davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10
Black Warrior.

THE celebrated Jack, BLACK WARRIOR
i will stand for Mares, the ensuing season
commencing this date and ending July 25th
1862, at the stable of JOHN F. SLACK, four
miles southeast of Emporia, on the Cottonwood
river. Black Warrior is Of the best Kentucky
stock. Young stock or produce taken at market
price, for service. An owner parting with mare
before foaling, forfeits the insurance money For
further particulars, inquire of the undersigned.
JOHN SLACK.
Emporia, May 3, 1862. 0237
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10

PorAro PIE.-Seeing request for a
recipe for making potato pie. send mine:
For three pies, take four common sized po-
tatoes. and CRATE IS if to make starch. Pour
off the FIRST water. then put on more and
stir it well. Let it settle. and take out a
part of the potato. leaving the starch; then
cook it until it becomes thick, stirring it all
the time. When done. put in spoonfulof
butter, tartarc acid enough to sour il. su-
gar and spices to the taste. - farmers
WIFE.-RuraE ". Yorker.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10

A CURE FOB SoFr CoRxs.-Scrape piece
of common chalk. and put pinch 20 the
soft corn, and bind alinen rag upon it. Re
peat the application during few days, and
you will find the corn come off like q shell.
and perfectly cured. The cure is simple
and eficacious.-G odey's Lody's Book
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10
sheriR's Sale.

Norval 81. Kelley,
VIM q. Maybery.
Allen D Graham,
E B. Kirkendall,
Wesley Pearson.
DY virtue of execution to me directed, and
ID issued out Of the Court IF the Fifth Judicial
District, in aud for the county of Lyon, I will,
ON WEDNESDAY, THE 2srH DAY OF MAY. A D. 1862,
between the hours of ten o'clock A. NJ. and four
o'clock P. NJ of said day, offer for sale at public
auction, at the Court House door. in the town of
Einporia. Lyon county, Kansas. the following
described real estate, to wit: The east half of the
south west quarter of section 80; also, the south
halt of the west half of the southwest quarter
Of section thirty-three lS3)-all of township UNI
Der nineteen (l9). south of range number twelve
(l2), east of the sixth principal meridian. situate
in the said county of Lyon and State of Kansas.
Levied upon as the property of Wesley Pearson.
($24O).
April, A. D. 1862.
JAMES B. COX,
Sheriff Of Lyon county.
By ]. A. FULLER, his Deputy-S9 90 235-40
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10

The Washington correspondent of the
journal of Commerce says he has discov-
cred that Dr.. Russell's salary as correspond
ent of the London Times is about ten thou
sand dollars per aDnum. and all his travelling
expenses. including extra dinners. q secre-
tary, and two horses. Pretty good pay.
but still hardly enough TO compensate for
such enormous lying as Russell 10 obliged
to indulge in.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10

Parson Brownlow is nice man. The
Louisville journal says: HE has repeatedly
assured US that he never swore an oath,
never played card. never took q drink of
liquor, never went to the theater, never at
tended horse race, never told lie. never
broke the Sabbath, never voted the Demo
cratic ticket, never wore whiskeEs. and never
kissed any woman but his wife,
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10

LEMON CHEEsEcAxE.--A quarter OF .
pound of butter. quarter of . pound OF SUI
gar, wine-glass of milk or cream, two OF.
sponge cake. tkree eggs, the grated rind Of
one and juice of half lemon. Slice the
cake, and pour over il the milk or cream
Beat the butter and sugar together, and stir
into it. Mash the sponge cake very 6ne.
and add to the above. Crate the yellow
rind, and squeeze the Juice of half lemon.
I'll with the mixture, and bake in naoder-
stely hot oven. sfrsy a55 s9s sgatA
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10
PLOW FACTORY.
ISBELL q WATT

ISbELL q AIT
HAvE opened shop in Emporia, on Sixth
avenue, nearly opposite the Hotel. for The
purpose of ma nufacturing PLOWS, HARROWS
CULTIVATORS. and all kinds of Agricultural
Implements. They now putting up fifty
Double Shovel Plows. and fifty Single Shovel
for use this season.
They will REPAIR Wagons, Buggies, and all
kinds of Agricultural Implements, on short no.
tce. Give US a call.
225-5O ISBELL d WAIT.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10

CoRN MEAL PUDDIEG.-Take quart Of
mush, and cool it with new sweet milk (not
quite as much milk as mush) }. eggs, ! tea.
cupful of sugar, ! teacupfnl Of four, little
ealt and soda or quick yeast, and ground
cinnamon if liked. Bake one hour in mod
erately slow oven. and eat with sauce. Some
prefer to use norsugar in the pudding ITSELF.
but to eat with butter, sugar and nutmeg
mixed.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10
NEW BLACKSMITH SHOP.

