davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15
CAMP NEAR ALEXANDRIA,, !
Nav 19, 1865. (

Dear Bowman Il am just arrived,
All my army will be in o.day. | have
been lost to the world in the woods for
some time. Yet on arriving at the
"settlcments" found that | have made
quite a stir among the people at home
and that the most sinister motives have
been ascribed to me. l have made fire.
qucnt official reports of my official action
in all public matters and all Of them have
been carefully suppressed, while the
most ridiculous nonsense has been in.
dustriously spread abroad through all
the newspapers. Well. You know
what importance I attach to such mat
ters and that l have been too long fight
ing with real rebels, with muskets in
their hands, to be scared by mere non
combatants, no matter how high their
civil rank or station. 1t is amusing to
observe how brave and firm some men
become when all danger is past. | have
noticed on fields Of battle that brave men
never insult the captured, or mutilate
the dead, but towards and braggarts al.
ways do. 1 cannot now recall the act,
but Shakespeare records how poor Fal'
staff, the Prince Of towards and wits,
rising from a figured death stabbed again
the dead Percy ard carried the carcass
aloft in triumph to prove his valor. So
now, when the rebellion in our land is
dead, many Falstaff sappear to brandish
Al, or;1,,oo n 6 n r.; ~, lor o,1 cnnE to
win applause and TO appropriate honors
for deeds that never were done. AS
to myself, l ask popularity, on reward,
but dare the War Department to pub.
lish my official letters and reports. l
assert that my official reports have been
purposely suppressed, while all the power
Of the press has been Indignantly turned
against mel do want peace and secu.
rity and the return to law and justice
from IHaine to the Rio Graude, and if it
does not exist substantially, it is for
State reasons beyond my comprehension.
1t may be thought strange that one
who has no fame but as soldier, should
have been so careful to try and restore
the civil power of the government and
the peaceful jurisdiction of the federal
courts; but it is difficult to discover in
that fact any just cause of offense to an
enli ghtened and free people !; but when
men choose to SANDER and injure others
they can easily invent the facts for the
purpose, when the proposed victim is far
away engaged in public service of their
own bidding. But there is consolation
in knowing that though truth lies in the
bottom of well, the Yankees have pers
severonce enough to get to that bottom,
Yours truley,
w. r. SHERMAN.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15
RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OF
PRESIDENT JOHNSON.

A PRoCLAMATIoNby the President
of the United States of America:
WHEREAS, The fourth section of the
fourth article of the Constitution Of the
United States declares that the United
States shall guarantee to every State in
the Union a republican form of Gov
ernment, and shall protect each of them
against invasion and domestic vio-
lence.
And phereas, The President of the
United States is, by the Constitution,
made Commander-in'chief Of the army
and navy, as well as chief civil execu-
tive Office Of President of the United
States, and to take care that the laws be
faithfully executed;
And Uhcreas, The rebellion which
has been waged by portion Of the peo-
pie Of the United States against the
properly constituted authorities Of the
Government thereof in the most violent
way and revolving form, but whose or
ganized and armed forces have now been
almost entirely overcome, has, in its
revolutionary progress, deprived the
people of the State of North Carolina Of
all civil government;
And ,chereuS, 1t becomes necessary
and proper to carry out and enforce the
obligations of the United States to the
people OF North Carolina, in securing
them in the enjoyment of a republican
form of government:
Now, therefore, In obedience to the
high and solemn duties imposed upon
Inc by the Constitution of the United
States, and for the purpose of enabling
the loyal people otthe said State to or,
ganize a state government, whereby
justice may be established, domestic
tranquility insured, the loyal citizens
protected in all their rights Of life, liber
ty, and property,
| ], Andrew johnson, President of the
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15

day evening last a strong vein of gas
and oil was struck, and the gas took fire
from camp, causing an extensive con-
fagration. The derrick was torn down
and the fire finally extinguished on
Sunday evening. 1t was grand sight
especially at night. The column of
water, oil and gas, sometimes extended
40 feet in the air. The derrick is again
erected and the well being tubcd. We
hope to be able to give favorable report
of its operations next week. It is con-
fidently expected that it will be large
flowing WE'LL Clarion Dem ocrdt.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15

ABOUT TO CLosE,-The Provost
Marshals office of the 10Th District, is
about winding up business. The Office
for the last six months has been located
at this place, on account of this being
the most central point in the district
So far as conScerns the office, no matter
where located , it is an institution that
arc, as well as all other rational men, ie-
ioice to see closed in hopes that the
like may never be opened again to dis
grace free people. We can cheerfully
say, that 50 far as the gentlemen that
officiated in the office, from the Provost
= Marshal down to even the orderly, (Po
uey) were men of talent and ability, and
treated all who were unfortunate enough
to fall in their hands. by way of draft OF
otherwise, with due respect; rendering
unto each in turn, that which they by
regulations and orders from the war de.
partment, were compelled to do. We
regret to part with those that composed
the BOARD, but rejoice at the closing Of
the office.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15

s@Br Many of our Merchants are at
present complaining of the dul!ness Of
the times, sales small &c. &c. We
would call the attention of such to the
Advertisement Of L. W. SCHGNING,
Centrcvile, Elk Co. Pa, where they
will find all the different goods he has on
hand for sale noticed, through the prop
cr medium, "Thc EM AdVocote," Mr..
Schuning enters no complaint on ac
count of want of custom; but on the
contrary, when you visit Centrcville
Gas a matter of courtesy, you must call
to see "Frcd,' you will find his store
crowded with customers, all Of which, A.,
was brot about from the fact, he adver-
tiscs-thcreby letting the people know
what he has for sale. If those who are
in want of customers, will do as he does,
they will share with him, providing,
they are as accommodating and sell
goods as low as he does.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15
TowANDA, June 1st 1865.

The Mummies of There's. Messrs
A yer q Co have received from Alexan
dria cargo of rags to pay for their
medicines, which are largely sold in
Egypt. They are evidently gathered
from all classes and quarters of the
Pacha's dominious-the cast-off gar.
ments of Hodjis and Howadj djis-white
linen turbans, loose brecches and flow
ing robes. Not the least part of Sheir
bulk is cloth in which bodies were en-
balmed and wound for preservation three
thousand years ago. They are now to be
made into paper tor Ayers Almanacs,
and thus, after having wrapped the dead
for thirty centuries, are used to warm
the living from the narrow house which
they have so long inhabited, and to
which, in spite Of all our guards and
cautions, we must so surely go.-Daiy
EUening Journal
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15

DEMOCRATIC STATE CONVENTION
PosTPoNED.-At the formal meeting of
the Democratic State Central Committee
it was resolved that the State Conven.
ton should be called to meet at Harris
burg, on Wednesday, the 21st day of
June, inst, but having since learned
from majority of the Committee, and
being advised by many other leading
Democrats Of the State, that postpone
ment to later day would, on many ac.
counts, be acceptable, and is generally
desired. I hereby give notice that the
next Democratic State Convention of
Pennsylvania, will convene at the Hall
Of the House of Representatives, in the
city of Harrisburg, on Thursday, the
24th day of August next at one o'clock
P. NJ.
G. L. WARD, Chairman.
TowANDA, June lst 1865.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15

OIL PRospEcTs.-The prospects of
finding oil in this place, are daily in
creasing. The well Of Dickinson & Co.,
is now bored to the depth of $40 feet
and from last indications, OF. will be
found inside of two weeks, We only
regret, that among our capitalists, we
have only one "Dickinson." One well
not being a fair test, others who were
blessed with the "ready john" should
have risked a small portion of their
abundance, to test the matter, and not
wait to see whether the Judge" would
be fortunate or not.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15
Wouldn't You Like to Know ?

