davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

% Several new additions to our list
0l subscribers the last week, and at sew
eral new Offices where there were none
'aken before. We love "persscution"
~nen 1t rays. Thaeher why don't you
pitch in more Now is good time to
strike.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
Sheriff,s Sale.

by virtue of an execution TO me directed
u from the District Couri in and for the coun-
y of COFFEE. Territory Of Kansas. in favor of
John Hayes and against William Murden. John
Smith and Samuel G. Meek, will offer for sale
at public auction, to the highest bidder, for cash
in hand. at the court house door, Mt II O'Clock in
the forenoon Of the 23d day Of April. 1852 in the
village oi bnriiagton, temporrars r county seat
levied on as the property of VIM. Murden, John
Smith and Samuel g. Meek, to satisfy said exc
cution: all the right, title and interest Of VIM.
llurden, John Smith and Samuel G.. Meek. in
and 70 or steam saw and Grist Mill. situated in
the nou fishing town Of lie Ro,, Coffey county,
h. I.
JOHN CHESS,
Sheriff Of Coffey Co., X. T.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
You Can,t Do without IL.

GUMS NEW MAP AND HAND BOOK
VI OF KANSAS-you must have one if sou
can raise a Dollar Timber, roads, towns, new
counties, county lines, routes 10 the mines. &c.
are shown correctly, full Of valuable information
and statistics. Try it. There is no humbug
about II. Ii is exactly what you want. 1hree
minutes examination will satisfy any man that
there is moth ng bogus about il.
Agents will distribute about 10th March.
WyandOtt Kansas. March l2, '59--2m.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

OF Any quantity of cord wood will be
taken in payment of subscriptions to or
advertising in the Herald of Freedom
We would like fifty cords Immediately.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

r The Commissioners to Audit
Claims were in session at Atchison al
last advices. They will return to this city
in few days, where they will hold a
brief session, and then visit Osawato-
unia
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

Z GA new Post Office has recently
been established in Linn Co., Kansas, FIVE
miles west of Moneka, called Hawkswing.
Mr.. JOIN BUTLER. Postmaster. Our sub
scribers will accept our thanks for keeping
us posted in such matters. II
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
Sheriff,s Sale.

EPAPHso Ransom, Recorder.
Apr.2, les9-6t.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

~ The District Court of Douglas
county will commence in this city on
the 18th inst, Judge ELMonE presiding
There will be a large amount of business
to dispose of.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

OF Judge PETIT has arrived in the
Territory, and is now holding term of
his court at Atchison. An important
murder tria. is in progress there
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

rWe have span of fine horses, a
new covered buggy, and a valuable gold
watch, any or all of which will be sold
exceedingly cheap for cash; also a stone
house and good lot in Lawrence. Who
wants to buy? The house would be
traded for part cash and part brick, or
lumber.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

~ Everything remains quiet in
southern :, Kansas, aud the people hope
-" permanent peace is restored. If
suca Is the 5as Of the General Amnesty
Ds'' whatever evils may arrive from it in
A0'a'ed cases, we shall be glad Of its
passage.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

OF We have few copies of the laws
Of 1S57-5S, which we will sell at a con-
siderably reduced price to those in want
of them.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

W is astonishing to see the number
=, :, teams which cross the Kansas ferry at
TINS place daily. A bridge is greatly
needed here. s,a.-
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

" The last week has been excessive
ly cold, the mercury falling lower than
at any time during the north Of March.
Grass has begun to make its appearance,
but its growth has been greatly checked.
We pity those who have been out upon
the plains and experiencing the cold north
wsster which has been blowing upon us.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

The following is the result Of observations
for the month Of hareh: sl5s.s
The coolest time was on the morning Of the s9th.
when at ttime Of taking note the mercury stood Al
go above zero.
The warm st time was on the e6th, at p m.
when the mercury stood ct s6s in the shade.
= Mean temperatnTo for the month 49,. For
the greatest heigath OF barometer during the
lowest measure He noie on the 99th. which, was
9. .i0inches. Mean heishth for the month, ~
inches. y, u. HkAIl1s
LAWRENCE. April lst.. 1SsS.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
The Electic College of Medicine,
CINCINNATI O.


