davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

Wea1e authorized to announce
Prof. w. II. n. MAGRUDER, OF
Baton Rouge, as Il candidate tor tn"
Office of Superintendent OF Publn:
Education
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

Capt. Winnans and his company,
we learn, will take their departure
from our city, in day or two.
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

Yesterday evening we were visited
by a severe Storm It ralneda ana
the wind blew in terrible manner
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

We are authorised to announce.
II. ii. PITTS, as candidate for re-
election, foy the office Of RECORDER
Election ol. the first Monday imNo~
yenyber. -
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

We are authorised to announce the
name of j. II. CUNN1NGHAM NJ ;.
Esq, Of Natchitoches, as sand,aa,e ,eI.~
for the Office of STATE SENATOR
for this district.
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

manage 20 tHe At~rchW oN""ot1A"'
We learn from gentleman who
was some distance above Columbus,
and directly opposite to the Lincoln
gunboats during the last engagement
that one of them, and probably two,
were seriously injured. One receiv-
ed ball through her pilot-house,
another in her wheel, and a third tore
off about three feet OF the iron casing
on her side. The boat started to
leave but could not get out of the
range fast enough and was taken in
tow By one of her companions. An
other of the bosts had a piece torn
off her side in a similar manner, and
our informant, a very reliable gen
sleman, thinks she had to be towed
off also, but his position was not so
favorable to see as with the first men-
toned. Some Of the shots fired from
our guns went entirely overthe boats.
t-Mempllis Avalanche.
7 Tze President in tie Camp-The
Lynchburg 0Va) Republican, allu-
ding to the nscent visit of President
IDa7is to he- camp of tile c.. S.,A. or
the Potomac, says:
President Davis reached the juno
ton on Monday, and was received
by regiment from HIS own State
Mississippi, and in response to then
enthusiastic reception Of him., made
them short address, in the course
of which he told them t'fhat they haC
work before them-work ofthe mos
Important kind-work in which h,
had come to bear with them his part
He did not intend to say to them &c
and do this. but 'come,, follow
me- He intended to lead them him
: self on to glorious>victory OF . patri
| otic soldiers grave:" Our informan
j describes the effect Of Presidept Da
!. vis's speech as perfectly electsical.-
). The light Of battle shone in ever.
4 eye, while the cry Of "lead us on,
"lead US on" burst from every lip
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

We are authorized to announces
PETER II. -CROCkER, as a can
didate for the office Of Assessor, at
the ensuing election, i'll November
next.
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

& But ! short time win slapse before
the people will be called upon to poll
their votes for suitable persons to re-
present them in tho Legislative halls
of the State. At this particular Pc
riod, it behooves US to vote Tor no
men, be their past political creed what
they may,-who are not known to De
upright, fair dealing. out and out
Southern men, firm and true. Such
persons we know to be in the tield'
as candidates, let a choice be made
now; do not delay until the very day
Of election, and vote for some one a
friend advices, but make 1t your bus
mess to find out who would be most
fit and suitable to confer the honor
upon for which they aspire. when
you have definitely satisfied yourself
on this point, proceed to use your IN,
auence Immediately in behalf OF such
individuals, and have them elected
By so doing you will serve your
State and parish as good citizen.
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18
CANDIDATES.

We are authorized to announce
RICHARD Il. HACkET"I, as II
candidate for SHERIFF., Of the Pa
rish Of Caddo, at the election III No
vember.
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

Weare authorized to announce Mr.
THOMAS II. SIMPSON as a can-
didate for the office of SHERIFF, at
the ensuing election. pa'd
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

We are authorised to anno'niss,
NJ. Il. j. ALSTON, as Il candidate
for the Office Of Sheriff. at the ensu-
ing election. paia
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18
in viev Of the regulation, Mexico
win be regarded as the least impor-
tant object. 1t looks further North.

