davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13

To Vim. NJ. Baldrdge, John Maxwell and X. c.
Eordon, (defendants)
N0U are hereby respectively notified that there
l. is now file In the Clerks office of the Dis
trict Court OF Lee County, Iowa, at keoknk, a pc
tition of Hiram Barney, claiming Judgment on
foreclosure of a mortgage against said VIM, III. Bal
drid re above named, for the sum of three hundred
twenty eight and % 100 dollars with ten per cent.
interest from the first day of December, 1858, and
n special and general execution against VIM. Nj.
Baldrdge, and against all said defendants
above named praying also for the foreclosure of =
mortgage given by said VIM. Nj. Baldridge to
Charles Mason, upon lot 8, block 81, in Keoknk,
Lee county, Iowa, the sale of said mortgaged
premises TO pay off said debt. the extinguish ment
Of all equity Of redemption therein, for costs and
general relief.
Now you and each Of you are notified to appear
and answer said petition on tie morning OF the
second day IF the next term Of said court, to be
holden on the first Monday of September, $50, or
judgment and decree will be had therein as prayed
for by default.
II. SCOTT HOWELL,
july 1g, lS5g-dIm Soi'r for Petitioner
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13
July I6, ls59.d1m
Original Notice.

To william Anderson, George Z. Sublett, John A.
Patterson, M Bushey, J. s. Jones and Mary Jones,
James Robinsoh, John Robinson and Mary Nc
Donnald, 1.-THE last four named being heirs at Law
Of Montgomery Robinson, deceased defen-
dants:
YOU are hereby respectively notified that there
is now on file in the Clerks Office OF the Dis
trict Court Of Lee County, Iowa, nj Keokuk pc
tition and amended petition of Hiram Barney,
claiming judgment on foreclosure Of mortgage
against said William Anderson above named for
the of three hundred seventeen and AS 100 dol
lars. with ten per cent interest from the first day
of December 1853, and special and general execu-
ton against William Anderson, and as against all
said defendants above named, praying also for the
foreclosure Of mortgage given by said William
Anderson to Charles Mason, upon lots and 9,
block lib, in Keokuk, Lee county, Iowa, the sale
Of said mortgaged premises to pay of said debt, the
extinguishment of all equity of resumption there
in, for costs Eh6 general relief.
Now you and each Of you are notified to appear
and answer said petition on the morning Of the
second day OF the next term Of said court TO be
holden on the first Monday Of September, 1859, or
judgment and decree will be had therein ~ prayed
for by default.
Ii. SCOTT HOWELL,
July 10, 1859 dim Sol'r for Petitioner.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13


DUBLIC NOTICE IL hereby given that on Sat
J. urday the 18th dayof August, A. D. 1859, b.
tween the hours Of 10 O'Clock a. m. and O'Clock D.
Of that day will proceed to sell at public sale
In front Of the Court House in the city of Keokuk
lee county and State Of Iowa, to the highest bid
der for cash. the following real estate to wit Lo,
No. eight (S) In block No. hundred and twenty
nine (l29l, in the city Of Keokuk, Lee county and
State Of Iowa.
The above sale will be made by virtue Of Deed
Of Trust executed op the 7th If April, A. ID. So
by A. d. Ball and Mary Ann his wife TO me, Sc
curing the paym emit Of two promissory notes made
by said A. b. Ball to James II. Bruce and by said
Bruce endorsed 10 ID. W Moare & Co., each dat ed
April LIST, 1885, for 32s3 30 100 each-the first due
in year, and which liz paid, and the second dus
In two years from its date, with exchange on Balt
more, and interest thereon after the fret day o.
April A. ID. 1858, and which remains past due anG
unpaid; and the said Deed of Trust having beoom,
available by reason Of such non-payment, now
will proceed to sell above stated and execute
deed to the purchaser at such saie, in pursuance
such trust.
GEO. G. DIXON, Trustee.
Keokuk, July IL, 1859 dim
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13
Or1 1anal Nssaec D.

