The weekly hawk-eye. [volume] (Burlington, Iowa) 1858-1860, 1859-07-30


The Dsneeratle R1ssy anA rsrssen
CasGDe0ss
tfron the New Torx Bseuhe RssGl
We arc not certain that many of eaf reader,
understand how beaps Afe Taught . dance.-
They are made to stand - y1Atss q hos iron
and the annimala, finding their position LITTLE
painful. shift the T Soosing utth great rapidit,
I'LL that species os motion becones familiar viii
them. M. Bachanan's adninistrstion hass
been suhjected to similar psecssse, aud have
acquired the ~rs Of shifting their position p,
perfectly % any Bsuin that ever danced at 4
fair. They have fouud the naturalization ques
zion very uncomfostable thing to stand upon
and accordingly. in changing their ground
have nearly made the entire tour Of Ill the differ
eat doctrines on the subject.
That our readers may undersand fully wkai
oil this diepute IL about, We quote from the
London Times the account given By one Of it,
correspondents " the military system Of Prussia
which Is not very unlike that which prevails ia
other parts Of Germany:
- Every Pfussian subject, on attaining hi
twentieth year, is compelled to serve in the
ranks Of the army. Those who have received
military education, and who ATE intended to
follow the pursuits Of the army, pass their ex.
animation. after service Of some months, and
become officers. The grand macs, however,
thew hole Of the private soldiers--serve in the
ranks for three years, and then join the reserve,
n which they remain for two years longer. BY
Z curious condition Of the military Organization,
these reserves can only be embodied when
the Landwehr are called OUT. Having compiet.
ed his service, the soldier doffs his uniform and
resumes his peaceful pursuits as . citizen. But
hnnf ~nRN inhf he q
NOR his spear into . pruning hook, for he
Ffemains in the Landwehr until bis forticth
year, and must devote fifteen days annually to
military exercises. TIE Landwehr 10 divided
into two classes. The first contains oil be-
tween the ages Of twenty five and thirty two !;
and the second those between thirty-;wo and
forty. Even NJ forty the PGussian subject has
not completed his military allegiance to his
country, for he Rename in the Landstrum until
the age OF sixty, and his services are called for
in case OF foreign invasion. Such, in few
words, is the Prussian military system, and it
is sufficient to show the enormous results of the
mobilization which took place last month.
1.-THE Prussian army is divided into nine corps
darmes, and on the LIST Of Janury $4,000 We're
serving in its ranks. The reserve consisted of
$4,000 and the .wo classes OF the Landwerh Of
about 100000 more whereof about 10000
were in tie first appeal OF those nine
corps six have been modified, and the order
to mobilize the remainder may be expected
daily"
Every man, therefore, in Prussia, until the
age of sixty, belongs to the army. He 10 pri-
yate soldier in consequence OF being o subject.
He is called into the army Al the age Of twenty;
drilled and made to serve for three years then
to join the corps called the reserve
for two years longer; he is then placed in
the Iaadwshr till forty, and allowed to fol
low his ordinary civil occupations, but is
liable to be called IN actual service at any
moment he is finally placed in the LandstrMn,
where he remains till he is sixty, subject to
the call of bis government TO repel foreign
invasion.
1t is against this liability to be compelled to
engage in the military service Of their native
country, after they become American citizens,
that the Germans naturalized in The United
States desires to be protected. They are not
runaways; they are nos deserters They we're
called or drafted into the army in their YOUTH
they served perhaps the prescribed time; they
belonged TO the Londuehr: they were liable, if
they remained in Germany, to perform service
in the field at the command of their government.
They left their country with passports--that is
TO say with the permission OF the civil author-
can citizens. and their government knew it,
What they demand is, that when they 60 back
they shall not be considered as belonging to
that great army which comprises every able
bodied subject over twenty years of age, and
shall not be forced into the military service of
the countrysto which they have renowned
allegiance. This protection Mr.. Buchanan's
speaking through the proper
department the State Department, with Mr..
Cass as its head declares its determination to
deny them.
To show how, in treating this question, the
has danced from one position to
another, we quote from documents which have
already been published. Here is
No. /.
II have to state that it is understood that the
French government claims military service from
all natives o! France who may be found within
it's jurisdiction. Your naturalization in this
country will not exempt you from that claim,
should you voluntarily repair thiher. "-Secre-
tary Cass's letter to Nc. lie Cierc, dated June
llth, 1859.
This, our readers will see, is broad, sweep
ing assertion Of the doctrine that the foreign
born citizen of the United States has no rights
that will exempt him from military service in
the country Of his birth. The bear plants all his
being found little uncomfortable, the Admin
istration tried to change it little In the
course Of q fortnight M. Cass and his principal
had learned that the people would hardly be sa-
tisfed With such a remuneration OF the rights of
the American citizen, and, therefore, it was
thought best to contine the remuneration to the
case of those who belonged to such military
bodies rs the Prussian I.andwehr. Accol dinghy
they issued another bulletin, which we shall
call
No. 2.
"The position OF the United States, as COM
municated to our Minister at Berlin for the in
formation of the Prussian government, is, that
native born Prussians naturalized in the United
States and returning to the country OF their
birth are not liable to any duties or penalties,
except such as were existing ut the period OF
their emigration Secretary Cass's Letter TO
Mr.. Hotter, June ID, 1859.
According to the rule which Mr.. Cass here
lays down, not man born in Prussia who mi-
grated to this country after be was twenty
years OF age, will be saved by his naturalization
here from the fate OF being forced into the Prus-
sian ranks, to do duty as a common soldier, if
he should ever return to the country of his
birth. This, however, was more unfortunate
position for the Administration than even the
other, for it was specific application OF its doc
trine TO n case which interested the feelings OF
every German resident in the United States in
this emergency Mr.. Caleb Cushing, of Massa-
late Attorney Gederal OF the United
States, stepped in with what We may call
No. 8.
~ understand, my dear General, that the doe
& inc Of perpetual and absolute allegiance, from
which, as q source, the denial of the right OF
emigration flows, ia not admitted by the United
States; that the assertion OF the right OF self
expatriation, whether to the United States or
tberefrom, is one Of the principles OF the iunda
mental public law of the the whole Union, aud
of each one of The States; that the right o. en-
ipration is of universal natural law; that the
rea, question in every such case 10 one of cir
cums,ances aud conditions for the reconcile
meat of the general with individual interests;
that these CONDITIONS are gooS faith, discharge
OF subsisting obligations 20 the society left, snd
consummated expatriatiou ia TACT; aud that in
ell our intercourse with foreign governments
these doctrines always have been hitherto, and
still continue to be, maintained by the United
Statcs."-Caleb Cushing's Letter to mir. Lewis
Cass, adopted by Cass as the doctrine OF the