davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25
Wonderful use of Clay.

From the natural destruction of granite,
under certain circumstances, are produced the
finest clays for the manufacture of porcelain !;
and from the decomposition either of basalts
or lava the finest and richest soils are often
obtained. Pumice, as well as lava, is mod
iication of clay. Even some precious stones,
in addition to the ruby and sapphire, belong
to our vulgar clays; for the garnet and car
buncle are silicates of alumina and lime; en-
eralds and silicates of alumina, combined with
a rare earth called glacina, and beryl is a
mere modification of emerald. A vast variety
of comparatively rare minerals have also a
similar composition, including all those COM
mon in volcanic districts, all volcanic ashes
and minerals thrown out during eruptions,
and those also which are afterwards found in
the clefts and cavities Of the hardened masses.
Wonderfully varied, then, are the forms and
uses Of clay, and the natural combinations of
mineral substances of which clay is an essen
tial part. The solid foundations of the EARTH
or at least all those most solid masses seen
near the surface, are in great measure due
TO It. huge mountain masses, covered or
thanked with thick envelopes of limestone, are
often, to depth quite unknown, made up al
most exclusively of minerals and rocks of sim
liar origin. They put on various shapes. and
are known by many names. Our streets are
paved with them, and some of the most endur-
ing monuments of all ages are chislled out of
them when they have become crystalized into
GRANTEES and porphyries. Our houses are rooted
and partly furnished with them, and our
schoolboys write upon them. Our jewellers
work them up into ornaments for the person,
as garnets and emeralds, beryls and carbun-
cles. The real ultimate difference in compo-
sition in the case of all these minerals is won
derfully small, while the appearance and all
the essential characteristics are as distinct as
can well be imagined.
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25


individual afford no correct test for estimating
it, and long continued series of experiments
have proved that butter of the best quality is
obtained by churning the cream at a temper
ature of 81 degrees.
To obtain the greatest quantity of butter,
the cream should be churned at q temperature
of Sc degrees. The temperature at which
butter can be obtained in the greatest guam
tity, is Of course a medium between the two
foregoing estimates, viz $50 degrees before
churning, which will be somewhat increased
in the operation of churning in ordinary
weather. ff
At this temperature every advantage. is
gained as to quality and also in the keeping
properties of the butter, and any additional
quantity that may be obtained by ahighert tenn
perature, is only SO much milk retained in the
butter, which will greatly injure its quality.
No temptation, therefore, of hurrying the
process of churning should induce the ju-
dicious dairy woman, who has an honest
pride in her skill and success in the making
of butter, to apply any degree of heat to the
cream, than that above indicated, for at any
considerable higher temperature the milk
cannot be completely separated from the but
ter, and of course it will not keep we'll either
with small or with large quantity of
salt aud its favor is injured from the FIRST
Mass. PloOman.
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25


real or supposed miseries Of the city to the
unknown and unbeheved delights of "a country
life.
The merchant, the lawyer, and the doctor,
have long promised themselves the luxury Of
spending their last days on farn---while the
farmer himself has been looking forward with
patient hopefulness to the time when his boys
will be old enough to take the farm off his
hands, leaving to him the recreation of the
garden, the grating, the adornments of shrub
berry, and perhaps the oversight of the stock.
He has not allowed himself to enjoy his farm
or his family, though he has found plenty of
time to fret and worry about the weather, the
weevil, or his party politics and now, as be
grows old, and is fast wearing out, he has not
even the consolation Of knowing that the la
bors of his life will be carried forward to a
successful issue by his children more sanguine
than himself, and enjoying for greater adj
vantages that he could command throughout
his most laborious years. Alas, that dissatis-
fed mortals should ever imagine that every
other lot was more favored than their own.
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25
She 9armer's department.
Are Farmers the Happiest People ?

