The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1859-07-29

en- or victorious she always gains tnc prize IN the
contest. That which was limited is now to become
universal; that which was an encroachment is now
In become right. We have nothing to say when
the French army is told that the union of Lombardy
and Piedmont creates for France powerful ally.
II is undoubtedly true, But France has bought
this alliance al a JfrighHiA cost, and The 'ndepsn
deY,ce of Lombdrdy Is not that Independence for
acIich the LOnlbdrds sighed
1t is VIGOROUSLY very difficult to get at the mean
ing of Louis Napoleon. He is the great modern
Sphynx, and his Gerry eristence depends upon ms
not being found out But, Of all the riddles ne
has proposed to Europe, none Is more ,p, un'
zling and intricate than this treaty OF VIA,
franca, the sense Of which we have Attempted
to read in the description he has himself gwen: ~
is usual when we doubt as to the authorship OF an
act to ask for whose benefit was II done! mere,
is spent and the blood is shed, the war is ended,
and the peace is made; but no one, so lar as we
can see Is the better for the fight Sardinia IS not
quite happy in her new possessions, ana even VIC
tor Emanuel will find in Lombardy poor substi-
lutte for the enthusiastic affection Of all Italy.
France has gained no accession to her territory,
and no friendship from the oppressed populations
of the earth; She has gained nothing but the
knowledge that her Emperor Is able to manGuvre
an army. She has not, even at this moment,
the conviction that his sparng Austria was
an act of unmixed generosity. The Emperor now
says that he stayed his hand under an apprehen-
sion that the struggle was likely to assume larger
proportions than he desired. 1t is not very
chivalrous reason to give to an army which had
Just fought a campaign and lost thousands OF its
comrades for no result which any one of them
would have desired. These soldiers want work
and glory and promotion. To tell them he made
peace for fear the war would spread could only be
to set them guessing ocho IL acaS ,cho had thus
Stdyed them la their JJul march Of conquest. II
ecds not England. Vas il Prussia? n is mol
very probable, unless his pause in fighting
should be rather dirersion hGn cessation.
Was it Russia? Did Russia think Austria had
been beaten enough3 Was Russia acting all
the time as the surgeon, with his finger upon the
pulse of the patient and did she give the signal to
cease when that symptom OF Hungarian fever
have operated. Or the Emperor Napoleon might
have known the state of his own army best. There
is indeed last supposition, which we offer to The
consideration of those who were not long ago so
fercely scolding us because we doubted that Napo
leon was about to set up free constitutional
government in Italy; perhaps the French Empe-
ror has imposed some secret obligation upon
Austria never again TO interfere in the affairs
of Italy. If this should be so, then all is right.
The Pope and the Grand Dukes put up in
pride of place merely TO give Napoleons great
principle-"the sovereignty of the people, clear
stage If they can hold their own, good. If they
cannot, then down topple Pope and Kaiser; and
Italy left to herself works out her own regenera.
ton. There is no limit to human credulity, and
there may be creduous idolaters of chaos who,
even at this thirteenth hour, may believe in snch
impossibilities as these. The sane men of the age
however. know better. They recognize IA thts
ne,c settlement nothing but universal and irresistible
despotisna- We yesterday announced that Cavour
disguised by the disappointment OF all his hopes,
had thrown up his employment. The telegraphic
despatch of to-day confirms our previous infornia-
ton, and announces that the King of Sardinia has
accepted Count Cavour's resignation, and has
replaced him by Count Arese. This event
determines the nature of the peace. Cavour was
an earnest man. He believed in Italian indepen-
dence as future work of Napoleon Ill 1t was
by means Of the confidence he felt himself and in
spred in others that Mazzini and his emissaries
were discredited throughout Italy. N 1cas Count |
Cduour acho gdre the signal for the successive !
risingS IL, he smaller Loiidn States. 1t was by |
renee, Parma and Modena were bloodless, and that
Rome remained tranquil. Cavour believed in
Italian unity, and unfortunately he
believed that the Emperor Napoleon entertained
the same views as himself Warnings were thrown
away upon him. Patriots and young ladies
have faith in mems promises which no expos
tons can shake, and which nothing but bitter per-
sonal experience can destroy. Poor Cavour He
once had great career before him, for he was
honest and Jealous; but he was credulous and i'm
patient, and he became the tool ofcrdfty selfshness
History tells us what passed at Tlst, and some
French memoir viii doubtless at future day relate
what was the conversation at Villafranca. 1t
is not necessary, however, to wait for the
thentic report: the results suggest what the
conversation must have been. Surely" we
can imagine Francis Joseph to have said, "my
imperial brother cannot intend to revolu-
tionize Hungary, and to establish focus of insur
rection IN ltalyt'' mot the least in the world.
care no more for these Italians than you do.
This matter has gone quite far enough for my
purpose. You see now that France is necessary
to ustria. We will settle this affair." and l will
leave you stronger in Italy than you ever were.
will also make everything straight between you
and Russia You shall be one Of us, and zoe three
together ariH impose lao on Europe" Is it to be
wondered at that Francis Joseph, with a beaten
army and bankrupt eXehequer, was not proof
against such temptations?
From the London Post Government organ) July ISL
The great object Of the Italian war has undoubt-
eddy been the liberation of Italy from everything
which, morally or actually, constitutes foreign
domination; and the attainment of that object must
therefore form the SINE qua non of the pacific
settlement which must now be submitted to
Europe. But while this great aim is one which can
never be lost sight of, either in diplomacy in
arms, such details of the future Italian settlement
as the Kings who shall rule in Italy, or the geo.
graphical boundaries of their respective States,
or the precise form of polity to be recognized
and maintained in each, are of a secondary ma
ture. The experience of the last forty-four years
shows us that Austria has always ruled in Italy
by her soldiers, and by them alone. She has no
spiritual dominion beyond her territory, like the
Pope, and she has no moral dominion in civil 60
vernment, like Sardinia. Every act of diplomatic
violence which she has committed in the south has
been accomplished either by direct invasion or by
the threat Of it. Hitherto the Court of Vienna has
been in possession of Legitimate authority
from the Carrie Alps to the Pc, and from Venice
to the Ticino; and, with an extraItalian empire
of thiryfve millions of subjects, her will has, Of
course, been law with every government of Italy
that would but court her Intervention. This exorbi
tant doInion in the Peninsula has been obtained sim
ply because Austria possesses immense army,
which she has marched succcssivelyinto almostevery
state; II, therefore, The oppression Of Ldly hos so
long been caused simply bu the presence of Ans.
fr,dn ornl,es, all that as aodrtng to the indeper-
dence Of Italy IS that foreign armies should no,p
and for eUer quit Hdly.
The entirely national character of all future TIA
liam armies and the abolition of the ecclesiastical
government of the Pdpdl States are The great OBJ
3ects TO te attained SO far as the destruction of the
present system is concerned, we have next to turn
to the scheme of an Italian Confederation as means
of preserving the unity and nationality of Italy
under its different States and local government
In order to render this federal poty stable it is
necessary one North Italian Power should be pos
sessed Of such preponderance as to entite it to
assume the lead in Italian politics. We need hardly
say that that State must be Sardinia Enriched by
the possession of Lombardy she would comprise a
population of more than eight million. bower.
full Italian State with liberal principles of govern
mn ant nod ;vt ~, 81: