davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17
Charles :. Libby'S Estate.

STATE OF VERMONT. At Probate Court held at St
Caledonia District, JJuhnSbury, in said district
the 4th day of Feb. A., d. 1865.
WHEREAS James S. kimbaIl administrator, test
" amenlO the estate of Chas. s. Libby. late
Newark In said district deceased proposes to rende
account OF hi. administration and to present his
count against said examination and allowance
the purpose OF making partition and distribution OF the
residue said estate under decree said court amone
the persons who by law entitled to the II l.
therefore ordered by said court that the unde
consideration and be heard at the Probate Oi1ce, IN 81
Johnsbury. the 25th day OF Feb A. d. lS65. And 4
Is further ordered that all persons interested be notle,
hereof by publication OF copy OF the record ui th
order i'll the Calcdonn printed at ST JUhnSbury, tire,
weeks successfully previous 10 said time OF hearing
that they appear and contest the allowance OF
account, i. they cause: and also be heard by sal,
court i'll the matter OF partition and redistribution of sal,
estate.
BY the Court.
Attest, ASA l.. FRENCH, Judge,
A true copy of record.
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17
A DEMONSTRATORS SALE

viii be sold at public auction at the dwelling
house of Widow Mary Ann Walter in East Haven
ON FRIDAY MARCH 3, 1865,
the following property, viz.
One equal undivided half Of seven and one
half lots ,f Lands in the town of East Haven.
One Cow, 10 Sheep. quantity Of Hay, Mare
l2years old with foaD. | sucking colt. pair
double Harnesses neck yoke and Whiiiletree>
and some other articles too numerous to men
ton OSCAR T. WALTER.
East Haven. Feb. ,. $3.50 Administrator
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17

heavy fleece, put your hand into the wool,
and if you can easily shut it the sheep has
a small fleece if you get your hand full
it is heavy fleece. Rams with no horhS
are most desirable if other qualities are the
same, as they are not so apt to lnlure the
ewes. ed. .Sc7Juer IN Boston Culti,u
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17
'THRESHING MACHINES.

For sale at my shop in wHRELoCK the best
kind of Pitts Patent Improved Threshing Ma
chimes now in use. Please call before purchasing
elsewhere. Also, repairing done on short notice
OSBORN WARD.
Wheelock, VT, Aug. 8, 1864. lift
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17
Daniel Bankers Estate.

STATE OF VERMONT, In probate court holden al
Essex District IS Lunenburg in and for said dis
,rCt, on the 9th day OF January, A ID lS65.
DRESTON MAY, administrator on the state of Daniel
Barker late OF Concord III said district deceased make:
application 10 said court to extend the time her eOio
allowed him pay the debts due rom said estate and tO
render his administration account until some future day
Whereupon it ordered be- said court that said app
cation be heard at the probate office in Lunenburg on the
18th day OF Feb and it Is further ordered that notice be
given TO all persons concerned, by he publication OF Thu
order i'll the CaedOnian printed at ST. Johnsbury three
weeks succeSsiyeIy, before said hearing.
By the court Attest,
JONAH BROOKS, Register.
true copy of record.-Attest.
26,3S JONAH BROOKS. REGISTER.
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17
rue copy Of record.
81 Attest. ASA L.FRENCH. Judl
Arthur u. BIake's Estate.

TE subscribers, having been appointed by the Honor
L ahe Probate Court for the District Of Caledonia Com
>siuerS. to receive, examine and adj all claims and
demands OF all persons against the estate of Arthur p
Bake late Of PeaChan, II district deceased. repres-
te usovtn and the term months from the 2Sth
vi JAM 1865, being allowed 10y SAID Court Ia the Crc,-
tors of said deceased exhibit prove their rSrC-
tive Il AIMS bei notice. that i'll
the duties "i our appointment at the DIV, Hing house
Phileman Taylor, in PeaCham. In said DIS ret,
the 18th day OF February and 9th day of Aug.
O'Clock, P. on each Ut said days.
ASA SARtiEANT, lr.,.r
s. IS HENRY GRAHAM 5ooh IS
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17
Instructions to Bidders and POstmasters:

