davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Smoky Hill and Republican union. [volume] (Junction City, Kan.) 1861-1864, 1862-06-19
Brutal outrage-Lynching of the Perpetrators

Brutal outrage-Lynchiug of the Perpetrators
One of the most fragrant and brutal out.
RACES ever perpetrated in Kansas, prolific
as our State has been of crime, was com.
mitted near this place last Friday night.
The particulars as we learn them are as
| follows:
Two soldiers, one belonging to the 2nd
Ohio Cavalry, and the other to the 10th
Kansas, went up Mill Greek to the house of
Mr. John Davis, one of the oldest and
most respected citizens of this county, and
In the presence of her mother accomplished
their hellish purpose on the person of the
daughter. Mr.. Davis was absent at another
claim about three miles distant, but was
aroused by neighbor with the report that
outcries were heard in the direction of his
house. In company with a number of his
nelgbbors he went TO his house, captured
the criminals, brought them to town and
turned them over to the military authori-
ties After due consideration of the matter
Geo. Doubleday resolved to send them to
Fort Leavenworth for trial. A civil writ
was however procured, and on it the pris-
oners were turned over to Deputy Sheriff
Peter Zuck. This was on Thursday even
ing. They we're taken Immediately to
Marmiton. During the night, q large
crowd surrounded the place where the
prisoners we're confined and took them by
force out of the Sheriff hands. Yester-
day morning they were found hanging on
tree . short distance this side of Marmiton.
This is in brief the particulars of the affair.
we would much have preferred seeing
them executed By order of q Drum. Head
Court Martial. We believe it would have
had much better effect. In the hands of
the civil authorities their punishment would
have been long delayed, and might have
been doubtful, even then. As it is they
have received terrible punishment for a
terrible crime. Lynch Law should ever be
last resort, and is always to be deprecated
by every law abiding citizen; but If there
svH was An instance in which it was justi-
liable this Is the one-Ft.. Scott Bulletin. 1
The Smoky Hill and Republican union. [volume] (Junction City, Kan.) 1861-1864, 1862-06-19
Another Phase Of the Mexican Question-Move
ments Of Santa Anna

We have very important letters from St.
Thomas, conveying the intelligence that the
renowned Don Antonia Lopez de Santa
Anna is again on the track for Mexico. AS
yet we have not been made fully acquainted
with his designs; but it is sufficient to
know that be has suddenly left his retire.
ment at St. Thomas to take an active part
in the Mexican imbrogio.
This is most significant move. We MI
know what sort of man is this Santa
Anna and his purpose in going to Mexico
at this juncture seems very plain. He now
sees an excellent opportunity for the re-
establishment of his former influence in
that country, and he is not the man to
allow such golden chance to slip by with
out profit. His relations with Almonte,
the protege of the French Emperor, and
the so called newly elected President of
Mexico, are of the most intimate and
friendly character; and there is good rea-
son to believe that Santa Anna is going
back on the faith of pre-arranged plan
with his ancien mintstre. Once in the old
land of the Aztecs, with full power to
exercise his craft and duplicity. the General
will be more than a match for all his
opponents, and he will skillfully use French
troops and French influence for the further
ance of his own views. If he only has a
fair chance of getting the reins of power
into his hands, he will be the last man to
allow the Archduke MaximiliaD or any
other Duke, to snatch them from him.
Certainly he can and will promise, and
deceive, but these are the means he always
uses to insure success.
The shrewdncss with which Santa Anna
dealt with President Polk is a good illus
tration of the hypocrisy which characterizes
him. During the war between the United
States and Mexico it will be remembered
that he made propositions to our govern
ment, through his secret agents, that if he
could be restored to his country he would
use his influence for the settlement of
of the claims of this republic. Presi.
dent Polk was so far deceived by his
hypocritical pretences as to cause him to be
smuggled into Mexico. But he had not
been long there before he set about raising
large army to operate against his bene-
factors and it was not without a severe
struggle that our generals finally subdued
him.
History repeats itself, and so DIES Santa
Anna. The French cannot forget the des-
perate resistance be made to them at Vera
Cruz in lS4S, when he lost his leg. He
wears wooden memorial of that event
and we feel convinced that his return to
Mexico this time will be marked by the
expulsion of his former antagonists and his
own elevation to the supreme government
of the republic. This is the only object of
his sudden departure from St. Thomas
~ Y, Herald.
The Smoky Hill and Republican union. [volume] (Junction City, Kan.) 1861-1864, 1862-06-19
LEAvENWORTH.

