davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
The WORT Of .ho vaaaal. at Jaoi..on,illo


From the Lake City (Fla) Columbian, April 9th.J
On hasty visit to Jacksonville few DAYS
since, we were deeply impressed with the hor-
rors of Yankee warfare, while Witnessing the
waatOn destruction Of property in that beautl.
ful but unfortunate city. Those who remained
there during the enemy's raid informed rs that
the wretches, not content with heapiBe every
indignity upon both sexes, would carry off or
destroy everything they could lay hands on.
and if the citizens dared to remoastrase, they
were met with the vilest abuse, and even threat
ensd with death OF the amout Of loss to indi-
vidusls by Gre and robbery, nothing like cor
rect estimate can be made Some succeeded in
saving most of their household articles, while
others lost pretty much all
Probably about One-third of the town was
destroyed by the fires set by the enemy. A
heavy rain sRd the efforts of tho few citizens
remaining, with the hearty aid Of cur troops as
soon as they reached town, extinCuished the
flames in many Of the buildings. OF the
churches, but two were burned--she Episcopal
and the Catholic. The Tesidencs of the late
Judge Pearson, and another dwelling rear the
former, were destroyed. Arouad the Catholic
church pretty much al the buildings for the
space of two blccks were consuued The
Washington hotel and the former residence of
Mrs. Foster, and all for the space Of two blocks
IN their rear were destroyed, with the exception
OF Mr.. HeTn's house On the upper corner. The
court house snd Jail were consigned to tho
flames. The four stores in the tyo-st0ry brick
block on Ocean street, north Of Hoeg & Am
bler's block, were entirely destroyed. Ga Bay
street the following buildings were consumed
Bisbee q Canova's blcck, o Holmes block /
Mr.. Kipp's house, Mr.. Bisbse's, Judge D9rmsn's, /
Dr. Baldwin's sRd the foar brick stores below
Hoeg & Ambler's owned by Msssrs Canover,
Blackwell and Miller also brick store near,
on the street running north. On the hill above
the late Judson house, the buildings were en-
tirely sweet away, including the residences of |
Messrs. Geo. r. Foster, Emery, Gibbs, Fair
banks, and several others whose names are
unknown 10 us Ia fact, fem The railroad
depot to Mrs Hsddoclzs place "a distance Of
two miles) there is not building Of any de- !
scription left Standing; even the brick church |
being burned and the brickysrd destroyed. Be-
sides this az almost irreparsble injury is done |
J Jacksonville by the destruction of her besHi |
lul shade trees It was evidently tho intention |
Of the viIlsins to destroy the whole town but !
as usual, in their infamous and eoTardiy under |
iakiDgs, they only psrtislly succeeded.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
VOL. XIV, NO. 80

cancelled their bills, ana at smother place in
Illinois the landlord charged the nominal sum
Of quartsr Of dollar, and set the bsst Of wino
before them-the Yankee officers IN charge
being present. Frank LssIjs's Illustrated Rsrs,
Of the 1lth, has significant caricatuEe, repre-
senting Abe Lincoln as toy goose h0siing in
basin Of water, attracted by q msguetised dag
ger, upon which IS printed the word "Goid-"
The lure is too strong to resist, and ABE rushes
eagerly on towards the fatal spot-Aagusia
Chre,ieIc
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

moment is pregnant with danger there is no
diminution of people on the streets. Ladies go
shopping and promenading as before, and but
fear seems to be manifested about the
of an unexpected shell. Colonel Marks,
/ 96th La, who is commaudant of the city
police, hasissued an order prohibiting all persons
from gathering in crowds upon the hills sbout
the city to obtain view, except commissioned
officers. The object of this order is to avoid
drawing the enemy's FIRE to those exposed
places. 1t has been a fault with the citizens
here, ladies included, to expose themselves in
the most dangerous places to witness the firing,
and their reckless daring is being circumscrbed
by the official orders of the commandant of the
post.
What the next move of GENERA. Grant win be,
is hard to conjecture, but all are of the opinion
that his arrangements must be nearly complete
for an assault But few boats are now kept in
sight of the city, and what is going on behind
the point above is bard to tell. My own opin-
lon is that the frst demonstration viii be an
o.ber effort to run few moro transports. The
Forest Queen is the only transport below, that
know of, and she alone is insufficient to the
tack of bringing all the troops over below. In
due course of time we shall learn the entire
object of the enemy, and I believe we are ready
for them. NEsToR.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
SOAP SOAP
SO.aE E01 TFEE .zEFLET0.1,

y W Y z NLE TIE sIELLEJsV'.
A Ii Of yoa vha szsut BAR SOAP mi M in
- h-e- u5Ian tns salae et = reasonable prices
as the iIle' viii permit by applying at The Soap Fac
tory necr The Confe6erzte House Jookson Miss.
G. T. LYNCH, Proprstar.
2 ST. viii sell Soft sosp at Is cents per po-nd It
VII be Of hrst-rsts quality All parties wishing the
Eame nusf furnish bErel4 Brigade coTamsssries and
Others VIII co well 20 have al Grease they can
spare EhipRed TO me- viii pay b hish pr'cs for the
Hsme An orders accompanied with The cash or grease
sn1g sv- n n TYlccFT
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