l know girl with teeth of pear,
And shoulders white as snow,
She lives-ah well,
l must not tell
Wouldn't you like to know!
Her sunny hair is wondrous fair,
And wayy in its flow;
Who made it less
One little tress-
Wouldn't you like to know?
Her eyes are line Celestial hue y
And dazzling in their glow;
On whom they beam
With melting gleam--
Wouldn't you like to know
Her fingers are lilies fair
When lilies fairest grow,
W hose manu- they press
Wouldn't you like to know?
Her lips are red and finely wed,
Like roses ere they blow;
What lover sips
Those dewy lips
Wouldn't you like to know?
Her foot is small and has fall
Like snow fakes on the snow;
And where it goes
Beneath the rose
Wouldn't you like to know?
She has name, the sweetest name
That language can bestow:
'Twould break the spell
If | should tell
Wouldn't you like to know?
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15

GTThe different hotels in our village
for the last ten days, have been filled to
oycrhowing, by visitors. Some are cal.
led here on business, others on specula-
ton, and some are here for the purpose
Of breathing the pure mountain air,
drinking the best and purest of water in
the world and enjoying themselves,
generally-by way Of fishing, hun
ting &c.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15

"Brown's Bronchial Troches. Rev.
Charles S. Robinson, late Of Troy, now
of Brooklyn, N, Y, writes of Browns
Bronchial Troches: "Rev Mr. Booth
gave me two or three from his pocket a
few years ago, recommending me tomake
trial of them, for he had found them
very servicable after the WEAKNESS of
speaking, as well as allaying the irrita
tion consequent on a cold"
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15
NEW ADVERTISEMENTS

NOTICE.-Letters Of Administra.
ton cum teStamsntO annero, on the es-
tate of Anthony Kuntz, late of the bor
ough of St. Mary's, deceased, having
been granted to the undersigned. Al
persons indebted to said estate are re-
quested to make payment and those
having claims to present them without
delay to
ADOLPH FOCHTMAN,
ST. Nary's, Elk Co, Pa.
June, lst '65.-6w.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15

BGEWe call the attention of our citi-
zens, and the citizens of the county gen
orally, to the advertisement of the
GREAT World CIRCUs which will Wis
it Ridgway Elk county on Monday the
Goth inst Mr., Derry's circus being the
first to exibit in Ridgway, and the I'd
that ever visited the county, we can in
good faith promise profitable and pleas
ant time to the Proprietor and the
company under his charge. Already
we find portion ofour citizens as well
ns all our youth, muoh excited and anx-
iously waiting the time ofits coming.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15

NOTICE.-An persons indebted to late
Firms of C. Luhr & Co, aud Fred Sch0ning
& Co., are requested their accounts by the
frs, of July next, either by note or other.
wise, when the accounts will then be left
for immediate collection. Persons indebted
to Fred Schening & Co., will find their acY
counts at Centreville until the above stated
time.
CHAS. LUHR
ST. Mary's, May 18th 1865.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15
FOREIGN NEWS.

Completion Of the Atlantic Cable.
The British Press Against the Hang
ing Of jeff.
Bad State of Things in Richmond.
Protest of the Poor Whites and Negroes
Against Federal Officers.
The Former Rebel Mayor Reinstated.
Refusal Of Whites in Alabama to
Work.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15

cs9~The fact that slavery is dead, is
accepted by all, and none realize it more
fully than the people of the South.
Democrats rejoice that this question is
removed from politics. The party nev-
er was pre-. slavery-but always was con-
tended-as it still contends-that each
state has right to control its own do.
lnestic institutions-slavery included.
Otherissuesarenow to be discussed. The
abolition party never had any principles.
Tt was confined to one idea--that was
"nigger." Aud now that slavery is
dead that party will also soon be de-
Cunct. The Democratic party is foun-
,oG on principles which originated, con-
ducted and sustained this government,
and it will never die. 1t has been de.
1oatod, but not dismayed. Its princi
pies are immutablo, and will live for.
ever Uarion Democrat,
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15
Stunning Letter from General
Sherman.
NEW YoRK, May %.

