davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21
1865.

FARMERS AND -sAonld
recoIleet that hundreds Of dollars worth of GEain
Provisions, dc, annually destroyed by Rats Mice.
Ants, and other insects and vermin--ali Of which
can be prevented by few dollars worth Of "cos
rAR's" Rat, Roach, Ant DC, Exterminator; bought
and used freely,
~ See "CosrAR's' advertisement in this paper.
srey- Sold in Tunkhannock, Pa,
G BY. W. Lyman b Co. and oil DruFg,s.s
and Dealers
4n42-5 5no
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21
NOtice.

NOTICE is hereby & iyen to all persons indeb
~ ed to me on book account. note, or Otherwis
for goods purchased bu siness done at my groce-
ry in the Brick Store form erly occupied by Henry
Stark, in Tunkhannock Borough, Wyoming County,
Pa. 20 make payment to. and settle the same with
me, and with other pc else the same will
be recognized as valid
r.B. WALL.
Tunkhannock, Pa, june Is, 1865.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21

Inc Pittsburg Gazette 10 i'm favor OF strik.
Ing the word ehite out of our State Cou.ti-
tuition. The matter will be brought befor.
the next Legislature in the form Of propos-
ed amendment. Fhia 10 the fYrs. st.n =.
wards striking out the white race al,oss,h.,
BY analeamasion with the hlasks.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21

a runor has been current in Frankfort, for
several days, that large pond, included in
the grounds Of Camp Nelson, was drained
last week, and nearly one hundred dead
bodies OF infant children--the offspring of
negroes-were found in the mire at tbe bot.
so0. The story seems too zuonstrous to ha
trae.-RayesriEe Bs.llesi9.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21
1865.

"COSTARS" RAT EXTERMlNATOR is simple,
safe and sure the most perfect RAT-if alton meet
=" " nave ever attended. Every Rat that ean get
operly prepared according to directions, will
'l It, and every one that eats il will die generally
at some place as distant possible from where the
medicine was taken, Lake Shore, Mich. Mirrsr.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21

E "Why," said a country cergymen
to one of his flock, edo you always sleep in
your pew when I am in the pulpit, while
you are all attention to every stranger in
vite :" Because, Sir, when you preach,
Pm sure ALPS right but can't trust stran-
ger without keeping good look OUT
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21

RATS rersus BIRDS Whoever en- ga ges in shoot.
ing small birds is a cruel man whoevor aids in OK.
terminating rats is a benefactor. We should like
some of correspondents to give us the beneft Of
their experience in driving out these pests. We
need something besides dogs, cats, and traps for
this business Scientific american ", Y.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21
1869

HOUSEkEEPERS troubled with vermin need DO
so no longer, IT they use "CosTAR's' Exterminator
we nave used IL to our satisfaction and If box
cost S5. we would have it. We have tried poisons
but they effected nothing but "Costar's" article
knocks the breath out of Rats Miae Roaches, Ants,
and Bed Bugs, quicker than we can write it, IL is
in great demand all over the country.-Medina
Ohio Gazetteer
Eg> See "CosrAR's" advertisement in this paper
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21

NEGRO SUFFRAGE.-The Abolitionists of
Allegheny county, have officially declared in
favor of negro suffrage. That will be the is.
sue in the commins election, underst andine-
iy fnot openly avowsd by the Republican
"loyalist."
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21
OTICE.

An adjournment meeting of the Mutual Relief As
ISOLATION OF Mehoopany, will be held at the Office
the Treasurer Saturday the first day of July l66t
for the purpose Of settling their accounts. Let eF
cry Member be in attendance.
W H. SWETLAND Sec
E W SCURDEVANT Pres
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21
1866.

INCREASE OF RATS,-The Farmers Gasdss
(Engish) rts and proves by figures that one pair
than 65l $50 in three years. Now. unless tals in
mense family can be kept down, they would ssa-
sumo more food than would sustain 65 ,00t huIaa
beings
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21
New Idea eff Freedom.

