davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Oregon union. (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1863, 1863-02-28
NO. Al.

MAKING CoFFEE.-Coffee as very COM
monty prepared, by persons unaequainted
with its nature, is decoction, and is boiled
for some time, under a mistaken notion
that the strength is not extracted unless it
be boiled. But the faetis just the reverse.
The fine aromatic oil which produces the
flavor and strength of the coffee, is dispell-
ed and lost by boiling; and a mucilage is
extracted at the same time, which also
tends to make it fiat and weak The best
modes are, to pour boiling water through
the coffee in bag or strainer, which is
found to extract nearly all the strength
or, to pour boiling water upon it, and set
it on the fire, not to exceed ten minutes.
The Turks and Arabs boil the coffee, it is
true, but they boil each cup by itself, and
only for moment, so that the effect is, in
fact, much the same as that of infusion,
and not like that of decoction. They do
not separate the coffee itself from the infu-
sion, but leave the whole in the cup.
The Oregon union. (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1863, 1863-02-28
Rates of Advertising:
-. ls..1, ~ loss frSf

Rates of Advert1s1nS'
one ssrtion sqsare' '"etye -lliee = 49, - So 90
.1earlss - saf' sII s.itia,,al insertion 90
Professional and Business Cards one
square or less, one year AS W
Same for six months, W
Liberal deduction made to those who adVer-
tise largely, or by the year.
All legal advertising must be paid in ad-
vance, OF vouched for by some responsible
person, to insure insertion.
The Oregon union. (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1863, 1863-02-28

measure which has been the original cause
of the disasters of ireland, by nourishins
profound feelings of hatred in the descen.
dants of the dispossessed proprietors, and
introducing body of men into the coun-
try, necessarily dependent for their exist
ence upon the exclusion of the original
owners from the inheritance of their fore
fathers. ."-Balt. Mirror.
The Oregon union. (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1863, 1863-02-28

The ABOLITION PRocLAMATIoN-TH
SOLEMN PLEDGE.--"I have no purpose, di-
rectly or indirectly, to interfere with the
institution of slavery where it exists. I
believe I have no lawful right to do So"
-Lincoln's Inaugural Address, March
4th, 1862.
The Oregon union. (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1863, 1863-02-28

INEoUALrrY-The six New England
states with a population of 3,136 600,
have twelve votes in the UnitedStates
Senate, while the State of New York
with population of 1881, 900, has
but two votes in that body. The
Abolitionists call this "a comfortable
and pleasant fact"
The Oregon union. (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1863, 1863-02-28

TIE ARMY OF THE PoToMAo-A cor
responpent OF the New York World
gives some statements in regard to
the wasting away" of the Army of
the Potomac which are rather start
ling. The correspondent writes as fol-
lows:
Without giving any clue to our real
strength, let me say that any regiment
which went out with Mcclellan to the
peninsula, and which can still num-
ber three hundred men for duty, has
more than the average strength OF
these regiments. And the new regi-
ments which joined the army in Mary
land and Virginia during the past
three months are melting away with
rapidity that makes one sick at
heart when he considers the work be-
fore them. Though many have suff-
cred severely in battle, yet not one
fourth part of the depletion is thus
incurred. The real and great cause
or causes, l may say, of depletion, is
the responsibility Of the medical
service. Let me say that in this | do
not allude to the service in the field,
the attention and care of the sick in
field hospitals, or the attention to the
wounded after battle, but to the abom
Unable system which takes men from
regimental hospitals, transfers them to
distant points, and there, through
management and misnanagelnent,
corruption and illegitimate influences,
at least two thirds of them are never
heard Of in any service again. 1t has
become the regular habit of regiment
al officers to look upon a man trans
fered to distant hospital as dead to
the service. And. the records OF the
regiments show more than half of
their original strength marked 'ssent
to the hospital" and never heard from
save through an application for a
descriptive list !" for obtaining pay.
1t does not need much figuring to
tell where we shall be in this respect
when the time of the nine months
men shall have expired. And SO un-
less some better means is devised OF
returning absent, convalescent and
deserting men to the ranks, we shall
look in vain for our army.
BREAD EIGHTEEN HUNDRED YEARS
OLD.-An important archaeological dis
covery has just been made at Pompeil, OF
a mill with great quantity of corn in
excellent preservation, and an oven with
eighty-onc loves, arranged in rows, and
but slightly affected by the heat of the
lava, having been protected by quantity
of ashes which had covered the iron door
fitted to the mouth Of the oven. These
loaves have all been got out entire A
large iron shovel for introducing the loayes
into the oven has also been found on the
spot, with remnant of its wooden handle.
5. This is the first discovery Of the kind on
record. Not far from this place, 53 silver
and 561 bronze coins have been found.
The Oregon union. (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1863, 1863-02-28