The regiments that are sent out on
picket about the Potomac sometimes
have an interesting time shooting
Yankee pickets. Our regiment was
out last week on its first trip, and
did pretty we'll, considering that it
has only two rifle companies, which
alone are capable Of doing much ex-
ecution, owing to the distance which
they are apart. 1t returned with the
satisfaction Of having killed six Yam
KEGS and taken one prisoner. The
practice of shooting at each 9TH
er's pickets is quite interesting as
well as exciting. and the scene is, in
some instances, quite amusing. They
will shoot until they are tired, and
then, hoisting a white handkerchief,
go to meet each other for the purpose
of holding a friendly conversations
When they have conversed enough
,hey return to their posts, and COM
nence shooting again. They will no
longer be allowed that privilege, how
ever, as the practice of firing on each
others pickets is now strictly forbid
den.
It is gratifying to state that the
health of the regiment is greatly i'm
proved. The measles cases are about
all over. Several who have had
measels years ago have taken them
again in camp. Typhoid fever is
prevailing to some extent. Only two
or three cases Of it, however, are con-
sidered in any way dangerous. The
surgeons say the present cases are
much milder and more easily man
aged than the frst.-Chas. Courier
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

We are authorized to announce the
name of G.. S. GROOM, for the office
of RECORDER. Election list Monday
in November. pa'd
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

We arc authorized to announce
DR.. w. BUTLER, as 81 candi-
date for the State Senate, for the
Parish of Caddo, Bossier, Sabine T.
Nathitoches. paid.
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

We are authorized to announce
DIR. w. w. GEORGE, rs u candi-
date for seat in the lewer branch
of the Legislature, of Louisiana, at
the election in November. paid
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

WE are authorized to annorhce
GEORGE III. CHILDEkS, for sl,e
LOWER BRANCH OF THA LE4;IsaA-
rURE, for this Parish. paid
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

We are n,sslsorixed to- al,,iouIice tit''
name Of Il. Wh;,s. EsY. 80 acandidnts for
reelection, to nc Legislator. for the Parish
u C.ado. paid
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

Oct3tf
Shreveport daily news., 1861-10-18

vember.
VIZ are authorized to annor,lcs
GEORGE III. CHIl.DEkS, for r',e
LOWER BRANCH OF THz LH;IsHA-
rURE, for this Parish. paid
We are n,Ssisorxed to- anionnce til.
name Of Il. Whs-. Esq..ah a candidate tor
nf C..ldo. paid
We are authorized to announce
|DR. w. w. GEORGE, as !; candi-
date for seat in the Lswer branch
of the Legislature, of Louisiana, at
the election in November. paid
We arc authorized to announce
DR. j. w. BUTLER, as candi-
date for the State Senate, for the
Parish of Caddo, Bossier, Sabine T.
Na.hitoches. paid.
We are authorised to announce.
II. ii. PITTS, as candidate for re-
election, fo, the office Of REGORDER
Election OF. the first Monday imNo~
| We are authorized to announce the
name of G.. S. GROOM, for the office
of RECORDER. Election LIST Monday
in November. paid
We are authorised to announce,
lM. II. j. ALSTON, as Il candidate
for the Office Of Sheriff. at the ensu-
ing election. paid
Weare authorized t" announce Mr.
THOMAS II. SIMPSON as a can
didate for the Office OF SHERIFF, at
the ensuing election. paid
We are authorized to announce
Israel w. PICkENS. as Il can-
|didate for the Office of Sheriff. at the
|ensuing election. paad
We are authorized to announce L.
R.CRISP, the present incumbent, a.
a candidate for reelectionto the ot'cr
Of ASSESSOR, at the ensuing cleo
ton.
We a1e authorized to announce
Prof. w. II. n. MAGRUDER, OF
+ Baton Rouge, as candidate tor IN"
Office of Superintendent OF Publn:
Education
We are authorized to announces
PETER II. -CROCkER, as Il cam
didate for the office Of Assessor. at
the ensuing election, i'll November
next.
. We are authorised to. announce the
name of J. II. CUNNINGHAM =
Esq, of Natchitoches, as a eandid;.te l. :,
for the Office of STATE SENATOR
for this district.
: Confederation Restaurant.
u e (Fonneriy Gaiety)
- AdjoininSthe C"nteder"f'"n
Sugar planter. [volume] (West Baton Rouge [i.e. Port Allen, West Baton Rouge Parish, La.]) 1856-1925, 1861-02-02

