The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1859-05-06

~ cas naf Moad orsah om IN tbs pIsY kur9ps, % f,sp
IL as far afof as possible from her ouinc.s, and 70 shift
Is sesse 10 The frontiers " Piedmont, s Ddaphs.e, and
IY0rercs
In commercial well a. political interest Austria
gar With DO es jealous eye the efforts Of sw zernt
to draw to herself the transit traffic between Italy and
Northern Germany and she threw all posa,o obssac
the wsS Of ihefe or On the contrary she caused great
works to be executed along bei routes that ran across
the country ofihe ancient earn, people that disappeared
when be empire OF the west VAS broken mp bnt who ief
their pame TO Carpola and the Carnic Alpe BY these
yoptss, Milan and Lombardy themselves brought into
contact with Vienna Three others made mended
across the RDetan and Noc Ape for bringing the north
and east OF The empire into commup with The mpor
tant valley OF the aose That Of Vienna to rente aionl
the valley OF tho Brave Pueterhai and the robach gorge
quite new that Of Insprucs, the contrary, by ib
Berper gorge, ascends TO remote antiquity for they still
chow the lbern slope milestone attests tn
passaee Of Roman lesons 1t was by this way tina, tn
Ger man epeIos invaded Italy whenever the republic o.
Venice shut seaDst them the passage through her tern
rtory Besides, the Brepner route eaos straight into the
Jol which at every period has been the province most
oevoied 10 the house OF Hapsburg and useful
All these routes, that per NIT army rapidly con
veyed into the MOST Of the plains Of Italy, have yet
appeared sufficient to the Austrian Cabinet They have
deemed necessary 10 have direct opening from the
mountains 70 the ducby Of Milan that forms ad.
yapced part Of their rssSessons Costly works. OF ex
ueme difficulty, have not stopped Them they coptrved
to effect their purpose such lsat thu road 40
obtained must be considered cy~,usiveiy military
one This route Of the stclvio. Eat has taken the name
OF the highest gorge ca through ia unriyale ed in
the whole world 1t leave, the upper valley OF the Adge
Prad and follows tb valley Of The Upper AIDA or Val
sh a me the Alps a. height Of $500 metres
ABOVE e that is TO say at more than 200 metres
ABOVE tne mn OF perpetual The slopes frequently
rae 10 me enth The lines taken required numerous
ouc.s apd several tunnels The route sometimes winds in
spch mort curves as ocreate gddness and many travel
ieIs refuse TO descend them in vehicle The extreme
difficulties tina. had 10 be suruounted are gusran,ee of
secu,y for the defence OF the territory for will always
be easy to cut this route up and prevent all approach
it by an invading army. In order to borrow
strip Of foreign territory they preferred this most danger
passage another that was very near and more con
venient-that Of Sante Marie TO which military souvenir
tomb may be beneath the chair of st. Ambrosio at
Man crossed with his egons before coming into Italy
10 repe the invasion Of Aarc These two passes San,e
Marie and the eivo both ran nom tho ~ rol 70 the Val
elre and by this the lake Of Como and to Milan The
least accessible has been preferred for military
. Two senta1e, ago kheeI @ 50
dispute the possession Of with the house OF Austria he
accepted te services Of the Duke Henri de Rohan This
exed chief Of the Proestants Of Potion and the Santonge
though fer away from hrs country, still defended its int
rests or this foreign land.
and the disadvantages Of road 80 frequently blocked
by the effects OF the weather have been perceived Such
is however the importance, In the eyes Of the Austrian
Officers, Of the communication which this route would
cve that they have heeitaed TO have smother
ssruced little further to the SOUTH between the valley
of the Nos small tributary Of the Adge and that of the
0go to regain main road Of Lombardy half way be-
tween Map and BTescia BY crossing Mount fonale OF
less height than the stevio Mount ronae s yet $50 me-
tres high From this peyseveJd in opening direct roads
TO Milan, may judge Of the interest Ansttd takes tn get
ting to ss csy out be'ng forced to sosrse countries in
since 1850, is hardly finished yet.
