davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02
s.,,.,.tb SCHOOL ReII. No.

contains IA pages, and nearly 200 tunes and hymns,
is the most popular S s. Book ever issued Among tht
most popular pieces are, Kind Words Eden Above,
Christian gero beautiful Zon,' ought to love my
MOTHER, The Angels told So n the Light, Rest TO-
the Weary &C. Philosopher covers 20 cents, each
S5 per 100 bound rs cts 800 per 1905 cloth bound,
bossed gilt, 80 cents, $25 per 100
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02
TI,c Hnrn Of Freedo1,

contains 80 pages of songs Duets and choruses for
Freedom. Among the choice pieces would name,
'Far freedoms morn" 80 let my people CO." cover
the mountain" "Theg worked me all the day." &c.
Price cents snge5O per dozen, So per 1905 pos
tage cent each
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02

TO forgive and forget is something of a
difficulty, but to forget and forgive is the ca
siest thing in the world.
'.Any thing to please the child" as the
nurse said when she let the baby crawl out
Of the nursery window.
IA stethescope," says young medical
student, is spy-glass for looking into PEG
pies chests with your ears
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02
HORACE WATERS Ag't
dS1 Rrno NAV EaY VOrL
Publisher of the above Books.
Vocal Music, with Piano ACCOMPANIMENT,


large assortment of new and popular songs, ball
lads duets, quartetts, and chorouses, is ued daily.
Among the most popular are, shall know each 9TH
er there" Lowrey; "Why have my loved gone, -
81 will be true to thee ''0h there's such girl
mine" by Foster "Mother's love is true "sweet love
forget me not" &c. by Keller. rs cents each 81 hear
sweet voices singing Home is home, "Forget if you
can, but forgive" by Thomas, 80 cents each.
INSTRUMENTAL Music for the Piano Forte-"We are
coming, Father Abra'a am six hundred thousand more
Always look the sunny side" "Shall know Ii
other there?" &C., with brilliant Variations by Grobe
so cents each.
Polkas, Waltzes, Marches Quicksteps Quadrills, &C.
by popular authors. All kinds of Singing and Instrpc
ton Books Catalogues mailed free to any address,
Music mail ed at the above prices.
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02
Ruth: a sacred Cantata
The ReYixnI Music Book

| contains 1876 pages. Words by Rev. Sidney Dyer, mu-
sic by Prof Gull. This is excellent book for concerts
for the young. Prcespaper covers, 20 CENTS $5 per
100; bound 25 cents, $50 per ZOE.
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02

contains between 300 and 40Opages oftunes and hymns
new and old OF the choicest kinds, for church, Sunday
school, revival missionary, temperance, prayer and
conference, and all kinds ofsacred and social meetings
The music in this book has life and animation in it,
like Shining Shore,' crest for the weary "Shal We
know each other there ?' 'tShall beyond the
River. ''There is beautiful World" "Kind Words,
Sweet hour of PraYer,' ssTbere is a Land of Love-
suffer little children to come unto mes "God save the
Nation" &C. Prices-sngle copies, bound, so cents
$40 per 100 cloth bound embossed gilt, 90 cents, $5C
per 100 Mailed at the retail price.
EEnya aCE yUArvETRS Ac,t
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02
Thc Athenaeuu CoIIection

contains Is pages of tunes and hymns, designed for
vval, prayer and conference meetings. Price in pa
per single copies, 10 cents, 50 per 100. Mailed
at the retail price.
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02
WATERS, Cheap nTusIc for the Million