Containing also conditions 10 be incorporated in
tie contracts 10 the extent the department may
deem proper.
1. Seven minutes are allowed 70 each interme-
date o;iice when not otherwise specified, for as
sorting the mails; but on railroad and steamboat
routes there is TO be no more delay than is suff-
Gent for an exchange of the mail pouches.
?. On railroad and steamboat lines. and other
routes where the mode of conveyance admits of
If, the special agents of the Post Office depart.
ment, also pos; ONCE blanks, mail bags. locks
and keys, are TO be conveyed without extra
charge
3, On railroad and steamboat liaes the route
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17
Form of Proposals. Guarantee, and
Certificate.
i 4 q i % : A L =.

The undersigned -, whose most Office
address Is county of -. State of -.
propose 10 convey the mails of the United States.
from july ]. 1865. TO June 81. ls69, on route No
-. between - and -, under the advertise
ment Of the Postmaster General, dated Novem-
her l-, 1854. with CELEBRITY. eert,inty and secur-
lty, for the annual sum of - dollars
lhlS proposal Is made with full knowledge of
the distance of the route. the weight IF the mail
TO be carried, and all other particulars in refer
ence to the route and service and. also after care
iul examination of the laws and instructions al
tached 10 the advertisement.
Dated lSignei)
GUARANTEE.
The undersigned residing al -. State Of
-. undertake that. If the foregoing bid for car
rying the mail IN route No - be accepted by
the Postmaster Genera, the bidder shall. prior
to the Isl day Of July. 1885, enter into the requir
ed obligation contract 10 perform the service
proposed. with good and sufficient suri,ies
his we DO understanding distinctly the obi
cations an6 liabilities assumed by guarantors un-
der the eth section Of the act of Congress of
july >, 1856.
Dated Signed by two guarantors.)
CERTIFICATE
The undersigned, postmaster at. State Of
-. certlhes. UNDER HIS OATH OF OFFICE, that
ne Is acquainted with the above guaranters, and
knows them 10 be men of property, and aole 10
make good their guarantee.
Dated Signed
The above certificate must have affixed to II
nve-cent revenue stamp, cancelled, as the Lave
requires.
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17
I'M POR II A N r
[ N V A l. L D S
IRON IN THE BLOOD.

