davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1860-01-11

IMPORTANT TO HoUsEKEEPERs.
To know that they money by purchasing Wood
already Sawed and Split office ofCity Steam Fire Wood
Mill,
No 3NoRFH STREET.
sIOf JAMES II. JOHNSON
The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1860-01-11

SCoTCH WHIsKEY
OLD NECTAR RYE do.
BOURBON, OLD do.
0TARD BRANDY, 1872.
For sale b
VIM. II. MCLEAN,
nl9f 50 N. Charles
The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1860-01-11

H c. GOODRICH,
Steamer Bridgeport, Peck Slip, New York.
n5 Price so per bottle. For sale by s. s. ANCE
los Baltimore street W E. HAGAN h co, Propretors
Troy n Y. dl5-eoly
The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1860-01-11

SOLE AGENCY OF THE BALTIMORE Coal Co.
The undersigned Sole Agent for the sale Of the above
brated Coal in this market offers it consumers, manufac
urers and shippers at the lowest market rates Orders for
any size and quantity filled promptly.
CHARLES GILMoR,
d5-d No 5s Second street. near the Post Office
The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1860-01-11

Coal AND WOOD.
FAMILY COAL OFFICE
J. HENRY GIEsE Il Co.,
d2l2m No. SOUTH STREET
The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1860-01-11

HAVANA SWEET ORANGES.
MALAGA GRAPES
For sale by W. II. MCLEAN,
s-tf 62N, Charles street
The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1860-01-11

DIS. CHURCH l. gladden.,
DENTISTS,
No. SO North CHARLES STREET,
n29-f Baltimore.
The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1860-01-11

KINDLING Wool KINDLING Wool
SAWED AND SPLIT WooD, OF ANY SIzR.
At Office Of City Steam Fire Wood Mill,
No. 3NoRTH STREET
sl0-u JAS. n. JOHNSON.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

Tbs JAPANESE Washington May 22.-
The japanese Embassy will visit the House
Of Representatives tomorrow at one o'clock.
They have set apart two hours, on Friday aud
Saturday, for visits to them Of members of
Congress and their families.
The Japanese Commissioners, attended by
several members of their suite, and the Naval
Commissioners, proceeded the State Depart.
ment to-day, when their treaty with this gov
ernment was duly ratified. The copies of the
document were carefully compared and the
certificates Of the correctness were signed and
exchanged. On their way to the Depart.
ment, the treaty box was borne on the shoul-
ders of two of their servants.
Secretary Cass, during the diplomatic pro-
ceedings, informed the Commissioners that it
afforded him great pleasure to exchange the
rat6cations of the treaty with them, and ex.
pressed a ferVent hope that the two nations
would be bound still closer in friendship. The
Commissioners recprocated the compliment,
aud expressed their obligation to the venera-
BILE Secretary. They also spoke Of the kind
attentions betwowed on them, and trusted
that the peace between the two nations may
be everlasting
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

