The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1859-05-20
EUROPE.
THE AUSTRIAN FMpTRF

THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.
correspondent furnishes the following account
to the journal Of Commerce.:
Being composed of II different provinces Austria
Is governed by special laws in each province These
laws were enacted in accordance with the usages
anu pecuharlties of the various inhabitants There
rs te lll annual assembling in each province of its
otande, (property holders,) to consult and dis
t cuss the desirable changes and improvements in
I"elr respective provinces, and their resolutions
a. a. suoihlIea @ TO the General Government of the
Empire at Vienna to be modified and harmnn;rnd
with those OF the ''Stande" of other nrovinoon -
then are passed TO be put in practice Mnnic;no1
rights are now granted all over the Emnire b,
which kind of sef-government in local affair." ~?
lists, and IS practised in every place. The whole
Empire, in the year 1854, contained forty millions
of people, of whom only l319 millions were in the
German Confederaey, the rest belonging to other
natonalities. With this number however if stands
at the head of the Coniederacy-as even Prussia
has less German inhabitants The Emperor has no
private council like the French; but there is Sen
ate OF the Empire (Rechsarath) in Austria which
consists or l6 members of the different nations who
discuss and legislate the most important affairs
OF the Empire, presided over by the Archduke
Regner.
The Cabinet consists of eight members, and It's
President is the Emperor, or the Minister of For
elgn Affairs. They follows:
l. Minister of Foreign Affairs Count BuoI,
Shauensteln 2 Minister of the Interior, Baron
Bach. ). Education and Cutie, Count Thun, Ho-
nGnstem. 4. Commerce, Industry and Public
baron Bruck. 6. Justice, Count Navasdy. Z.
War, Army and Navy, Count Grunne. s. Public
Order, Baron Kempen.
The Minister of the Interior Bach and that of
Finances, Bruck, men taken out from the peopIe
in the year lS4S. The first was before that time the
most distinguished lawyer in Vienna and the other
Ine most learned and greatest merchant at Trieste
These appointments were extraordinary executions
from the very strict rule of gradual promotion
winch is kept sacred, and practsed in the civil and
military organization of the Government
this prahual 11rp =, Il,
upon mental capacities and integrity of character.
Accordingly, men of the highest nobility are often
superseded by the son of a citizen or even a meas
ant, who is often advanced to the highest rank, if
ne has extraordinary talents. A very important
branch OF the Government is education of which
Count Thun is Cabinet Minister. There are in the
austrian Empire exclusive of Hungary not less
n. tlan 4o,oo2 Universities, Colleges, high and ee-
mentary schools, besides schools for different spe-
clal branches. For instance, there are 800 peda-
goglcal schools for the education Of teachers only
oo lor hne arts 46 industrial schools, and Acade-
mics for the higher branches of industry, l6 Acad-
emies for the cultivation of forests and MINING
nautical schools
The whole number of Professors and teachers in
the whole Empire, Hungary not included, is about
IO,OOO, TOR whom there are uniform laws
Besides this great educational Department. there
are, independent of it, and belonging to the War
Department, military schools and Academies in
very great numbers. Every Regiment has its mil
itary school.
The army war footing consists of 73s 900
men The General in chief is the Emperor
Ihe supreme Chancellery is at Vienna.
r., The Chiet is Field Marshal, Lieutenant Count
Charles Grunne.
Archduke William brother of the Emnaror
IN Chief OF the Artillery Genie, military Courts
However, each of these Departments has its special
Chief
The celebrated Baron Augustin is the snnciaI
Chief of the whole artillery
Quarter Masters General have department for
themselves. Its chief is Baron Henry Hess, who
mas the reputation OF being the best General in
Europe.
The army comprises four military districts;
|. That of Austria proper, Chief Commander,
Fedzeugmester FIR. Baron Wimpfien
e Italy, Chief Commander, Feldzeugmeister,
Francois Count Gyula
3. Hungary Chief Commander. Arcbduke Albert.
Cavalry General.
4. GaIlicia, Chief Commander, FIR. Count Schlick.
Cavalry General.
The Army is subdivided into II Armv Corps-of
which General Benedk commands the 4th Army
Corps, and is now at the head of CO. 900 men which
passed the Ticino; General Gyulai commanding
10000 men, and General Zobel also 30, 600
These three Generals Hungarians by BIRTH
and were in the Italian in 1918, where Gen
Benedik highly distinguished himself under the old
General Radetsky-who had at that time the Chief
Command.