The following is the letter from Gen.
eral Sherman complaining Of the sup.
preston of his official reports, already
referred to:
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15
New York, June II.

We arc officially notified that for the
present the extent of the government
business over the Southern wires ncces-
state the suspension of arrangements in
progress, to re.establish the old relations
between the Associated Press and editors
South of Washington. Meantime, ac-
tive efforts are being made toincrease the
telegraphic localities so as to insure a
prompt dispatch of all business to or
from the South.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15

THE DEER CREEK OIL Wall
:. his old well, which has been so much
talked of, is now $50 feet deep-the rim
ncr which was fast in the bottom, hav.
l.g beeu taken out, aud boring commen-
"a 4 couple Of weeks ago. On Satur-
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15

The Herald's Washington special say
it is understood that Judge Sharky will
be made provisional Governor of Ala.
bama.
The Herald's Richmond correspon-
dent says Gov. Smith, oe Va, is about
to surrender himself
The Times Washington special says
the President will soon issue proclama.
tion putting an end to the purchase by
government agents of products of late
insurrectionary States, thus removing the
20 per cent. tax and leaving the products
to be taxed under the general law, as in
other states.
The Worlds Florence correspondent
says reconciliation has taken place be-.
tween the Pope and Victor Emanuel,
and that the latter will be crowned EN-
pcror by the former.
The Elk advocate. [volume] (Ridgway, Elk Co., Pa.) 186?-1868, 1865-06-15
States the eighty ninth.
BY the President,
ANDREW JOHNSON.
VIM. II. SEWARD,
Secretary of State.
JEFF. DAVIS HEAETH IMPAIR.
ED.
Place of His Trial not Deter
mined.
Disagreement between Secre-
taries Usher and Harlan.
Sick and Wounded Soldiers in Hospitals.
MRS. JEFF. DA VIS AT 81 VAN.
NAH
Wants to go to England and France.
MRS. JEFF. DA VI,S AT 81 VAN.
NAH

Wants to go to England and France,
, 1865-01-09

prisals will Justify selling the property OF Ca
nalions in The United states' to Indemnify the ST.
AIhans banks
The TINES notices the fact that in recent salt
in London where shippers oi freight sued owners
Of blockade runner for dsnaSes tor faillnS to
g the e IL 81 s
ocamse The Contract vas Illegal and decidedly op-
nneed in The neutral proclamation, aud having d.
let 70 By beneS II be
severe blow to blockade runners.
Foreign Opinion.
An entcrJ rising Austrian mllilay Journal calls
he most Interesting operations II the military
tant for the ate Of Richmond than Waterloo "ss
'05 The hs london pely 7*!sgrspa, ssys That Lord
wth he pr or toG
blockade.
fen Sherman Gays, IN q recent letter, that ono
hnndred thousand negroes desired ,>, come r. WIN
!,rnh1c nrMi ia tn supply them food on the march.
The Grrnt Medal.
washington eprcial says the gold medal au-
thnrized by Cor, to be struck after the a! Of
Vicksbnrg bcs been finished; and I, rs reaenea
ton have lot been determined.
Publishing Income Tax.
reported that the list Of al ~
;eas SfRg Rs a @
'ns. IL The numerous frauds practced on the Coy
eT1racnt. large numbers Of people returning their
incomes far below their apparent expenses.
From the Shenandoah.
The Herakd's Shenandoah special saya: "Jeh.
Dayis, recent orders to Mostly vera to take no
more nrfsonera, Every Northern man, whether
soidieF Or citizen, fsllng into his hands Was to be
Killed. Mosba command va 70 ese Ss lasea ana acat
tefed through the mountains; signal stations -, TO
| be located Oh the mountains and complete sig
nal eou' ses So More Flues Of Truce.
The Richmond FA1g Of the 9Th says Gen. sher-
man hna issued orders refusing to receive any
ags of truce from aS on.se1s IT,; ah m
| will force every ciuzen Of Savannah to Leave.
| Southern Taxes.
| correspondent Of the Richmond Ssntlnefc COM
p1aipine Of the severe Htaxation and htSh coat OF
ssPp'es' says his ine0neas 81 '&0' and his tax Is
S1''S Southern News. ......
The Wilmington Journal says: IT. 0rer 20ooo
SHELLS we're thrown into fort Fisher IN the recent
'? The Selma Missrsipplan, announcing the death
OF Price, Gays: Gen: Cocke5eli, DOW commend
Tennessee, will be promoted aud sent to take
| charge Of Prices command"
| Floating Paragraphs.
| Richmond papers Of the 7th contain the follow
I hon1IE, Jan. 6.-Raiders are reported advanc.
| A6erieen The destruction Of property ts IN
and
on Tupelo, which will probably be his future base
Ife FIT Gaines ;. g prisoners arc expected to nr'
I'VE Ieafn,h says the Raleigh Confederate,
'sthat on the s2d OF December lght took place d
| Cor m dGa2fLGfS%
, 1865-01-09
FROM SPRINGFIELD.