1t is well known to the medical profession thai
IRON is the Vital Principle or Life Element of
the blood This is derived chiefly from the food
we eat; but if the food is not properly digested.
or if, from any cause whatever, the necessary
quantity of iron is not taken into the circulation
or becomes reduced, the whole system suffers.
The bad blood will irriate the heart, will clog up
the lungs, will stupefy the brain, will obstruct the
liver, and will sendits disease producing elements
to all parts of the system, and every one will
suffer in whatever organ may be predispUsed to
disease.
The greatvalue of
Iron as Medicine
is well known and acknowledged by all medical
men. The difficulty has been to obtain such a
preparation of it will enter the circulation and
assmlate at once with the blood This point,
says DR. Hayes. Massachusetts State Chemist.
has been attained in the Peruvian Syrup, by COM
blnation in way before unknown.
The Peruvian Syrup
is protected solution of the PrOtOy,de of Iron.
4 ner discovery IN Medicine that strikes at the
Root of Disease by supplying the blood with its
Vital Principle or Life E!ement-lron
The Peruvian Syrup
cures Dyspepsia, Liver Complaint, DropSy, Fever
and Ague, Loss of Energy, Low Spirits.
The Peruvian Syrup
infuses strength, vigor and new life into the sys-
tenn, and builds up an g. Iron Constitution
The Peruvian Syrup
cures Nervous Affections, Female Complaints and
all diseases of the Kidneys and Bladder.
The Peruvian Syrup
is specific for all diseases originating in Gaa
state of the Blood, or accompanied by Debility or
Low State of the System
Pamphlets containing certificates of cures, and
recommendations from some of the most eminent
Physicians, Clergymen, and others. will be sent
FREE to any address.
We select few Of the names to show the char
acter of the testimonials
Rev. John Perpont Lewis johnson, NJ. D.
Rev. Warren Butt ton, Roswell Kinney ~ D.
Rev. Arthur B. Fuller, s. II. Kendall, NJ ID.
Rev Aug X Pope W. r. Chisholm. NJ. d.
Rev. GurdOn Robins, Francis Dana. NJ. D.
Rev. SylvanuS Cobb, jeremiah Stone NJ. D.
Rev T. Starr King, Jose Antonio Sanchez, NJ. b
Rev Osi orn Myrick, Marceino Amanda d.
rev Ephralm Mule. Jr., Abraham Wendell, IL. d.
Rev. Thomas Pons, IA. Hayes NJ. D.
Rev Richard Metcaf, ]. K. Chiffon, Nj. d.
Rev II P. Webster, II. f. Kinney NJ D.
| Rev. Jos II Cnch Jose d'Espnar VI D.
Rev. A6m jackson, Thomas Dexter Esq
ften '. PEARSON Jr Thomas Amory Esq
Rev A. X X Crawley, Hon Peter Harvey
nen Heury pnan, James Dunn, ESQ
R ne. D. D. n n ddel, Samuel May, Esq
BE- nen T. - ~, VI Me1Iiey, Prot Vitals Scherb
f'e' 'o"n : oinisleao' Ferdinand Andrews, ESQ,
| FOR SALE BY
SETH ". FOWLE & CO., IS fremont
Street, Boston.
J. P. DINsMORE, 49l Broadway, N. Y.
And by all Druggists.
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17
NC INDOES FALLS
ACADEMY!

AcADE1M 4S
The spring term of this institution will COM
mencc on Wednesday, Feb. -, and continue
eleven W eks, under the instruction of CHASE
BUNKER, b.
McIndOcs Falls Feb g 1863 1898
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17
4 Il I + \ TON
STONF r. T. AYERS!

The subscriber offers for sale two DERRICKS
fully rugged with ropes and blocks, all in COM
plete order for use. They are either of them suf
fcient for raising stone of any size usually laid in
buildings or abutments. Both have been used
some and will be disposed of at bargain to any
wanting such m article for use For partic
ulars enquire OF the subscriber at Bradford or of
r. BURNHAM, Esq, STAFFORD, Vt
H. STRICKLAND.
Bradford, Vt, Dec. %, 1864. 3l-3S
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17
UNITED STATES MAILS.
VERMONT.
POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT,

VdSNtngt0n, NOrem6ef 10, Iob4.
PROPOSALS will be received at the Con-
tract Office of this Department until 3 p. m.
of Thursday, March 30, 1865, for conveying
the mails OF the United States from July 1,
1865, to June 80, 1869, in the State Of Yer
mont on the routes and by the schedules of
departures and arrivals herein specified.
Decisions announced by April 10. 1865.
Bidders should examine carefully the forms
and instructions annexed, especially the latter
part Of instruction 49,
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17

Pamphlets containing certificates of cures, ant
recommendations from some of the most eminen
Physicians, Clergymen, and others. will be sen
FREE to any address.
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1865-02-17

