davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13

At q Court OF Probate holden ut Alfred, with.
In and tor the county Of York; on the arst
TuesdaH or March, In the yearNof our Lord
eighteerl hundred and slxty-three, " the Hon. f.
4. Bourre, Judge Of said Courts
IN the pktition OF Samuel w. Luqu3, creditor
" Of tho ystate OF Daniel J. Littl4eld, late oil
Kenne un tort, In said county, decea4cd, praying
that admni rntion OF the estate 'of skid deceased
may be grafs TO him or TO some other suitable
persons ~
Ordered, Tht tho petitioner cite ttb widow and
next OF kin n take administration ard give notice
thereof TO thceirs ofsaid deceased aid TO all per.
sons interestedn said estate. by cauying copy OF
this order 10 published In the W ios r Journal,
printed In Bidd4 FORD, In said county, Shree weeks
SUCCESSFULLY, thai they may appear Probate
Court 10 be- holden Mt South Berwick. said coun-
ty, on the arst Tuesday In April nexE ut ten OF
the clock In tho forenoon, and shew cfuse, II any
they have, win tho prayer Of said petition should
AtiesS George Ii. KnoWlton. Register.
A true copy.
Attest. 6corge II. Knowlton, Register.
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
PORTLAND AND BOSTON LINE.
SUMMER ARIA GEM NT:!

The splendid new sca-golng Steam.
ers Forest City, Lewiston, aud
<IIEN Montreal, will until further no
E1Hbst98 toe run ne followsi
Leave Atlantic Wharf, Portland. every Monday
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, Mt 9
o'clock p. NJ, and Central Wharf Boston, every
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Fri.
day, at7 O'CLOCK 7. NJ.
Fare-In Cabin, $I.2j. On Deck, sl.0O.
NJ Is. Each boat Is furnished with o large number
of State Rooms, for the accommodation OF ladies
and families; and travellers are reminded that by
taking this line, much saving Of time and expense
will DO made. and that the Inconvenience or arri-
wing in Boston ut late hours OF the night Will be
avoided.
The boats arrive In season for passengers to take
the earliest trains out OF the city.
The Company are not responsible for baggage TO
an amount exceeding $50 In value, and that person
al unless notice Is given and paid for at the rate OF
one passenger for every $500 additional value.
" l.. BILLINGS. Agent.
Portland. Nay 10, 1860. 4lu
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
X. III. EDDY,
SOLICITOR OF PATENTS,
Lat, Ag,nt Of U. s. Patent OHce. Washington,
(undsr the act Of 1879
70 State Street, opposite Kilby Street,
BOSTONi D. n.

AFTER m extensive practice OF upwards Of %
n years, continues 10 secure Patents In the United
States also In Great Britain, France. and other
foreign countries Caveats Specifications, Bonds,
Assignments, and all Papers or Drawings for Pa
tents, executed on liberal terms and with despatch
Researches made into American or Foreign works
TO determine the validity or utility OF Patents OF
InventiOns-and legal or other advice rendered In
all matters touching the same Copies OF the claims
of any Patent furnished by remitting One Dollar
Assignments recorded ut Washington.
The Agency Is not only the largest in New Eng.
land but through 10 Inventors have advantages TOT
securing Patents OF asccrtaining the patentability
OF inventions unsurpassed by, II not immeasura-
bly, superior to- any which can he offered them else
where The testimonials below given provo that
none is MORE SUCCESSFUL At THE PATENT
OFFICE than the subscriber and ms SUCCESS is
TIE BEST PROOF OF ADVANTAGES AND ABlL-
lTY, no would add that he has n! undant reason TO
believe, and can prove, that ut no other Office
the kind are the charges for professional services
so moderate. The immense practice OF the sub
scriber during twenty years past, has enabled him
to accumulate u vast collection OF specifications
and official decisions relative to patents. r.
These, besides his extensive library OF legal and
mechanical works, and full accounts Of patents
granted In the United States and Europe. render
him able, beyond question: TO oler superior faclli.
ties for obtaining Patents. fT
All necessity or journey to Washington to pro.
cure patent, and the usual great delay there are
here saved inventors.
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13

Consumption, scrofuia, rheumatism, &C.
Hsg.maa r. Co.'S Genuine Cod Liver Oh has been
proved by nearly 20 years experience the best
remedy for CONSUMPTION, &c, and while tcures
the disease It gives nssh and strength to the pa
tlent. See that you get the GENUINE. Sold by
Druggists generally. HEGEMAN CO.,
Sim Chemists and Druggists, New York.
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
''' Attest. George II. Knowlton. Register.

