davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
, 1861-06-28

The Following Endorsement O
sP.1LDL.s.G'S
CEPHALIC PILLS
WILL ooHvI1CH ALL WHO Br7YxH YRox
HEAD ACHE.
SPEEDY AND SURE CURE
"a WITHIN THEIR REACH.
As these Testimonials we're unsolicited by HI.
RALDING, they afford uuquestionabls
praoto1 the efficacy Of this truly
sciantiao discovery.
r-u MAsosT111z, Conn. Feb. sta. lsa.
EI1:-I have tried -FOUR Cephalic Pills and Erxn
TnxA 90 WILL tbs: want you 70 send nc TITO doQass
TsIt q 5sss s5e tos The ns.gheoEs to WHOM gars
Sad u Il IL .'s
JAMES KENNEDY.
uA1Rro9n. Pa. Feb 9Th. 1sa.
cSSsa | s9a e sns s91
z0':; sfFT sifFfEfsstss!'yi Hsay yis7orzuousz
seHrc8 czzzx, Huntington CO. Pa-}
ais ;5, VII p1sa..ss .s e .s1a tyo boxes of your
Respectfully yqnrs
n4sr rs.D oss DOE o. 9S9; aoeR Z ssS s1aes2 asD
uSD 1Itx1 xxcz11kTT-
Bx11x ExHsos. Ohio. Iaa- 18th. 1851.
fie..e snd neiossa for which send
n 1so!as' @ ssa f ISHE 4 GtRe;s s3s fn.1 4a'
Belle Vernon, Wyaados County, O.
B1v1n1r. Ma.e. Dec, 1.th, 1sn
9,s ioT so esn1a.s CT large .ho~ bill. bring
EN- ba9s & ssts Ed ny yysss
S5s ef ~ ssstses she ssn!set = se.srs sss
~ ATIac1 II osn UouR y 1og1 P11la L.. which
''0'asse' he''ee'%s4.gR v. 4 s9a11 %RKEa
Ra1zoLDs8cRa. Franslin County ohio.}
NJ : cf6es stsfft IT. cen.z
4 FSy; M @a fisf ks;aoias0ars. EisasIa codn.
FoTR Pills wonx 11xx cuAax-cuu HsAn-
14a's 3eSI E% Z. Fu1sR.
..... yrsuAsrr. ancb. January 14th, 1861.
sisENot long stnce sent to. you for bo. Of cep-
cass1sness and received The ssme. and TINT n.n 50
soon ~ H,Tss a TnT ~ w1s 1 Enccao 70 sD 1oz
1' 51se: @'' 9 'N y 'S T Esssza. EgEz5ES Si.a.
From the Examiner, Eor{otE. Val
cerhauc P1lls accomplish tho object tor which tae5
were made. v1z:-cuEe OF Hcsdache In all Its for1A
[Fron tho Examiner. Norfolk, Val
They have been tested IA more taaa saousand
cases. With entire succesa.
Prom the Democrat, ST. Cloud, Mimi
send far 6a1. Wephslie filJ 50 that yoa ns5 haTs
| from the Advertiser, Providence, T.
The Cephaltc Pills said TO be onarEsh1y enec-
tive remedy for the hcsdsche, and one Of the very
best for that very reQent complaint which has evez
| been dlscerered.
[Froto the Tcste1n Z. r Gazette, Chicago, n,1
We heartily endorse III. spaldng. aud his unriYalled
| CephANc Pills.
! tFrom thu KAnawh8 Valley star, EanAwhA Val
| We are sure that persons Suffering With the head
| ache, who try them. will stick to them
From the Southern Path Finder, New Orleans, la1
TT tAesa. you that are afflicted, aad We are suEs
/ that your testimony be be added to the already
puuerous LIST tha has received benefits thai no otaf
| medicine can produce.
! From the St Louis Dcuaoerat1
The immense demand for tte azdcls tCepha1c Pnl1a
tsrapldly Increasing
| Iron the Gazette Davenport 1oTa1
Ut: SpsldIng would not connect bis aame vita a
| article he did not KNOW to possesa resi- meS1f-
IFTom the Advertiser, Providence, Il II
The testimony In their favor Is strong. from the mosa
respectable quarters.
/ From tbs Daily News. Newport, r II
cephalic Pills are takng the plsee OF al kinda
lFrona the Commercial Bolleta. Boston, Masa1
es3d to be yes1 eneaciaus fort the headaeae.
[From the Commercial Cincinnati, OhIol
ec6eftog humanity can 1ow be relieved
, 1861-06-28

