Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, 1859-05-21
Tho Three War Chiefs of Europe.


sovereigns of Europe, and chiefs in the pre-
sent European war, We copy, with the extep-
ton Of some slight alterations, from the Phil
adelphia Press:
FRANCIS JOSEPH, EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA.
Francis Joseph Charles, Emperor of Aus
tria, was born August 18th, 1880. His I'M
Gle, Ferdinand l., abdicatsd ON December =,
1919, and this young gentleman assembled
the throne, as next heir. The young Empe-
ror commenced his reign by issuing u procla-
nation to his subjects, full of promises. I'm
der his rule, Austria was to have freedom
and constitutional governmental mon
archy was to be reformed-the people were
to have equality of government, on the basis
of true liberty, and on the basis of their equal
participation in the representation and legis-
lation. Scarcely was his signature dry on
this document, when he closed the national
representative assembly met at kremaser;
cancelled the ancient constitution OF lunga-
nv, substituting new charter which, being
a dead letter, was withdrawn in eighteen
months called on the aid of the late Emperor
of Russia, to crush all vitality of Freedom in
Hungary, and, under Radetzky, suppressed
all attempts at liberty in Lombardy and Ven,
ice He made his ministers accountable, not
to the law, but personally to himself. Some
few concessions he appeared to make to the
masses, but in Austrian Italy, his will Is
supreme, and in Austria he has substituted
his own personal command for the whole
some restrictions of the law. lie has main
tanned an immense army, even Ill time OF the
greatest peace, ut a cost 80 vast that the ma,
tional resources have been greatly injured.
Loan after loan, each at ruinouS rates, have
kept Austria in difficulties, and under a great
weight Of taxation. His latest financial niea'
sure, since the war with Sardinia commenced
was to suspend the payment OF specie by the
Bank Of Austria, and 10 create fictitious mo-
ney by the issue of assignats. In 1854, he
took part with France and England against
Russia. Ever since his accession to the
throne, he has treated his Italian subject,
with great tyranny. In their discomfort,
they looked for aid to free Sardinia, and the
appeal, which has once more made France Il
c0mbatant on Italian soil, and will probably
drive the Austrians out of Italy, has to be
decided now by force of arms. Francis
Joseph is said to be well informed, bold,
scheming, and INSCRIPTIONS. In April,
1854, he was married to a Bayarian Prn-
cess. In the private relations of life, his
conduct is said always to have been highly
moral and exemplary.
VICTOR EMMANUEL, KING OF SARDINIA.
Victor Emmanuel III was born March IA,
1920. His mother was an Austrian princess,
and his father was the late King, Charles
Albert Brought up under CLERICAL instruc,
ton, Victor Emmanuel, then bearing the title
of Duke of Savoy, went largely into society,
bore commission in the army, and was well
known as keen lover of ield-sports. In
1912, he married the Archduchess Adelaide,
of Austria, since dead. When the French
Revolution of lS4S caused political commo-
ton in Italy, the Pope actually taking the
lead as political Regeneration, King Charles
Albert raised the banner of Piedmont, and q
few DAYS after the Austrians were driven out
of Milan, proclaimed the war OF Italian In
dependence. All through the campaign
which followed, Victor Emmanuel, spirited
ly fought by his fathers side, and greatly
distinguished himself, on March "A, lS49, III
the battle of Novarra, when the Sandman
army was defeated That very evening
Charles Albert abdicatcd, and Victor En-
manuel became King of Sardinia-which
kingdom really includes not only the island
of Sardinia, but also Piedmont, Savoy, the Lo-
mellina, and Genoa, all in Italy. Charles
Albert retired to Portugal, where he died
soon after
Little was expected from Victor Emman-
uel. His subjects rather distrusted him, and,
for a time, he had to encounter many internal
difficulties Austria offered him the Duchy
of Parma, if he would repudiate the Con-
stitution, to which he had sworn, with his
father, in February, lS49, but he refused the
bride. Genoa proclaimed Provisional Gov
eminent against him, but he speedily put
down the Emuete After the beginning OF
1850, when the Sandman Parliament tardlly
ratified the peace with Austria, public con-
tidence began to rely on the wisdom patriot
ism, and boldness of the King. lie broke
with Rome, asserting the national indepen-
dence of his Kingdom in tempo raj matters,
and NAV be said to have become indepen-
dent of the Papal See, in spiritual matters
also. In January, 1855, he formed that
alliance with France and England, against
Russia, which led to his sendinga Sandman
army to the Crimea. At the close ofthe
war he visited France and England, and
was warmly received in both Countries
In the Congress at Paris, to adl ust the terms
of Peace, after the Crimean War, Austria
strongly objected to Sardinia being repre-
sented there by Minister. This was over
ruled, on the ground that having toug mt,
Sardinia had earned right to have voice
on the terms of peace. Victor Emmanuel,
bold and dashing soldier, commands IN
person during the present campaign.
LOUIS NAPOLEON, EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH.
Biographical particulars re ating to Napo-
leon III are so well known by newspaper
readers, that it seems nearly superhuous to
give any here. Louis Napoleon, born at the
Tuileries in Paris, April Goth, 1908, was the
second son of Louis Bonaparte, King Of
Holland, and Ilortense Beauharnais, only
daughter of the Empress Josephine. After
the fall of Napoleon l, the Bonaparte family
had to live out of France. Louis Napoleon,
with his elder brother and mother lived in
Switzerland when the Revolution OF July
placed Louis Philippe on the throne of
France In the following year, Louis Ma
poleon and his brother went to Italy, where
both took part in an insurrection at Rome.
The brother died the same year. From
1882 to 1885, Louis Napoleon, who by the
death of his cousin, the King of Rome had
become head of the Napoleon family, devo,
ted himself to study and produced several
works, political and military. His Manu-,
el sur PArtillerie" has been highly spoken OF
by military men, and we believe that 1t Is