davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1863-07-07


ksou-x July o., |
PRODUCE AND PROvIsloNs.
VLouk-sapsraLs % ~; sprisl Wheat extra.
-; Fail Wheat krtr, - IS
CORN AkAL-ssc0ssc ? leo 10,
BRAN ANDsHokrs-7oa76s o IsUks.
SHIP srUFF--Soc.
CORN so 20 Us bash.
7ARLEY-7Jc 10 u -.
wHEAT-ssi ssuosl 90, Spring 7oa7se la
kyk-4sG4se
OATS 30 10 Csc.
PoTAToks-so 10 800. Retail 81 ne.
NEW POTATOES -si 90 to ~ 7s; Retail 10 per
peck.
BUTTkR-ioto re; retail Use.
k6Gs &c toa-
CHICkEkk-oi 90 to u IL.
LAkD-sD 7c.
BACok-shouidsrs, *, Hsns ST. sidssa.
oNiose-o NJ.
WHlTEBkANA--Common TO good 50 TO sI7s
Prime Nav, go 81 se.--yirm.
TALLoW--7e.
GROCERlEs.
suOAR-Nsv Orleans fair. ha.; prime isc /,
sAeics "a; New York, @, lee; New YORK, A, l5ic,
brushes aud povdsIedIsl
t1eLAssks - befchsrs Sugar Houss 7so; Col
dsnSyrups11sSc-ver very scaice; sorEuh, $50 <k.
CoFfkk-Ri" s24 3tr; lava so Lsxu,Ts Is
Rick-AAioc.
SODA-7 J., DC.
soAP-Psln Sic. PANTY &c. GornHn.7ie
oANU.xs-stsri7. 20 10, summer r.. ssed iai0I<
TEAS-youus H,ssn. q ioatt Is; isspsr,ai, ii gu
8el 10; BLACK, 73e1 u 20
ToBAcCo.-D.,k sweet, 4sc to IS = Medium Brands
o. TO rs; Gold and Natural ssf eos TO 0oc
NAi.s-hsst Braais q ssto d 20, rates.
GLAss-sxio City - 50. rates.
CORDAGE-lsc a 10
PIsH-so. AAet.rsi. Ibis. sIt % 10 sIseo
No. DO hfeon $50 y o. 80.
N M DO ws DO ~ ,oS 70 -
sUNDRsEs.
LEATHER-soie 3os n. bsraep, 20 a.
hIDks-Dry Flint race; Dry ssi,sa 10: srsbby han
pr,eei stssa sts; green sheep psls iseeI Is;
green hog sktns l3e.
HAy-Timo,hy % to Gle, ssisa s,2 os0 sn
PraIriv y5uVGr ".
skhDs-rimosh, ~ to 10; Flax Seed, se0ss
oomiLal.
rEATHERs-3o94s
RRUir-Drisd Apple, st97ie per u. Dried Peach
- " =, lote. gsisinssb 90 p KS.
CHEEsk-D~na,srks tste.
BEEF CATrLk-stasc gross.
sHkEP-sa 6o1soo Snssa.
woot,--Ciean Tubwashed, soc To SIS; Unwashed
one third Less.
sALT-Lak~ - co
oiLs-Coai OIL IS TO soci L,nssed OIL, u ~
lard Of. $40 to so Fish OH u 80 10 u 90.
hkksw 3sc-
VAT HoGs-e3 SOTO Is nett.
aAGs-wooisn y Cotton aie.
oLDtkoN--is 80. Brsss lop ? D Copper
FEE
6IcaAssr.-ob New YORK y pere snt .sHpka able
funds; rhiiadslphis, Boston ssd Ciseinssii j per
ssn,. 81. ,ssnd Chicago 4 per cent. G old -
70 80 su,ing.
DRY GOODS.
sHwErISGs-23 20 ale.
pRiLLS-96 10 s7.c.
RtNrS--H - lse.
DELtISs-e2 TO e7e.
GISGHA Ms--2i 10 nae.
CHAb~irK COATS sPooL-Ri %.
sKEiy rHREAD--ei co to u 10.
F,RxrRS MICH sssIaERE-so 10 sSe.
skitr BRAtD-sasi 10 o. %.
coR>kT JEANS 20 ~ s6a.
DENNIS 20 " 27se.
TlCkIAG--a5 " <Sc-
isv rrLrssApH.I
New York Mark 90.
New York Juiys.
Eour-Very dull. heavy, unsettled asd declining
ssi-s al p 7o1sS 81 for Eaus stale; % ioNss 20
=. q. q.
Wh-st-Qni'e frm. moderate dsrnAnd sai~s o.
81 200 81 26 for spyi.E; o. si40l a knwsskee
lib; 81 - set 81 for winser Ned.
Cofa-ls l.ser sales q, 1875 for chipping mixed.
OHls-.iATe.
ror.-prm. Ell Is r. cid NEE. sio 2ssslO IS
fr old snl mes prime.
Lara -SssaAy. saGi0Se.
Dsef-Quiei.
Wbissy--t sdy <Sc.
orvceriss--Qbiet
~ TELEsRArH.
tsSCA Market.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1863-07-07

