The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1859-08-22

Of6G0n--l4
sorIHxsN orrosInos srAIEs-Kentucky and rennes
Tmp-Nor,h Carolina and Maryland-2
Wtole number Of States "a.
Necessary 10 elect IS.
Thusit will be seen that, allowing the fullest
margin to the republicans, they will lack two
States of majority; but should Douglas be
thrown out at Charleston, Illinois and Kentucky
may become very shsky in the knees. Tue WASH
| iDgton National Era declares that If there is an
election Of President by the people in 1860 it will
be the election of the republican candidate
This idea pretty extensively prevails; but the
chances of an iDdecisive scrub race are increas-
ing, and we apprehend that the result will be
distinctly foreshadowed in the organization Of
the new Congress.
| Teachings of tho Italian Campaign-Its EfYict
On War, Government and Civilization In
Europe.
When the results of the late war come to
be fully developed and appreciated it will he
found that the political changes effected by it
in Italy will be among its least important
advantages. In saying this we do not mean to
moderate the immense gain which the Italian
psople have already realized, or are in the way
of realizing, by having the weight of Austrian
domination broken, and by being made the free
arbiters of their own political future. The posi-
ton they have gained enables them to decide for
themselves whether the Peninsula shall be longer
miegoverped by emperor, pope, prince or poten.
tate; and the patriotic spirit they have exhibited
in this latest and most exciting period of their
| history is an encouraging evidence that their
| future will not belle their past But, as we
| said, it is not to this political aspect VI
Ita}y's regeneration that we look for the highest
and greatest results of the war; but it is to the
| effect which the experience derived from it is
oaving, and is destined to have, on the govern.
ments and peoples throughout the whole Of Eu.
! rope.
And first in regard to Its effect on the military
ey stem of the Continent Before this war broke
out Austria had the reputation of being Of the
greatest military Powers of Europe. Its army
WIS regarded as the best organized, best equip
ped and best trained that could be found on the
face Of the earth. At all events no pains were
spared to make it so. Every other interest in the
empire was made subservient to that of the
army and even the risk Of national insolvency
was incurred for the sake of maintain.
ing in all its pride Of supposed eu.
pe,iority the great military arm Of the
government. Well the first lesson which
the Austrians learned in this terrible campaign
Was, that their imagined tower Of strength was,
after ALL but broken reed. And why? Not
because the rank and file of the army were less
brave than the soldiers of the Francois sandman
army bat because, with all their drilling, and
maDeuvring, and training, they had not kept
| pace with the inventions of science or the pro-
gress of the age, but had been content to prac
tise the same maDGuvres, use the same arms,
follow out the same strategies, and be Differed
oy men of the same names, as were familiar to
their fathers before them. In the Austrian em-
pre- as In the Papal dominions, Innovations of
all kinds had been regarded as dangerous.
Scientific inventions had been frowned upon as
being revolutionary in their tendency. Railroads
and telegraphs have been, to be sure, accepted
as necessities, but it has not been the
policy of the government to stimulate or en-
courage the inventive faculty either in physical
or moral science The only merit recognized in
the empire was the merit Of birth. Tue Schwar.
| zenbergs and Lichtensteins and Palffys who led
the armies of the Kaisers Ia past ages, still,
through their descendants, led them, aud might
but for the experiences of the Italian campaiga--
have continued to lead them 80 long as the en-
pire existed. In word, merit had no recoguf-
ton in the Austrian army. Rank and influence
went for everything, and whea the day of trial
came the system exploded. 1t is said that the
Prussian army, when its mobilization was or
dered, proved also to be in a wretchediy inefi-
Gent condition, and has to be reorganized
How was it with the French army? The very
latest improvements in firearms were in their
hands. Their gymnastic training was perfect. Ex-
ercise, well directed, made them masters of their
weapons. Intelligence and activity, encouraged
by prospect Of promotion, made the men not
simple machines or automata, to move and wheel
only in connection with other parts of the ma.
cbinery, but self dependent and selfreliant In
every contingency that might arise in the field
OF in the camp. The self reliance developed by
the democratic French system Of promotion
solely for medtorious service gave to the French
army that dash and daring which fairly appalled,
the Austrian and paralyzed his energies. Then,
as to the offcers-trained in the best military
schools OF Frapce-they even rivalled their men
in courage and activity. They knew that their
EDperors eye was upon them, and that their
conduct would not pass unobserved or unre-
wsIded They had no apprehension of having
their next grade Of promotion blocked up by
some sristocratic nincompoop who never felt o
wound Most of the regiments too, had seen
service and done their military apprenticeship
in Algeria Almost every officer OF note had