B Fine Toilet soaps-Eng1ish and French: :
choice variety At Sargent'e, apotheca3, oo1ner oi
Randolph and State streets.
, 1861-06-28

BExIFu Co1cERL-An who hare been de-
lighted by the efforts Of the Orchestra Of the
Philharmonic Society, will remember their
benefit Is down on the bills.
, 1861-06-28

4xoTHm PEcK-J. Il. Peck, and not T. T.
r. Peck, Ia the bail Of 8. ". Pease, held On
The stolen land T1raat case.
, 1861-06-28


Mrs. Hunt, wife Of Mayor HINT Of Hann1-
bal, No., well known to many Of cur citizens,
is now In this city soliciting aid for the gallant
Home Guard Of Hannibal, Missouri These
men are in need Of equipment, Of suitable
arms and other munitions Of war, and through
the lady Of their commander ssk the people
Of Chicago to aid In supplstng"the want
Much as has been contributed In this city for
patriotic purposes, We are quite sure this ap-
peal will meet with no uiggardly response.
Contributions may be LETT with Mr. Drake. Of
the fremont House, or with Messrs. Turner
Il sidway, 2os Randolph street. Now let our
citizens giye literally and give promptly. De-
lay may cost multitude Of valuable lives.
CANP Lo1G-Matte1s are now fully settled
and order reigns ut Camp Long, newly estab-
liRhed at Cottage Grove. The following Is the
nF%
, 1861-06-28

from the Advertiser, Providence, r
The CephAltc Pills sad TO be remarkably entc-
tive remedy for the headache, and one Of the very
best for that very freQent complaint which has eyez
been discovered.
, 1861-06-28

= AND Still. THEr CoAK-A vary large party
Of German enigrants arrived yesterday, four
OF five hundred in number, and the. fifth large
party within two weeks.
, 1861-06-28

a. Cook l. McIain, IS Dearborn aszeet, hays
made their prizes 70, cleaning and dye1ng Gents
garments less than any Other house In the city.
, 1861-06-28

CONSULAR D16s1THs.-The senior partner
in the banking house Of Hoffman & Gelpcke,
in this city, lately suspended, is Consul Of
SAKE Coburg GOTTA. Judgment having been
rendered against them in q Justice Court,
novelty in pleadings has presented itself, in
plea to the Jurisdiction Of the Court based on
the c1ause in the Constitution, as follows:
sin all cases affecting ambas seadora, other pnb-
state shan Be . party, lie Supreme Court shall
have original Jurisdiction"
This is decidedly stay Of Judgment In the
rage nf dey.n6itnrA
, 1861-06-28

BEVERLY. MAee., Dec, llth, 1sdA
B. C. 6PALprNa, Esq,
wish for circulars large chow bills to bring
your Cephac Pills mora particularly before my
tomers- II you have anything Of the Kind p1eaae
send to ne.
One Of my custnmert who Is subject 70 tevere Sick
Headache, (usually Lasting two daYA} WAS CURED OF
sent here. Respectfully yourH,
II. B. WILKES
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1861-08-27
PERSONAL.

