davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02
Special Notice to Hon-Residsnt..

Taxes on land in Breckenridge county must be
paid before the first of June. The undersigned
will attend to the payment of taxes in Breeken-
ridge, Madison and Chase counties on reasonable
terms.
have complete set of plats of all the best
land in this part of the Neasho and Cottonwood
valleys. l now offer for sale, at low figures, the
following Real Estate:
No. i.-Lots No. 174 and 176 CONNER
eial street. Emporia. with two story frame house,
25x30 feet.
No. e.-Lots No. 145 and lat CONNER
cial street. with good house. well finished, and
now occupied as dwelling and Office
No. 800 Lots in Emporia; a choice
selection. suitable for stores. shops, dwelling
houses. DC.
No. 4.-16o acres of land II miles from
Emporia, with Is acres under cultivation, being
s. W. u Sec. 10, T. l9, R. IL.
No. SO acres of land ! miles from
Emporia, with living water; no improvements;
being W. Il N. E. u Sec. IT. t. 10, r. IL.
No. 60 acres of land, II miles from
Emporia, with living water, 10 acres under good
cultivation, being W. q 8. E. d Sec. 8, T. IS,
R. IL.
No e.-16O acres of land in Madison
county, near Eagle creek, being the N. W. II See.
81, T. 20, R. ~.
No. 1O.-160 acres of land near Forest
N. E. u Sec. 10, T. Is, R. IL.
two miles from Emporia, 90 acres broke and
fenced. Will be sold on four years time. It is
the s. E. u of Sec. %, T. 10, r. IL.
No. 1870 acres good rolling prairie,
five miles from town, being E. "a of S. ". II of
See. 80, T. IL. R. II.
No. 1870 acres prairie land, stone
and log house, well of good water-$1O0 worth
of young stock taken in part payment. This is
he N. E. u of Sec. 6, T. 20, R. II.
No. 14.-16O acres good bottom prairie
land, 81 miles from town, all fenced, and 40 acres
under cultivation hewed log house, and a good
well of water; being s. E. Il of Sec. 10, T. -,
R.l2.
No. 1880 acres land on Dow Greek,
25 acres timber, 80 acres under cultivation. living
water and comfortable log house. This place
will be for rent if not sold soon.
No. 16.-16O acres fine land on Buckeye
Creek, one mile from Toledo 40 acres fenced, Is
acres in cultivation, 40 acres good timber. living
water. This place will be sold very cheap, and
one-haf the price taken in stock.
No. 17.-16O acres excellent bottom prai-
RE adjoining Toledo. No Improvements. One
half the price taken in stock. 1t is the N. W. II
of Sec. IL, T. 10, R. 9.
No. 1870 acres fine bottom land one
mile from town, no improveme nts. Will be ex-
changed for working oxen and wagon. It is the
W. u n. E, u Sec. 81, T. 10. R. II.
No. 1870 acres of land ! mile from
Town, so acres timber, living water, s. ". n
Sec. ST. 10, R. II.
No. 2O.-160 acres. prairie one mile from
Emporia, no improvements. Being s. E. Sec. 4
T. l9 R. IL.
No. 21.-4O acres of bottom land two
miles from town.
No. e2.-16O acres choice land on Badger
Creek 90 acres timber 80 acres in cultivation, so
acres fenced, frame house, with good cellar, well
of good water, and running water the year round.
$500 worth of stock taken in part payment. It is
the west hf. of s. E. and east hf of s. W. Or of
Sec. 35, T. Is, R. 10.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

A wrangle is going on about the location of this
END OF the Territorial road from Lawrence to EN-
P0ia' by the citizens living along that part of it
between town and the Neosho We know nothing
Oh The merits of the controversy, but do know that
Whatever they may be, it is to the real interest of
al parties that the difficulty be removed soon as
possible that the overseer may put the road in
sO0d travelling condition. A neighboring town
4na woud-be rival is using it as means of di-
.e'uns travel from this place. 1t is the duty of
'ae overseer to open the road and work it If
nose through whose land it passes are aggrieved,
let them appeal to the proper tribunal-the Coun-
Board of Commissioners. The old road is still
open and in good condition but liable to be closed
at any moment.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

The new Congregational Church will not only
be finished some time during the coming month
but it will be furnished also Wait & Hart are
pushing forward the building with their accus-
toned vigor, and Randall & Jones are making the
settees for the interior at their furniture shop 1t
will be cause of congratulation to those inter
ested, to know that the debt resting on the
Church after its completion will be light Too
much credit cannot be awarded to Rev. Mr.. Morse
for the energy with which he has pushed forward
the good work. The Church will be dedicated
soon as finished
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

