davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21

JquadIo> FsueT and 4Sus, General Debility, ard al
Diseases oTiSinl from DIsoTdsTsd Stomach,
LiusT BoSueIS
THEY are are used and recommended by leading
l. Physicians OF the country, and all who use them
pronounce them invaluable.
DR. James L Leepere writes from Navarro, Stark c.
Ohio, The bitters are highly praised by those suel
ing from indigestion, dyspepsia an- liver complaint
E Davis, Postmaster WiIiamspOrt Ohio saws
. They give great satisfaction l them myself
having taken cold become PROSTATE and lost my appe
tite IL relieved me, and 1 can recOmmC nd 4 witt
great assurance Of its merits -
Dr. Wm II. Kerr, Of ROgersvile, Ind writes Us that
they the most valuable medicine offered he mas
recommended them with great success, and with them
made several cures Of papitaton OF the heart and gen
eraI debility.
Thomas Stanford, ESQ.,, Brownsville, Henry CO. ind
writes long letter under date Of May 1, 1850 de
much reduced, having been afflicted for three
years with great nervous debility, papitatiOn the
heart Of the most and Frustrating character.
latter using few Bottles, completely restored
and IN robust health y
George W. Hoffman says he was afflicted with Rheu
matism for twenty years In all various FORMS and
the date Of his letter he had been two years well
the Bitters efecting cure, when several physicians
attending him could do him good He says, . tOI
rheumatism, dyspepsia, liver complaint, kidney alec,
tion, OEsdrOpsy, IL Is specific certain remedy >
J. W, Hunt writes from DelphOis, Allen CO Ohio. "a
section where fever and ague prevais) that he
cheerfuly recommends them of decided merit IL all
cases of fever and ague and general debility,
d. K GaileheTs, N. D., writes from Van Vert, Uhi0
q most respectfully recommend the Sherry Vine Biz
the notice all dispepJic persons and TO al
who require stimulating medicine. ,
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21

We have in our employ the following gentlemen:
GEO W SHIELDS, Bookseller and Cashier;
GEO. W. NORVEII. Entry, Bill Clerk and Salesman;
JAMES B. NICHOL., Salesman;
W. RAYMOND, do;
HARDEN p. BoSTICK, do; last but not least
by good deal
These gentlemen viii be glad to their friends at
all times and especially those who purchase for cash
and pay their notes when due
aHgA-u TRABUE * LCCUS-
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21
ALSO.
KNIVES and Forks.

Saws, Augers, Giblets, Door Locks, Pad Locks Black
ing Brushes, Backing Guns and Gun Caps, &c, cheap
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21

8TU y3uuuJ. EIE.
-
- All skgn lEEHktTFH
AEH HNEEs ~ IN kk

large stock of every grade of Prints, Bcached and
Brown Domestics Plaid Linseys printed and plain; all
wool DeIains and Cashmers Coored Silks, Black Silks,
Popns Debages French Aerinos, English and German
Merinos Printed American DeIaineS, Ribbons, Trim
mings, White goods, EmbrOiderics, Iaces: large
stock of white yellow, red and gray Fannels Cloths,
Cassmers, Sattinetts, Jeans, Seal Skin and Beaver
Cloths Over Coatings; large stock of Shirts, Skirts,
Fronts Shirt Collars, Suspenders, Gloves, Hose and
half Hose OF every kind, &c, &c.
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21
Baggage Checked Through to
all Eastern Cities.

az Passengers should bear in mind that the <sCIS-
C4NNATfss Is the OLD snd FAF0RfTE ROUTE Con
nectons made promptly, the Roads thoroughly
RAII-ASIfD, and ali modern improvements adopted
lnsuring SIZED, COMPOST and SAFETY.
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21

SEED RYE.
100 bags No Rye Just received and for sale cheap
by M "A PARRISH q W.
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21

Trains run by COLUMBUS THE, which is ! Minutes
faster than CINCINNATI TINE
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21

