davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1864-02-23
DENTISTRY.

GRlAT DISCOVERY IN DENTISTRY.
fs6h Err aetsi sSithoH. Pais teitA tho Msh'i!s Of
OxygeH.
would advise al PERSONS having teeth to sx-
tract to call ct DR.. 1EWIR's oAce, /@A
and have them taken out By this new
examine the poctsr's new and i'm.
proved method OF Insertin6 Artiscisl Teeth II
you once see the great Improvement in his teeth
yog will have them In no other style than tais nuv
And valuable one. No. 242 Pa. avenue, between
moi H.n. LEwIh. N. D.. Dentist.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1864-02-23
BY. G. MeGUIRs L 90. Auctioneers.
IrUEteSb,
fel7.d ]. O. MCGUIRE & CO., Aucrs

By J. O. MCGUIRE & CO., Auctionesrs.
TRUbTEE'S SALE OF IMPROVED AND UN-
Il IhPRovED REAL ESTATE, SITUATED EAST OF
IHE OhPrToL-By virtue of 8 decree OF the Supreme
Court OF the District OF Columbia. substituting
a. trustee under certain eeds of trust recoIded in
Liber j. A. e.. No IA. foios III. Il8. and lle; elso
recorded in Liber J. A. g., No Isl, folio ls9,
&c: also, one other recorded in Liber a No.
III, foljos A, Al AZ As, and A. ct the land
erts Of Washington county; District OF Columbia,
/ shall. on TUESDAY, the first day OF March, 1854,
at O'Clock p. m. sell at pu bile auction, on the
premises ots l, 3. 4. S. 6, Is, and a. IL Square
No S53. Lots 8, 4, and are improved with Frame
Dwelling House, one Brick House and Store; also,
Mest-hoDss, Stable, aud sheds
Also; Lots ), 4, and 5, In Square No. $40, unim-
proved.
The improved property ia situated street
north. between 6th and 6th ssst and is well adapt
ed for butcher. 1t has al OF the necessary ap
perdages.
Terms: One third cash balance in two equal
notes at gix and tweiFs months on interest, 50
cured by eed OF truet on the premises.
Kg- Purchasers at q former saie having faliee to
CON ply, the trustee will reqgirs q cash payment
OF AZ least ten per cent On the snou1t of ne pur
ehase to be ie the day of sale in default of
which the property will be immsdia.sly resold
H. N GILBEEr. Trustee
ia 29-eodds j. @ MCGUIRE n Co. Aucte.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1864-02-23

by J. O. McGUlRE Co.. A1c1iousers.
NOTICE-VkLUABiE REAL E5FATE ON
/ FIF9EENTH STREET WEST, BETWEEN AND NJ
STREETS NORTH In Pursuance to s decree of the
Supreme Court of the District OF Columbia sitting
in Equity, in tie csse CT Joseph Libbey Il Co. ;,
conptsinsnts snd Harriet Lancaster and W. p
Smith and Harriet, his wife, defendsnts shall
offer at public sale, te the highest bidder. the
prsmiees on THURSDAY. the 10Th day of March
next ensuing the date hereof, st4 O'Clock p. n ;,
the following Real Estate. Of which Bisil LsncAs-
ter DIED sieZed and possessed. to Wit:
Lot number twenty eight f2s) in Square number
one hundred and niuety-saveu (l97) in the pu piic
PAN OF the city of Wssbingtc n, containing forty
nine feet pine inches front gfte smith street west
bevteen and NJ streets north. and running back
one hundred and twenty tl20l feet. Also, the Lot
Immediately in the rear Of the before described
premiEes fronting alley between Fifteenth
and Sixteenth streets forty nine feet nine in,hes,
and running back seventy-ssyen feet.
Terms: One-haN Of the purchase money cash
the balance with interest, in three equal install.
ments Of three, six and nine months tn deferred
payments to be secured BY deed in trust on the
premises.
An convsysnces at the expense of the purch &sers,
and to be prepared under the direction of the
RICHARD L. SANDERS, Trustse
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1864-02-23
AUCTION SALES.
FUYUHE DAYS,