- -EtUA10A NOvIGOe
10 ksnscss 1lplsy tlAts RAbssss Gayles), jacob
Eppley hef n.eeaaAs ya4es = 1stes. lee Rud-
Hale, lassisnee, 4e-), aaa ohapin Les. tdsfsn-
VuU are hereby respectively nosiAsd thas there
Il b now on fie In the Clerks 0dos OF the Dis
trict Court Of Lee County, Iowa, ~ Ksoksk, pc
tition 81 Hiram Barney, claiming judgment on
foreslssufe Of mortgage against said Rebeoca
Eppicy (late sayles) above nansd, for the sum Of
two hundred seventy and S. 100 dollars, with ten
per cent. Interest from the first day Of December,
1883, aud special and general execution against
Hebscca Eppley (late Sayles), and as against all
said defendants above named praying also for the
foreclosure Of mortgage given by said Rskecca
sayIcs, {now Eppley,) 10 Charles Mason, upon lots
and 9, block 1O3, in Keokuk, Lee county, Iowa,
the So Of said mortgaged premises TO pay of said
debt, the extinguishment Of all equity oY redemp-
ton therein, for costs and general relief
Now you and each of you are notified to appear
and answer said petition on the morning Of the
second day Of the next term Of said Court, to be
holden on the first Monday Of September, 1859, or
judgment and decree will DO had Their Elm as prayed
for by default.
II. SCOTT HOWELL,
July 10, ls59-dlm Sol'r for Petitioner.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13
Legal Notrcc.

To Josiah Danford, William r. GarrArd and Ada
0arrard his wife, and Henry Graham:
VOU and sach u You are hereby notified that
i there ID now on die in the olce Of the Clerk Of
the District Court Of Lee County, Iowa. at Keokuk,
petition OF Hiram Barney claiming II you the
said Josiah Danford the sum OF one hundred and
nifty dollars, with intsreat thereon from December
l, 1855 at the rate Of ten per cent. pr annum,
money due on mortgage made by you to Charles
Mason dated the 27fb day Of june, A. D. 1853; and
claiming Of each and al Of you the foreclosure Of
saidmortgage, the same being upon lot No. seven
~ in block hundred and ninety-six (lo6) in
the city of Keokuk, Lee county, Iowa. for the pur-
chase money; and said mortgage having been as
signed by said Mason TO said Hiram Barney, and
an order Of publication having been obtained as to
you said Henry Graham; Now unless you appear
and answer said petition on or before the morning
Of the second day Of the next term of said court
to commence at keokuk the first Monday Of
September, A. ID. 1889, decree and judgment win
be rendered against you as prayed In said petit
tion.
NOBLE Il STRONG,
July IL IS59-dIm Atty's for pltf
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13

To j. j. d. Scoles. William D. Daniels, Peter
Coughlin, q. W. Turner, s. 4. Marshall and os.
Conway (defendants):
VOU are hereby respectively notified that there
l. In now on file in the Clerks Once Of the Dis
trict Court Of Lee County, Iowa, ~ Keokuk, PEI
tition Of Hiram Barney, claiming judgment on
foreclosure Of mortgage against said J. j. d.
Scoes above named, for the sum Of two hun 'red
twenty one and S. 100 dollars. with ten per cent.
interest from the first day Of December 1858, and
q special and general execution against j. j. d.
Scoles, and as against all said defendants above
named praying also for the foreclosure Of mort
gage given by said y. j. ID. sccles to Chas Mason,
upon the half Of lots A. s and 8, block 133, in
keokuk, Lee county, Iowa, the sale Of said mort
gagged premises TO pay of said debt the extingush-
mont Of all equity Of redemption therein, for costs
and general relief.
Now you and each Of you are notified to appear
and answer eaid petition on the morning of the
second day OF the next term Of said Court, to be
holden on the first Monday of September, 1859, or
judgment and decree viii be had therein ~ prayed
for by default
III. SCOTT HOWELL,
July l6, l859-dlm Sol'r for Petitioner.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13