CORN MEAL.
$50 bags fine Corn Meal;
100 g Bottled -
Just received and for safe by APARRISH L co.
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21

THROUGH TICKETS
Are sold al al the PRINCIPLE RAILROAD TICKET
OFFICES in the WEST and SOUTH. ASK for Tickets
va CINCINNATI zliSl
P.W sTRADER, General Ticks. Agent, cin'ii.
juneee-tf
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21

The 6 p. IT. Ezpress, Saturdays, makes on con
necfions as odssszfssess except for Detroit
and s,osnfs an CfIs0da.
7,,a Ngl,, Fv4rass rms Dailv SATURDAYS exc.urad
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21

Passengers or Lake Steamers. leaving cincin-
natl at 7:30 A. II have hcurs IN Cleveland.
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21
NEOEEAT'S
Life Pills and Phoenix Bi.ters.

TNHESE Medicines have been before the public
Il for period Of THIRTY YEARS, and during
that time have maintained high character in almost
every part Of the Globe their extraordinary and
immediate power Of restoring perfect health 10 per-
sons suffering under nearly every kind OF disease
which the human frame Is liable
The following are among the distressing variety Of
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21
WE are now receiving and opening large and .sa
w lected stock of STAPLE AND FANCY

Nero extra size Mud Boots and fine Fur and Wool
Hats Cloth Caps and large stock Of Variety Goods,
Threads Of all kinds, and Yankee Notions, &c, &c
Daily Nashville patriot. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1860-1862, 1860-12-21

.Jaund5c> FsueT and ASus, General Ds6iIity md al
Diseases aTisina from q D5sordsTed Stomach,
LiusT BO1UeIS
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
HUDSON, WILEY & GAME.
DEALERS IN
Lumber, Doors, Windows &C.,
Corner of C and Fourth sts., MarysyiIIe.
AND MANUFACTURERS Of
Il u M H Il r.,
Clipper Mills, Butte county, and Challenge Mill, Yuba
mh25-u county.
Mad. SchWOerer.
DECLARATION.

Y NOW all men by these presents that /, Mary o.
N Conner, wife of Charles 0'Conner Of the city of
Marysville, Yuba county, California, do hereby de.
clare that intend to carry business in my own
name Independent ofmy said husband; which said bus
iness will consist of the raising and keeping of CATTLE
horses hogs and other animals and also the raising of
Poultry-and the Iaslng Of garden and other vegta-
bles and also the business of farming and other mat
ters connected Herewith; the amount invested being
$500. MARY 0'CONNER
BIarysvle, May 31st, 1860.
Attest IS. G. ToMPKINs.
State Of California, County Of Yuba ss-On this
thirty first day of May, A. D., one thousand eight
hundred and sky before me, s. @. Tompkins, a No
tary Public in and for said county, personally appear
ed Mary OConner wife of Charles o'Conner, personal
ly known TO TO be the person described in and who
executed and whose name is subsc ibed TO the fore.
going instrument of writing as party thereto having
been by me first made acquainted with the contents
thereof, acknowledged, on examination separate
and apart from, and without the hearing of her hus
band, that she executed the freely and yolunta
riy, without fear or compulson, or undue influence
of her said husband and that she does not wish 10
tract the execution of the same.
:. .. In witness whereof l have hereto set nv
seal and affixed heNotaral Seal the ,iav and
'''''' year in this certificate FIRST above written.
). O. TOMPKINS,
Eje1 8w Notary Public for Yuba county, Cal.
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12