At a \Court or Probate held at Alfred. within
and Ar tho County OF York. on the first Tuesday
in MArch, In the year OF our Lord eighteen
hundred and sixty.three, by the Hon. E.E.Bdurne,
Judge said Court, -..r-li'' '
EONARh ANDRRwS, named Executor III Ger:
IL tain instrument, purporting 20 be- the INT will
and testament OF Major W. Folsom. late bf Bid:
deford, in said\county. deceased, having PRESENTED
the same for pRbate' a..... ..rg
Ordered, THAI the said executor giY notice
70 all pepsons interested, by causing acopy ofthls
order ~ be pubhehed In tho Union n Journal.
printedfin Biddefdt /, IN said county, krce weeks
successfully, that NY may appear aYa Probate
the akt Tuesday in tpril next. at ten Of the
clock Din the forenoon, Odd shew caus} u any they
have, Thy the said instruA tent should not prove,
approked, and allowed as&he last will and tesla
7 Attest George III SnOwlton, Register.
A true COPY.
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
nr;,tadoro's Hair PreMryatiye,

Is Invaluable with his Dye. rs 1t imparts the ut
most softness the most beautiful gloss. and great
vitality to the Hair Price 50 cents 81, and - pei
bottle, according tosize. wv
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
Save your Silks, Ribbons, &C., &c

HEGE,iAN 4 co.'s CONCENTRATED BEN
ZINE, removes Paint, Grease Spots 40. Instantly
and eleanses Gloves, silks, Ribbons, &C., equal to
new, without injury 10 the most delicate Color VI
fabric. Only IS cents por bottle. Sold oy orus-
gists. hEobhAN Vs.
amo.a Chemists and Druggists, N. Y.
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13

At Court Of Probate held at Alfred. within and
for the county oCYork, on the nrst Tuesday OF
March, In the ear of our Lord eighteen hun
dred and sixtt .threc. by the Hon. 4. y. Bourne,
Judge Of ym Court,
Nj of William T. Boulter late Of Bujtou, In said
county, deceased. having presented b6r second nc.
count OF administration of the estye OF said de-
ceased for allowance
ordered, That the aid Accountant give notice
to all persous INTERCEPTED. by causing copy OF this
order to bo published In the Union 4 JournE. print
cd in Biddeiord, said county, three Yeeks sue.
cessiyely. that hey may appear at PD Sbate Court
TO be I'D at 6th Berwick. In said cs6nty on the
FIRST Tuesd& lin April next, at ten Of the clock
In the fore Bbn and shew cause, II any they have,
why thu zine should not DO allowed.
Attest, George II. Knowlton, Register.
- Xftest, George II. Knowlton. Register.
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
MARRIAGES.

Biidefbrd-Feb. 81, by Rev. c. Tenney. Mr..
Joshua NJ. Dearborn and Mrs. Louisa {. Frye,
both of Biddeford.
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
pIrobuts 9otisss.

