davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
The FrishifuI Disaster on che Ohio and
NIisstnsIppI Road.

The Cincinnati Gazette of yesterday has
few additional particulars Of the great rail
road disaster on Tuesday night; AHIHU
The engine. fortunately, became detached
from the train, and the engineer at once rar
it tC the nearest station for assistance. Tit
frat train contsining the remainder of the
regiment, which had safely passed over the
bridge few minutes previous, was stopped
at Mitchell, twelve miles east of Hudson
and sent back to the scene of the disaster.
The Express train for So. Louis, which
left this city at five o'clock, was also tel
egraohed, aud hastsned 10 the spot, taking
along sll the surgeons that could be found
on The route Surgeons also left Eincennes
for the scene by special train r
LATER From TIE DISASTER.
Since writing he-fOFegOing, we hsve re.
cei7ed the folloRihg Dispatch from the scene
Of disaster, 3y an operator who went down
from Mitchell on the retnrn train, and ad-
dressed to the Superintendent of the road in
this city. II is dated "ten minutes past one
oclock:1 -tll h-1iAW A1a11A
Bridge No. 4s Is broken il tWo--it let four
Of the passenger cars down into the red Of
the creek, and one on top of them. Engine
and one ear came TO the east side; engine all
right, the car of clear of the track, and il
Will be necessary to transfer iG There are
about loo men wounded, and as many as
ten or fifteen are known TO be killed. One
of the brakesmeh is under the ruins, not TO
be found; another got bis leg broken, and
otherwise Injured one Of them AZ right.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
Jua4e TIlden,s DeoI.ion.


Judge Tilden seems to doubt the authority
OF State Courts to interfere in cases OF enlist
msnt, and dismissed an application for relief
on the ground of expediencyi as there was
Uaited States Judge at hand where there
could be no question of Jurisdiction. This
was all right in this particular case, but there
can be no doubt Of the right ofstate Courts to
examine into the validity OF enlistments
either upon principle or precsdent. This
was constantly the practice in the war of
1912, of which the following is one instance
An IFishman, Samuel Donaldson, came up
on Aabsss corpus before Judge Qainby Of
Warren, Trumbull Ooun'y, blaming to have
been gloriously drunk at the time of enlist
ment and bis counsel Mr.. Webb, who is still
living, went on to describe the practices oI
the "wild Irish" Stop" says Sam, al
am no wild Irishman; will serve out my
time rather than have such a slur on my
eharacter" which he did and returned saf'
when one third of the company vas lost.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
DAVID nOEsE


Rsslp,i. 'sThat the present dePlorabIs civil war
has been forced upon the country bF the disn-
uiouists Of the Southern States, nov in revolt
arnanst ms Constitutional Government, and in
arms around the Capital
Rsolaod, That in this national emergency we
baussh all feeling OF mere passion or recruitment,
and win reeolleet only our duty 70 the whole
cnuatry; that tlis war was not waged upon our
uart IN any spirit Of oppression, nor for any pur-
pose Of conquest OF suojusstion; nor for tie Pur-
pose oF overthroWing or interfering with the
ritbu or established Institutions Of the States;
but % defsrG and maintain the supremacy OF the
Constitution, aud TO preserve the Union, with All
the dignity, equality and rights of the several
ststaI unimpslred; and as soon as these objects
are aosomplished, the war onght to ceaSe-2
Resolsed In the language OF the Hon Joseph
uois. ne are af6r tie Union without conditions,
o ne, ana indivlsible, now and forever for itl
preservation at any and every cost Of blood and
treasure; against an its aasailanis, and against
any snd every compromise that may be proposed
to be made under the guns Of the Rebels"
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
ReconnpIsnncc or hlnn,on,n HnI
Dispatch 70 the Times::

DtspGtch TO the Iimesi
MEV.P. Corbett, Of this city, has made
q reconnaissance Of Munson's Hill. BE went
so close to the rebel works that be was dis
covered sud chased BY the rebels. In or
der TO eject his escape he was obliged tC
abandon his horse and take to piece Of
thick woods, into which the rebel cavalry
could not penetrate. Mr. COrbett says that
The rebel force ct Munson's Hill has been
increased Eve fold since yesterday. Il is
bis belief, based upon observation, that the
fort ct Munson's Hill is 9 very weak work,
which the rebels expect US to take. Il has
no heavy siege guns, but is only defended
BY small field pieces. But beyond the hill
about a mile there are very strong works,
which are mounted with the heaEiest siege
guns. These completely command the sur
rounding country and MunsOn's Hill. The
rebels hope TO toll us out that far, and then
TO catch as before their strong works. which
are hid by q thin belt Of woods which can
be cleared away in five minutes, These
works have been discovered, however, and
We shall hardly 60 into that trap.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
Rxcising Camp IneIaent--A Vefltabls ChIId
, NJ the Raa4.ne.a ~

