davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14
COUNCIL2G GROVE, dKs T.
Great Sale Of Town Property!

y Wa S1Sr S1S4oS9A &VS4A 14VkS4 - <~v
THE public are hereby notified that the Council
= Grave Town Company have determined upon
a PUBLIC SALE of one or two hundred choice
business lots. few will also be offered suitable
for private residences al@ze oasA
COUNCIL GRoYE is situated mon the Great Santa
Fe Road one hundred aHdstiirty miles from In
dependence or Kansas City. No. and about one
hundred from ,Atchisons and one hundred and
fifteen from Leavenworth. 1t IL the county seat
of Morris county-is situated on the western tank
Of the Neoeho river, and is the great Quitting
point for New Mexico and the Plains. Over one
hundred thoasand dnilars worth Of goods are nov
being sold annually In the place. DuriGg the past
rious river towns. 1900 wagons, 429 horses. 1914
oxen 53I6 mules, 81 carriages. and $500 men, en-
paced IN the Negs Mex;cofrsde. They 6anspeFE
Cd Sserss the Piains over 8 60G tons Of freight.
This trad is fast eentFiag at this piaee, making
Council Grove the great delot for the trade of New
Mexico. Pixies Peak. California and the Plains.
The wyandot4 Oiathe and Council Grove. Law
rpncr and Fert Union, st Joseph. Topeka and
Fnrt Union Railroads center st this place. masking
this eventually the great city of Southwestern
Kansas and really the most importaat point in
Kansas. What we need now is merchants, traders.
mechanics and business men Of all kinds. to sup
ply the demands of the place 10. supply this
demand, the Town Company have determined TO
sell one or two hundred choice lots, comprising
SEINE Of fhe best bnsine lots in the place. The
sale will connlence Saturday, Nay 5, 1880
TEnssg Sa1E-one-third cash down. the bal
ance in oaeapd tye years. W7rrapty deeds made
as soon as fitie is see sired from toysrniaeni
The shove sale Is positive, and the lots viii Be
odd % the highest bidder. sstEsea 80
Al small sum invested here nov viii coon be
vorta hundreds and thousands Of dolars. ! I
- - T. s HuFFAKER. PFssident@
e. OOENs Secretary Town Company.
Council Grove. Z. T.. March -. 1850. lISev3
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14
From the Americas Sentinel,

ELMENDARo Madison Co, March l2, 1860
+ large number of the citizens, of Mad
ison county. composed of Jurors, Witnesses.
parties to actions and others. having as
sembled at Elmendaro on the J 2tindsyTof
March, 1860, for the purpose of attending
court. and learning that Madison county
had been attached to Breckenridge for ju-
dicial purposes, and feeling deeply indignat
at such unjustifable procedure, organized B
meeting by calling Joseph A. Williams TO
the chair and appointing Simon Butcher
Secretary. On motion committee of FIVE
was appointed to report resolutions express
i've of the sentiments of the people in re-
gard to this aggression upon their rights.
After a short absence the committee re-
ported the following preamble and resolu-
tions which WAS unanimously adopted. p.
WHEREAS, The people of Madison county,
acknowledging with patriotic pride the truth
of the popular doctrine that the people of a
State have the right to manage their own
domestic concerns in their own way-and
believing that the same doctrine is equally
applicable to counties as States-and,
WHEREAS. The tax. payers of Madison
county have ever felt 3 just pride in sus
tanning our judicial organization. and to
]uts1 VIZ usR'O 1SuSSttupy put oi'UnihOAt ~
the wheel. and as good citizens have freely
paid up all the expenses of previous Courts.
and made provisions for the future, while
most of our sister counties have either
failed or refused to pay even back expenses.
therefore, +
Resolved. That We feel justly indignant
at the unwarrantable action of the late Leg.
islative Assembly in this behalf. and in a
particular manner do we denounce the con-
duct of the representative from this dis
trict, S. n. Wood, who was the prime NOV
er in this nefarious scheme.
ResOleed. That if it became necessary.
under any circumstances. for our county to
have an entangling alliance with any coun-
ty.fw would most certainly prefer being
attached to one whose finances were in q
respectable condition. and not to one hose
citizens shamefully repudiate their public
debts, and openly refuse to pay their le-
gally assessed taxes. and are in state of
anarchy and internal revolution 49,
JOSEPH A. WILLIAMS, Chm.
SIMON BUcHER. Sec'y.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14
SIMON BUcHKR, Sec'y.

