Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1860-05-11
NEW SERIES. VOL. II, NO. Is.

the Geld. and when they are Of considerable
length, pipes OF diasren, diametsrs should
30 used the creates, diameter being placed
a, the bottom, where they discharge them.
selves into the main drains. I, frequently
occurs, too, ,ha, the lower part Of the field
is more leScl than the top circumstance
which demand. large sired pipe, because
the Velocity is les. but the discharge equal
BY inat,en,ion 20 these facts. we have seen
numerous instances where the water rose to
The surface, and even hlwed 10 the burrows
toward. the bottom. when the opposite end
Of the Geld was comparatively well drained
10 relieve the small drains, when OF equal
diameter throughout their length. cross
main drains are commonly used ; bu; the
sIPediency Of tho practice may be qusried
m some soils. either where the water !. La
Die to sink in crossing any rar, Of the Geld,
or who're the parallel drains are liable to III,
rp for the wan, Of sufficient how Of water
ia them.
I. The depth Of the drain /. the diameter
Of the pips; ths depth OF the 'oil above il:
forming part of tho length Of tie drain
Now, the actual sire Of the pipe in every
part or the drain should 10 ,ueh a. to Pass
freely the creates, rainfall through it. ~
the mouth, Cor example, It should discharge
AL the water drained from the IL, 600 yaTl,
Of soil wiIh0u, being entirely iull /; 90 a,
no, TO eourisracs psrc5laton, subsequently,
noticed and at the middle, or BALI the
length Of the tcld, ,ba, from 5000 yards.
On lands nearly level the diameter will re-
qulrc to be greater than on those Of consii.
siderable inclination. Tor rVAson. already
given. ibis is practical question Of far
greater importance than is Olsn attended
TO for in not Few cases the sane sig Of
pipe !, used Tor all iuelinA,ions'
5. The discharges, both when tho rain
begin, To fall and after it is fair. will depend
up5u the aisni,y o, the soil Tor water. In
some case, the drain. begin 10 aow nesrly as
soon as the rain begin, to fall. and ceases to
run Immediately on It's becoming fair; where.
a., in other cases. the soil will contain sc1-
sral hour, or even days rainfall. thus pro.
tracing the aow at the commencement, but
leus,heuing it our Tor several day', i, may
b.. after the weather ha. become dry. Great
caution. therefor. Is necessary to hAsiy con.
elu,,ons as TO tho amount OF rainfall from
actual discharge. a, any given time. or r,oc
rcr's to measure The discharge by the rain.
gauge.
6. Tie porc,auon Of water through the
sJil is tas most important branch Of our
subject, and probably also the no.s d,ti;uls
to investigate. from beng IN great meas
ure beyond 'he reach Of observation. From
the great diversity Of soils, il. Oomprehen.
,iyeoes. i. FAC bsyound the limits Of sin.
gts paragraph 50 that all We shall attempt,
At prc.sn, is to notice few head. po.,Pou.
ins consideration Of the body os the 'ubj-c,
to another opportunity.
Soils. a. to drainage quality, may be di.
viicd into thrca cla..cs-Fir,i, those thro'
which water pcrcolAts, freely Rain, for
example. falls in drops, and these psrcolato
u tie drains vi,hoa, interruption, tie one
dsop following the other in succession. The
rain drops now falling on our window fur.
nish an apt and convincing illustration 81
thu. fact. Second, soils which part with
their water on the principle Of sponge, 50
% speak. In other ~ord.. they are capable
Of retaining in their pores a certain quaint.
" Of water add drop more a, the top,
and YOU destroy the equilibrium, when they
part With a drop at the bottom 20 the drain,
20 rc.tore the balance. In ihis manner drop
after drop is given OF TO The drain or some
larger due; leading to il, as drop after crop
falls upon the ,lriacc. And third. imr4r-
yious clay s1ils. whose affinity for water is
greater than its force Of grauiA,ion through
them. During thc winter months they alb
.orb large quantity Of water, become soft,
often approaching to a -smi.luid state, and
only part with II by means Of evaporation,
becoming rcn, into fssurcs and bafei into
bricks. under the solar influence Of spring
and summer, when exposed to 1t.
or the frs, class largo area requires no
artificial draining, and the examples which
DO 80 are easily made dry, where there is a
proper inclination for the removal Of water.
The second are also easily drained, general.
" speaking Where incumbent on wet
bottom. ihe drain, require TO 30 \, as great
depth as possible. and sometimes at no
srea, distance between, IN order 10 counter.
act capillary action but when even such is
the case, the work Of drainage is seldom sur
rounding with any great difficulty. IL is
otherwise with the third class, for here per.
feet work is ye, tie exception, while epracti.
ees and opinions are greatly diversified. In
10 thee latter we shall not enter n, present;
suffice i, to say, ,ha, although naturally i'm.
perrIou.. this. by the action Of the sun, a,
mosphers. and fs,ures. j, to certain extent
overcome in the generality Of cases, esps-
eially 10 our southern provinces. water al.
way, finding its way to the drains through
the changed soil which these agencies thus
give rise to. During the summer. TOR ex'
ample. plants strike their roots to great
depth IN the assures Of the soil, while the
oxygen OF the atmosphere reduces the adhe.