Carr. EAroN OF the Vergenncs Company has
returned to the war with twenty five recruits
for his Company.
CoNyALEsosNr.-Captain Todd Of the Brottle-
boro' Company, as we learn from the PhGair,
has so nearly recovered from his wound received
at the Bull Run battle as to be able to leave
Drattleboro' soon.
GEN. BANKS is reported to have advanced with
his column as far as Winchester, Virginia, de-
spite the opposition of 1000 Rebels. We hope
this may be confirmed.
Adiutant Hiram Stevens returned with the
Ransom Guards ON Saturday. lie will remain
hereabouts for few days when he will repair
to Fortress Monroe to enter upon the duties OF
his new position. Ibid.
DR.. a. G Dana, of Brandon, died at his res
lence Tuesday morning last.
Daniel C. L5wber Of New Orleans has beer
arrested in Ohio as the bearer of dispatcher
from Jeir Davis to England
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1861-08-27

WHERE ARE TIE DEMOCRATS We learn
that " Many Democrats have called County
Convention for this County, to be held at North
field next Friday.
1t is said that of three hundred wounded sol
ders in the hospital at Washington, there is
not a case Of injury from bayonet thrust The
Rebels either had no bayonets, sr did not use
them.
\ poet complains that
1.-THE Northern Tyres are dumb
The poet should be sent to Richmond or charles
ton ;hc will find the Southern liars noisy enough
to satisfy the most active imagination.-Co7'-
merciai Builctia.
Let us alone seems to be the motto of j.
d. We suggcs. putting period to this thing
Let L. S. alone or j. d. may find himself
with his two initials all,e-say the last one.
TIE ATLANTIC MONTHLY for September comes
to us froightcd as usual with good things. 1t
presents in its table of valuable contents, " The
Shakesperian Mystery by Richard Grant
White; 4 story entitled " Sacharissa Mellasys,
by the late, lamcntcl Major Winthrop My
Out Door Study by lliggiuson a continual
ton Of Mrs Stoves story, " Agnes OF Soren-
to " The Aquarium by Dr. Cheeyer )
. The Young Repeater by Harriet Martineau
e. Bread and the Newspaper" by DR.. Holmes ;
. The Advantage of Defeat by c. +. Norton
and as many more interesting and readable ar
ticles. 1t is plethOric with the very 1est things
in current literature.
Gas BURNERS We have used for some time
past one of 0rnes' Patent Filter regulating Gas
Burners. These burners have a combination oil
good qualities. They peri city filter the gas
which in consequence burns without smoke
BY means of screw the packing can be looseneC
or compressed at pleasure, and the size Of thu
let Of flame thus regulated. The lava tip is ;
most excellent Improvement, as itnever corrode'
and never wears out out And what is of near
ly as much Importance, when the other goot
qualities are secured, it can be procured at {
very moderate rate, Mr.. Spear, who has charg
of the gas works in this village, has them TO
sale, and can give full information respecting
their superiority as excellent burners.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1861-08-27

TREAsoSAnlR NEWSPAPERS. --The United
States Marshal of Philadelphia took possession,
the 22I inst, of the Office of the Christian o.
scrr,r, that paper having INDUCED its treason
able dispositions in violent article on the
" Unholy War"
The Democrat and the Republican, two papers
of secession sympathies in Allentown, Pa, have
been compelled to seek the protection of the
Sheriff and his posse, to protect themselves IRON
the indignation of the people,
Thomas j. Carson, W. W. Kelley, and w
n. uenran, arrested recently at Harrisburgh
Pa, have been brought to Philadelphia for ex
animation. 100000 in drafts, by parties il
Richmond, on New York firms, were found on
their persons.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1861-08-27
by TELEGRAPH
TO THE FREEMAN.
4 O'CLOCK Il. M.
Formidable Naval Preparations al
Fortress Monroe,
Lieut. Crosby again Returned.
Effects OfGen. WOOL sAiscip-
line.
MeigS taking good care of our Troops
Precautionary Measures.

