The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1860-01-24
Our London Corresponaence.

Our london C0rrespondcnce.
LONDON, Jan. 9, lS6o
ne BuA and O6pring Of lS60-re 0wUord March Of
NapOleon- Commsrciol and Nnomir, Dairs-Gigantic
Strides Of British Commerce-English Imports and En-
pcns-0cern Sea y NapisaHon-rNe Great EdSrn-1he
immense Resources Of England-Progress Of Che United
States in Seam Navsatio-Tse Late Arctic Expedition
Dr. Arin9sones Voyases-The American Erpsfitioi TO
Japan and lis ResxksThe Saes Rati'oay- Architecture
improvements in General A6eirs the Con-
tinert, de-, dc.
Epl teen hundred and sixty An important decade has
ben the last in the political ard cmnercal history OF
the world. Ioas Napoleon has made himself Emperor,
and consolidated his hrcne BY treaties, protocols, wars
alliances and conquests. England srd France, side by
sde forgetting Trafalgar, TalaverS Salamanca Lepsic
end Waterloo stormed the Russians in their stronghold
at Sbasopo and made she Emperor sue for peace Next
Louis Napoleon married his csusin, Jerome to a
princess Of the royal house Of Sardinia, made
an ALLIANCE with the King, declared against
the Aue.rans drove them fow the banks OF the Po ane
the Mrco and eradcatcd their power in Milan and West
ern Ionbardy. The Grand Brke Of Tusosny, aud other
minor dukes fed for their vcs and left tteirdomans in
the hands OF the people, while the old that brooSs
over departed greatness in the Vatican has his pro-
revolt and get successful rebellion everywhere
outside Of the Seven Hills Lastly, spsr has commenced
European Powers has been called to overhaul and alter
the map of Europe and tie arrangements entered into 1t
the Congress OF Vienna, in 1915. Athe East an Indian
be.barian has revoltedganst the power Of the English
m Hndoson aud after q great slaughter on both sides
erd barbarous numbering of Christian women and chill
cen, unexampled in arocy, the rebels have been sub
dled and their chief If not dead, wandering fugitive
without home, territory or army. France and Great
Irian have commenced and finished war against China
captured Yeh the Governor of Cantcc and held him til
CHS death, and made Favorable commercial and
political treaty with provision that an Eng
lsh and French ambassador could reside
at Pekn. Ministers being sent and their entry to the
capital being denied, another commenced with
word and blow at the mouth Of the Peho These al airs
pending at the close Of the year 1859 and the
opening of 1850. England has ALEC made q favorable
treaty with Japan. The United States, without
misunderstanding, has concluded treaties, eqt ally
good terms with tho most favored usous with China and
Japan
In commercial ard financial afaips the improvements
discoveries and changes have beer startling beyond all
former precedent Gold discovered in Australia in
1851 in quantity, and surface nearly great the
discoveries Of the precious metal in California in ls4S At
British Columbia end Pixies Pes, within the last two
years there have been opened gold dggngs that promise
be largely remuneratvc, and to add materially tS the
gold circulation OF the world.
British commerce has made gigantic strides both at
home and abroad The repeal OF the navigation laws in
$780, throwing open the British foreign and coasog trade
all nations equal terms with vsels under the British
flag, has given great stimulus 10 commercial transac
TORS and greatly increased the facilities for an exchange
Of products by the producer and consumer without sens
bly, diminishing the profits Of shipowners.
British exports and imports during the last ten
have more than doubled; the total n 1858 being f3)4
GIL 81 900 0o0 and OF this amount about
These exports only in ls4s f5 Sa9445 Toe
annual imports OF gold and silver bullion and specie to
10000 COO in ls4s 70 $40 (abou $500 OOO in
1858
The business Of navigating the ocean by steam vessels
has nearly quadruped during the last ten years The
mercantile marine Of the United Kingdom amounted
1850 to isl vessels, with tonnage a 1877 $685. and in
1858 9l6 vessels, and ASH o7 TONS At this time
only specie, mails ard passengers amest entirely, but
very great proportion Of heavy freight, and Goals,
carried across TIE seas by steam power
In carrying steam communication over sea
for long distances, 1t has been found thai
large companies have established the safest business
and made the largest profits The Peninsgar and Orien
tai Steam Navigation Company have the argeft steam
feet 10 the world amounting TO no less than fifty nine
steamships. Their annual dividends average fifteen per
cent besides large pcrquses profits and salaries 70 OH
GERS directors and agents. The Royal Mail and Cunarc
companies, aso nave large nees, ana are oensVea 70
steamers established by building steamers OF unri
vailed power speed and excellence, and doing business
under the style and firm Of f. K. Collins Co. From
disasters and caamites incident to the incpent stages
OF steam navigation, combined with heavy opposi-
ton in foreign subsidized lines and neglect of the Amer
can govern ment this line ceased their traffic after
rd of some 6ye years duration. The European
and American Steam Shipping Company, and various
went down, owing unquestonaby TO bad management
and the recUlation OF agents
Fer the first time new aud prosperous CON.
pany set on foot 10 carry on general
mail passenger and commercial traffic bet xeen Europe
al asS Gasay This ne was epashea by the individual
enterprise of John Orrel Lover, Esq., an English mer-
chant and ship owner, now member Of Parliament for
seconded in his efforts by Father Peter DAILY, patriotic
Irish Catholic priest who has spent long life in aiding
the Industrial and commercial resources Of his country
The company have handsome subsidy from the
British government; have been doing prosperous bust
ness for more than twelve months have fleet Of new
paddle steamers building, and entering on CONNER
cia under most haterng auspioes Another line
steamers has also been set on foot by Mr. Lever and
ia now running monthly between Milford Haven, Lisbon,
Cape Verde Isles and Brazil This line is under the Por
nguese flag, and has every prospect of successful
career.
The great event Of the decade in steam navi.
CATION, has been the conception, laying down,
building and setting aoat the Great Eastern BY Messrs
burden, with both paddle aud screw engines, has been
found capable Of effective speed Of ut least sixteen
miles hour and without being greatly affected by tho
roll of the sea- Vessels of this class, and nearly II
quite large, destined 10 work great revolution in
commerce aud navigation over the sea II expectations
far there has been trial has not been fully met,
enough has been seen TO render cerSin the mechanical
success of the vessel.
world and this in consequence Of several ortuitous Cir
clmsances The isolated position OF the country has
made them oil Necessity uaOlng
and having a vast abundance Of the finest iron add
coal in the world-the first for building the
vessels, and the last for supplying them with
fuel-they have grown into position that
no nation has equaed is likely to equal, for lon
years TO come. In addition to the great natural advan
ages must be admitted the natural genius and indonts
BILE perseverance Of the people, and the policy OF the
venment which has encouraged the building Of steam
marine and directly paTonzed the leading lines by
granting mail subsidies the amount Of six mil
lion dollars (fl 15o, ooo) annually The national compen
this outlay Is most amp!c first in direct re-
turn of more than half OF the paid in postages
mail matter contributed by those carrying
pondence second, by enlarging the commerce Of the
kingdom extending the demand and sale Of British goods
in every part Of the world, adding largely TO the
ports and imports, and in corresponding ratio
augmen,pg the fiscal resources Of the country
in greatly increased excise AMI import duties !;
third, in extending commercial and political accom-
modator to the various colonies, thereby securing
their trade business and allegiance TO the mother country
and fourth furnishing vast feet OF several hundred
steamships which are Al the command Of the government
when wanted for purposes OF as transport ships
In ocean SIC am navigation the United states have like