TT WEEEEVER 5ts.e t-nops sre organized szd
L. serving uRder Co-fsderate authority they Ehslf
be emitted 70 5hs pay aud Ho az Ccrfs ie
troops rsgu sly mustsred nts lie Confederate ser
vice; therefore eli STATE troops serving IN this
department and serving Hndsr Conc5e=stc autho7tea
VIII receive The sans rsy tie sarre medical attend
suse, and ths EsUe allowance OF 9 1arternssier and
Ccmmisssry ztores as o-her trsoca Recognized and
known as Confederate tro0ps
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
20 TME EAnEEG

CONFEDERATE STATES or AMERIOA,l
SURGEON GENERALS OFFICE
Hcamond Va Gs-ch 18th, 1863.
CiFcular.l
M 8DlCAh PURvEYCRS VIII make en5ssycrs
41 tnroneo eari7 p16l he'd 10 neWspspsrs 10 induce
TIE ladies throughout the son % 5aterst Themselves
In the culture Of thu GARDEN POPPY. They my
thus TendsT ths ConiederRcy essential service
is1tneol s. p. MOORE
Surgeon General, c. S. A.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
The Outrage at .BacIzsorTiiIe. FIorida,

Correspondence Of the New York Trbune.l
OFF JACKSONVILLE, March 25-Jackson-
vile is in ruins That beautiful city, which has
been for SO many years the favorite resort for
invalies from the North has to day been burned
to the ground, and, what IS sad to record by the
soldiers of the national army. Scarcely man.
sion, cottage q negro hut, or warehouse re-
mains.
From this upper deck the scene presented to
the spectator is one Of the most fearfal magnif-
cenee. On every side, from every quarter of
the city, dense clouds of black smoke and aame
are bursting through the mansions aud ware
houses. A fine south wind is blowing immense
blazing eindeTs right into the heart OF the city.
The beautiful Spanish mosa, dFooping so grace
fully from the long avenue Of splendid oaks,
has caught IRE, and, as far as the eye eau
reach through these once pleasant streets, no.
thing but sheets of fame eau be seen, running
up with the rspidity of lightning to the tops
OF the trees, and then dartirg OF to the smallest
branches
The whole cisy-mansions, warehouses, trees,
shrubbery and orange groves; ell that refined
taste aud art through msny years have made
beautiful and attTactive--are being lappsd up
and devoared by the bowling, fery blast One
solitary woman, horse tied 10 fence between
two fires, and a lean, halfstarved dog, are toe
only living inhabitants TO be seen on the streets.
Fifty families, most of them protesting Union
sentiments have been taken on board Of the
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
IEEDIcaL PuRYEron.s orr1cr

JeckHon, miHEissiDpi, Apii I'd 1863 Z
4 compliance vita ths above order frora the sureso-
Il General, woud respectfully esl tie attsniios Of
the ladies' Of Mississippi and Louisiana the ipspar.
tanos Of tho cultivation of this plant the iucs Of
which exudiog froH the punetured capsules when s a.
centy hardened and Carefully put ~, may be seat to
this depot RICHARD POTTS,
Surgeon c. s. A. aad a1eaisal Purvavor.
au4.1un naaarfTnruf ETez IN . a.t E.--irs,--
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

TULLAHoHa, april % The bridge has b-en 5usrt
near Meannville and be wires interrupted bat it is
not supposed MelIinnvllle Is in tie haz5s o. the ens
my. Advices ezpseted to NOR ".
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
Iusr FRoM TIE NORTH We hara hnd !.