Waving dissolved copartnership with Mr.. H. !iig.
,;n.. respectfully solicit for INN a continuance OF
The prubhc patronage so literally bestowed on me.
4, 2lm Respectfully, C. G. WILSON
Sugar planter. [volume] (West Baton Rouge [i.e. Port Allen, West Baton Rouge Parish, La.]) 1856-1925, 1861-02-02
Larguier y Lan0ue.
J. OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES. ..-.-.E
DEALEESIl II w Il

HALL OF EVANSVILLE PLCWS.-
ll On hant. our regular assortment of these un
rIvalled plows, large and small. with and without
cuft.r-xornp of which are made Expressly for the
eui; WALTON q; c.,.uu. L.AI:,.tit.. X y
iec3 Cor. Lafayette X Florida SITS.
Sugar planter. [volume] (West Baton Rouge [i.e. Port Allen, West Baton Rouge Parish, La.]) 1856-1925, 1861-02-02
W. f.. IMunard.

Home Manufacture Of Cane.
WAGONS, CARTS. FLouGHs AND
A HARNES S
THE SUBSCRIBER is nov ready to receive order
L for Plantation Wagons, Carts and iiaruese, for
the sOming season, end v Ould respectfully urge Plan
tiers and offers wanting any Of the above articles. to
senI u tleir order seriy that tney may be suppnel
without fail, IN time.
~ All orders will b. faithfully executed. and
p%romptlr ,pplied.
~ Hia look of Iron Is now compile .e-comprising
n full assortment of FLAT, ROUND and SQCAhr.
PLOUGH SLABS, HOOP aud BAND O sWEtietS
o GERMAN aud SPRING STEEL. K . AXLES
and SPkINGS-aIl sizes
HAL Of which win be furnished as low as at
any establishment IN THE S7A7E.
$50 He has on hand 1000 KONTA GW PLOUGHS
which he offers for sale to close partnership accounts
NJ Callani examine at the Warerooms, corner of
Church and Main streets, Baton Rouge.
tecls5 s ". +. 4
Sugar planter. [volume] (West Baton Rouge [i.e. Port Allen, West Baton Rouge Parish, La.]) 1856-1925, 1861-02-02

Tie subscriber will continue the business of tI'
;,,s firm TOR hs own account.
'1s HOI.DREGE HIGGINS.
Sugar planter. [volume] (West Baton Rouge [i.e. Port Allen, West Baton Rouge Parish, La.]) 1856-1925, 1861-02-02

Cotton Seed.
t. STORE at.a .oi sale. a full -u?piy of
= = rolf.
'.itis Bro IN aud
.h! g-.r,.n sol. BENJAMIN.
Ct MIR Is =.
~ 81 p.r-es@ s-Fn- 2i"7a G,,i> F'nG~.
lua zagr 4tu-ah 30
- MI s.c3ce r.1tra ral.e .la-samine 10
80 oais Nonrs:eil.
5ca>kS london Hrown Stoat.
5ca>ks Y"uuger's Ale,
10 Dbl, swan Gin.
10 Brandy,
ln0 hhls War; ( Csrv's -ec.ihsd EHi~-y.
30 boxes assorted Chewing tobacco,
10 ht-S choice ia-a Coffee,
500 boxes a>sorte! Soaps.
400 boxer -tar Candies.
25 boxes assorted Candies,
1" barrel, Washing soda.
10 half Ia -rcis Tar.
S.ut IS t~.ti- ~ sol. BENJAMIN.
Sugar planter. [volume] (West Baton Rouge [i.e. Port Allen, West Baton Rouge Parish, La.]) 1856-1925, 1861-02-02
Fiat DE La LOUISIANA.
paroies do Quest Baton Rouge.

coua Dc sIxIEME DISTRICT.
-. ,,.a.ire de Ia Succession lie jacques No!4ison.
0HS deceede. \. 5lS.
rENpU que valrnont Hebert, CONNIE Executor
a Testsmentaire De Ia dise succession, a &c jour
.,,e,istr, IN tableau trovisoire Ct compile de sen ad
Ha.st,,tou dams Ia aite succession
.,i. est par les presentes do.ne que toute oprosi-
- Ieg,le . phomologation du dit compte ct ia bl-au
.;, e~nreeistr~ au bureau du Grefier de cette paroi.se
An. le, irente jours qul suivront la premiere publ
49, ". B. CHAMBERLAIN,
40 1ssi.. Grefier.
Sugar planter. [volume] (West Baton Rouge [i.e. Port Allen, West Baton Rouge Parish, La.]) 1856-1925, 1861-02-02
.NFW ADVERTISEMENTS
.-.,~..e Ta1.P.yers-Airst and last call.