hssSias 81 SG saSs Y:s GOLD
511s, E.ser sross aiIRoa, Two supiaios oous.
R.osa4s
steek and IiItures i tisds sf I: ThoRpsoa lsq:,
Hts street. opposite the treasury department.
xiarFs Collection o, Books in various Departments
Abou. 10 cod spa siiyer Second h.aa Watches.
Rsy9lvins Pistols Of various Patterns, Bowie
4arss Ies Of Second band
Frsnsh Pisss s.or. MiTror % sb,ss sy 80
Large Ieweiry Safe, by Sherwood aud Fitzgerald,
sna
E~PersonH having Watches or Jeveiry On re-
Il: is Sss;f1's 4; - s co. Aas..
csszf sAfs nssS1sa g. AsfS9::5
IyshsJIESs: sI Ise5q..YH ssth ana gta. osSn@snoins
:ss ssf:fs
q idiasssIy y MI l. Tol%sn; oeIp;i.ins :sla
ee,es Of the most Pictures
old masters now in the different galleries Of
rAm.ns the subjects may be found aroags and
different European Cities. Cattle pieses. Marine
views Game. Fruit and Flower pieces, Landscapes
DC. with great variety Of size style, sabjsct
and finish the whole forming it is believed, one of
The attention of the lovers Of good Pictures, is
respectfully invited to this sale.
The Pictures win be open to the public from
Monday I'D inst, until day Of sale.
Terms cash,
fels I'd 80. MCGUIRE CO.. Auets.
By. G. MeGUIEl 4 90. Auetioneera.
DESIRABLE DWELLIN6-HOOSE AT AUC
~ fIoE. subscriber rs will offer At Pnbfe Auc-
tion, on the premises, on THURSDAY. the 18th in
slant, at O'Clock the middle house OF block
of three brick dwelling houses, three stories high
with back building, being House No. 211 } 'front.'
ing the west side Of Sixth street. between M and
n. and ming back to an alley.
Terms: One fourth CASH: the remainder in six,
Twelve. and eighteen months, notes being given
therefor with approved security.
Title indisputGble.
Stamps and conveyancing At the cost Of the pur.
chaser.
Possession viii be given by the present occupant
in thrse months from the day of sale.
CHARLES 8. ENGLISH,
ROBERT p. DODGE,
WALTER 8. COX,
Trustees.
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1864-02-23

Cara''s .ts;o S.stas; ChtY 4rqTts,n,astsr.s 0aoe,
Wilbe sold at pubic auction, to the highest bid
Psint, p; 9; on TH URspAY, the isth day Of Feb
aTs5y H FL the asth day Of Hsbrasry; and
sale Of condemned Stock ct Iastern Branch Cor
fal: WesstEston, D. O., on SATURDAY, the 27.h
These ho .es have been condemned A. un6t for
the Cavalry Service of the United States Army.
may be had. 49,
Rorses will be sold sinsly
Terms cash, in Unite btstes Treasurv notas
Sales 70 commence at 10 O'Clock q. m.
fels- I'd Chief QusrtermAster. Csy.lry Bnresn
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1854-1972, 1864-02-23
A UCTION SALE OF OONDEMNID HORsIy
WAR DEPARTMENT, oAvALRY BUREAU, }

Washingfor, ID. G., Feb 10, 1864 \
Win be sold at public auction, to the hig. st bid
dsr, q "a, the pisces and dates named below, viz
AZ Mihin Up emma. 00 Horses, Friday, Ath March
e,h AT Miiilamsport, Penns., 800 Horses. Tuesday.
March. 1-
At New Brunswick, n. j., 800 Horses, Tuesday,
18th March
AT Iasson, Psnna., 800 Horses, Friday, 18th
At Newark, N. j., so, Horses, Tuesday, I'd
March, -
At Lebanon, Penna., 800 Horses, Friday, 18th
March -
At wilkssbsrre, Psnna. 800 Horses, Tuesday 9Th
March
There Hortes have been condemned as unit for
the Cavalry service Of the United States Army
yor road and farm purposes many good bargains
may be had.
Ho,ses viii be sold sinsly
Sales 70 begin At 10 .. ;, and continue daily till
Sll are sold
Terms cash, in United states Treasury Notes
only. JAMES A. EKIN
fsls SAT Chief Quartermaster. Cavalry Buresu.
The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn. Territory) 1855-1865, 1864-12-09
REBEL PLOT FRUSTRATED.