The Louisville Journal supposes
that /" the fortunes of war" we hear SO
much about, are the fortunes made by
the army contractors.
The Oregon union. (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1863, 1863-02-28

The war.-No glimlner Of light yet
penetrates the dark cloud Of dreadful
war that envelops our beloved coun-
try. On the contrary, it grows denser
and darker each day and Heaven a
lone knows when and how light and
peace shall come again. The War is
now nearly two,years' old. The South
first threw its cap into the ring with
cool determination to win or die =
little but 1.-THE, like well-developed
and scientific Mace. The North, big
and burly, responded like the prize
fighter, King,-and then the battle
began. The huge lunges OF the NAM
moth man, confident almost to con-
tempt were spent in empty air, while
the smaller but more determined COM
petitor shot forth blows both fast and
heavy.
One was headlong, the other wa
ry.-One, maddened by repeated re-
bluffs, rushed blindly again to the at
tack, but lacking energy equal to the
intent, was repulsed again. The other
more skilled, though not more brave,
artfully evaded punishment" but
only to ,"return" again, unexpectedly
and with unlocked for force.
Hooker has taken the place of Burn
side, and the Army of theiPotomac is
farther away from Richmond than it
was a year ago.
And SO goes the fight for champi-
onship of a mighty empire the spec
ltesseRszbting sNaYed more by passion,
than jjudgment.-O OakIand Press.
The Oregon union. (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1863, 1863-02-28
CHE Oregon Iaion
FURNISHED EVERY SATURDAY.
P. J. MALONE, Editor and Publisher
Rates of subscription:

.,, e.r siways in advance, $3 90
For six months, do, w
,,oonths. and no paper sent after the time for
which 1t is paid shall have expired.
SUBSCRIBERS whose terms of subscription
have nearly, or quite expired, viii receive their
,,aner written on with RED INK.
The Oregon union. (Corvallis, Or.) 1862-1863, 1863-02-28
For the Oregon Union
Execution of ThOS. A. Snider and
Ten Others.