We have recently received copy of th,
Leavenworth City Directory and Business
Mirror for 1s62~63. In Typographical
point of view this Directory can't be sur
passed any where. 1t speaks volumes fol
the printing facilities of that place. And
herein lies the secret of the unexampled
prosperity attending that City The energy
and business tact which has marked ever,
step of the progress of the Times and Con
serrdttre newspapers is truly remarkable
Their unfinching devotion to the Union
and the fearlessness with which they hay.
expressed their views in matters of local a:
well as Of pubic interest, has caused them
to be eagerly sought for in every portion Of
the State. Leavenworth is indeed fortu
nate in having such organs, and the bust
ness men there but consult their own
interests in the liberal support which We
observe extended to them. The work be.
fore US vas printed at the Conservative
Office, and it has been in the hands of mas
ter workmen
1t has now become fixed fact that Lcay-
enworth is to be the City of Kansas, and
Is to outstrip all rivals in the Missouri Val
lev. In spite Of the troubles now exist
ing in the country, business for the last
year has been steadily concentrating a,
Lea'eaworth. While several of the old
emPoriums Of trade in the Missouri Valley
have been touched by the bligbting hand of
secession, and have decayed, Leavenwortb
has remained true to the Union, and is now
being blessed with the fruits of her loyaltv
Her business houses, which are we'll repre-
sensed in our columns together with others
which will appear in a few weeks. are
thronged with customers, and her future is
tuil OF golden promise. We will par.icu.
larize hereafter.
Western Kansas owes a debt of gratitude
to Leavenworth for the interest she b,s
taken in the development of its interests
She has wisely seen and determined tha,
upon the progress of Western Kansas de.
pends in great measure her future pros
perity. Her interests are we'll identified
with ours, fact she is well aware of, as
Ler past conduct towards us eonclusively
shows. Through the great Kansas Valley
will be poured into her lap an immense
trade, and through her influence we shall
be enriched in return. The Railroad in
terests of Western Kansas look toward |
Leavenworth, for her farors are important
10 this particular. Kansas looks towards
Leavenworth as the Emporium Of the Mis-
'ouri Valley. - !
The Smoky Hill and Republican union. [volume] (Junction City, Kan.) 1861-1864, 1862-06-19
q BE Il n o n !,
JUNCTION. KANSAS.

u General Mitchell, and the Kansas Brigade,
left Columbus on the 9Th inst, going out on the
Mobile and Ohio Railroad Colonel Deitzler
remained at Columbus, and was to be placed in
command of another Brigade
The Smoky Hill and Republican union. [volume] (Junction City, Kan.) 1861-1864, 1862-06-19
STILL LATER.

As We 60 to press gentleman arrived in
town, bringing the news Of the adjournment
of the High Court of Impeachment. Geo.
S. Hillyer, Auditor of State, was found
Guilty, aud removed from Office. Charles
Robinson, Governor, was acquitted, there
being no evidence against him. John W.
Robinson. when he learned the result,
tainted, and the scene is said to have been
heart-rending.
The Smoky Hill and Republican union. [volume] (Junction City, Kan.) 1861-1864, 1862-06-19

