davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1860-09-21
German and American Ideas Of Life

Nobody can see the crowded carloads
Of German men, women and children,
tina. are moving off for excursions into
the country almost every day in summer,
without being compelled to think Of the
differences between Tcutonic and Ameri-
can notions OF life. The American works
hard ten n onths out of the twelve, and if
he goes out Of town in the summer, he
makes a regular business Of amusement
for the other two months. This is better
than working twelve months, to be sure,
for it is only that, and the fact That his
religion requires him no. to work on Sun
day, that keeps him from death or insanity.
Blu, how different the German mana
ges. He mixes cheap recreation with
everyday labor. The American despises
cheap amusement II he can get up
splendid party in winter, that costs thou.
sands and tires everybody 10 death or
magnificent .fete champetre in summer,
that turns one day in the year into fairy
land, "regardless Of expense" these he
considers worth looking at. But he has
no conception OF any amusement, without
any wickedness TO spice it, without any
sort of speculation or eye 10 business in
it; a simple enjoyable day with parties
that know each other, and are not bent
on display or arisiocracy, but who wish
just 10 enjoy themselves.
We are a very wise people, great
couHtry we have cut down a vast guam
tty Of timber; we have reared States like
mushrooms we have crushed throua b.
far more "institusions" than ever peo-
pie dreamed OF doing before in the same
time. But have we learned TO live
1t is not necessary to the force of our
criticism that we should approve OF every
thing that our German friends do. Pret-
zeis and lager beer are not essential to
the principle on which they do things.
No doubt we could greatly improve upon
their method OF amusement if we set
ourselves about it. But that is not the
question Just now. The question is +:
! Granted that some recreation is necessary
for this human machine, which OF the
Two nations has q just view of the princi-
pie involved, the German, in his cheap,
everyday flower festival, or the wornout
American at Newport or the Atlantic =
PHILADELPHIA Bulletin.
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1860-09-21
BUSINESS DIRECTORY.


LAW FIRM.
A LFRED PHELPS & Albert c. Riddle, com
"A posing lie Old Law Firm of Phelps &, Riddle
aul Alfred Phelps, Jr have formed Coparlncrshir
connection for the Practice OF Law, under the
namo OF Phelps, Riddle & Phelps, al the Old Ofics
OF Phelps & Riddle, where they viii attend to al
law business which may be entrusted to their
care. ALFRED PHELPS,
ALBERT G RIDDLE,
ALFRED PHELPS, in.
Charlon, December 9th, 1852 5l7tf
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1860-09-21

EEThe Republicans are the only party
this year who advocate the election ot 'he
President by the People. and offer feasi-
ole means OF doing it. All the other par
ties are, seeking not effect, but to l0rsvsm
such an election I! BY their own confess
ions, this is all that any one OF them "
capable Of doing Albany Journal
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1860-09-21
RATEs on ADVERTlsING-

htaAL ADVERTISEMENTS will be inserted rs fol.
Iowsi-oo CTS a square, first insertion; each sub.
B-stNesS Anvrprtsr,,r,,rs9 Iii l. ,-.i .
the following ratns ~
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1860-09-21
0bs 5ettrrsonian Democrat
Is PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY MORNING At
cAARDoN, GOauga County, Ohio.
Vf'ce directly ooer the DrHg Store OF CoakL { Ham
'SoT, vest side afhe Pubic Souars.
T L R M s.;

II paid in advance, sl5o
II not paid within the year, ........... 200
GTAll kinds of merchantable produce taken in
payment, ut the market price
.'No paper discontinued until all nrrearages
are Palu except at the option Of the Publisher.
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1860-09-21

EVERY household has its pet names. Mr..
Jones enchants his helpmete by calling her
Ibis idol" Jones, howovor, privately spells
il i.d-tc. Mrs. Jones is nico woman--an
affectionate woman-but she has consti-
tutional aversion to working,
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1860-09-21

CARL SHuRz very happily condenses
the platform of the Republican party into
nutshell,as follows:
at gives to man-his 6irthright; 20 la.
bor-frSedom; TO him who wants to work
--WOrk and independence; to the laborer--
his hire"
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1860-09-21

- Advertisements should be marked the nun.
Der Of times they are designed to be inserted; those
not SO marked, will he continued until ordered out
and charged according 10 the above terms.
The privileges Of yearly advertisers will be con-
fine to their regular business
Attorneys will be holden for the price of inserting
adyertisenents brought by them.
nj MI communications must he addressed 10 the
proprietor, postage paid y TO receive attention
The Jeffersonian Democrat. [volume] (Chardon, Ohio) 1854-1865, 1860-09-21
THRASIIER, DURFEE & HATHAWAY,
Attorneys 81 COunseliors at Law,

CLARION, GEAUGA COUNTY, o.,
viii give prompt attention to business entrusted
TO them, in Geauga and adjoining Counties.
0TO1ice over DR.. J. Nichols Drug Store.
A. u. TuRAsUER, l.. Z. DURFEE, I. N. HATHAWAY
Chardon, Nov. 25th, 1859. 5l5f
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16
AN Abusive speeeh.