m: arrive al Upper Falls hv Ia
452 From South Pomfrei y Pomfret and Snow Sore
TO Wes, Hartford. miles and hack three iri.- We,
TO Pomfret, and six times week the residue Iesv
South Pomfre Tuesday. Thursday and SATURDAY on ar.
rival OF mail from Woodstock say IN m: arrive -
Ponfret by II eavr Ponfret daily rxcep. Su-.l "A,
At II IN: arrive West Hartford hv Il n IN. I,ay,
West Hartford daily. except Sunday at = M a-rive AZ
Pomiret Ky IA leave Pomfre Tuesday Thursday
and Saturday, at - NJ arrive at South PoIlfre iy
3opm.
4i3 From Windsor by Plainficld y IL. Usr-I,nJ Y,
Hartand Four Corners North HartIand Whit. Rirrr
Junction. Hartford We. Hartford sharon south Eov.l
ton. Roya,on, Bethel We; Randolph. West Bai,,nr
Ssndu-ky, Roxhury Mortified. Montpelier NiddI.-a,
Waterbury. North Duxbury. Jonesvie Richmo.1d WI,
liston gainesville Essex Junction and wink; Fail
to burlington. ll' miles and back, twelve time. wei
and a frequently a. cars rrIn if required and b
schedule satisfactory 10 The department,
4il From Windsor 10y Brownsville FelchriIl. rrno-
Falls, and C.vendi-h. 10 PrO-tp-syil. -, MI. rns
hack. six times week. Lave Windsor daily erca,,
Sunday. Al l'n m: arrive 4: Proctorrvll. hv M
leave Proctor-vilr daily. except Sunday =. !; m.
at Windsor hv IL 30 a
465 From Weafher-feli, hy Ascu-nevyille and w.
claremont. \. H.. 10 CiaremOni Depot. miles a,.a
back three time. week. Leave Weatlerstiei Tu,asy
Thursday and Saturday at g 80 m: ar, iv. at clr,
Depot by IL = IN; leave Claremon, Dano. Tu.s5s,-
THURSDAY and Saturday at p. arrive a, Weather.
field by Bpm.
466 From Springfield by North Springfield 20 :ssse,,,
Station. miles, and back. six time. ,re,k Inar.
Springfield daily except SUNDAY. a. Ia M .r-;re =.
"assets alton by l. N: leave Gasse:t's Station daily
except SUNDAY at m; arrive 81 Springfield Iy > u m.
4o' rom Bethel by Gavsvill S.ockIridge and Pitts
neio 10 snerhuie .: miles ard back -ix times week
DetheI aaiiy' eXcep. Sunday, at arrive at
Sherhurne by M leave Sheriurne daily EXCEPT sun
DAY: AZ > m: arrive a; Bethel ly apm
1'I FROM Stockhidge by EOch--,e.. Hancock R,to1
ana Fast Middleburv. 70 Midclehury u L. mill and
pack sN times week 10 Hancock. and three times
week ,he residue Leave Stockbige daily, excep, sun
oay' a m: arrive ST Hancock hv p leave Han
COX oav, except Sunday, a arrive S:ock-
otidge by IN: lesve Hancock Tuesday. Thursiay and
saturday AZ Csc arrive at Middltiury ly l. 80 n
M leave Middle.uTy Tuesday. Thursday and Saturday
al ." p m; arrive at Hancock by pm.
~ From Brandon Fors-tdsle. 3 miles, and hact
'lree Tunes week. Leave Brandon Tue.dsy Thursday
ana Saturday at m: arrive at Foresidal- hv5nn,.
lesse F~estdale Tuesday Thursday. and SATURDAY. >,
D 80 m: arrive at Brandon by $50 pm
40 From B andon. by Sudbury q d Orwell TO Chin
ans Point Is milaa aud hsek, six times week Lave
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1865-05-25
A TEST QUESTION FOB THE
STREET,

We hear men declaming about their
Unionism who, we think, indicate the
Lee-wsy Of their real sentiments by
constant depreciation Of "harsh measures"
ON the part Of the National, Administra-
ton. Secretary Stanton readto q popular
audience, gathered in front Of the Ttea-
sury building, at Washington: Erich
mond is burning; what shall ! do"
And the response from the multitude
Numbered up: 'Let itburn." Now, i'm
ssine the Administration stopping and in,
curing. "Jeff. is at Fortress Monroe.
What shall be done with him }" Treat
him gently. and let him retire to Eutope'
Who says that who gives hint Of such =
wish, while not protesting (as Greeley
does) religious scruples against capital
punishment As personal, political
principle, there Is safe guide to regard
such lenient speaker a. traitor. There
is no need of crowd crying to "hang
him." LIE. justice be done. is the simple
but sufficiently explicit replying call Of the
people. The London nms' has to say
that the disposition of Booths carcass
was too merciful, while. with exposure,
its real and mean instinct Of sympathy
for the rebels and their cause, it hopes for
lenisncy. When tho burden Of any mans
speech, nowadays, is concilistion and
tender treatment he may be set down as
one Of those who mourn their cherished
hope broken and destroyed.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1865-05-25
The atate Of VirEinia.

