davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19

During the spring of $50 in Alsiers. the tribe
oi Beui Suas.in were nedItsting attack on the
French. Beng short OF posdeT, they tried to
obtain it from their enemy; Offering one dollar
for cartridge, they found the supply equal to the
demand Soon the Transaction leaked out among
the officers, who laid trap, and caught an old
Iouave in the act OF pocketing four dollars for
four Cartridges. Being brought before the court
martial, old ZpuZ, pleaded guilty, and reques
ted the favor To blow his own brains out and
avoid fofmalities Tbs being granted, a horse
mans pistol was brought in, loaded by the cnl-
prit, and applied to his temple. Click. the cap
only exploited TRY again. said the comman-
der. - he did Click, The court began to
laugh, for il saw the cartridges which he had sold
were made of coal dust, and no powder. aud that
as demonstration in his attempt at self punish.
ment, they were not likely to 60 off-save to the
Arabs. Old Zou-ZDu was permitted to return to
his duty.
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19
SUPERNATURAL PHENOMENON STO-
KN OF A RAILROAD ENGINEER.

Twas running night express train and had a
tram of ten cars-right passenger and two bag.
gage car>-ard all were loaded. | was behind
tine, and vas very anxious 10 make Ger ain
point; thus aas using every eAeftion, AID put.
ing the engine TO the utmost speed To hich she
Was capable. was OF a section Of the road rs
ualy cons deTed the best running ground OF the
LIE, aud VAS .udoavoriug 10 make the most
II when conviction struck me that must stop
\ son,ethii seemed 10 tell me that to GO
ahead Was dangerous and that | must stop il |
would save lie. ! looked back at nv train and
Is MAS all right. strained my ewes ard peered
INTO the fkness, aud could signal of oan-
svr, nor ANY thing :, tokenin. danger, and there
ouid see five miles ia day time listened to
the working of NV engine, tired the water, look
At the guage, AMI all right. tried TO laugh
myself cat OF what then considered a childish
fear; but, Ike Biuquo, ghost, it would not down
al IN! bildiug, bu, grew stronger in its hold up
on me.
! thought ot the ridicule would have heapcd
upon me II did stop; hui it was all OF no avail
The convctIOn-!Oi by this time il had Iipened
INTO a convictcn-'hst must stop, grew stron-
ger, and shut off and blew the whistle for
breaking accordingly. | came to dead halt,
got oil, and wen: ahead a little ways, without
saving ANYTHING To anybody hat the matter was.
had lamp Ia NV hand and had gone about %
feet hen saw what convinced ne that premo
uItions arr sometimes possible. | dropped the
lante from NV neryelvS- grasp, and sat down
on III, track utterly unable Ia stand, for there
was aswitch the though OF shich had not entered
my mlnd IA II had not been used silce had been
on the ROAD and was known To be spiked, but
Was opened 10 lead me oil the track. This switch
led INTO stone quarry, from whence stone Tor
bridge purposes had been quarried, and the
switch was left there in case stone should be need
I'd a, any time but il was always locke d, and the
switch rail spiked.
Yet here ii VAS wide open, and had not obey
ed NV prem menilion-warriug-call ii what you
will should have run into il, and. at the end
OF the track, only about ten rods long, NV heavy
engine aud train, moving at the rate OF thirty
miles per hour, wouli have come into collision
with solid wall of rock, eighteen feet high
The consequences had done 50, can neither be
imagined nor described but they could, 10y no
possibility, have been otherwise than fatally hOr-
rid. TINS is my experience III getting warnings
from source that know not, and cannot divine.
IL Is mystery To me--a my stefy tor which l am
very thankful, however, although dare not at
tempt TO explain nor say whence il came.
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19
The FORESTS OF TIE SEA.-The sea has its for.