<, Burrows, an Arkansas delegate to Charles
ton, seems to have allowed himself to be work
ed up into the use of language towards North
ern Democrats which was neither just or gem
tlemanly. In very few instances Democrats
of the North may have been weak ,kneea, but
in the main they have bee1 jpst,to the rights of
the South. Possibly Mr.. Burrows might have
referred to the respective positions of the Re
publicans and Northern Democrats on the SIM
gle Territorial question now in issue. If this
was his meaning he should have said so dis
tinctly. He feels probably, that if the South
is to be excluded from its rights in the Terri
tories, it matters little whether it is done by
Republicans or some equally fatal plan devils
ed by Democrats. IF the North thinks it fair
to wipe out all the rights Of the South ITO a
share in the settlement ofrthe Territories, he
sees very clearly that it is immaterial whether
that end be accomplished by the votes of
Northern men who are sent to- Congress, or
those whom they send to the Tsrritories.--
Nesodrk advocate. aia {. 30 asoitof.sc z1.xs.sis.
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16
Before and after the Election.

The Opposition press claim SPRAeuE, the
newly elected Governor of Rhode Island as
Republican. The Boston Journal, one of the
most decided Republican papers in the coun-
try, held the following. language the day pre-,
yIous TO the election. From this the Democ;
racy may judge of the Importance of the vie
tory gained in Rhode Island: s..5.,.5 a..
"Mr. Sprague is not only nominally Dem
ocrat, but he is the best Democratic instrument
in that little State, and this is the only reason
he was taken. Hence, to all Republicans, to
all men in Rhode Island who deplore the
abuses and disgraces which have marked the
two last Democratic Administrations of the
country, Mr.. Sprague is just as Objectionable
as though he had always been the sworn ad-
herent of the pro-slavery Democracy. His
triumph would be every where hailed as a
moral and strict party support of the Charles
ton nominee, and his defeat would be the Sc
verest kind of Democratic defeat. Men may
vote with whatever motives they please, but
the character of the result, as it will stand be-
fore the country on Thursday, viii assume one
of two forms-either a. Republican or Demo
cratic victory-and nothing can change it,
Let it be understood beforehand, and we have
no fears but that the Republican standard will
come out of the conflict waving in triumph"
The Republican standard didn't wave in
triumph, and to cover their signal defeat the
Opposition now claim the election of Sprague
as Republican triumph. May that party
have all their triumphs of the same, character.
Democrat. asEa .nofnJ als nj q
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16
AN ICE STORM.

=
The Neosho Valley Register has letter da-
ted Burlington. Kansas Territory, April 14th.
that gives a big story about an ice storm. ~
Solid pieces of ice fell in the town of Leroy,
on the Friday previous, weighing from one
ounce to one pound and a half, and were pick
ed up in the streets. There was first distant
thunder, then little rain, then terrific claps
of thander, then gusts of wind, then cemrhon
hail, and; thenice IN balls Window. glass and
lashes were smashed; a man named MoManon,
although partly sheltered by fence, was SO
bruised as to scarcely cable to walk, and the
grounds ins fifteen minutes was covered with ice
ballsfrom al hens egg size to. as large as com,
mon milk bowls, and one ball weighed one
pound and a halt. Every pane of glass on the
exposed side qof the Metropolitan Hotel was
broken, and one ballwent through clapboard.
In ones house the ice balls went throug athe
whole town, glass and sashest were smashed
Horses, cattle ard pigs were killed, and the
life Of a young man on T Turkey Creek was .des-
paired Of, who was exposed to the psltipgs of
the Storm Ie sssae1a OIL ,si1ed sdfI afli -
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16
DoInitaI.e..s..5 8 ::
From the Washington Constitution.
A DODGE EXPOSED.