CINCINNATI, o.
THE WINTER SESSION of Is59-6O will COM
l. rnencc about the middle of October, and
continue 10 weeks. al full and thorough course of
Lectures will b. given, occupying SIX or seven
Instruction at the Commercial Hospital, and at
tention to practical Anatomy.
The arrangement Of the chairs viii be as fol-
uws:-
J.F.JUDGE, NJ. d.,
Professor Of CAe1nisfry and Pharmacy.
TIE st. JOHN. NJ. D.,
Professor ~ AAGtony I'sd Physf0lo0y.
A.JH0WE. MD.
Professor OF Surgery.
c. II. CLEAVELAND. NJ. ID,
Professor Of JkFerid Aesiicadad Therapeutics.
WM. SHERWOOD, ~. D.,
Professor Of .Hsiitdi Practice stad PatAoIogy.
JOHN KING, NJ. D..
Professor of OJsfefrics and Diseases Of Women
and C2ildreR.
J. II. BUCHANAN, VI, D., ST.
Emeritus Professor of CersJrI Physiology and
Institutes of 4ReClicire. Ft
The Terms for the Session will be the same as
$40 20; Demonstrators Ticket, S5 co. (Eyery
student is required to engage in dissection one
session before grlduation.l Hospital Ticket,
SIS %. toptiOnal.l Graduation. SIS oti.
The Lecture-kcoms are newly hnlshed, neat,
and comfortable. and in a central locality, in
College Hall, Walnut Street.
Tickets for the session may be obtained of the
street, or of Prof q. II Cleavelaad, Secretars Of
the Faculty, No. i39 Seventh Street, near Elm
JOHN KING. II. D., Dean.
=
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

V'HE Amer; can Trades Company, Was
L organized November 2. 1857, with a Capital
OF one hundred thousand dcllars. This Company
was formed with "A view Of takirg up Inventors
o, sinail articles OF general utilit', who are un-
able To make independent arrangements for IN
troducirg their inventions. hy an equitable ar
rargemeut with them for their rights b. pur-
chase. out and out ,r b. q tariff on the art cies
OF TINS country has long called '0r an Institution
nt thi: kind. The American mind is so active
tnat thousands uf thugs are invented, many Of
which would be really useful to the community
but which are never introduced, because the In
ventors 0i them have no means 10 carry them
out.
The Capital Of this Company will be devoted
to the development of really useful Inventions
Thb COMPANY have q Committee on Patents,
whose duiJ ii is t0pass upon all applications, and
from their large experience IL such matters. In
yentors have a security that their inventions
VIII not be misjudged; and the high character Of
he parties composing that Committee, is q sufi-
cient guaranty that plans and spec'hcations may
be submitted before patents are applied for,
TINS circumstances, and when desired TO do So,
the Company will take out patents for others.
securing for the inventor all his invention that
is patentable.
This Company respectfully invites inventors to
submit to them their plans; and il will be fur
thering the objects Of the Company if its officers
and agents can be of service to them.
Any one Of the following modes is acceptable
to thus Company:
FsSs. TO manufacture any articles for which
their machinery is adapted, by contract. the in
sentOrs receiving the articles and paying for the
same on delivery
Second. They buy any patent isapproved
By their Commitiee.
Third. Thes will man nufacture and sell any ar
tice which they choose to adopt, giving to the
inventor such proportion Of the profits as may
be agreed upon
The extensive building, Nos. % and "a Frank
lin street. New York. being about 60 feet front
by over 100 feet deep. and stories high above
the sidewalk, is owned by the President of the
Compsn., and is occupied in part b. all the ma
chinery, wareroom and Offices Of the Company.
where all cf its business and sales transacted.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
Usage LAND DlsrRIcr, Fokr scorr. K. T.,
Narch oQ,b igsQ


