davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
PROCLAMATION OF THE GOVERNOR OF

VIRGINIA.
Whereas of the States formerly osng part
of the United States have by authority their people,
eoiemny resumed the powers granted by them 70 the
United States, and have framed constitution ana orga
nzed government for themselves, TO which the people
Of those States yielding willing obedience and have
notified the President Of the United States by all the
the United States SEPARATE independent and foreign
power and whereas, the constitution OF the United
states nas invested Congress with the sole power 70
President has no authority to call for IN extraordinary
force to wage offensive war against any foreign Power;
and whereas, the 10Th inst, the President Of the
United States plain violation Of the constitution issued
proclamation calling for force Of seventy i've thousand
men, the laws Of the United TO be duly
executed q people who longer part OF the
Union and in said proclamation threatens to exert this
unusual force to compel obedience 10 his and
whereas the General Assembly Of Virginia bya majority
approaching to entire unanmity declared at ts last
sim, that the state OF Virginia would consider such IN
TO be resisted by all the power at the command
OF Virginia; ard subsequently, the Convention
this State has reair med in substance the sane policy,
with almost equal unan nifty and whereas the state or
Virginia deeply sympa.hizes with the Southern States 10
the wrongs they have ueertd and the position they
have assumed and having made earnest efforts peacea
bly, TO compose the disreIces which have severed the
III ion. and having failed in that attempt through this
the part Of the President aud IL s
believed that the influences which operate to produce
this proclamation against the seeded states VIII be
brought bear upon this Commonwealth IL she should
exercise her undoubted right to resume the powers
granted by her people, and II 10 due to the honor or VI.
gnia that improper exercise Of force against her
people should be repeled therefore, l. john Letcher,
Governor Of the Commonwealth Of Virginia. have thought
proper TO order all armed volunteer regiments compa
MES within the State forthwith to hold themselves in
readiness for immediate orders and the reception
the State thor organization and numbers, and prepare
tn, mseves for efficient service Such companies as are
armed and equipped will report that fact, that they
In witness whereof have hereunto set my hand and
caused seal Of the Commonwealth aixei this
l7th day OF April 1861 and IN the eShtp oin year Of
the O. mn onyyealtb. JOIN LErC9ER.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
THE NORFOLK NAVY YARD SAFE.

WAsHiNtfoN, April ~, 1901
Colamodore Pauldig ard Captain Jenkins who were
despatched to tho Norfolk Navy Yard and other pontc
for the purpose Of looking after the ships and other
property belonging TO the federal government, have
made tasir report to the Secretary Of the Navy.
Their timely appearance at Norfolk prevented the cap
ure OF seycra soops Of by the Virginia authorities
Il appears that fun and ample arrangements hal
been made to attempt their capture, and IL is highly
probable that II would Lave beer successful. The
government has rot only prevented that, but
wiT II is believed, he able to hold the Norre.k Navy
Yard. There force Of some 1900 in the vic
nifty, who Intending to upon them in the night
The yirginans had three vcoscs In The channel in
order TO proven tsoir escape.
The impression is, that the vessels nov there i've
sloops OF warwi he unable to get out although Capt
jenkins thinks that they The caabern attempted
90 leave but failed The consequences Isl that these vcs
sells viii have to remain and protect the Navy Yard
from being captured, w.dch they will probably be able
to do.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
Fort OF New York, April 10, 1861.