The public seem to have fallen into two
| great errors with reference to the proceedings
/ of the Charleston Convention, first in suppos-
| ing that what are called the Tennessee resolu-
tfons (resolutions offered by member of the
| Tennessee delegation0 were adopted BY the
Convention, and second that the delegates of
the seven States who Withdrew from the Con-
vention which had refused to recognize their
rights, had adjourned SINE die.
| The Tennessee resolutions were read, and
appended to them was the construction Of the
Etwesthird rule, which the Chairman approved
| and which the Convention sustained, but no
| vote was ever taken on, them; owing to the
skillful tactics of the friends of Judge Douglas
The delegates from the States Of Alabama
Mississippi, South Carolina, Florida, Louisi-
ana, Texas and Arkansas did not adjourn sine
die. On the contrary % they adjourned to meet
| at Richmond, Va, the second Monday in
June, and invited the National Democrats of
all the other States to meet them there on that
day. iztIi .siTsass7 ll4a 's.Frto sgi.sz ii
1t is doubtless a good dodge on the part of
the friends of squatter sovereignty to make it
appear that they passed the Tennessee resolu-
tions, while in reality they did not do so and
it may be good stroke of, policy to diffuse the
belief that the seeding delegates have divest-
ed themselves of the power intrustedi to- oithem
by their several constituencies, in order to
glvela semDlance o1slegItimacy TO the bogus
delegations from those States which it is ins
tended to present at Baltimore on the 18th
prox., provided the required nun Der of South
ern men can be found who will consent to per-
form such aseryice, or be permitted to under
take it. pgift99 es bas gE9ae4al.s 8 - -
Let, nobody. however, be deceived by the
trick. The only resolutions which the major
ity of the Charleston Convention adopted were
those which are known as the minority plat;
form, as distinguished from those which were
presented by the seventeen delegates repre-.
senting the seventeen Democratic States, and
which were rejected.igssss Lstsssssei s0i gFEalga
The delegations from the States of Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana Georgia, Florida, Ar
kansas and South Carolina continue to repre-
sent the Democracy of those true Democratic
sovereignties, and in the exercise of theirle-.
gitimate functions will assemble in Richmond
on the 1lth of June, or in Baltimore on the;
18th of that month, as they may think proper
in the interest of their constituents, their par
ty and their country. q
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16
CHARACTERISTICS OF JACKSON.

After the war Of 1872, Gen. Jackson was
never seen at the cockpit, and dom on the
race ground, though his love OF horses was a
love that never grew cold. -
+ He was no great reader of books. His IL
brary at the Hermitage consists chiefly of pre-
sentation copies and the biblical commentaries
so eagerly read by the General at a later day
He was always devourer of newspapers, how
ever, and was particularly fond of hearing an
eloquent speech read aloud in the family circle
In earlier ears he had been warm admirer
of the eloquence of Henry Clay. He once de-
clared with peculiar emphasis, that it was
the perusal of Mr.. Clay's speech against the
re-charter of the United States Bank, in 1871,
that convinced him of the unconstitutionality
and impolicy of a National Bank The later
speeches of Mr.. Clay in favor of the Bank,
we are well aware, could not shake the convic-
tions of 1911 Mr. Calhoun's war speeches
we're keenly relished by the General, as were
the diplomatic dispatches of Mr.. John Quincy
Adams Monroe, Calhoun, Adams, and De-
Witt Clinton were the public men who stood
highest in his regard at this moment Ss1A
The conversation of Gen. jackson, when at
home among his familiar friends, related chief
zly to the war-like exploits of himself and his
companions. Revolutionary anecdotes, of.
which his old friend; Gen Overton, had large
stock, were particularly pleasing to him, and
he was fond of telling over the story of his
own boyish adventures during that contest
In speaking of the defence of New Orleans, he
usually attributed his success to the direct in
terposition of Providence in supporto of the weak
against the strong. y" 7i' 10 22ii is;i3 ,is @i.i
A little scene that occurred at the Hermit
tage table, as described to nae by a lady who
witnessed, it may serve toillustfate the curious
blending of the Presbyterian with the soldier
and man; of the world. sometim mesAexhib ibited in
Gen jackson s behaviour. After his wife had
Joined the church, the General, in Difference
TO her wishes, was accustomed to ask a bless
ing before meals The company had sat down
at the table one day, when the General was tell.
ing warlike story with great animation, in
terlardihhg his discourse, as was then his GUS
tom with a profusion of expletives most heter-
odox and Erofanet In the full tide of his mar
ration, the lady of the house interrupted her
lord, "Mr jackson, will you ask blessing 7"
Mr. jackson stopped short in the midst. of one
of his most soldier like sentences, performed
the duty required Of him, and then instantly
resumed his narrative in the same tone and
laneuae ee as before 9lIf it were admissible to !
give here the exact words of the interrupted /
sentence, with the grace in the midst thereof,
this would be a capital story. The reader can
imagine it. ,ehoweyer.-F artoh's L!feSg2Eflt2 2
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16
WORTHY. of Remembrance.