tc.t, ~t,.,...1 -. +hn rhk., ~, e.-fh,nc
tspce'a4 u1Fra'cn " oae &c entsaso .ttoaue. aec-
srn1Sof1sip' satraas' Ice - :, 1a':
w.. Da,.-+rront ,ecnca March "a 1919
"at ooI"t 1N~us, A7'"~~ ee.
under the Act OF Congress OF March ID, ls6a
Brig. Gen. Cook has ordered the arrest of al
citizens wearing soldtefs apparel. Inc 1ro
1ost Maf6hals guard made about sixty ar
.,r+. ~, a., ond rot ,snrtaan ,,a;r of ne1t,
1cete to"ua'' """ -.
and twcnty-one coats-o gay DAY LOT tht
<y,o,6 b,t not fnr the unfortunate country
' .r..
men WHO were lAhcu IRON loaus VI "ohu. nay
, 1865-01-09

IxD1AEAFoIls, Saturday, Jan. Z.
But little business wns nansactcd In either
In tl,c Senate the SOLICIT Committee On Rules re-
ported. which occas1Oncd some debate. Many
senators potsrred having but Ra: one ,h session Per
adoptcd as reported, mixing two aeas1ons each
4 message was received from the House inviting
the Senate to meet in joint convention On Monday,
returns Of 1hc election for Governor and Ieut
On motion ae q III. Sannas. M t5e Psesdcn. pro
tenn was relieved OF appointing committees, and
that rnattor left Tor Lieutenant Governor Baker.
;sdopted, that ten thoueand copies OF the Govern
o,s message be printed for the use Of the Senate.
Nj. Beunett'e bill, legislutiuc that bonds may be
4ears. WIS read q second time and referred to Sc
III. Mord introduced bill authorizing creditors
in certain cases to bring action and have attach
mept ;or their claims before due.
The 12th ballot IVES then taken for Doorkcepcr,
and Hi. John Il. johnson. Union candidate, was
vote Standing Is to g. Senators cullen and Vantcs
nayinr paired. Ms. Moore III casting his vote cx.
planned In brief spcec!-hc said there was no
G1 lai: a
was sworn in aud four ballots we're then taken iot
assistant Doorkecper, without any choice, thu
x resolution allowing the acting Doorkecper
and aseirtant 50 per day, and az amendment o. a.,
TcScrr9edt IL eclcct comrnftttcc, The Scnate ad-
1onTped tili Monday At O'Clock. 2; H..
In the House, Hi. Grayon, Of Harrison, intro
duccd resolution to raise Tue salary q he Sos-
suspcn6 TIC ruics and allw It to be read tue sec
and time failed for want Of two-thirds vote: 4
motion was made to reconsider, pending which
lie House adjourned till afternoon.
IN Tensscmb1tng In tue afternoon the debat. to
reconsidcr wos rcsumcd but no result arrived at,
and tho House adjourned till Monday. p. m. some
Democratic members voting against the bill be.
arse Gov. Morton lld not call IN extra session OF
the Lce1alaturc, md some ont o! sheer spite.
, 1865-01-09

The Pacific Raflroad-EEebcI Descrt-
crx-Inportnut LQHE Suit-Uhc Com
s1ftuti0Nnl Convention.