state alter State rose, striving 10 change
thelr votes to the winning candidate. but the
| noise and enthusiasm rendered il impossihle
| Tor the delegates to make themselves heard.
Mr.. McOellis, Of Maine, making himself
heard, said that the young giant of the West
is now Of age. Maine now casts for him her
! l6 votes.
Mr.. Andrews, of Massachusetts,, changed
the vote of that State, giving IS 20 MIR. Lin.
! coln and 8 to Mr.. Seward.
Intelligence Of the nomination was now
conveyed to the men on the roof Of the build.
! ing, who Immediately made the outside multi.
tude aware of the result. The first roar Of
! the cannon soon mingled itself with the
| cheers OF the people, and nt the same moment
q man appeared in the hall bringing large
painting of MIR. Lincoln. The scene at this
! time beggars description-ll, 900 inside and
! 10000 or 10000 outside were yelling and
! shouting at once. Two cannoDs sent forth
roar after roar 10 quick successor. Dele
| gates tore up the sticks and boards bearing
| the names of the several States and waved
| them aloft over their heads, and the vast
multitude before the platform were waving
their hats and handkercbiefs. The whole
scene wns one Of the widest enthusiasm
VIM. M. E7arts, OF Newly ork, having OBJ.
tanned hearing said can New York have
| tDe silence Oh JDe OOuNtDtIOn CIieei L co :
! yes !" | ask if the vote has yet been an.
nounced. [Cries, mot Yet" Then. Sir,
| | wait to be in order.
Mr.. Brown, of Missouri, desired to change
l9 votes of Missoui FOR .he gallant son of the
West, Abraham Lincoln. Iowa, Connecticut,
Kentucky and Minnesota also changed their
votes. The result OF the third ballot was
then announced:
Whole number of votes cast. 4G6
| Necessary to choice 234
MIR. Abram Lincoln received 354
And was declared nominated.
The States still voting for Seward were
Massachusetts, 8; New York, 10; New
Jersey, s.; Pennsylvania, J; Maryland, 2 {;
Michigan, IL Wisconsin, 10; California, 3.
Total, llOk.
Mr.. Dayton received one vote from New
Jersey, and Mclean half vote from Penn
| sylvania.
Mr.. Andrews, of Massachusetts,, on the
| part Of the united delegation of that State,
seconded the motion of the gentleman of New
York, that the nomination DO made unani-
| NOUS
At the close. three hearty cheers we're
| given for New York and the nomination Of
Mr.. Lincoln, was made unanimous.
With loud cheers for Lincoln, the Conven-
ton adjourned till o'clock.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

eyr Tho letter of Alexander II. Stephens
OF Georgia, deprecating the course of the
seceders from the Charleston Convention,
takes the ground that the doctrine of Con.
gressonal non.intervention with Slavery in
the Territories, which is now sought to super
sede BY getting up o constitutional obligation
upon Congress to intervene for its protection
is eminently q Southern doctrine. 1t was
announced by Mr. Calhoun in lS4S, in his
speech on the extension Of the Missouri pro-
hbition to the Oregon Territory.
MIR. Stephens himself had opposed the
adoption OF this platform. He had wished to
go further and to insist upon Congressional
Intervention for the protection of Slavery in
the territories.
Bot it was objected that il the South con.
ceded the right Of Congess to intervene at all
they would admit the right to intervene for
the prohibition of Slavery, aud was thought
best aud safest for the slaveholdiug interest
to stand upon the doctrine Of non.iuteryen.
tion,
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

"a DOUGLAS AND LISColS.-In the mem.
orable contest in Illinois between Lincoln apd
Douglas, in the Summer oflS5S, Mr.. Douglas
in one of his speeches, thus alluded 10 bis
opponent:
81 have known him for nearly twenty. five
years. We had many points Of sympathy
when i first got acquainted with him. We
were both comparatively boys; both strug.
Cling with poverty in q strange town for our
support an humble school teacher in the
| town of Winchester, and he hourishing
grocery keeper in the town of Salem. -
Laughter. lie was more successful thar |,
and hence became more fortunate in this
worlds goods. MIR. Lincoln is one Of those
peculiar men who hos performed with admra.
BILE skill in every occupation be ever attempt
81 believe that Mr. Lincoln was more sue.
cessful in his business than ], for his business
| soon carried him directly into the Legislature.
| There | met him in little time, and had o
sympathy for him, because ofthe up hill strug.
| gle we had in life. X
"Mr. Lincoln served with, me or | with
| him, in the Legislature of 1886, when we par.
ted. He subsided or submerged for some
! years, and | lost sight of him. In 1916, when
| W ihob tHo w TOVlSO tOTDaOO,
Mr.. Lincoln again turned up as member
of Congress for Sangamon District. |, being
in the Senate of the United States, was called
on to welcome him, then without friend or
companion. He then distinguished himself
| by bis opposition to the Mexican war, taking
the side of the common enemy in time of war,
against his own country. Cheers and groans. |
When he reformed home from that Congress
| he found that the indignation of the people
followed him everywhere, until he again re-
tired to private life, and was submerged until
be was again forgotten by bis friends. He
came up again in 1854 in time to mako the
Abolition. Black Republican platform"
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26
Religious Notices.

