The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1859-07-09

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one Of ,Ee finest artists who hn eveg
visited us. She made Der debut ia Philadelphia,
and was u.rbeard Of Coming out Ia New York
afterwards, Ase achieved a national reputation,
which has reacted upon the European cspitala
For the next year or two we shall have plenty
Of artists and sort Of musical revival The
European war will give the managers special
ABILITIES in making their new engagements, aod
Keep all the Old fsvorites on this side Of the
Atlantic. New York, Boston, st. Louis, add
last, Philadelphia, will he the principal operate
Cities and it Is to be hoped that the Phiadei-
pbisns will try to exhibit little more apprecis-
lion for the good things vouchsafed to them.
The Slaughter OF pcrugi.--The Hsvoitea
Cssaes or the Pope.
BY further details Of the news from Itsl,
which we published yesterday, the reader
has perceived that the affair at Perugia turns
out to be much more serious matter thas
appeared from the brief announcement by tele.
graph which we published on Thursday. L.
seems that the Swiss regiments despatched fron
Rome attacked Perugia on the 10th June, and
that after fight of three hours outside the tOws
the Swiss succeeded In effecting an entran,e, and
the combat continued for two hours more 10 the
streets The Swiss msssacred women and iroffsa-
sive persons, and the town was in state of siege.
Nothing can be more calculated to rouse the
spirit Of insurrection throughout the whole PspA
States than such a massacre as this. Already
the flames of revolt had been kindled at several
important points This bloody business IL liKel5
to produce universal ccnfagration.
As commentary on this news we publish
historical and political account OF Perug,a, Ba-
logna, and the maritime cities which have 70
Gently revolted from the Pope. Oae of these
cities was formerly the capital Of the territory
which was known as the ex-archate, couferC0d
upon the Pope by Pepin and Charlemsgue.
Two Of them belonged to the maritime Pentapo-
lis, or the five cities dependent on the ex Archaic,
governed by the Lieutenants of the Eastern Ro
man Emperor after the seat Of empire was re-
moved to Constantinople. All Of them, aua
particularly Bologna, are identified with the MS
tory of the Middle Ages, and the rise of the free
cities which sprang first from the ruins Of tne
empire of the East, and afterwards from the
ruins Of the Western empire. All Of them are
filled with treasures Of ancient art, which are
models forever to the rest Of mankind. These
cities at one time belonged to the Pope at another
time they were seized by adventurous warriors,
or became the lawful aud devoted prey Of dukes
and duchesses, counts and countesses, either OF
German, French or Italian descent or they were
violently annexed to other cities or kingdoms
and empires. Again they became independent
republics. and were stimulated to the highest
greatness by Florence, the noblest of them all
Often while the territory around them became
tributary to the conqueror, they set bis arms at
defiance within then fortified walls. Ever Charlie
magne himself could not reduce them all, aud
some of those be gave the Pope were never sub
jected to the Emperor of the West, nor for genera
tons after to the Papa! power, while most Of
those cities which prcfessed subsection to tue
Roman Pope acted practically Independent Of
his authority in their whole system of internss
government.
The story OF the republics and free cities OF
Italy is full of interest and political instruction
tyrants and oppresscrs, their leagues for commons
defence against the common enemy, ana their
free institutions, suggested the idea of tAe Han
seattle league of free cities in Germany, which
lasted for four hundred years. and the leayoe OF
the Rhenish cities, which exerted so Important an
influence on the liberties of Europe. In 4act
they furnished the example Of freedom to the
Old World, and even model for the republic Of
the New World. But they never fully carried
out the idea of intimate political union aud thai
was the rock on which they split. The republics
of Greece fell from The same caure. In the cons.i-
tuition Of the United States tire imperfecticr
was remedied, and hence the strength and durs-
bilty of our confederation of republics. Aud
this is the only safety for italian freedom now.
if the kings and emperoIs in and around her
would only permit her several communities WITH
their common language and common religion, I'd
become another 9itzer,and-a confederation Of
united States-frcm the Alps to Sicily and the
Adriatic. But that is too glorious destiny to
expect at present for that fair and classic land
The temporal sovereignty of the Pope is the
great stumbling block in the way OF Italian
unity and independence That sovereignty he
had fairly lost unit restored by the treaty OF
Vienna, which is now made pusl and void It
was agein lost by revolution in 1913, aad par
TALLY restored by Napoleon LIE. on certain cou :
ditions a general amnesty, the secalariza-
ton of the administration, the Introduction
of the Code Napoleon, and q liberal govern
! mental which conditions have been VIC
lated by-his Holiness. The temporal dominion
is now again in jeopardy. But it is stated
that the Emperor Of the French guarantees his
| dominioas to the Pope. Whether he viii do 30
after the massacre OF Perugia, and after the de-
| cided manifestations Of feeling OF Bologna,
Rome end other cities, which he has pledged
himself to respect, 10 e question to whose so'u-
ton the civilized world now looks forward With
\ anxious solicitude. But is there any evidence