The Manitowoc pilot. [volume] (Manitowoc, Wis.) 1859-1932, 1860-01-20
Judge MiIIer-s CharRe.

| hpe, aUu WHICH VIC diIudcd W III our iant
It is full of valuable information, and w,
hope our readers will peruse it closely:
Gentlemen ofMe Grand Jury:
The American people believed unior
Of the States, to be essential to their liber
fy ard to their happiness. They wer'
taught by experience that the Union, un
der the articles of confederation could 10
exist Aud they were taught by the same
experience, tina. the Government would b,
mere shadow, that must disappoint al
their hopes, unless invested with large por
tions of that sovereignty, which belongs te
independent States. Thus instructed BY
experience, the people adopted the Con
stitution Of the United States, 8" in order
to form more perfect union, establish
JUS ice, insure domestic tranquility, pro
vide for the common defense, promote the
| general welfare, and secure the blessing OF
| liberty to themselves and to their posteri
ty." These six objects, or reasons, for the
adoption of the constitution, are systemat-
ically carried out in the several articles o.
which it is composed. The constitution
comprises every thing requisite, with the
blessing OF Divine Providence, to render a
people prosperous and happy.
The constitution established three great
! departments Of government; the legisla-
tive, the executive, and the judicial. The
/ first is to pass laws, the second to approve
an execute them, and the third, to ex-
pound and enforce them. Without the
latter, it would be impossible to carry into
effect, some Of the express provisions OF
| the constl' utlon.
The provisions made in the constitution
/" to establish justice" as specified in the
second section OF the third article; where
il is ordained, that the judicial power of
the United States, shall extend to ten des-
criptions Of cases. 1st. To all cases aris
ing under the constitution;" because the
meaning, operation and construction of a
compact ought always to be ascertained
by all the parties, not by authority deriv-
ed only from one of them. 2nd "Tc all
cases arising under the laws of the United
States" because as such laws, constitu-
tionally made, are obligatory in each
State, the measure of obligation and obe-
dience ought not to be decided and fixed
by the party from hom they are due, but
by a tribunal deriving authority from both
the parties. 81. "To all cases arising un-
der treaties made by their authority ;"
because as treaties are compacts made by.
and obligatory on the whole nation, their
operation ought not to be affected or reg
uated by the courts Of part of the na
ton. 4th. =. all cases affecting the Elm
bassadors or other public ministers and
consuls; because as these are officers OF
foreign nations, whom this nation is bound
to protect and treat, according to the laws
of nations, cases affecting them ought on
ly to be cognizable by national authority
sub. "To all cases of admiralty mari
time jurisdiction - because as the seas are
the joint property of nations whose rela-
tions and privileges relative thereto, regu
lated bv the laws of nations, and by trea-
ties, such cases necessarily belong to ma
tional jurisdiction. 9th. TO controver
sizes to which ,he United States shall be a
parry;" because in cases in which the
Whole PEE pie are Interested, it would not
be equal or wise, to let any 0ne State De
| eide and treasure out the justice due to
others. 7th. 10 controversies between
two or more States" because domestic
tranquility requires that the contentious
of states should be peaceably terminated
! by a common judicatory, and because in
free country justice ought not to depend
on the will of liligants. Sth. "To contro-
versies between State and citizens of an
other State and between citizens Of differ
ent States" because, in case a State has
demands against some citizens of another
State, it is better that she should prose
cute those demands in a national Court
than in Court of the State, to which those
citizens belong and that citizen. of differ
ent States may have power to resort to a
tribunal independent of local or sectional
influences. 9th TO controversies be
tween citizens of the same State claiming
lands under grants from different States :"
because the rights ot the two States TO
grant the same are drawn into ques ion,
neither of the two States ought to decide
the controversy. 10Th. "To controversies
betw cen STATE or the citizens thereof, and
foreign States, citizens or subjects" be
cause as every nation is responsible for
the conduct of its citizens towards other
nations, all questions touching the justice
due to foreign nations or people, ought to
lie ascertained by, aud depend on, national
authority.
1t is further provided in the Con.titu-
ton that "no person shall be held to an
| swer for capital or otherwise Infamous
crime, unless on presentn ent or Indlct-
ment OF a Grand Jury except in cases
arising in the land or naval forces, or in
the militia when in active service, in time
of war or public DANGER "The trials OF
all claims, except in cases Of Impeachment
shall be by jury" And 4" in all criminal
prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the
right Of a speedy and public trial by an
impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been commit
ted, and to be informed Of the nature and
cause of the accusation. TO be confronted
with the witnesses against him, to have
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses
in his favor, and TO have the assistance ot