TUyO Aida DURHEE You are hereby notified
i that there il now on file in tho Office of the
Clerk of the District Court Of Lee County, Iowa,
at Keokuk, m original petition nled against .
r. 8. DuYyce deceased, claiming the foreclosure of
a mortgage given by him to J. B. Paul, and by
Paul assigned to the executors Of A. r. Thomas,
namely John M. Hiatt and Margaret Thomas, by
whom said petition IL filed, and that there is also
on file in the same case supplemental petition
alleging the death Of said Duryec and that you are
one OF his heirs, and maki ing you defendant in
said suit and unless you appear and answer said
petition on or before the second day Of the Sep
TENDER term of said court, commencing on the FIRST
Monday of September naxAw She m latter of said Pc
titon will DO decrccd against you ty default.
RANKIN, MILLER d ENsTER,
July 10, 1S5e-dlm Plaintiffs Att'ys.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13

nrsramnR Notice,

To B. A. williams, =. w. Rankin, (trustee) Chas.
BETTER, q Hunxicker, jerome 5. Ridley, james
e. Bruce, Bruce Daniels, Jas. j. Death, A. d.
Bullock, John B. Hatch, r. N. Wright, II. w.
Sample, John Winthrop, B. H. 6chly , A. u. Cor
don, c. r. Dimond, VIM. Schafer, Guy Wells,
VIM. Steel, John Bruce, J. >. Ntxhugh, George
G. Dixon {executor of Rob't Moore, decensed)
Israel Kerr, sem, Henry Beckwith, s. r. Miller,
Waterman, Robinson d CO., Israel Anderson, Sa-
rah Bruce, J. c. Ainswerth, James Humphreys
Bridgman b Reed, r. Wartman, Levi Sutlff, ia
cob Null and Inman Walling, (defendants):
XTOU are hereby respectively notified that there
/ is now On file in the Clerks Ofice Of the Dis
trct Court Of Lee County, Iowa, at keokuk, =
petition of Hiram Barney, claiming judgment on
foreclosure of mortgage against said B. A. VIII
liams above named, for the sum Of elk hundred
dollars, with ten per cent interest from the LIST
day of December, 1858, and special and general
execution against B. A. Williams, and against
all said defendants above named praying also for
the foreclosure of a mortgage given by said B. A.
Williams to Samuel Marsh, William Il. Lee and
Edward C. Delevan, Trustees, Ac.), upon lot III
block %, lot 7, block 80, and lots and s, block B.
all in the city Of heokuk, Lee county, Iowa, the
sale of said mortgaged premises to pay of said
debt, the extinguishment Of all equity Of redemp.
tion therein, for costs and general relief.
Now you and each Of you are notified to appear
and answer said petition the morning of the
second day Of the next term Of said Court, TO be
holden on the first Monday of September, 1859, OF
Judgment and decree will be had therein as pray
for by default.
Ii. SCOTT HOWELL,
July 10, 1S59-dIm Sol for petitioner.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13
Original Notice.

To Martin Mcdonald, ldefendant):
VoU hereby notified that there is now
l. ON file in the Clerks Office Of the District
Court of Leo County, Iowa at Kookuk, Pc
tition Of Hiram Barney, claiming judgment on
foreclosure Of mortgage against you for the
sum Of fifty nine and 80 100 dollars $3.50 o100),
with ten per cent. interest from the 10th day
OF May, 1859, and special and general execution
against you and praying also for the foreclosure Of
a mortgage given by you to Charles Mason, upon
lot /, block lat, in city OF Keokuk, Lee coxnty,
Iowa, the sale Of said mortgaged premises to pay
of said debt, the cxtinguishment of all equity Of
redemption therein, for costs aud general relief.
Now you notified to appear and answer said
petition on the morning Of the second day OF
tho next term Of said Court, to be holden on
the FIRST Monday of September, $50, or judgment
and decree will be had therein yed or by de-
fault.
III. SCOTT HOWELL,
July l6, 1S5p-dlm Sol'r for Petitioner.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13
Legal notice,