Arranged solos, duets quartetts, and choruses
musical societies, chors Sunday schools public schools
semnares, etc. Shall we know each other there p
Don't you hear the Angels coming?' Shall we meet be-
yond the river? BE in time, There is q Beautiful
World 'Where Liberty dwels is my country Free
dom, Truth, and Right we are coming, Father Abra-
am six hundred thousand more,' There is land OF
Love- Sorrow shall come again 10 more Heavenly
Home, tCome sing to me of Heaven Land in sight
we will love sunday SCHOOL, our God is marching
on God save the Nation Whtiers song of The
Plantation Negro Fair Freedoms Morn has dawned
at last '0ver the mountain Little Elias Angel
'Wie's gone to Heaven Suffer little children come
unto me- Bury in the morning, Mother, Come TO
thy res Sweet hour of Prayer &C. Price cents SO
cents Per doz, 50 per 100; postage / each. In
sheet form, with Piano accompaniment, 25 cents.
Published by HORACE WATERS. AIT
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02
Returns

mus be made to the Assistant ASSESSOR whn TEN DAYS
from date of delivery of the blanks Neglect or reu-
sal to comply within the time Named imposes the duty
on the Assessor or Assistant to estimate the in
come and the upon enumerated articles, with an
addition offty per ce',ttn'
The entire income of every person will be
cd at the residence of the party and not at the place Of
business. " a. DhoNsoN'
ie25-2W3 Assessor Lst DISTRICT, WIS.
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02
Pubilshed Dy FHUENACF " AIhhS1 Ag't
No. 4sl Broadway, n. Y
Choral Harp-A New sunda,

Nav AIEfls' > ChoraI Kt1rp--A NeVT sunda y
w School Book, of 100 pages of Beautiful
Hymns and Tunes. 1t contains many gems, such as
Shall We know each other there Suffer little children
to unto me- The Beautiful Shore, 0h tits gloris
ous Leave we with my MOTHER He leadeth me be-
oide still waters, 81. Price, paper covers 20 cents
SIS per 100; bound 25 cents $50 per 1o0 1t is edit
ed by HORACE WATERS, author of Sunday School
Bells, Nos. and 2 which have had the enormous sale
of over eight hundred thousand COPIES Just published
by
HORACE WATERS, 4S1 Broadway, N I
For by SAWYER & THOMPSON, SO Fulton av.
corner If JsV s.. Ty5n
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02
uowARD ASSOCIATION. philadelphia. Pa.

a a
IL Diseases Of the NERVOUS SYSTEM. SPERMAToRHGA or
stNx1I WEAKNESS and other affections of the
SEXUAL ORGANS, PHYsIcAL DEBILITY and PREMA TUBE DE-
cynew and reliable treatment, in Reports OF the Howard
mail in sealed letter envelopes free of
bnrTe address Dr. J. SKILTS HoUGHToE. Howard Asso-
.rf.r No south Ninth Street Phi dephis. Pa 1y3C
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02
Second Annual Assessment, U. S
Revenue
AssRssoR's OFFICE OF INTERNAL REVENUE
FIRST DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN.
IL

Flksr DIsTRIcT OF WISCONSIN,
MILWAUKEE, Wis. June "a, 1868.
NOTICE is hereby given, that the second an an
nual assessment under the Internal Revenue Law for
Eesha Waworth Racine and Kenosha be imme
making them up will be fur
nshed by the Assistant ASSESSORS who fully authorized
and instructed to furnish al necessary information
l. All incomes for the ending Dec 81 1852 must 20
to the assistant under OATH in accord
ee with Comm ssOner of Internal
Eaoh peTson will be REQUIRED to his total
far specifying the sources from which is derived as to en-
shall be made therefrom. $1,000
who reside in the United States will be subject to duty Of
Where the income exceeds s1OOO0 will be subject to
duty per cent provided however that income
de I hed
guns or prNs T eS@e Pf %er
nal statute by the of March 1863
and make such divisions thereof as viii enable each member
the firm to make return in gross Tor his or her individual
Salared persons will return the full they receive
| Receipts from advertisements must be returned.
Guardians and trustees whether such trustees by
fdueary capacity make return Of the income
as aforesaid and the income tax viii be assessed u
on the returned, after deductng such
The salaries OF Federal officers must be returned
Every farmer will required to make of val
~ he nreduee of his farm or plantat without
the labor of himself and his family
Where husband and wife live apart by divorce
separation they will be taxed separately and
he entitled deduction OF $780, but
The following deductions authorized to be made from
the aggregate income of viz In all cases the
| sum of $500 -.
occupied a residence.
National State and local taxes assessed and paid tor the
year 1862, and not elsewhere included.
Amount aeuoy paid by property for necessary
renair Insurance. interest encumbranees his
nroperty The structures extraordinary repairs
or improvements to buildings. shall not be deducted
Income from interest or dividends on stocks capital OF
denots any bank trust company or savings institution
Insurance railroad company from salaries OF officers
where the per cent been withheld by the proper
officer thereof.
Income advertisements, which per cent was PAID
| from September LIST December 81 1862, inclusive.
Amount paid planter for hired labor ncu-
% the of the aborers For necessary repairs
mon his farm plantation. For Insurance. and interest
| circumference upon his farm or plantation
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02