The Forests OF TIE SkA-The sea has its for.
esrs well as its barren grounds. We see the
sargassos, or sea weed in huge prairies spreading
over areas as large "a our continents-thAt of the
Atlantic tropic covers . space. according TO Won
Humboldt of several times the area OF the French
Empire, and We know that every leaf in all that
"oceanic meadow ia the home Of a host Of lv-
ing creatures. In other places, and over regions
as wide as the tropics, the kelp, throws up its
graceful stem and beautiful leaf; whilst abou,
the equator. a. vel a. ia those glacial regions
around northern pole, on the rich vegetation
Of the bed of the ocean, Craze the walrus and
the dusong, and endless colonies of creatures
dwell amidst watery forests.-Blaekeood
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19
Ne " VIRGINIA.

The proposed State of New Virginia c0mpre.
hcnds superficial area equal To that OF Mar, land
and Delaware together, and includes thirty three
counties at the outset, and l. expected 10 embrace
forty seven whcu fully organized The aggregate
population of the thirty three counties is 270 600
whites and 30 slaves, which indicates that the
manifest destiny OF the new Common ear,h would
be that Of free State. II carried into opera
ton, the new State viii not lack the elements of
Inherent wealth aud prosperity. Ii is a splendid
grain growing region il abounds in extensive
forests OF gigantic trees ot valr .ble timber; il
embraces the rich Kanawha camel coal fields
coal oil wells and salt works; il is stored with
iron and other ~ inerals its water powers, for
driving mills of all kinds, are unlimited; il is
Gro ,scd bv the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad it
includes the commercial aud manufacturing CITY
oi Wheeling. and il bounded for two hundred
miles OF the northwest by the Ohio river Ii il,
in a word, fertile region of mountains covered
with great forests table lands, hills and valleys.
and sparkling rivers, capable Ut sustaining pop
ulitiou Of several millions and one OF the heal
tiicst regions III the world A. the ball, too, has
been put IN motion. W. predict that il will not
stop until uew Virginia is a fixed fact, and \ new
ccutic Ul emigration enterprise and development
astonishing to old Virginia.
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19
Ai'(.IiASl>TAN.

The mountains of the Indian Caucasus the
mountains OF Cabul, are said to be visible. in
clear weather, from distance OF two hundred
miles; hitting their hOary heads sublimely into
the clear, calm heavens. they well represent "the
terrible crystal" of the prophet Rowing myri-
ads OF people have been attracted by this sight,
As If To travel onward and upwards, in magma
ton, along the mountain pathway, To the realms
of glory aud of rest. The traditions of the
whole world celebrate these stupenduous heights,
many oi Whose liz ht crowned pinuacles are sup
posed Ia stand more than twenty five thousand
feet above the level of this earth. Their magnit
icence aud their my stery have drawn nations 10
sether in adoring wonder into the hills aud val
leys so fruitful and bountcOus, and beautiful
around their feet. This region might well be
thought the seat OF Paradise. There are found
specimens OF nearly every form OF living thing
whether animal or vegetable. elsewhere found in
any country of Europe or ASIA; and there, too
almost every civilized nation has its representa-.
tive. The oldest nations believe that thence
manaind first spIang into existence, aud that God
even now there sits enthrOned, waiting to Judge
all the human souls which he has made Greeks
Romans, hebrews. Pereians, the followers Of
Bndiha, of Bramnia of Mahomet, aud even be
lev RS i'll Jehovah, have looked up unto these aw-
ul sOlitudes al A bowed in soul before their mai
esty, thinking of God Here was a high place
BiInahl tor the worshippers OF Bamah worthy
D! the name aud here the wandering tribes ghr
believe themselves in the especial presence of
Hun who made the heavens and the earth To
the skirts OF these mountain businesses many OF
the outcast lSraelites undoubtedly resorted after
their escape from Ass,ran or Persian donina-
ton, aud alter their wanderiHgs in the north -
Traces of their former POSSESSION Of this neigh
borhood, well as OF Bic,rea and Bokhafa, are
stl extant, not only in existing monuments. bur
also III The traditions Of the power and majesty
OF a nario;al religion and policy once capable oi
awakening the attention Of all the East but now
lost in the mist of ages.-Dr. Noore's "7he Lo.
XriLeS "
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19