Cordals, Bitters, Syrups, &C., better than any
others in the United States
First-we have three of the largest manufactures
of the kind In the world.
One at New York;
One at Buffalo, New York;
And the Sd at San Francisco, CAL,
Built specially for business in the most complete
manner in every particular.
Sec1ndy-We can and do have every advantage
that money purchase convenience could facili
tate.
Our goods manufactured from the very best ma
terals WITH the utmost care, and the leading arti
cles of the kind throughout every State in the Union
China, Sandwich Islands, and including almost every
place where the Anglo Saxon represented.
We have constantly on hand, and for sale in guam
titles to suit
Ginger Wine, Forest Wine Bitters,
blackberry Brandy, Sarsaparilla Soda,
Cherry Brandy, Norwood Bitters,
WOrmwood Cordial, Vegetable Bltters,
Cherry Cordial, Stomach Bitters,
Raspberry Syrup, Stoughton Bitters,
Lemon Syrup, Spice Bitters,
Orgeat Syrup, Extract Raspberry Syrup,
Gum Syrup, Anlsette,
Coloring, Curacoa
Absynthe, Kershenwasser,
Ansado, Vermouth,
Aromatic Schnapps, Essence of Lemon,
Essence of Pepperment, Essence of Jamaica Ginger
RosenchiefTs' Ditters, &c. ap2l-3m
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12

co, ss.-0n this 31st day Of Jr,, OF San Frano.
me- VIM O. Jewett, Notary Public n D. 1855, before
ed sI D. o. Dahee known to me- who beiDg appear
ana dePose ana say that the cOnteps. ts duly sworn
In witness whereof have herenn,o
afed my official seal, the day and my hand and
written lL's'l WIN. c. JEWETT, Eotarnnr nrst above
o.,. SpermatOrrhOea, "nc
Or local weaKness, nervous debilty
and for GS Soor mss aSd ana BACK @
rehension, loss Of memory, aversion nuIhess Of al
OF solitude, timidy, selfdisrust dizzinessso love
IN ,9vpnn,ary % discharges pains in the SIDE headache
ities in man are cured by the iustIv I ouler nhrm
cian and surgeon, L. J. Czapkay his ma,od physi.
ring diseases IS new, unknown to Others Of Gu.
the great success, All consultations by and hence
erwse, free. W letter or 9th
Address, L. J. oZAPKAY, NJ. D. San FraD,,..
mch30-om ~" iahclseo, Cal
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
GOODRICH'S
Celebrated SaciEeam Tsitters

TTN HIS TONIC Is MADE PURELY FROM ROOTS
u and Herbs, selected with reference TO their
strengthening and invgorating properties, from an
ancient Indian Recipe In possession OF the family of
the proprietor for over century As morning tonic
IL is unequalled. For DYSPEPSIA, CHOLIC. DE-
BILITY, ETC., etc, wine glass full before each meal
will restore healthy tone. 1t is certain pre'
ventatlve Of Chils and Fever, and is admitted 10 be
the finest favored Btters in the market
twill be for sale by all the principal iouor dealers
10 California. VIM. GOODRICH,
my2Cam Kew Haven, CoDbecticut
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
M-AFBLE-
Premium Marble Works.

p j. DEvINE 81 BRO,
x street, bet0een Sirth. and iSeUenth streets,
Sacramento, Cal.
SCULPTURE, Busts, Statues, Monuments, Tombs
- and Grave Stones, Mantle. Pieces. table and coun
ter tops &C., &c. constantly hand, made to order
at the shortest notice.
Orders from the country promptly attended to.
N. B.-P. J. d. & Bro have received Diplomas and
Gold Medals at the several State Fairs from the
Mechanics Institute. irnS-f
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
TURNER'S GINGER WINE.

TTNHHIS ARTICLE is prepared from PURE WHITE
Il WINE and Jamaca Ginger Root, in such a man.
to form the best and most pleasant tonic
introduced; and is invaluable remedy for Dyspep-
sia Indigestion, and for all diseases where gentle
smuant is required, to bring the system into healthy
action.
One Million Gallons, in Barrels and
Cases, Sold Annually,
Throughout the world, thereby proving its UNEoUALED
and UNRIvALED merits. thas received the approba-
ton of the Medical Faculty throughout the United
States, and wherever known.
We caution all consumers of GINGER WINE to ex-
anime the label, as none are genuine except such as
have on them our engraved portraits in circle,
rounded by the following superscripiion: TURNER'S
GINGER WINE, prepared by Turner Brothers, New
York. Buffalo, New York; and San Francisco, Califor
mia. ap2l-3m
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
MOtOrpathic Institution.