Thursday morning, about nine o'clock, there
came 8 shower Of rain, which lasted, with but
slight intermission, until near midnight, giving
the psrched earth thorough soaking to the depth
of several inches. Friday morning heavy show
er came up, which lasted a couple of hours-after
which there was G general clearing up, and the
sun came out warm and pleasant. The value of thia
rain to this portion Of Kansas cannot be oyerest.
mated. 1t renders almost certain the erop of corn
which before was exceedingly dubious. 1t win
materially help much of the spring wheat already
sown, and it has moved many of our farmers to
SOW more. If the remainder of the season sbonId
continue favorable there viii be plenty of time
yer Tor the corn, potatoes, and vegetables gen
crafty yet to be planted while those already
planted VIII OF course be equally bene6tted.-
Inc only reason we know of why spring
wheat will not do as we'll sown at this
time as earlier is the liability to rust during dog
days at any rate the experiment is worth try
ing for ali those who procure the seed So
far as we know, there is a generals intention to
SOW much larger breadth of buckwheat than
ever before, partly because of the failure of the
winter wheat, and also because it is a profitable
crop, even when there is no scarcity of the other
varieties of wheat. Although the wheat crop is
practically failure in Kansas this year there
should not be and we are certain there will not
be any lack of hOme-raised provisions. There
is no money, and there viii be none, the present
season, to buy provisions from abroad. We shall
be obliged to live within ourselves and it is eve
ry mans duty to come as near as possible to rails
ing everything he eats, if only so much of it as
he needs for his own use. Let there be plenty of
buckwheat, potatoes, sugar-cane, vegetables, pork
and beef, well as corn, and there will be small
necessity of patronizing the East for provisions
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

Notwithstanding the hard times, our subscrip-
On list is steadily increasing. In addition to the
gn0orhood and county subscriptions received
;1,ih the last few days, acknowledge the re-
~ p' Of club of subscribers from Council Grove,
,In Uugn our old friend Robert Parham, Esq. who,
MI ne don't subscribe to our politics. yet has
n generous effort to extend the circulation of
fl NEWS, for which Of eourse are duly thank
to- our Job patronage is also better than ever
49, .soiore, and we shall add somewhat to our pres
10 extensive assortment of Job Type soon, so as
~, e able more fully to meet the wants of this
''uon OF Kansas IN that line
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

We are indebted to Mr. R. W. Stevenson, Couu-
ty Treasurer for the following statement of county
and tOwnahip taxes, paid up to the first of June
in scrip: County tax, $l363,23. Township tax
-Emporia, $84 Pike, 1874 ,l9 Americas, $40, 38
Fremont, $40,6S; Waterloo, sos; Jackson, $40
Total amount collected in county and township
scrip, $l794,66 The amount of taxes paid in
money is very small-probably not exceeding
500 Mr. Stevenson desires us to say that all
persons in arrears for taxes will save costs by
paying up before the first of July. as all lands
delinquent at tn at time will be advertised for sale
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

We received call q few days since from Mr..
R. G. Stevens, agent for the mammoth wholesale
grocery house of Thatchers d Wheatly, Kansas
O"y. Mr.. Stevens informs us that trade was
never better in Kansas City than the present sea-
Vn' and of course the firm which he represents is
DO'hg large share of it. Thatchers d Wheatly are
spiendid fellows. and sell cheap goods as anybody
III The West; and Stevens is kindred brick, %
Is all who know him viii testify. Long life and
success to the whole of them
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

Messrs j. W. Boyer d Co., of Kansas City, are
the largest Boot and Shoe dealers on the border.
and have the reputation all over Western Missouri
aud Kansas of selling better and cheaper goods in
their line than any other house in the West. They
are gentlemen and liberal advertisers, and we
commend them to readers who may have occa
sion to purchase anything in their line. For par
tculars refer to their advertisement in another
column
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

Kansas City wholesale merchant who was in
town few days since, was pricing the goods of
one of our merchants, who shall be nameless :
"Why," said he, "you retail goods cheap as our
Kansas City merchants" Certainly, sir" said
our merchant; "cheap goods is the motto here,
and is the secret of the great trade of Emporia"
Kansas City thought so too after sighting around"
awhile
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