JAMES W. BROWN has opened a Blacksmith
q Shop near Plymouth. in this county, VIII ere
he will be glad to oil persons wantn g any
work done in his line of business. He flatters
himself from long experience at his trade. that he
can give satisfaction to all Give him trial
237-9S JAMES w BROWN
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10
EMPORIA, KANSAS, sATURIlA Y. NAY 10. 1862.

ardly brutes in twenty FIVE dwellings in
Bentonville ? Is there man who reads this
dare say he would not have had revenge
under like cause of proyocation 2"
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10

A Yankee has just discovered plan for
making ships of India rubber. but Coa-
gress discountenances the scheme. because
they are afraid that such ships. in crossing
the line, would rub it out.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10
Chronic Cases Treated.

T WISH it to be understood by my patrons and
L the community generally that will pay par
tcular attention to the treatment of CHRONIC DIS
EASES ALL KINDS. ON SORES, SORE EYES, and all
eruptions of the skin. Also, particular attention
paid to diseases OF women and children.
have had many years experience in the treat
ment of these diseases at the West. accompanied
with universal success, and respectfully solicit the
patronage of the public.
las J.F NEWTON. M D.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10

When you see drunken rebel black with
mud. You may conclude be has dyed in the
last diich.-Louisville Journal
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10
COPPERROTTOM

WILL STAND FOR MARES. the ensuing
w season, commencing the 2lst of April and
ending the last of June, rs follows: At Emporia,
on Saturday of each week. and at my reside nee
So miles east of Emporia. For further particu,
lars, inquire of the undersigned.
1858 VIM. A. SPAIN.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10

RELIEF FOR THIRST. = The Springfield
Republican says: if.
We have already recommended as relief
from thirst, for the soldier, a Glove taken
into the mouth, to promote the flow of sal
iva and relieve the irritation, without the
evil effects of bad water and worse whisky
Many other substances are almost equally
useful. not including tobacco, for with that
the saliva cannot be swallowed. We have
heard another suggestion. A soldier said
that on long and fatiguing march. tea was
a great refreshment. Granted; but in the
desert fields of Virginia. man is not st his
own tea-table. Doubtless cup of Mocha
coffee would be equally acceptable. No. he
said, comrade had little box with him,
filled with tea, and each day merely took a
few leaves in his mouth. We might believe
it. or not, but it was as good as cup of
tea. 1t is worth trying. Letthose who are
putting up box for pet soldiers put in
few cloves and some tea, with these sug-
gestions. z-- ......r.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10

To CURE DIPHTHERIA "A gentleman who
has administered the following remedy for
diphlheria informs US that it has always
proved effectual in affording speedy relief.
Take common tobacco pipe (new). place a
live coal within the bowl, drop a little tar
upon the coal. and let the patient draw the
smoke into his mouth and discharge it
through the nostrils. The remedy is safe
and simple. and should be tried whenever
occasion may require. Many valuable lives
may be saved, our informant confidently
believes. hy prompt treatment in this man
RdlloseH Gazette.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10

COUNTY ORDERS FOR SALE.
COUNTY ORDERS, in sums Of any amount.
~ for sale by F. G. HUNT,
22S-tf Register Of Deeds.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10
Attachment Notice.
Administrator's Notice.

NOTICE is hereby given, that letters of ad
~ ministration upon the estate (remaining
unadministered) of MARIA L. GIBSON, de-
ceased, have been granted to me by the Lyon
County Probate Court, bearing date the 2lst ~
of April, 1862. JOHN F. GIBSON.
April &c, 1852. 1868 81 go
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10

GEN. BURNSIDE IN PRAYER-The victo-
ries of Roanoke and Newbern. together
with the other numerous yet important sue
cesses of General Burnside. are now the
theme of grateful mention in every patriot
home. In q recent sermon Bishop Clarke.
of Rhode Island, made the following per-
sonal allusion while he was planning
his magnificent expedition. it was my for
tuue to occupy the same room with him in
Washington. and l shall never forget how.
every MOI ming. we used to kneel down to-
gether, and pray for the blessing Of God
upon his solemn work. That blessing en-
sures his success. The Lord of Hosts is
with him, the God of Battles is his refuge"
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1862-05-10
r. I. FRAZER
DIR. J. r. MORRIS.

FH1SICIAN I'M OUHUD O-Es
TENDERS his professional services to the peo-
L pie of Neosho Rapids, Breckenridge county,
Kansas. Office and residence in Neosho Rapids
I56tf
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-09-11
MARRIAGE.

