The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1859-06-22
THE WAR IN ROPE--IMPORTANCE OF THE
TYR0L-THE EHUNGARIAN MOVEMENT, &c,
&C., &c. ..


TYRoL.
BY the news of the battle of Magenta, which we
published yesterday, it is stated in despatch from
Vienna that "through the opportune arrival of
the corps d'ormee of Field Marshal Clanl-Gaas on
the battle field the Austrians were victorious after
a hot fight, and the French were thrown back over
the Ticino." By previous news from Europe we
had learned that these troops, forty thousand
strong, had been despatched by way of Munich, in
Bavaria, to occupy the Tyrol, that great natural
fortress OF Austria, projecting like a wedge into
Italy, between Lombardy and Venetia, with the
fortress of Verona at its foot. In order to deceive
it was stated that this body of men were merely
sent to protect Germany from French invasion
through the passes of the Tyrol. In commenting
on the news, one of the French papers remarked
that this was violation of the neutrality of Bava-
and an unopposed passage of these troops through
her territory made her party to the war; The
journal further remarked that the real object of
this corps was to pounce upon the rear of the
French and Sandman armies so soon as they had adj
vanced sufficiently far into the Austrian provinces
by the is very obvious what the object
was, and their oppnrtune arrival on the battle field
at Magenta, after the fight had begun, accounts for
the obstnacy OF the conflict and great loss of life
and must have made rapid marches in order to be
so promptly on the ground Their shortest route
IN the measurement though, perhaps not in time
would have been bv the Stelvio pass which how
ever, would have brought them into close nroximi
tv with Garibaldi and the insurgent Valtelline
Their most secure road was bv the Brenner pass to
Nerona, whence the railroad could take them al
most to the field. No doubt Clam -Gallas left he
hind him strong force in the Tyrol to take care
OF the passes. Further, the operations of Carl
bad in the Valtelline, besides being revolutionary
nave also, IL Is believed, some reference to the
nelghboring Tyrol and its passes which it would
be so important to secure. description and his
tory of the Tyrol will therefore be appropriate at
the present time
Formerly the Tyrol was distinct from the yoral
berg, which adoins it to the west and is senarated
rid oil ad IT,
tains Now the Voralberg is Incorporated with the
Iyrol, and is known as a province of the latter
Inc lyrol IS an extensive and very mountainous
country, inferior to none in Europe for grand and
romantic scenery, extending from Italy to Ger
many, and from Carinthia to the Swiss Crisons-
1t has its name from the castle of Tyro, situated
on mountain near Merau. 1t comprises about
lO,000 square miles. Across the chain of the Alps
n IRON innspruck to Trent, it measures 20 miles
The Tyroese are chiefly of German origin, and
their country has been called the German Swift
zerand, being, in respect of its physical features
oc continuation OF that country. There are about
Zoo,OoO Italians in the southern part of the coun-
try. The population, which in 1850 was $50 1888
is now about a million, and is nearly all Catholic
very small portion of the population is collected
IN towns, as lnnspruck, the capital, contains only
about 10000 inhabitants, and Trent IL, 900. The
latter Is the place where the celebrated Catholic
Council of Trent was held. The chief wealth of the
people, as in Switzerland consists in their cattle
and other live stock. The transit trade between
Germany and Italy occupies large portion of the
population. Many of the inhabitants emiorate To
neighboring countries as laborers, like the Irish
lhey are hardy and brave, and are celebrated for
their use of the rife. In the present war thew
have already distinguished themselves for their
deadly aim. The TyrOl is one of the most anciant
possessions of the House of Austria, and has al
ways been very loyal to it. One reason is-this
province enjoys more liberty than any other Dor
tion OF the Austrian dominions. The mountaneers
have nothing of which they can be robbed bv the
central hov
their own, composed of the nobility, clergy, and
deputies of the towns and rural districts who meet
in one chamber.
After the Reformation the Tyrolese were perse-
cuted on account of their creed, and MANY of them
rather than conform by compulsion to the estab-
llShed religion, left the country which they so pas
sionately loved. Crafty Aus ria soon perceived
that 1t was her interest to pursue milder policy:
freedom OF conscience was allowed, and the Tyro-
lese peasantry were more lightly taxed than an V
other OF the Austrian subjects. The TvrOl there
fore, is almost the only corner of the dominions of
Austria where people with all the love of liberty
nave remained really attached to the dynasty of
Hapsburg During the Succession war the French
entered the TyrO on one side and the Bavarians on
another, at a time when there were no troops to
defend the country; but the peasants blocked the
passes, broke down the bridges and prevented their
junction, nor was single man found who could be
bribed to carry intelligence from one army TO the
other, impossible it to guard all the passes
among the mountains. In l744 this country again
became the seat of war, and the French, at that
time in alliance with Prussia and Bavaria invaded
1t. The people rose in mass-a chain of fire along
the mountains was the signal of misunderstanding
women drov away the cattle into the recesses
of the frozen mountains, and the men, supplying
the want of cannon with the trunks of trees
hooped with iron, compelled the French to
retire. The Tyrol resisted the French in
! the wars with Austria, in Germany and Italy
| which followed after the first French Revolution
and sometimes defeated them with great slaughter
/ na ctr & :.