1he following Is statement of the par
tlculars of the National debt on the 29th Of
May, 1862:
Under act OF 1912, 6 per cent. s2,SS3, ,364
| lo47, 6 per cent. 9.4I5.25O
Ie4S, per cent. S,9OS,341
1898, D per cent 10000, 900
1860, per cent. 1922 900
1861. per cent. 18,415,OOO
Ae1as indemnify D per cent. 3,461, 900
Total, s7o,1o4,9
treasury Notes issued prior to
1857, interest stopped, 1O5.l11
Treasury Notes issued under
act of Dec. %, 1857, inter- n
est stopped, 175ooO
Treasury Notes issued under
act of Dec. II, 1860, inter-
est stopped, 221,65O
Treasury Notes issued under
act of June %, 1860, and
February and March, 1861,
6 per cent. interest, 2.767 90O
Treasury Notes Issued under
act of March 2. July II,
and August 5, 1861, 6 per
cent interest. 111,eOO
rh- Total, s3,532, l61
r oo,ioc per cent. 12O,O0O,O0o
interest," 100000
a.. Total, s17O,OOO,OOO
oregon war debt per cent.
r. interest, s7s,45o
y. ?, notes, no interest, Ia, $4,000
Certificates of Indebtedness, 6 ,fII
per cent. interest, 47,1se,ooo
Five and twenty year bonds,
SIX per cent. interest. 2,699, 400
Four per cent. temporary loans
r. per cent. interest, 5,91s,O42 =
per cent interest," 1866, 1924
Total amount of public debt, s49I 44s es4
Average rate of interest paid On ent;re
lsbt, 4 $4,000 per annum. '
The Smoky Hill and Republican union. [volume] (Junction City, Kan.) 1861-1864, 1862-06-19
The National Debt,

The following is statement of the par.
ticulars of the National debt on the 29th Of
May, 1862:
The Smoky Hill and Republican union. [volume] (Junction City, Kan.) 1861-1864, 1862-06-19

Total amount of public debt, s491 ,44s 9s4
Average rate of interest paid on entire
debt, S54. 1000 per annum. '
The daily Wabash express. (Terre-Haute, Ind.) 1857-1867, 1862-09-04
cnilnRfN osr soE
sfAl.DlNGS THROAT CONVECTION

To, give s'rea ~ aat volaIAe to The voie,
The, miafs dcac.ea. ato.na 10 TAO brcat.
They are "a lo q, simple herha and ear.
ha'n arr &C.
The daily Wabash express. (Terre-Haute, Ind.) 1857-1867, 1862-09-04

Ry tie ufo OF these Fias &c periodic al.li. q
Nervous o. slei BsIda.ds nay ie 3, fs7itl.
aiken at ihe commencement e ~ aflark. laf.r
eiicf from sickness Wi ~ r .a....
1hsy eridlh ~ d rfrtsirg Hr - 80
Eeasaeas so-sb i.h ',m.l. arc ~ nah si'.rt
inasy eel gasfaiy 49, re Sac. fsne...
CoEitenoss
Per LR-fas alr. Taietr, Deilsais gefaa's.
and All peras ri 8fff1rr frfi's they talusist
A. laxative. B. i;apro,ifv iss alI-r2s giving 2
and s.so, q &c slss.tes oTg4ss. saa restoring s.
natural electricity ani strength n the ~ .sa.
To cEPnsflC p1fIs are The Tesait II lons
rgagoa anf csltl.ly conducted erpsriatatr
hrea .n sse rssay yasrs. dnfi-g which e. Hl
have prevented ard lsiieseda vast sasepti pa.f
49, ssEsarg iisr. b. a..shs. whether or.g So p
~ a<rtoas tte.-i e 'sop a sersngef $3.50
s.oa rrh.
Tlsy sst ra16r Hrr ,,tf ..t..
aas rasy i, taaa - Wiz r ass
v'.aesl making a'5 atff t.slas fegtssar
n any dtagesa'.f tffs a....... ~ = -.
80, rrfs p tf1r.fa
BEwAREOF cot sTFRFTITs
Tie gsrains lave seraisres = nsrfy :. spa.ls,s
On each boz.
saaby ufssr 6 sai ~ etsr dealers Ia usti-
Gre
49, nas 9 500 aeH 80 rs.fis. -
PRICE IS CtFTb.
All orders sho-i1 h- etsfsse.1 -
JlbtRf q sFACLDINg
Ceiasstfast fe-lasi
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-07-03
SpIehdtu Inducements 70 CanvaSseTS.
SUMMER NO. NOW READY.
MARRIAGE.

