The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1859-04-11
THE EUROPEAN WAR QUEST1s.A
THE HITCH INTHE HOLY ALLIANCE,
Breaking Up of the Territorial Ar
rangementS Of ISIS.
History Of European Congresses During
the Last Half Century,

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History Of European Congresses During
the Last Half Century,
As is not unlikely that the Conference which
has been agreed to by tho lcading European Powers
will effect notifications in the arrangements
which the muedate consequences Of the treaty a
Paris n 1914 we propose TO give brief sketch Of the
European congresses which have been held snoo
that period Our readers will thus placed posssssou
Of the points Of the treaties ana protocols which have a.
tered the distribution Of the Continental territories aad
will be the better enabled 70 understand those that may
come up for discussion In the Congress which
o meet at Aixla- Chapele.
CONGRESS OF vIKNNA-l8l5.
When the treaty Of Paris signed In 1874 Europe h.
sued from Of those long agones which at centuries Of
interval change the face Of the world Dynases the most
ancient had disappeared kingdoms been crestsd
Franco, which by series Of prodgious victories had BE-
come mistress of the Continent had it, populations
rise against her, and the great Empire finally crumbed nao
ruins The moment had therefore W repair tho dis
orders Of twenty years Of violence assuring tho indie
pendence Of the rstions reinaugurang the reign Of jus
tice restoring to their possessions legitimate calman
guaranteeing public liberty decreepg representative in
sttutons and establishing between the Great Powers
lasting equilibrium by giving new forms to the political
system Of Europe Such were, effect, the promises Il
that famous Congress, which for the s. time assembled
together In conference the majority Of the Christian 60
vernments in the persons OF their kings and mnsters
We shall presently TO what extent promises were
fulfilled.
Passing by the forms which preceded the organizasoa
Of this body, and which matters Of familiar history
shall enter upon bre' sketch Of the great work Of
territorial repartton and distribution which It accom-
plshed promising simply that the final by which these
sweeping changes effected bears date the 9th June
1915. That of the federave constitution OF Germauy
which Is included in IT, executed the previous DAY.
First France "Indemnies for the past and secu.
rites for the FUTURE" the principle which she was
treated by the Allies Seven hundred millions of francs
were exacted by the great Powers her penalty
ing put them second time to the trouble OF enthronug
the Bourbons, and about much in separate COM
pensatioDs to the lesser States Large the amount
sounds 1t less than half the which the English
Chancellor OF the Exchequer raised by loan and extra
taxes in 18l4-l6 Victory far more expensive 10
England than crushing defeat TO France. An army or
occupations hundred and fifty thousand strong-the
command Of which given to Wellington, to gar
rscn her oressee and be maintained at her expense for
five years. No further cession Of territory claimed
The indemnity 10 be paid by instruments but the
works of art taken from Italy and Germany were to be re-
turned that altogether her terms rather degrad
ing than burdensome. She was still noble kingdom.
Thirty millions Of subjects left to her Of the fty
| sixty millions over whom Napoleon dominated.
There weIetben thirty two millions of people to be
vded by the Congress with boundaries and
ments The i've millions inbabtng Holland aud the low
countries compaced into the Kingdom Of the Neither
they were two races with nersdcable serences ~hcn
forced in 1880 tho recognition Of Begic Independence.
But was wanted to establish strong frontier between
France and Northern Germany; 30 the Feminks were
consolidated with the Dutch and England gave up hcr
share Of the indemnity -four or five millions serlleg)
that the Prince OF Orange might repair bis ruined for
tresses
The provinces the left Of the Rhine which France had
taken from the German empire her first Consul were
given 70 Prussia with those which She surrendered at the
peace Of Tis half Of Saxopy, and share OF the Duchy
Of Warsaw, consuming million Of Polish subjects; thS
that was not made TO live. Russa also Joined Finland
TO compensate Sweden, for which she confirmed in
the possession OF Norway TO which she had forced Dem
mark 70 agree in the early part OF the previous year
The redistribution of the German States difficult y
mako nteneble. The petty princes and counts, "meds
zed" by Napoleon, permitted retain their satus
The RheDsh Confederation also maintained instead a
Thirty nine States cops,ltated this celebrated pao.
Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, War
,emburg, Baden, the Electorate Of Hesse Darmstadt,
Hosten, Represented by Its Duke the King Of Denmark
who permitted to retain Schitswig though closely
connected socially with Hosein and eager to otn the
Oniederaton; and hence the struggle that lately
terminated )-Luxembsurg, (givng place among the
Ge man princes to s Duke The Kpg OF the Neiheriands)
with number II petty duked0ms and the free Of
Lubbock, Frankfort the Maine, Bremen and Hamburg
n the Diet Parliament OF the repre- sentaves Of these
States, which WAS TO sit in pernaDence at Frankfort
the eleven States mentioned TO have
the secondary States half fourth Of vote each ali
the free towns one-making In all seventeen votes.
On constitutional questions o arrangement, call
cd the Pepum, was ~ PREVAIL the six States
Of The highest rank to have four three
dukeMbms 40 each and all the remaining princes one
thus tnr,her the inaaeuce q the great
Powers Austria, besides, was TO DO permanent Pres-
dent Of the Diet On FUNDAMENTAL matters unanimay
required The menbers Of the Confedera bound them
selves to form foreign alliances sganss the boty
against auy more OF ITS members Tho forressos
OF Luxembourg May and Landau taken possess
ON OF as the common property OF the Confederation and
Carr isoned by it, troops.
Span ana Portugal restored to their former mo-
parchs without change Of boundary, and with tas
ADDITION OF constitutions. Switzerland remained
Confederation Of Twenty-Five cautious, rega,uiug,
with her lost members. Jesui,ism and oigarcby.
Austria reassumeo crown OF Lombardy with toe
added gem Of obg coveted Venice besides Dsima,a tho
Tyfol and all that che mad lost by successive treaties
with Napoleon. Tuscany, Parma, Mo1cna and Placents
restored to the deie scions Of the House laps
burg.
Tic kingdom Of Sardinia reappeared. ENLARGED aud
Strengthened by the aDnexaon Of the republic OF
Grnoa. 70 complete the dissipation OF the OF TIA
ian epeDoence Naples restored to its Bourbon
khg, Ferdinand and the Pope being reseated ia St.
Peters chair Italy again PROSTATE beneath the feet VI
KING ard priest, as was, indeed, all Europe.
The artang5 ment we have thus explained WAS
TIE most complete restoration OF deepotsm concev
able, and the most mopstrous wrong ever per-
petFatsd by conspiracy Of rulers upon their subects
There not popular interest consulted, not promise
redeemed, not liberated Ia THIS famous settlement
TIC people OF the Continent the aadwehr or PrusA The
studtns Of Germany the Tytolese, tue Lithuanian pea
SAINTS the paros Of the Peninsula Of Italy, who mad
rseD whn they fuund that Napoleon tho chastsac OF
their kings, bad become also their Tn enemy-thess
haye and genetrus people everywhere the subject
OF profound and bitter disappointment They, aud the
lanes fro Which they had chased the conqueror were
losd out among the members Of two three families;
AID for the enc great oespo ~ho might have ruei them
well, was substituted a multitude OF little tyrauts.
One OF tie ARTICLES OF the German Confederation ex-
p'essy declared Each Of the coofederated States will
grant crusuutoo To the people, another placed all
Christian equality; ond third guaranteed tho
freedom al the press These solemn engagements
G4Prtniy violated Austria and Prussia, II need scarcely
be gave The lesser States delayed
long possible, promulgated systems which might
be cbaacSrized 90 was that OF Nassau as ga model 0f
u constitutional power" rhis grant
ell early Sepjo mh.r, 1914. That Of the Netherl
eftsbitbtd in 1916 and conferred such privileges
upon the Dutch as NJ once estrapgcd the Bcigsns.
Il