ITS LOVES AND hates, sorrows and an.
l. gers, hopes and fears, regrets and joys;
MANHOOD, how lost, how restored the
nature, treatment and radical cure of Sper-
matorrhea or seminal weakness; involuntary
emissions, sexual debility and irpediments to
marriage generally; nervousness, consumption,
fits, mental and physical incapacity, resulting
from SELF ABUSE-are fully explained in the
MARRIAGE GUIDE BY WIN. YOUNG, NJ.
d. This extraordinary book should be in the
hands of every young person contemplating
marriage, and every man who desires to limit
the number of their offspring to their circum-
stances. Every pain, disease and ache inciden-
tai to youth, maturity and old age, Is fully ex-
planned; every particle of knowledge that should
be known is here given. It's full of engravings.
In fact it discloses secrets that every one should
know; still it is book that must be locked up,
and not lie about the house. 1t will be sent to
any one or the receipt of twenty five cents in
specie or postage stamps. Addres, DR.. WIN.
YOUNG, No. 4l6 SPRUCE Street, above
Fourth, Philadelphis.
Observation-Disclosures
no matter what may be your disease, before you
place yourself under the care Of any of the no
torieus Quseks-native or foreigD-who adver-
tise in this or any other paper, get copy Of Dr..
Yoaug's book, and read Il essgaly. twill be
the means of saving you many Q dollar, your
health and possibly your life.
DR.. YOUNG can be consulted on any Of the
diseases described in his publication. at his Of
fee. No. 4l6 SPRUCE Street, above Fourth,
Philadelphia.
Once hours from 9 to 3. daily.
. June 10 62-1y.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-09-11
AUTHORIZED MILITARY BOOKS.
p,h,;.h.a :, o,a., Of the u. 8. War Depart

AUTHORIZED MILITARY BOOKS.
Polished BY order the U. s. War Depart
ment- F, RAJ = .usli s
INSTRUCTIONS IN FIELD ARTILLERY.
Prepared BY s e; g., ., 4s;il'es, Officers
is BALrtnoak. Nd, January IS, 1883.
Col. s. CoofxR; Adjt. Gen. U. s. A. a 49,
Sn:-The Light ARTILLERY Board assembled
BY Special Orders No. l34, OF iss6, and Special
Orders No. ll6, of 1858, has the honor to sub
Nit revised system Of Light Artillery Tactics
and Resplations recommended for that arm.
=, WIN. H. FRENCH. b. Majer,
Captain First Artillery.J
WILLIAM F1BARRY,
a5. Captain-Seeond ARTILLERY.
HENRY ]. HUNT, Bt. Major,
Captain Second Arsilleryo1
-. HARDEE,S TACTICS, al
Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics. for the e.er
else and nanevres of Tf4eps when acting -
Light infantry or RiAepen. Prepared under
The direction of the War Department. By
Brevet Lieutenant. Colonel w. ]. HARDEE,
u. S.A. Vol. I.-ScHools OF THE SoLDiRa
AND ConrAxY; DISTINCTIONS roR SkIanisHERs.
Vol. U.-ScaooL OF THE BArTiLLIoH.
Two vols. complete. $l-5O.
aAs Aeet to ests6lisk a. ssiyeTm 1eas q D.se'-
sli.e snd Field Ezeseise for tie Ailifis :f tie
U.;fed Steses.
"sEcrIos l.. That the system o. oisciPans
and ne, ass.s.sd nv the regular Army of the
limited StatAs, in the different corps Of infantry
art;ller7. and riHemen, shall slss BE s6seyued BY
tke miltis, in the exercises and discipline Of the
said corps respectively throughout the on''e'
1900 w.sb;nesop. Nav 1. $50.
.v.Ynv rs r.r,cs tE
Published by order Of the war Department
First Part-ScHooL OF fhooiHA; OF THE
PLATOON AND OF THE SarADRos DIsAouS1fD.
Second Part-ScHooL OF TIE ihoofES; AND
OF THE PLATOON AND OF THE SQUADRON MouN
TED. Third Part-Evoturioss OF hfci-
nESr.
Three vols. lomo. $50
WAR DEfAArnENr, WARRINGTON,
February lO, le4I.
The system Of Cavalry Tactics adapted TO
| the organisation Of Dragon regiments, having
been approved by the President Of the United
States is now published for the government Of
the said service.
Accordingly, instructions in the same will be
given aitcr the method pointed out therein, and
all additions to, or departures from the exerci-
SEES and manGuvres laid down IN this system are
| positively forbidden. .
]. r. POINSETT,
i0- Secretary Of War.
wooluIaNN RayOyFT FYFRCISFS
-.
Manual OF bayonet Exercises. Prepared LOT
the use OF the Army OF the unMed states.
By GEOkGE b. McCLELLAH' Gaptain
First Regiment CaSaiIy' Y. .. a. rnnteo
by order OF the War Department.
One vol. mo. SID.
STOOL HEADauiRIEas OF THE A.sY:
Il WASHINGTON, ID. c., December 81, lS5l.S
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-09-11
DANIEL WEBSTER'S
GREAT SPEECH FOR THE o ION