The railways the construction Of which Ia later than
that 81 most Of The roads We have been mentonning
weIo conceived the spirit They first of all aimed
connecting with Vienna the central plain and chief
OF Lombardy. This work is accom- shed, and the
locomotives 'tsag from Viennd reach Trieste, then Venice
Verona Manta@ os,d Ni1as After that they initiated the
mode Of tracing out other military ways. Tho line car
rcd from Milan to Como is to prolonged towards the
Vaiteline Anotber up already alongside of the
Adige far BolZano Botzen (the town called by
both names), 10 the borders Of the Italian and German
dictr
the Tyro Branch iines Will connect the secondary
States Of Italy with thcsc MAN arteries. Piedmont, how
os a sssn her n nss G 81
Gown rais between Novsr. ~ Milan. oompellet
Of rails linking rarn, Genoa and Aessandra toge her
this State has found rsef constrained to attempt thu
we are bound wish success for the honor or humsl
genius Besides, there 10 need Of exaggeratng thu
armies; they will serve to supply them with provisions
and TO transport them to within distance from
them and sbe rolling stock that must be used on the
will 20 often BIO liable to break down. use of the
neshbeshood Of the enemy ss M nsert Iua1sa
possesses ase the edronage q esc rapid routes far
obliged to undergo the delays Of crossing confines, and
journt yiaa ly land or
This difference Of position ooDstutes in itself an adj
vantage for who would have chances in her favor
being aSe to crush Piedmont by superiority OF her
forces before her ally could possibly support her but the
Typographical conditions of the country offer to Austria
other advantages that she has eEdeavored 10 make the
most Of IL fact the two advereares far from finding
equally favored because they possess
country renders the invasion Piedmont easier than that
Of Lombardy The vast enclosed by the Alps pre-
Iformy level The Pc bounds it the south begin
mig from Sc entrance into the ducby Of Parma: II
GUS tributaries, possesses volume Of water great
enough 10 acquire eny real Importance All the rivers Of
Piedmont are<a higher or lower degree like torrents
and the streams rising in the Apprentices are OF the
nature not one of them serve as line Of de-
fence The rivers of Lombardy tie contrary having
port Of their Japd,ty, flow in wider BEDS and have
volume Of wafer that creates serious Obstacles The
navgabe canals and those for irrigation 90 very numer
IN the Mlaaees district form ARTIFICIAL lines that some
times kave vaxo equal to that Of rivers The battles of
Areola and Lodi II 1895, have proved that these dim
aaoFts.
Walls. Piedmont possesses between he Alps and the
sa- of Alessandr.a, find on the Contrary in the
n, favored buckles Of Milan aud Venice series of
" ~ M thu "nr 1ss ron nOrtn 70 south perpendcu
on 8 Into the 20, others into The Adriatic.
,ea 6 all Of thera are Of an identical ma ure; mere
,rr MS necr the M untan gorges, they subsequently
rave wa acountry more pervous for armies and form
kes nsir reachts3 the plain, which they fertise by
ber Nsarels MmleS; then, whilst constantly slacken
,g tb VT spcea, ney surround themselves near their
Ioutbs Wa %, where rice 10 ahundany grown
viii y contributed 20 render these tracts sguish and
nhealth y we everSw here meet in this country with
anals, sases gardens and vines, all ofwhich forms q
roken saad most favorable to defensive operations
be sun Gad TO learn that the proportion Of cevalrv
sually VA or sixth in CRIMES destined to act in Level
,untry Hdnced 80 Low as tenth in these which have
!, operate il lIamoardy. o
The vepeG ~ rivers, that rarely form lakes are more
rrcntial tn W those in the duchy of Milan and lose
emselves In eore extensive marshes that are Invading
entire OIL Adratc; but, with the exception Of
Pave they toEn but poe- lines Of defence Tempo-a
fortified s hnve BEEN. ased at iersnt periods on
banks Of The paSe and the Tagameno BIZ. their i'm
orance is slight : Sach Long lines always to crossed
any point css 6resy guarded than the rest and the
catered deicnde SARA compelled 10 make divergent and
sasrous retreats !
the rest thet lines the opv ones
or the best e or defence for the country M
rea adrontogc ue AMtriane in Italy consists IN a.
o,session of he To a mountainous cluster tax eaxends
nto the plain and ,as u likea CITADEL leaves orly
arrow strip OF grount between the kianese district and
enetia Tho email veadth Of this strip further lea
ened by the lake OF GaIda, and by the marshes which
be Mincio forms bcor Joins the river In which h b
bsorbed The Alpine vass OF the Tyrol thus tbrovn
nto the very centre Of vaV. has always furnished tho
wperors Of Germany WI Aasls Of operations against
dependence Of this country Even ct the present dsy il
the outlet Of these that with the for
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