Divine service Will be held every Sabbath in this Bo
rough as follows:
PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.-Norh Yves, corner o
BackbeTy and Deer streets, Rev J. d. REARpoN Pastor
Divine service every Sabbath at II A. NJ PRAYER meet
ing on Thursday evening At Northumberland in Old
school Presbyterian Church. at 3 O'Clock p NJ, every
Sabbath. '
GERMAN REFORMED CHURCH NORTH west
corner Of River and Blackberry streets Rev W STEIN
METZ, Pastor. Dpme service, alternately every Sabbath
at 10 A NJ. and p. NJ. Prayer meeting on FRIDAY
evening.
EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCU-D.er
street below VA =. Ra Road, Rev. r. RIzER Pastor
Divine service, alternately, every Sabbath ut 10 NJ and
L. NJ. Prayer meeting on Wednesday evening
METHODIST EPISCOPAL LCHURCH-Dewherrys stree,
west of S re Rail Road, Rev. E. BUTLER ana j p
SwANdER Pastors Divine service, alternately every Sa
bath at 10! A. NJ. and NJ. Prayer meeting on Thurs
day evening.
BAPTIST CHURCH.-Fawu street, below S. v. < p
Railroad Rev, A J. Hay, Pastor. Preaching every al
tenate Sabbath at O'Clock, p NJ During the present
month as follows 2nd and 4th Sabbaths-I,eciuro
every Thursday evening, at O'Clock
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26
THE GAZETTE ON FREE BANKING.

When our neghbor Of the "Gazette," few
weeks since, gave notice that he would reply to
our article on Free Banking, we naturally sup
posed he intended to meet arguments and facts
! with similar weapons, and not by sophistry and
Interpretations If the editor Of the Gazette
cnn find single sentence that can in any way be
tortured or twisted to justify his assertion that
we "believe promises TO pay are real money" let
him point ii out, Such we sad was the fault of
the old system. IF our neighbor or any one else
can fairly meet the facts set forth by us (not facts
got NJ by himsclO we should like to see them.
Parhaps he will be surprised when we tell him
that there is not an intelligent hank officer in the
State who would endorse his views, as far as he
can ascertain what they are, and further, that
not one Of them would undertake to controvert
the facts we stated in regard to the superior
safety of the noteholders under the free Banking
system.
Experience is at all times worth more than
theory, even Of the wisest men. The fact
that of the 300 banks in the State Of New
York, only three refused to come under the
new system, and that the free Banks, during
the late suspension, wereythe last to suspend
and the first TO resume, is Of itself conclusive
in their favor. And we might add that the
free Banks never would have suspended if
the Philadelphia Banks could have sustained
themselves.
The theory Of the Gazette" substantially
amounts to this, that a note with on endorser
is more Objectionable and less secure than
one without on endorser inasmuch as the
endorser might fail. The free Banks have
oil the restrictions of the old, with the State
as additional security. Surely State secur.
ties ore worth something, but the Gazette"
seems to think not.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