The Philadelphia Bulletin, q bitter Abo-
lition paper, has letter from Richmond, Va.
which says:
"Swsrms OF negroes have come to the city
from distance, knowing that they are free
and expecting to be fed and clothed and ha We
nothing to do. But General Patrick has de.
te ermined to teach them better, and q bureau
is organic ing, at the head of which is Cap
tain George Gibson, of the llth U. S. Infant
ry which is 10 organize all the idle negroes.
and set them to some useful employment"
In the paragraph above is written the his
tory, or rather the result, Of negro eDanci.
patton. 1t comes before the beclouded vision
of the cmaucipators, that the negroes must
hare masters of some SORT The question
as to their capacity to compete successfully
with the white race in the battle Of life, is
beginning to solve itself, giving evidence that
they must have directing and governing
mind over them. Government is endeavor-
ing to supply this necessity by its Freed
mans bureaus, and military organizations
iney will starve and rot. 1t has become
serious question with the truly philanthropic
what will become of the negro? 1t cannot
be answered by an assurance that he will
flourish and enjoy the blessings of his liberty
under the survi lance Of government official
WHO has TO interest in his welfare, and who
cares not what really becomes OF him so
long as it pays. The negro is either quail
fed for liberty and competition or he is not
II he is there can be no propriety IN appoint
ing military overseers over him, ifhe is not,
it was folly to break up his old relations be-
fore providing better system for him.-Er.
North Branch democrat. [volume] (Tunkhannock, Pa.) 1854-1867, 1865-06-21

The Philadelphia Bulletin, d bitter Abo-
lition paper, has letter from Richmond, Va
which saws:
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16
The Antietam Cemetery.

The last Legislature made an approprl-
alton for purchasing a lot on the Antietam
battlefield for National Cemetery, in
which those who fell on that field could be
collected into one spot and suitable mon
ument be erected to their memory, similar
to that at Gettysburg. oi I1e51oq nl
The Board Of Trustees have bought elev-
en- acres # ground at 500 per acre, and
arrangements are being made to enclose it
and collect the dead within its limits
Each State that lost any men in that bat
tie is expected to take lot and assist in
the work. The Hagerstown Herald and
Torch gives the following description Of
the Cemetery and battlefield. sa4l
The Cemetery occupies an elevated site,
on the BoonsboFo' turnpike. just outside of
the corporation limits of 9harpsburg. From
this hill a more extended view OF the bat
tie field can be had, than from any other
point on the Sharpsburg side. Looking
from the Cemetery, to the right is Burn
sides bridge, and far to the left, on the
Hagerstown turnpike, is the Quaker church.
Around these two points cluster many OF
the most memorable incidents OF the
battle. f.'
The battle field has been so often des-
cribed, that we only speak of it, as seen
from the Cemetery Two turnpikes lead
into Sharpsburg, the one from Boonsboro,
and the other from Hagerstown, forming
an angle with each other, less than right
angle. If we draw line from Burnsides
bridge to the Bunker church, we will have
the third and longest side of a triangle,
Sharpsburg being the apex. Along this
line the battle was fought. Between these
two points rolled and surged the bloody
tide, and when it ebbed, fifteen thousand
CHASTITY corpses strewed the ground.
Gen. Lee had selected his own battle
ground. By stretching his line from the
bridge near the Boonsboro' turnpike, to
the bunker church on the Hagerstown
turnpike, he covered both roads leading to
Sharpsburg, and all the roads leading to
the river. He threw up no breastworks
although he had ample time, the numerous
hills and ravines, the dense corn fields and
the rail fences seemed to be all the shelter
that he desired for his men. From the
Boonsboro' pike to the Hagerstown pike
there runs an exceedingly crooked lane.-
Much of this roadsis washed out, thus form
ing natural breastwork. Where the road
was level the fences were taken down, and
the rails laid in piles, behind which the
sharpshooters lurked and didtheir murder
GUS work. ''
But few traces of the mighty contest are
left. The fences have been rebuilt, and
nature in her exhuberance has hid the
very graves. The corn is growing tall and
strong, in fields made rich with human
blood, and the closely matted clover, and
rank weeds have covered the lowly mounds
in which heroes sleep. We tread among
the dead and know it not. Nature kindly
heals up the gashos made by cruel war
the earth drinks up the blood, the grass
grows green upon the graves and were it
not for broken hearts, and longing eyes
that look for those that never come, we
would soon forget that war had ever been,
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16
DIR. SWEETS
Infallible Linimcnt,
The Great External Remedy.

