Arkansas true Democrat., 1860-08-18


 must exist before the created, the 'ohi'eo States here spoken of, and whs maae the constitution, were those that existed ana oS they existed, prior to its making; l. e. 'he 1 United States confederated in tlrm league of friendship under the articles ot l'''' and the word people is only used by way ofI recognition of the great pohtical truth thaF the people of each State gre the State. The construction of the compact, m its essentials, must chiefly depend upon the determination of the first of all the ques- t;ons that can arise in regard to lt--who are hhe parties 10 a9 And the answer to that question is, Me States, each as an un' mntilated republic, sphere perfect ln the Isolation If ifs own distinct individuality. The preamble is, in effect; " We the people of each of the several States of America ,,ited in T confederation, do now, Tn order to form more perfect unlon; not nhloh of other and d;ferent things, parts or ele-i ments; but more peJect union of what were already united, THE STATES
 As each State acted as unit Tn n'dk'ng the constitution. so each State Is, through all time, and with voice and vote equal to that of every other State, to vote as unit in omending it. And as the people of all the States, as one aggregate and pollu- cal unit. neither made nor can amend the l constitution; so neither have they as such a unit ever done any political act or cast any vote whatever. They act, always and only' through those organisms or political cor porations, the States.
 The people of each State created the corr poration or body polite, the State; and of a each citizen is corporator. They, Tn their aggregate, are, ig taet, the State, and it is a mere imaginary being. But 'n faw it is being and individual, distinct from each and all of them, that does not change as htey die or are born, but is always one and the same; as the human body, composed ot its ever shifting particles, is an individuality and unit distinct from each and all of them. It buys and sells, makes contracts, sues and is sued, and helps create a general govern ment for itself and it's peers and equals; but as debts and contracts are not those of any individual citizen.
 The States created that corporation, the 1 United States, and of IT they alone are the corporators. In law it is an individual unit and political person wholly distinct from each of them; but, in fact, it IS the States of which it is composed.
 Thus the fathers, by adopting simple legal principle, united in perfect harmony things that at first view 1t seems impossible should co-exist; the coWunction of foreign States as equals and allies, and national unity and national eristence for certain pur- poses. It was the solution of @ great pro- blem.
 The "Congress coming tog'ther of the United States" means, literally and in tentionally, these several States assembled and met face to face in council There. in each House. the States Memselres are pre- sent impersonated by the Representatives. i. e.. by those who make Mem present Mere.
 Each State, by its legislature, chooses its two Senators, and So has " its equal suffrage in the Senate"
 The representatives are apportioned among the several .Stotes." Each State is "'entitled to choose" so many. Each Representative is required only to be '' an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen" Each must, in my well-con- sidered opinion, be chosen. not by q district but by the whole State, and represent Me .State,. and Congress has no power, nor do I think it wise, if it hcd the power, to di- vide State into districts, and provide fol the election of a Representative by each.- In more senses than one, the Representa- tives of districts do not represent theil States, and the system greatly lessens the weight and authority of many of the States
 As little do the people of all the States as one people, elect the President. Each .State APPOINTS 1s electors, not in number proportioned to its population, but equal to its Representatives in boM Houses of Con- gress; rule which increases the vote of the small States in much greater proportion
 
 than those of the large ones. The electors may, as the State pleases, be elected, by the people or legislature, or appointed by the Governor. The States, by their electors, or each casting two votes in the Senate, elect the Vice President, who becomes Pre- sident when that office is vacated. The President is not the Representative of the people of the United States and 1t Is mis- chievous heresy for him to pretend to any such character. He is the representative of the States, and it is as Meir representa- tive, and to prevent oppression or invasion of Meir rights by the majority, that he ls invested with the veto power. THE STATES Mrough him. interpose Meir geto. lie does not do it as the Tribune of the people, since there is no such office here, as there was 1T old Rome.
 In England, the King, by his judges was deemed personally to preside in hi' courts. In our country, the STATES do so by Mer judges, appointed by them througl their President, and confirmed by them selves in their Senate Therefore 1t is tha the Supreme Court is fitly investel with thc power to decide controversies between h, States.
 The southern States and people have neve been entirely of one mind on these ques tions; but what we have said so far may, imagine, be fairly regarded as the convic tions of the southern people in the main.- It will soon come to pass that there will b, I;ttla or m ,1iccant amouu ne in rapard f,