@. L. vallandigham
at Halifax.
-
: FOREIGN NEWS.
New York. Julv r.
A Washington dispatch to the Mercu.

0's F@seu - wv "1efHu
~ states:
1t is now confidently expected. no, on
ly that Lee l. completely vsnqnished, blu,
HE army 10 Gu, OF FROM retrer by large
body OF Federal sroOps, which marched
firm Bloody Run yesterday to cooperate
with Gen. Kelly, ~ an increased force for
that operation.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1863-07-07
o.,m. r,rrssOse xA.l.oAp Ans. us.n. Co 4
~. Louis, Juar 10 i6G3
PROPOSALS ARE INVITED FOR
i furui hing tiis oo@psnv visA
5000 Rail. Road Ties.

The Tee 10 be o. OAK, -aart cherry w red elm q
fret ang s'x sches thick uith tnessp fscs thswed
"a twt stle..
To % ssiv-ssA :, Nan b. ioais, - d. asss Sask
sefo.e The 18th do, Of Ssps~ mbrs arss.
fun-sis viii h. nsie N d.. . o9AtvePJ.
Bill VII ~ recev dtos part. ,ov~s UaasJ o. ne
vLose Of the satiru tos
J0uN HpWs Pepsld ~
Address ~. KAsSpH. Saperis' ud~si,
te9o-dla CeSDes q vtns ~ MA SSloooD.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1863-07-07
Collection Of Pensions,
sACkPlY, siJgIlscgs xsLDlEs's riY.

And al sthssstsims - sss.t The 0..vernu,ept mas
shs stIsv.ssSt. serm..
No sses ehArs I'd uatii >alt,tn.to,, ,.,u.. - ..
eeivsd Aitnqatrte~ ~ mail wti r.es,s ...as,, a
sssAoa. wv. q. LUtk As4'y atlAw
'-ss AsAssoefse ssst 0acs tsp stssssl : ess VI
AAalt-tDy
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1863-07-07
Commercial.
csasEcTsp Baby sY
wHo i 6 1 j GROCER i o;
100 Csrasr Pearih and Main stfsess.

DAILy GATE CITv Owner,
Ks0u-x July Q %,
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11