FOR RHEUMATISM, GOUT, NEURALGIA,
/ LUMBAGO, STIFF NECK AND JOINTS,
SPRAINS, BRUISES, CUTS AND
| WOUNDS, PILES, HEADACHE,
~ ANDALL RHEUMATIC AND
NERVOUS DISORDERS m
Dr. Stephen Sweet, of Connecticut,
the Great Natural Bone Setter.
DR.. Stephen Sweet, of Connecticut,
is known all over the United States.
Dr.. Stephen Sweet, of Connecticut,
is the author of CDR. Sweets Infallible Lini-
ment." ni hs HH.--g4is.t5f aN
Dir. Sweets Infailible Liniment
Cures Rheumatism and never fails.
DR.. Sweets Infallible Liniment
Is certain cure for Neuralgia.
DR.. Sweets Infallible Liniment
Cures Burns and Scalds Immediately.
DR.. Sweets Infallible Liniment
Is the best known remedy for Sprains and
Bruises.
DR.. Sweets Infallible Liniment
Cures Headache Immediately and was never
known 10 lall. fHl
DIR. Sweets Infallible Liniment
Affords immediate relief for Piles, and seldom
fails to cure. r,4t
DR.. Sweets Infallible Liniment
Cures Toothache in one minute. NJ
DR.. Sweets Infallible Liniment
Cures Cuts and Wounds Immediately and leaves
no scar. i'1 = 5e.I t-tsf
DR.. Sweets Infallible Liniment
Has been used by more than million people,
and all praise it.
DR.. Sweets Infallible Liniment
Taken internally cures Collie, Cholera Morbus
and Cholera.
DR.. Sweets Infallible Liniment
Is truly ga friend in need" and every family
should hayo it at hand.
DR.. Sweets Infallible Liniment
Is for sale by all Druggists. ka.a aI
58e Caution.
To avoid imposition, observe the Signature
and Likeness of DR.. Stephen Sweet on every
label, and also " Stephen Sweets Infallible Lin
iment" blown in the glass of each bottle, with
out which none are genuine.
7ai at." f4f.i RICHARDS ON 4 co.
Sole PrOprietors, Norwich, CT.
G. LEWIS DUNLAP, Wholesale Agent,
aa1 No.13, w. Baltimore st., Baltimore.
Sept. 9.-3m.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16
Selett goetrp,
Ir From the Little Corporal.
THE LAST REVIEW.
BY MRS. EMILY =. BuGBEE.

Twenty One miles of boys in blue,
Sixty abreast in the last review
How grandly the columns stretched away,
In the coudess light Of this sweet May day
Onward in rank and file they come, III 81
To the cheering beat of the victors' drum.
Wearied, and Scared and worn they be,
But prouder host you will never see,
Their faded banners riddled with balls,
But floating triumphantly after all,
Never again in the worlds sunlight,
Shall the Nations look a grander sight.
No more, till the Christian army stands,
Whose warriors shall gather from every land
For last review on the other shore,
Their lifelong battles and marches DER, q
Will a marshaed host like this appear,
Crowned with the glory that victors wear.
Let the heads of the Nation bow as they pass,
And scatter with flowers the dewy grass,
As their cleaning weapons flash in the sun,
Remember the deeds of valOr done;
How that solid column of human breasts,
Was barred to the storm, for the nations rest
Then beat the drum for the last reveille,
The echoes of strife are growing still,
With aconquering tread the heroes come,
Back to the dear delights of home.
But alas, the army of countless dead,
We shall list in vain for their coming tread,
Full forty miles of our noble braves
Sixty abreast, are in their graves, au
AS your cheers ring out from the living host,
Remember the heroes loved and lost.
And think of the MANNED, and wasted band
Seeking the homes OF their stricken land,
For whom the brightness of life is DER,
Whose feet are nearing the other shore,
Remnants of manhood once so strong,
These cannot march in the gala throng
Then hail, all hail to the boys in blue
Gathered to-day for a last review.
Marching with floating banners back;
Scatter with flowers their joyous track.
Their brOws perchance are dark with scars,
And their worn feet scanned with crimson bars
But kings and UictorS we crown to-day,
The SCARED host, ON their homeward way.
And wonder, if down from the sweet repose
Which the soul of the martyred hero knows, -,r
The Commander in Chief looks down and sees
Those banners float in this earthly breeze,
And if in the calm of that world of bliss,
His spirit would thrill at u scene like this.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16

A CURT ANswER.-Some years ago, an
old sign painter, who was very cross, very
gruff, and a little deaf, was engaged to paint
the Ten Commandments on some tablets in
church not five miles from Buffalo. He
worked two days at it, and at the end of the
second day the pastor of the church came
to see how the work progressed. The old
man stood by, smoking short pipe, as the
reverend gentleman ran his eyes over the
tablets. 'Ehp, said the pastor, as his ia
miliar eye detected something wrong in the
wording of the precepts; "why, you care
less old person, you have left part of one
of the commandments entirely out; don't
you see ?" ..o.., 81
mo such thing" said the old man, put
ting on his spectacles no, nothing left out
where ?"
"Why, there !" persisted the pastor:
look at them in the Bible; you have left
some of the commandments out" an,
".Well, what if l have ?" said old Obsti-
macy, as he ran his eye complaceutly over
his work; "what it have There's more
there now than you'll keep p
Another and more cerrect artist was
employed the next day.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16

