The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1859-07-09

Eastern Greek empsros 70 rule the ex archss that
the territory along the coast Of the Adrato and stretching
internally 70 the Apennines. This territory, after being
conquered by The Lombards, from them by the
arms Of King Pepin Of France who gave II 70 the Pope
and this the foundation Of his temporal sovereignty.
1t eminenty, therefore, historical city. Three OF
the emperors buried ct Ravenna them
The ashes OF the great poet Dante. The city ramparts still
retain the breaches Of tho barbsrians
streets are Allied with Christian antiquities, which have
known change since the time OF Jusnan. RavennA"
says Cardinal Wscman, "hAs only antiquity, and
that Ia Christian" Tho history Of RAvenna embraces
considerable portion Of the history only Of Italy during
the Middle Ages but also Of the Eastern and Western En-
pires The ancient city built in the midst OF vast
agune and Interested with marshes that communca
ton kept up by numerous bridges not only through
out the adjacent country but in the city itself Tae
mArahes have been partly drained The harbor which
formerly the town, has been nearly filed up
by the alluvium deposited by the Adrac, and Ravenna
II how three miles distant from the
Ravenna became early Roman colony, and q
most important naval station In the time Of Pompey the
Great-the most important in the Adratic. Along the
coast in IT. vicinity extends for twenty-five miles hre
forest, which supplied timber for shipbuildiug
After the transfer Rome OF the Ex archs.e, tina for
tunes Of Rvenna, its capital began rapidly to decline.
Ito archbhhops luenty seized the government and
was The scene Of repeated connections among It's
citizens In the contests OF the Guephs and Ghibelnes
took an active part.
Near the town. the banks OF the Ron,o the famous
column which commemorates the victory Of Louis XII
and the Duke Of Ferrara the troops OF Pope julius
| II. and the King Of Spain. In tho moment Of
victory fell the celebrated French General CASTOR
A. I,osv -
desperate the battle that 10000 lay dead the
ned The victory has been attributed by the Italian poet
Arosto TO the skill and courage Of the Duke Of Ferrara
has been stated that In reply 10 observation that part
Of the French troops much exposed to his artillery
the army Of the Allies he said TO his the heat
Of the conflict, "Fire away fear mistake; they
| all enemicsp
The city surrounded by . wall about three miles in
circuit, and liz entered by five handsome gates The for
ess Of Ravenna, built by the veneans in 1457 and then
esteemed OF the strongest in Italy, furnishes
mentary on the fall Of the imperial city Little now re-,
mains Of il but the foundations.
BOLOGNA.
Bologna, in which a revolution has just taken place,
the chief town Of Of the six Legations Of the
Church. famous old city, the second IN rank In the
Ponti1cal domnions. The population ID about 6,ooo
The district in which Is finely situated .: the foot Of
tho lower slopes Of the Apennnes belongs geographically
though not politically 70 the plains Of Lombardy, the
Apennine chain bordering 1t only on the south.
The Legation Of Bologna Is the most important Of the
Holy &c., embracing population Of 800 ooo and super
nciai extent Of ISL square miles. II picturesque,
\ romantic country. The site OF tho CITY rs In a
beaniful pain with the Apeunlnes-" the infant
Alps"-looking down upon It's ancient grandeur. It il
surrounded by high brick wall, without Notifications
from five 70 ak miles in extent The city, which Of
oval shape, 10 two miles long and and quarter in
breadth, and ID entered by twelve gates. The river
savena washes its walls, and canal from the Reno
passes through the city. The canal Is navgabie and
tends from Casaechio TO Passo Segn distance Of eleven
leagues. Bologna forty six miles north from Florence,
twenty four miles southeast from Modena and twenty
miles northwest Of Ferrara, the lowest stronghold
Of Austria the banks Of the Pc. II the residence Of
the Governor Of the province and Of those interest
ing provincial capitals which country but Italy pos
semes in such abundance. II would do honor TO any
country Of Europe its metropolis and the inhabitants
still cherish In their love Of freedom tho recoecions In
| spired by is ancient motto " Lbertas" Bologna has
always been the most fourshing and the advanced
In an intellectual point OF view, Of all the cities
| Of the Papal States; and there can be no
doubt that this prosperity ia attributable 10
the long continuance Of its privileges and 10 the free
dom Of manners and opinions for which is people
remarkable It's early history carries back the tms
Of the ancient Eruscans the capital Of the twelve
Etruscan cities ssa years before Christ In the middle
ages Bologna became independent OF the German En-
perors during their cobAts With the Popes aud in 1112
obtained from Henry V. not only owedgmer of
its Independence but charter granting citizens the
choice Of rulers judges, and other magistrates II sub
sequenty appeared among the foremost cities Of the
Guelpho League and completely defeated the Ghbsns
party fierce battle in 1919. subsequently beca ne
prey to family contests and for upwards Of century
1 enho thar IN ~ tho
rule Of the Popes or to popular anarchy The warike
Pope Julius H., after long struggle established by
military force the absolute supremacy OF the Holy See
| over this and other Italian cities In 1913.
In l848 showed it's revolutionary spirit. When the
King Of Naples united With Austria crush ing the revo
luonary movement in Italy, the old Eespotan General
Pope had troops under him. and received dispatches from
the King addressed TO him at Bologna to the effect that
the Neapoan volunteers under his orders s ,ud be al
lowed to join Durandos corps in Lombardy If Inclined
and the Commander in chief II he objected to the back
ward movement, should resign his command into the
hands Of his Lieutenant General ststela in whom royalty
had confidence The first act Of the new ministry Of
the King Of the Two Siclies to recall the troops
by land and which he had improvidently
sent out to the north, ana which were becoming
revoutionzed. The King was anything but easy at tho
reception his orders would meet WITH and he felt tolera
bly, certain General Pepe would prove conumacous and
II 30 turned out The first impression of Pope,
ceivpg the order At Bologna immediate compliance
But the show Of devotion Of the National Guard Of Bolog
infused a spirit into him, and he signined his in
enton to disregard the Kings orders and to keep the
command. Upon this statea took his departure. The
scian troops however were seduced from Pope in the
end and all he could bring with him. besides volunteers
was q rifle battalion, ned battery and company OF
sapsers, who did good service at Venice during the
eighteen months siege Of the Lagoons.
When Charles Albert had fed from the open field, and
the Generalization OF the revolutionary forces