Mr.. Suite has removed to his new Furniture
Shop on Market street, which is 90 by so feet,
with horse power for turning lathe and cutting
saws attached. Mr.. s. has manufactured and sold
since the first of January upwards of five hundred
dollars worth of furniture, and intends to keep up
with the demand, which is constantly increasing
lie Will probably erect a salesroom on Commercial
street some time during the season.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

It's now certain that we are to have tri-week-
u mail from Lawrence to this place, through in
one day-certainly as soon the first of July,
and probably in a week or two. This will be of
infinitely moro benefit than the present weekly
arrangement and ia demanded by the necessities
of the community
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

A portion of the necessary funds for the erection
Of Baptist Church edifce in this place, has been
raised, and it is thought that sufficient can be
procured to erect it during the present season. A
definite result will be arrived at in few weeks We
hone the enterprise may be prospered
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

y, We refer our readers to the advertisement of
"0odard d Finley's Ague Cure in another col
.n' Inc tesumonials in favor of the merit of
-N as an ague specific are numerous and conelu-
ave 1t is prepared with special reference to the
iCfm Of the disease exhibited in Kansas, and for
mat reason must be better adapted to this latitude
man any other remedy. 1t is for sale by Flick &
tskridge, in this place.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

We have received parts of "CasselPs Illustrated
Family Bible" and part of his illustrated
Natural History The character of the works
continue the same as in the first numbers-the en-
cravings being of the best and most appropriate
character
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

The dedication of the new Congregational
Church will take place on the fourth Sabbath (the
oath day. of the present month. 1t is expected
that, in addition to the pastor, Rev. Mr. Morse,
Rev. j. D. Liggett of Leavenworth, will be pres
ent to assist in the dedication exercises.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02
Odd Fe,lowx.

Emporia Lodge, No. 10, I. O. o. F., meets reg
ularly every Wednesday evening, at o'clock IN
Mosonie Hall. Members of the Order in good
standing are cordially invited to visit the Lodge
II. W. flick, N. G.
f. BoRroS, Secy
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02
ENPORLA AND VICINITY

1.-THE springs gay promise melted into thee,
Fair summer and thy gentle reign is here
Thy emerald robes are on each Ieafy tree
In the blue sky thy voice is rich and clear;
,nd the free brooks have songs to bless thy
They leap in music midst thy bright domain. -
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

We wish it to be distinctly understood, now as
heretofore that we publish no communication I'M
accompanied by the name of the authOr-not
nece..arily fer publication, but as guarantee of
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

We are now printing the Assessors blanks for
the coming assessment of property in this county
Weare prepared to print from the same form for ad
joining counties on reasonable terms, provided the
orders are handed. in soon.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02
MARRIED..

In Emporia, on Wednesday evening, May 30th,
by Rev. j. C. Fraker, Mr.. JOHN L. CATrERsoN to
Miss ELLEN BUSDREN.
On Friday, May 18th, by B. T. Clark, Esq, Mr.
WILLIAM T. SoDEN to Miss FRANCES JANE McCoR-
MICK, both of Pike township, Breckenridge county
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

A new town has been laid out and surveyed
about four miles east of Emporia on the divide, to
be called Pittsburg. 1t is owned by Mr. Myers.
blacksmith shop is to he f--I ~, .- a.----Iy q,
and Mr.. Humphrey is soon going to move his
snsm saw mill from its present location at Forest
Hill, and put it up on the site of the new town.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

The Emporia House is being papered through
out, and reftted in good style Mr.. Storrs is evil
IDENTIFY determined that nothing shall be spared
on his part to make the Emporia House worthy
the patronage of the public.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

Regular Communications of Emporia Lodge, No.
~, A. r. and A. NJ are held on the Thursday eve
ming of, preceding the full moon. in each month
j. r. VAN METER, W. II
c. V. EsKRrDeE, Sec'y.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

Recollect the Celebration" meeting this after
noon at 2 o'clock. Let there be full turnout
As the celebration, if held, is to be general affair
al should be heard in the arrangement of its pre-
Ininaries
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

Rev. @. @. Morse will preach in Templars' Hall
To morrow Sabbath at IL o'clock AM, and at the
.,me time and place each succeeding Sabbath
until further notice.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

The Leavenworth Weekly Herald comes to US
this week enlarged and otherwise improved. It
is now the largest paper in Kansas, and we con-
slider it the leading Democratic paper of the Ter
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

The Building Committee of the NJ. E. Church
are DESTROYS that those who have subscribed to the
Church to be paid in hauling, should fill the con
tract immediately
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

A Bible class, under the direction of Mr. Swal-
low, meets at the Christian Church every Sabbath
morning at half-past nine o'clock. All are invited
to participate in its exercises
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

Dr. Newton is about erecting an Office on Com
mercial street, below Fifth avenue.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

Randall & Jones are prepared to turn cylinders,
rollers, for Sugar Cane Crushers, at the steam
mill of Britton d Isbell
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

The contract for erecting the walls of the new
Methodist Church has been awarded to Mr.. Hiram
Burr The work is to be commenced in few
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02
DIED.