To Stephen u. Burbridge and George ". Lemon, os-
car ii. Burbridgc, Elizabeth M. Burbridge and
Jerome 3. Ridley, and Mary p. Lemon:
~ OU and each Of you hereby notified that
there is now on file in the office OF the Clerk Of
the district Court Of Lee County, Iowa, at Keokuk,
petition Of Isaac N. Green aud Samuel s. Bush
claiming of you the said stephen q Burbridge and
George W. Lemon the SUN of thrty-seven hun
dred and fifty dollars with interest from April Is,
1857. money due your prom.ssory note Of
said date for said sum, payable at Is months to
der of J. S. Ridley and said sam'l S. Bush, and
mortgage of same date to secure the on lot
No. twelve in block hundred and twenty-four,
in city Of Keokuk, Lee county, Iowa; and claim
ing against each and all Of yon the foreclosure Of
the ssid mortgage, and order of sale of said pro-
perty, the interest Of said Ridley In said note and
mortg having been assigned by him to the said
Isaac N. drecn and unless You appear and answer
said petition or before the morning Of the acc
ond day Of the term Of said District Court, TO
commence At Keokuk on the 6rst Monday in sep
tember, 1859, judgment and decree will be rem
dered against you in accordance with the prayer
Of said petition.
NOBLE d STRONG.
July IL, 1s5a-dim Atty's for pltfs.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13
Legal Notice.

TrO CURTIS II. CONN, James A. Rhoads, Chas.
l. Mason and Hiram Barney You are hereby no
titled that there is Glc in the office OF the
Clerk Of the District Court of Lee County Iowa, at
Keokuk, the petition of james w. Cox, claiming Of
Curtis T. Conn four thousand dollars on his two
promissory notes to said James w. Cox, each for
twelve hundred and fifty dollars; and praying as
against all Of you the foreclosure Of mortgage
real estate set forth in said petition, in which you
have or claim to have an interest
And unless you appear and answer said petition
on or before the second day of the next term of
said District Court, to be holden at keokuk on the
first Monday Of September, 1859, judgment will
be rendered against you by default.
RANKIN, MILLER Il ENSTER,
July 30, 1s59-dlm Plaintiff Is Attys.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13
Ortgtnar Nottce.

To W. w. johnson, Ell al, (defendants):
N0U arc hereby respectively notified that there
i is on file in the Clerks office OF the Dis
trict Court of Lee County, Iowa, at Keokuk, q
petition of Hiram Barney, claiming judgment
ON foreclosure of a mortgage against said W. w.
johnson above named for the sum of four hun
dred ffty-one and a5-io0 dollars, with ten per
cent. interest from the first day of December SIS,
and special and general execution against W. w.
johnson, and as against al! said defendants above
named praying also for the foreclosure of mort
gage given by said w, w. johnson to Charles Ma
son, upon lot one ~, block seventeen (l7) in keo-
kuk, Lee county, Iowa; the sale of said mortgaged
premises TO pay of said debt, the extingu ishment
OF all equity Of redemption therein for cost and
general relief.
Now you and each of you notified to appear
and answer said petition the morning of the
second day of the next term of said Court, to b,
holden on 'hs first Monday of September, 1859, Oh
judgment and decree viii be had therein as prayed
for by default.
III. SCOTT HOWELL,
JUN 10, 1859 dim Sol for Petitioner.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13


To Hiram Jones and Mary Jones, Oliver III. Cox,
w. a. W. Gait and Agnes Gait, Jesse Wicker
sham and David Rcddington:
VOU and each Of you hereby notified that
j there Ii now on file in the Office Of the Clerk Of
the District Court Of Lee County, Iowa, Mt Keokuk,
petition. Of James NJ. Billings, assignee Of Brown
Lowe, claiming Of you the said Hiram Jones and
Mary Jones the gum Of Ave hundred dollars, with
interest from April 10, 1885, rs money due on your
promis sorry note Of said date for said sum at three
years, to order OF D. H. Cox; and also claiming
against each and oil of you tho foreclosure OF .
mortgage made TO said Cox Of said date, to secure
s.id note s7A feet by 100 feet ont Of block ~
being 374 feet 18th street by 100 feet deep, de-,
tmore particularly described In mortgage,) in the
city of Keokuk, Lee county. Iowa, the same being
for the purchase money, and having with said note
been assigned to said Billings.
Now unless you appear and answer said petition
or before the second day Of the next term Of said
District Court, commencing on the FIRST Monday
in September tls59) judgment and decree viii be
rendered against you In accordance with the
prayer Of said petition.
July 20, 1s59dlm Atty'sfor Plt'f.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13

vIy0 LLOYD d. SIMPSON, Jos. X. Hickey, Stephen
i Jones, William l.. Barkley and Nat. Laion !:
Yon are hereby notified that there Is now on file in
the Office of the Clerk Of the District Court OF Lee
County Iowa, At Keokuk, petition Of Brom-
field L Ridley claiming of said Simpson and said
Hickey judgment for the sum Of three thousand
dollars money due on a note and power to con-
fess iud gment given to J. S. Ridley, and claiming
of al Of you the foreclosure of mortgage given
by said Simpson on lot 9, block 30, of the City Of
keokuk, to secure the payment of said sum Of
money, to which lot said Jones, Barley and La
fon set up some kind OF claim; and unless you APP
pear and answer said petition on or before the I'd
day of the next term Of said court, which com
mences on the first Monday of September next,
judgment will be rendered by default prayed for.
RANKIN MILLER ENSTER,
July 10. IS6o-dlm Pitts Atty'e.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13
r.craI Notice.


To james Lamb. executor Of the estate of VIM.
Lamb deceased, Franklin Meek and Elizabeth
Meek, Peter Newcomer and Roeanns Newcomer.
Hannah ID. Sargent and Snyder Sargent, Daniel
Woodward, Newton Lamb and ---- Lamb his
wife:
VoU and each Of you are hereby notified that
II there ID now on file in the Office of the Clerk
of the District cour, Of Loe County, lows, at keo-
kuk, petition Of Hiram Barney claiming of you
tho said Jamcs Lamb, executor Of the estate OF
William Lamb deceased the sum Of nine hundred
and sixty-sevsn and 100 dollars, with interest
thereon mt 10 per cent. per annum from MAY 10th,
1859, as money due mort gage made by William
Lamb In hisl ife time to Charles Mason, dated une
IS, 81; and claiming against each OF You land
the other parties defendant named in fad petition)
the foreclosure OF the said mortgage, the came be
ing upon be s-w OF the NV. Of sec. 33, also
the q. IL the NV. Of section 81 all in town
ship GO north, range west, in Lee county, Iowa,
for the purchase money; and the same having been
assigned by said Mason TO said Barney.
And unless you appear aud answer said petition
or or before The morning Of tn second day OF the
next term Of snid court, 70 mence at Keokck on
the first Monday in September, A. d. 1859, judg
ment y i'll be rendered against you ~ claimed IN
said petition.
NOBLE STRONG,
July 20, ls5g-d1m Atty's for Plt'f.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13
LEGAL Notice.


To stephen g. Burbridge, George w. Lemon. Oscar
ii. Burbridge, Elizabeth M. Burbridge, Jerome
s. Ridley and Mary P. Lemon:
V0u and each of you are hereby notified that
L there is now on file in the Office of the CLERK
OF the District Court of Lee County, Iowa, al
keokuk, petition Of Isaac N. Green claiming Of
you the said Stephen g. Burb1dge and George w
Lemon The sum OF twenty-five hundred and fifty
dollars, with interest from April Is, 1857, as mo
ney due on your promissory note Of said date for
said sum At Is months to order of Jerome s. Ridley;
and also claiming against each and all of you the
foreclosure of mortgage given at said date to Sc
cure the said note upon las the same is prayed to
be corrected in said petiion lots g. T. 10 and II in
block ~ in Reids Addition to the city of Keoknk
Lee county, Iowa; which note and mortgage have
been assigned to said Isaac N Green by said Ridley
and unless you appear and answer said petition on
or before the morning of the second day Of the mex,
term OF said District Court, tn be begun and holden
at Keckuk on the frat Monday in September, A. d
1852, judgment and decree viii be rendered against
You according to the prayer of said petition.
NOBLE 4 ST RhN6, =-..
July Is, 1Sya-dlm Plaintiffs Attys.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13