10 If the Ohio Statesmen will refer to Auditor
John Woods last annual report, (January,
1852, he will find that the General Revenue
side Of the State Treasury was given over to
the Democrats bankrupt to The amount ef tsuo
hundred and. taqeaty r~ine, thousand ,doAars:7-
We state this amount from recollection, but
reference to the report itself win disproye our
statement if it is inaccurate Auditor Woods
stated in his report, that this bankruptcy had
compelled the nse of money belonging tothe
Sinking Fund for the payment of ordinary
claims, against the State, and except for this
use of Sinking Fund money, drafts on the
Treasury for ftss current expenses of the State
,oould haze been protested '.o5 -@1sAa giti >
d This is "reminiscences which it may beIwell
for the Republicans to keep in mind when they
feel disposed to howl so very loud over debts
which the democrats left behind on retiring
from Office in January, 1S56-Ne,OdTk Adeo-
cate ys4~s s'SSt+-SA Ssss'-ss>7,& ,&ts
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16
RESPECT ToaTHE LAST LEafsLArunr -

RESPECT TO THE LAST LEGISLATURE ~
A Schenectady contemporary suggests that
the Secretary of State cause the laws Iassed
by the last Legislature to be bound in black,
lettered with white letters-its title page should
read, CLAWS passed by o corrupt Legislature
1907 Every page should be shrouded in /
mourning, that is, large black stripes around
the printing on every page, as $ mementos of
the past, and, ,as each member is entitled to q
copy, it will ever be a warming to him@s @shouldt
he be so lucky as ever again to occupy q seat
in the Legislative body gfalo- Repubtio -
It would have been an equally good idea to-
have printed on the title gage of the Ohio
Laws of last session" Passed at the pressing
request of the Governor, u. s.. Senator and
State officers, and many Others which ouehtto
have been herein, left out by the same infaen-s
ices.b Canal Checks 20iper cent. discount!"--
That would do.- Statesman. ase} s.a4 II ESQ
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16
0ra -ifs XII F-auCo -
A0etrn .,1's''.' a' s.s :,
" q f1flg M fisq -
TIE CHHRTFR O.6H.oaal1
{ Written before he Old Monareh,s taH.l
By GEORGE D. PRENTICE.


By GEORGE d. PRESTIcE. 'iF5se7
Tree of the olden timer thousand storms - sis
Have hurried through thy branchesAcen p I
Have set their signets on thy trunk. and gone i't
In silence DER thee like the moonlight mists, r
That move at evening oer the batilements = ''57'
0fthe eternal mountaipsi and yet thou 'ta = ,
Shakest thy naked banner in the Heavens 3 -
As proudly still when great Freedom frst ie Z
Crowned thee with death1ess glory. -, ~ z Z. {. 2
-a Il ~ g Monument l,1sII'
ofsnations perished since thy form first sprang
From its green thorn Of forest. many deep
And burning tide of human tears has flowed
Down TO the ocean of.fhe past. until e
Its every wave is bitterness thou pe17e'-e =
Art wreekless still mo heart has ever throbbed
Beneath thy silent breast, and though thy sighs
Have min gied with the nightstorm, they were not
The requiem of the.nafio that have gone 70 t7s.
Down to the dust, like thy own withered leaves
Swept by the Autumn tempest! ? rst aae
= cstz ,tEetg Ay--blaom on, -.
Tree of the cloud and sum Grid on thy strength
Yet there will con e time, when thou shalt sleep
Upop thy own hill-tomb- The marshalled storms
Shall seek but find thee not--and the proud cline,
That1ong has been the censecrated home - ssf.ess
Ja.silent dsolationsI Not sound a.f .4e 7.irgr
Shall rise from all its bonfires the moan i,
Of pas ing winds. the clouds deep tone of fear,
The noise of stormy waters, and the wild ate.
And fearful murmuring of the heearthquakesy voice.
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