rrrayers Of the parish. both State and local.
tle'"Jh- rc,i6ed that their taxes ar due for the
az In. and that the same must be paid without
!!e ~ delay It my office. A word to the wise is
iaae.sot. VIZ. WHITE, Sheriff and Tax Collector.
rsb. 9TH 1860.
Sugar planter. [volume] (West Baton Rouge [i.e. Port Allen, West Baton Rouge Parish, La.]) 1856-1925, 1861-02-02

DATENT PORTABLE ALCOHOLIC
l - BILE for any purpose where indepen
dence Of servants, or Of circumstances is desirable.
also Cook stoves OF assorted dimenslons. Oven and
Lids, Pots and Kettles just received 1t
LARGUlrR l. 4
Sugar planter. [volume] (West Baton Rouge [i.e. Port Allen, West Baton Rouge Parish, La.]) 1856-1925, 1861-02-02
Cooking and Heating Stoves.

4 MOTHER large invoice Of Cooking and Heating
IL Stoves. which in additionet0 our former stock
makes the largest and most complete assortment of
stoves IN this market. We invite the public to call
and examine them and compare the quality and pri-
ces with our ~neighboss befnre nurci asine.
aug6 PIPER q BRADFORD.E
Sugar planter. [volume] (West Baton Rouge [i.e. Port Allen, West Baton Rouge Parish, La.]) 1856-1925, 1861-02-02
STATE OF LOUISIANA.
1]arish Of mest Baton Roupe.

SIXTH DISTRICT COURT.
,v,u5REAs yalmont Hebert as Parliamentary Exc
.u,or of the estate of Jaques Moiaison Dec.
-. sled . provisional Tableau and account of his
acM na. il hereby given that all legal opposition to
uanoi,o.iion Of the same must be fled in III.
~ ca.s, , once Of this parish within thirty days from
,he orst publication thereof
r,.-k,s Office, Feb. 9th 1861.
Sugar planter. [volume] (West Baton Rouge [i.e. Port Allen, West Baton Rouge Parish, La.]) 1856-1925, 1861-02-02
sb
NOTICE.

BARON ROUGE, Jan 10. 1851.
,rur copsrtn-rship heretofore existing between
The Undersigned. under the name of WILSON 4
NC u1s. is this day dissolved nr mutual consent.
c. T.. WILSON,
HOLDREGE HIGGINS.
Sugar planter. [volume] (West Baton Rouge [i.e. Port Allen, West Baton Rouge Parish, La.]) 1856-1925, 1861-02-02

Carpets, Rugs, Mats.
w Us now op-niny a large assortment OF Tapesf
w ry BRUSSELS. Ingram. . and 8 ply. ard list Car
rets: Tufied and English Rugs. Hassscks. Jnte. Chain
aleutta. BRUSH and Grass mats. etc.
soct.S PIPER 4 BRADFORD.
Carpets.
Nov ahoat and to arrive in three weeks. the lar
2 st and most varied assortment e,erotfered IN
this market nf
Tapestry Rrusseis
Inyrains.
uDerfne
Extra Fine
Union
Two and three Phys. List aH' Hemp CARPETS. vii
ton ancestry. Brussels nd Tuttei Rugs, Hsssocks.
Cocoa. %'u,fle. al-ton ami English Mas.
Our dnme>te: a. pets acre purchased from the
manufacturer. an nrf .eIish CARPETS from lii. i'm
porter hv one of our iorSe in person. we shall get
the goods II time fer the nnhlfc to examine them ant
compare the prices with the New Orleans market. rs
~ shall be able 20 sell rarrats as low as they can be
purchased in any Southern market.
aur13v.= n!pEp 4 RR nFnp
Cedar Falls gazette. [volume] (Cedar Falls, Iowa) 1860-1895, 1861-07-26