A TEMPERANCE SToRY.-Deacon john
son is great temperance man, and sets
good example of total abstinence as far as
he is seen. Not long ago he employed
carpenter to make some alterations in his
parlor and iu repairing the corner near the
fireplace, it was found necessary to remove
the wainscotng, when 10 a discovery was
made that astonished everybody. A brace
of decanters,. a tumbler, and q pitcher were
cozily reposing there, as if they had stood
there from the beginning. The deacon was
summoned, and as he beheld the blushlng
bottles he exclaimed
"Wal, / declare, that's curious, sure
enough. 1t must be that old Baines left
them there when he went out OF this ere
house thirty years ago" aa.5
:" Perhaps he did," returned the carp!en-
ter; but, Deacon, the ice in the pitcher
must have been frz mighty hard to stay SO
till this time" ..g
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16

OR1GIN OF THE WORD YANKEE.-Wh hen the
New England colonies were first settled the
inhabitants were obliged to fight their way
against many nations of Indians. They
found but little difficulty in subduing them
oil, except one tribe who were known by the
name of Yankoos, which signifies invlncl-
BILE. After much waste Of blood and treas
ure, the Yankoos were at last suodueu
by the New England men.
The remains of this tribe (agreeably to
the Indian custom) transferred their name
to their captors. For while they called
them Yankoos, but from corruption COM
mon to the names Of languages they got
through time, the name Of Yaukees-a
name which we hope will soon be equal to
that of Roman or an ancient Eaglish-
man. T M k eHa fre 40 non
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16
History Of the Rebellion.
HEADLEY,S HISTORY OF THE WAR.

VTlHE undersigned having procured an agen-
IL cy for this valuable work for a portion OF
Baltimore and Hartford counties will in very
short time visit the people of the county solic-
iting subscriptions therefor. 1t will be a true
and faithful history of events as they have trans
pred since April 1861, until nearly to the pres
ent time.
twill be published in two vols. at $3.50 each
the first of which will soon be delivered. and
the second Immediately after the close Of the
war. Each volume will contain many pages of
illustrations of Battle scenes, and over forty por-
traits of officers prominent in the war, both
North and South. u
Volume l, containing 500 pages, is already
prepared, and will be delivered by the Agents
after finishing the canvass in their several To-
calties. Volume ii will be issued as soon as
practicable after the close of the war, and will
contain about 700 pages, or more, if necessary
to complete the History.
hga Year EDWARD N. TYRRELL.
June 8, 1S65.-1y.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16

a The Jews could not set their foot
upon piece Of paper, lest the name of
God might be written upon it. Take care,
lest you set your foot upon man; for the
name OF God is written upon him,
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16

eEA At recent catechising held in Par
is the rector asked little girl How ma
nv sacraments are there 2 There are none
now sWhat-none p No, none for
cousin Francis died Saturday, and Ma told
me they gave him the last Toi.i Ns.l e
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16
County Advertisements.
REMOVAL.
GEORGE STEIBER,
BOOT & SHOE MAKER,
laH TOWSONTOWN, MD,
HIS

THEREBY informs the citizens of Towson-
Ill town and vicinity, that he has removed
his Boot and Shoe establishment from his re-
cent place of business, to the building adjoin-
ing the post Office and store of Mr.. Nelson Coop
er, where he will in the future be pleased to see
all his friends and customers.
keep constantly on hand varied assort-
ment of Boots Shoes, Caters, &C., for either
Ladies, Gentlemen or Children,
ALL OF MY OWN MANUFACTURE,
which will be found as durable, and cheaper
than can be procured in the city of Baltimore.
return my thanks for the very liberal pa
tronage have heretofore received, and | will
endeavor, by attention to business, and moder
ate charges, to merit continuance ofthe same.
ea1 3 GEORGE STEIBER.
April 1.-6m.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16

"a The Van Vert Bulletin says that
one of their citizens visited neighborng
town the other day where Butternutism has
full sway, and was accosted by the landlord
with, "Andy johnson don't pear to be
goin' for you felers, just now No"
answered our friend, +" But he appears to
be going for you fellows pretty strong
Hung four at Washington the other day
and is preparing to call in more" Copper
head vanished.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16
LEATHER, . I 80 aa
LEATHER,
HIDES, &C.
!. 49,.
F. II. GRUPY & CO.,