A little after twelve o'clock,
One sad and gloomy day,
Three wagons drove unto the jail,
Where Thomas Snider lay.
His fated chains were then thrown OIL,
And he was ordered out,
Then those same wagons bore him on,
Along the gloomy route.
To him and nine more hearty men
This sentence then was read:
Before the setting of the sun,
That they should all be dead.
Ten rough board coffins were prepared,
And in those wagons placed,
And each was made to sit on one,
As on they moved in haste.
The cortege soon drove up the line
Unto the silent spot,
Where these unlucky sons of men
Were sentenced to be shot.
The coffins then were taken out,
And placed down on the green,
While thirty soldiers, arms in hand,
Were there to close the scene.
when all arrangements were prepared,
The doomed men kneeling down,
A Mr.. Rhodes then offered prayer,
While yet they viewed the ground.
When prayer was over all arose,
And on their coffins sat,
Then at each other cast look,
Whom guns were leveled at.
The Marshal then with R. M. Rhodes,
To them farewell gave,
BY shaking hands with all of them
Before they met their graves.
Then bandages were offered them,
10 bind around their eyes,
To hide their study, honest gaze,
Which they could not disguise.
But only two accepted them,
The others looked with ire
Upon the murderous villains there,
And waited for the fire.
Then soon the word to them was given
To kill those helpless men,
And in the fire of thirty guns,
Fell two out of the ten.
Then worse than savage fends, the crew
Withpristols blight in hand,
Rushed in upon and butchered them,
At tstLoyalty's'' command.
Now 1 have only this to say,
Ye Devils, fends of Hell !
There is place, too hot, fear,
Where after death yuo'n dwell.
The INDICTMENTS AGAINST SECRETA
Y STANToN.-The fact that the presen
Irand Jury have failed to find any indict
lent against Secretary Stanton must no
e taken as an indication that the matte
as ben abandoned. On the contrary, tht
will be conducted with renew
i vigor. There was not sufficient tim,
,r the December Grand Jury to do NOR
nan commence an investigation and ac
evidence. 1t is upon this evi
ence, together with such additional testi
lony as shall be brought before them
hat the Grand Jury, summoned for th'
anuary term, will be called upon to act
md we do not hazard much in predictin,
hat before the 18th of January shall hav
assed away, requisition from Governo
seymour will demand of President Lincoll
he person of Edwin NJ. Stanton to answe
ertain indictments brought against hin
n the Court of General Sessions for tn
eace in and for the city and county Q
Jew York.-N. Y. Argus.
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10
THE UNION FOREVER!!
R.H. TUDOR 4 HUGH JONES,

=
Having formed partnership in the GRO
Gerry business, would respectfully call the
attention of the people of Ebensburg and vi
cinity to their large stock, which has been
selected in the Eastern market with great
care. Come and examine for yourselves =
They cannot fail to please. Our stock consists
in part of.the following articles, viz:
White and Brown Su- Chewing and Smok'g
gars, Tobacco,
N. o. Molassses, Cigars, Snuff,
Syrups, Candles, Soap,
Rio Coffee, Clothes, Market and
Young Hyson Imperial Fancy Baskets,
and Black Teas, WasL boards, Brooms,
Spices of all kinds, Buckets, Measures,
Butter, Sugar and Wa Kealers, Churns,
ter Crackers, Kegs,
Dried Apples, Peaches, Hair and Wire Selves,
Oranges and Lemons, Scrub, Shoe and Dus-
Figs, Raisins, ting Brushes,
Prunes, Citrons, Rope, Bed cords,
Nuts of all kinds, Lines, Rope Halters,
Ext. Ley and Coffee, Twine, Tye Yarn,
Bowls, Fawcits,
Butter Prints and La Window Glass,
dies, Ptuty,
Arnold's Inks from to An assortment of Es-
75cents per bottle, sences and Drugs,
Shoe-fndings, Pegs, Shovels, Spades, Hoes,
Nails, Thread, Garden Hay Rakes,
Sole Leather, Scythes and Snathes,
Harvest Tools, Buck Saws and Nails,
Hay Forks, Provision
FLOUR, CORN and OAT NEAL,
CHI ESE, RI E, B A C ON,
MACKEREL, HERRING, GOLDFISH,
And all kinds of Liquors, Brandy, Gin, Wines,
Old Rye and Common Whiskey, &C., &c.
gA- The above articles will be sold cheap
for Cash or Country Produce, at Cash prices
Ebensburg, May 9, ls6l:tf
NOTICE.
IN Having associated with Hugh Jones in
the Grocery business, l hereby give notice to
all those having standing accounts with me,
toscome forward and settle the same. Feeling
thankful to the citizens of Ebensburg and vi
cinity for their former patronage, would re-
spectfully solicit continuance of the same,
under the firm of Tudor and Jones.
r. Ii. TUDOR.
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10
Law Of Newspapers.