Very many inhabitants of towns and cities
suppose that of all men farmers are the most
independent, and the happiest class of people.
Mechanics, merchants and professional men
imagine farmers life must be very happy,
because he lives amid the beauties and bles-
sings of natural scenery, away from the in
toxicating follies of an artificial life and the
tyranny of fashions destitute of sense, COM
fort or comliness. The farmer raises his own
supplies of food and clothing, and is more a
producer than consumr, and sells rather than
buys. That is to say, he is the most self sus-
tanning and independent man we know Of.
Besides, he may also be one of the best in
formed and most literally educated men,
Farming has become science, and has adj
vanced to the very front rank of respectable
and useful callings. Books, magazines and
newspapers, devoted to the various branches
of farming, and full of most excellent and en-
pertaining information are to be obtained on
all hands, and at little cost. Chemistry and
geology, those most fascinating Sciences have
opened the treasures of the elements to the
ready and easy use of the cultivator of the
soil. Navigation offers powerful aid by of
fering the means of access to distant lands,
and of the interchange of commodities, so
mutually beneficial. The merchant, the
mechanic, the philosopher, the lawyer, the
statesman, are all engaged moro or less in
aiding the producer of food and clothing, of
necessaries and of luxuries, in supplying the
ever increasing and never satisfied wants of
many millions of consumers, scattered all
over the world. Politics, government, law,
fashion, all more or less concur to facilitate
the culture of the earth, and the development
of the natural resources of the vegetable ami
NAL and mineral Kingdoms.
The children hurry away from the farm !;
the girls to such employment as they can find
in factories, and millinery, and dress making
establishments while the boys hasten off to
stores, to banks, to railroad offices, to the navy
or the army, or to some mechanical employ
nent. That is, they forsake the comparative
solitude of the country, for themore congenial
more exciting, and more Hattering hustle of
the crowded town. That old cynic philosopher
the N. Y. Tribune, following the honored ex-
ample of Cincinnatus, of Washington. of JEFF
ferson and many other worthless has long been
proclaiming with great earnestness, the de-
lights of farmers life, and the dangers and
miseries of city life, with two very extraor-
binary results. First, the farmers sons for
sake the country for the city, and secondly,
the native and foreign born Eesidents of large
towns alike refuse 10 bulge, preferring the
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25

One day last week, says the Perthshire
Journal, Scotland--a ventuous damsel from
Foss happened to be in Fortingall quarter on
her way to Glenlyon. When she came to
Lyon Bridge, she took the road to the south
end of the bridge, instead of that to the north
end. After going on by the south road for
some distance, she found that she was wrong,
for the road on the south is merely a private
one leading to farm house. Presently, she
observed the proper road on the north side of
the river. What was she to do? Retrace her
stepsY That was out of the question, for she
was in hurry, and had no time to lose. A
short inward debate settled the matter. She
would cross the stream at the first convenient
place. That is not, however, an easy matter
to find, where the river runs with deep and
rapid swirls among rocks. At last she found
place where she thought she might cross by
leaping from stone to stone. Some springs
she made with perfect success, but there re-
manned one more to gain the wished fornorth
road; and accomplish it successfully, she
could not. So down she squatted on the
bowlder, and stripped her shoon," and COM
menced wading. Horrible dictai she was no
sooner off the bowlder than she lost her foot
ing, and was swept down by the tumbling
current. At this perilous juncture, however,
her crinoline spread out its huge circum-
ference on the waters, and her petticoats re-
tanning their fill of air, kept her head in its
natural elevation above water, until she
aoated down pool after pool, and rapid after
rapid, to a point of juttingrock, where she
managed to scramble out. When she got
fairly on shore, she made for the nearest
habitation, were she was warmed and clad,
after which she set off for the glen, singing
Crinoline foreverp'
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25