OF dropsy, on Saturday, May 26th, at the resi-
denee of Mark Patty, on Cottonwood, six miles
west of EmpGia, Miss RosASSA Wilkes, aged is
years.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02
BANCROFT'S COLUMN.
SoOo~oooOo~oOo~N-~-~-oOo-o
CENTRAL KANSAS
Land and Collection
a g e n G Y.
OGce Removed to lat Commercial street,
ENPoRIA, KANSAS.
E. P. BANCROFT,
Real Estate Agent and Conveyancer,
and NOTARY PUBLIC.

WILL ATTEND To THE ABOVE BUsI-
w ness in all its branches. such as Entering,
Buying. and Selling Land, Paying Taxes. Renting
Land and Houses, Collecting Debts and Con
yeyancing.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02
Farm for Sale.

A FARM Of 200 acres in one Of the best and
% to IS acres timber, living stream Of water
ruaning through it, also . number Of living
springs; shout thirty acres under cultivation .
good house, stable, and other outbuildngs. IE1s
place will be sold on easy terms Of payment
March e. T. p. BANCROFT, EmPsEia.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

GU az gu $C.1 GO.
Among the other articles would enumerats the
following, viz:
goo Sacks extra-superine Fleur;
10 Sacks Rio Coffee New Crop;
hhds. prime N. o. Sugar;
bbls. white crushed do
10 boxes Malaga Raisins;
10 chests best Imperial Tea:
Young Tyson do;
Oolong do;
90 bbls crackers;
terces Rice;
so sacks Dairy Salt;
90 coarse do;
so bushels dried Peaches;
casks baking Soda;
10 doz. cans oysters:
10 sardines;
10 bushels Nuts:
10 boxes Glasgow No. Tobacco;
go boxes best "Venable" do
boxes best Natural Leaf;
5000 pure Havana cigars;
5000 Yarra do.
Is boxes Family Soap;
boxes ErasiVe Soap;
boxes CASTLE Soap;
10 boxes Star Candles;
10 boxes Mould do;
10 cases Friction Matches;
10 boxes Ohio pattern Axes:
10 kegs Hazard Rife Powder;
10 Blasting do;
20 bags shot (assorted sizes3
$4,000 "G. D." Rifle Caps;
800 lbs. Lead;
10 coils Manila Rope;
IL doz. bed cords;
IL pieces heavy Satinett,
bsss. sRR s ana e #Eht nF pIss:
bales Cotton Batting;
so Kegs Nails;
90 boxes glass, various sizes);
ceroons Indigo;
10 nests Tubs;
10 dozen hoped Buckets ("shaker Pals"
doz. Well Buckets;
And last, though not least,
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02
SAVE BorH TINE AND xoSEY

a full description Of any of the shove land viii
be given, with The terms Of sale, upon application
II by letter, enclose stamp
Emposia, October 18th, 1881
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-06-02

FIFTY CASES CUSTOM MADE
BOOTS e. SHOES.
selected and purchased by myself from the best
Boston Manufacturers.
The Plymouth weekly Democrat. (Plymouth, Ind.) 1860-1869, 1860-05-31
Ouicial Announcements.


IL We are authorized to announce Wu. n
PATTERSON candidate for Treasurer of Mar
shall county, subject to the decision of the Dem
| ocritc Con, enton.
u We are authorized TO annonce ] " SHOE
MAKER as candidate for Treasurer OF Marshall
county, subject to the dcciso.. of the Democratic
Convention.
u We are authorized TO announce ROBERT
Is. PIPER a. candidate for ii, riff of Marsh al
county, subject to the decision Of tie Democratic
Con, ention.
81 We are authorized to announce HENRY
VI. LOGAN candidate for Sheriff Of Marshall
county, subject to the decision of the Democratic
Convention.
IL We authorized announce DAVID
HOW rs candidate for Sheriff of Marshall county.
subject to the decision of the Democratic Conven-
ton
IL We are authorized to announce JAMES II
CASE candidate for Sheriff of Marshall county.
subject to the decision of the Democratic owen
ton.
INV are authorized to announce VI Killing
Err as candidate tor County Surveyor for Marshall
county, subject to the decision of the Democratic
convention
The Plymouth weekly Democrat. (Plymouth, Ind.) 1860-1869, 1860-05-31
Democratic County COMven
linn