1. Subscribers who do not give express no.
tice to the contrary, are considered as wish
ing to continue their subscription.
.. If subscribers order the discontinuapcs
Of their Periodicals, the Publisher may con.
TIME to serd them until all arrearages are
paid.
3. Ifsubscribers neglect or refuse to take
their periodicals from the Offices to which tbev
are directed, they are held responsible tii
they have settled the bill and ordered them
discontinued.
4. If subscribers remove to other places
without informing the publishers, and the
papers are sent to the former direction, they
are held responsible.
s. The Courts have decided, that reufsipp
to take periodicals from the office or reruoyo
ing and leay ing them uncalled for is prima
faciae vidence Of intentional Fraud.
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10

THE NEW FRACTIONAL CURRENCY.
The statement that the new fractional
currency is to be withdrawn is incorrect.
On the contrary, the issue which has
already begun VIII be continued as last as
the notes can be prepared. Some OF the
objections which have been made 10 1t are
unfounded and although it mus be ad-
m,tted that it is not handsome, it is
believed that it offers special security
against counterfeiting, particularly by the
dangerous processes Of photography. The
bronzed ring OF seal on the fractional notes,
which has been criticised as an unsuc:ess-
full attempt at ornament, is put on with no
view to that design, but solely to prevent
coun.erfeiting by photography. 1t is the
mark of yellow mordant, which bites
into the very substance of the note, after
wards bronzed, but always yellow, and
which, like all yellows, inevitably appear
us black in photograph.
The same effect will be produced even
after the bronze is worn off, when the
yellow basis OF the ring will appear. The
denomination Of each note is printed with
a similar mordant, in outline letters, fur.
nishing an additional protection against
counterfeiting. The faces of all the notes
are printed in black, and the backs IN
different colors, according to the denom-
ination. The ffty cent pieces have red
backs, the twenty hves purple, the tens
green and the fves tan color. The paper
is of a peculiar manufacture, remarkably
heavy, and it is believed that it will be
readily distinguished from other paper by
the touch.
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10

"THE SMITHS. John Smith-plain
John Smiths not very high sounding !;
it does not suggest aristocracy it Is not
the name of any hero in die-away novels ;
and yet it is good, strong and honest
Transferred to other language it seems to
climb the ladder Of responsibility. Thus
in Latin it is Johannes Smithus; the
Dutchman adopts it as Hans Schmidt the
French fatten it out into Jean Smeet and
the Russian sneezes and barks Jonloff
Smittowski When John gets into the
tea trade in Canton he becomes John
Shimmit; if he chambers about Mount
Hecla, the Icelauders say he is Jaime
Smit hson if he trades among the Tusca-
roras he becomes Ton Ga Smittia; IN
Poland he is known as Ivan Schmittiweiski;
should he wander among the Welsh
mountains they talk of Jihon Schmidd +;
when he goes to Mexico heis booked as
Jontli F'Smitti; if Of classic turn he
fingers among Greek ruins he turns to
Ion Smikton, and in Turkey he utterly
disguised as Yeo Seef.
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10

The PRESIDENTIAL STYLE IN OLDEN
TIMEs-We noticed the Presidents car
fiage the other day as it rolled up the
avenue, and thought how people would
have stared and talked if attached to it
there had been four or six instead of two
horses. General Washington, we are told,
when driving about the country, drove
four horses, and in going to the Senate
he used chariot drawn by six horses.
His servants wore liveries of white cloth,
trimmed with scarlet or orange. And yet
there was no inordinate love of display In
the heart of the "Father of his Country"
It was his sense of the dignity of the Office
he filled which made him SO punctilious
in such matters. And yet public
opinion or sentiment--call it what we
may would not brook any such departure
from the present usage; but we DO not
quarrel with the popular notion upon this
subject We only state the fact Wash.
Chronicle.
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10
:" CHILDS & co.
H. WHOLESALE SHOE WAREHOUSE,
No. 133 Wood Street,
Pitts6urg, Pa.