BUTTER MAKING.--As the season for but
ter making is at hand every hint from per-
sons skilled in the business of the dairy may
be suggestive of some improvement in the
ordinary processes which will Tighten the
labor of the dairy-woman, or improve the
product of the churn
We have seen many precious hours wasted,
and great exhaustion of strength induced
upon divers occasions by almost fruitless at
tempts to make the butter come, when little
scientific knowledge would have saved the
housewives time and temper. 1t is stated by
Mr.. Aston in an essay upon the Dairy Hus-
bandry of Holland, published in No. 81 of
the Quarterly journal of Agriculture, that
when the cream is tpo cold it is warmed by
throwing some hot water into the churn to
bring the cream to about 70 or rs degrees of
Fahrenheit's scale. And Mr.. Pooler, another
English writer, in hill manual of the dairy,
we suppose upon god practical authority,
thus expresses himself upon the subject:
:" In regulating the proper degree of heat
necessary to be maintained in the dairy dur
ing the ripening of the milk, and in the
cream in the subsequent operation of churn-
ing, science has now reduced that to GER
tainty which has hitherto boon matter of
doubt.
Butter of the DIST quality can only be
produced at a certain temperature. A know
ledge of this fact is Of the utmost Importance
to all engaged in dairy management, as by
the application of Ehis powerful agent the
business of the dairy may be performed with
the same accuracy as that of the brew house
or distillery."
The degree of heat at which butter can be
obtained, ranges from As to rs degrees, but
to obtain butter of the best quality, it is ne
cessary to be particularly nice in regulating
the temperature of the cream just before
churning. 4As@4
To fix the proper condition with the re-
quisite degree of accuracy, the thermometer
becomes necessary, IS the sensations of the
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25
things met i'm Mankind.

1t is amusing to hear gray-headed old
man, who amassed his fortune in his younger
days by keeping tippling shop, now says he
would, had he the power, imprison any man
on whose premises a drop of poison could be
found.
1t is amusing to hear an old deacon, who
has the faculty to pile up his wood for market
so that seven feet will measure cord, pro-
pose to expel young grocer from the church
because he sold him thirty-one ounces of
sugar for two pounds.
tits amusing to hear member of the church
who, in youth, sowed his wild oats by the
bushel, propose that the church investigate
the circumstances under which Brother Jones
calls on Sister Smith so often, innocently for
getting all the while that :" it takes rogue to
catch rogue"
1t is amusing to hear man that made his
first ten thousand by mere accident in specu-
lation, now whine over the want of business
tact in the young men of the present day.
1t is amusing to hear a hardened politician,
whose political concience is so tough that you
can make no impression whatever upon it
with the sharpest axe of honor that can be
found, sigh with pious horror over the want
of principal in those who oppose his political
creed
1t is amusing to have a man who has just
brains enough to believe his wisdom and
intelligence is actually needed to help soiety
along, pirate about tho weakness Of woman's
mind, you can see at once how strong his own
must be, but cannot help wishing he had a
little more power of discernment, that would
enable him "to see others as he is himself
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25
PHELAN's
IMPROVED BILLIARD TABLES,
COMBINATION CUSHIONS.


TNHEsE Billiard Tables have received the un-
A. qualified approval of the best players and most
competent judges, who have universally pronounced
them unequalled for general excellence and dura-
bilty.
Seven distinct patents for improvements in Bill
lizard Tables have been granted to us by the United
States PatentN0fice and we have lately obtained a
patent from the French government for our i'm
provements in billiard cushions.
We employ, in the construction of our tables, q
variety of machines specially made for the purpose
by which means we are enabled to insure a scientific
and mechanical accuracy hitherto unknown in bill
lizard manufacture. 1
Having long experience and thorough knowl-
edge of all the appliances of billiards, and constant
ly on hand a large stock of the best and most
thoroughly seasoned materials, we are prepared to
furnish everything required in the billiard line with
unprecedented dispatch.
The eminent French billiard player, NJ. Berger,
has published the following opinion:
"NEw York, August I'd, 1861.
"On the eve of leaving tho United States, am
happy to declare to all amateurs of billiards that
after tour of eleven months through the principle
cities, have been enabled to judge in satisfactory
manner OF the superiority of the Billiard Tables
manufactured by Phean Collendcr. The system
OF manufacture is so superior, that am happy to
Introduce their style Of cushion into France. They
have united to their manufacture of American Bill
lard Tables that of the French Tables, of remarka-
BILE excellence and beauty. For these reasons am
happy TO make this declaration.
"BERGER, CLAUDIUS
Professor of Billiards, Paris"
Parties ordering from us will find our prices
low good work possibly be made for. We
sell rst-class articles ut fair price, and will not
make an inferior article at any price, ss
Orders by mail carefully and promptly executed.
Illustrated Catalogues and Price Lists sent by mail.
"THE BILLIARD CUE" journal published in the
interest of billiards, and containing details Of all
novelties, copious record of billiard news, and ev-
erything of interest to amateurs of billiards. sent
free on application. ID sn
...e...- - PHELAN 4 C0LLENDER,
G3, 65, 81 and 90 Crosby ST., N. Y,
And 724 a 726 Montgomery ST., San Francisco Cab
Sept. IL, 1868. h u. t-,.,.....
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25