I
aU7y Of the Regiment. er
The dull monotony Of camp life was verJ
strangely disturbed on Saturday afternoon in
the vicinity Of the Chain Bridge, by the
sudden advent of stranger and raw recruit
for the New York thirty-seventh regiment,
in the shape Of darling little boy, who
Was born upon the sacred soil Of Virginia, y
in his fathers tent, who is = good and Ioyal
soldier IN Company E. His mother, Mrs.
Dooley, says, that when he opened his dear
little eyes, and saw himself surrounded by
all the plraphanalia Of war, he IOudly pro
tested against secession, and vent in for
Union, at least VITA her, from which she
argues that be viii be q patriotic boy. He
has already become the pet Of the regiment
and the officers and soldiers have presented
him with two hundred and City dollars. The
RIme for the young soldier wss q matter of
great Interest and after warm discussion,
i was unanimously agreed that his name
should be ABRAM LINCOLN. The christening
took place yesterday, IN presence of the
whole regiment Rev. Father TisSot the reg
mental chaplain, performing the ceremony.
The godlathers were Lieut. Col. Burke, and
Captain Oayanagh, Of Company &; sponsor,
Dr. 0Aeagher. The mother and child are
doing vel, bnt, doubtless, they are each of
them in want of certain little necessaries
and delicseies, which We hone our lady
readers VII supply, Anything left for them,
a. this ofico, vii Be promptly fofRarded.--
Haski1gfoB RspubEea8.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
rroGbiS q tia toulsvIIIo and tlashyIilo


TrchbiB sn tte LouisvilIo and thshvIile
~ Railroad
A well infsihed Kentucky gentleman
arrived in this city from tOuisyilIs yOsier-
day. The telegraph has reported 81
obstruction 10 railroad and telegraphio COM
muhication southwark from Louisville, The
gentleman above mentioned says that al
Eliiabethtown, forty-two miles below LOUIS.
VILE upon the Nashville Road, Ex'Gov'
Il eIur Is urging the Socs'sioniSts to commit
all possible OuEages upon Union men and
doubtlss, instigating the stopPage of travel.
The pOint Of obstruction Is probably an ex-
tensive tresstle work At Min Grove Eli, tive
miles north Of EHEabethtown. Further
Soath, the counties OF Logan and Barren ar
strongly and dahgetously secession. Th'
Union party is strongly in the ascendant il
ths State but the seeessionists make The mos
noise. All will come out right after tim
for the q aion.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
KENTUCKY LEGIsL4TURE.

The Committee on Federal Relations re-
ported, substantially:
Whereas the Confederate troops have in
vaded Kentucky and insOlently dictate the
terms upon which they will retire, there
FORE
Resolved, That ,ien. Anderson be invited
to take instant charge of this department
and call out force sufficient to expel the
invaders.
This passed the House, and the Senate con.
curred-25 TO 8.
The Senate also passed the Ooncklin reso-
luton with but three nays, which proposes
u conhne the wsr to the two armies, and
discountenance partisan quarrels as leading
to civil war.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
PONY EXPREsS.
oUTRR TELEaRAPH STATION,

Sept. IS.
The Pony Express with San Francisco
dates to the 3lst ult, passed here last night.
The St. Louis, for Panama, took dogn
81, 900 in treasure. There are nine
companies volunteers to serve on the Plains
at Camp Downy. Another camp is estab-
lished near San Francisco.
Two men, residing three miles from
Tehama were murdered on the night of the
2sth by four Spaniards who, after robbing
the premises set the house on fire. This
has produced great hostility against the
Spanish population Of that county, many Of
whom have been forced to fee. rr
The town of 0wega, 20 miles north of
Nevada, was almost totally destroyed by
ere on the night Of the goth; loss about
81 ,OGd.
Fourteen families Of emigrants, number
ing over 100 persons, were inhumanly
butehered by Indians at Grave Lake on the
27th ult. ai Ltt1tl
San Francisco, Sept. An the principal
business houses are closed to-day, and at
tention is given to election matters. There
is every probability that the Republicans
have carried the State by handsome plu-
rality. More anxiety has been ielt concern
ing this election than any other ever held in
this State.
Some $500 has been subscribed in San
Francisco to be sent to Parson Brownlow
At last accounts Gen. A. G. Johnson was
in the neighborhood Of 81 Paso on bis way
to Texas to attend to private business.
A train sof emigrants from Texas passed
Los Angeles last week on their way north.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
WAsHrEaTaE, Sept. 10.
Special to the Post:

WAeaAAGAoAtI y SPs- ASs
Special to the Post:
The G .Verument has Just discovered that
the rebels are carrying on eOntraband trade
between Worcester county, Marylsnd, and
Virginia, Large supplies of army stores
have been transported 70 the enemy's lines
by this route. The necessary measures have
been taken to stop the traffic,
The precautions adopted by the Govern
ment indicate that an attack from the enemy
is expected It Is believed here that If any
advance is made it will be from Leesburg or
Harper's Ferry.
IL is sscertained at the Department OF
State that hereafter communication between
the British Government and its Consuls in
ports of the insurrectionary States will be
carried on by British vessels Of war. This
course will obviate the embarrassments
which have hitherto attended those eOmmu-
nications through other channels.
The following order was issued through
the Post Office Department to-day;
It is ordered that the Louisville Courier,
which is found to be an advocate of treason
and hostility to the Government and author
ity of the United States, be excluded from
the mails and post Offices until further orders.
By order of the Po,t Master General.
JOHN A. KAssoE,
First Assistant P. n. General
Post Master General Blair has returned
from Missouri.
Quiet prevailed at all points on the Poto-
mac up to noon to-day.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
FROM wAsHrNGroN.

WASHINGTON, Sept ls.
All candidates for admission to the Naval
Academy are requested to report ~ Newport
R. J., between the goth and 3olh insts.
Gen Meigs has returned to Washington.
An extraordinary Cabin meeting was
held this afternoon. All the members were
present.
A dispatch to the War Department, dated
Jamestown, says that a party Of the
New York 54th, Col Larne, crossed the Po-
tomac at Seneca creek Monday, encounter
ing rebel force Of three companies with
loss Of three men. The next morning they
shslled the camp, driving the rebels back.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19

WAY ESooUhAsise.-The Is company
of State auaFda, al SsOsssionists, at Chris
tiansburg in Shelby county, Kentucky.a On
Saturday TIE members tOoka vote as to what
they ought to do in the present emergency.
Il is gratifying to annOshcs that they voted
HAapiHO.sB to stand By Ksntueky-to taks
mp arms and not lay them down till the last
man q the Confederate army Of invaders
EbalI hare been expelled from her sell. IA
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19

Wise and Floyd Reported Surrounded.
When the steamer Melnotte, Capt. Meow
an, passed the mouth of the KanRwha on
Monday night, it was reported that Generals
Cox and Rosecrans had completely surround
ed the rebel forces of Wise and Floyd, and
that Rosecrans was in possession of all the
provision and camp squippage of Wiss's
column.
The news was brought down the KanaWhs
to Government officer at Point Pleasant
Va, by on officer on the steamer Victor, No.
a. Cincinnati Commercial.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
FRnM MAINLAND

ROCKVILLE, Md, sept. 10.
It is currently stated that an important
conference was held here yesterday, at which
several high military men were present.
The arrest Of Bonie Brewer and Young
has struck terror into the secession ranks Of
odr community, and it is said that some o.
the leading peace men are expecting to be
arrested likewise.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
Ma.s Meer,n~s.


The State Central Committee have an
nouncsd The following meetings IN this par
CosHOCT0E- 4 Pm. -
Speakors-Tod, Gary, Dorsey.
AIILHRsBURa--Oct. 2ds ! P. Mrann
Speakers-Tod, Gary, Dorsey.
WoosTER-0cl. Sd, / P. N. F ,5Ef
SPsaksrs-Tod ana Cary.
Mt. GILsAD. Oct. 3D. Up. NJ
speakers-Stanlon and Dorsey.
4ARI0E--0cta4, 4, tP.M ASS .1s1l =. a
Speakers-TOd and Gary.
Mt. NERNOE-- Oct 4, ,IPsM ~
Speakers-StAnton, Morgan, Dorsey.
TEBE, Oct 8, Up. II. ssss' iils
Speaker. TOD. Carr, Dee.
MAEsFIELD-a0CG 5, Pm. -saair
SPeakep-stantons Sherman, Dorsey.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
PROM MARYLAND.

FREDERIcK, Sept. Is.
After two hours confinement The oficors
Of The Legislaturs were released on taking
the oath Of allegiance, All asserting except
The Clerk, ]. n. Brewer, who was sent with
nine others to Annapolis.
at O'Clock this afternoon th're was not
single member Of the Legislature in the
city.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
THR NRW YORK MUTINRRRs.