Have received an immense stock of Boots
and Shoes suitable for Spring and Summer
sales, comprising full assortment OF staple
and Fancy oods, carefully selected with par
ticular reference to the wants of the Western
Trade, and due regard to durability and sizes,
manufactured to order and warranted
Our entire stock having been purchased
and contracted for direct from the New Eug-
land manufacturers entirely for cash, during
last Fall and Winter, before the present
advance prices on stock and we enabled
to offer Superior Inducements to cash or
prompt time buyers, and are prepared to sell
goods at less than New York or Philadelphia
prices.
We invite the attention of Merchants visit
ing this city to examine our large ana deslra-
BILE stock before purchasing elsewhere.
nSa, Particular personal attention given to
ORDERS.
April. If II. CHILDS CO
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10

nENTISTRY.
~ The undersigned, Graduate of the Bal
timore College of Dental Surgery, respectfully
offers his professional services to the citizens
of Ebensburg. He has spared no means to
tn oroughly acquaint himself with every i'm
provement in his art. To many years of per-
sonal experience, he has sought to add the
impaired experience of the highest authorities
in Dental Science. He simply asks that an
opportunity may be given for his work to
speak its own praise.
SAMUEL BELFORD, d. D. S.
(Office formerly occupied by DIR. j. Clark
References: Prof. G. A. Harris I. e. Bond
Jr. w. R. Handy; A. A. Biandy, P. III. Aus
ten, of the Baltimore College.
Hs3sD VIII be at Ebensburg on the fourth
Monday of each month, to stay one week.
April 3, l862tf
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10
PATRONzzE YOUR OWN:

TAYLOR Il CREMER,
AT THE HUNTINGDON NURSERIES,
HUNTINGDoN, PA.
Sell Fruit & Ornamental Tress, Vines &c. OF
better growth, larger size, and at lower prices
than any of the Northern or Eastern Nurseries
and warrant them true to name.
Standard Apple trees at ls4 cents each
SIS per 100.
Peach trees, Is to 20 cts each-$12.50 tc
$1o per 10
Standard Pear trees, SO to IS cts oach.
Dwarf Pear trees, sos to$l each-20 to Sc
per 100
Dwarf Apple trees, SO to Is cts each
Standard Cherry trees 374 to rs cts
Dwarf Cherry trees so to 75 cts.
Plum trees so cts.
Apricot trees 40 to so cts.
Nectarine trees 25 cts each.
Grape Vines 25 cts to 81.
Silver Maple trees 624 to 81.
European Ash, 10 to l.
: European Larch, IS cts to 1.50
Norway Spruce, so cts to 81.
American Balsam Pine, 10 cts to S1.50
American j. Chinese Arbor Vita, SO ct
$l.50
Strawberry Plants, 81 per 100, &c. &C.
Huntington, JAM %, lS6O.-tf.
s6y~ Subscribe for TUE ALLEGHaSrAs.
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10
THE AILEG GnkNIAN"

WILL be published every Thursday, a.
w the following rates viz:
Per annum, payable in advance) s,,o
If not paid within the first six months ! ~
If not paid until the expiration of year. 2oo
A failure to notify discontinuance At -.
EXPIRATION of the term Subscribed for will \.
considered a new engagement.
TERMS OF ADvERTIsIEG
j insertion. do. 2 d.
square, az lines,) S so 5 Is s. M
2 squares, (24 lines,) LOO 1.5O % 3O"
3 squares, ,(36 lines,,) l.50 200 2 Nv
Over three weeks and less than three nj op,b,
% cents per square for each insertion.
3 months. do. I9a,
lines or less, $l.50 $50 S5oo
! square, az lines,) $50 $50 aCO
2 squares, (24 lines,) 400 700 l9rO
squares, (86 lines, 600 900 I4So o
Half column, 1000 1900 POM
One column, 1900 22.Oo 35oo
Administrators and Executors Notices ~
Professional or Business Cards, not ex
ceeding lines, with paper, per year, 5oo
lg Advertisements not marked with II.
number of insertions desired, will be cou.;n
ued till forbidden, and charged according 10
the above terms.
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10
Solomon Cans,

EGP This establishment has been removed.
from No. ia North Third street TO the above
location, where an extensive and seasonahle
assortment of Ready made Clothing for Men
and Bows, together with carefully selected
line of Cloths, Cassimeres Satinetts, Nestings,
Talors' Trimmings, &c.,-is now ready for the
trade.
Any order entrusted by those who are IN
able to visit the city shall be executed as
faithfully as if they were present.
August "a; 1862.
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10
INSURANCE AGENCY.