Established for the cure of all curablc diseases Es-
pecialy have our patients been, for the past ye'r,
Of those afflicted with Rheumatism, Inaammatory and
Chronic, Chills aud Fever, Dyspepsia and Consump-
ton, Vertigo, Epilepsy Chronic Darrhea, Scrofula,
Piles, Spinal Affections, Uterine Derangenents and
Nervous Debility.
Reader, do You want to be restored to health, ard
know how to keep yourself and others well! Are you
a cerpymanf lawyerP a meTchantf n teachert an
Artist2 a man Of ettersY Are you a mechanic far
mer7 minerf a studentg Are you sick woman,
worn down with work family cares? or girl, deli
cate nervous from study, and predisposed 10 con
sumption? You may rely on il that there is no
place in California where all your peculiar Affections
can be so healthfuly treated, and home comforts so
indy supplied as at the Institution and home OF Dr.
Smith
Dr. Smith was one Of a class flrst graduating from
the first regularly chartered Hydropathic (or Hygeio
Theraputc) Medical College in the world and hrst TO
establish an Institution on the Pacific coast, based
upon the principles OF Hygenc medication as therein
taught
Those who have been doctoring under the ''old
school, with poisonous drugs, for weeks, months and
years. and have not been cured and wish the benefits
Of more rational system, may he assured that DIR
Smith the best authority in the State lie has treat
cd two hundred and S patients al his Insti.u-
ton within the past year, both male and female, with
unparalleled success. Six Of the number had beer
given up by their physician as incurabe who we're By
his varied applications and remedies restored to good
health, besides performing many cures through homt
treatment by advice Every lady treated at the In
sttutiou, for spinal complaints, nervous weaknesse
or uterine arrangements, returned home either well
rapidly recovering, having learned how TO complet
the cure, and keep well in the future.
The Electro Chemical warm bath in connection wit
Water Cure is the only means by which the system
be speedily and permanently rid Of mercury and po
sonous drug diseases.
Friends Of medical and detetical reform are invite
TO visit the Institution, and II they DESIRE can durn
their stay in the city, be pleasa antly accommodated.
TEGNs-moderate. Consultation free, verbal or
letter.
Tsy- Circulars sent on application, free Of postag,
S-my d&w BARL0WJ. SMITH, NJ. d.
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
NOTICE TO CAPITALISTS
For Sale in Sums to Suit Purchasers

DOND9 or THE COUNTY VI psg CESr.
ID drawing Interest at the rate ol ihN s,se Of thc
Treasurer Of Yuba county; the principal psyIow law for
July 1st 1850 sinking fund is providea ~ these
the redemption of twenty thousand doa5 doa5 IN theft
Bonds, yearly. All legal questions inVolss.sd before
issue and payment have been closely conteSeS SscsOn
the Supreme Court Of this state and the aos
rendered in their favor invests them WIN
higher than any Bonds In the market. ar.wingin.
ALS0-BOnds Of the county OF soialO' s' ,,sr snnuI1,
payable semi annually at the County s,sv are the
Gee Of soiano county. In other Respects 'sss asve
same as the Yuba county Bonds invest
ment for nine years at high rate OF 1dsrsbe,
are offered at discount, which IS the NOR rae5
as It is reasonable to suppose that the P'''
cannot long be maintained. a,,c once Of tne
For further particulars enquire at ~ IromoanF, or
San Francisco and Marysyile Kallresa r.vIie, CaL
to d. G. HAShiNi N"F aec1f-h
send bill 10 this ofdcv
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
Remarkable Instance of Medical Re.
lief

