The weekly pioneer and Democrat. [volume] (Saint Paul, Minn. Territory) 1855-1865, 1859-05-19
The Earopsaw Wsr-What 10 % AL
AbOolf

OuI Icooefs my osVS 'o'""'" W." ~~'''-
pIcx details Of diplomatic history, the series
Of plots and counter plots which have i'm
mediately led to the catastrophe that has ere
now burs, over Southern Europe, withou
getting q very clear idea Of what il is oil
about.
Since, however, the sword has been I'M
shsathe,l to cut the Gordisn knot Of diplo'
matte logomachy it will be proper, upon the
eve Of the most gigantic military struggle
ever witnessed, 10 review the succession OF
events which has developed this crisis in
European politics. The compass Of news
paper article will admit Of but sketch Of
general outlines. The reader will supply
the details from bis remembrance or his
books.
Italy occupying the position Of barrier
between France and Austria, has been the
traditional battle ground Of those powers
and their respective dominance in the ltAl.
ian States has been main object Of their
policy for three hundred and ffty years.
The history Of the conflicting Intervention
Of France and Austria 10 the affairs Of
Italy dates with the expedition Of CHARLES
XVIII, 10 assert frivolous claim to
the 6cfdom Of Naples. The chivalrous
riyalries Of CHARLES the V and FRAsCis
the l., when Austria and France first met
In the full tilt Of competition for the suprc.
macy Of Europe made the States Of Northern
Italy the theatre Of tho contest, which
is now approaching its solution. In
these wars, the Duke Of Savoy Emanuel
Philibcrt whose descendant with wider
domain enjoys the title Of the King Of Sar.
dina, was stripped Of nearly all bis domin.
ions by his French neighbors, aud achieved
splendid fame In the armies OF the Empcr.
or Of Germany. Behold how these positions
are reversed in the present posture Of affairs
The descendant Of that ExASuEL PuILInKKr
who sought refuge from France in Germany.
and revenge on bis Ices with German arms,
nov deiies the House Of Hapsburg under
protection OF his ancient enemy
The Italian conquests OF Napoleon, and
the investiture Of bis child az King Of Rome
seemed 10 consummate the aim Of French
policy in Italy.
10 lsl3, however, Ater the disasters OF
Moscow, the great powers Of Europe over
run. insulted and menaccd on every hand by
the military domination Of Napoleon, sue
cessiully combined to break down n power
which aimed at universal dominion. Napo-
leon abdicated. Tho treaty OF Paris locked
him In Elba. To carry gu. the stipulations
Of this treaty the allied sovcrcigns or their
representatives met in September lsl4. at
Vienna. The Congress was formed by
England. Russia, Prussia. and Austria the
four great allies. Afterwards. France,
Spain, Portugal. Sweden AMI the Papal
States were admitted The minor Italian
States were present but without voice.
While this Congress was in session, the
news was brought to Mu,ernieh at II great
bal, that NAPOLEON had escaped from f,Iba,
The Congress then drew up declaration
pronoubcing NAPOLEON an outlaw.
by reappearing In France. with projects Of
trouble and overthrow. he has not less do
Prised himself Of the protection u ths ia,cs, and
made II evident, in the face OF the universe.
that there can be no longer either peace or
clare that Bonaparte has placed himself cut Of
the pale ~ e,rI and soc,a! relations. and ihaf as
u gsssrai snsms nd d,sfsrbs, Of ne ro'id hs 70
abandoned 10 public justice.
This declaration Of ou,lawry, which Of.
i,rcd NAroLxoS up to private assassination,
or to public execution, II captured, was fol-
lowed by the promp, settlement OF the dis.
puts which had distracted the Congress,
and the unfinished trra,ies were concluded.
This settlement Of Europe aud establish.
ment Of the balance Of power was upon this
basis
|. Belgium and Holland were united US
the X ingdom OF the Netherlands,
=. Norway was annexed To S~eed,D.
;. Hanover increased by the accession Of
considerable portion of wes,phalis, and
par, OF SaAony, was given TO England.
4. Lonbarby was eopcs,lsd to Austria
5. Savoy and the Gence~ Republic. TO
the gra, dislike OF the latter, we're given TO
Piedmont, the objec, being TO n,erposs
barrier against Frsncc
4. The Grand puchy of Warsaw was
given 10 Russia
! :. A territory containing over million
Of inhabitants. was taken from SsAony and
given to Russia, to which power was also
awarded PAR, Of Poland.
5. The German Confederation was recon
structed under the govcrumeu, of n Diet.
u England took from Holland a., 49,,