Tn THE NATTER Of the application Of Solo
l. man Haisey to pre-empt the Southwest
guar er OF Section Nc. eeycn, az in Township
No. twenty three, (23,) South OF range No. six
teen East. contested b. Samnel h. Wright. la
If Cofiey county in the Territory Of Kansas. 1t
is hereby ordered that the said parties shall be
heard, and their respective proofs. touching said
pre-emption Claims, taken b. US at the Land
Once. ut Fort scott, in said Land District. on
the first TUESDAY Of Iuly next. at 10 o'clock A.
N and it appearing 10 b. the affidavit # said
Halse,. that the said Wright does not now reside
In this Territory. and thar personal notice #
time and plaee fixed for the hearing Of said pre-
emption case, cannot be served upon him, il is
further ordered that notice thereof be publi-hed
in the Kansas Herald o, r ee 'ofR, u newspaper
published at Lawrence, in said Territury, six
weeks successfully. the last publication TO be at
least four weeks prior TO said first Tuesday in
July.
Given under our hands at said Land Office. on
the 29th day of March, 1s59.
JESSE NORM, Register,
EPAPHRo Ransom, Recorder.
Anr 2 lsS9-6t
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

THE American smoker is an article of
l. great utility and benefit to Smokers. Per-
sson afflicted with Bronchitis. Asthma. Dyspep-
sia, Liver comp aints "r kidnes affections, can
procure SP0NGEs AEpIc ATEp for these various
diseases b. old DR. THoRP. Sold b. the ANERI
CAN TRADES COMPANY, Nos. % AMI "a Franklin
Sfr,.et
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
Jefferson City and Neosho valley
RailrORd Notice.

THE Annual Meeting of the Stockholders
l. Of the Jnf,rs1n City and Neosho Valley
itailroad Company will b. held at Moneta. Linn
county, kan.as, ON W Nednesda +, June lst at l2
o'clock to elect the officers aud directors for the
ensuing ear. and transact any other business
which may com before them.
Ii is expected that every stockholder will be
present either in person or by proxy
". +. NJ. Army, President.
JSo. T. Cox Secretary,
APRIL 9 1853
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

OF A dispatch from S.. Louis, states
that that city has gone Republican in its
charter election.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

DR0PERTY belonging to the Estate Of GAIUs
JENKINS. deceased.
~ acres upland II. dining Lawrence on the South
Shares in the GIty of WSandott,
Shares in the City of Burlington,
Shares in the City Of klley,
rwO-horse Hack,
Breaking Plow,
2GO0 Bushels of Corn,
Also several lots in the City Of Lawrence.
Aprh ?, '5o-6t sc. RI SSELL. Agent.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
For Sale.

A YOKE OF GOOD FIVE YEAR OLD OK
IA EN-, well broke and IT, good condition; also.
a first rate two-horse Lumber Wagon.
Enquire of GEORG FORD.
No. "a Massachusetts St., Lawrence.
March I2 ,59-tf
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
DR.. 5. II. PRENTIss,

WILL resume the Practice of Medicine and
W Surgery, in Lawrence and vicinity.
Office ut the Drug store Of Prentiss& Girls
void.
April @ ls5D.-tf
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

Ohio state and Union Law College.
THIS Institution has been removed to Cleve-
land. Ohio. degrees are legally conferred.
and students upon graduating mas be admitted
to practise. For Circulars address, at Cleveland,
tFeh i3 SLY ". A.. KING. Secretary.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
OATS! OATS!!