ClF4REg
Steamship Ednburg (Br). Brooks Queenstown and Iv-
steamship oieator OBJ, Lord, Kingston, Ja-waden &
ship Shooting STAR Drnkwater Acapulco-TappaD Star
shP serOSSy Te Tsh HsvsRGyd Hgeksn
Bark cola pespot lAus) Gugni, Cork and a makeDr-
BARK samue Monkey, Jr, Holm, Drogoeda- smaIwooe.
lark e. prsss Sun d5eyg, iavana-i ) eager,
Bark Louisa Benton, havana-I eager
prs Penguin si. SoayeIs. Be muea Tladi.;on Co.
s ss } S1sr asd Eesnsg Il
81; 49,
s ssSr SrssS1 nra s:. %sssna'on
ssSI NaTepps, DAVIS E;lIiz,bsihpoIt- DAYTON
s ssr hsnaSa Mfs sbns'n
sSs Sr Este Waller CULVER, Bsngsr y Buck Co..
schr Eugene, canigan, Boston-A Gowes
ARRIVED
steamer Pocahontss Lieut. Giles Charleston Bar ee
Quaker CITY sASssd; Hsvae. ap x,n
with Br steamship Karnak, for NASSAU and New York
ana oSas Dc with md's
ship Nonpa ell Green London 40 days in ballast to rhos
s Es'S,n H x,os ss.
bound Z; For the frs, weeks had hea March q.
supposed BT bark with loss sails 81 bend
Brig 9uayama GBreml onken, Cudad Bolivar, Il days.
Brig Ina os EastporD Lanry Jacme March ?, with coffee
as H ss%p sa sga.s Ga p., NE E e
Ha at:a saw brig War Eagle e., absndoned
&C. e Broosnsn 70 ''ss WIN s1s'e
sm RendaS Ss Boston, s Boston
sch Joseph (of Boson watts q Andrews srsuiss Main.
sa x' sar ssea as sa sy ss
schr Sarah sof Portland Blake, Mansans IS days with
eedr 81 George Br Permission bermuda days, with po.a.
!hc osrs and 81 the burned ship Isaa Nes.en
Esn Sae ne = %.s
ship VIM Nys G. and . for New New Bedford
18th inst OF Cape Fear had heavy Sc gale during which
sehI I ysnaervoors, Walker Smyrna, ia, days.
ssSr Zen ssS Me-
schr Res Resolution, Gale d,, Plymouth Nc
fns' snann s Messndi ss'ya
schr Village Queen, Hawkins, Alexandria.
s s.; S SssS: Ss's:, t.ss.
seSr lama as y gEae huge, Virginia
S sssE E. Hisas ssSyt. sss. Virginia s1Ena
sSSr JpssPsPSe s Msis S'rs Virginia
schr W Lawson Lawson, Virginia.
s seSr Wave, Predmqre. Virginia
ssr w wsn Sl Gsary I' sss1o s',s Virginia
SIR sS breeze p 81 Decker: yrsIni:a
ssRr sf Fnee:S SSt cat ssn Virginia
Schr Yankee Doodle, Van Chef Baltimore.
schr Thomas Page, Pharo, Baltimore.
Schr Julia Elizabeth, Merrill, Ezabethport FOR Bcstcr
Sohr Lochiel, Bull, Flizabethport for Boston
schr Anderson Hemingway Ezabethpor FOR Pa. River
6chr q Baldwin, Bailey, Elizabethpot for Hartford
Schr Tariff, Provost Elizabethport for Stamford.
Schr Forest, Jones, Machias, days.
Schr Bay ate, Atwood, Chatham, days.
echr Mary Mapgham whalen, Gloucester
Schr M CLARK. Clark Hartford, days
eoop President, Morren, Elzabetbport for Stamford.
Steamer Octarora McIauqhfAN PHILADELPHIA
Steamer Elizabeth. Colnary. Baltimore.
Steamer Concord. Norman. Philadelphia
Steamer Penguin, Williams. Providence
BELOW.
The report that brig Malone below an ersor
SAILED
steamer Pocahontas; steamship Phisaertla-boh
supposed for Norfolk
Wind during the day W 10 NV.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
THE CIVIC RECEPTION OF MAJOR AN.
DEHSON

The Committee Of the Common Council appointed TO
tender tho OF the Governors Room TO Major Ander
son the hero Of Fort Sumter, yesterday held meeting
and sgreed TO wait upon the gallant Major Accordingly
they called upon him at his hotel hast evening to ascer
tain the intentions Of Major Anderson, and they will 70
port the result At their meeting day II is probable
that the offer Of the Room has baen accepted
arrangements to day Mayor Wood 10 cooperating with
the committee.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
SE12kJHE OF THE CUSTOM HOUSE AND POST
OFpICE At RICHMOND NORTHERN YES.
GEIG s-rIIgp