The Baltimore Clipper has some words
on 1.-THE part played by Virginia in the
war" This, as everybody North and
South is aware, has been very potent for
mischief, for it will be remembered that
during nearly all the time the war was
going on, Virginia has been its main
stay, and the prop without whose aid it
would have fallen to the ground. The
Clipper says:
ut will be an instructive revelation
some months hence, and when leisure from
the alarums of war gives the new regime
in Virginia leisure for the investigation, to
find out Just what the State has to show
in the way of profit and loss account on
the transactions of the past four years !!
Nearly three years ago the announcement
came. complainingly, that the State had
incurred debt of some ten millions OF
dollars on rebel account; and since that
period the case has worn still more I'M
promising aspect in relation to pecuniary
matters.
"And then, how the State is ever to be
extricated from the entanglements of the
situation as at present made manifest is
problem for the statesmen of the land to
solve. Split into two parts BY the events
of the war, the movement being sane
toned BY the Government, already we
find the matter of establishing the old
order Of things puzzle and plague, the
sPierpont' Government not being encour.
aged to 20 to Richmond, and the Federal
authorities being apparently uncertain
lust what to do. For one, we never be-
lieved in the dismemberment Of the State
in the manner it was accomplished, and
to-day we believe in it less than ever. The
doctrine set forth in the first Inaugural
was the right doctrine, had it been rigldly
adhered to, that no act Of the people of a
State could take it out of the Union-that
in fact no State uas out. And when the
opportunity was seized upon to divide
Virginia, it was in manner recognizing
secession; it was in fact aiding one por-
ton Of State to 'secede from the other
portion, and for which there was no ade-
quate precedent"
The State of Virginia having been d.
vided, and the proceeding sanctioned by
Congress, the question is not now one for
controversy. We presume that it is not
necessary for the "Pierpont Government"
to receive an invitation to 90 to Rich
mond. 1t being the legitimate Govern
ment of the State, and Richmond being
the capitol, we presume it has perfect
right to 20 whenever it gets ready to 90.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1865-05-25

HOWELL CoBB.--The distinguished rebel
Howell Cobb, who was prisoner for q
short time in our hands at Macon, Ca,
until General Sherman ordered his re-
lease, richly deserves the fate reserved for
JEFF. Davis. Cobb remained in Buchanan's
cabinet long enough to enable the traitors
conspiracy to gain very important advan-
tases. Not the least Of his crimes con-
sisted in ordering our revenue cutters to
Southern ports, where they could be con-
yeniently seized by the rebels and appro-
priated to their own use. he likewise
contrived to remit large sums Of Govern
ment funds to the sub-treasuries of the
South, all Of which were stolen, together
with the $500, 900 which he traitorously
permitted to accumulate in the United
States Mint in New Orleans for the benefit
of the rebels. Cobb has been figuring
lately a. a Major General Of Georgia
militia, and we have heard repeatedly,
through Southern sources that he was
very unpopular with the people and with
the rebel troops. As an instigator OF re-
bellion, and traitor in Buchanan's cabi-
net he deserves the e1ecration Of the
American people, and halter would be
lust return for his abominable treason.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1865-05-25
TEE PUBLIC SCHOOL QUESTION