ITS LOVES AND hates, sorrows and an
l. gers. hopes and fears, regrets and joys;
MANHOOD, how lost, how restored the
nature, treatment and radical cure of Sper-
matorrh9a or seminal weakness; involuntary
emissions, sexual debility and inpediments to
marriage generally; nervousness, consumption,
fits, mental and physical incapacity, resulting
from SELF ABUSE-are fully explained in the
MARRIAGE GUIDE by WIN. YOUNG, NJ.
d. This extraordinary book should be in the
marriage. and every man who desires to limit
stances. Every pain, disease and ache ineiden-
tai to youth, maturity and old age, is fully ex-
planned; every particle Of knowledge that should
be known is here given. Itis full Of engravings.
10 fact it dscloses secrets that every one should
know; still it is book that must be locked up,
and not lie about the house. 1t will be sent to
any one on the receipt of twenty five cents in
specie or postage stamps. Addres, DR.. WIN.
YOUNG, No. 4l6 SPRUCE Street, above
Fourth, Philadelphia.
T AFFLICTED AND UNFORTUNATE,
no matter what may be your disease, before you
place yourself under the care Of any of the no
torious Quaeks-native or foreign-who adver-
tise in this or any other paper. get a copy of Dr.
Youhg's book, ana read it carefully. twill be
the means of saving you many q dollar, your
health and possibly your life.
DR.. YOUNG can be consulted on any of the
diseases described in his publication, at his of.
fee, No. N6 SPRUCE Street, above Fourth,
Philadelphia.
Office hours from to 3, daily.
June IL 62-ly.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-07-03
POSTSCRIPT.

Awe 90 to press. We have report Of
c sGs, Point, on james River. Our forces
wv dr;ven back seventeen miles; but the
s' coming mp. the rebels were COM
s.1,.d to retreat with heavy loss. We
Captured large number Of cannon, and
.rp thousand prisoners. including the
,.bel General Magruder.
Mcclellan, in consequence Of the re-
49,, and the overwhelming force Of the
.,n,. was compelled to spike his seige
,nn,. and burn the carriages. Hot work
4 At hand.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-07-03

- Sheriff. Sale.
President. Directors l. Co.
Of the Kansas Valley Bank
.ye. SExecution
John W. Forman and
James F. Forman.
NOTICE Is hereby given, that I win of.e,
~ for sale, at public auction, on the l,h day
Of August, A. D. 1862, At the Court Hou.s
door, in the city Of Troy. Don:phan County
kansas, between the hours of 8 O'Clock In ne
forenoon and o'clock In the afternoon Of thai
DAY, the following tracts Of land, to Wit: The
southwest quarter Of section twenty, (2O) town.
ship four, ~ range nineteen, (l9l: also. the
west half Of the south east quarter of section
nineteen, (l9) township four, az range nine.
teen, (l9) situated in Doniphan County. Kan.
sas; taken and offered for sale as the nroperty
OF said defendants, BY virtue of an execution
issued from the District Court of the Second
Judicial District, sitting within and for the
County OF Doniphan, and State of Kansas, for
the trial OF causes arising under the laws of said
State, wherein the President. Directors l. Com.
pany Of the Kansas Valley Bank are plaintiffs,
and John w. Forman and James F. Fo,m man are
defendants, to satisfy judgment and costs Of
said action.
Given under my hand, this 25th day of June,
A. u. 1862. W. D. BEELER,
Sheriff Of Doniphan County, Kansas.
By E. G. CRABs, Deputy Sheriff.
July 8, ls62-5w. Prs fec, $ll.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-07-03
IMPORTANT NOTICE

To Disabled Soldiers, Seamen and Ma.
rines, and Widows or other Heirs Of
those who have Died or been Killed
In the Service.
CHAS. G. TUCKER,
Attorney for Claimants, Bounty Land and
Pension Agent,
WASHINGTON CITY, D. C.
DECISIONS procured for Soldiers, Seamen
L and Marines of the present var, who are
disabled By reason Of wounds received or dis
ease contracted while in service; and Pensions,
Bounty Money and arrears Of Pay obtained for
widows or or other heirs of those who have died
or been killed while in service.
Bounty Land procured for services in any OF
the other wars. CHAS. C. TUCKER,
nov. 7, 6l-tf. Washington, d. G.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-07-03
SAera1ss Sale.
John Miller J
d. L. cros.s.,d. Execution.