and arteries. The method is very simple aud cf-
'ecua. We have seen bolics ia a perfect state
OF preservation which we're cmhalmcd eight wears
ago, and they are perfectly sound To div We
hope that the DIR vii not have occasion TO use
thc whole his fund upoa The fcdrral army.
lie expresses the hope that II employed upon
any one OF the ol brii,. il NiI be- 10 !, "a per
spuase than J,h Davis IL would take ospec-
ial pleasure IN injecting vefy large amount OF
tlaid IN Lis vcus aud r,,GcIlng him
~ ., d as a marble statue.
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19
TIE NIGHT AND THE MORNING

To dream a troubled dream, and then asakeo,
t. the soft gladnes- Of sunny sky;
To dream ou self alone, un owed, 4 rsaken,
And then tn wake md smil.s, AMI love, and Joy
To look at evening at the storms rude motion,
The cloudy tumult { the frett-d deep;
Aud then Al day -bur Il upon that same ocean
So,lhed 10 the stilIne : of IT'S silent sleep
80 rams our course-so tells the church her story,
Sot, tie end shall l. he ever tod;
Brief shame On earth, and after shame the glory
That wares not, dns not, never waves Old
~ Y IndspenIsnt
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19

Hints TO LADIES 1t is a great mistake in fe
male education to keep Young ldys time and
attention devoted tu only the fashionable li;era
ture Of the day. If YOU would qualify her for
conversation you must give her something to talk
about, give her education with the actual
world aud its Transporting events Urge her Ia
read newspapers and become familiar with the
present character and Improvement OF our race.
History is OF some importance but the past world
is dead, and We have little comparatively TO do
with it. Our thoughts and concerns should
he for the present world. 10 know what it ia and
improve its condition Let her have an intelii-
gent conversation concerning the mental, polti-
cal, and religious improvements OF our time.
Let the gilded ANIMALS and poems on the centre
table be kept part of the time covered with
journals. Let the iamily-men, women and
chidren-read the newspapers
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19

NOBLE HoksE.-Wiiting TO New York pa
paper, Grant Thorburn sa s:-.'l once saw q
horse, ia the neigbborhood of New York, draw
ing load OF coal OF twelve hundred weight, in
Cart The lane was very narrow-the driver,
some distance behind, was conversing with a
neighbor. The horse, on a slow walk, came up
to little child, sitting on his hind quarters, in
the middle OF the road, gathering up dust with
lis little hind, and making mountains out OF
mole hills. The horse stopped-he smelled OF
the chlid-there vas no rooui Ia turn of. With
his thick lips lac gathered the frOck between hi:
teeth, lifted the child, laid him gently Oh the
outside o. the wheel track, and went Oh his va,
reloicirg.' And we'll might he r.joice-he hae
| done noble deed"
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19
o{{|C|Al STATE DIRECTORY.
STATE OFFICEkS.

,rsrIy BLAIR. Governor
a,,.s,iR WILLIAMS President Of the :. nate and
A., ..tsei5 IAeuI- nant q ,sr5nor
4. -, 4 T.bsrrS. ,es--tsiy of >is e
.',,.,;E HJUSr.. Dsput, 10
1..t,s,< y q BERRY, ,aiItor G-nerAl-
IN, JDSE-, n-puts ."
,,tS ,xE.S -tst. treasurer.
t.uE,S !CRNES uePuty 10.
,rZ y ,,R.tsDRY, "a ,-rinteuas nj Pub Instruction
r,grI.Np b -TEBBlN>, D~pu'y 40
sTu-.i LN;Ei e ,.nmSs.onef State Land Ohce
~ u HEWITT, D-pu'y do
TI.tlE- UP-JN, Attorney GenersL
rttV gIB.RT-ON, All and "a Master Gen.
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19