At>a Court OF Probate holden ut Alfred, within
ana for the County York. on the first Tuesday IN
MaAch, In the year OF our Lord eightec4hun.
dred\ and sixty.free by the Honornble}E. X.
BOurA Z. Judge OIL ID Court, -de
ZANE AVER. WIDOW of Moses Aver late bfNew,
her sa ::s Il
tate OF saidS deceased n
Ordered. TIM the said petitioner givd notlcel to
all persons intoSested by causing COPY of his
order TO be published three weeks succ4siyeY In
the Union and JdtrnaL printed in BidQefoG. In
said county, that fbey may appear ut Pybbate
Court Il he held nc outh Berwick, In said county,
on the lrst TuesdaNin April next, at ten OF the
closk inYthe forenoon. Rnd shew cause, ifany they
have, Why the same should not be allowed;
Attest, George II. Knowlton, Register.
true copy.
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
TESTIMONIALS.

n' .f TESTIMONIALS.
81 regard Mr.. Eddy as one OF the most edpabi.
and .reees,fai practitioners with whom have had
official intercourse"
=, 80 CHARLES MASON, ...
r.r.... . . Commissioner OF Patents.
az have no hesitation In assuring inventors that
they cannot employ person more competent and
trustworthy, and more capable OF putting their up.
plications In form to secure for them IN early
and favorable consideration at the Patent Oflce."
EDMUND BURKE,
Late Commissioner OF Patents.
mfr. n. II. Eddy has made for me THIRTEEN
applications, on all but one Of which patents have
been granted. and that Is now pending. Such un.
inistakeable proof OF great talent and ability on
his part leads me TO recommend al inventors to
apply 10 him TO procure their patents, a. they may
be sure OF having the most faithful attention be-
slowed on their cases and at very reasonable char
ges" JOHN TAGGAKT
During eight months the subscriber, in course OF
his large practice made on fpios rejected npplica-
lions SIXTEEN APPEALS, EVERY ono of which
was decided In hb favor by the Commlssioner OF
Patents. II. II. EDDY.
Boston. December 10, 1862 lyr2
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13

Every family at this season should use tho "'
SAMBUCI VINE
Celebrated In Europe for It's medicinal and bench
cIal qualities ms gentle Stimulant, Tonic, Diuret'
10 and Sudorlhc, highly esteemed by eminent ply
slcians, used In European and American hospitals
America. f % ..H.r Is..
Il has no equal, causing an appetite and building
up the system. being entirely pure wine OF mos'
valuable fruit.
As A DfURETIc, %. .'...
II imparts healthy action Of the Gland: and Kid
NO W.. and Urinary Organs. very beneficial In Drop
~, 6out and Rheumatic Affections. '-rI 30
Er. ri SPEER'S VINE 'r -f7 .rs
In not mixture or manufactured article. but u
pure, from the juice OF the Portugal Sstnbueu,
grape, cultivated In New Jersey. recommended ny
and phy;o.n: s;,ips
An excellent article for all weak and dcblitatcd
persons. and the aged and innrm, Improving the
appetite and benentting ladies and children.
ALADIES VINE,
Because II will not Intoxicate rs other wines, as
contains no mixture OF spirits or other Liquors, ana
properties, impartnga healthy tone 70 the digest
I've organs, and blooming, soit, and healthy skin
and complexion. ..lT Do .fIHI
afr WER REFER TO .rH
q few well known gentlemen and physicians who
have tried the Wines
Gen WINFIELD Scott USA, Dr Wilson, 18th ct, NY
Or n Chiffon. n Y city, DR. Dougherty,'
DR. Parker, N Y city, DR. Parish. Philadelphia
81 None genuine without tho signature Of "AI.-
FRED sPEElt. Passaic, N. j." 10 over the cork Vi
each bottle. 90 80 prT-. IN
MAKE ONE TRIAL or THIS VINE.
For sale by J. sawyer, ". d., and @. II. Carlton
Co.. Biddeford, and 4 Il Mitchell, Saco. Trade sup.
piled by H. n HAY, Portland. and all wholesale
TTTTTT - ASPRER. Propristor, e a
rIkktt vineyard-Psssaic, N. J..
Ofhcc-eos Broadway, N. Y. aLEF /" y
John La Foy, Paris, Agent for France and GerIna-
ny. 7-lyr
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
probuts 9Otifss.