JUST FROM THE NORTH We have had thu
pleasure Of eOuveTsing with Confederate eff
Ger who left New York as recently as Saturday
last BE was not permitted to held written or
ers from the tone of the press, and esDeeiallv
from heaTssy, that the conseTiplion act viii not
be enforced, and if attempted will make bloody
work. He heard an ofEeial ia high position re-
mark that such an Estemps would provoke q
more desperate and bitter war at the North than
now exists between the North ard the Soutb
The general tenor Of his remarks was eneouT-
aging. Hs brings with him numerous tokens of
Northern sympathy for our cause, in the shape
Of purses, pen knives, etc, which had been pre-
ssnted to him, and speaks of having received
attentions frcn many who wished tie South
success. At One town in Ohio, the landlord Of
the hotel at which he and his comrades stopped
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

q The Yicksbprg H7ig learns the Ysnkeos
have troops stationed along the Mississippi
shoTs from Friar's Point to Tallula, who are
gathering in all tire negroes they can pursuade
to leavs their homes. The youag and healthy
negro men are sent to Lake Providence and
placed in camp Of instruction preparatory to
b ing formed into companies and regiments.
Ths old men, women and children are sent
back to the plantations with provisions and
orders to put in crop Of cotton, which the
Yankees assure them vii bo protected. S:eers
division is ssid to be stiu in camp near Skip
with's laHding.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
THURSDAY MORNING, April %

THURSDAY MUhhtNd, APAll 50
About twelve o'clock last night the alarm was
given that the enemy was approaching with
the gunboats, and soon one, two, three, and SO
on till six of them came in sight. They proved
to DO transports, lined With cotton, and the hull
prote cted by cosl barges lashed TO their sides.
Our batteries opened vigorously on them, and
apparently fred with accuracy AID great rspidi-
ty, but all the boats escaped without much in
jury, save one that had her steamworks pene-
trated aud became unmanageable. She after
wards was again atruck and is since reported as
sank
It is rather humiliatiDg that these transports
should run our batteries at pleasure, and,
though perfectly satisfied with the exertions of
our batteries, I cannot help but feel discouraged
at Witnessing the imperfect arrangements here
to repulse the enemy. The men in the batteries
are vigilant and skillfal, the guns sre good, our
troops are brave and determined, and nature has
provided us with means to blockade the river
50 that it would Re entirely impenetrablo But
there is want somewhere, and in due course of
timc the proper exposition viii be msde.
ETrr,rOu
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
EaESSfRLUTRf1N-

FfSzzE fra ef cunby a Robinson, OF Memphis, Tenn
II 5 fhis daT dissolved oy mutual consent An Der
eo1G hsr1ng e-aiHos sgaast said FRA viii present the
sszss " T. Quinby WAC IS a'ons sst5ortAorizsd te
pay sud al persons whe s-e Indebted &c ssid frla WI
msks Immediate Rsyuaut to ssd Czinby who has bsep
sztboris ed 70 ssttls ssid f-ms business
Wh T. Quincy
T. 4. ROBINSON,
General Psriaerg
J. s.. cLAYHORN
EsoEah, Ca, JauusTy 2 1893 Special Partner.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
eur EocatfeTa

The location CT tEe Appeal Office
IS on State street, q few doors below
the Post Office.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
Major sRd Q Il, pzTo. 8. eo8ola'
D 3 basaIELL. - - - 60 9 4.

September 1852, Col A. C Myers Qaariermasts
General Q. S. A. ordered Maj /. Minis, A. . A., c.
5. A, 70 pay State troops in service, above but
owing 90 wsrt Of funds, they YFers not paid as
late as October T. 5i2i therefore Governor Pettus
ordered me 70 furnish tie State Quartermastsrs with
funds 70 pay OF the State truups for past Eervces
which was accordingly done, Maj. biTns, A. G E c. g.
A, promising st he time reimburse the State
for funds thus disbuTsed By IN agreement made
a5ut March a6 l5a3 between Lieutenant General
Pembertou ans Governor Pettus. the Governor was
advance funds 20 Confederate authaTes 10 enable said
Eufborities 10 pay Of state troops the be re-
funded 10 the State As funds were received in
this military department by Confederate DAVE asfsrg
hence aEaiu ordered by Governor Pettus on the
3oth Of the sane month, 10 pay TO Capt. John
Bnnsal, assistant chief paymasicr hundred and
nifty thousand dollars winch order was promp ty com
piled with ~ VIII be seen reference to the fol owing;
DEPARTMESTO OF MISSISSIPPI AND EAST / ToUIsIASAl =
Chief Ply masters Office. 8
Received at Jackson Mississippi March 30 1863 OF
Col A IT. Wer QusrterTns General Of shs STATE
ui Mississippi tse Of two hundred ana fifty thou
sand dollar, for the purpose Of paying Of the ss
AFp htae trOo9s, which amount is be refunded TO
tbs State thTo igh said 5. H. West, Qusrtermaser Gen
era state OF Mississippi funds arc received
n this de- apartment
isignsd IN Duplicate JOHN BONsAL.
Captain sod A q n
BY reference to The shove letter Of Richard Cox
major ETC. it WI be sesa how aud By whom the mus
Ter roll is 70 be certified TO- in order receive pay due
which, r. is hoped viii relieve Ststa troops Of much
embarrassment and facilitate the collection Of money
que lot services rendered 4. H. WEST,
all-LW lluartgrm s
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
TerElas d AdYertfafne.