FonrRlss MONROE, August %.
Formidable preparation for a naval expedition
from OLD Point are about completed. Not
wthstanding rumors its destination isaprofound
secret. Lieut. Crosby returned last night from
bis third expedition to the Eastern shore Of
Virginia lie went off Tangier's Sound and
brought back private schooner. Gen. Wool
has spent part Of the day at Newport. Brig
Gen Phelps will probably remain in command
Tie rebels hereafter will find it very difficult to
communicate with the Fortress by means Of
spies No person is allowed to visit Camp
Hamilton without q special pass from the Com
handing General or Proves. Marshal.
WAsmycroN, August %.
Tie results Of Megs' administration in the
Quartcrmasters department are astonishing.
The large numbers of wagons, horses, mules,
and the immense amount Of camp cquipage and
other army supplies, afford direct evidence of
his yigor and efficiency. The soldiers on both
sides Of the Potomac are promptly and salts
actorilv furnished with everything necessary
to their military and domestic wants which has
largely contributed to their fine condition. All
large craft schooners, and sloops, small row.
boats and skiIs on the Potomac have been
taken possession Of by the Government. This
may be matter of precaution between the
Maryland and Virginia shores.
New YoRK, August %.
The Herald correspondent says that Messrs
j. Wiley Edmunds, John c. Grey, and VIM.
T. Andrews, representing the capitalists of Bos'
ton have been cndeayoring to pursnade the Presl'
dent to dismiss the Secretaries of Army and
Navy.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1861-08-27
Morrie0.

In Mortified, July 2Sh b. Rev A. l. Cooper, Mr.
Edwin r. Thrashcr and Miss Della A. Flint, both OF
Braiutree'
In Bra ntree Aug. 18th, by Rev. 4. =. sdmmerbell,
Mr. VIM II Harlow, OF fomfret, and Miss Elmira NJ
Fisk, OF Mortified.
At terrace Church. Randolph W. Aug 10, by Rev. J.
Frank Wiukley, Justin Mouton and II Olivia Perrin
only daughter " Hon. +. Perrin, both Of Randolph.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1861-08-27

j. c. FLANDERS, Deputy Recruiting Officer
Head quarters at Redways Hotel, Montpelier
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1861-08-27
Rannhlioan Caucus in Middlesex.

The Republican voters OF NddleseS by notified
10 meet in Caucus at the Town Hall In said MddleseN,
on the e9h nst AT O'Clock 7. NJ. for the purpose Of
candidates for Justices Of the Peace, to be supported by
the Frecmen Of said town at the ensuing September
| nlrnllnn PER ORnlR OF REPunLloAN C0MhIIIfn.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1861-08-27
East Dfontpelier Caucus.

The Republican voters aud all others In the town Of
East Montpelier who in favor OF supporting the pres
ent Administration and In favor OF putting down Re-
heiion and sustaining our Governments are request
al 10 meet Mt Mr. ammets Hotel, on Saturday, August
ast isoi, al O'Clock r NJ, for tho purpose Of nom
mating some one to represent the town In the General
Assembly Of the State for the year ensuing and also TO
nominate seven justices Of the Peace.
PEEORpkR or Towa COMMITTEE.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1861-08-27
American e. Foreign Patents
r. II. EDDY.
SOLICITOR or PAT'ENTS,