WASHING ron, April 10, 1851.
Nesser gees ast IA from Richmond repor, tina, the So
ccsa on ordinance hai passed
Tho Custom IIoute ard roe! 0Hce az Richmond were
seized yesterday ~ order Of tic Governor
TIE ~sw YORK packet steamer jamestown has been
sei2e At @iy por', fNty mlies below Richmond and
packet fcho ne beo'g!ug % Nanc ssseiz,d a. rich
asnd
yittetp L4Etfel rcS L4yc yolstet.sR under VI sls
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
NEW YORK HERALD, SATURDAY, APRIL 70, 1851.

MAJOR ANDrsRSON's WOUNDED MEN.
The wounded .nsn OF Major Arde:sors command we're
conveyed 70 Fort Hamilton yesterday afternoon in the
steamboat Alice Price.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
the WAR FEELING IN the NORTH.
THE WAR FEELING IN BOSTON.

BosroS, April 10, 1851
On the receipt OF the Of tho attack the mill
tary at Baltimore the popuace bacame almost frantic
The workmen left their chops and factories in their shirt
and congrcgatod in crowds resolving to avenge
the wrong at all cost Bodies Of from all ranks
organizing and preparing to leave at the earliest moment
determined to redress the outrage with their lives.
The Fifth regiment is under orders, and viii probably
leave for Washington by Monday next II will number
1000 men.
The reports this afternoon from Baltimore pain
full excitement here but il is hoped the accounts
exaggerated There is intense anxiety TO learn details.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
S HIP PIN NEW S

ALAANAc yoR rsv yoRK-rEIs ray.
n INSTRUMENTATION. l3 ....moYn d
n INSTRUMENTATION. "a urGH wArrK ...moyD 4 OF
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
Of the Union al Alexandra, and win join the federal
forces here 70 night.
THE SECESSION OF VIRGINIA.

he reliably stated by parties direct rom Richmond
that the ordinance Of secession publicly proclaimed
yesterday. The vote on It's passage Ia kept secret
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
THE MASS MEETING TODAY.

The following Cal has beer Issued for he meeting AZ
Union square this afternoon at three O'Clock
The undersigned invite their fellow citizens 0. n ~
York ts vicinity without regard to previous pot al
cprions associations, 70 meet ct such time and pa
may be arranged hereafter to express their sentiments
the present crisis national Affairs and their de
termination uahold the government Of the county
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
TENNESSEE

TENNESSEE.
LOUISVILLE, April 10. 1891
reliable private despatch from Nashville sases III It
Tennessee il almost unit full regiment will be or
ganized by to morrow night There Uc,on COM
panies in Nashville
MEMPHIS, april ~, 1867.
The war spirit is intense.
Gen. SCOTS resignation is joyousy received. Tie
Governor Of Arkansas has not yet received Secretary
Camerons requiston.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
NEWS FROM THE SOUTH.
TIE CONFEDERATE STATES LOAN.

THE CONFEDERATE STATES LOAN.
MONTGOMERY, April 10, 1851.
The demand for the loan Of the Confederate States Was
30 great that President Davis has determined oner the
whole SIS 900 0O0 The amount subscribed already
ceeds 6 900 OOO The books closed 70 day and the
smaller sums have preference the larger ones.
CHARLESTON, april l9, 1901.
II is well ascertaned that the subscription or Soath
Carolina to the Confederate loan viii be three millions OF
dollus.
am officially informed that already two millions two
hundred and sixty thousand dollars have bee taken
in this city.
also learn that New Orleans the first day took 10
millions hundred thousand dollars sua other PAGES
in proportion
All is quiet In this city.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
NEWS FROM. NEW ORLEANS.