| FARMING IN THE EAsT--Exract frcm n letter
of correspondent of the California Farmer dae
\ ted Batavia, Java, East MdialApril 18th, 1862 ;
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02
Resisting or o bs'rmctimg the Draft

The following opinion of Hon. William Viii
ting, solicitor of the war department. has been
ordered to be published by the secretary Of
war
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02

pursuing any trade profession the LIST day
of May 1863 coming within the law requiring them
tax to the United States must make application
once for the year ending April 3d. 1861 Those holding
ony for period between the expiration of said license
the ,st day of May, 1864. ,,
Returns must be made at of all Carriages KEEP
for use or for hire Also, the amount in ounces Of al
silver and gold plate kept for use. All Billiard Table
et for hire as well as those kept for private use
subject to IN annual tax of $1,000 each in addition
the license tax.
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02
WNoso RVNA0vs

WHOSE SESE0NS
owe NOT oSSevcAt 70 We VNlOANc
Us q wAoAlcAv\C W'NNcN WIN
cNvc ON NAc "NAs WSNNcM
S\esM rs MCNv 10" \o\Nt 0s O
vcvvAcAAoA ooCvt GvGOt
Regulator o. we SYSTEM.
w Ne Bilious &NstNNcts
oStNe West oVAA South tAevc
Nos, Sow q \ovtg tNvAe, OeCW
NANcM NecAeA 0A cvtNcAC OS
StoNNocM Bvttcvs, WSV\NeM, y
t0\SeN w N>voNNcv quantities,
oNA oA Nc N>voNev tNVAc, ovC
q save NNGvCVtNWc o.
Bilious FeUeT,
Fever ond 8gUe,
Liver Complaint,
Dyspepsia,
Indigestion,
.7oU72d5oe,
Kidney COnzpz057ats,
ONA ON Assesses o ca sNVNN-
10Y ACGkNArG.
The Kenosha telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1860-1888, 1863-07-02

Solicitor of the War Department.
: MES B. Fry, Provost Marshal General.
The Nashville daily union. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1862-1866, 1863-06-26
PROSPECTUS
OF THE
NASHVILLE UNION.