! famous character and narrow defles, enables a
small body of men to resist large force. But the
genius of Napoleon |. triumphed alike over natural
obstacles and the strategy of ordinary generals
BY the most extraordinary daring. in 1876, he
gained possession of the defes of the Tyrol, and
beat Wurmser with his Austrians out of their
stronghold, whittier they had fed after losing
~ oOO men But this was the exception to the
rule, ana the Iyrolese, whom Napoleon had con-
cllated during his own presence afterwards arose
and drove out Naubois, whom he had left behind
to guard it, In 1877, when Bonaparte was adding
conquest to conquest, they rose en- masse and de-
scending like torrent from their native noun
tains, drove the French out of their country; and
had not the Austrian Emperor. Francis been ter
rlied into the treaty of Leoben by the menaces of
Bonaparte who well knew the danger of his own
situation, the French General and his army, en-
tangled in the defiles of the Styrian Mountains
might then have been destroyed, as the Tyro-
lese had made themselves masters of Verona at
the foot OF their mountains, and Joined
number of $4,000 men. In 1897 they drove
Massena, with great slaughter, out of the Vora-
berg, the mountainous country west of the Tyrol
proper, but now officially incorporated with it;
ana IN iSol and $50? they were also successful par
| ticularlv in 1905, when they thrice defeated New
| and the Bavarians. BY the treaty of Presburg, in
January, 1896, their country was delivered up to
Napoleons Bavarian ally with the stipulation that
their ancient privileges should be preserved to
them. BY the constitution of the Tyrol the sover-
pirht 10 a1ln Dc . bo
people until the oath of featy had been taken by
the four Estates, convened in full assembly at Inn
spruck. The Bavarian government neglected this
ceremony, and took possession of the country by a
set OF French commissioners. The Estates remon-
strated and the new monarch answered them with
gracious promises. At last the constitution of the
Tyrol was abolished by royal ordinance, and the
country deprived of its very name by its subdvis-
ion into the circles of the lnn the Esach and Etsch
under which denominations it was incorporated into
the Bavarian monarchy. When war again COM
menced, in lS09 between Austria and France, the
Tyroese, under the command of the gallant Hoeer,
took arms to emancipate themselves from the Ba-
yarian yoke, and were for time eminently sue
cesstu, till deprived of Austrian aid by the defeat
of Wagram and the armistice which followed, they
were left to maintain the contest alone, and after
brave but Intellectual resistance they compell-
ed to yield to the power of Bavaria aided by the
merous eglons of France. The most horriblea atroc-
tiles were now committed by the yictors the
quished. Forty-one towns and villages, contain
ing iOUO houses, were burned, besides three others
in another direction. In the last battle, near
Brixen, where the wife fought by the side of her
husband, and the maiden beside her father or be-
trothed, $50 women were cut down by the cavalry.
All the patriots who survived were delivered over
to the military tribunals and condemned to be shot.
The heroic Hoer seized in his hut and con-
Quoted barefooted through the snow to Mantua
and was there shot, pursuant to the sentence of
military tribunal, on the oath of February, 1Sl0.-
lie refused to let his eyes be covered when led to
execution, and died as became a hero and patriot
rejoicing that he had done his duty. BY the Con-
gress of Vienna in 1915, the Tyrol and Voralberg
were released from their hated subsection to the
Bavarian yOke and returned to their former sover-
eign, the Emperor of Austria.
In 1913 all the passes that could lead from the
Tyrolinto the vallies of the AIDA, the 0glio and
Chiese, had been occupied by the insurgents o
LOmbardy against Austria The territory ofMilan
| and Brescia had not only been made safe by the
first free corps but, pursuing their advantage, and
aided by the good will of the Italian Tvroese those
gallant adventures had carried their conquests far
into the territory which German Austria as we'll al
the German Confederacy, claimed as their Owr.-
The Milanese volunteers had been but coldly sup
ported. Charles Albert suffered the threats of the
Frank ford Diet and the warning of diplomacy &c
interfere with the neutral and inevitable course Of
his warlke enterprise Messengers pretending tc
| act in the name ofthe German Confederacy came tc
his camp with threats of hostility on the part oi
Germany II the Piedmontese should venture or
the German soil of Italian Tyrol. The Sardiniau
Ming first latered, and finally succumbed and thus
the cause was lost.
| What gives Verona its great Importance is its
situation at the foot of the precipitous Tyrol, the
| entrance OF whose pass it commands, and at the
same time defends the Adige Verona is surround
ed by series of turreted walls and its ortihca-
| sir hav hnan maj