No. 16.-An act to provide against extortion
by express and telegraph companies.
1t is hereby enacted &c.
Sec. l. No express or telegraph company
shall make contracts within this State. or en-
force in this State contracts made out of
this State, unless such company shall have
complied with the requirements of this act.
Sec. 2. Every express or telegraph COM
pany unless incorporated by the Legislature
of this State, shall keep on file and have re-
corded in the town clerks office in each town
where said express or telegraph company has
a place for the transaction Of business, q
statement of the names and residences of
the persons so transacting business as such
express Or telegraph company.
Sec. ). Every express company shall
post up in all of said company's usual places
of business. and in the post flee and town
clerks office in the towns where said express
company has a place of business. and keep
exhibited in a convenient place, in conspicuous
letters. printed tariff of the rates of al!
charges for transportation o: goods and chat
tells between all points with which said ex-
press company has any business or connec-
tim.
/ Sc. 4. Every telegraph company shall
constantly exhibit IN said telegraph compa-
nvs place of business in eath town in the
State. where said company has an operator,
and also in the offices of the town clerk and
y ST office in the town where slid telegraph
company transac,s business, 10y posting up q
printed card, on which shall be designated
all the places with which said telegraph has
business, and the rates OF charges for the
transmission of telegraph dispatches
Sec. }. Said telegraph or express compa-
nv ahall be restricted in their charges to The
tariff of rates SD exhibited, as provided IN
this ac;, and whenever any greater SIM than
is designated On such printed tariffs OF rate
shall have been paid, the person paving tn;
same nv recover back the amoant 50 pa.C
above the rates specified on SAID tarlf, viii
twelve per ce:-t. interest thereon from th'
time of snch payment, with full costs, liI &c
ton of assuLpsit declaring for money ha'
anG received, or goods sold and delivered, a
the case may lie.
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11

prescribed ly chapter seventh Of the general
statutes. shsl: I. enld, at myth, in book TO
h. Nj for :hs' anrpos-. aeh COS. of record
ct ma.I,~g. r-,ur. I'd TO h-ir ,.v-ral uffiu' :
Sc 3. Esch 1osn cle K shall i'm eriiaie-
ly record. a. length. every copy OF c'rd of
marriage l.f in his Office which has not been
so recorded.
Sec. 4. Each town clerk shall receive
from the town of which he is clerk, FIVE cents
for each copy of record Of marriage made
him in pursuance of this act.
Sec. S. This act shall take effect from it
passage.
Apnroyed. Oct. 20. 1863.
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11
COMPANY X.

There S a cap in the closet,
Old, tattered, and blue,
OF very slight value,
1t may be, 10 you:
But crown, rSel->tudded,
Could no, r,N It today,
With its letters of honor,
Brave "Co X"
The head that it sheltered
Needs shelter no more .
Dead heroes make holy
The trhes they wtrt;
SO Ike chaplet Of honor,
ti iauIel and bay,
Seems the cap OF the soldier,
Marked "CO. X"
Brigh, eyes have looked calmly
1t, visor beneath,
Ger the work Of the Reaper,
Grim Harvester Death
Let the muSter-roll meager.
So mOurnfully sa.,
How foremost in danger,
Went "Co X.
Whose footsteps unbroken
Came up TO the town,
Where rampant and bastiOn
Looked threat ningl' down
Who. closing up breaches,
Still kept on their way,
TIL ahS down ward pointed,
Faced Go H."
Who faltcred, or shivcred :
Who summed batrle-stroke
Whose fire was uncertain
Whose battle-linc broke:
Go, ask it of history,
Years from to-day,
And the records shall! tell you,
-No." "Co. h"
Tn ugh my darling is sleeping
To-day with the dead,
And daisies and clover,
Bloom over his head.
| smile through my tears,
As lay it away
That battle-worn cap,
Lettered Go. * -
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11

which said agent shall sell said liquors, and
the money received by such sales shall be
paid by such agent, into the treasures of
their respective towns or cities, whenever re-
quired by the selectmen of such town, or
mayor or aldermen of said cities.
Sec. .. All acts and parts inconsistent
with this act, are hereby repealed.
Approved, Nov. 1, 1863.
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11