New ORIEtys, April 10, 1861.
The steamship Magnolia from KEY West on the 18th,
has arrived. The Crusader the only United Ss4tes
vessel there.
One hundred aud fifty troops in Fort rsyl5r, and
three hundred In the barracks.
The steamship Magnolia was advised az Apa,a -h.cO.a
not to enter Pensacola harbor she wouli De taken by
the military authorities.
The Texas authorities have fitted out the steamer ata-
gorda steamer TO intercept the Star o. The Wes.
Brashear city has seized tw) scnoopers laden sbp
timber valued at $40 Co., destined for the Brook yn AVID
ChaIlestown Navy Yards
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
ARRIVAL OF THE UNITED STATES sTEAMEF
pOCAHONTAS

The United States gunboat Pocahontas, Captain j. p
Giles from Charleston bar, arrived herc yesterday
ipg. She carries five guns and liz men. She did
arrive at the rendezvous unit, about hour previous
to the evacuation OF Fort Sumter.
Jacob Eewhal, OF Baltimore bostswain's mate died
and buried at sea.
LIST OF OFFICERS.
Captar--J. =. Giles
First Lieutenant. W. A. Nicholson.
Second Lieutenant--J Beverly Cannon.
Assistant Surgeon-J. Kitchen.
Passed MaGter-H. I. Hewsop
bastcr-C T. W. Manning.
Boatswain-C. II. A. Bragdon.
Fngincer--I. VI. Riley.
Eneincer--D Smith.
Masters Mste-W. French.
Masters Male. Ferguson.
PROVISION FOR THE DEPARTING SOL
DIERS' FAMILIES.
TO THF EDITOR OF THE HERALD.
TsAnnssES's FiRK Ivu-R ,ycs COMPANY
NKw York, April Is, 1881. (
IN order 10 naugurnte a movement towards providing
tho families OF soldiers who are called away from our
CITY aud whose leaving mag render their families needy
oer to contribute my entire receipts for fees for the
nct two months. Toe money will be paid over az soon
as any responsible body organizes having the before
a. W. KENNEDY, Notary and Commissioner.
NO lS3 Bowery, corner Of Boone street, aud No. 134
rh.vd avenue.
PRACTICAL PATRIOTISM in THE METRoPo.
LIS.
10 THE EDITOR or TIE HERALD.
beg lave TO otsr, through the columns OF your vau-
abb. paper thc oosuandaats OF brigade OF the vo-
untoers of the city Of New York, all such cap trimmings
monut cure, combating OF military fronts, straps
eweis sad tcns to tn aumber OF i've thousand sets,
FOR Ryc ,ousa I'd ncn, free OF charge, small contr,
button to sustain DOR star spangled Banner.
a. STERN,
10 Broad, vaY, In the Adams Express Building.
DEPARTURE or THE STEAM TRANSPORT
pHIS,ADETPHIA.l
The steamship rhi'ade 'bis which has been chartered
~ TIC federal government left her pier yesterday after
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20
PRACTICAL PATRIOTISM in THE METRopo.
10 Broad, VpY, In the Adams Express Building
DEPARTURE or THE STEAM TRANSPORT
pHIy,ADETPHiA.l

The steamship rhade 'bs, which has been chartered
~ the federal government left her pier yesterday after.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20

A. A. Low,
WIN. v. Brady,
X. A. Wittha IS,
theodore Dehor,
A. W. Bradford,
Vim. III. Appleton,
Thos Is. Sginman,
VIM. a. Nelson,
Peter 0oper,
+. A. Conksing,
Isaac Delaplaine,
Cnas. a. Russell,
O u +. Grant,
David Hoadley,
James Sallatin,
Moses II 6rinnell,
+, VIM. N. DE FORGET,
Vim. NJ. f -arts,
". Butler DuncGn,
W. Whi.ewrigh ,Jr
Jas. 9. Wadgw orth
VIM A. Booth,
Amos r. Emo,
Simeon Baldv 10,
James 4. Briggs,
Ira T.. Davis,
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-04-20