Remarkable Instance of Medical Re-
lief
Ey@Beow we publish the certificates of three ofthe
sufferers from the pangs of disease. who, having re-
covered their former health, and mpelled by graft
tude make known their and remedial agent, and
their statements are authenticated by Notary Pub
lie. The demands of society imperously command
their publicity, and commend their perusal to the
attention of all afflicted:
TRankfulncSS is the Incentive 20 Gratitude.
CERTIFICATE.
The undersigned, ,desirous of acquaiuting those who
may be unfortunate enough to be similarly afflicted,
where permanent relief Of their suiTerings may be
obtained feels his duty to thus publicly express his
most sincere gratitude to DR.. l.. j. Czapkay for the
permanent recovery of his health. Borne down by
the distressing symptoms incident to the vicious prac
tice of uncomfortable passion In youth depressed in
body and mind unable to perform the most tri-
fling duty imposed upon the daily avocations of life,
sought the advice of many physicians, who first re-
garded my disease of trifng Importance; but alas!
after few weeks and in several instances months, of
theirtreatment found to my unutterabe horror that
instead of relief my symptoms became more alarming
in their torture and being told by that my disease
being principally confined to the brain, medicines
would be Of little consequence, despaired of
gaining my health, strength and energy and, last
resort, and with but faint hope, called upon DR..
CzapkaY, who after examining my case, prescribed
some medicine which almost instantly relieved me of
the dull pain and dizziness in my head. Encouraged
by the result, resolved to place myself Immediately
under his care, and by strict obedience to all his d.
rections and advice, my head became clear my ideas
collected, the constant pain in my back and grons,
the weakness Of my lmbs the nervous reaction Of my
whole body on the slightest alarm excitement; the
misanthropy and evil forebodings; the selfdstrust
and want of confidence in others, the incapabty to
stndy and want of resolution, the frightfu exciting
and, at times, pleasurabe dreams by night followed
by involuntary discharges, have all disappeared and
in fact in two months after having consulted the Doc
tor, felt as If inspired by lfethat life which
short time ago, Il contemplated to end with my own
hand.
With view to guard the unfortunate from falling
into the snares Of incompetent quacks, deem IL my
duty to offer this testimony to the merits and skill Of
DR.. Cz-pkay, and recommend him to all who may
stand in need Of medical advice, being assured by my
own experience that under his care, a radical
and permanent cure will be effected.
II. S. B. +. FILLMORE.
State OF California, county of San Francisco Sub
scribed and to before me, this nth day Of APP
ril, A. D. 1856. (sgned)
H. s. JOHN MIDDLETON, Notary Public.
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
100000.


eB- TICKETS in any of these and earle, S...
may be obtained from TEN TO FIFrEgy nv,
AFTER THE DRAWING TAKES PLACE ,aan
purchaser will consequently have to hold bs 49,,
only eight or ten days before he will get IL OFFICIAL
DRAWINGS, which will be published in seyerNo,
the most prominent San Francisco newspapers. .oa,
file of the New York papers, containing perfec, M
of all of said drawings, can be found at
Wood, Eddy & Co.'s Lottery Office
No. 9S Montgomery street, Rooms Nos. and 4
over Freeman Co.'s Express, SAN FRAScIscO.
WHOLE TICKETS. Ers................. -. $40 %
AiAA' no. ..................... %
SVANiNNS ''''''''' .'..................... $50
GB ORDRRs FOR TICKETS OR CIRCULARS, showing
the plan Of the Lotteries, and how the Prizes are
awarded, will be sent to any one desrous of receiving
them Enclosures Of $40 and upwards, may bs
made by either Of the Express companies, at the e1.
pense and risk of WOOD, EDDY CO., and PRIZES
WILL BE CASilED at San Francisco All commu.
nications strictly confidential.
Address,
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
Geo. J.. Mcdaniel,
HARNESS AND SADDLE
M a N u E "A O u RER
I40 Second Street, MarysviIIe.

nFFERs for sale complete assortment Of HAIR
~ NESSE5, SADDLES, variety Of Saddle Tees
PACK S DDLES,
and every thing else pertaining to the business which
he will sell at the most reasonable rates
Parties going to Washoe will do well To call M 1Ao
Second street. where they procure the right Kind
Of an outfit ehoap for cash N'NN
api8-my GEc. L. MCDANIEL
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
THE DE,LA WARE STATE LO7irrD,u.
Draw every wEDNEsDAY-and one c,.
per month EXTRA-with capital nri'a Sho % oschens
$1OO, 900.