The NASHVILLE UNfoS was commenced last spring,
for the purpose Of opposing the Rebel Southern Cou
federacy and Of advocating the restoration Of Federal
authority without any abatement, over all the States
which have attempted 10 secede. Its object was to
proclaim the doctrines Of Liberty and Union as they
were once expoundod by the fathers Of tho Republic,
but which for more than one year--the long aud
dreary carnival OF treason--had been tmspoken and
unwrltler In the Capital Of the State Of ANDREW
JAcKsop, and were treasured up only N the hearts Of
the faithful. We believed that the ght way con
duct loyal Journal, in city Ike Nashville at such
a time as thit was to raise the wavering ald tmid
mp to tho true standard Of patriotism, aud not to
lower Che standard OF patriotism after tho mnnur Of
some other Journals suit she depmved tastes Of the
semtloyrl and sgmpathinra with the Richmond dy-
nasty, .
The UEros, therefore, has held as friends all who
support, and as foes Ell who oppose, tho Union Of the
States Its watohwori s FREEDOM AND NAuoSALITT.
With rebels and traitors IL has compromise to
make. It contends for the Federal Constitution and
the Laws made IN pursuance thereof as the sUFEEaE
LAW OF TIE LAND, anything in the Constitution and
Laws OF any Of the States to the contrary notwlth.
standing.
It oontopds for the Union Of the States, because
without it the preservation ofour liberties and inst
tutions and the Organization OF society itsolf
wholly impossible. Therefore, whatever stands In
the way of crushing out the rebellion and restoring
the Union must perish, no matter by what name 1t
be called. lf nH
When thousands Of our citizen soldiers lay down
their lIvos upon the altar Of their country as saor
fee above all earthly price, and precious in the sight
of Heaven, Coo forbid that Any ignobIe motive Of
Eelfinterest should make any wsyer IN his 10y
atty. II there be any such, let them look at the
blood Of Shiloh, Fort Doneson, Murfreesboro and
fredericksburg, and blush at their wickedncss and
folly. Love for our country should now oveFshadow
every other feeling and he is patriot who loves
his houses lands, negroes with tthe Of the devo
tion which he feels for his country Even prudent
HeAshness should compel men to be patriots, for who
hope to his own nom the wreck ef
ruined and dismombored Unionl
We want TO see the land once more blessed with the
enduring sunshine Of an honorable peace based upon
the complete and unconditional submission Of the
rebels in arms, and not lit up with the deceitul
glow Of peace based upon emasoulate loyalty, and
concessions to traitors-the glow Of meteor which
would shine only 70 betray, and going out would
leave US in darkness tenfold more gloomy than that
which prevailed before
These are the sentiments and views which the
UNION will continue to advocate through whatever
Of storm or sunshine may await II in the future, and
ask the support of all who believe 1t to be import
ant that thoroughly and vigorously loyal newspaper
should be published in Nashville.
The Nashville daily union. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1862-1866, 1863-06-26
NO g.

siiil aud of nearly the same color Tb,s
coated the Monitors, which. in thoir hast
slaVe' cohriVed TO steam ak, seven, and
70 one case, eight knots an hour, can now
80 barely three aud half in perfectly
s'ill water, while against tide Of mod.
crate strength they cao make absolutely
no headway whatever. They are. Of
course, utterly useless in Charleston har-
por, the currents Of which are extremely
swllt. No means Of cleaning them exist
N Fort Royal harbor. They cannot be
taken out OF the water, and 90 lope as
they remain in iethey grow every dsy
l hear also Of defect Ia the ArmA-
peat OF these vessels that don't re.
member 70 have seen stated before. The
guns are so much cramprd in the turreta
lhat one cannot be Cred while the other
is ioading' Hence when the l6.inch run
y used ~ reduces the rapidity of FIRE of
The ll'ineh, or rifle, In the same turref
70 its own intoiirabfe siowness. ana she
maximum effectiveness Of vessels 40
armed rs not greater than ~ or 10 shots
an hour.
Nothing 10 yet positively known of
tne reasons Tor Admiral Dupont's return.
~ may be That he comes home at his own
r.quest, but think it more likely that
lne Ericsson party, of which the AS
sistant Secretary Of the Navy Is
prominent member, has finally carried
me day in the Department, aud that Mr.
Weiles has consented TO recall his beat
oiicer in obedience TO the incessant
elamor Of unscrupulous contractors. Du-
Pont will be assigned other duty. but
unless the opinion can be authoritatiyelv
eontradicted, his recall will be generally
Traced to the failure At Charleston. Ad-
miral toote, who was 70 succeed him.
lies dangerously i'll at lbe Astor House
ana Duponps return, which was expected
immed diately, will perhaps be consider
ably delayed.
The Nashville daily union. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1862-1866, 1863-06-26
.I tsgNASHVIILE. TENNESSEE. FRIDAY. JUNE 26 1863

