The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1861-11-29
AFFAIRS IN EUROPE.
French Account or tho Military Rcsourccs
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French Account or tho Military Resourc .s
of America.
me Following Is the main portion OF letter addressed
by colonel Psani, OF the aids decamp OF Prince Ma
poleon who accompanied his Imperial ghness in his late
the staff TO the Prince
In ordinary times the United States have a standing
army OF which the effective force is from IA 900 to $1,000
men ms army, when the war broke out, was almost
entirely dispersed the extreme frontier those unn
haoited places which the remains Of the Indian tribes
stu dispute with the invading civilization. The mperous
necessity of this distant protection advanced
pioneers the weakness OF the effective force the greatness
o. the distance to beraversod did not permit tho govern
Heht 10 seek resource in that regular
a. the moment when Washington was menaced by
Inc Conlederates. The regular army Of the United
States-an army recruited by voluntary enlist.
ment, and organized the English system-couned
Tor nothing as numerical force In great contest com
menced between the North and South; but as a moral
force u Is OF great weight in the balance In fact we
sai shortly ma ourselves in presence of the who
were FORMED as officers in its ranks after having been
educated at the Military College at West Point we
shall acknowledge that the military perhaps the po
tcai desnies Of America in their hands Indepen.
gently OF the standing army, there is in the United
states as IN France but with reversed proportions the
National Guard, called militia. Tho militia organized
by regiments each regiment being composed OF single
battalion, and commanded by . colonel a lieutenant
colonel and major, according to the English tradition
AS In France, every citizen, in principle forms part Of
the National Guard but as with u.s. the number of eec
tive mitiamen that is armed, equipped and possesses
the rudments of military education is reduced in fact
to the volunteers This militia regards its organza
ton arming and service (gatuitous service in ordinary
times is unders,ood), do not depend the federal
government, but solely the Governor OF each State
Ah their Officers, moreover, are appointed by cleo
ton. When the federal government has occasion for
war purposes to move militia egment IL addresses
request TO to several OF the States Each State
then moves certain number Of regiments which. pass
ing FOR time under the orders of the President receive
pay and ratons from the federal government calculated
Twin say by way of parenthesis, very high scale
II Ii to be remarked however that the number Of req
monts moved by State be sufficient require such
COMMANDER the Governor of that State chef the
executive government) any citizen with the rank
OF general gives him the command OF the
of his State As this citizen the militia returning
home retres into private e retaining only an honorary
title 1t 10 easy to comprehend whence the
generals which meets in the United States in every
trade or profession, among physicians lawyers,
As the Southern army which was itself col.
lection of armed bands, operated on Washngon-that
point from which had nearly driven the President and
the Congressthe federal government called the mill.
tia OF the States which remained faithful. Thus was
formed the first amy which assembled the banks of
the Potomac and which saved the North from i'm
mense danger-an army quite different in the principle
OF its organization in it's quality, from the army which
Is now assembled, and which has replaced the first In
fact, tho States militia previous to quitting their homes
to march to the assistance of Washington had signed col
lective engagements assigning according the States
as their period Of service The consequence the
successive and regular dsbandng commenced may be
said the very day after the commencement of hostes
and that at the end OF July there regiment OF
militia in active service Fortunately the federal govern
ment not deceivng itself to the Of the
warke the ranks of the National Guard thought
Of creating at the breaking out OF the a military
force under conditions Of duration proportioned to the
events which it anticipated The various systems 70
duce1 to practice and the partial and local preparations
adopted with this object with more or less success
were consolidated and generalized in the famous
act OF the Congress OF the month Of June, which
volunteers. The President of the republic autho
rzcd by that act to maintain under force Of $780,
600 soldiers TO be raised by voluntary enlistment con
racted for term OF three years AS for the generals
superior officers and subaerns it admitted prln
cpe that they should be chosen by the President Of the
republic and selected from the great body OF citizens
without any other condition than previous examination
It is evident from these facts that the United States have
army Of the same strength tho French army of an
analogous composition and to compose all the elements
material as well as moral, in the space Of few weeks
In order TO take into account The magnitude Of s,h effort
and mt 10 PREJUDICE the results must reco that 10
conpsh such aoor haze had seventy years. Our pre-
sent military organization tho envy and admiration Of
Europe The produce of uninterrupted tradition of
immense expense, Of hobits migrated manners las
and qorey,me-:n fact OF series OF experiments which
date, at least, from the French revolution.
