,
,|F yf'fi .'i7 Lieutenant General.
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1865-04-07
Success of the 7.30 Loan.

o.. Our readers will notice that subscrip-
tions 10 the popular 7.3O Loanare still con-
tinued in the most liberal manner. To
the Old World the success OF these Peo.
pies Loans is one Of the wonders OF Re-
public. The Government does not seek
to borrow in foreign markets; it offers no
premiums tobankcrs, but appeals directly
to TIE people, and with what success is
sufficiently shown by The fact that, during
forty three days, they subscribed and paid
the cash down for one hundred and sirty.
one million dollars of the Z 80 Loan
There can be no stronger evidence Of pub.
lie confidence in Government securities.
While nearly all other stocks have gone
down from twenty to fifty, and even a
greater per cent, within few weeks, all
forms OF U. s. bonds and Stocks have re-.
maIned firm, except The slight fluctuations
that are incident to all rapid changes in
the money market Our readers will re.
member that the subscribers TO the 80
Loan receive semi.annual interest at the
rate Of seven and three.tenlhs per cent.
per annum, IN currency, and, at the end Of
three yeats from June 18Th, 1865, they
will have the option Of receiving payment
in full, or convertin. their notes into a
20 six per cent, gold interest bond.-'
Thelate great decline in the pr premidm ON
gold makes these notes more desirable
than ever as an investment, and il should
not be forgotten that their exem p.ion from
State or municipal taxation adds largely
to their value. There is no interruption
IN The receipt of subscriptions or the de-
hivery OF The, notes. All banks, bankers
and Others acting as Loan Agents, will
pay subscribers the interest 10 advance
from the day Of the subscription until
June 15:h. r,,s '-a5 ....r ...'.... ,.-.a