Q S0 BUSHELS extra seed oats. for sale by
COO q. s. THOMPSON, at the old stand Of
RAYMOND s Thompson.
Lawrence. Mar. as. '5e- 3t
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

B. r. Betser,
SURVEYOR s LAND AGENT, BlOonine-
~ ton. Kansas
0-P Office at the new Story
have Real Estate. botlsf,rairie and Timber
Land, for sale. Also-A number Of Claims.
February sth. lsS9-3ms
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
WAGONS And PLOWS

IN the most wurkminlike manner, and ON very
reasonable terms, from the best kind Of SEA-
SONEU LUMBEk.
Al,c, BLAChSMITnING done TO suit Gus
toners.
rarticuler attention paid to HORSE SHOE
ING, Having secured the services Of the best
farrier aud Shocr in the country. Mr. Il. Codk,)
be iatiers himself that better satisfaction can
BE- had in this department, than can b. given in
any other shop in town. and just as cheap.
have IN hand lot Of Wagons for he Pixies
Peak emigration. They ~ well made and of
seasoned lumber, and no pains spared 10 make
thum what Wagons for that business ought to
be. Please call and examine before purchasing
elsewhere. RALPH G.. DIN.
n. B.-Corn taken for any thing have !! sell,
at market prices r, c. DIX.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09

rs located in latitude. 3es IS. longitude, 1ss
Kansas.
: The Great Pasife Railroad from Jefferson City
and recently chartered Railr1nd from Lsaven-
town or Correspond with the Secret4ry Of the
Association. ]. A. ID. CLARK See'y.
March 18Th, 1S5e. tf
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
For sale.


rs sITuATED IN BBRLIEGAAB, SHAW
nea county. r. I. Traveller car find good
aeeomm0 0datious here on reasonable terms. Bur-
lingame Is thirts-ei<ht miles south of l.4H-
miles Of kmppria- Coed prairie claims can be
GEORGE BRATfoN.
March g, le5e. Propristor.
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
Land Tor snle.

Land Tor SuIes
R0 ACRES one half mile from Lawrence
w House. Stable, Garden. &c.--for sale or
rent. ~ or 60 acres Timber, four and ahaf miles
half miles Southwest of Lawrence. 20 acres
under cultivation. hrwn log house one and
half 81 r. for sails or rent. 100 acres, ~ { it
TIMBER on the Wakarusa. one half mile fr. m
Clinton, - acres under cultivation, for sale or
rent. LOO ~ eco acres Prairie. in Is kins and
franklin counties, for sale.
Also, Lots in all parts ef Lawrence.
All OF the above property tor .ale cheap. kn-
ouire Of Stafford x Stafford.
Att0rnss and Real Estate Agcnts.
March 70, 50
The Kansas herald of freedom., 1859-04-09
speciiai Notices.
odd reIiows.

T AwRENCE LODGE NO /. o. Of G. T.
II meets regularly. every Monday, at I-2
o'cloek, in Babeock 4 Lykins' Hall. Members
Of tre order from other Lodges are invited to
meet with us whenever tbes can make il eonyen-
lent. A G.. W. SAFF0RD. We T.
o. W. McALLAsTER, W. s. Jan.L 50.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1859-01-05

The SOCIAL PRINcIPLE.-Rev. Dr. Aiken, on
Sabbath morning last, announced that there would
bea gathering of the old and young. both of those
connected with the church aul congregation, and
those who were " strangers in the land,'' at the
"a Parlors of the church" on Tuesday evening "for
the cultivation of the social principle" Accord
ingly, the parlors were last evening lighted and
warmed, and happy company of old settlers and
new comers, grey haired patriarchs and youthful
friends, spent two hours in most pleasant social
manner. These parlors, which are underneath the
audience room Of the Chapel, are fitted up by the
Ladies Sewing Society with fine Piano, sofas,
chairs, carpets, paintings, curtains, &c. The idea
of the "parlors of church" is novel one, but the
above parlors served good part last evening in
cultvating the social principle" and in causing
the stranger to feel at ease, and the old attendant
upon the church to rejoice at the pleasant re union
of friends. These social gatherings are to be held
every month, and will do much to promote chris
tian fellowship well as friendly harmony and ac-
quaintance. delightful time was had last eve
ming.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1859-01-05
debates and If was NOT for many vesr,