The extensive lands in the interior of AT
RIGA, suited for the cultivation of cotton,
and recently discovered by Dr.. Livingstone.
are said to equal in extent the entire Stale
Of Mississippi. Mr.. Clogg. one of the
principal manufacturers of Manchester. has
received sir samples of cotton groEn IN that
part of Africa, and he values the staple va
riously from ten to fifteen cents q pound.
Several kinds of cotton only require plant
ing once in every three years. DR.. Living
stone has submitted to the English. govern
ment plan for the occupation of this new
field. by which it may be brought under the
American mode of cotton cultivation,
throughout It's whole extent. >o4
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

a terrible calamity occurred at the coal
mines near Hyde Park. Pa. few days
since. While the sorkmen were being
hoisted out of the ChitteHyien shalt, tbs
pumps broke. An explosion Of Eifs damp
following. some Is or 30 of them we're
killed. aud many more seriously Injured
The engine and boiler house were blown to
pieces.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14
NEW ARRANGEMENTS FOR 1860
.hsf IGRBATUNfFED 5sTATEssiaI1
MAIL & EXPRESS LINE.

Packet line!
&TSHE Shortest. Quickest. Cheapest. and only
Il reliable line fram Kansas City to any of the
Eastern, Northern Southern cities. es n
The Cosnpaayis Packets will leave Kansas CITY
every afternoon as 4.,cIoek connecting at Atchi-
son with the RaiIFsad. Only SO. Enirs Of steam
boat travel Time fro1a Kansas CITY to ST. Lne.is.
twenty eight hours. Three days saved over any
other route. Passengers will ind 1t to their adj
vantagssta eail 1t the oGiee Of the Haaniisl 4 st.
Joseph Railroad Company, Garner Of. Delaware
street and the Leyee, near the u s Express.
: u Be sure and f.uy Through Tickets, and sass
money. Baggage shocked through It Atehisep.
Meals aud STATE rooms free 's
Through T5ckete for sale by E. Y. PIERCE to
all the Principal citirs in the United States and
Cana.ias g@xfM 1a
I5FpighT taken IS tie lowest rates as ali tifnes.
Passergs<s can sas TIER choice Of roafes r. ST.
Louis, via N NJ T. K. or take steamer frosn Han
nilral TO St. Louis. sgfzsag e. W. PIERCE,
1917 Agent II. 4 st. Jc. X. r., Kansas City, Mo.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

The number of Wormons in Utah is pu
down at $1,000. OF these, 1897 men have
&c, 500 wives.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

3 It is calculated that the lew Washoe Sill
yer Mines will draw gS5. 600 miners. from
CaIiEornia this Spring. : 81 = - p
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

Hon. John Wood. Lieut.. Governor of IL
linois. has been been ineugasated insPlaee q, Coy
Bissen.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

AtSAsolo anu SCk,sl s1lC GO Va ISIS ~ "a u
from the EmPOria Post Office.
Lawrence Mail arrives Saturdays at P. n.
Leaves Mondays at 6 A. n 2ga gasa Az
Topeka Mail arrives Tuesdays ct s ?. n. - ~
Leaves Wednesdays at s An. .es = 80 ~
Butler MOI Mail arrives Wednesdays 1t 10 A.. n.
Leaves Thursdays at IL N. sz8sff8 s,
Fort Scott Nail arrives Saturdays ut ~ Il. &
Leaves Mondays at ~ n. - r sssaaE ba.
Weekly mail to Plymouth, Toled and Cotton
wood Falls, west; also the Bayard. Eldorado and
Chelsea, south. 80 Il, ssas
Office open Sundays from 8 A. n. to 3R. n. . b.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