An advertisements viii be charged
S1.5O per soUSre fox the first inasr-
tiOn and 81 tos. each subseq1ent in
aarfion.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

We have read letter from one of our most
valuable citizens, who is a member OF Colonel
Stsrnes' regiment of cavalry, and who was in
the fight, or skiTulish, at Franklin. On tins 9Th
cur cavalry had skirmish, on The Lewisburv
pike, in which one man was killed in bis rsgi-
ment, and several wounded, among them our
friend VIM. Whitworth, who was very slightly
wounded in the arm, and bullet passed
through his has
On the evening Of the 18th, slarnss brigade
was surprised While moving in column down
the pike, their battery following Colonel
b ffiss rogiuout, tne Tgnkees emerged from
the woods ard from Behind bill, upon each
side of our forces, and commenced firing upon
cur battery and II q few moments had can
tuTed two or three Of the pieces, and killed two
OF three of the caunoneers, and also the gallant
Captain Freeman. Ten OF twelve Of our men
were also captured. Our forces for a few
moments were somewhat Disconnected. but
soon rallied and drove tae Yankees, killing
and wounding seveTsl, and capturing about
fifteen. The rest Of the Yankees were driven
nesrly into Franklin The whole Of our cr-
tlleTy was Tecsptured, bat IN a damaged
condition, especially the wagons, harness. etc.
We have been ihus particular in detsils Of this
sffsir because there have been so many mis-
representations afloet, some Of which made
our loss so heavy a5 to excite much anxiety
among our people, aud which gave g ssdGened
tone to our times few days back This
is the fall truth, for il comes from q high
minded gentleman of Col Stsrnes command.
He also states that he ,conversed with tie Yen-
kee prisoners we captured, and learned from
them that Rasscgans did not intend to attack
General Bragg at Tullaboms, and that his /
tRoseerans9 force amOGated to 4, ,000 That I
IS what the Yankee prisoners say " iEeaestcr |
BRitetia 1Sti
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

a Mr. Frowell Buxton, son of the oTigina-
tor Of Euglish emancipation, has written to the
Londcn Times disapproving, rs barbarous, Lin
coins emancipation Proclamation.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
By order Of Llsut-Gsa- PExBERToE
= z HaUDI, a A. 9.
State trooPs we-o ssrFnz ana are still serving IN
der Canfesesats sHthor-ty."


RTCHMOSD. Fesrusry Ii, 1903
Major A. B COOKE, @ II, Jackson Mas:
MAJOR: Ia reply 20 yoar communication Of tie s7h
utmpE havs 20 morn ycu thai sechon = Of Congress
set No IS approved March 1861 provides th.t when
ever militia volunteers csile6 en5 rec=iTed i1ts
tbs service o. tie ConsGdsra.e States ther shall
eeve tie sse Pay snd slloancas a. may be provided
FOR tha regulsr Ermy. Also allowance Of forty cents
per day, the OF hose 20 81 mounted non com
lnissi1ned offers uusics-s and prFstes They msst
be cali into the service te Cenfedergts States By
order Of comman1ug General or BY the Qroc' ans
ton OF The sovsnor upcu Ire rqus ion OF the Presi
dent A certificate t1is effect sh5dd ppear uDon
The muster roll Eigued BY the colonel ssnicr officer
c7mmsnai1g Your o5sdieut servant.
EIUHAgD COX
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
Al CARDi

GUAAIERAAS TER GENERALS DEPARTBfT,
STATE OF NISSlSSIPPL
JACKs9E- Mississippi April ls,h 1853
IDIIGRS APPEAL: AS much delay snd confusion
IL has attended tho Payment Of the Militia sud Vel
un-eer forces OF this state and 20 avoid its
n the future, and that the su jset may be properly
derstooa you vii piese Pubih tbs card for the info--
nation Of al concerned:
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
Gse 3tleuqlsis 8ppeaL.
PUBLTsHED
Tersass os subscPfptT01R.