debates, and it was not for many years that gala
RES were provided for spectators
He spoke of the great mission the nation has full
filled, and is destined to fulfill; urged upon Sena-
tors due appreciation of the responsibilities upon
them, and reviewed the Senatorial career of the
great dead, whose achievements and services in
IN that chamber illuminate our history.
While the mass Of spectators were settling them
selves IN places several memorials inaudibe in the
noise bat apparently of a private NATURE were
presented, and Mr.. Mallory, from the Naval Com
mittee, reported bill to build ten additional
slOops war. which was laid over. He said he would
make an effort to obtain an early vote upon it.
Mr. Mallory also introduced bill to raise the pay
OF the officers of the navy.
Quiet being restored. the Senate appropriately
devoted the rest OF the day in discussing Mr. john
son 5 lTenn) motion ins;ructing the finance Com
mitee to investigate into the expenditures OF the
public money, and report the means 10 bring the
expenses of the Government within the limits of
rigid economy.
Messrs. johnson. Seward, Bigler Fessenden,
Ioombs, Shields; Davis, Collamer, Mason, Stuart,
Cingman, Red, Green, and others took part in the
debate
All agreed in the necessity of retrenchment, the
only point debated being whether to refer the sub
ject to the Finance Committee, or a Special Com
mittee of seven.
Without action the Senate went into Executive
session; and upon opening the doors, MIR. Hunter
introduced the first appropriation bill of the sea-
son, namely, the Indian, Pension, and Military
Academy Bill, after which the Senate adjourned.
After further remarks which were listened to
with wrapt attention, the Senate proceeded in
body to the New Hail.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1859-01-05

FIRES DURING ls5s-The Fire Wardens Re.
port which will be found in the Leader this morn.
ing, presents very gratifying record. There
have been thirty eight fires during the year,
with loss Of but ,O50. This is much less than
the loss for any of the past FIVE years. and about one
third the loss in 1857. The extension of the Water
Works has doubtless contributed not little to this
result, and while due homer is awarded to the brave
and effective Firemen of the City, for their prompt
action in extinguishing the fires, we must not for
get that they have accomplished so much under
the direction and Counsel of Chief Engineer James
Hill, the excellent Fire Warden. He has labored
faithfully for the interests of the CITY, and deserves
the thanks of the whole community. 1t will be
seen that almost half ofthe fires were caused by
Incendarism, fact which demands prompt action
and vigorous search for the offenders.
The fires and losses for the past five years have
been as follows:
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1859-01-05
NEUTRALITY-SUSPICIOUS.
FROM WASHINGTON.

NEW York, Jan. 4.
/ The @. S. steamship Illinois will sail for Aspin-
wall Thursday the 9th inst, at P. NJ, instead
of the 9th, her regular day.
A heavy snow storm has prevailed here all
| night, with driving northeast wind. Full foot
of snow, average, has fallen thus far, but it
is drifted somewhat and the streets are badly
blocked.
Snow is still falling heavily. ThermoT eter in
dica;es 26 degs.
The Trbune's Washington correspondence says
| The Government has received from Utah news
of alarming character indicating the prevalence
of great excitement in the Territory, owing to the
settled hostility between the MOrmons and Gem
tiles. Great Outrages have been committed by
MOrmOns and a violent outbreak is apprehended
berore spring.
Mr.. Colfax will give notice in the House to-
morrow of his intention to introduce a bill 10 or
ganiZe new Territory, embracing the South
Platte gold diggiugs and portions of Kansas, Utah
and Nebraska. The proposed Territory will
brace in its limits the head waters of the Rio
Grande and Platte Rivers.
Mr.. Phillips. Chairman of Committee on Ways
and Means, says majority of his Committee are
opposed radically to specific duties, and will re-
port bill increasing the duties ad-ValOrem. He
also confirms the statement that the President
had said to him, that unless the present Congress
increases the revenue by the tariff, authorizes
new loan, ne Will convene new congress early
il the summer.
The Times correspondent says-Letters receiv-
ed at the British Legation, announce that Lord
Lyons will arrive here early in February. The
report that Lord AbercrOmbie is to be the success
sor of Lord Napier is a mistake.
Lord Napier has made representations to our
government complaining of the address published
by Mr.. Nugent just before leaving Victoria, which
address is deemed by the British authorities to
how baor IoF -,l -
suits.
The Herald correspondent says-Adviees were
received here to-day, that Commander Turner, of
Saratoga, off Tampieo, had compelled Gen. Garzia
to refund the forced contributions levied on Amer
lean citizens.
The Iron Masters Convention in Philadelphia is
looked upon here as a formidable movement
Quite a number of leading politicians have left
this city to attend it. Its object is not only to
urge upon Congress specific duties but also the
substitution of iron for government buildings and
ships.
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1859-01-05