New York, Dec. "A Panama letter,
dated on the 10th ult. and received to
day, has the following important news:
There was much excitement at Panama
during the past week, caused by the fol
lowing incidents:
On the 18th of October the American
Consul in Panama received dispatch from
Consul Schufeldt at Havana, stating that
the same steamer which carried the dis
patch would also take to Aspinwall forty
rebel pirates, who intended to seize the
steamer Guatemala. The agent of the
company was notified of the plot, and sent
the Guatemala to sea before the arrival of
the pirates across the isthmus. Conse-
quently they were obliged to remain in
Panama until the 10th of Noyember-the
day of the sailing of the next steamer the
San Salvador).
Further information was obtained and
the plan for the capture Of the whole gang
The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn. Territory) 1855-1865, 1864-12-09

matured. Whilst waiting, the rebels pur-
chased 800 pounds of powder, put in tin
cases, and shipped it on the same steamer
they intended to take passage on.
On the 10th the passengers embarked
on the Salvador, as usual, with their bag
gage. Immediately on going on board
they were taken into the main saloon, os-
tensibly to have their tickets examined.
Previously to this ali the windows, state
rooms and doors had been closed, ia order
that no opportunity could be presented for
skedaddling, or for hiding papers, &c. As
soon as they were collected, preconcert-
ed signal was made, when Commander
Davenport, of the q. s. frigate Lancaster,
sprang on board with several boats crews,
and announced to the astenished passen
gers that he had taken possession of the
steamer. Sufficient evidence was at once
discovered to prove the reality of the plot
When the Salvador was taken to sea, over
three marine miles che was accompanied
by the Lancaster.
Papers revealing the whole affair, in
structlOns from the Rebel Secretary of the
Navy Mallory, small arms of all kinds,
DO, were found in possession of the pirates
VINO were then transferred to the Lancas-
ter, and The schooner proceeded on her
voyage. The Lancaster returned to Pana-
ma with the prisoners. Before reaching
Panama the leader of the pirates made q
full confession. The names of pirate T.
E. Hogg, of Baltimore, Captain E. A. Ey-
ans, executive officers G. II. Black, Paw
mastrr, B. B. Lyon, Sailingmaster. John
Middle, Chief Engineer, T. J. Grady, As
sistant Engineer, and Joseph Higgira, Pay
masters Clerk, were given.
Hogg was recently captured in the Trie-
tam Shandy while running the blockade
off Wilmington. His instructions from
Mallory show he has rebel commission,
and sailed from Wilmington for Havana,
where he made up his gang. They have
COnfederates all along the coast who were
to join them.
His instructions were also, after getting
possession of the steamer, to capture q
California steamer with its treasure. and.
If not able to get the treasure acrose the
isthmus, to deposit it with reliable Eng
lish firm to be sent to Europe by French
man of-war. The steamer Guatemala.
l "AASAA oAAANSA az L duSuuds ICpOGl6 66SluX
many suspicious-looking persons anxiously
awaiting the arrival of the steamer at La
Liberty and Capu]co, who were undoubt-
eddy accoOmplices of the pirates. These
latter came across by way of Panama.
They have probably been arrested ere this,
as the government of San Salvador has
been notified that they were pirates.
On the 18th ult. Admiral Pearson. COM
manding the American squadron in the
Pacific, accompanied by Consul Mckee, of
Panama, and Consul Rice, of Aspinwall,
waited on the President of Grenada in
Panama, to ask permission to pass the
prisoners across the isthmus in order to
send them to New York.
TIE President refused permission on the
| ground that he is not empowered to do 50 !;
but it is Presumed that they will be taken
on the responsibility of the American
officials.
The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn. Territory) 1855-1865, 1864-12-09
NEWS FROM THE SOUTH.