First per each subsequent insertion
ave esHsi oHe dollar line. saHgm Ons fourth column
Eres months year. One hall
eel ehres mos. ysar ESQ., tzss-
fsrsgn Be paid In sdyaaes
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14
Farm for Sale.

q nFAR MOI 80 ;eeEes in one OF tAe bsst and
II haaithiess locations in Brseke1FSSdee county
% te2s lesEa EimlseEE sxliving stseaza Of water
running through e. also . number Of living
spriIE Ebs6E hIEky 8Stes andes cultivation 9
good house. stable. and other outbzildiugs. This
Mereh 8. Z. ?. BANCROFT, Empox;s.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

Single copies Of THE News in wrappers for sal
1t this efice, at Eve cents per copy. eFe,e4s
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

ATTEND TO THE ABOVE BUSI-
wv mesa IN all its branches. such Entering,
Buyingsand Selling Land, Paying Taxes, Renting
Land and Houses, Collecting Debts and Con-
.veyancilg. 4H H1I #EIEII(lHW
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14
B ANCKOFTS G0LUMN.
CENTRAL KANSAS
Land andlDgtlOa
AG e n @ Y.

ORce Removed 70 l47 Commercial Street,
) 80. sd HPoRIA. KEEaksJ 38d nTo3
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

BIanks.-Deeds. Mortgages. Bonds and Decla-
sAsiOns for sale at this office in any quantity
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14
Admlnistrator's Notice. Q

NOTICE is hereby given that letteEs of admin
IN istration have been granted the undersigned,
the estate of Eleanor Musgrave, late of Madison
county. deceased, bearing date January 81. 1890
therefore, all persons having claims against said
estate are required to present them for allowance
within year from the date ofssaid letters or
they may be precludetl from any bene6tof such
estate and. if not presented within three years
from the date of said ietaara thew viii be forever
barred s5as2 WESLEY PEARSON,
1879 s7ssa eE-E ass-sE e.eE ADM uissrator si
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

The Kentgeky legislature have appropri-
ated $50. 600 to finish the Clay Monument.
and $1,000 to build. a monument over the
remains Of DANIEL Boone and his wife. eAa'
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

j The local spring elections in New Jersey
show large Opposition gains. Z
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

For Justices.---Blank Subpenas, Executions
SIMMONS, Warrants, Recognizances, &C.. for sale
ct this Office. ~. i. s-,sa q. - 3
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14
Terms Of subscription. .


1sa sspiss ssa (ana enc 70 .t..r elus, u
Iwshy. .. - - o.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14
Il. P. BANCROFT.

Real Estate Agent and Conyeysnesr,
AM. NOTARY 5PUBLIcss5sssssssaa. az
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

Arrivals and Departures Of Mails af and
from the. EmROria Post Once.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

TOWN LOTS, LUMBER. LAND. FENCI
L Posts and Shingles, for sale by
10 FTCE FSKRIDGE.
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

lflRJItI3 t1fftEs't t{II1aI! fit7
s,oI7 -iam 50 naa n7is 5ss& ssa sl4 - !sgfsa ~
.sT2z sttf e. a--oR--45 = zzas = IS bas
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

Superfiue Flour
a NEW lot, best brands Just received &C
"A Jan. IL - PBRLEYB-J
The Emporia news. [volume] (Emporia, Kan.) 1859-1881, 1860-04-14