John A. Dix, Ale
Pela.iah PERT, My
W. 7. Havemeyer, Ste
C. II. Marshall, Sin
Jas. Boorman, She
John A. King, WIN
WIN. u. Astor, Joe
Moses Taylor, Ez'
A. I. Stewart, job
August Belmont, job
Jonathan Sturges, sic
Elijah + Purdy, job
Robf. b. Minturn, Cha
G. V. s. Roosevelt, Hal
BeDi. II. Winthrop, Gee
Morris Ketchum, Lut
A. V. Stout, Gre
George Folsom, WI
Vim. +. Dodge, Rol
John J. Cisco, Sar
Jas. W. Beekman, Get
Wilson G. Hunt, Jcl
Robt RI McCurdy, Jcs
Il. f. Morgan, g.
Charles King, Rc,
r. &. Wlpst 0n,
The daily dispatch. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1884, 1861-06-07
Ste phen Arnold Douglas.

The late STEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS was born
in Brandon, Rutland county, Vermont, on the
Esd Of April, 1913. He learned the trade of a
cabinet maker at Middlebury, in his native
State, and continued for year in that business,
but was obliged to abandon it on account o.
the state of his health. From Vermont he re
moved to Canandisgua, New York, where be
pursued the study of the law until bis removal
to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1881. From Cleve-
land be removed still farther West and finally
settled in Jacksonville, Illinois. He obtained
employment at first as clerk to an auction
eer, and afterwards taught a school, still
dsvoting his leisure to the study of law He
was admitted TO the bar in 1884, and rose rs-
pidly in his profession, being elected Attorney
General Of the State before he was twenty-five
years Of age. In 1885 he was elected a mem
Der Of the House of Representatives, and at the
expiration of his term was appointed by
President Van Buren,, in 1887, Register o.
the Land Office at Springfield, Illinois,
In 1910, be was elected Secretary of State
of Illinois, and the following year Judge of
INC CupiSAAo NVuit. MS TO-
bust appearance, he seems never to have pos-
sessed strong physical organization, and
resigned his judgeship, after occupying it for
two years, in consequence Of i'll health. From
this period his first prominence in national
politics may be said to date. He was again
elected to the United States House of Repre-
ssntativss in ls43, and continued q member of
the lower House for four years, whore he was
one Of the NEST active members, able speakers
and ardent Democrats Of that body. He was
an sdvosats u "Af,y -four forty or tight" on
'as oregon question, and was arm supporter
Of The Mexican war. Cns Of his best speeches
vas on the question Of rsfandipg to Gen. JACK.
sos the hns which he was Obliged TO nav At
New Orleans. In December, ls47, be was
elected 70 the United States Senate. Hi.
eoar's there Is fresh in the public memory.
lie ives dsspsrsta political gamestsr. and
sacrificed his all, and hszasdsd his coun,r,,.
I'll, 10 obtain the Presidency. At one time hs
WAS sossidered . national statesman. and
man If intrepid spiFit; tut the manner in which
b. suecu.shsd VI lsts 70 Llxeolslsx, psvvss
sast be wss supple ~ willow 70 tho popular
erssss. What eoassas. to vAlsAxplxaalx,
standing slmOss slsRs In bib Sublime moral
The daily dispatch. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1884, 1861-06-07