The navy has been steadily increased since the
year 1884, and in greater proportion within the last
II months, the Government at that time forseeing
its necessity. 1t numbers at present u 900 men,
and about 900 guns. Its Chief Commander is
Archduke Maximilian, the Emperor's brother The
supreme office Of the whole navy is at Vienna the
EmperOr's Chancellery of the Marine Its Chief is
the Captain of ship-otthe line, William Bret
sach.
Admirolty.--Vice Admiral, Archduke Maximil.
ian and Count-Admiral Baron Bamberg who is
also Chief Commander of the Marine Department
at Trieste
AFFAIRS IN ITALY.
The Independence of Turin states that the whole
country of Massa and Carrara has proclaimed its
union with Piedmont, and that a portion of the
troops have Joined the people. while the other has
crossed the Apennines to return to Modena At the
request of the authorities of Massa some Piedmon-
tese carabineers have gone there to maintain order
The same journal states from Milan that there has
Deen tray there between some Hungarian and
Croatlan troops on the one side, and Austriaps on
the other and that two carts full of wounded were
taken to the hospital.
Immediately after the departure of the Grand
DuKe oil tuscany, great part of the population of
florence assembled in front of the residence of
CheValler Buoncompagn, the Sandman Minister
In tuscany, and amidst the most enthusiastic ac-
clamations, demanded the annexation of Tuscany to
Piedmont. The Sandman Minister appeared on
the balcony, and haraEgued the people and the
army.
Ihe following is a summary of his speech, as
published by the Tuscan Nonitore of the 9th ult:
Ills EXcellency said that King Victor Emman
uel, Piedmont, and Italy had admired the conduct
OF Tuscany. The people must, under the present
trying circumstances, respect religion the laws
persons and property; the army must observe dis
cipline, and all must maintain public order The
moment, not far distant, would come when thew
would have an opportunity of exerting themselves
Tor the interest of the country. The prince of the
country having declared his intention of leaving
the Tuscan territory, it became necessary that all
should yield obedience to the citizens whom the
necessity of the moment had called to the helm
hlng Victor Emmanuel had the prosperity of Tus-
cany at heart, and would watch over public tran
guilty and the exigencies of the war, without in
the slightest degree presumng to decide on the de-
fnitive fate Of the country. The war in which
Piedmont was now engaged was war, not of am
bition but of independence, the conquest of which
required great sacrifices, great virtue, and strict
obedience
This harangue was received with loud cheers,
and the crowd separated peaceably.
THE REPLY OF SARDINIA TO THE AUSTRIAN ULTIMA
TUM.-The following is the reply of Count de Cav
our to the ultimatum Of Count de Bou:
TURIN, April 26, lS59.-'Monsieur lie Comte:
Baron de Kellersburg delivered to me at 80 in the
evening of the 23d the letter which your Excellen-
cy wrote on the 10Th, calling on me in the name of
the Austrian government to reply by yes or mo- to
the invitation made to us to reduce the Sandman
army to peace footing, and to dSband the corps
formed OF Italian volunteers, adding that if at the
end of three days your Excellency did not receive
reply, or If the reply was not completely satisac-
tory, the Emperor of Austria had decided on hav-
ing recourse to arms to impose on us by force the
measures which form the object of your communi-
cation. The question of the disarmament of Sar-
DINA, Whlcn constitutes the groundwork of the
. emand addressed to me by your Excellency, has
been the object of numerous negotiations between
the great Powers and the Sandman government.
These negotiations have led to a proposition made
by England, to which France, Prussia and Russia
have adhered. Sardinia accepted it without
reserve. As your Excellency cannot be igno-
rant either of the proposition of England of the
reply of Sardinia, | have nothing to add, in order
to make known to you the intentions of the Kings
government with regard to the difficulties which
opposed the meeting of the Congress. The conduct
of Sardinia in this circumstance has been Judged of
by Europe. Whatever may be the consequences to
which it NAV lead, the King, my august master, is
convinced that the responsibility will fall on those
who were the first to arm-whO refused the pro-
positions made by one great Power, and recog-
nized as just aud reasonable by the others-and
who now substitutes for it threatening sum
mons"
81 am, &C., G. CAyoUR."
How THE INDIANS MADE STONE ARROW HEADS
The heads of Indian arrows, spears, iavelins, &C.,
often found IN many parts of our continent have
been admired, but the process of forming them con
jectured. The Hon. Caleb Lyon, on a recent visit
to California, met with party of Shasta Indians,
and ascertaned that they still used those weapons
which in most tribes have been superseded by rifles