II NSUhaNOE ACIENO I =
Il James Purse, agent for the Blair county
and Lycoming Mutual Fire Insurance Com.
panies, Johnstown, Pa.
sG- Will attend promptly to making insu-
rance in any part Of Cambria county upon
application by letter or in person.
Ebensburg, March 18th, ls63-tf.
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10

gSS- Blank Summons, Blank Sub penas,
ank Executions, Consta bie's Returns, &c,
sale ct this office
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10
COMETHING NEW =
- E. A. PULVER & cos
CANTnS COEEEE CQEEEE

SANTOS COFFEE, or MALT COFFEE.
Warranted to give satisfaction
Manufactured at Pittsburg Pa, by E. a.
Pulver & Co., to whom all orders should be
addressed.
For sale in Ebensburg by A. A. Barker
VIM. Davis & Son, Shoemaker IL Son, +. J.
Mills Co G. G. Owens, Evan f. Evans, G.
Gurley, and by the trade generally
Sept. II, 1863
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10
4 CARD
WITMER's BRIDGE,

x a hITMER'S BRIDGE,
Lancaster TIP. July SO 1850.
MEssRs. EvANsAND WATSON GENTLEmES-
The small size No. Salamander safe which
| purchased from your agent, Mr.. Adam I.
Barr, in Lancaster City, on July goth, 1855,
has been subjected to a very seyere test
which 1t wiIhstood in a most satisfactory
manner. This Safe, containing all my books
together with valuable papers belonging to
myself and some to my neighbors and friends
and represeting value of over Twenty ThOus-
aad Dollars, (S2o, ,00o) was in my Mill which
was destroyed on the nj ght of the 27th ofJu-
ly, 1860, and passed thIeugh the fiery ordes
unsca.hed. The Safe was on the second floor
and fell to the basement or the Mill, and was
subjected for six hours TO an intense heat
ameng the rui.is, which was greatly increased
by the combustion of large quantity of gran
confined within The brick walls. After tie
fire the safe was opened and the books an'
papers taken ont in state of perfect pressT'
vation, the paper not even being discoloTe0.
This fact was, however, to many bystanoa'
better recommendation of your SAFES thap
could be expressed in any other words tr0n
me. Yours Respectfully,
Esel3 SAMUEL RANCh',
Be4z large assortment of the above qua,
ity Of Fire and Thief Proof Safes alvays :.
hand and for sale at as low rates as any o'H'
firm, at EVANS & WATS0NS,
No. 10 South Fourth ST., Philadelph"
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10
TTUGH A. MoCOY,

Ill Saddle and Harness MdnufdctuTeT
EBENSBURG, PA.
Office one door east of Davis, Jones Co.'S
Store.
A large stock of ready-made Harness, Sad
dies, Brides, &C., constantly on hand and for
sale cheap. dec. 25, 186l-tf:
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10
w. s. HAVEN,

w. s. HAVEN,
DLAIN AND FANCY JOB PRINTER;
STATIoNER,
Blank Book Manufacturer, Book Binder,
and dealer in every description of
American and Foreign Papers, &c, DC.
Corner ofWood and Third streets, PITTS
BURG, Pa.
s@ Agent for l.. johnson Co., Type
Founders & Electrotypers, Philadelphia
August 25, lS59:t.f
The Alleghanian. [volume] (Ebensburg, Pa.) 1859-1865, 1863-12-10
ETEW TAILOR SHOP.

IN The undersigned having opened out a.
Tailoring Establishment over the store room
formerly occupied by Evans & Son, respect
fully informs the public that the business
will there be carried on in all its branches
All work will be done in the latest style,
with neatness and dispatch, and on the most
reasonable terms D. J. EVANS.
Ebensburg, Nov. 5, 1863.