ALLEGED GREAT DEFALCATIoN IL THE NEW
YORK City Posi- OFFICE.-There was much
excitement in and around the Post Office
this morning in consequence Of ramor that
the Postmaster of New York, Isaac V,
Fowler, was defauter to the extent of some
Sl55,000. Mr.. Fowler, On Saturday last
parted with his assistant, MIR. VIM. Caldwell,
and in shaking hands with that gentleman,
saId he would see him on Sunday; but from
that time up to the present moment, nothing
has been heard Of him.
Marshal Rynders has an execution against
Mr. Fowler for the sum of Sl55 554.3l, said
TO be the amount of which he is in default,
from Mr.. Junius Hillyer, Solicitor Of the
United States Treasury, at Washington.
On Saturday, Mr., Orfutt, specially sent by
the Postmaster General, arrived here from
Washington, with orders to take possession
OF the Post Office and have Mr.. Fowler
arrested. District Roosevelt Immediately
issued warrant for Mr. Fowler's arrest /;
but Marshal Rynders has not yet found him.
lie left the New York Hotel where he has
resided for the last ten years, at o'clock on
Sunday morning, since which time no one,
except the two or three intimate friends who
accompanied him, has been able to ascertain
his whereabouts. 1t is said that he is com
pletely overwhelmed at the prospect Of expo
sure, and fears are entertained that he may
do violence to himself, unless closely watched
by his friends.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

e5 The LUMBER BUSINESS AT WILLIAMS.
roRT.-The Lycominy Gdsetie, 10 q lengthy
description Of the recent food in the West
nrancb, and the loss to the lumbermen of
'na' vicinity By the breaking Of the boom
ABOVE Williamsport, says:
IT is estimated that fifty million feet of
lumber passed Williamsport-andt the best
,ot OF logs ever hoated to this celebrated
lumoer depot-their value being about hair
mutton Of dollars. The mills are not runnino
al present, and will not be in operation nntil
the recent troubles are settled Tbere rat
remains portion Of the logs in the booms
ana we learn that the majority of lumbermen
VIII soon go on regularly with their business
Inc loss will be felt more or less by the whole
community. Considering that there is less
dry lumber in this market now than there
mas been at this season for many years, it will
make the price Of lumber advance yery much
1t is thought that there will be a sufficient
quantity Of logs in the booms to keen thp
mills running from a third to half of the
manufacturing season. For hundreds o
miles down the river many OF the logs have
been picked up. Crews Of men have beer
sent on to take charge of them, and the los,
will not DO total one, as the logs will be
sold and sufficient money recovered, together
with the balance of stock here, to enable ouI
lumbermen to carry on their business. A
the same time the manufacture Of lumber will
be put of for two or three months later thar
usual"
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26
THE NOMINATIONS AT Chicago.

MIR. Stewards friends were indignant, and
with great deal of feeling, declared that
they were grossly deceived and betrayed
Efforts were made to oppose New-York by
Offering her the Vice Presidency, and agree.
ing to support any man she might name, but
they declined the proposition, though they
moved to make Lincolns nomination unani-
nous. Mr.. Stewards friends feel greatly dis.
appointed.
This nomination, plainly indicates the de-
parture of polical supremacy from the Allan
tic States. Westward the Star of Empire
takes its way"
The prominent candidates for Vice Presi'
dency were Messers. Hickman Banks, Clay
and Reeder. Newly ork, in order to resent
the conduct OF Pennsylvania, Massachusetts
and Kentucky, in discardug Seward, favored
Mr.. Hamlin, of Maine and on the second
ballot, cast her whole strength for him, and
it was owing to this, that bis nomination was
SO promptly secured.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

II THROUGH TRAINS TO NEW YoRK.-A
new arrangement will 60 into effect on Mon.
day, the 2Sth inst, on and after which date
an express train will leave New York daily
at A. NJ, pass Reading at lO4O and arrive
in Harrisburg at l247, noon, in time to con.
meet with the Pennsylvania and Northern
Central Railway trains, West and North,
and arrive at Sunbury at 4 p. NJ. The ee.
cond train will leave New York at 1890,
noon, pass Reading at G =. NJ aud arrive in
Harrisburg at $50. Going East, the trains
will leave Harrisburg daily at A. NJ, and
l.l5 p. NJ, and arrive in New York at $50
and $50 z. NJ.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