SOLICITOR or P.4T'ENTS,
late Agent Of U. $ Patent Office, Washington, unde
the Act Of 1879
70 state street opposite I<ilby ST., Hcston.
4 FTER an extensive practice OF upwards Of twenty
Il years continues secure Patents IN the untd STATES
alsu in Great Britain France, aud other foreign coun
tres Caveats Specifications, Assignments, aud all Pa
pers or Drawings for Patents executed on liberal terms
and with despatch. Researches made into American 81
Foreign Works iodeermne the validity or unity OF Pc
tents oIingenens, ande legal or DINER advce Iehoeedl
an matters touching the same. Copies Of The claims ut
any Patent furnished by renting One Dollar Assign
ments recorded at Washington.
This Agency is only the largest IN New England
butthrough inventors have have advantages io securing
patents or ascedaining the patertaby OF inventions,
nnsu fpassedby IL not immeasurlbly super0ro any winch
can be offered them elsewhere The testimonials lelow
given prove that none is MORE SUCCESSFUL AT1HE
PATENT OFFICE than the subscriber and az ruCtLsS
~ THE REST PROOF or ADVANTAGES AND ABIl..
Try he would add that he has abundant reasons inbeeye
aud prove that At other office OF he knd are he
charges for professional services 20 moderate Ihe I'M
me- practice of the subscriber during twenty yea T.
past has enabled him 10 accumulate vast COLLECTION ni
spec fcaons and official decisions relative to palenle-'
These besides his extensive library Of lega ana necIa
zeal works, and m accounts OF patents granted N the
United States and Europe nder him able, beyond qhes
zion to offer superior facilities for obtaining patents
All necessity Of journey 20 Washington, 10 procure
patent and the usual great delay there are mere saVeu
Inventors.
TESTIMONIALS.
. regard NJ Eddy Of The most eap15ie aud sae
eessfuk practitioners with whom have had had ofiea
CHAs. MASON" Cor1nissioner Of Pctsnr
have no hesitation in assuring Inventors that ihey
cannot EMPLOY person competent aud trustworthy
and capable Of putting their applications ~ iDrn
to secure for them c.rly and favorable eonsieiuioh
| AT the Patent Office EDMOND BURKE"
| Late Commissioner OF Patents.
" Boston, February (, 1883.
| MIR. R. II, Eddy has made for me THlhTEFN appli'
cations on but of which patents have been grant
ed a nd that Is pending. Such unmstakablo
proof Of great talent and ability his part leads me ln
recommend inventors apply to him 10 procure the y
patents asthey may be OF having the most faithful
attention bestowed their and nj vey reasonably
| charges JOHN lA'Dahi
From Sent l7b 1857 TO June l7th, 1855 the subsc e
N course Of his large Practice made, on twice rejected
| aprIicatons SIXTEEN APPEALS EVERY ONE Of
| Patents K. H. EDDY.
| Boston, Jan. |, 1860. 5iyl
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1861-08-27
}I.Die0.

In Berlin Aug lst, Mary Jane Poor, laughter Of Al
mon Poor, aged q years.
In Fayston July Slh Rhola b, Gregg, aged Is
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1861-08-27


Your Country has made an urgeot call for
your services. Two Regiments Of Volunteers
are to be raised in Vermont All those brave
men desirons of joining their ranks, can now
enlist at Roxbury, ", where "a Recruiting
Office will be open from date (Aug 20th) fer
the purpose Of raising and organizing Compa'
n.y. None need apply over Is or under Is, or
with any physical infrmity. As ever before,
let Nermonters now respond to this call from
your Country. D. B. DAVENPORT,
Recruiting Officer.
Roxbury, Aug. 20, 1861.
}. c. FLANDERS, Deputy Recruiting Officer
Head quarters at Redway's Ho.el, Montpelier
Volunteers!
The undersigned, having been appointed Re-
cruiting Officer at Barre would give notice that
he will be at his Recruiting Office at the Town
Hall to receive enlistments for three years, un.
less sooner discharged.
Each recruit will be entitled to his pay and
rations from the time Of enlistment. Those
whose patriotim prompts them to the service
Of TIL ir Country are requested to call soon and
they will be cordially received.
w. f. TEMPIEToN,
Recruiting Officer.
Barre VI, Aug. 90 1861.
w. II. MARSH and II. A. PurYAM Assistant
Recruiting Officers. The former can be found
at Montpelier, and the latter at Plaindeld VII
lage.
Green-Mountain freeman. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1844-1884, 1861-08-27
Phillip shorts Estate.

THE Subscribers INV ~ cen appointed BY euohof-
/ able Probate cuui. toT the Disttiotof Washington
Commissioners receive examine and adusiull claims
and demands fan sagans the Estate Of Philip
Shon late of Calais, tn said District, deceased, rep
resented nsolvent aud the term Of six months from the
2ith day If d. lSd beinp allowed by sadCouTtto
the creditors al said deceased To exhibit and prove their
respective cainIs beloreupve notice thatwewilaend
tothe duties OF appointment att dwelling house q
Mrs. Nancy ~. Sh n, In Calais, ~ said district, on
the 9th day D,ccb,r and February next, al lOo'cook
in the forenoon On each Of said days
NATH'L EATON, fc.,,,,
CHAS. s. BENNETT, N'"'
Calais. August q. A. d. 1851. f2sGw3'
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1861-10-04