Unless such clothing be delivered TO the SUI
perintendent in good order he shall rot be
bound to receive the patient"
In fine, the whole expense of supporting
him while insane, by the laws of Iowa, comes
upon the county, not upon the State. The
learned Doctor and the public can draw their
own conclusions as to whether the public
funds have been squandcred by the action of
their im6teile Judge. That the public mind
as well as our friend, may be relieved from
all further fears, and rest at night in quiet
we will state that the raving maniac" has
turned patriot, and joined the company which
recently left Independence, a company which
the Dubuque Times states is the finest ap-
pearing company that has yet left the city.
We saw him on his way to Dubuque, in full
uniform, clothed and in his right mind, a
man apparently worthy of the noble compa-
ny which he has joined. He appeared in
fine spirits and having thrown away his
pepper, he is anxious to get his fine revolver
which was taken from him, that he may use
it in his country's service.
G, w. COUCH COUNTY JudJe
Cedar Falls gazette. [volume] (Cedar Falls, Iowa) 1860-1895, 1861-07-26
A Reply to the Journal.

Mr. EDITOR: l noticed in your last issue
an article copied from the Des Moines Jour-
nal in which my name is made use Of To
any one acquainted with the character of that
sheet, and particularly the person who at
tempts to edit it, it is needless to say that his
assertion that attempted to induce mob
to assault the Herald office, is a malicious,
low-lived falsehood Once before it became
my duty in the presence of this same SrlLr-
SON HuTcnISs, to give him the lie direct. At
that time he smothered his rage and "roared
as gently as sucking dove" but he prob
ably, Indian like, watched his opportunity
from that time onward to get shot from be-
hind press. Next to the approval of our
own conscience may be reckoned the abuse
Of such vampire as Sr1LrsoN HUrcnrNs.
1t sometimes said, that it is right to judge
Of others by ourselves, probably this individ-
ual works by this rule, but submit that any
white man should be judged BY a higher
standard.
Let MAnoNY, HUrcnINs 4 Co. drift into
the oblivion that certainly awaits them.
Yours, with respect,
Cedar Falls gazette. [volume] (Cedar Falls, Iowa) 1860-1895, 1861-07-26
Iowa State Stock.

Gov. KIRKwooD has issued a letter to the
people Of Iowa." calling upon them for aid
and assistance in the way Of supplying him
with the necessary means, to enable the State
to do its share in. the great struggle for the
preservation of the Union. He says the sale
of tho State bonds, ordered by the General
Assembly at the extraordinary session, was
relied on to meet the expenses necessarily in
Cured in sending our troops into the field !;
,but those bonds still remain unsold, and the
State is suffering for money. lie calls upon
the men Of Iowa to &C. cooperate with him in
supporting the good name Of the State, and
as the bonds cannot be sold abroad, he says
they must be sold at home, or the State will
have to suffer the disgrace. Wewould much
rather see the bonds taken at home, and we
hope this call from the Governor will be
promptly responded to. The bonds are now
offered for sale at the several branches of the
Iowa State Bank, at a rate not less than
ninty-two cents. TO assist in the mainten-
ance of the Union it is not necessary for us
all to shoulder musket
Cedar Falls gazette. [volume] (Cedar Falls, Iowa) 1860-1895, 1861-07-26
Missouri Convention.

The Missouri Convention met at Jefferson
City on the 22d, at IL o'clock, A. NJ, and adj
journed to o'clock, p. M, for want Of quo
rum, when they again assembled, having
sixty-two members present, and quorum
was announced. Gen. PRICE, former Prcsi-
dent of the Convention, was superseded by
Gen. RoBr. WILSON, staunch union man,
formerly Vice-President. A committee Of
seven, one from each Congressional District
was appointed, to report what action they
deemed advisable to take in the present con-
dition of the State. Ex-Gov. STEWART offered
the following resolution on the 23d:
Resolced That in the opinion Of this Convention the
Executive Department Of the State has expatated itself
They will make a clean sweep of the official
traitors, and the State Government will be
thoroughly recognized. We will probably
have something definite next week.
Cedar Falls gazette. [volume] (Cedar Falls, Iowa) 1860-1895, 1861-07-26