DEATH OF TELEGRAPHTC OPERATOR FROM
SHOCK OF LIGHTNING.-The Marietta (0.)
mteUigencer announces the death of George
l.. Slocomb, of that city. He has been in
the employ Of the Marietta and Cincinnati
railroad, as telegraphic operator, at Big
Run, Athens county. A few weeks since,
while he was sitting at the instrument, in his
office, during the prevalence of heavy storm,
the lightning ran in upon the wires and com.
pletely stunned him. A few days developed
the horrible fact that his limbs we're para.
lyzed, and his muscles almost totally deprived
of action. The paralysis gradually extended
over the body until death ended bis afflicton
CHALLENGE TO THE "BENICIA BoY."-The
Southern COntederdcy, published at Atlanta
ia, has been authorized by parties of we'll
known integrity to announce that there re.
sides at that place native Georgian, who is
quite willing and ready to fight the "Benca
Boy" or any other pugiist in the world for
$4,000. According to the description given
by the CorJederdcy, the new candidate for
hstic honors will prove formidable customer
to any opponent. lie is represented as O
perfect Apollo in size and shape-being six
feet and one inch in heighth, and weighing
two hundred and ten pounds-and Hercules
in strength. The challenge will remain open
until August otb 1t is stipulated that the
fight shall take place south of Mason and
Dixon's line.
HousToN FOR THE PREsIDENcY.-The friends
OF Gen. Sam Houston held meeting in New
York on Friday night, in the Union House,
to make arrangements for q mass meeting of
citizens, to press the claims of Gen. Sam
Houston for the Presidency. A large num-
Der OF persons were present A committee of
seven was then appointed to name time and
place for mass meeting.
No less than three murders have already
occurred in this country, because of quarrels
growing out of the late prize fight; one in
Albany, one in the western part Of this State,
and the third in New Orleans.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

ESr The Lackawanaa & Bloomsburg Rail
road is now go nearly completed to Northum'
berland, that the locomotive and gravel train
have been passing over it, the past week, to
that place. The removal Of building near
the terminus had caused short delay. We
understand passenger train will commence
running next week. This will be matter
of greet convenience for persons travelin g
North. On Thursday last we observed that
friend Kapp's stage coach, from Northumber.
land to Danville, was crowded with passen.
gers. But alas |! that too is about to be
superseded by the steam car, and in few
days the last line Of stage coaches in this
county will live only in the remembrance of
the past.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26
AFTERNOON SESSION,

The Convention reassembled at o'clock.
large banner was brought on the plat.
form by Pennsylvania, bearing the incription
-Pennsylvania good for 10000 majority for
the Peoples Candidate, Abe Lincoln" 1t
was received with loud applause.
AT 81 o'clock order was obtained, and the
President announced the business before the
Convention to be ballot for Vice President.
Mr.. Welder, Of Kansas, named j John HEX.
man, Of Pennsylvania.
Mr.. Seurs, of Pennsylvania, seconded the
nomination. Applause
Mr.. Carter, Of Ohio, named Hannibal Ham
lin, of Maine.
Mr.. Boutwell,, Of Massachusetts, named n.
p. Banks, of Massachusetts Loud ap.
plause.
Mr.. Lowery, Of Pennsylvania, named Gov.
Reeder, Of Pennsylvania
A ballot was then taken with the following
result.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

a. IScIrIENr SAUsAGEs.-We clip the fol.
loving rather ambiguous paragraph from the
Bloomsbury Democrat:
"Mr. Geo. Fl. Brown, Superintendent of
the Exchange Hotel, is the fortunate owner
Of fine young female New Foundlander,
which few evenings since, had the good
fortune to produce mess Of fourteen young
Foundlanders."
The word mess usually signifies something
to eat, and as used in the above paragraph
IS, certainly, strongly suggestive Of early ca.
nine sausnges. But the presumption is that
"mine host" of the Exchange had no such
designs on the tender quadrupeds, and that
it is only the Colonel's canine hHer.ature
which is at fault.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