This superb Engraving measuring 30z36 in.
ches, representing one Of the sublimest scenes
ever enacted in that august assembly, the Sen.
ate Of the United States. exhibits this immor.
tai 'Defender Of the Constitution" a he ad
dressed that body on the great Compromise
measures of 1850. Around him may be seer
the daguerreotyped licensees Of more thar
one hundred Senators and distinguished ssrsn.
gers drawn thitherby Mr.. Webster's grest fame
to listen 10 his speech. @ inb
Resolved to put this glowing Picture within
the means Of every lover Of "WEBSTERA AND
THE UNION" We have redsced the price
from $500 for which 30 long been sold, to the
merely nominal price of SIPS. Each Engra.
wing will be accompanied By printed OUfl,xS
KEY, showing the name and place Of each men,
Der Of the Senate. OF thoss ssdering the pic
ture to be sent through the Mall. - oepts In
addition will be required. Agents wanted.
Address. BURNETT / CO.,
Room No. IL. 81 Nassau Street, N. Y.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-09-11
r. p. BAKER.
Attorney and Counsellor at Law,

cENTRALIA, NEMAHA CO., KANSAS,
WILL practice in the Courts of NenaAs
w and adjoining Counties. Particular A.
tsntion paid to collecting in all parts Of the
country. Lands entered, vacant lands shown,
taxes paid for non-residsnts, etc. Large tracts
of land for sale.
BY Permission, Refers to
Hon. Judge Dixon, Chief Justice Supreme
Court Of Wisconsin.
E. s. Smith, Esq, Collecting Agent. Chiea-
20, m.
A. Beattie 1 Co., 81. Joseph. Ne.
Hon. J. N. Willard, Troy, N. T.
Hon. J. L. Mcdowell. Lsavsavotth, Kansaa
july II, sl-l J. 49,
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-09-11
THE TRUE FLAG.
A JOURNAL FOR EVERY HOME

r
The TsUE FLAG commences its tenth year
under the most favorable auspices. Although
acknowledged to be the Pioneer Newspaper Of
its class, (having originated the system Of no
contiaued stories, and mo advertise ments,) il
has outlived host of imitators, and still dis
tances all competition. Its circulation exceeds
by several thousand that of any weekly paper
in New England. It 10 not limited to any class
or dietrict, but cheers the homes and gladdens
the dresides of every State in the Union. Il 10
not distinguished merely for its unequalled
tales and sketches, but every number contains
an entertaining and useful variety of Anec-
dotes, Biography, Editorials, Adventures, His
tory, Poetry, and scraps Of Wit. Wise Say.
ings, and Curious Information of every deserts
ton. r-T 80 -
Our corps Of contributors comprises the Ev.
Hest Story -tellers, and numbers many Of the
best Authors Of the day, in every department
Of LiteFat1Re. u sir .7s.ffr3.4i,- f.o Il :
In respect 70 the future We can only saw that
We shall faithfully adhere 70 our Old, Well
tried System ofavoiding tedious novelettes, and
Of giving each week throughout the year con.
dsnsed andspiey eompesdium Of reading fsr
the people. 1ooIi 1 as; D 500 fgs4 q
-ai...-..b -. TERMS: .,-l. 49,. -
One copy one year. 81: I've copies, one wear,
or one copy, two year1, -; six copies one wear.
and one copy - The gessec mp Of The Club, 81;
twelve copies, one year, and one 70 the gesser
pPsssnssssrs can receive tie psper ~
their esn ~ 81 - ysas. They arc fsouss.
Ted g :cs - Agents and get apClubs. -.
PUBLISHERS TRUE FLAG.
7'is'.71 p Boston, Mass. q
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-09-11
Try Wards Telegraph Tonic!