..,.v r,,aUu anu gentlemen stoO,
at the fence. and the ladies cheered and threw
up their hands most enthusiastically. one oi
the men. however stood without making any
demonstration. when a young lady grabbed hi
hat of his head and swung IL ia the AR, and
then threw it down in disgust at his behaviour
You better believe she was cheered.
As we drew near Baltimore crowds of people
lined the banks and cheered. We reached tho
CITY Of Riots at about o'clock L. NJ. Th,
first wing Immediately formed into line anC
waited the arrival of the second train. Wher
they arrived the march by platoOns commenced
went with the crowd on the Sidewalk Ia hear
comments. and a. far a. anything heard was
concerned, Baltimore is strong Union city.
| heard such remarks az these. e SO these are
the dirty devils from the North. are they
These are the men each Soutbcrncr T. I" whip
five Of" (quoting the Secession papers, | Was
told it wa> the finest equipped regiment which
had vet passed through Baltimore and cOmpli-
meat after compliment was shower,d upon il.
The people wished it had arrived in the day
time The Baltimore Sun Of this morning.
speaking Of the md Regiment, says Then
appearance corresponds very much with the 1t
Regiment of the same State" The line OF
march was through Cath, dral Biddle and Eu-
taw streets and though thousands throngcd the
walks there ,ras no disturbance rhaterer. ~
the baggage passed through the city. with onl y
"A few to guard il. there were cries Tor Jcf Di
Wis &c. One Scotch woman ran out Ia "A bag
gage car and said to the gentlemen in tht
DuartermaSter'S Dcnarinn..'.i :. N.-r ~" nnr en
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19
- DR.. WOOD, DENTIST,

UfSA >. " home again, M prepared 9th ev-
.IIIy stv improvement mt TO execute apv and
~ p-'aihn IN i,ent s'rv, the test pnss bic nner
h''s .nt parc-'s f sni. hslf IN J. for sale
sge"f" Lsid Swebsters Family Se w,rg Mschire ::
an 'esi-nes sAgnAu street. blocks West Of
ea"gten avenue. 3ls
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19
,UDGEs OF7HE CIRCUIT COURTS.

glNvO!.FH MANNING"
JUDGES OF7HE CIRCUIT COURTS.
ia p,.,. EDWARD IA & WILSON.
sl SAGHtNitl- BACON.
=, BrSJ ,MiS : II WIfIlEREII.
ita ElIwIS LAWR Ne
r.t BENJAMIN GRAVES
am SANFUKD GREEN.
-h 30 iAH TuaNEh.
81 LOTS :. iDEklI-
~, FLAvlUS LitTIEJOHN.
ltsh JAMES BlK\I.
p,-r P,siLsuiI, bANiLl. GOODWIN
ss NTH sf,a ,II$ siSfsA D'''' e' s'"''''""
l., n.,t BENZ l. BAxIiR,
,. ,. E,STiAN JOHNSON,
81 LEVI BI-tiOr,
tn - DDNAib MCINTYRE,
So = IAkiN Bk nm, Regents of ne
9th iIENET WiiitlNG, ( CripeTsiy
.th Luxe II PAk-oNS,
sib -. IVEk l.. SPAUt DING,
sh WILLIAM FIERY JR,
l0.h .' Gkji.uE BRADLEY,
JAMES, ,.e,As w,lsss; ;,,,,la2 Trustees 2, z, A'y'""
IP Lkt1Y, } Deaf, Dant and Blind.
Rev u " FAY, Principal
a..ium f,s Deaf, pgmb and Bnl-F.ibt
JEREMIAH p wooDBUGY,l
WILLIAM BROOKS,
LUTHER II rHASh,
INA yfIGHaH, Trustees Insane Asyinns
Et:ASIC> HI -SEI,
DANIEL l.. rRAfi,
.,s, lnu 20 the in>ane-ka!amazoo
sy,y!,tn sypyas W LtE; lfy ,nn """'d q '''''''
JAMES !. MEAD RcfDrm Sctoot
CHARLES ftliF,
liUvEY CLARKE,
PtRiEI BILLS,
OMAR . CtSGfH, Riir"fd t"maiSsioners
HbRA'EH rECk,
WILDER u FOSTER,
Nm l. srATDS, AGENT of the State Prison.
EUGENE TENNah State Librarian.
ANDS ROOF
Msern u,rg' rnsp,ctorsef The STATE Prison
NEl.> ~ t'i.,Rk,
GEn ". H!;'WN Surt I Msry'- Fails ship Canal
nav ,I'G4is'E>ItR /
~ Tt'~ CO.,.
PiiIIu i'A-: tsN%. ~ u, Bo4rd Il
Htz-klAlI. WELLS, iy iesiH,
>iI.AS A : ENE>,
C,IA.I., : n ~.
CHlRi.E; piCH+Y, ire-'t state Agricultural Society
r p. IDHN~rpNE. S--r-'srv tr 4"
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19
,,fs7yCES OF TIE SUPRENE COUR7