me Mustang Liniment cures rheumatism
1he Mustang Liniment cures .Stif Joints;
The Mustang Linimem cures Burns an
Hounds
lie Alustdng Linimem cures Sores, Ulcers,
Cdsed Breasts and Sore Nipples Neuralgia
CornS and lIurtS, and is north
100000 DOLLARS PER ANNUN
10 the United States, as the preserver and
restorer Of valuable Horses and Cattle. It
cures all Spraius, Galds, Wounds, Stiff Joints
&c. Did you ever bear of any ordinary Sore,
Swelling, Sprain or Stiffness, either on man
or beast, which the Mustang Liniment would
not cure ? Did you ever visit any respecta.
BILE Druggist in any part of the world-in
Europe, Asia or America-who did not saw
"it was the greatest discovery of the age p
Sold every where. Every family should have
it three sizes.
BARNES & PARK, Propretors, New
York.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

gy' The farm of VIM. L. Dewart, situated
in Snyder county, on the West bank Of the
Susquehanna, three miles below this place,
was sold by the Sheriff Of Snyder county, on
Monday last for Sl4, 500. On the llth inst
the property was up at $4,000, but the sale
was adjourned at the request o. the defendant,
and was knocked down on Monday last to
Messrs. Schnure & Hummel, of Selinsgrove,
for the sum first named, or $4,000 less than
the amount bid at the previous sale.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26
Mr. EDITOR -

Mr EDITOR -
Please announce to the readers of your
Journal, that while they are canvassipg the
merits Of the various gentleman named for
office OF Sheriff, they should not forget that
Lower Mahanoy presents her candidate, in
the person of l. II. RESSLER, Esq, q
gentleman whose integrity. ability and fitness
for the office, none who know him will for q
moment doubt. AS our township is entitled
to some consideration by the Peoples party,
We hope that our claim for their votes in this
campaign will be remembered.
LOWER MOHANOY.
April, 9th 1860.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26

ca A number of Gov. Bigler's delegates
to the Charleston Convention are being
hauled over the Goals for misrepresentng
their cons.ituents-votiug for Guthrie, whose
very name was as unfamiliar to many Of them
as the chief of tho Japanese AMBASSADORS
Does the delegate from this county intend to
vote for Douglas, and represent his constitu'
ents, or will he persist in representing Gov.
Bigler, at Baltimore 7
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26
ORPHANS COURT SALE.

IN pursuance Of On order fthe Orphans Court
u of Northumberland county, will be exposed
to public sale on Tuesday, the 9th day Of UNE
next, on the premises, the following described
real estate TO Wit The one equal undivided
halfpart Of all that certain TRACT OF LAND.
situate in Delaware township, Northumberland
county, bounded and Described as follows north
by part of same tract of lands lying in Muncy
creek township, l., coming county east by lands
belonging to the heirs of George Masteller, deed /,
south by lands Of Iohn Eystcr, and on the west
by lands Of Elizabeth Etstef, containing NINE
TY ACRES, more or less, all clear, on which
are erected two story Dwelling House and bank
Barn, and other outbuildings. Late the estate
Of Edward Transue, decd.
Sale to commence at 10 o'clock A. NJ, of said
day. when the terms and conditions Of sale will
be made known by
JACOB TRANsUE, Admir-
By order of the Court,
J. Is. MASSER, elk O.C.
Sunbury, May &c, 1860.
Sunbury American. [volume] (Sunbury, Pa.) 1848-1879, 1860-05-26
STAND
CONDITIONS OF SALE.

Three hundred dollars to he paid as soon as
the property is struck down.-Three hundred
dollars in ninety days, when possession will Ne
given to the purchaser. Five hundred dollars on
the first day of April, 1861, and the balance in
iour equal annual ayments. with interest from
sale
A discount OF per cent will he allowed for
wh-tever cash payment may he made over and
above the sum of $500, above mentioned.
Sunbury, May 2G, 1860.