SAVE soTH gAaeE AND MONEY
The Highland weekly news. [volume] (Hillsborough [Hillsboro], Highland County, Ohio) 1853-1886, 1860-06-28

perintondents Of our Female College
and Seminary, we can boast Of this
In these schools the Holy Bible is
taught, as one Of the branches of ed
ucation. There tho voice Of prayer is
heard; and children who never heard
their father or mother pray, may learn
how to worship God, from the lips Of
strangers. Every precaution is taken
to preserve the scholars from evil; and
there is a continual striving to edu-
cate them for usefulness in this life, and
for happiness in the life to come.
The ezpeDsiveness of these schools is
the most Objectionable feature I can
seoi and for this reason they debar, in
a great measure, the poor from obtain
ing the priceless gift Of a good educa-
ton. But I would still say to the
farmers of Highland county: make sac
ridces; do everything you cau-rich or
poor--to educate your children; "that
vour sons NAV he ne nI,rts crown m IN
their voptb. that vonr donobtors nav
he as corner.stones DoIisbod of,or tho
similitude Of q noIoca -
"Uncle Ben's" suggestion Of Lyce-
nm, in each neighborhood, is one Of the
best that could be made. I shall never
foroot the evcitino and bonnv momonts
7 sncpt in one Of these literary socie.
ties Ieanpot now know rpIIv the hen.
eft 7 derived from If. not onIv tho vonrg
brt tbo oood and tbo ri5dro oooj NOV,
The Highland weekly news. [volume] (Hillsborough [Hillsboro], Highland County, Ohio) 1853-1886, 1860-06-28

Humors Of the Campaign.

Tur RAcror GraYTs.-Tn his sreoch
boforo tbo Central C,mn,irn Cinb last
Digbt Ev.Sonato, Trnman smith aim.
JoJ 70 Mo sizs Of uHoncst OId Abr"
,rbor somc ono in tbc audience called
ont. uUo is siv rsot tbroe " Yes Said
Mr. smifb and the most entort,in.nr
sirbt Tu;sb - sao l. tbo rraI ,iar2
stTiding ocross tbo corntrv with tbe
cl,.ieo,o5 TittIs Gi,nt irvine n keen
nm 70 bim If tis eosv n SEQ how tbot
r5co would end -rEconiog Post
IN T-- -, ~, -,.-or w., ,-,,,,,.
, a. mo WI TVboa ", 49,, tbo os - 81 liz
noninaGan frst ro,cbod SnringfeIJ
NTr TincoIr's frfonds rpsbed fo bis
house and asked him how many Guns
thew should fire. whether one hundred
or ono far each State. nWeIL" said he,
The Highland weekly news. [volume] (Hillsborough [Hillsboro], Highland County, Ohio) 1853-1886, 1860-06-28
A Printer for VIC Pregtdent.

Hannibal Hamln commenced life as
a farmer boy, and afterwards became a
Printer, and continued setting up type,
till he commenced the study of law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1888,
when he was "a years Of age.
Lincoln and Hamlin, alike in many
points Of character, and within a few
months of the same age, both arose from
the humble but honorable occupations
of working men. Both commenced life
on the farm; both sprung from the work
ing people; both struggled through a
youth of work and difficulties to an
honorable manhood both have been tho
"architects of their own fortunes both
are eminently selfmade men.
II is such men tho people love to
honor; two farmer-boys Of 1909, will be
at the head of the National Government
in 1861
The Highland weekly news. [volume] (Hillsborough [Hillsboro], Highland County, Ohio) 1853-1886, 1860-06-28

LIFE's HAPp1EsT PER1oD.-King5ley
gives his evidence on this disputed
point. He thus declares:-"Therei is no
pleasure thut I have ever experienced
like child's midsummer h0Hdgu The
time, I mean, when two or three Of us
used to go away up the brook, and take
our dinners with us, and come home at
night, tired, dirty, happy, scratched be-
yond recognition, with great nosegay,
three little trout, and one shoe, the
other having been used for boat, till
it had gone down with all hands out Of
soundings. How poor our Derby days
our Greenwich dinuors, our evening
parties, where there ave plenty Of nice
girls, are after thau Depend upon it
q man ucUer experiences such pleasure O,
grief after fourteen as he does before, un.
less ia some cases in his first love-ma-
king, when the sensation is new to him
The Highland weekly news. [volume] (Hillsborough [Hillsboro], Highland County, Ohio) 1853-1886, 1860-06-28
GBc 8omc Cirtlr.
salads and summer sours.