UA ahAsIOWhi sept. 10.
The remaining mRtineers of the New
York 10th regiment twenty-three in num-
Der, are to be sent to Baltimore to-day, and
forwarded thence 70 she TOrtugas. FF
Reports are current here that Gen. John
ston is moving up the Virginia side of the
Potomac. Some state his force at 1000 TO
10000 men. If be essays the attempt his
forces viii be met in becoming manner.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
YalIansishnm Literature.

We noticed few days ago the arrest for
treason Of one Rev. Ssbin HOugh of Cincin-
natl, editor Of a weekly secession sheet. At
his preliminary examination many letters
from his sympathiEefs we're read in evidence,
among which we're the following pleasant
letters from C. L.. YAllandigham, who affects
marvellous christianityln In writing to bis Rev
eFand friend:
DAYTON, O., April 26, 1861.
Rec. Saba Hoaigk;
/ DEAR Sin. ! THANK you most cordially Tor
YOUR letter of the Gath. It strengthens me
in the truth and right. It's ,wOris are htly
and truly spoken. This folly and madness
and wickedness must seon have an end
"How long, oh Lord2" We shall see. Il is
written that 'blessed are the peace makers, y
and yet the whole church of the Prince OF
Peace % is maddening and thirsting for
blood-the blood Of Our brethren-preach-
ing, praying, fighting. Was ever peo lie
before delivered over to such folly and wick
ednessl Truly you have said that it is 'from
! hell and not from heaven"
| thank you for your pamphlet. have
distributed all but one copy for myself.
send you copy of my speech of February
| 90, 1861. But all is over now. 1t is toe
late for anything except PeaesabIe separation
! eA.ii Very Iruly, etlf.
O. L. VALLANDIGHAA.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
THE KILLED AMONG THR TROOfs.

The following are the names Of the killed:
Coz, C, H. Valentine, j. w. s. Roberta Co.
g, c. II. Cottlng, David Noble. G. II. Brats.
tone Go. I, Captain b b. Howard, Corporal
samuel Clark, Corporal Jerry ingram, Corporal
A. Hinton, VIM. Frost, J.. Carol Isaac Cole
man, Henry Conners, John BroWn, Josepb
Smith, MeConnelly, Robert Bruce, II. o. Bur
rouRhs, VIM. HanWick, Antoine Rodner. Peter
Fowler, Wm. Ringer, John Douglas, Henry
Hunt, and four others names not yet ascsFiained.
The wounded number rs, smonr whom are
one Lieutenant and three Corporals. fhe r.
mainder being priYates. Six are 60 aeriousfv IN
lured e @ be beyond hops and one ether has
had leg ampufated. -.e-. - - u
taken 70 the Earina Hospital, where ample prep
raatiOES have been made for their com fost
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
FRnnI IRFFKRsONHII.IR.

..iL - JKFEERsoEYILLE, Sept ls.
Twenty-three hundred Indiana troops ar
rived here this eYeningand loo additional
are expected before tomorrow morning.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
FROAI PHILADELPHIA.

PHILADELPHIA sept 10.
The prize schooner Fair Wind, from Fall
River for Baltimore, captured by the Mime
sofa, has arrived.
Also the British schooner Prince Alfred,
from Antifua for Baltimore.with molasses
and salt, captured by the SusquehannR.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
SOUTHERN NEWS.
I,ouTzvrrEE Sent fa-II.3l

No communication over any part of the
Southern line since o'clock last evening
consequently we have ne information con,
cerning the progress Of Col. Rosseau's COM
mAnd and the Home Gnards which left by
rail last night and this morning.
The city is quiet but full of unreliable
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
N sIIenilY stolen ~.
suIanarg PTossssdIaa. = lIarIIand.

EuI1mnry ProeesdilGg il MaFylaHd.
TIE secessicnists Of Maryland and their
allies in The South, who hsve counted upon
the secession Of that treasonstaintsd State at
the meeting Of tbe Legislature at Frederick,
have found thsmselves most effectuslly
.chacknaaed asd thsir leaders under arrest.
A poEtioa Of ths bsgiziatuFe had been pre-
viOusly arrested in Baltimore and pat under
guard az Fort Ae8enEy, rom whicd they vera
ordered 10 be transferred TO Fortress Monroe.
Upon the assembling of the nest Of The con-
spirators At Frederick, they discovered them
selves t1rronnded With q military guard that
soon put ihe town ander martial law, pre-
venting any egress without permission of the
Provost Aarsha1. Fne principal Legislators
were then arrested and seca rely cared for.
The recsnt bold and fearless manner In
which GoFeEument has conducted Affairs in
Maryland, has given the country great faith
in the ultimate saving 5f even hat hot-bed
of rebellion. The arrest Of The arristoc-atie
mTIIionaires Of Baltimors srack amazemspt
70 the heazis Of the rebels ot that city. and
this last master. stroke viii dash the ilI-be-
Cotton hopes of AZ who trusted to see Marg-
land in the COnfederaey. That game Is
bsautiidlly Blocked and al gooa citizens
respond Amen to the means b. which il
wasdones oAhGA
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19

