The independent. [volume] (Oskaloosa, Kan.) 1860-1874, 1864-02-20
for the giHls folk.
COPPER. ZlNC,LEADANDTIN.
What is Copper?


Copper is a very useful metal Of a
reddish, brown color; as may be
seen in new cent. II is but ieight
times heavier than wafer. II is cas-
lily wrought into sheets,or into cook
ing and other vessels.
Does Copper easily ru t!
Ii does; and the rust of it, green
and having a disagreeable oder, is
called Verdigris. Copper in sheets
is often used 10 cover the bottoms OF
ships.
Why is Copper so--used!
Because it is smooth, and passes
easily through water. and also pro-
tects the wood which it covers from
certain. worms that would else bore
into il.
Are Cooking Vessels MAIDS of Cop.
per!
They are, but are generally lined
with tin; if any acid like vinegar is
put into an untinned copper vessel
IT makes the rust Of copper, which
is poison. Poisons taken into the
stomach create sickness, and some.
times cause death.
How is ! copper converted 10
Brassl
By mixture with zinc, another
metallic substance. Brass is COL
den yellow color, and when highly
polished is very brilliant. Copper
bears hammering, but brass is not
malleable. and must he differently
wrought.
What Countries afford Copper
Some parts ofEngland and Wales.
Copper is said to exist abundantly
on the borders of Lake Superior, in
the United States.
What is Zinc?
Zinc is blush. white metal, found
often mingled with sulphur OF car
bon. Carbon is the same substance
as Charcoal, but often so finely min
gled with other matter that il can
not be seen. A substance contain.
ing carbon is called Carbonate, a:
Zinc and Carbon are Carbonate o.
zinc.
What is this Carbonate Of zinc
1t is Calamine, and is found abun.
dainty in the State Of New Jersey
zinc may be rolled out into sheets
For what is zinc.used!
Zinc is extensively used for ga
pipes, for roofing of buildings, ant
iorlining Of refrigcrators.. II is light
er than copper and less liable TO rus
than iron.
What is Lead!
Lead is blue metal, SO soft as t,
rub off on paper. and TO be scratch
ed with ones nail. 1t is highl,
mal!eable, but not sufficiently due
Tile to admit Of being drawn int
wire.
Is Lead subject to artificial change.
Yes; il can be made into Whit
lead, used by painters; Red lead, a
so painters color; and Lithrage,
preparation of il used in the arts.
What are the Calces Of Lead!
CaIces is the plural OF Calx. Ca
ces of lead re..such PARTICLES as fiji
causes 10 rise on the surface Of lea
being controvertible to Calces b
continued burning. A certain POI
ton of lead enters into the compos
iion of The finest glass.
In what countries is Lead fount
Lead is more in use than an
metal except iron. Its found al ur
dainty in England, Wales. and SEQ
land, and at Galena, in the State {
Illinois. Thick bars of lead, Intend
ed for sale, are called Pigs.
What is the Worker in lead called
He is the Plumber; the Plumbe
makes the leaden pipes which cor
vey water to our kitchens and bath
and also what are called the Vast
pire., which carry water out int
the drain or sewer of houses.
What is the Sewer!
4 Sewer is a channel dug out AZ
stoned on the bottom and sides, b.
low The surface OF the ground.
What is the use OF the Sewer!
A Sewer, besides carrying o
superfluous water. takes away m;
nv refuse substances which migf
else injure the health o. families.
What is Tin!
LISA white metal, which whe
uniarnished, locks like silver; it
contained in inexhaustible mines
Cornwall, in England, and inthe p'
ninsula of Malacca.
Were The mines OF Cornwa
known in @naients times!
They wcle; for the PhGniciar
traded With the Britons, the ancier
inhabitants Of England, before III
birth of Christ. These PhGniciar
came all the way from Western Ash
through the Mediterranean.
VIVA. are tic peculiar qualities {