NEW YCRK, Dec 5.-Tne Richmond
newspapers of Saturday last contain ac-
counts of the recent raids on the Balti-
more and Ohio Railroads. >-----,-
Gen. Rosser is said to have been in
command, and it is stated that he captur-
ed at New Greek and Piedmont 800 pris-
cners, s cannon, 200 WAGONS, 1,5CO head
of cattle, aud a great amount of other pro
Ferty
TIE capture of Charlestown, Western
Virginia, by rebel cavalry last Tuesday
night is also claimed success. A sue.
cessfui raid on East Tennessee Unionists,
and into Western North Carolina is re-
ported.
The raiders are said to have destroyed
or carried off a considerable amount of
property.
Rebel official and newspaper accounts
admit al that has been claimed on the
ORION side of the complete success of Gen.
Greggs cavalry raid on the Weldon Rail
road on Thursday last. The serious dam
aging effects OF it to Lees army are con-
ceded, and it is thought to bear even more
military Importance than the immediate
losses sustained by the rebels in the de-
s'ruction Of property and capture of pris-
orers
TIE Richmond papers say that the fir
ing by the rebel guns on Dutch Gap canal
WAS merely for experimental practice, to
asceNta.n what uamage they can infiict on
~ mentors ii they attempt to pass up
a oDsa it.
IS said that Grants men IN front of
Petersblrg are preparing fheir winter
The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn. Territory) 1855-1865, 1864-12-09

THE LATE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION.
The most reliable indication of public pur.
pose in this country is derived through our
popular elections. Judging by the recent
canvass and Its result, the purpose OF the peo-
The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn. Territory) 1855-1865, 1864-12-09

pie within the loyal S.ates 70 maintain the In.
tegrity of the Union was never more firm,
nor more nearly unanimous than now. The
extraordinary calmuess snd GOOD order with
which the millions Qf voters mingled at the
polls, gave strong assurance Of this Not only
all those who supported the Union ticket, 90
called, but great majority of the opposing
party also, may Do fairly claimed to entertain,
and be actuatod by the same purpose.
4 II b an unauswerable argument 10 this effect
that no candidate for any Office, whether high
or low, has ventured to seek votes on the
avowai that he was for giving up the Union.
There have been much impughing Of motives
and much heated controversy as to the proper
means aud best mOhe of advancing the Union
cause ,butfn he distinct issue of Union or no
Union, the politicians have shown their in
stinctive knowledge that there is no diversity
among the people In the fair opportunity of
showing one to another and TO the world this
firmpess and unanimity of purpose, the cleo
ton has been of vast value to the national
cause. rs
THE COUNTRY Sor EXHAUSTED.
The election has exhibited another fact not
less valuable to be known, the fact that we do
not approach exhaustion in the most impor-
tant branch of the national resources, that of
living men. While it is melancholy to reflect
that the war has filled go many graves and
caused mourning to so many homes, it is some
relief to know that compared with the surviv-
Ing the fallen have been so few. While corps
and divisions and brigades have formed and
fought and dwindled and gone out of exis-
tence, . great majority of the men who COM
posed them are still living. The same is true
Of the naval service. @
INCREASE OF VOTERS.
The election returns prove this. So many
voters could not else be found. The States
regularly holding elections both now and four
years ago, to wit: California, Connecticut,
Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky,
Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New
jersey. New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylya-
mia, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia
and Wisconsin, cast $685., oil votes now,
against 8, $40, s22 then, showing an aggregate
now of 3.398, 211, to which Is to be added
g. 762 cast now in the States of Kansas and
Nevada, which States did not vote in 1860 ;
thus swelling the aggregate to 4075. 773 and
me net incFea.e during the three years and q
showing particnlars:
The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn. Territory) 1855-1865, 1864-12-09
FR0EI sHERgDAN,S ARMY.