Fs original Notice.
To John Williams, ames Cowden and Jane Cow
den, (defendants):
NoU are hereby respectively notified that there
L il now on file in the Clerks Office Of the Dis
trict Court Of Lee County, Iowa, at keokuk, a pc
titon Of Hiram Barney claiming judgment on
foreclosure of mortgage against said John Will
liams above named, for the sum Of two hundred
ana five and 81 100 dollars with ten per cent. in
terest from the first day Of December 1853, aud q
special and general execution against John Will
liams. and as against all said defendants above
named praying also for the foreclosure Of mort
gage given by said John Williams to Chas. Mason,
upon lot Z, block 12S in Keokuk Lee county, Iowa,
the sale Of said mort tagged premises to pay OF
said debt, the extinguishment of all equity Of re-
demption therein, for costs and general relief.
Now you and each OF you arc notified to appear
and answer said petition on the morning Of the I'd
day Of the next term Of said court, TO be holden
the frst Monday Of September, 1859, or judg.
meut and decree will be had therein as prayed fol
by default.
II. SCOTT HOWELL,
July l6 lS5g-dlm Sol for Petitioner.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13
original office.

original N Office.
To Isaiah Hale, Chas Mason and John X. Bush, (de-
fendanis):
N0U are hereby respectively notified that there
L is now on file in the Clerks office of the lis
,rct Court of Lee County, Iowa, at keokuk, =
petition of Hiram Barney, claiming a Judgment
foreclosure of a mortgage against said Isaiah
Hale above named, for the sum If three hundred
sixty and 43l00 dollars with ten per cent interest
from the first day Of December, 1858, and special
and general execution against Isaiah Hale, and as
against all said defendants above named praying
also for the foreclosure of mortgage given by sad
Isaiah Hale to Charles Mason, upon lois and in
block 1872, in Keokuk, Lee county, Iowa, the sale
Of said mortgaged premises to pay off said debt,
the extinguisbment Of all equity Of redemption
therein. for costs and general relief.
Now you and each OF you are notified 10 appear
and answer said petition on the morning Of the
second day Of the next term of said Court TO be
holden on the first Monday of September, 1859, or
judgment and decree will be had therein Ms prayed
for by default.
ii. SCOTT HOWELL,
July 16 lS5q-dIm Sol'r for Petit tioner.
The daily Gate City. [volume] (Keokuk, Iowa) 1855-1916, 1859-08-13
Legal rsrscc.


To Joseph G. Trimble, Arabells v. Trimble and u
W. NAudaine
voU and each OF you are hereby notified that
there II now on 6lc in the office OF the Clerk
of the District Court Of Lee County, Iowa at keo-
kuk, . petition of J. M. Hiatt, Leander Harbine
and Robert Reed, claiming Of you the said Joseph
c. Trimble the sum Of $3.50 and interest at ten per
cent per annum from May -, 1856, as money due
on your promissory notes given for purchase money
of lots and two In block sixteen in Hiatt Har-
bipe Reeds subdivision OF the north west quarter
of section ont ., township 65 north, range west,
in Lee county Iowa; also, praying fer enforcement
of vendors lien In favor Of said petitioners against
all Of you, and fora foreclosure aud sale Of all your
interest in said premises to pay said claim interest
and costs, and for other and equitable relief in the
premises.
And unless You appear and answer said petition
on or before the morning of the second day Of the
next term of said court, TO commence ut Keokuk on
the first Monday of September, A. ID. 1859, the
said petition will be taken as confessed by you
and decree rendered in accordance with the prayer
thereof.
NOBLE d STRONG,
July 20 lS5Q-dIm Atty for Pit ifs.