At Court or Probate holden at Alfred. within
and AR the county vfYork, ON the FIRST Tuesday In
MarclMln the year Of our Lord eighteen hun
dred anoSixty three, by the Hon. Z. L. Bourne
Judge OF aid Court;
DAUL c. sANps, AdministrA tor OF the estate OF
L Isaac Sands, OF Saco, Sp said county, de-
%inistfatiOn Of the tato Of saia deceased for al
lowancei
all persons Interested, by caSSing coPA ofthis or.
der 10 be pub shed three wee successfully In the
Union 4 JouS ai, printed at kddeford In said
county, that On may appear at Probate Court ,I,
first Tuesday in\APril next, at ten tho clock
why the same should not be allowed.
Attest, George III. knowlton, Register.
Attest, George II. KnowrtOn, Register.
At a Court of Probate holden at Alfred, within
and tor the county Of York, on the first Tuesday
in MarAh, IN the year OF our Lord eighteen
hundred md sixty-thres, by the Hon.E.E.Bourne'
IN tho pe\ ition of westbNpok Berry. Guardian
" Of Jane Rerry,a minor \end child OF James
Berry, deceaSed, representing that said MINOR IL
seized and possessed OF certaihreal estate situa.
ted saco, ID aid county, al d more fally des'
Tit, an advaTt geou, offer Of Sne hundred and
.eyetty.ivo doIlaSs has oeen mads\b y Samuel Ber-
iS,ea st V Of ali CON- srned immsda y to accept
and Yhe proceeds Ok sale to be put\put on inter
est fJl the benefit OF Me said minorsSend praying
that Scense may be eanted him to and con-
u usy aS ss:s! n1S, the stat
ord,kd, That the petitioner give notide thereof
10 all "a sons Interested inSaid estate, by &usng
copy OF Ais order to be Published In the taion 4
Journal, printed in Biddefo In said county three
weeks suacessively, that theNmayappear at Fro.
bate Cou9 20 be held Mt In said coun-
ty on thet rst Tuesday In ApN next, at ten or the
clock In tle forenoon, and sheN cause II any they
have, why Nh0 prayer of said '''0n should not
Attest, George ii. Knowlton, Register,
A true cODy.
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
N''u''O R,tc,t George II. Knowlton, Register.

At Court q Probate held at Alfred. within
and foy the Nounty OF York, on the frst Tues
day III March In the year or our Lord, eigh.
teen Handred Ind sixty.three, by the Hon E. 4.
Bour3e, Judgeff said Court,
IN th petitioH OF Albert ii. Gilman, Guardian
" Of Nary Il. GILMAN, George w Gil9an and
Charle4 leila nan nj nors and children OF elizabeth
H. Gilt}an, lato i Biddefbrd, In said clunty, de-
ceased. representing that the goods, Yittels and
credits 10 his said lords are not suihcG mt Tor the
expense Of their neintainance and Hharges OF
guardian ship, and 6aying that lcetIe may be-
grantedt 10 him To elrbnd convey tho Shole oil the
real esttte OF his sat wards ut pub 20 auction or
private Ple'
ORDERED That the petitioner give Notice thereof
10 all De Sons ;nterestedSn said ests, by causing
q copy OF this order to DE published three weeks
successfully In the Union aHd onjnai, printed ut
BiddefordAln said county, hat thef may appear ut
Probate Court to be holdqa ut Sbuth Berwick, In
said County, on the FIRST Tue>iayin April next, NJ
ten OF the clock in the foreno And shew cause, II
should not be granted. 100. .
Attest George H. Ksbwlton, Register.
Attest, George ii. Knowlton. Register.
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13