NOTICE il hereby given, that I v;ll os.,
~ for sale, at public auction, at the co,r,
House door. in the city Of Troy, Doniub. u,
Ho1 ,ess Kansas. on the 4th day Of August, a.
v. 1862, between the hours of o'clock in .hs
forenoon and o'clock in the Afternoon If .is
DAY: the following described town lots. situatsS
IN West Wathena, or Constantinople. In MI.
Lots ~. II, IL, in Block Is. together With |.
dwelling house thereon; taken and offered for
sale; oy virtue Of an alias execution issued from
tne District Court Of the Second Judicial Die.
tsict, sitting within and for the County of non.
iphan. and State Of Kansas, for the trial of can.
ses arising under the laws Of said State. vhsrs.
In John Miller is plaintiff and Dr.. I. Cross6.id
10 defendant, to satisf. Judgment and coats of
said action. u
Given under my hand, this 18th day Of June.
A. y. 1907 w. D. BEELER,
Sheriff of Doniphan County.
By e. 9. CRAsB, Deputy Sheriff.
'uIy ,, iooz-sw. Prs fee, 50.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-07-03
Sheriff. Sale.

Isaac Deepen
".
M. T. Swinney, }Alias Exeeut;on
VIM. T. Swinney,
and Francis Raraire.
NOTICE is hereby given, that will offer
I for sale, ut public auction, at the Court
House door. in the city of Troy, Doniphan
Cocstv, Kansas. on the 4th day of August, A.
D. 1852 between the hours Of o'clock in the
forenoon and O'Clock in the afternoon of said
day, the following described tract of land, to
wit: The southwest quarter of section ten. 10Y
township three. (3) range twenty two, COY Sit
uated In Doniphan County. Kansas; taken and
offered for sale. BY virtue Of An alias execution
Issued from the District Court of the Second
Judicial District. sitting within and for the
County Of Doniphan, and State of Kansas, for
the trial of causes arising under the laws Of
said State. wherein Isaac Deepen is plaintiff,
and M. T. Swinney, VIM. C. Swinney and
Francis Baraire are defendants, to satisfy iudg.
ment and costs of said action.
Given under my hand, this 25th dav of June,
A. ID. 1862 W. D. REELER,
~ Sheriff of Doniphan County.
By E. G. CRAsB, Denuty Sheriff.
July 8, lS62-5w. Prs fee, 50.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-07-03
DANIEL WEBSTER'S
GREAT SPEECH FOR THE o ION.

This superb Engraving measuring 3Ox36 in:
ches, representing one Of the sublimest scenes
ever enacted in that august assembly, the Sen.
ate of the United States, exhibits this irmor.
tai defender Of the Constitution" as he I'D.
dressed that body on the great Compromise
measures of 1850. Around him may be seen
the dagueneosyped licensees of more than
one hundred Senators and distinguished stran
gers drawn thitherby Mr.. Webster's great fame
to listen to his speech.
Resolved TO pot this glowing Picture within
the means of every lover of "WEHsTER AND
THE UNION" We have reduced the price
from $500 for which 20 long been sold, to the
merely nominal price of SIPS. Each Engra-
wing will be accompanied BY printed OvfIlxs
KEY, showing the name and placs Of each Nom.
Der Of the Senate. OF those srdsring the pic.
ture to be sent through the NaA, B3 cents in
addition will be required. Agents wanted.
Address, BURNETT 4 CO.,
Room No. IL, 81 Nassau Street. N. Y.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-07-03
Sheriff. Sale.