WHICH never fails to cure! Warranted,
w iftaken according to directions, TO effect
Q cure. The proprietor can produce thousand
certificates to those who wish to see them, but
does not think it necessary to display them, -
the medicine will recommend itself, II given Q
trial. Try II once, and satisfy yourself.
Warranted perfectly Vegetable and harmless
For sale BY Shreve 4 Macy, White Cloud;
and BY Dealers everywhere. All orders mus
be addressed 70 W. W. WARD, Mansion
House, Leavenvorth City, Kansas. General
Agentfor Kansas, Nebrasks, and the Western
States. july 81. 5s-3n.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-09-11
IMPORTANT NOTICE

To Disabled Soldiers, Eeamea and Ma.
rines, and Widows or other Heirs Of
those who have Died or been Killed
In the Service.
CF1AS. O. TUCKER,
Attorney tor Claimants, Bounty Land and
IT,. Pension Agent,
WASHINGTON CITY, d. c.
DECISIONS procured for Soldiers, Seamen
i snd Marines Of the present war, Who are
disabled by reason of wounds received or dis
ease contracted while in service; and Pensions,
Bounty Money and arrears of Pay obtained for
widows or or other heirs Of those who have died
Or been killed while In service.
Bounty Land procured for services in any Of
the.other wars. CHAS. C. TUCKER,
nov. ., 6l-tf Washington, d. C.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-09-11
s6DR. 7M'LANF's
.zs.rC Celebrated Americap
WORM SPECIFIC
VERMIFUGR
SYMPTOMS OF WORMS

TIME countenance is pale and .,a
co,osed, with occasional fushe., O, 3
cumscribed spot on one or both cheek. !.
eyes become dull; the pupils dil,,., x :
azure ..micircle runs along the lower =. :
Id; the nose is irritated, sweli,, and -. y
dimes bleeds; 4 swelling Of the upu.r :
occasional headache, with humnip, !
throbbing Of the ears; an unusual ,cc = :
Of .aliva; Shiny or furred tongue; b,.,s
very foul, particularly in the morning; >,
petite variable, sometimes roraciou, vSt
Enawing sensation of the stomach, a, OH,
entirely gone; aeeting pains in the s,un,d
occasional nausea and vomiting; v;nl-,
pains throughout the abdomen; bow.b !,
regular, at times costive; stools ,liny; :,
unfrequently tinged with blood; belly wi
len and hard; urine turbid; respiration ;
casionally difficult, and accompanied )
hiecough; cough sometimes dry and corrs
ave; uneasy and disturbed sleep, v,
grinding of the teeth; temper v,riab. /,
generally irritable, &c
Whenever the above symptom. ar
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-09-11
Notice.

a MEETING of the Stockholders in the
n white Cloud City Company. will be held
at White Cloud, on Monday, the 25tn day OF
August, 1862. This meeting will be held agree
ABLY to the amendment to the Charter OF the
Company, authorizing majority Of the Sfoek'
holders presess to transact any business OF the
Company. .. BAILEY Freadent.
Juiy "a, 1921.
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-09-11
SHINGLES!

TUE subscriber has just completed his Shin
i Gle Machine, and Is now manufacturing
Cottonwood and Walnut Shingles, the best that
can be had in the market. Orders for any
quantity filed on the shortest notice, if not on
hand, at the most reasonable prices.
may be found at White Cloud, just below
Partridge 4 Co.'s Saw Mill.
JAMES F. CLEMENSEN
une 81 6O-tf
White Cloud Kansas chief. [volume] (White Cloud, Kan.) 1857-1872, 1862-09-11
AYERS
COMPOUND Extract Of Sarsaparilla,

the most efectual remedy which the medical
skill of our times can devise for this every
where prevailing and fatal malady. 1t is COM
bined from the most active remedials that have
been discovered for the expurgation of this foul
disorder from the blood, and the rescue OF the
system from its destructive consequences.
Hence it should be employed for the cure OF
not only Scrofula, but also those other affec-
tons which arise from il, such as ERurTIva
and SKIN DISEASES, ST. ANrHoNY's FIRs,
RosE, or ERYsIPELAs, PMrLEs, PusruL1s,
BLorcHEs, BLAINs and BoILs, Tuxons, TErrER
and SALT RHEux, ScALD HEAD, RrNowoRx,
RHEuxArIsx, SYPHnIrIc and MERcuRIAL Dis
Eases, DnoPsY, DYsPErsIA, DEBILITY. and,
indeed, ALL COMPLAINTS ARISING FROM VITA
TED on IMPURE BLOOD. The popular belief
in "impwity ofths blood" is founded in truth,
for scrofula is q degeneration Of the blood. HE
particular purpose and virtue Of this Sarsapa-
Iilla is to purify and regenerate this vital fluid,
without which sound health Is impossible in
contaminated constitutions.