Physiological research establishes the
fact that acids promote the separation
of the bile from the blood, which is
then passed from the system, thus pre-.
venting fevers, the prevailing diseases
of summers. All fevers are "blious, -
that is, the bile is in the blood. What
ever is antagonistic of fever is cooling.
1t is a common saying that fruits are
cooling" and also berries Of every
description; il is because the acidity
which they contain aids in separating
the bile from the blood. Hence the
great yearning for greens, and lettuce,
and salads, in early spring, these being
eaten with vinegar; hence, also, the
taste for something sour, for lemonade,
on an attack of fever But, this being
the case, it is easy to see we nullify the
good effects of fruits aud berries in
proportion as we eat them with sugar
or even with sweet milk, or cream. IF
we eat them in their natural state, fresh
ripe, perfect, it is almost impossible to
eat too many, or eat enough to hurt us,
especially if we eat them alone, not
taking any liquid with them whatever.
Hence, also, is buttormilk or even com
mon sour milk promctive of health il
summer time. Sweet milk tends to bill
iousness in sedontary people; sour milk
is antagonistio. The Greeks and Turks
are passionately fond of milk. The
shepherds use rennet, and the milk,
dealers alum, to make it sour the soon,
er. Buttermilk acts like water-meloni
on the system Halls journal Of
Health.
The Highland weekly news. [volume] (Hillsborough [Hillsboro], Highland County, Ohio) 1853-1886, 1860-06-28
SONG OF A WESTERN WIFE.

ELLA FAnMAN.
Straying here at dusk, L n housewife merry,
Lean upon the fence and listen through the gloomi
Watch the sunset fade from yOndCr cleaning ferry,
Harug, with my heart, for JOos light whistle home.
All So quantity built, brown and low our house Is
Naught but simplc-hcurtcd shepherd folk are we,
But we live cOntoutas our own mOss-rOsgsl
Rustic king and queen Of these rural riches;
Uummiug hives Of bees, and many noCks and herds
Aud beautiful aud fruitful orchard meadow which Is
Full Of sweet, sweet clover grass and nests Of birds.
BY a silver, broad, loncund silent river,
'TwiXt the river and the mussyt ancient wood,
Is our rustic house and the wOOd-fOwl ever
CriCth all dry through this peaceful ncighb0rhood.
ny the summers fair, grccnost-kirtlcd fairies
rs the w0Odhiuos towering dark sculpture aiJ
Ina cornice mrc round 0urstoopi aud there is
Loves own arbOr scat aud Moon paved promenade.
Ger it do the tall comberng morning-gorcs
Spilat morn their dainty cups Of pertumed dow
There walk Joe and with cur household stories
land joe good farmer Joe, when day is through
Oh, howhappy We! through the evening walking
As the happy ones Of ancient Arcadyl
Oh, how happy we.-ruStic married lovers talking,
Though the noisy world ne 'er heard Of Joe and me-
Straying here at dusk 7, q housewife merry,
Lean upon the fence and listen through The gloom
Watch the sunset fade from yondcr cleaning ferry,
Harking, with my heart for Joes light whistle home.
The Highland weekly news. [volume] (Hillsborough [Hillsboro], Highland County, Ohio) 1853-1886, 1860-06-28
General Jessup.