How THE SOLDIER SLEEPS.-lou would,
think, wonder to see men lie right down
in the dusty road, under the full noon sun
Of Tennessee and Alabama, and fall asleep
IN minute. | have passed hundreds of
such sieepers. A dry spot is good mat
tress the flap OF blanket quite downy
pillow. You would wonder, think, to see
d whole army corps. as | have, without
shred Of tent to bless themselves with, ly-
ng anywhere in might rain and not q
glowl nor grumble. was curious to see
whether the plucA and god nature were
washed out Of them, and so made my way
out of the snug, dry quarters | am ashamed
TO say occupied, at five in the morning, to
see what wafer had done With them. Moth
iGg, Each soaked blanket ha,cbed out as
Jolly fellow as you would wish to see
muddy, dripping, half foundered, forth the!
came, wrlnging themselves out as they went
with the look O. troop of "wet down
foosters in tui rain storm, plomaee
ha'i-mas!, but hearts trumps every TIM.
they swore-,nd some did-it was with
laugh; 'ae sleepy fires We're stirred W; ,htl
came the-coff4e, and they were as good a
new. Blood is thicker than water.'-B +
Taylor,
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11

u \ UniversaIist clergyman Of Wiscon-
sin, who has recently returned home from a
term Of service as chaplain to regiment in
the army OF the Cumberland, spoke at q
town meeting The other day, and in the
course Of his REMARKS touched on the afro
cous barbarities Of the rebels. My friends,
be said, Il have always preached to YOU
against any such Institution as he'll, ot future
punishment, but my experience within the
! last few months has modified my opinions
; meailat: | believe here is he'll provided
tor those WICK ID devils as military necesSi
/ m."
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11

NJ A citizen of Jamacla P!ains. l.. l.,
went to answer ring at the door, a. the re-
quest of his wife, where he found nothing
but a basket. On removing the cover a
A beautiful little child appeared, some five
months old. The lady screamed, one of the
Iady's visitors took up the baby, and found
note pinned to its dress which charged the
gentleman with being its father and implor'
I'd him to support it. A rich scene ensued
between the injured wife and indignant nus
band, the latter denying all knowledge o.
the little one, and asserting his innocence
Tne friend iniertered, and at last the wife
was induced to forgive her husband, ver!
ro 'uishly adding that it was Their mntua
offspring, which had just been taken IRON
the cradle Tor the purpose OF playing tn
joke.
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11
4 Hard Case.

Private Alvah H. Miles, Co. F, I'd Yer
mont regiment, detailed for duty on the gun
boat fotlIa. Mississippi River, and who de-
serted March 10. 1862, has been sentenced
to bt branded with the letter D on the palm
of his right hand. This unfortunate man
claims slight consideration, fer his manly
testimony before the court envinced him to be
a maj. of honor and spirit. He was ordered
to report as above, with a number of soldiers,
and on their way thither they became intox-
icated to beastly degree. which was more
than the honorable soldier could endure, so
he deserted them and enlisted elsewhere.
When the specification and charges were read
to him, he brayely pleaded guilty. aud ex-
planned to the court the trying situation in
which he was placed by the dishonorable con-
duet of MS companion in arms. 81 am in
your hands, gentlemen, and at your mercy.
II am restored to the ranks, shall faith
fully perform my duties as a soldier, ard en-
deavor to retrieve the error | have commit
ted. If am sentenced to be shot, I'll stand
ard meet M sad fate as man." These as
near as can remember. are the exact words
of the condemned soldier, who, 10 shun one
ev'I, unwittingly committed greater.
RAILROAD ACCIDENT.-We learn that the
Night Express up met with serious acci-
dent last evening, about IL o'clock, just be-
low Canaan, \. III. Two passenger cars,
containing about one hundred persons, were
thrown from the track down an embankment,
and some thirty passengers more or less in
iured. One lady had i limb broken, and
ahother lady was badly burned. Fortunate
" 10 oIe was killed. The cars were badly
smashed III, aud one of them took fire before
the passengers sere all remnved.-Freemdp.
EXECUTIVE APPoINTMENTs.-His Excel
lency, Gov. Smith, has appointed Edson
Kemp, Esq, advocate, of Dlnham, c. E.,and
Sumuc' ". Foster, Esq. adv Jcate.of knoWi-
ton. Canada, commissioners to take deposi-
tiers. &c in the province of Canada.
+ HE RECRUITING SERyICE.-1wo commits
sio,ed officers AID ten men from each regi
pent of the lst VT Brigade have been sen,
home 70 recruit for their regiments.
TJo E,llov.ip,r ara ,L., otti l-rs sO d,.1 II
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11