Especial Dispatch to the Chicago Tdbnne.]
ST. LoC1s, Satduray, jan I.
n. D. Buck, late foreman Of the Republican
office, has been arrested and imprisoned in
The Gratiot street prison for violating his pa
role, given to Gen. Lyon three years and
half ago, when he edited rebel paper
at Potoss, in this State
The State Convention was permanently Or
enn1zed today, and will Immediately proceed
10 mut1zc an O. diuancc decreeing emancipa-
ton.
The Legislature has authorized St. Louis
county to subscribe s70o, 900 in bonds to for
wa1d the Pacific Rui1road to Kausas City.
The friends OF the Hannibal and St, Joseph
Road oppose the proposition.
Forty reb-l prisoners arrived last night
from Scdalia, where they Ind surrendered
themselves for dcse!ters from Prices army,
unable to reach our lines. They say the rebel
cavalry arc moving besween the Arkansas
river and the Kansas line in squads, looking
| out for struggling Union soldiers. They arc
| to be held till their cases are duly examined.
| ST. Louis, January s.-Adyices from below
state that eight thousand troops are bcins:
sent flom Memphis to New Orleans BY stea-
| ucr.
A suit involving two hundred and eighty
Thousand dollars Is now in progress in the
! Common Pleas Court here, b:o,ight against
the United States Insurance Company by
Hennlng & Woodruff, Of this city, and parties
residing in New York, for the recovery Of au
insurance on 100 ba1es Of cotton, burned on
the steamer Progress on the Lower Mississip
| nj river. last summer.
The lower house Of our Legislature ;estcr
day adopted resolution for the appointment
Of q committee to inquire into and report OIL
| the loyalty Of any members Of the Hnnse
I T. = H. A. T.
circulated.
ST. LOUIS, Jan. 7.-The Constitutional Con
vcntion permanently organized Ais morning
by the election of Colonel Arnold Kreckel, o
ST. Charles, rs President Charles D. Drake
ofSt. Louis, Vice President; Major 4. r
Foster, Of franklin county, Secretary, and
Mr.. Proctor, editor Of the Macon 4Iyus, As
sistsnt Secretary.
A delegation from this city, consisting o
James j. Mcbride, Martin Brannon aud Fran
els k,ump, have been appointed to the Fe
nian Congress, 10 meet in Cincinnati, Janua
1v J-th
, 1865-01-09

away considerable amount OF property be-
longing 10 secessiouis,s Of that nelghborhood'
A few days ago party Of Union cava!ty en-
craI orasts ~ iisIova1 r~-'a~-4 eadc
Of cavalry and artillery ; - a 5.aslonea
near Lovettsytllc. Gen. Derin Is IN commano ino
Of the hrigade. Winter quarters are being
crccied md It is probable this force will re-
main IN tie vicinity Of lovettsviile during
the winter.
, 1865-01-09
Missouri Convention.

ST. LOUIS, Sunday, Jan. 8-The Constitn-
tional Convention effected permanent Or
ganization yesterday, BY the election Of Col,
arnold Krekel. Of st. Charles county, Presi-
dent; Cllas. D. Drake, Of st. Louis, Vice Pre-
sldent; Major A. R. Foster, Of franklin
comfy, Secretary Of State.
The Senate yesterday passed a joint resolu-
ton for the appointment Of a committee Of
eight to memnrialize the Secretary of War to
establish a garrison Of protection near the
southwest corner Of the State. Both Houses
passed bill authorizing the Board Of Public