The SINGLE NUMBER LO7rrrD,nu
authorized by the State of Georri.A
Draw every sATURDAY-also one Grand scb...
per month-wth capital prize Of ''nsns
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
Wolfe's Celebrated

~SS ~S ~ SASSSA
SCHIEDAM AROMATIC SELMA PPS
Manufactured at my old Distillery, near
SChiedana, Holland.
ID EN0wNED IN Europe AND THE UNITED
HI States for nearly 20 years, for UNRIVA LIED
PURITY and for WHOLESOME TONIC PROP
ERTIES.
Beware of the cheap poisonous trash put up in
square bottles Of late years, by many liquor
ers, to initiate my Pure schnapps, and my Bottles
and Labels.
uD0LPHO WOLFE,
Sole Importer and Proprietor,
my26.Sm %, "a and 26 Beaver st., New York.
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
JOHN MIDDLETON, Notary Public.
Card.


Prompted by an honest desire of my heart, wish
to lay before the public case which deserves a
mendaton, not only act of scientific skill, but
that of humanity also. About two years ago sud.
denly, and from causes unknown to me, was seized
with h OF Epilepsy, which, owing to my inability TO
meet the expenses consequent upon thorough medi-
cal treatment, and the encouragement which 1 met
with on attempting IT, soon became such las was then
led to beleve) as to defy the skill of any physician
was frequently, while in pursuit of my Calling thrown
down to the ground without the slightest warning; and
although insensibe to the agonies vet despised the
miseres of my life, and soon learned to look upon
those who would render assistance or shelter from
danger as enemies who sought to proong the existence
of my mseres. While in this state, and having pre-
Vous to my afction, tasted the sweets of life once
more was induced to attempt seeking aid of a physi-
clan, and, by recommendation, called upon Dr. L. j,
Ozapkay. told him of my circumstances, and of my
inability to reward him for his services regardless of
which, however, he at once undertook my case, and,
with the blessing Of God was restored to
perfect health Unable to re ward him for the boon
which enjoy at present. and yet conscious of my in
debtedness consider 1t due to myself and all afflicted
TO make the case public, in order that those in need
ofmedical advice may hnd physician In whom every
confidence can be placed.
L.s.J MEYER YABLoNsKY.
Subscribed and sworn to before me- this LIST dav OF Au-
gust, A. D. 1856.
Ll.s.1 GILBERT A. GRANT, Notary Public.
Card.
the the undersigned, having been under the treat
ment OF Dr. H. J. Ozapkay, although unsolicited feel
called upon 10 give publicity to his treatment hopng
that by dong 30 lmay be instrumental in preventing
others from the fearful suffering and misery which
experienced, and which 50 often results from the per-
nclous practice of pretenders. My disease has been
that OF physical and mental debility, which follows in
consequence otindscretions OF In youth The agonies
winch endured are, perhaps, unnecessary for me to
DETAIL they are known to those who have experienced
them Suffice Tito say that having called the services
ot Dr. H. D. Czapkay into requisiton all the expecta-
tlons which may have formed of him were more
than realized. would therefore recommend Dr. Cap
kay to all who may find themselves afflicted with that
dreadful malady, my object in SO doing being sym
pathy for suffering humanity aud heartfelt desire Of
'siieying thcn b. J. DkHLFE, Printer.
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
d. D. GASSNER.

Care OF WOoD, EDDY Co.,
SAN FRANCISCO.
Remember that we are selling our tickets at the
regular States prices and no advance as other Lote.
RES noV1S-ly
Daily national Democrat., 1860-06-12
One Million Gallons, in Barrels and
CaSas Sold Annually
TURNER'S

Elk IRA RASP SPBERRV SYRUP.
1VA res and is equal to any article of the kind here
tofore introduced.