HE FIRST MARRIAGE.,-And Adam said
" This is now hone of my bone, ard IeSh of
nv flesh sh5 snail be called woman because
she was taken out of man. Therefore shall
i man leave his father and mother and shall
clrave unto his wife. They shall be one
flesh" No cards.
~ \ numerous writer in the Chicago
Post describes now ne got out of bad scrare
in the Police Court:
The next mornins the Judge of the
Police Court seHt for me. went down, and
he received me cordially. Said he had heard
oi ,ha wonderful things had accomplished
at Bryan Hall, and was proud of me. Iva:
d promising Young man and all that. Ther
ne offered toast Guilty or Hot guilty p
RESPONDED in brief bat eloquent speech
setting forth the importance of the occasion
that had brought us together. After tn
usual ceremonies, loaned the city ten Col
lars"
05s Out of 1913 drafted men and substi
tutes from this State mustered into the b
Vermont regiment, sixty y-eiyht are alread
reported to the Adjutant Generals Office a
deserterS.
GFAt recent meetings of the First Con
gresatonal Church and society in St. Alban'
i, was voted to extend a cali TO Rev. q. t
Spaulding, of Vergenues, to become the
Pastor.
!, 8The Executive Committee of the Ten
: perance Society have agreed to hold the ne'
annual meeting of the Society in Burlingto
on the 10Th and 17th of December next.
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11
Approved. Oct. 2S, 1868.

No. l2.-An act explanatory to chapter
los of the general statutes entitled, "Of
mechanics and other liens
1t is hereby enacted, &c.
Sec. Section ; OF chapter los of the
general statutes shall be construed SO as to
apply to any saw Mil, srist mill or factory,
factory, anu to any water-wheel or steam en-
Sine erected within or nea the same, to be
used for the purpose Of operating machinery
ther-in.
SEC. >. Section i Of said chapter los,
shall be 50 construed as to authorize the
plaintiff in the action therein provided for,
tc cause to be attached said house or other
buil!ing. and said saw mill, grist mill or fac
tory water-wheel or steam engine, and the
Let of land upon which the same may stand,
in the manner therein mentioned, ard that
the liens provided for in said section, shall
attach to and be held applicable to any of
the property aforesaid, in the manner and
for the purposes, and subject to The remedies
provided for in said section.
! Sec. 5. This act shall take effect from its
passage.
Approved, Nov. 4, 1868.
No. li-An act in relation to witnesses.
1t is hereby enacted, &c.
Sec. l. In al, actions, where both has
band and wife are properly joined, either a;
plaintiffs or defendants, both the husband
and wife shall be competent witnesses. Pro
vided, that this act shall not be construed to
permit any married WON n to testify to any
admissions or conversations of her husband
whether made to herself or to third persons
Approved, Oct. so, 1868.
No. 1j.-An act in addition to chapter "a o
> the general statutes. relating to intoxicat
ing drinks.
1t is hereby enacted, &c.
Sec. /. 1t shall not be lawful for any TO WI
or city agent, appointed in pursuance Q
chapter 81 of the general statutes, tn pur
;, chase any intoxicating liquors at the expens
!. or credit of the town or city for which sue
r agent is appointed bat it shall be the dut
of the selvctmsn OF such town, or the mayo
: or aldermen of such city, to furnish sue
t agents at the expense of the town or cit.
such liquors as said agent is authorized b
said section, to sell, and shall fix the price (
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11