~ Fares are fpe cents less when tickets are
purchased at tho otloe, than when paid In the cars
JOHN RUSSELL, Jr, ,.
poytland. Nov. IN. 1862 ~ i' 2listf
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
g.Siel.
HoLD FIRBNDs-A
nm IInths Right Pfsosi egyrk
Herrick, - sugar Coated Pills
lar. Full directions with each box.
TALLAnAsykE, Leon County.
nj. Iulv tsct

lar. Full difcctions WIN eaeh box
TALLAnAsskE, Leon County,
Pla, July ~, 1861.
To DIR. Hcrrick. Albany. N. Y--My Dear Doctor,
4 write this 10 inform you OF the wonderful effect
Of your sugar Coated Pills on my elder daughter.
For three years she has been snected with bill.
her hes TN which has been steadily hiling during
thst pcrjod. When I'm New York In April last.
friend advised me 10 test your pills. HAVING tns
obtaincd n supply OF Messrs. Barnes q Park. Drug
gists. PARK Row, New York. On returning home,
We ceased all other treatment, and administered
your pills, one each night The improvement IN
us all rapid and permanent restoration TO health
has been The result We used less than i've boxes,
and consider, Dor entirely we'll. ! consider the
IL viii DO the means of Inducing many 70 adopt
your pills as their family medicine. n 80
remain, dear sir, with many thanks,
sEaiia1 b. q. MORRISON.
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
Il n DR.. Z. R. RrRarcx I CO., llsaay, N. y.

/ Owners Of horses and cattle look 10 your interes
/ Use HARvELL's CONDITION POW.
DERS for horses and cattle. Tho very best artl.
package. For sale In Saco and Blddef6fd by all
the dealers In D,edicines. ''
iyri3ls &. BLAcxrrELp. Travelling Agent.
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13
u.--,e.,. VA st-ene.hsnine pia.tar, ara.

Herrfok's KID BtrengtheninR, PIastors
cure In nve hours pains and weakness ths breast,
side and back, and Rheumatic complaints In On
equally short period OF time. Spread IN beautiful
white lamb skin, their use subjects the wearcr to
no Inconvenience. and each one Will wear from one
week 10 three months. Price ISL cents.
are sold BY Druggists and Merchants In all parts
Of the United States Canadas aud South America.
and may DO obtained by calling for them by their
'uii " nR T. p HrRRlcK 4 co. xihanp. NJ
The Union and journal. [volume] (Biddeford, Me.) 1858-1882, 1863-03-13

AMERICXN-& FOREIGN PATENTS.
The Portland daily press., 1863-02-16
MISCELLANEOUS.
BROWNS
Portland Commercial College.

OCATED 1860 in the Hanson Block, No. l6l Mid.
~ die street The rooms have recently been made
new, and furnished neatly and the pleasant
In the city. One separate room for Ladies. I pre-.
sent my thanks for the extensive patronage, and
promise as in the past pains shall be spared in the
future. have removed from No. l64 to lsl Middle
street The Principal has had 20 years experience.
Diplomas will be given to those Ladies and Gentle
men who pass through thorough courses for Ac-
countants. Terms will be reasonable. NY Institu-
College Cincinnati, Ohio. the first and Oldest in the
United States. My teaching and plans modern,
and the most improved and approved, the first
ciass business men have and will testify.
~ Practically taught as follows Book X ecring,
Navigation, Commercial Law, Native, business and
Ornamental Writing, Commercial Arithmetic Cor
rcspondence, Card Marking, &c. Teaching from
printed writing copies and text books are avoided
Each Student receives separate instruction. Intri.
cate Accounts adjusted Certain evenings will be
devoted to Lar Lectures, If expedient.
mn b. would refer to a recon mend alton from
his Students of this city who acting business
men, accountants, &c containing shove four hun.
dred signatures part of which be seen in print
In the hall at the entrance to his Rooms, few Of
which follows:
We have been taught by actual experience, that
the method of instruction pursued by Mr.. X. n
BROWN Of this city, in teaching the art of Writing
and the complicated series Of Book Keeping. has
been eminentiy successful, and we take pleasure in
publicly acknowledging our Indebtedness to him for
may now possess:
Philip Henry Brown Jas Oicutt Brown. Stephen
II. Cummings. W. w. Thomas, Jr., Samuel Chad.
wick, Augustus Cummings, Jason Berry, John A.
Russell. Fred. A. Prince, John IL. Hail. George T.
n. Stevens, and 800 others.
fH-fbc services of . Sea Captain h secured TO
teach Navigation, who has had 40 years experience
- practitioner. ftb3 dA w3m33
The Portland daily press., 1863-02-16
Help for the Sick and wounded
O1dierS.