PHESrIcE ,s,. The Louisville Journal
has the following:
The two thousand cannon In the Go'pors
navy yard have been ssrej and appropriated
by Virginia They are al rifed odnHon.
Why doe.n't our old friend John Bell
come out with hi. corrected report OF bic
speech ., Nash'ills9 llss he partially Tor.
gotten what be did .ay' And Is he pru.
IDENTIFY awaiting TO have hi. imperfect men,
ory refreshed or jpssed by the progress OF
political events?
John T.. Breckinri1gs wore mask dur
ing the Presidential canvass. lie has thrown
i, OF. but the face is worse than the mask.
The National lntelligencer doubts whesh-
er the Jea Davis Conlsderacy will live long.
Well. If IL die.. il will die 'd'sd ef very
considerable property. consisting OF i0r''.
arscual.. munitions, revenue cutters. te.
A fellow attempted to pass himsslf otf ior
Senator Benhnip, in Virginia, and came
near getting his ne,k stretched on account
Of IL. (Eschanse.
Pray how did the fellow enact the chsrse-
ter Of Benjamin. Did hs steal somsthing.
and threaten . law sui, when charged Of the
ihsft7
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1861-10-04
fOIfurd Dem JcrIt

PRoprcE or MIIcu Cows. 4 dairyman
somewhat noted Tor producing large
apoun, OF cheese annually from his dairy,
said to u. in rccen, conversation. tha, ono
Of the secrets Of his success in ,hi, respcc,
was the careful manner in which he treated
his herd. lis cows were driven 10 the sta.
bic lei'ursly. No doc, were used for the
purpose Of driving the cows, AMI persons in
his employ who were caught striking or in
any way abusing COW, were discharged on
the instant lie, the cows have an abun.
dance OF food. and take their tine in com.
ins to the barn, especially in no, weather,
milk clean and regularly, and from fifty to
hundred pound. more cheese can be made
per cow, during the season, than when the
animal. are dossed out o. the field night
and morning, or kicked and pounded aud
frightened for every little mistake they are
supposed to make. Some people make q
great mistake in oyors,oeking, and too little
attention is given TO the treatment OF stock,
summer and winter The dairyman should
consider momen, whether 80 cows, yield.
ing COO pounds Of cheese per COW. arc no,
as profitable Us 40 cows whose annual pro.
duce is 400 pounds per COW: and yet hun.
drel. Of dairymen seldom il ever think Of
thi. matter, but 90 on after the old manner.
trusting TO luck for an increase in dairy
products over that Of former years.
DAIRY Farmer.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1861-10-04
MAINE,
From the Working Fsuner.
To Prevent Tools from Rusting.

Thousand. Of dollars are lost each year by
tho ru'ting Of plows, hoes, shovels. etc.
Some Of this might be prevented by an ap.
plicition OF lard and rosin 20 oil steel or iron
implements. Take three times as much
weigh, Of lard rs rosip. and melt them to.
sether. This can be applied with brush
or cloth to all the surfaces in danger Of rust.
ing, and they can be easily KEEP, bright. If
tools are to be laid away for the winter,
give them coating OF this, and you will bo
well repaid. |, can be kep, for long time,
aud should be always on hand and ready for
use. american Farmer.
We would suggest, as an improvement, on
the above. a thin coating Of very weak shell
.ac varnish. This is readily made by dis.
solving gum -hcllac in ninety.fve per cont.
alcohol. Upon applying this to the bright
parts Of steel or iron implement. or even to
the wooden rar,', the alcohol Immediately
cyapora,c.. leaving thin coating OF 'hellac,
which i' water proof, aud complete shield
from the effects Of the weather.
Small. bright utensils may Be kept so by
dipping them. while warm. in lime water.
They dry suddcnly, and this minute coating
OF lime isA protection for considerable
time, unless exposed to the dir.e, action OF
water. This j. the plan adopted by tho
razor makers Of Sheffield; after raZors arc
finished, they arc made quite hot, then dip.
ped in lime water and dried. A. water
holds bat 100 part OF IL. weigh, OF lin,
in -olu,ion, the quantity Is 20 Sigh, as no,
to bc pcrcep,iblc on the face OF polished
implement. .,ill the carbonate Of lime 70.
sulting. has the desired effect.