Washington, July 22--The retreat Of our
troops to. Centreville was successfully ac-
complslred by o'clock last night, the regi-
ments regaining the position vacated in the
morning. Those that succeeded in reaching
Centrevillc had four hours to stop. The re-
Serve force under Col. Miles being posted be-
yond Centrcvilie. At one o'clock the retreat
from that point commenced and was main.
tanned in good order to Arlington Heights
and Alexandria. g nov
The army in its retreat left behind them 81
large amonnt of provisions and ammunition
about 40 wagons which fell in possession of
the rebels as fast as our troops retreated and
their POSITIONS were occupied by the rebels
till after Fairfax Court House was passed
after which the pursuit was not continued
In many instances the transfers unhitched
the horses and abandoned the wagons when
their was not the slightest necessity. The
rebel Cavalry was the terror Of the volunteers
who were compelled to keep the woods to
avoid being charged upon by them. "a, .,,.--
Washington, July %. The Herald's dis
patch says the rebels outnumbered US
three to one. After the day had been won
by us, fresh rebel troops were substituted
for those who were defeated. The ammuni-
ton Of our artillery had been expended in
the contest. AS the caissons were tsshing
at full speed to the rear for new supply ~
ammunition, the movement was construed
by the civilians and Transfers there into a
retreat. A panic among them occurred.
They ran for their horses, and without wait
ing to ascertain the facts, cut the traces Of
the wagon horses and commenced q precipi-
tate retreat. A CONSERVATION thus created
was communicated to the soldiers in the rear
of the column at the very moment when a
charge of fresh cavalry from Manassas was
made upon them. 1t was nothing more nor
less than a stampede. The enemy were
unaware of it. The result is ina
great measure attributed to the hardness of
Patterson. .st.-..s.a- t...
Gov Sprague's bravery during the whole
day challenges universal admiration, and
aided by Mr.. Caster, Paymaster of the New
York 14th succeeded in bringing some degree
of order out of this chaos.
The brave Rhode Islanders were formed
in the rear to oppose the advance of pursu-
erS. 4. ....
The number of killed and wounded has
been greatly exaggerated.
Mcdowell behaved with the greatest bra
very, but this was unavailing to resist panic
in the rear. The Fire Zouaves fought like:
devils. #T.#
The New York list, 14th, and 9th, the
Minnesota and Maine regulars were the praise
of all, they were moved down like grass by
the batteries upon which they were advanced.
The flag of the Minnesota regiment vas
completely riddled.
Cedar Falls gazette. [volume] (Cedar Falls, Iowa) 1860-1895, 1861-07-26

The unhappy termination Of the engage
mental Bulls Run has clouded all hearts in
the loyal States with the deepest sadness.
fhsAss5spUsts have been greatly modified
in mary psIticulars the number killed on
our side was at first stated to be 1000 to s.
600, but is now proven to be not over 600.
Why it is that we suffered defeat is not made
plain, though we sec it stated that Gen. PAT
sTERsoS is in great measure responsible;
whether this is so or not, by some means We
have been defeated. It opens our eyes to
many important facts, which have been al
most wholly disregarded We see that VOL
untecrs are hardly equal to regular educated
soldiers, and that, though II may save great
expense, il is not the best policy to defer
preparations for war till the enemy common
ces the attack. The regular army Of these
States is too small, and we hope that Con-
'gress will profit by this bitter experience in
its future action. That it was only necessary
to "advance' to completely subjugate the
rebel States, Is now annlhilated. Ihey know
full we'll that it IS victory or death, and un-
der such circumstances it is nonsense to talk
Of the task involved in crushing out the re-
bellion as triAing, and demanding only Of
energy. The general effect Of this defeat,
humblng though It be, we do not think will
seriously retard the restoration Of law and
order. Our troops will advance with more
care, with a better knowledge of the power
Of their enemy, officers will be more cautious,
and more zeal will be manifested in getting
military ability into the field. As far as
cooling the patriotism Of the people, it but
kindles it afresh. The Grand Army will be-
come grander, and the rebellion, ere many
months, will be crushed by the strong right
arm of loyalty. VIII" 1'