An intelligent Virginia gentleman, who ar
rived In our city yesterday from New York, in
forms us that the reign Of terror still continues
IN that region. The general feeling is, thu
their business interests are in great jeopardy
aud that the only safety for them is an instani
march upon the South. For this they arr
poorly provided in artillery, and can scarcely
be said to have any cavalry; nevertheless,
there is a favorite notion that they can Gu
their way through the present difficulty by al
famediate advance. So eager are they fe
this, that our informant thinks it possible the,
NAV override Gen. Scorr's better Judgment
The present displays of enthusiasm in New
York. he thinks, are altogether of forced char
ac,er, the demonstrations of welcome to tn
troops who arrive being mostly from sleek
headed, long cared New England men, wh'
appear to have been engaged for the occasion
Since the time for volunteering has beef
changed from three months to three years, !
Is found very difficult to enlist men. They di"
not object to a three months frolic, but three
wears il a different m after. The famous Eng
lsn regiment was W nav ~" '''NN
never had any existence in reality, not mor'
than eighty men having at any time signe'
their names as members and their Captain
having failed to obtain the means for support
ing them from Washington, the eighty have
drbanded. The Captains baggage was seized
for board in New York, and be has returned t"
Canada, highly Disguised. The GARIBALDs
legion is said to be coming on very slowly, II
being found difficult to fill ii up. The new
irish recruits, our informant is of opinion
sympatbi.e with the South, and many of then
would be glad to desert at good opportunity
The best IN Material the North has for fghtipg
purposes is believed to be opposed to the war.
The new recruits are mostly made up OF
Dutch, with some Irish, and a considerable
sprinkling Of street loafers. Our informant
says BIO cannot imagine greater contrast than
the physique and department of the Northern
recruits and the Virginia forces at Harper
Ferry, from which point he has come direct to
Richmond. He says he believes that literally
there are no better soldiers in the world than
those at Hsrper's Ferry, and the number of
them is very large They are well armed, well
equipped, in excellent health, and eager for a
collision with the foe.
The daily dispatch. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1884, 1861-06-07
The Seward Despotism.

The somervis (Tenn.) Republic thus
speaks:
although Lincoln is nominally President,
Seward 10 really King Of the Northern Gov
eminent. He IL is that moves the secret
springs of despotism that is now enthroned III
Washington City. He is, in fact, the State
the Government. In him it lives, and moves,
and has its being. A man of gigantic intel
lect, he has, In reality, grasped the reins OF
power, and, in the wild whrl of events, We
would not be astonished to see him proclaimed
Dic tator. Lincoln is "A mere nothing-a mere
CIPHER In the greet drama of civil revolution
that has been inaugurated Seward it is who
gives shape and color TO that political policy
which now rules the North"
In This picture, generally accurate, SEWARD
looms up like q veritable German devil. But
We have never yet seen the evidence of his
gigantic intellect" nor of any qualities which
entitle him for moment to be considered a
great statesman. 1t is the work of states
man to create, co build up, to develope the re-
sources and increase the strength and glory of
his country. What genius has SEWARD ever
shown, except for destroying, for pulling
down, for cripphng national resources, for di-
minishing the strength and eclipsing the glory
of his native landf
". H. y
moro than half Of his life has been spent in
the public service, beginning with his election to
the New York Senate in 1880, and including his
career in the United States Senate, which be-
gan in ls49. What great and beneficent pub
lie measure did he ever originate? DEWITT
CLAY and WEBSTER were giants, and recog-
nized as such, although they never stood on
the Alpine heights Of the Presidency. But
what has SEWARD ever said or ever done that
shows the sagacious, comprehensive and con-
trolling grasp Of real statesman? He is
simply cultivated, classic and cunning dem
agogus. He can make speeches as elaborate
and artistical rs those of EDWARD EVERETT,
aud he can work the wires of party with ali
the adroitness and subtlety Ct THuRLow
WEED; but when this is said, all is said. He
begun public life by trucking to Anti Masonry,
just o. VAN buren, did to Anti Reutism, and
mounted the Anti-Slavery hobby for the same
political and personal purpose. If he had
been great statesman, he would have trusted
to his own self-derived strength, and taught
oSis W iCoh uPoA utlly iuetc6u VI CUMMING
himself, like parasisical plant about every
object which promised to secure his elevation.
1t he had really the powers Of great pilot of
the ship Of State, Why aid he run her upon
the rocks in one month after bis hand had
taken the helm! Five months ago he de
ciared emphatically that in sixty DAYS the
'00"'fy would be quoted. The declaration
proves him knays or u fool, bat not a states.
mah- lie may BE- rs cunning, and is no
aouos - inscriptions representative a. the
Father Of Lies and Deception has on earth
bat hs can never he the saviour of . eou.,,v
y" genius eonfists In destruction. but out q,
'as ruin which be has produced his hand viii,
pessf % able to evoke The elements Of order,
prosperity srd constitutional liberty.