The Manchester journal. [volume] (Manchester, Vt.) 1861-current, 1862-03-18
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SMALL AID LARGE FARMs

tia&n faa0rt. v hF is As4t - IA kHE
hshusn wili answer n uucs that f q -
oass ID Euslafd sis iana = o~ned By
fee large gFs,Pnesor,, ~hlis % frsncr sd
The Luits8 SiAiss i - divided into small
tracts among many owners a. Engisad
the rsAl estAis II : person dying iaiesiais
al descends 10 the claesi son, phls 10
Francs. - "a ibis country, Il i equally
DIVIDED aaioag al ihe children. 10 ing
lad the Tendency q the laws j.. 70 lacrei-e
ihe land u the Landowner, 10 make ihe
rch meier, and Il net 10 make The poor
poogrr, . lrasl TO keep him al~Ays as Pgor
A. be hss y.
Lavergns, il 1885, estimated that liseFc
we're al.osi 2o0, 900 farmers, that -. per.
sons wiz occaps as tenants Of others, in
Engiand alone. occupying al averaEe Of
80 acres each. Of these, about oRe-haii
cGli,yste their farms themselves, wi,h the
assistance Of their tamilies.s IN France,
bcssslcs he Eve OF SIX millions o. small
hosiings, below twenty acres each, there
are four Or Eve hundred thousand aveFAg-
iug hliy o. sixty acres each and aiany very
large estates, especially near Paris. The
Difference between tie actual extent OF
tie farms. as occupied. IN England AID
eleswlere, is usually sxagg rated. A len
immense landowners are referred TO az
Illustrations Of BRITISH agriculture. The
estate Of the Duke Of Sutherland, the iatg-
ea in Gtcat Britain, contains 100000
acres, but lhis il IL ,he NorIh OF Scotland,
wild and rough country, which does 10,
adult VI the fine cultivation OF the lowlahd
counties. The immense estates OF the
Duke Of Northumberland are situated
mostly in the county Of that name, one OF
the most mountainous and least productive.
IL - not usually on those Immense estates
that We lind the mosl profitable cultivation.
The large proprlelors do not usually man
age their own estates or even keep them
much IA their charge. They are divided
of into farms Of 100 10 1000 acres, and
leased, and the tenant or farmer occupies
them as II they were his oAn. Often, IN
deed usually. there is no written lease, and
the tenant goes on from year TO year for
genera ION, under a sort OF custom. and
Al his death, his widow or son continues IN
the same occupation, SO that the homes OF
English farmers are even more permanent
than those OF American farmers. Now, Il
each Of these farmers owned his farm,
would lac not cultivate ii as well for HIM
sell aud the country, as he does now
II has often been said in England that
the best lease il that which makes The
tenant most like an owner. Yet, we OBJ
served while in company with English
farmers, that they supposed that tenant
farmer cultivated better than an owner
We we're struck with this fact, when trav-
cling through Lincolnshire with some very
shresd farmers. There they would
say, "is farm owned by the occupant il
he paid rent he could not afford to raise
surh poor crops"
CAPITAL NECESSARY.
The secret OF this matter seems to be
this. To cultivate land probably, in an
old. long settled country, il must be eulti-
waited well and Systematically, and 10 do
this requires capital. A farmer in Eng
land, who expends the most OF his money
TO buy farm, has not enough left to cul- /
tiya,e i literally. A thousand-acre farm 1
IN Lincolnshire requires about $4,000 (
capital, TO enter upon and stock and man
age u to The best advantage, as tenant +
merely. II is not the extent Of the farm,
but the means and skill TO cultivate il in
the best manner, that make il profitable.
Put upon Lincolnshire farm OF this eX-
tent, farmer with small capital, and he
must ruin the farm aud himself. He can
moi buy stock. tools and manure, nor EN-
ploy labor requisite TO make il productive.
The farmer with small capital had better
remain upon small farm. There are I
certain obvious advantages in farms OF no.
very small extent. Costly labor perform
ing machines, such as stesm-engines for
threshng, and the like could not be own
ed To advantage by small proprielors. and
labor can be better systrmaliz-d on a large
than a small farm. The practical objec-
ton to the English system of farming is
not SO much 10 its agricultural results, as
10 its oppression Of the laboring cls,ses.-
The laborer in Englaad is generally poor,
ignorant ami degraded, compared With any
class of laborers which We have in New
England, and so long a. the present laws
OF properly continue. he must always ic
main ~. English agriculture is profitable
10 The tenant-iarmrr. and TO the land-own-
er. because the poor laborer who does the
hard work gets no just recompense for his
labor.
THE ISLAND OF JERSEY.
This little i.land, although governed by
England. is not subject to the English laws
as toiaheriianee but the old Norman law,
by which each child inherits equally the
land Of tie parent, still prevails, by sort
OF custom, and has prevailed Tor nine hun
dred ycars. This is the island from which
came thc famous breed of Jersey COWS
The efIeci Of their laws has been to divide
the land into very small holdings, farm
90 large As forty acres scarcely being found
on the island. and most OF the farms con-
tanning only from five 10 fifteen acrex-