d. tat,E AARI y. Chtef Justice.
SO o. Cfiu ri tNCY, Associate Justice.
JAaEs CAMPBELL,
y,NlDAFH AANNING. . -
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19
Lemon BARNEs, NJ. D.,

f]ur PHY -iCiAN AND -CR6EON Oihce and dvel
ivy "a~ fs,r nor'h e the Stue of Peek 4 Merri6eA
.a "<sh'ng'no Ave Refers To Prof l. r Fisk.
.Aas'rg. D-eema~r 8 1sGo lvca3
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19
COFLUT A REFUGEE
FROM THE SOUTH.

We find in The Southern Conttieracs (Atlan-
ment:
$3.50 reward viii be given for the arrest of
George Martin, dead or alive, charged with at
teIirg reasonable sentiments against iie South
ern Conitderac,, aEd admitted b, him, ard tor
All attempt TO take the lie OF Lieut. Cauuthegs
when uuder arrest
"Brown NLsidles, 7 J McGritf,
"S. NJ Manning, IL ii. " Whi,, head
The Lansing state Republican. [volume] (Lansing, Mich.) 1855-1874, 1861-06-19
MISS NcGEORGE.

Ntilllnt'l N Dress Maker,
NJ ne uni by her TREND. psiges store. Miss
"r"fse g ga al r.. {. fes friends she has fund n
. - as snf &C nity, but sishs nor ihsse wishing
-. 40 'efv'ces " " p-aS~ eai fnp-e wanting
sehns f'n- oil re-~'ve promo. attention 31l
Weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1858-1865, 1861-01-02

w- We have surrendered the greater portion OF
our space to-day to the letter of Mr. Leak, the pro-
ccedngs Of public meetings, and the favors Of our
correspondents We direct attention especially to the
communications over the signatures of "Aar'on'
and "Darie" Our correspondent Marion warmly
approves our proposition for Convention Of all the
States We are gratifed that our views are thus en-
dorsed by one Of the first minds in the State We
sincerely believe that such movement, If promptly
commenced, and carried forward with deliberation
and dignity would result in reconstruction Of the
Union on enduring foundations. The Legislatures
of Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New York will as
semble to-day. If North-Carolna would move, these
States would most probably move with her; and if
New York and Pennsylvania should call for Con.
vention of all the States in the present crisis the
call would be taken up and made by enough States
to ensure the Convention. 1t can certainly do no
harm, and it may result in great good to make the
call. What say the members of both houses Of our
Legislature! If done at all, let it he done unan-
mously.
Weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1858-1865, 1861-01-02