Ne. l7-An act to amend chapter - of the
ge;eral statutes entitled Of the grand lis.
1t 10 hereby enacted, &c.
Sec. l. Section , OF chapter S3 of the
general statutes, shall be so construed as to
require all real and personal estate to be 81,
in the list to the last owner of said estate.
on the first day of April of each year.
Sec. 2. Section IS of said chapter, is here
by amended so that the list of transfers OF
real estate, required to be prepared for the
listers of each town, shall commence with the
second day Of April Of each year.
( Sec. 3. Each town clerk shall prepare for
the use of the lister, of the town, list OF
mortgage deeds recorded in his office from
the second day of April to the first day
of April, inclusive each year, and SAID list
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11

Sec. ,. 1t shall be the duty o! the COM
mittee to make up the grand list. TO first ex-
anime and see if there are any omissions n:
neglects of listers in making the returns As
required by law, and if any be found, TO i'm
media,ely notify the listers, by letter, of the
same, and il the listers shall not correc: the
same, i shall be the duty of the chairman of
said committee to report said listers TO the
States Attorney of the county in which said
delinquent listers reside, and said States At
torney shall commence prosecution for the
penalty imposed in section ~ of chapter So
Of The general statutes.
/ Approved, Nov. II, 1865.
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11

IF Counterfeit two's on the Peoples
Bark, Dtrb, Line, have made their appear
ance, but s. baGly executed as not to be very
likely to deceive.
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11

No. l7.-An act relating 10 the grand list.
1t is hereby enacted. &c.
Sec. l. 1t shall be the duty CT the listers
in each town to make an abstract of their
grand list in each year. after its completion,
and annually return the same to the chairman
of III. committee raised by the legislature to
make up the grand list, on or before the
third Thursday of October. which abstract
shall contain the following particulars, and
Zoe in form as follows:
STATE OF VERMONT.
Grand List Of the Totrn Of for the II .
REAL ESTATE. Dolls CTS
Buildings not having more than ten
acres Of Ian attached mills. factO-
ries, quarries. &c.
(No. of acres
Apprised at
PERSONAL ESTATE.
Total value. without reference to de-
/ ducttion for debts owing, tS }
/ Amount after deduction for debts owing
! Total amount of real andpersonal es-
J tate.
/ POLLS-fNo. J assessed al - Is
, DOGS-(N0. J assessed az g is
One per cent of real and persona! estate.
Add amounc assessed on polls add dogs,
Total list being for State taxes.
We certify the above to be a true abstract {
the grand list for the town OF for tn
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11
Approved, Oct. 80, 1868.

No. o5. An act in addition to section 13,
chapter - IF the general statutes, relating
e. union districts.
Ii is hereby enacted, nc.
Ssc. l. Section I3, chapter ID of the gen.
eral statutes, shall be amended by adding the
following wor1s:
And such prudential committee shall
have all the powers, and discharge all the
duties in relation to said school and the
school house OK school houses of sach dis
lrict rs are prescribed to other prudentis
committees in restion TO the school and
school houses in their respective districts"
! Approved. Oc,. %, 1868.
marriages.
! Ii is hereby enacted, &c.
Sec. l. On or before the last day of Feb
urary in each year, every Justice, minister O
the gospel and clerk or k-ep-r of records o.
lue HlCetilS ~Hcicid Shf lnaiiiasc a'nohs LII
Friends or Quakers shall have been solemn
lied. shall return to the town clerks office il
the town sh-re such marriage shall ha,,
been solernnized, c-rtiie l copy of said re
cprd which he is required to make by III
provisions of chapter 69 of the general stat
utes, and every such justice, minister o
Clerk. VINO shall neglect or refuse to retur
such copy or record of marriage, as abov
provided for, for each neglect or refusal shal
be fined the sum of ten dollars, TO be recoy
ed on the complaint of grand juror of sue
town.
. Sec 2. The town clerks of the seyers
towns of this State, in addition to the duties
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1863-12-11

tY1 An ingenious person has discovered
that the three most forcible letters in our
alphabet are n K 6; that the two which
contain nothing are NJ T. that four express
great cJrpulence, o B c I; that two are III
a decline, ID X ; that four indicate exalted
station, X In c; and thee excite our
tears, yet, when pronounced lose'ner, are
necessary TO good understanding-L + &