There is one thing settled in respect to farm
ing. That is--manure always tells. 1t nev-
er fails. Common sense teaches us that plants
require common substances essential to their
growth and development; and that manure
contains these essential elements, when APP
piled to soil in condition most easily reached
by the plants, every days experience on the
farm proves.
Old, worn out fields that have failed to re-
ward the farmer for his labor, and whose life
giving principle to plants seems almost entire
ly exhausted, have, by the aid of manures and
crops equal to those produced by the virgin
soil, In regard to such felds---of'which there
are getting to be great numbers in this part
of the country the first application of manure
seems to benefit the soil but little after the
succeeding crop, and to insure another good
yield requires another repetition of the man.
uring process This is the great bugbear that
stands directly across the path of too many
farmers. They at once conclude that the
great amount of labor, time, and expenses re-
quired to restore the lost energies of their
fields, will not pay, Or at least will not justify
them in going to all that trouble; not think
ing that every load of manure applied to their
ground is like dropping dollar into their
pockets, and at the same time cancels debt
they owe to nature for that they have taken
from her storehouse.
But to those who are not afraid of little
extra labor, and of making small investment
that will bring them quick return with COM
pound interest, we have only to recommend
the three golden rules in agriculture, viz:
make manure, save manure, and use manure.
In regard to making manure no better plan
can be adopted than composing. In this way
we get the greatest quantity in the shortest
time, and with comparatively the least labor.
Straw, stalks, manure from the stable, the
scrapings from the hgsn-yard, with swamp
muck, leached ashes 81 rich, black soil, or all
three, mixed indiscriminately, fill the BILL
The object of adding the soil or muck is that
it may retain the gases which would other
wise escape while fermentation is going on, as
WSii DO w ihOioae0 WIZ iquaheiOJ VI uduui0'
The heap thus formed should not be too fiat,
so as to allow the water of repeated rains to
pass through it and wash away the strength
of manure; nor should it be sheltered so much
as to become dry and fre-fanged. In the
course of a month or six weeks, the heap
should be thoroughly stirred which is best
done with fork. In throwing it into another
heap, care should be taken to break up all the
large Jumps, thus insuring a complete break
ing down of all the vegetable fibre by the
second fermentation which follows stirring.
Farmers have different ways of composing,
yet they all amount to the same thing, pro-
vided there is perfect fermentation and reten-
ton of the gasses.
By composing we save manure, and in re-
gard to using manure the deponent saith not;
every man to his notion,
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25

There are still to be seen in classic Italy
many beautiful specimens from the pencils
of Murillo and Sebastian.
Is there not a voice fraught with sweet
eloquence from this little story, penetrating
to the sanctuary of the heart and awakening
its hottest sensibilitiesf Is there not between
the circumstances and trials of our little hero
and the events that sometimes occur in the
career of Christian, an impressive and
truthful analogyf
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25

Our THouGHTs.-We are ever thinking
Swift as the feeting seconds, come and go
from the mind the light-winged thoughts.
We call them little things, are scarce con-
scious of their presence, and yet our charac-
tiers are in accordance with the nature of our
thoughts. We indulge ourselves in multi
tude of thoughts, frivolous and unworthy. If
we desire to honor our Saviour, let us remem-
Der that not words and deeds alone, but the
offering up of our thoughts may also be ac-
ceptable service. As our minds dwell upon
the ineffable beauty and sweetness of Jesus,
let our thoughts, burthened with grateful
love, rise as sweet incense to heaven. The
love of Jesus, let it be the dear theme on
which our thoughts linger long, and to which
they return with new delight.
When we express our love for friend by
saying, think great deal of you. Let us
thus express our affection for Jesus. We shall
know that Christ is enthroned in our thoughts
We need not doubt our love for Jesus, if
through the busy day and in the still night,
we are ever keeping in mind the memory of
his goodness.
If, then, we have nothing else to bring to
to the Saviour, for mercies countless as the
sands, let us bring our thoughts filled with a
vision of the Redeemer's beauty and glory,
until lost in wonder, love and praise, and offer
these as our sacrifice.
We want to be like Jesus. The more we
think of him, the more shall we increase in
love and kindness to him. 1t is thus, that be-
holding, as in glass, the glory of the Lord,
we are changed into the same image-from
glory to glory.
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25
S.-T.--1860-x. &c.