General Jessup, of the United States
army, who recently deceased, was born
in Virginia in 1888, and was therefore
scvonty-two years old at the time Of his
death. He entered the army in 1908
as a Second Lieutenant. He was u
Lieutenant-Co Colonel under Scott and
Brown in the severe battles on the Cam
ada frontier in 1914. He was severely
wounded at the battle Of Lundy's Lane.
In 1923 he was made Major-General.-
He commanded in the Florida War
against the Indians in 1886, and was
wounded in a battle with them. He
was succeeded by General Taylor in
1898, and has since been in charge Of
his department at Washington as Quar-,
termastcr-G General.
The Highland weekly news. [volume] (Hillsborough [Hillsboro], Highland County, Ohio) 1853-1886, 1860-06-28

nonema connected with these storms,
and the terrific energy they exhibit can
be explained only on the supposition
that electrical aud magnetic forces are
added in their extreme intensity to the
ordinary violence Of air in violent mo-
ton.
In those which show a great prepon-
deranco Of electric energy the form Of
an inverted cone is most common, and
the land storm and water spout do not
materially differ. The frequency and
the distribution Of these tornadoes is a
subject Of much practical interest
They occur in every part Of the United
|StItes where the rain-falis are abundant
and at the seasons Of its greatest abund.
anco. They are most numerous in the
Mississippi Valley and from this east
ward they are quite equally distributed
from Canada to Georgia. in the old
forests, particularly of New York and
| Pennsylvania, the tracks of those which
prostrated the older growth q century
since, may still be traced by the belt
Of trees of uniform size and peculiar
aspect which grew up subsequently,
From the clue of frequency which such
tracks give these storms must be placed
at very remote intervals for any one 10.
cality The permanence Of such for.
est trace could be relied upon at least
five hundred years, and they now ex.
ist in only few conspicuous lines, aver.
aging fifty miles distant perhaps, and
being in threads of thirty to two hund.
red rods in width, and ten to fifty miles
in length.
At Natchcz, Miss, May 7, 1910, oc.
Cured the most destructive tornado evcl
observed in the United States. We have
a description Cby Tooley) Of the day
and storm: "The day began warm anC
cloudy, wind south /, vcering to east 8
at l p. m. wind, a gale n. =. and Z a
lh. 45m. p. m. the sky became a luriC
yellow, the storm striking the rive
(the Mississippi six or seven miles be
! low the city, reaching it at 2 p. M
!. The rush did not last more than fv
minutes, and the destructive blast but
few seconds x 4 Houses we're burs
, outward and the central point was
, vacuum action. 3l7 persons were kill
ed in the city and on the river Shee
- tin was carried 20 miles, and window
80 miles. The direction of the trac
r was from w. S. w. to n. Il. and e. n. i
t The effect of the storm upon the leave
and the buds Of plants was in meas
S ure to scar them, abstracting so muc
70 Of their vitality that such as did nc
o die outright were crispod, and thei
d growth so suspended that it was ten day
i or more before they resuscitatcd an
S began to grow again. Some very thriv
e ing grape vines were killcd.-even tn
b succulent morus multicaulis appeared q
d if an eastern siroeco had passed owe
S it," Such is the description of tn
e greatest tornado that has ever deyasta
b ted any portion of this country. Som
p of the effects mentioned, those upo
D plants, were owing to the electricity
d which, it is known always accompanies
n and is a part Of tornadoes. Magnotisl
q is also present. We are informed th1
the effects from these causes are visibl
J., in the region visited by the tornado tn
3, other day, both on the Iowa and th
Illinois side of the river.
The Highland weekly news. [volume] (Hillsborough [Hillsboro], Highland County, Ohio) 1853-1886, 1860-06-28
Wanted.

An intended bride who is willing to
begin housekeeping in the same style
in which her parents began.
Twenty fashionable young ladies who
dare to be seen welding a dusting-
brush or darning their brothers stock
ings, if a gentleman should happen to
make an early call.
Ten Independent young ladies, of
"good families" who dare to wear their
last winters bonnet to church on q
fine Sunday.
Fourteen young ladies, "who are any.
body" who dare to be seen in the
street wearing soles thick enough to
keep their feet warm.
Fifty young ladies of sufficient age
"to go into company" who dare confess
they have ever made q loaf Of bread OF
a pudding.