New York, Dec 3 = The 1rf5uae's
special from the army of the Shenandoah,
4th, says q Important cavalry expedition
pl.ta. Gea Merritt which has been absent
.ts ea9 wssS in the Loudon Valley las
returned. They have brought away about
1000 bead of CATTLE sheep and hogs, and
have left the whole region over W hich they
passed without hay or forage of any kind.
All b9rns containing hag cen burned
and the haunts of Mosty and his gang
have been thoroughly cleanad. A few
rebel prisoners were taken. The party
was followed and attacked by bushwhack-
ers at various points, but met with no
serious opposition. The results Of this
raid into the Loudon Valley, which has
been the lurking place of Mosby and other
guegillas is most important and will greatly
increase their difficulties in subsisting on
that part of the country.
The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn. Territory) 1855-1865, 1864-12-09
ExCITEMENT I'm CANApA.

ToRoNTo, Dec. 6.-The excitement in
regacd to the Fenian Brotherhood has re-
viyed, and is becoming more intensified.
Last night an Orange Lodge was broken
open by Fenians, and all its property de-
stroyed. Some fine portraits of Queen
Victoria were disgracefully mutilated. The
excitement to-day is running high, and
fears of violence are entertained.
The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn. Territory) 1855-1865, 1864-12-09

~ sa3z9EY ~ .iss aftfs fg4.1asr3
@i@ Hntg s 5tasag aitf8 s.gs
The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn. Territory) 1855-1865, 1864-12-09

China seems to be acting with hearty good
will.
Richmond Whig. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1862-1865, 1864-10-07
IggoDE>'s MEN AT WINCHESTER.

70 tie Ed torcf hs Wag:
read with surprise the letter copied in yoar paper
. o. C5es q, rem NJrIh Carol ns paper, entitled
Dssrscetu! Samp.da Of a Portion Of the Cavalfy, n
dess mated aerNard as "L6odsH, man," ask you and
The public to look a. the eTii nee on which the charges
against them made and give sentence accordingly,
and ii it be sufficient 70 sustain these charges let them
su,r in reputation. l; there be no evidence again
bem let the fair end true record Of their actions SUI
peFesds he fasehoods which have been circulated TO
tAejs 5isadvlntsge
1 deal only Wuh the correspondent OF the Rsleisb
CoSsI vGtivs 60 who article you have given circua
GU aac eFpar 'ntly approval Las! ~ look Tor a mo-
msnt at hs testimony if it may by courtesy be 60 call
ed. Fear him:
"76,S o1s a5ou, one o'clock aud thinking the vic,Oyv
complete Uas Engaged in bringing The wslsadsd into
ms ""
certainly his judgement very weak or his desire TO
cot to ire rear very strong But let this pas To tho
rear be wsu snd is there he gained his frat infor
ruaion Of what was going on IN Jroat
From whom a. tlia point OF observation could he oh
tain iuf,TmlioIY II found bimse If among IWsoonerg
teSmteTs, ambulance drivers, negroea boys skulkera
RON tbs 6ad au3 il Is matter of course that hi,
anxious sydity could lead him 10 get Ms views Of tho
battle He NAV have consulted o.hers aftersa or
1e nav not. Il is enough 20 know that bis evidence
Is hedrS6y RnluPpNeh'y not OF 4 c1aracser TO have
any irhIonce on the reputation of men who for days
and years together have per.d their lives for their
COUNTRY, to say nothing Of the gallant dead whose
names were once, but nov not on their rolls
Go no. oongovort the statement that q portion of
The cavalry ''stAwpedsd," bat affirm that Imbodens
men were not OF the number. TIE public will in due
lo have evidence that they not snd that stand.
g CALAMITY at ,heir post they checked the fugitive
contributed mSteria ly to keep the enemy in check
se,reating only, at last when pressed by overwhelm
ing Dunbars.
Hsryihing could DO considered strange, in times
Gsa thsse, I. sculd be passing strange that men who
are pF5eluded By their position, in defending their
country from sef defence in the neWsp ipsrs, should
be tho mercy Of Srierj for sensation regardless Of
Jus ,cs Or truth. Girls
Richmond Whig. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1862-1865, 1864-10-07
LATER FROM THE UsIrAD srATEs