There will he a Democratic County Convention
rid at the Court-hnasc. IN Plymouth. on the
23D DAY OF JUNE, 1863,
1T one O'Clock, p. VI. u nominlte candidates for
Sheriff, Treas urer, Sur eyor and Coroner.
The Democrats in the several TOWNSHIPS, are
p -nfy requested to meet in Towrssis Conven-
ton, on Saturday, the 18th of June next. Chose
who have not APPOINTED some other dav) to elect
delegates 70 the Couny Convention. It is of the
utmost importing tia; eac! Township should,
vjtout fail, elect DELEGATES who will nc certain 10
attend. We have vigilsnt and az unscrupalous
SGT of opponents 20 meet, who viii resort to any
means, honorable or dishonorable, to retain the
TEN crary power Which they have gained in 1853
and 1889. Therefore let every Democrat in the
county be ~ and doing,-assi>t III nominating
good reliable rnen,-al.i Marsi.sf county will
sieel into Enc again.
II has been Thought tia. IN apnortonricn' based
nr the list Congressional votc. would BE- as equal
can BE n.lle. AMI t;.at ratio has been adopted
This will rive each To vnship delegates as follows
Union S. Center - Green 6 !: Bourbon : Tip
pecanoe 4 /; German North 6 +; Polk 6 !; West
6; Walnut 4.
By order Of the Central Committee.
STEPHEN FRA"CIS, Ch'a.
IN
The Plymouth weekly Democrat. (Plymouth, Ind.) 1860-1869, 1860-05-31

his return t. the United States Senate
The Legislature stood as follows: Senate
democrats ID. Black Republicans II ;
House Democrats 40, Black Republicans
35; giving democratic majority on joint
ballot of eight. So Lincoln fell behind the
Black Republican ticket and was defeated
In 1856. Notwithstanding Mr.. Buchanan
carried the State by 9.l59 majority over
Fremont. yet the entire Opposition vote
Black Republican and Know Nothing
combined. exceeded his vote by not less
than %. 285. This was all combined in
1858, and still the Democrats had ma
jority both in the Legislature and on the
popular vote Lincoln did not call out SO
strong an anti Democtatic vote in 1858 as
there was in 1856. 1t is evident that the
Democrats have little to fear in Illinois
Il is year.
The Plymouth weekly Democrat. (Plymouth, Ind.) 1860-1869, 1860-05-31

ORGANIZATION MEETING-The Demo
! rats of TiPpecdnoe township met in Tip
pecanoetown on Saturday, May 26,h. for
the purpose of organizing themselves into a
working Democratic Club. for the coming
campaign The meeting was called to or
der by choosing j. B KIRK temporary
chairman, and selecting ABB L. kirk for
Secretary, pro tenn.
b. request. Ed Van valkeuburgh read
Constitution that he had been requested
to draw of for the Club, and which, after
reading, was adopted with few alterations
as to the time Of holding the meeting. &c.
The following permanent officers were
then chosen n b. ALLEMAs. President ::
J. 3. KIRK and john DAY, Vice Presidents:
All l.. KIRK, Secretary Mr. Van Walk
enburgh was called for and responded in
an enthusiastic and interesting speech.
a. c. Thompson, of the Democrat, was
present and assisted in the organization.
A vote of thanks was then given our
friends from Plymouth for their ASSIST
ance. The meeting then adjourned to
meet at four O'Clock on Saturday, the 9th
day of June, 1860.
n. B. ALLEMAN, Pres't.
AB. L. KIRK, Sec'y.
The Plymouth weekly Democrat. (Plymouth, Ind.) 1860-1869, 1860-05-31

Monday. and we presume that of Thursday, has
damaged the canal considerably. Large numbers
of trees and other Instructions blown into il,
and the banks were broken in several places to a
greater or less extent. The only serious break we
have heard of was at point where the bank was
thirty feet high. The water got started and soon
cut gap ten feet wide clear to the bottom.
The distractions extend from point three miles
this side of Peter-burgh up the canal twenty five
miles. Navigation will be interrupted for about
month.
I he Board of Managers intend to commence
repairing Immediately, and will call for subscrp
tons along the canal. to be paid in work The
stimated damage il $500 -EransuiHe formal.