The LETTER LIsr.-The Buchanan Post Office
Democrat of yesterday eagerly seized upon the
Letter List as portion of its spos, as the organ
of the ''unterrifed;" the Rerielr, with the plump
announcement that it has the largest circulation,
demands the List as its legal right, and P NJ Har.
ringtOn, stopping not to make any inquiry in re-
gard TO The Leader and Herald. delivers the List
over; while the Plain Dealer taking as naturally
to the publication of the list upon Tuesday as it
would to turkey upOn Christmas, apprOpriates it
by right of time honored custom. How many of
you get paid, gentlemen, ont of Uncle Sans Treas.
ury fer this publication, and which is to be con-
sidered the "Simon pure" organ of tie P. o. D.!
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1859-01-05
FROM PHILADELPHIA.

HILADELPHIA, jan. Il
Senator Douglas arrived here this evening en-
route for Washington. He was received at the
wharf by committee and the Keystone Club
tho campaign body guard of the last Presidential
election. Salutes were fred from Windmill Island,
and large procession formed with torches and
escorted him through the principal streets in an
open barouche, to the St. Lawrence Hotel. A
heavy snow storm prevailed at the time. On
reaching headquarters, Mr.. Douglas, in compli>
anco with the request of the assembly, addressed
them. He did not suppose the demonstration as
personal compliment, but as an evidence of the
attachment to the principles which he struggled
to uphold.
Mr.. Douglas will receive his friends tomorrow
in Independence Hall
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1859-01-05
THE WEATHER

JANUARY 1.
Newburgb, N. Y.-COld showing hard, wind n.
Port Jervis-Snowing hard, about six inches
Susqsehanna, Pa--Snowing, about three inc.
0wego, N. Y.-Snowing, about inches.
Elmira, N. Y.-SnOwing about three inches
Honnellsyille, N. Y.-Snowing, cold.
Dunkirk-Just commenced showing; wind sw.
Philadelphia-SnoW fell all night; now six
ches deep. 1t has ceased.
Boston-Thick and driving snow since five
o'clock A. NJ. About eight inches have fallen
Thermometer 80 deg.
Portland, Me.-Thiek snow storm.
Bangor, II A. M.-COmmenced showing furi-
ously.
Calais, Me-, IL A. M.-Wiud N. E. ThermOme>
ter above 40 deg.
MISUNDERSTANDING; Thermometer above
40 deg.
Misunderstanding hard; Thermometer above
p deg
Cleveland morning leader. [volume] (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1854-1865, 1859-01-05

POLICE CoURT.-James Butler, appropriating to
himself two chests of tea from the store of Nelson
Monroe, was fined $50 and costs and sent to jail
for 20 days.
Bryant King, charged with petit larceny, was
fined $40 and sent to jail for 80 days.
Mary A. Mack, in accordance with long estab
Iished custom, got drunk and was fined So and
costs.
Oliver B. Stone and William Cowly, ditto, ditto
Nancy Spears was sent to jail ten days for va.
grancy.
EThOmas Taylor was fined $40 and sent to jail 10
days for petit larceny.
Catherine Crafty, for same offence, fined SIS and
costs,