List night We received Iul fills from the United
States through the Courtesy of the Exchange Bureau
out the lateness OF tho limits Us to very brief NO
lice OF q cir cont MS.
Toe TOPIC to which the mes. prominence Is given ID
the late operations of Grant ct tie two extremes q
ME line, winch are dres on Ia the bombasc and e1-
uavaganL style ufual with Yankee ou nalss and cor.
raspoudsnts VS. tta.ed 20 the information IN the
Herald that the greatest excitement prevails in Rich
mo1d and The people expect soon 10 the Yankees
marching through the stess Every who can by any
aeans Escape leaving the city aud iugtivss from il
are constantly pouring into our ues az Bermuda Hun
dred."
The fol5wing is the latest from Sheridan:
WAR DEPARTMENT. Washington, Oct. 8, 1864.
To Mfj Or General Ok, Nav York:
despatch rom GsnerAi Sheridan, dated ct Hirrson.
burg October /, hsfplst Line has been received
oy this Department. states: 81 lave been 10 Saun-
ton aid Wayue5boro with The cavalry desroysd he
iron bridge South river az Wsynesboro, throwing il
iuto this river; also the bridge Christi ana CT.
AID the rair, I'd from Stanton to WayGesboro" De-
Is future operslJa s are, for obv,eus reasons
omitted.
EDWIN n. STANTON, Secretary of War.
The Herald makes tao following summary of the h.
tess INTEL gence from Missouri and from lluta:
The exc tcmen, aud war Preparations in Mis-
STR cors quit on the rtbel invssln eoltirue.-
| It was stated in s.. Lsus yesterday tbat Gen.
30 ecrsns would i'm iiately take the field In
rson. There is ttil no reliable intelligence from
Gsu. Ewing. all Lies OF comm lication between
HIM aud the eastern part o. toe State be.
ing Gus by the gueirlas portion a. least If thos
,akrg ,rt iu tbs Invasion to b. destitu of al
Common humanity, and to be intent on osryiJ 2 Oh
Wholesale Assassination instead Of warfare M,j1r
Walker and humber of others engaged ths defence
of P1o we're muidere III cold eood by their rebel
csp.ors e, er the surrender Of the place. Some of our
Oh, srs who we're captured at Plot Knob were Gu.
ieoted to treatment very different from that vnIcp
prisontrs of should receive. Toe reoe sss In tie
attack on oar works at this later pice was about two
hundred killed and between elk and eglt hundred
wounded.
General Sherman, though TO dispatches have been
received from him for Tires days. known 10 be vigo
rously at work. s.reng henng bis position and ms king
rush dispositions Of his forces will shortly render
bis communications inyu.nerablo TO the raids OF Waesl
or, F 1rrsst AID al the olhsr ressl ouLllws.
GOLD.
The gold mar act opeoea ~ advance upon tho clo.
sing price ofSAurdSy; bat little speculative acisity
was SHOWN. The first quotation was 1914. followed by
al advance Of aud then crop to 1904 Al I'M
provement o. : succeeded, AID thsn q otclne 10 lss
which Was tht location at few minutes past pocn-
It mex reco si2t, then fel! away again 4 prepata-
~ 10 rally which, at half pastf0ur. carried i. t.
1921.
Richmond Whig. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1862-1865, 1864-10-07
From ihs London Iude1. Sept. Ist ]

TIE following document iseng excessively circulated
HE PIoPLE OF Tur UEIrtD ErsGDOM OF GREAT DqrrArs
AND Ireland, 70 rae PEOPLE CT TIE USIriD STATES,
aRKKTIHG:-
We are of the same race, and many OF you are our
brothe'e. Dan we not, therefore, come 70 ven al
p'ac mixers. and address you as frienda3 We would
ask you. Has there not ba,n of strife AMI boodssed,
sni misery and Euff,riug, enough Aadsit not time
to osase the cruel war in vich yol are ,pg,ga We
man amongst u whose hear. d, not respond afr.
matively TO this QUESTION. WITH ..lhis onnv;ctt
We wish TO speal 10 you Sc pl IN men, using plsia
language, We have admired y.w fs, institutions,