D.. ha -ecent decision Of the supreme
o.. i ,be case of the State Of Nevada
=. pr.nt Tilford ct al, Judge Beatty
rendering the opinion, it has been dehn-
.,s,I ,ettled that Frank Tlford and the
o.h.r n.rties who with him have been
o,src;s;ng the functions of Board OF
Fdnc.,iop for the county Of Storey have
been wrongfully holding over. 1t is now
the duty Of the Board of County Com
missioners to appoint Superintendent OF
schools for Storey, and district the eoun-
~. 1t will be the duty Of the superin-
tendent, when appointed, to designate and
appoins Trustees in each district; and 1t
is essentially necessary for the welfare Of
our Public Schools, that the appointments
shall be made at once. The people OF
Virginia have been very indignant at the
manner in which their Public School mat
tiers have been managed. and the people
all through this county have been very
curious to know by what political
leserdemsin. knot of Copperheads OBJ
tanned control of the schools Of this coun-
ty, and exercised the management Of them
for months after the offices which they
protested to hold had been abolished BY
the Legislature.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1865-05-25
NEW TO-DAY.
TTIsctioin Notice.

1roTIcEIS HEREBY Given, THAT BY
IN virtue Of n Act Of The Legislative Assem-
BY Of the State Of Nevada. entitled An Act TO
incorporate the Town Of Gold hi" approved
March It'll, 1855, an election Will be held oy the
qualified electors Of said Town on AOEDAf'
the 5th day Of June, 1855 the polls OF said cleo
tlon 10 be open from o'clock A. N. until O'Clock
p. H. of said day, ct the places to be hereafter
desIanated In the First and Second Wards Of said
Town; such election to be for officers OF said IN
corporate Town for the ensuing year, a. follows:
Three Trustees, to be chosen from the flrst
Ward, by the resident electors therein.
Two Trustees, to be chosen from the SECOND
Ward, by the resident electors therein.
One Treasurer and Ono Mar!hAl, to be chosen
by ths electors of the Town at large.
The First Ward ID a. follows; All OF said Town
living north Of line at rigbt.angles with MAIN
street at the intersection Of Crown Point street
The second Ward ID all Of said Town lying south
of said Hne. y u :, .ha
Trustees must be resident householder OF tne
ward where chosen, and Trustees, Treasurer
and Nsr,haI must be qualified electors, And not
holders Of any State, County, or Precnct olnce ::
Electors must be registered, qualihso vote1 OF
The State of Nevada, residents OF the foMI OF
Gold Nm three months. and OF the ward 'niry
DAYS next preceding the election.
By order Of the Board Of Trustees OF IDOL
of Gold Hill. onr,, r-..,d.r,
v. BUTscH, Clerk. .... D.. .oo.a-
Dated, May 20, 1855. "yN0"
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1865-05-25

SHE'LL OYsrERs.-A peck Of live BIZ
valves came up on the Express, yesterday,
from San Francisco, directed to US. Every
one Of them was alive. We soon fed
them with salt, corn meal, and water, and
those not yet devoured are yet alive. We
have been living high on shell oysters for
the last twenty-four hours. The lively
style of our columns to-day attest to our
L" Smelling out" Hope our friends at the
Bay will remember "old lang syne !"
again. This acceptable present was sent
US by that prince of good fellows. Nose
Korn, Esq.
Gold Hill daily news. [volume] (Gold Hill, N.T. [Nev.]) 1863-1882, 1865-05-25

TIE PLAGUE PANIC SuBsIDINs.-The
New York Tribune states that the latest
news from ST. Petersburg fortunately al
lays the fesr that already began to be felt
throughout the world in consequence Of
the epidemic disease in that city. The
highest medical authorities now agree that
the epidemic is not the plague, but only
somewhat more violent kind of fever
we'll known In other countries. The
hyV;enic condition of St. Petersburg is less
satisfactory than that of the other larger
cities of Europe, and it is believed to be
the direct cause Of the increased rate OF
mortality. The correctness of the tirst
statistical reports of the cases of sickness
and deaths is denied, and the most recent
returns are not calculated to cause any
alarm. A London physician Of eminence
say. the disease is similar to the cerebro-
spinal meningitis, or spotted fever, which
has been prevalent in the United States
since the rebellion broke out.