Is The 'ff,ctuai r-nedy far Belaxafion, spermato
Ihoea an xha istiun II the System.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
nRATH

FHILADkLPHIAi sept. IL
Ruth Gale, the third sister of the Gale
sisters, died last evening at the hospital. She
is the seventh victim of the Continental The
atre calamity.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
DRMOCRATIC NonINATION.

" o77117l-I5 NJ IlalI- 10
The Democratic Convention met to-day.
An informal ballot was taken for Governor.
Isaac Davis, of Worcester was nominated
unanimously. Mr.. E. c. Bailey was nomi.
mated for Lieutenant Governor.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
PAPkR AIILL DRsTROYRD.

l NEWARK, N. j., Sept Is.
The extensive paper mills Of Van Dow &
90, at Fast Broomfsld, were entirely de-
stroyed by FIRE last night together with a
large quantity Of stsck, machinery, &c,-
Loss $40, 700; insured for $12,5OO in the
Newark and New York Offices.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
FROM BOSTON,

BosroS, Sept. Is.
The gunboat Sycamore was launched to-
day from Samsons yards, East Boston. Her
keel was laid so days ago.
Two other gunboats are nearly ready for
launching at East Boston.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19
More Naval EzDedirlons.

Il 6 announced unoHieislly that the expe-
dition which was 50 successfully projected
aeainst the North Carolina coast, will be
speedily followed BY ether expeditions de-
signed for the capture and possession OF 9th
er important portions Of the Southern coast.
II would seem highly desirable that these
should be kept secret until their objects are
suddenly announced, as was the iOrmer one,
By their descent at the scene Of the coutem-
plated attack, bat as the New York papers ed
itoriaIy announce the fact, we may venture
to inform the public Of what is contemplated.
Where the expeditions win go, is, of COURSE,
as yet unknown, but it is stated that some Of
the largest Of the New York steamers-the
Vanderbilt, the Baltic and the Atlantc-have
been secretly chartered by the Government
for transport service, and thatsimuitaneously
with this charter, many Regiments which
were encamped about New York, have
eFoldee their tents like the Arabs,
And silently stolen away"
One Of these Regiments-tbe New Hamp-
shire--lsfs its camp on Staten Island on Sun
day morning, and was taken on board the At
lantic, which then sseered southEard. From
ell apPeaEanees it is not improbable that 6fty
Thousand men wiz be iandei upon ths South
srn coast within three or four weeks, ready
TO plaat TIE stsrs and stripes high over the
arisloefatie Southern cities before The rebel
srmy ef the Potomac has become aware Of
the danger which e impending over its
homes. "a
Il would bes glorious thing for aest with
ffy thousand Federal troops under Butler,
to meet Ike number under Fremont ct the
isvss Of Nes Orleans some ins morning.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1861-09-19

LoURvILLE, Sept. ls.
At n ne o'clock this morning, when the
Governments troops reached Rolling Fork, 5
miles north of Muldrough's Hill, they found
the bridge over the fork burned, and the en-
emy on Muldrough's Hill Their number is
not ascertained. Gen. Shuman, discovering
ford about breast deep, sent reconnoiter-
ing party, which had not returned at four
o'clock this afternoon, at which time Liqut.
Col. Johnston was despatched from Louis
Vile with seven hundred additional force
consisting OF the remnant OF Rosseau's COM
mand and about 400 Of the Home Guards.
There was great enthusiasm among the BY.
standers at the depot on the departure Of the
troops. -aHs
The city is full of rumors, among which Is
one that Gen. Buckner is commanding the
Confederate forces at Muldrough's Hill, but
this is doubtful. Another is, that after the
sece sionists had burned the bridge at Roll
ing Fork, the Union men burned the bridge
at Nolin, 10 miles south Of Elizabethtown
whereby they stopped two Of the three
trains which the secessionists supposed they
had obtained by the burning of the Rolling
Fork bridge. This is probably true.