The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1861-04-30
THELAW OF BLOCKADE.

e | IuE LA OF DLOChADE.
A blockade is high act OF sovereign authority
Every belligerent has right to ockade the ports
Of his enemy; but in order to render neutral vessels
e liable to the penalty which attaches tU breach of
the blockade, there must be:
First, An actual blockade imposed by competent
Il authority.
!, Second Notice thereof
e Third, violation of the blockade.
mere proclamation that particular port is in
vested is sufficient to constitute legal blockade.
, For that purpose it is necessary that the place be
e invested by competent naval force. A blockade
l. commences from the time competent force is sta
/ TONED to prevent communication.
}, =. There are two kinds of blockade; one by the
"a simple Tact only; the other by notification accom-
II pam oY the fact. In the former case, when the
. JIft ceases otherwise than by accident or the
II suing oi 'he wind, there is Immediately an end
U! tnt p'ocKade But when the fact is accompa-
ne'u ~ ~ a puouc notification from the government
10 ol d oenGereht country to neutral governments
pr'ad toce the blockade must be sunIosad I'm eyist
till it has been publicly repealed
blockade must be existing in point Of fact ard
to constitute that existence there must he nousr
present to enforce it. The famous Berlin and Milan
DEGREES and the Bi itish orders in council were held
illegal because they assumed, in contravention of
the ceareSt principles of public law to impose the
penalties Of a breach of blockade where no actual
blockade existed; in other words, create block
ade by proclamation. The United States Govern
ment has uniformly insisted that blockade should
be made effective by the presence of competent
force, and have also protested against the applica-
tlon OF the rights of seizure and c0nt.cat in
effectual or fictitious blockade.
A "ckade having been established, the iugress
ana eJresS ct vessels acts treated breaches of
II, ior the destruction of the enemy's commerce is
the very object of the blockade. It's i tended to
suspend the entire commerce Of the place and n
neutral Is no more at liberty to assist the traffic of
erportatton than Of importation. The utmost that
can be allowed to neutral is, that having taken in
cargo before the blockade begins she nav ha ot
liberty to retire with it,
The sanctions of the law of blockade are the seiz-
ure and condemnation of the offending ship or car
go, either or both.
LATEST ENGLISH VIEWS THE NORTHERN AND
| SOUTHERN TARIFFs.-- The London Times of the 9Th
| instant comes to us with leader on the recent
| tariff regulations of the Southern and Northern
| States, which, says the Times, cut US both ways
ard chastiSe US both in imports and our
| exports:
son the chief part of our imports we shall have
| TO paw a duty to the Southern States and on the
chief part OF our exports increased duties to the
Northern, ana upon us, therefore, will devove the
pleasant duty ot paying the piper while the dis
severed States at their sword-dance. Differing in
all other respects they show marvellous unanm-
| Ity in the choice of paymaster. As such
be the cost OF maintaining the domestic institution,
none proper to discharge it as John Bull, who
for seventy years has been busying himself, drain
! ing his eXchequer, and quarrelling with all his
! neghbOrs to put an end to slavery altogether The
scheme is very Ingenious almost too ingepious to
The Times begins the article with this comnari-
| son;
There is a story of an Able who had invited a
| friend to partake of dish of Ort0lans. He pre-
ferred them done in butter, his friend in oil and
directions had been given accordingly. The friend
! came early, and while talking fell down in fit
and shortly died. As not n monet was to be lost,
the Abbe ran to the head OF the stairs. and called
out, ''D0 them all in butter" He then took
measures for the proper disposal of his guest. The
| two halves of the United States have each shown
equal promptitude in taking the financial measures
| proper to their position. The United States
| tina: is, the part still retaining the Capitol the
! government and the name-has interest in pro-
lection; the Southern Confederation in free trade;
and they both have made tariffs for their respec.
| tive convenience"
New TUNNEL THRoUGu THE ALps--A Pied
montese commission has just been charged to ex-
anime the question of a tunnel through the Alps
| which separate Italy from Switzerland. Different
plans have been laid before it, passing by the Saint
! GOthard, the Lukmaner, the Splugen, the Bernar-
| dino, and the Septmer. The commission will have
| to decide through which of the above mountains
| the tunnel can be most easily and most advantage
Ousy cut The Lukmanier appears to promise the
greatest facilities, it is lower than any of the
others, but a set-of the line of railaa az to be
connected with the tunnel through that mountain
would be l54 Kilometres Is this of mile each) in
length, while If it were to pass through the Saint
| Gothard it would only be 1873, and through the
| Spugen l2O. The two lines by the Saint Gothard
aud the Lukmaner each estimated cost of
ninety millions of francs and that By the Splugen
| at one hundred millions. If, in the examination
of the question, the only object to put Italy
| simply in communication with Central Swirzer-
|
have the preference, but if this line is to open
easy road to Germany and Belgium, Genoa and
| Turin will advocate the line OF Lukmanier, and
! Milan that of the Saint Gothard.