: 4 NBw PnAsE OF SecEssloN.--A venerable and
yelLknown citizen of Virginia, residing in the,
county of Richie has written to apprize US of a
movement which, he says, is already set onfoot in
the northwestern part Of that State for the purpose
Of calling Convention Of the people to take into
consideration the expediency of separating from!
Virginia in case of her Withdrawing from the Onion
to join in the formation Of aSouthern CoDfedercy
Our informant adds that the leaders in this reyolu
tionary scheme contemplate the erection Of new <
State, embracing that portion Of Virginia lying west
of the Blue Ridge and destined 70 include as many;
counties east of said line along the upper Potomac
and near It mar be induced BY identity Of inter-
est cooperate in the project Considerations Of an
economical character, determined partly By the ar
fragments Of the present constitution Of Virgnia,
Qeemed by many in the westers part Of the State
be unequal in respect to the rates and ohses Of
taxation )are repssspsed to be at he bottom Of this
spqp9ia snpxesaenk Naiet il ths epiR,AR q alEec
Respondent awaits only tie opportuniy nd thsprs.
tsxt to assume formidable psopestiona
Weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1858-1865, 1861-01-02
s sgsaszgnaN .aaAazars AzIlaaAo fTam SIT
NORTH GARoI4NA
III III stssd,sd.

~ fFlysss zss1sE r. 4Ssyssstbs StsndASd.
slfR: HoIpEs Nearly every Democrat ii, my sec
tion Of country IS well pleased at the bold stahd you
have taken against Gov EIliss South Carelipa ssces
sion message Ny near neigAhor, M c. wbo.is
constant reader Of the Standard and has been for
several years, says he fully believes if it had not
been Tor YOU and that noble patriot the Hon. Bed
ford Brown, Of Caswe that Gov. Ellis and his Sc
cession party would have ere this hitched on the
good old State Of North Carolina to the tail end of
South Carolina, and by now perhaps had her tosced
out OF the Union, and ruin and destruction would
have been the reward of her people. i.'7t :
Nearly all with whom have conversed, and it has
been many seem to be of the opinion that there are
certain epoehs in the history Of every country when
Providence in His all-wsc WISDOM selects some one
to stay the ronhand Of its ogarch rulers from sud-
den destruction against those whom He loves; and
we in this neighborhood honestly believe, that He
has in bis great wisdom, raised, blessed, and spared
you for the noble duty which you are so boldly and
fearlessly discharging for the good of your fellow
citizens and our beloved State Of North Carolna-
lio on in your patriotic work, and the people will
stand by you, honor and bless your name for the
noble battle you are calamity fighting for their
homes their wives, their children, their happiness
and prosperity in the future. Let your motto be
now and hereafter, "A strict construction of the
federal Constitutions; the reserved rights Of the
States the greatest good Of the greatest number :"
and we. the people, will rally around you and cheer
you on to triumph and victory. = = e
That se,Oer Of filth, the State Journal and its cats
paw Editor, the "naturalized Englishman." with
+ Gov. Ellis to lash him in harness. may bark and
howl for secession until doom's day, but the people
are not going to dissolve the Union simply please
him or that other individual who sends down his
two tubs of sciu semiweekly in the shape of "lead.
ers," and has them poured in the troughs of the
Journal Can't Man Spell" little French?
QUl VIVE.
Panther Branch Dec. 20, 1860.
Weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1858-1865, 1861-01-02
SOuth.CarOlina.

We stated in our last that Maj. Anderson, in COM
mand of few United States troops at Fort Moul
trie had abandoned that place and removed to Fort
Sumpter, as safer and more defensible spot than
the former 1t is now stated that Maj. A. did this
without specific orders, and on his own response
bility. .-..s ..,,.s.
Soon after Maj. Anderson left Fort Moultrie that
place was occupied by South-Carolina troops, and
also Castle Pinckney. The Palmetto flag was at
once unfurled over these Notifications.
The latest intelligence is, that Charleston pre-
scented quite a warlike appearance. Troops were
pouring in and volunteering to defend the State by
thousands. A single gun fred from any of the
forts would be the signal Of mutua. war. Gov.
Pickcns states that he has occupied Forts Moutrie
and Pinckney to protect the government property
from the mob ...
Mr. Colcock, late q. S. Collector for Charleston,
has commenced receiving duties and transacting
other business in the custom house in the name of
South Carolina. ...-
There is nothing definite as to what will be the
course adopted at Washington in relation to the
South Carolina Commissioners. They have had an
interview with the President and afterwards with
the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Gov. Pickens has issued proclamation declaring
Sonth- Carolina free and independent State.