and unwilling to welcome them; the
guests Charles and Adele try TO tighten
their troubles and aid them, the one in
completing her toilet, the other in arrang-
ing the psrlor, but they exercise the
same authority over their guests that
they did over their servants, and amuse
themselves in ridiculing their every word
and action, till they, indignant at such
treatment, take their departure. Madame
Duservant and Mr.. Lebreton, who have,
unseen beheld all that passed, enter the
parlor disguised rs servants, and finding
the guests all gone, proceed TO address
the empty chairs, saying they must per-
form their task They are recognized
by Caroline and Victor, who acknowl-
edge their fault and beg Of their mother
70 show them way of becoming re-
conoiled 10 their friends whom they have
thus badly treated. Madame Duservant
assures them that God always gives
them an opportunity of carrying out
good ntentlons-goes to eide parlor
and recalls the guests, whom she had re-
tanned with her when they deserted her
children; explanations follow, and the
young friends, reconciled to each other,
proceed to enjoy the remainder of the
evening, after being assured by Margaret
and much more by experience that flies
are never caught with vinegar.
The following are the
The Nashville daily union. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1862-1866, 1863-06-26

Vreaths were presented to Misses AL
bany Samuel and Priscilla B. Drake for
excellence in vocal music; to Misses Ma
ry Coleman, Annie DOnigsn, Ella HefTer-
nan, Eudora Karr, Lou Buddeke, and
Katie Nealis, for Diligence.
In the Junior Department, The first
Ribbon of honor was presented to Miss
Mary Coleman, and in the Senior depart.
ment to Miss Sally Doyle, the second
being awarded to Misses Mary HefTernan
and Lizzie Morrison.
For superior diligence, Misses Sallie
Doyle, Lizzie Morrison, Mary Hefernan,
Priscilla Drake, Mollio Lumsden, and
Ella Donigan, were each awarded a
crown.
Want of space compels us to omit the
names of many Of whom honorable mem
ton was made, but we must in Justice
state that in consequence of severe and
protracted illness, Miss Nellie Flowers
was prevented from competing for pre-
miums in her classes.
"Evening Breozes," solo and chorus,
by Misses Samuel, Drake, and Lumsden,
with piano accompaniment by Miss Nellie
Flowers, closed the evenings entertain-
ments. AT the conclusion, Father Brown
addressed the audience in few very
appropriate remarks, thanking them for
their kind attention, and expression of
their approval, and complimenting the
Sisters for their industry, patience, and
the many truly Christian virtues they
display in their labors of love for the
glory of God, the salvation of souls, and
the elevation of the human race. He
also paid a merited compliment to the
pupils, in which the audience coincided
with him most heartily. We shall all
look anxiouslY for the return Of this
auspiciOus day, ON which we meet with
all our old and esteemed friends, and
enjoy the great luxury of an intellectual
treat to be witnessed nowhere else.
The Nashville daily union. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1862-1866, 1863-06-26

profitable occupations, or place Of resi-.
dence, and without means Of subsistence
now infest the city and vicinity, in gross
violation of the State and Municipal
laws, source Of great annoyance 60 the
citizens: Therefore, We earnestly sua.
gest and request the military authorities
to take charge OF and control said ne
groes, at least so far as practicable, put
them in the army, 90 work on the fortili-
cations, in hospitals, on railroads, or some
other public work for the Government, or
suffer and permit the civil and municipal
authorities to enforce the law in refer
ence 70 said negroes; but not in such
manner, as TO aid or assist rebel owners
or claimants in repossessing themselves
OF said slaves, or their services, or their
hire .t
The vote by which the foregoing
preamble and resolutions were adopted
is as follows; sa
( YEAs-Meesrs. Brieh, Carper Clai- !
borne, May6eld, Soovel and Smith.
Z INAYs--Mr. Cheatham. $50
Mr.. Robb, the Alderman from the 4th
Ward, was absent.
The preamble and resolutions will
come up for action al the next meeting of
the City Council
The Nashville daily union. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1862-1866, 1863-06-26
The Ktherihrn Ln,,sr.