YVHE Army Committee of the Portland Young
Il Mems Christian Association would most es rnesi
ly appeal to all Christians, and to all other beneyo-
lent persons Of Maine, for aid in carving out the
Christian Commission in miniserng to the nh scnI
and spiritual wants Of soldiers Il distrbutes ifs
stores by means of Christian men, who 20 anon
the soldiers without pay and give personally TO those
who need, accompanying such distributions by words
of cheer and religious counsel. Over seventy such
men were on the battlefield in Maryland, doing all
that Chrisidn sympathy could devise for the wound.
ed and dying Many brave heart made to re-
joice, aud many wounded soldier owes his life to
the timely assistance rendered by these men, Imme-
diatey on receipt of the of the battle Mur-
yreesooro, twenty -four men despatched from the
various foung Mems Chrisfidn Associations, with
large amount OF stores for the relief of the
with no other reward than the appreciation of their
own conscience. the conviction that they are in the
path of duty, and carrying the great object of
their mission according TO the examples set by our
Divine Master, who made the body of man the OBJ
ec of his Miracles and his soul the object of his doc
trine.
Money is needed TO purchase ellies cordials. stim
uants aud many other articles that not usually
contributed
Donations of money. bibles, tracts, magazines re-
gious newspapers, clothing, or stores OF any kind
are earnestly solicited all Of which be sent TO the
Office of DR.. WALTER II. JOHNSON, 229t Congress
street, two doors west of New City Hall and Court
mouse and the contributors may be assured they will
diers. - ~ ~ "A" "oooy SUI
henry II Burgess, Andrew j. Chase Jacob Chase
1I, DAVID b Kicker. Walter X. johnson, Armv Com.
feb4 2m n''oe''''o"'
The Portland daily press., 1863-02-16
One Side Of q story.
THE UNION STREET AFFRAY.

PORTLAND, Feb. ~. 1852.
To the Editors Of Ae Press:
In your issue Of the 10th, there was an ar
ticle referring to a row between negro and
some soldiers on Union street; the Advertiser
said "between contraband and some sol
diers the Argus also had some sarcastic re-
marks at my expense.
Now wish 10 say distinctly and emphati-
cally, that am neither the one nor the other.
am mulatto and not q negro. Ny father
and mother were both mulattoes and both of
my grandfathers were white; therefore 1t is
untrue, wherever and by whomsoever said.
that am q negro. The same is true as re-
gardsmy being 1contrabandp am free
man born. Freedom was written on my brow
before the editor of the Advertiser was born,
possibly. My parents were freeborn, and my
grandfathers being white could not be slaves,
except politically, which is the meanest kind
Of slavery, and does not date back to their
times, but Is ieft for more modern politicians,
who bow and cringe At the feet OF their mas
tiers.
Now in regard TO the cause of this row.
Since have lived Ia this city, l have been
called interchangeably, by various i'll Names
Il Is done TO degrade, TO make little, to stiq-
nsdtize, TO east reprodch. 1t is beyond ques-
uon, that the users Of these phrases have no
other intent than direct insult. / insult no
man until he insults me; and then will reply
II can open my mouth; i let no man insult
me on the highway, and not retaliate.
wish every man to undeptand that am
under obligations to respect his rights. and
/ demand and maintain that every other man
Is bound to respect my rights. am under no
more obligations to respect his rights, than he
ist 70 respect mine, he being white notwith-
standing.
claim to be citizen of Maine. Yea more !.
l claim TO be citizen Of the United States,
and as such have rights that every man Is un,
der obligations to respect, whether he be white
or black. 1t is the spirit of border rufiianism
that denies colored man the rights and i'm
munlties OF citizenship, and one need not go
10 Missouri to find it. 1t is rampant here In
fortand. Why, on the day of the row there
were men running up and down the street
shouting, kill the nigger!n skll the nigger ~
and this without knowing the cause of the af-
fray, or which was the guilty party. One
would suppose that intercourse with refined.