Daily per nlOnth---------.---..---. Sc. so
~ No subscription taken for .oagsr iern than
Two aouths.
single copy y-----------s--------IeB cents
2 he paper VIII be delivered to all
news-dealers at Ten cts. Per copy.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

Is TEE BLOoKADg RAIsEDl-This question
is pertinent Just now. Il looks ike # was
down st the wharf And was it not for the &C.
easional booming Of guns in the direction Of
Fort Morgan, we shoald Say the blockade was
raised Our skippeIs begin 60 look uuon the
Yankees feet outside with great contenpt. In
fact we should not be surprised 70 lind fbs
whole of them at our whsrves some fine mora
ing, brOugh! in by 8 blockade runner The
blockade is played out - good for nothing bnt
to scare children.-M0bi!e Neps.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

FLoRmA PLANTERS PLowISG UP THER
CoTroN.-Tbo Gainesville (Fls.) Cotton Stats,
Of tho IIth, says: 1--WE are happy indeed to
learn that hundreds Of acres of cotton in this
State are being plOwed up and planted in corn
Because thore is not an immediats demand fer
corn, and because some may rot this year, does
nos make it certain that it may not eli be need
cd next year. This is what those who have
changed their minds have told Us, and this is
the glorious doctrine that will save our cause.
Macy, very many, Of our planters are deei-
mined to sustain the cause if 1t cost sl they
possess in the world. Liberty, gloricus liberty,
first, last and forever 9"
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

u The names of Hons. Andrew Ewing and
Washington Barrow, and Colonel P. Tarney,
have beon suggested in cur Tennessee e1-
chsnges as candidates for Governor.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT MTSSTS-l
SIPPI AaSD EAST LOUISIANA
JACKSON, HIS, Cc.obsr ., 1862
osnersl GIdsr Nc. Il
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

III seems that scms five or Elk other
ladies' were arrested with tbe dsughtar of Gen.
Battle. The Winchester Bulletin says they
were arrested for passing the Federal lines
without authority" and after few dsys' i'm
prisonmsnt at Nashville, were sent up North TO
Camp Chase. TIE order srresting them, stated
that they were to be Imprisoned for the war.
We have already noticed thsir arrival at Camp
Chase. Those Of cur of6cers AID men who
have been captives in this bastilo, only can form
q correct estimate Of the horrible pIivadous
these ladies viii be suiecied TO.
- The Yieksburg gaig, allud ing TO a state
ment made by our correspondent that the
silence Of our basteries was "attributablc to the
peremptory orders of Gen. Psrubarton, who re-
fuses permission to open frs, says: owe ere
informed and requested to state that whatever
orders have been issued relating to our batter
les firing, came from the district and not the de-
psrtment commander"
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

WNFIEJD SCOTT-General scott's health is
said to be falling him fast. He is confined TO
his apartments in the Fifth Avenue hotel, New
Yerk, almost entirely helpless, and It is said
that bis mind, at leagth, Is breaking down, IN
der the weight Of years, and mental and bodily
troubles.
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24

- The Charleston Courier ssys: We
have reformation which authorizes us 20 believe
that Captain VIM. Il. G!sdding is, or was late
ly, in rigorous custody st Port Royal, with a
ball and chaia, and charged as a spy. Have
we any cartel or any sipuIations which tie
Ysnkees csu bs y,ada fo roq,eot7
Memphis daily appeal. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1847-1886, 1863-04-24
gully .g9ppeal,
MORNING EDITION.
JACKSON, MISS
rRTnAY MoRNINg. APRn q.
V1IFEFeE F7oVE1EENTs.

The movements Of the Ysnkee detachment
that came down through the northeastern coun-
ties of Mississippi, appesr to be difficult to as
certain. We have had various rumors as to
their destination, aud their whereabouts is now
uncertain. A report gained circulation last
evening which located them about twenty miles
northwest of Columbus, and advancing on that
place. With reference to the same party, we
have seen a dispatch to General WEST, dated
Canton, Wednesday morning, which says
" Reliable reports just in say that the
Yankees were at Lodi ihis morning"
Lodi is in Choctaw county, ten miles east
of Wiuona--the point on the Central railroad it
was reported from Houston day or two since
they threatened TO reach for the purpose Of de-
stroying the road. We know our force at Co
lumbus will be able to punish the venturesome
invader if they afford an opportunity. Our force
there has been greatly increased Of late. We
are also informed that sufficient precautions have
been taken to prevent Communication with
Grenada being cut of as the Yankees eoDteul-
plate. Their raid is, however, 8 daring one, far
exceeding in boldness any Of their former exPs-
aitiozs, but they viii probably find their return
from the country intorf-red with. It certainly
should be, and in the most successful manner.