AT aregular meeting of the Washing
tan Union olub, Of Memphis, held at ihe
City Hail. on the 18Th inst, the following
resolutions were unanimously adopted:
Resolvsa, By the Washington Union
Club of Memphis, that tho letter of tbe
Hon. Emerson Etheridge, in response
to a polite invitation Of this Club to at
tend the Union celebration, on the 6lh of
June, and published by him in the New
York Herald, ia a wanton and scandalous
insult to the members Of this organiza-
tion and alike unworthy a loyal citizen
and gentleman, and justly merits the
contempt and exeerAtion of all Union
men.
ResolVed, That all complimentary res.
olutions and notices adopted by this
Club in honor of said Emerson f EtheridRe.
are hereby ordered TO be erased. ff-
w. II. FIToH, Jr, President.
G. CANNING SMITH, Secretary. ~
The Nashville daily union. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1862-1866, 1863-06-26

A curious fact connected with the
late cavalry fight has just trlspirod. A
couple days after the Gght, Gen. Pleas.
anton's command made requisition for
t0saty grimisLones with which TO grind up
their sabres. This illusha'es very point
ediy the nature Of the contest. Hand to-
hand IL was in earnest m Buffalo AaVocate
lbBot no clause in the Constitution su-
thorizes the use Of qrindstoaes in war,
that's radical sr.i...
The Nashville daily union. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1862-1866, 1863-06-26
DRAMATIs rERsoNE.

The drama was admirably enacted
throughout not a mistake or "stAge
wait" noticeable to any but practiced
eye or ear occurring. In the drama was
Introduced . concert by the pupils Of
Miss Eoline Glcnmore, at the Magnolia
Vale Seminary, ia which "Laudate Pue-
ri" was sung by Misses Samuel, Drake,
Lumsden, and Hehernan; 30 Glorioso
Domino" by Misses Drake, Samuel, Nor
rison, NJ. Lumsden, NJ. Heffernan, and j.
Maginness; and "Love's Approach," a
duett, by Misses Samuel and Drake, all
of which were sung with artistic excel
lenoe. We dislike on such occasions 70
allude especially to any one in particu-
lar, but we msst say that Miss samuel
has charming voice, and in her pathetic
songs touches the heart and commands
profound silence in room excessively
crowded with pfomiscuous assemblage
the best proofof her artistic excellence
and natural genius. Mr.. j. R. Adam,
their instructor in vocal music, presided
at the piano, aud accompanied the ladies
in Laudate and Glorioso "KinlOch"
was beautifully executed on the harp by
Miss Nellie Flowers.
The entire programme was gone
through with infinite credit to teachers
aud pupils, and to the great delight Of
The Nashville daily union. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1862-1866, 1863-06-26

la his speech at Newark, N. j., in
April last, Vallandighsm said:
ut has been proclaimed that IL never
was the Confederates' intention 10 in
wade the Northern States Tet, II his
'oar IS hePt up, battles fought, no relsrtiaQ
spirit, no prospect Of peace, no sound Of con-
cord % reach aoir ears THEY OUGHT
TO BE INDUCED TO MAKE THIS
INVASION"
The Nashville daily union. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1862-1866, 1863-06-26

Eight likely negroes were sold in
Boone county, Mo, on the 18th inst.
They brought in the agregate s 4y3.
One able bodied man of2G was sold for
$3.50 Three years ago he would have
been worth more than the whole eight
sold for.
The Nashville daily union. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1862-1866, 1863-06-26

The negroes at Newbsrn are flocking
to the Union standard. Enlistment
number feam City 10 ono hundred per
dsy, aud one day I,a he'd three
hundred The oolored brigade, in for
nation at that place, has from 1000 to
5000 men in It's rank.
The black regiment will soon swarm
over the rebellions South and Dive their
treacherous masters before them.