E ra-John D. Defrees, writing from Wash.
ington to the Indianapolis Journal his old pa
per, says:
Twenty years ago ]. was a locker ON at the
doings of Congress. The two men who attract
ed the most attention were William Cost John
son, of Maryland, and Thomas F. Marshall, Of
Kentucky. They were the most brilliant ora
tors-the Conserved of all observera.n'. Mr..
johnson died in this city a few days ago; =
pauper and outeast, unnoticed and unla-
mented. The papers, a few days ago.: inform
ed US that Mr.. Marshall is an inmate of hos-;
pital at Buffalo, diseased and miserable, and
about to die ! Lttenlperance, of course, is the
cause of all this.
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

ps-A neat compliment was passed the 9th
er day to LADY, She had just swallowed a
petite glass of wine, as gentleman, in compa-
nv asked her fora taste.s-tIt is all gone,
said she, laughingly, tunless you will take some
of it from my lips.'t 81 should be mosthappy,
he replied; 'butI neveretake sugar with my
sea-A glass of soda, water was offered to a
country lad, who rejected it with the greatest
Indignation. "Do you think am a salaman-
DER said he, s'to drink water boiling. hot p, 5
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

r@AanS e. Twas trying to persuade
little EDDY to retire at sundown, using as an
argument that the little chickens went to roost
at, that time. .Yes3 said Eddy,, tbut the old
hen always goesawith them. Aunty tried no
more arguments with hifn:ai els allap'4 = -
pr4Mrs Jones, why do you wear that bad
hatf" .."Beeapse,. my dear sir, Mrs. Jones
VOWS she will not 60 out of the house until 1
get new ones ao3aI
p@Cuffy said he'd rather die in a railroad
5sInash-up than a steamboat burst-up,, for this
reason, .isIf YOU gifts off and smashed up, dar
YOU is; but if you gifts blewed up, on the, boat,
Mbar is you ~ .sdo9kL KHe1L sait 70 Eite oi
* ,s5ltst' s'Ra5VssazT
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

bg-"Bob, is that dog Of youfp pointer )
''No, he's half hunter and half setter; ne,
hunh for bones when he's hungry, and sits by
the stAve when he's satisfied - - 8, ..i,s
s6rTo keep your friends treat them. kinaly
10 kill them, trea. then often, 81 ltssl
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

: = = NO. Teach your children to help themsslvss
,rTbut not to what doesn't belong toithem.d
s Many institutions are imprope perly called
,ssminsries,i for they do not half teach anything
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

- Texas, says, the New Orleans frseoynne,'
has become the favorites point sought by the
adventurous and enterprising Of all tne States
Population is increasing with unexampled
speed Lands are raising in value with every
year. The resources of this magnificent States
already produced sugar to the extent of theus@'
ands Of hogsheads, and tens of thousands of
sheep and cattle and the time is not distant
when her product of wool will surpass the most
fourishing of the older States, and the amountl
of her stock sent to a Southern marketsexceed
that furnished by the, great valley of the, West.
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

RAREaGRoWERSsG GAN CARRY ON, TIE
STbdsiness smastisuecessfHlly at Hammonton,f tree
from frosts Some, forty Yineya sefzont the PAST
season. See ADVERTISEMENT iof Hammonton Lands
another seoln mn !s,s3s.se..k 6m29
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

0ERsoNs WIsgING, TO ESTABLISH, MANU-
= factories. ii 4 new and thriving place where
business n See ad vertisementEe of Hammont on
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

rTHI IoMASJ BULL Attorney atLaw. Boudon=
L lille, Ashland count Ohio will attend prompt
" to all busines sentruste d to hiscafe .7sEE-
Feb. 4.I7s5sg g 20 -. :. 2 .szti
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

xXTfbEFAM eRHBSF0N 5eJewe eief and Silve
w ssnitt,ra few doors west of the McNuity
choice Taffety eslry keft sanstaIItls ON hand.
Highest ttfce paid foroId Gold and Silver Re-
faetio &aFeahf tefe skin bns 1iti l.'1
FeiesuarT 4.4s57ssatjssi st.S tE9-<es t34tf -
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

..absasa2 20 aliae3va93 .aoa.!. 30. "a
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

me bFlde1anlt3b daffHJ DIfIEt-H eIOsjIa5
eiacamsH - laemszif4eTiE ,disssd 1sa~
.sSSfs2 ssesrss al sos,
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

0HOE BUSIyEsSwzND F4CTpRIES, CANI BE
- 1afrIeds on proftabg at Hamnehton- See ad-
yertiseI srt Of Hammonten Lands. =. 6m2g
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

RH BUCK, Practitioner of Medicine anl
EehruarT 4. IS7.-. 34tf
The Ashland union. [volume] (Ashland, Ashland County, Ohio) 1854-1868, 1860-05-16

90 a.za2 ~ vst.oi8L- eLs ,aaiiss 2ao1 wei.
..ss Tslz - aaz.i -