| MANUFACTURE of IRoN-Sir +. Knowles, struck
with the functions of the cyanide of potassium,
proposes to introduce potash, fespar, soda into
the furnace charges; he adds lime, equal to two
thirds oil the weight OF the silica contained in the
felspar-the bases then become lime, alumiua, and
| the akali, which being in excess, is released to
tnr1o the Granide rennirrd He also uses kaoIin or
seven per cent. alumina and flty-two per cent.
| silica, that even when the silica is neutralizad
| there yet remains thirty per cent Of alnmina to
! act upon that contained in the Experiments
| are now being made to smelt forge cinders with
kaolin, and, il they successful, this substance
may be benefcial!y applied to all sicious ores 1t
| has also been proposed to deoxdize the rich ores
prior to their being charged into the bast fur
! mace, by charging them into large retOrts heated
cherry-red, and passing through them a current Of
| hydrogen gas, which is obtained from the coke
ovens. 1t is found that peroxids can be thus con-
| verted into prOtoxides in two hours, and that in
three or four hours they assume the appearance of
| metallic iron.
! DEPARTURE oETHE KENTUCKY SOLDIERS FOR THE
SOuTH-.Sceaes Sad and Otherwise. -. Y esterday
| day Of unusual excitement in Louisville ON ac-
| count of the departure of Kentucky soldiers deS-
tined for the service Of the Confederate States. 1t
was a detachment of nearly four hundred men, of
Col. Duncan's regiment, and they were placed in
! charge OF Capt. 10. Desha, of the Davis Guards
The at the depot impressive and affecting.
! Mothers and sisters were there, watching with
eager eyes and bursting hearts for a lock dear
| one whom possibly they might never more behold;
and many there were Of those who needed not the
rude oStling Of the careless, thuughtleSs crowd,
but fingered for a last fond look. There was
| d2use mass of human beings in and around the d.
pot, male and female, old and young. ct amid
all the exc ement and the many hearty greetings
to friends who going to the wars, there was
a sadness in the spectacle. There were incidents
of most touching character, affecting beyond de-
scriptOn, and most heartrendIng. But they 90 to
fight for lberty.-LouisriHe C,rier, April 10Th.
NAPoLEox's ToMB IL THE ISyALpEs.-The Paris
correspondent of the Daily Ne,ra. writing on the
ID, says-The translation of the re mains of Napo-
leon l. from the provisional vault in the Chapel Of
| St. Jerome in the Invalides, where they have lain
for 20 years, to the grand crypt destined for their
permanent resting place, accomplished at two
O'Clock this afternoon. The Emperor, the Empress,
the Imperial Prince, Prince Napoleon, Princess
LUcien and Joachim Murat, and the nther members
OF the imperial family, were present at the cere-
| mony, well as the members OF the imperial
| household, the marShals and admiraIs, and the
! Governor General of the Invades with his staff.
The coffin removed to the crypt which all vis-
itOTs to Paris have seen, and which Is only a few
wards from the temporary grave, by "a Cent Gardes.
| The Cardinal Archbishop OF Parl, performed YES
| pefs After the ceremony, the Emperor reviewed
| the Invalides and distributed crosses to some of
the pensioners.
REACTION IN ILLINols.-The Marion County (Ill.)
LteIfjgencer of the 10th records meeting of the
citizens of Williamson county, Illinois, at which,
among others, the following resolutions were
passed -
Resolred That in the event the interest OF the
citizens of Southern Illinois imperativeiy demands
at their hands division of the State, we hereby
pledge ourselves to all means in our power to
effect the same, and to attach ourselves to the
Southern Coniederacy.
ResOlrcd, That in opinion it is the duty of
the present administration to withdraw all the
troops of the federal government that nay be sta
toned in Southern forts and acknowledge the in
dependence of the Southern Contederacv, believing
that such course would be calculated to restore
peace and harmony to our country.
Goss1P FROM RoMG.-The Paris correspondent of
the Daiiy Neics says:-A friend who has arrived
from Rome rel oris that the Pope's health is very
bad, and that the cardinals are specializing upon
his death as an event not likely to be long DELAYED.
The College of Cardinals is much divided ans be-
tween Antoneili's party and his enemies the Pope
! appears to be drifting heIplessIy-the sport OF
events ridiculous story is told OF the scruples
! of the dramatic censorship at Rome. On the
sion of ballet called antony and Cleopatra being
produced at the Apollo Theatre, the object
ed that it would be a very immoral thing for An
: were married, and accordingly the pas de deur is
triumvir' pledges his troth to the want Egyp-
tian queen. The next day wedding cards, on rich
y embossed paper, were sent to most ot the cardi-
nails bearing the names of "Antony and Cleopa-
tra."
q EXTRAORDINARY AND TERRIBLE ACCDENT.-An
accident of an appal ling and at the same time of