European Intervention in South America.
From the London Times, Nov. IA
According to the last from the republic of Ecua
dor the President OF Peru had addressed overbearng
and offensive utmaum to the government threatening
them with blockade Of the port of Guayaqu un-
less they will consent the cession OF OF their
territory The government OF Ecuador state that they
have exhausted all means of cancellation, but that Peru
rejects cvory OFFER including the proposed mediation Of
her Majesty government Twenty-Five per OF tho
customs receipts Of Ecuador devoted to the payment
Of the British bondhoders and the necessary consequence
Of the threatened blockade would be again suspend the
payment OF the dividends happened two years ago
when Peru blockadcd Ecuador for thirteen months with
any result beyond the interruption OF
the niiction Of loss British creditors. Hap
ply however, the French Minister at Quito has de-
cared officially that he wilt recognise the threat
sned blockade and has called upon the naval forces
of France give erect TO this The Ques-
ton an old one, and wu vet lead 70 mischf If FL
~ IN fk<fa
Meco, nsl it, proportions become such actually
role Europeaw complications Peru eovss the possession
of Ecuador chiefly for her magnificent harborof
but has been reported ALSO that some Of tho tools Of
the Peruvian President Castillo have At times large
holders Of Ecuador bonds and would like to the
country in order, Peruvian securities stand high TO
get the debt transferred from State the other
Tho possibility OF motives Of this kind being in opera
ton must not be lost sight OF by the Interested
1t might be calculated that attack Ecuador would
weaken tho price Of her bonds, and be follow
ed sy great rally no, ,,os CONQUEST na BY Peru
such intrigues might make good capital Of 1t.
But the government Of Ecuador, since the return
ability and has the confidence and good wishes Of
all the English bondh0ders Peru would probably enter
tain little hope Of being able to make successful aggrss
but for the fact that two years back, govern
mcnt allowed her to blockade Guayaqu and keep out
English commerce, and sacrifice the customs receipts due
to people in support Of General Franco usurper
who patronized by Castillo and last expelled
loaded with tho indignation and contempt OF the entire
population word from the English commander on that
station might have prevented the whole Of the evil but
until lately officers in every region have feared that
they would get nothing but disgrace at home by support
ing English rights The Of the French Minister
will most likely prove sufficient to prevent any repe-
tition OF such losses to subjects, especially has
been currently reported during the last negoa
Aaue been Attempted and hare met c encourage
e at Paris for placing Ecuador under French protecto
rate.
The Financial Difficulties OF Napoleon.
From The London Times, Nov. IA.
France has length discovered that there power
uhi pNtia IA
places glory ccessble height, and commands
that the qualification Of taste shall be foregone In spite
the immense increase Of wealth which has marked tho
present reign the finances Of the country have always
been in doubtful state, and now Il Is acknowledged on
all hands that term Of economy must Begin
few days since commented the difficulties which
lay before the government during tho winter. The de-
concy Of the harvest and the cessation Of exports to
America have only deranged the calculations Of tho
Ministry, but threaten 10 cause much distress among
classes which have been useful supporters and be
dangerous opponents OF the government Any msfotun
in country closely connected with would be
so sure to ourselves that II IS with feeling almost
of relief ind that tho rumors Of the last week have
foundation and that Finance Minister Of calibre
Is likely TO the present clever but uninstruc
ed occupant Of the ONCE. We have wish TO enter
the gossip OF Paris of which readers know and de-
1 Int I'M