They arc especially recommended to clergymen
public speakers, and persons of literary habits and
sedentary life, who require free digestion, relish
for food, and clear mental faculties.
Delicate females and weak persons are certain to
find in these Bitters what they have so long looked
for
They purify, strengthen, and invigoratc.
They create healthy appetite.
They are an antidote to change of water and diet
They overcome effects of dissipation and late hours
They strengthen the system and enliven the mi nd
They prevent miasmatic and intermittent fevers.
They purify the breath and acidity of the stomach
They cure Dyspepsia and Constipation. Il
They cure Diarrhoa, Cholera, and Cholera Morbus
They cure Liver Complaint and nervous Headache
They are the best Bittcrs in the world. They
make the weak man strong, and are exhausted ma
lures great rcstorer.
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25
ItPsYcHoMANcY.,

HoW either sex may fascinate and gain the love,
Ill confidence, affections, and good will of any
person they choose, instantly. This simple mental
requirement all possess, securing certain success
in love, marriage, DC.
Free by mail for rs CENTS together with a Guide
10 the Unmarried of both Sexes,-an extraordinary
book of great interest Third edition Over I0O. 900
copies already sold Address -.f
T.'WILLIAM 4 CO., PupLIsHERs,
Sept, IL, '63. TAtladslpGia. pa
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25
wOMAN,s HEART.

We went to the world-loved Ball last night
Claude and /, in our robes Of gold
He, in a coat as black as let,
And I, in the jewels wore of old.
Diamonds covered my head in pounds, E
Seventy large ones lit my neck,
Over my skirts they burned in quarts,
Counting all goodly peck.
Hoped the canary meath the wires,
Spoke the canary not word;
Whom to my heart the chill has struck,
How can sing S--eanary birdS
We were together, Claude and I,
Bonded together as man and wife:
Little thought as / uttered my VOWS
What was the real ideal of life.
He Is my husband TO love and obey
Those were the words of the priest, think
He is to purchase the clothes 1 wear,
Order my victuals and order my drink
Well, it is well If II must be so:
Woman the slave and man the lord;
She the scissors to cut the threads
After the darning-and no the sword.
Was it for this played my cards,
Tuned the pianos tender din,
Cherished a delicate health, and ate
Pickles and pencils to make mo thin
Better It were to be born a serf,
Holding soul by masters lease;
Better than learning society's law,
Gaining husband and FORGETTING peace.
Mortimer signs as he sees me dance,
Percy is sad as no passes by,
Herbert turns pallid beneath my glance;
All of them married-and 80 am I.
Well, if the world must have it 30,
Woman can only stand and endure;
Ever the grossness of all that is gross,
Rises the tyrant of all that is pure.
Marriage, they say, is sacred thing;
So is the fetter that yields a smart.
Give one crumb To the starving wretch,
And give one object to woman's heart
Claude, they tell me, should own my love;
Nell, have loved him nearly week;
Looking at one man longer than that
Grows to be tiresome--so TO speak.
What if he calls me angel wife;
Angels are not for the one to win;
Yet is my passionate love like theirs
Theirs is q love taking all men in.
Hops the canary meath the wires,
Speaks the canary not word;
When to my heart the chill has struck,
How can sing canary bird?
The Union. [volume] (Georgetown, Del.) 1863-1866, 1863-09-25
MANY A GOOD LAUGH

may be had each week over our column of " funny
things" droll and humorous-perhaps some wit
will creep in, too, occasionally. We shall keep this
column up to good regular standard and give our
readers each week a fair fund of the very best we
haze on hand