The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1859-07-10
The War Ina Italy.
TUE STATES OF TIE CHURCH,

10 IL voua g al
The War in Italy.
THE STATES OF TIE CHURCH.
noe III year 1882 the States Of the Church arc divided
into twenty pro vinces OF which thirteen styled
Delegations, and six Legations, which Bologna, Fer
IaTa, Rsvepns, Urbno Pcssaro Forli and veller while
the province OF Rome bears the name of Comarca aud
that OF Ioretto the appsllaton Of Dom mssarias
The nation divided into four classes. the clergy the
nobility, the burghers, and the farmers The nobility
comprises princes and dukes belonging TO collateral
Of the popes, tho called senatorial nobility, Roman
srstocracy and the lower degrees Of nobility The high
Get State onlces generally taken by the Cardinals,
and most OF the other public offices either by pro-
iates or mobiles. The form Of government ia
elective monarchy The States OF tho Church are
ruled by the Pope who s the head Of Catholic church.
md invested with absolute power both spiritual and
poTai; which, however, Of late, has considerably
modified He elected out OF she College OF Cardinals
whose number Ii fixed At seventy The reigaing Pope
Plus TX, who previous to his election Count Fsrre
H. Archbisho2 OF imoia elected toe 10Th OF June
1916. he born tho 18th OF Nay, 1792, aud is
therefore In his peveuty eighth year. Besides hs naive
army. he keers Swiss guards. on which /. is said he
has reliance than tnoopa icon among his Italian
subjects.
Tne temporal power OF the Pope dates from the year
755, when Pepp, King Of the Franks erected the
called Exsrchste comprising among Others the cities and
towns OF RSvenpa Forli and Velletr Hs Charlie
mnene considerably enlarged this territory Ia the nlnh
century, after the death Of ChaTlemRene the PoDes
neean 10 claim 10 be Gods vlcegerents earo and TO-
wards the end OF the eleventh century they formally
crowns Kingdoms Of Earooe Ia begioniny OF the
fourteenth century King Philip ~ OF France subse
quenty tho Reformation 10 the sixteenth century put
end this usur patton The italian territories wresed
from Inc pOpedom by thu French and Napoleon In
1897 1908 and 1909 (n which last yesr Pope Plus
VII. was completely deprived of his temporal pnwsr)
stored by the Congress Of Vienna 10 1915 By the
revolution Of ls48 and ls4s the Pope driven from
his capital exile to the kingdom of Naples, aud
public established Strange to say, by the arms OF the
French under Louis Napoleon, defeating that Garibadi
who nov lighting Of the ieutenants OF the Eps
for Italian freedom the republic Overbr0wu and
the Pope restoret and would be acurous historical
fact il by the same ruler the Pope entirely stripped
their form Of government. In his address to 1.-THE
people Of Italy," the whole people Of Italy Of course
se. the v Alps r1 to the ar be
by contributing render free the most beautiful, lana IN
Europe. y No obstacle shall be raised to Me free
often favots nAons is does Individuals by ofsrpg
them the opportunity Of sudden greatness, but is
wisely" Truly wise words are these, We now prosees
TO give an account OF
TIE FRENCH SQUADRON FOR TnE ABeIArIo.
The Partisan correspondent Of the Independence
Beige states in his letter of the 18TH that the French
fleet, under the command of Admiral Romain-Des-
fOsses. will attack some point of the Venican coast
to facilitate an nsurrectionary movement in Venice
The French squadron will be composed of fifty
large and small vessels it will have on board a
landing corps Of about twenty thousand men.
Vice Admiral BOuet Vilaunez, commander of a
division Of the squadron, left Toulon the l4th; his
division to sail the next day, and that of Admit
raj Roman-D esfosses on the 18th. Rear Admiral
Jebenne will remain in TOulon with q reserve of
several ships.
division of the siege feet is composed Of the NIGGA
dor, the Conner, the Descartes and the Vauban, tow
ing three floating batteries-the Tonnante, Devasta
ton and the Lade. Admiral Bouet has his flag on
the Mogad0r, which lows the Tonnante, and heads
the column.
THE pEFENCEs OF VENICE.
Surprising the Austlians to be driven from Pes
chiera, Verona, Mantua and the heights of Caldero
they may retire upon the Pave, the Tagiamento
or perhaps the 1sonzo and with the aid of the for
tresses Of Palma and Gradisca situated on either
side OF the latter river, make final stand for the
recovery of Lombardy. But Venice will then have
TO be taken, and it is a city not easily captured
The entrances from the Adriatic are all defended
and from the western side, from which the Allies
may make the attack, great difficulties will present
themselves. About five miles from Venice, on the
canal Mestre, stands, surrounded by water, the
great fort Of Malghera. When Baron Haynau
under Radetzky, bombarded this fort in 1913, to
subjugate the Venetans, he opened fire from
nlnetyslX pieces OF cannon, and maintained it I'M
ceasingy for seventy hours until at length it be-
came untenable, and the besieged evacuated the
place. They then maintained an obstinate resistance
at the Notifications of San Giuliano San Secundo
",
OF which, except Brondolo, they subsequently re-
tired. If all these Notifications be taken by the
Allies, about three miles of water will yet flow
between them and the city. In lS49 Radetzky
tried every then available means to subdue the dis
affected. Nearly co. 600 shot and shell were directed
at the city from the forts of San Giulano San Sc
cundo and other points, but with little or no effect
and, as last effort balloons were employed to fire
It, but with no better success, until in the case
Of Peschiera and Mantua, referred to above famine
alone compelled surrender. The bombardment Of
fort Malghera commenced on the 9th of May, and
the. operations against that fort and the city,
including terrific discharge of red hot shot from
tort Giuliano lasted until the 2lst of August,
when the citizens surrendered. The main land
on the west is connected with the city by
magnificent railway bridge, nearly two and half
miles long. Doubtless in case of attack, many of
the arches of this bridge will be destroyed as in
lo4s to prevent access to the city and from end to
defence of the place by the formation Of batteries
along the line: An obstacle to the bombardment
Of the city of Venice may present itself to the
Allies from the fact that although its high authori
mass OF the people, judging from the memorable
events OF 1913, are their friends, and would now,
perhaps, like the Milanese, hail the Allies as their
deiverers To efectually lombard the one would
be to lnfiictineparabe injury on the other.
Such are the difficulties to be encountered and
the obstacles to be overcome referred to by the
Emperor, and in preparation for which the inl-
mense siege train and fotilla of cunboats are
required and an additional reinforcement of 100 900
men.
INTERESTING FROM VENICE AND THE ADR1Ar1c.
Translated from tho Remin To- correspondence Of
the PARIS Pays, for the New York HERAID1
The division of the army commanded by RearAd-
nii1 JurIen de la Cravere, has ever remained in
the same situation of expectation since its arrival
in the Adriatic. This division, composed of the
steam lne-ofbattleships Algesiras, Eylau, Napo.
leon, the frgate Impetueuse and the aviso Chaptal
and which in few days is to be joined by the steam
frgate Isy is anchored before tie port Of Malamoc-
co, where it watches the Austrian frigates which
have taken refuge in that port.
Those frigates, several Of which are pro
PEELED by steam. do not even dare to make
sally; and that salutary terror has inspired the
Austrian government with the idea of encunbering
the pass of that port by sinking three vessels there
sage, which is shut by a strong chain.
II seems to be the intention Of the Austrians to
send some gunboats to the defence of the mouth