E. n. GhO6 % O~'s
AZ South Calvert Street, Baltimore, Nd,
Ill ER of all kinds, atlowestrates. Call and
see before purchasing. e. saaW 4b
@ HIDES Il PRIME TAN BARK
Wanted, for which the outside Cash Price will
be paid. F. H. GRUPY CO.,
AZ South Calvert Street. Baltimore.
April Sim.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16

ugg- T am afraid you will come to want,
said an old lady to a young gentleman. I
have come to want already, was the reply,
i want your daughter
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16
MARYLAND COMPANY'S
p GU DIR e T T e



WYE call your attention to the above highly
w recommended and superior article, man.
utactured under the personal supervision OF the
proprietors. 1t has been used in different parts
of the State with the most beneficial res ults.-
All we ask is trial. Use from 800 to 60O lbs.
to the Acre, according to Inequality of the soil.
For sale hy ..t........,
,...-....... LESTER 4 co.
No. 14O N Howard St., cor. Franklin, BALTIC.
Also the following Fertilizers for sale at man
ufacturers' prices:
Peruvian Guano, A. A. Mexican Guano,
Reese's Phosphate, Zell's Raw Bone,
Moro Phillips do Ground Bone,
Wilson's do Turner's Excelsior,
Rhodes. do Fish Guano,
Whitelocks do Ground Plaster,
Zells do &C., &c.
LIME, CEMENT, CALCINED PLASTER,
~. 2" BRICKS AND HAIR.
Sept. 2.-2m. Xxx
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16

ON and after Monday, May 1st, 1865, cars
~ will run HOURLY
FROM A. M. TO PM, and at 9 P. M. daily
SUNDAYS excepted. On Sundays
HOURLY FROM A. NJ, to P. M.
PASSENG ERS TO AND FROM ELLICOTTS
MILLS will leave daily, Sundays included, at
Z, 9 and IL A. M, and 2, 4 and 6 P. M.
Office west end of Baltimore street.
VIM. w. ORN DORFF, Secretary.
April 29.-tf ,,--~.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16
RNSIDE & STIN,
UNITED STATES

BURNSIDE & STIN,
UNITED STATES
CLAIM, INSURANCE & GENER-
AL AGENTS, a
No Is South Gay Street, Opposite
First National Bank,
BALTIMORE, MD.
y SnBUSINEss carefully and promptly trans
GrS acted before the Departments of the Cen
eral, State and Local Governments.
@ss~ Pensions, Bounties, Back Pay, Prize
Money, Horses lost in service, Fuel, Forage,
&C., taken by Officers Vessels lost, &c.
gzss~ Moneys Safely Invested and Accounts
Adjusted.
W.. Officers Accounts Settled.
Cash adodnced to Clients and Vouchers Cashed.
Gen'l Agents for Insurance against
Accidents.
j. o. p. BURNSIDE,
LATE ClPTAIN AND c.. s. U. S. Vols.
RI GUSTlN,
LATE AUDITOR Q. M. OFFICE, BALTIC.
References of Burnside Gustin, by special
permission Hon. Thos. Swami, Gov. elect of
Nd; Hon. c. C. Cox, Lit. Gov. Md; Hon. VIM.
B. Hill, Sec. of State, Md; Col. R. M. Newport,
Chief Quartermaster,, Baltimore, Md; Col. W..
H. Brown, A. Pro- Marshal Gen'l, Delaware and
Md; J. S. Norris, ESQ.,, Cashier First National
Bank, Baltimore; Brevet Brig. Gen. N. L. JET
fries, Asst. Provost Marshal GenI, Washington; !;
Thomas & Co., Bankers, Baltimore; Hon. I.
Tome, Member Md, Legislature; Hon. Henry
G.. Hazen, Member House of Delegates John
S. Leib, Esq, Treasurer N. C. Railroad.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16
HANDBTLLS

OF all sizes and styles printed at short notice
and on good terms. W
Magistrates and Collectors Blanks, Deeds
and all kinds of Public Papers always on hand
at the office. AI
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16

Our office, besides one of Hoes best Power
Presses, is furnished with good job Press and
all the necessary materials for executing plain
and fancy Job Printing with neatness and dis
Anl, l l
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16
$500 PER ANNUM. Tn Advance.

VA No paper discontinued until all arrear-
ages are paid. unless at the option of the Pub
fishers. failure to notify its discontinuance
will be considered renewal Of subscription.
The Baltimore County union. [volume] (Towsontown, Md.) 1865-1909, 1865-09-16
RATES OF ADVERTISING /:

One square, (of 8 lines, or less, one insertion,
80 cents, and for every subsequent insertion,