Jefferson L. Fee
Va.
Thomas Dillon, and
Nancy Fee.
NoTlCE is hereby given. tina. will offer
y Tor sale, at public auction. at the Court
mouse door, in the city of Troy, Doniphan
E y a Kansas, on the 4th day Of August, A.
y. ie62, between the hours of 8 O'Clock A. N.
ana o'clock P. NJ. of that day, the following
described tract Of land, to wit: The south west
quarter Of section twenty, COY township three,
Lsl range twenty, (20) situated IN Doniphan
county, and State of Kansas; taken and offer
eu 10, sale, by virtue of an alias order Of sale
issued from the District Court of the Second
JUDICIAL District, sitting within and for the
county Of Doniphan, and State of Kansas, for
. .ae e,ai OF causes arising under the laws of
80. saa state, wherein jefferson L. Fee is plain
Wv, sad James R. Whitehead, Thomas Dillon,
sla Nancy Fee are defendants, to satisfy juds.
"e en-. and costs Of said action.
. T,Ven under my hand, this 25th day Of June,
y. ioo2. w. D. BEELER,
sheriff Of Doniphan County, Kansas.
, By E. G. CRAss, Deputy Sheriff.
'ut! D. is62-5w. Prs fee, 50.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-07-03
AYERS
Ague Cure,
FOR THE SPEEDY CURE OF


Intermittent Fever, or Fever and Ague.
A1ue, Periodical Headache, or Bilious
Headache, and Bilious Fevers, indeed
Ing I'm hillary arrangement, caused by
the Malaria OF Miasmattc Countries.
We are enatled here to offer the community .
remedy which, while it cures the above complaints
with certainty, is still perfectly harmless in any
quantity. Such a remedy is Invaluable in districts
where these affecting disorders prevail. This
"CURE" expels the miasmatic poison Of FEVER
AND A6uE from the system, and prevents the de-
veopment of the disease, il taken on the first APP
proach of its premonitory symptoms. Itisnot only
The best remedy ever yet discovered for this class
o. complaints, but also the cheapest. The large
quantity we supply for dollar brings it within the
reach Of every body and in bilious districts, where
FEVER AND AGuB prevails, every body should
have it and use it freely both for cure and proec
ton. great superiority Of this remedy over any
other ever discovered for the speedy and certain
cure of Inermttents is that it contains no Qninine
other injurious effects whatever upon the constitu-
ton. Those cured by it are left as healthy As IL
they had never had the disease.
Fever and Ague is not alone the consequence Of
the miasmatic poison. A great variety Of disor-
ders arise from its irritation, among which are
NeuaAia, Rhemaatism, Gosa. Headache, Blind
ness, 1oofhaehe. Earaehe, Catavrh, Asthma, faI-
p;faf;on Painful A fiction of the Spleen, Hysfer-
ics, Pain tn the B0iceks, Cole, Faratysis and "
ranoen,ent of the Stomach, all Of which. when
originating in this cause. put on the inte,mitent
fype. or become periodical. This CURE expels
the poison from the blood, and consequently cures
them all alike. It Is an invaluable protection TO
immigrants and persons travelling o. temporarily
sionally or daily while exposed to the infection,
that will be excrcted from the system, and cannot
accumulate in sufficient quantity to ripen into dis
ease. Hence it is even more valuable for protec.
ton than cure, and few will ever suffer from Inter.
mttents If they avail themselves q the protection
this remedy affords. -
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-07-03
AYERS
Compound Extract of Sarsaparilla,

the most effectual remedy which the medical
skill of our times can devise for this every
where prevailing and fatal malady. 1t is COM
bned from the most active remedials that have
been discovered for the expurgation of this foul
disorder from the blood, and the rescue of the
system from its destructive consequences.
Hence it should be employed for the cure of
not only Scrofula, but alsQ those other affec-
tons which arise from it, such as ERUrTIvE
and SKIN DISEASES, ST. ANrHoNY's FIRE,
RosE. or EnYsirELAs, PIMrLEs, PUsruLEs,
BLoTcuEs, BLAINs and BoIs, TUMoRs, letter
and SALT RnEuM, ScALD HEAD, RINowoRM,
RHEuNArIsN. SYrnrILJIc and MERcURIAL Dis
EASES, DRorsx, DYSPEPSIA. DEpILlrY, and,
indeed, ALL COMPLAINTS AnlsINo PROM VITIA-
TED or IMrURE Boon. The popular belief
in "impwity Of Tie blood" is founded in truth.
for scrofula is a degeneration of the blood. The
particular purpose and virtue of this Sarsapa-
rilla is to purify and regenerate this vital fluid,
without which sound health is impossible in
contaminated constitutions.