The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1859-08-19
EUROPE.
THE LIBERATION OF ITALY
BY THE SAXONIA.

BY THE SAXONTA.
THE LIBERATION OF ITALY.
The Paris Constitutional publishes the following
article, divided into six parts and signed "GranieT
de Cassagnac:"
l. Much has been said about the ingratitude of Ita-
ly. 1t would be too sad to believe in it, but it NAV
not be useless to show that it has neither cause nor
pretext. AS long as the lasted, the feeling of
benefits received and the ov at delverence ESCAPED
in noisy outbursts from the Italian hearts, and
marked the march of our armies The conclusion
of peace has suddenly stided their cries. frozen
their souls, killed their hopes or illusions; and at
the first blush, Italy delivered has not differed much
from Italy oppressed.
Since then, common sense and Justice resuming
their rights, the position of Italy made by the de-
yotiOn of France has been better Appreciated
Nevertheless, all Italians do not exactly understand
what that position is, and what has cost Instead
OF surrounding the name and the person of the EN-.
peror Napoleon with unbounded gratitude, they
seem to forget little what his personal efforts have
been Tor the Italian cause, the nature and the
number of the obstacles which impeded him,
and which he alone in the world had the
resolution to meet and the power to overcome.
Let us enumerate these obstacles, immense at the
outset: Everywhere profound aversion to war, in
France as well as in the rest of Europe little conf
dence IN the wisdom of Italy; difficulty in separating
the cause of nationality from the cfrevoluton;
general fears of demagoguical outbreak. These OBJ
stacles, still present to the memory of all men, and
which have been encountered and surmounted by
the sole will OF the Emperor-let US consider them
once more that the grandeur of the attempt NAV if
necessary, elucidate the enormitv of ingratitude
II. To give reasonable satisfaction to Italy was
evidently to stie central hotbed of agitation and
to work towards the paciticaton of Europe; but to
give reasonable satisfaction to Italy twas necessary
to establish her nationality and to accept to de-
liver her from foreign domination, the chances of
an obstinate struggle with one of the first military
Powers of Europe. That plan, vast doubtless, but
IN itself most sensible, presented itself suddenly be-
fore the public mind, so natural was it. Neverthe-
less when it stood forth clearly abroad how was it
received by public opinion in Europe and France
BY profound and universal explosion of discon-
tent and objection, those same English German and
Spanish journals which now find that the Emperor
has done very little for Italy by tearingup the trea
ties OF 1915. which enchained it, were then of the
opinion that one could not dream of depriving Aus
tria of one inch of ground in Lombardy without
thereby upsetiEg the balance of power in
Euron". aud without immediately provoking
all interested States to come to her defence
Ill. In France the apprehensions were general
ana public; in Europe the threats were scarcely
disguised Without speaking of the mistrust in
splred by the Italian characteT-bv their disunion
their apathy, and recent attempts-justly aroused
In France, there was. nevertheless, real and deep
sympathy for the cause of Italy. But honest men
did not look upon the possible results as on level
with sure chances. Repugnance felt to risk
re-established order, security, public prosperity
perhaps the future, in a national attempt doubtless
]
one nation, had to be consolidated bv the energy
and wisdom of another.
In Europe the same repugnance, the same obec
tions evinced, with less deicacy ofexpression
Germany threw out menace; Prussia was not re-
| assuring; the English Government spoke out loudly
for Austria. Italy herself, with the exception of
Piedmont and some of the patriots in the Duchies
remained silent; Rome was anxious and complained
Nevertheless, Austria, resoute and prepared for
war, had already invaded Piedmont; Piacenza
Parma, Ferrara and AncOna were in the power of
the imperial troops. Every day the news was ex-
pected at Paris of the entrance of the Austriaps
into Turin; and Germany threatened attack on
the Rhine, if French army crossed the Alps. Such
is, it is known faithful picture Of the difficulties
and perils attached to the deliverance of Italy.
Never, surely, there greater or more pressing
ones, and yet did they stop intmidate the liberia
! tor p? No.
IV.-In few days the Emperor triumphs over all
internal difficulties, calls back, rallies round him
| public opinion by his superior common sense, his
raightforwardness and his services then certain
OF the support OF France, he braves the discomfort
of Europe, and in a campaign of two months he de-
! lVers Piedmont, the whole of Central Italv and all
Lombardy. The effort was heroic, annhiating,
decisive; and the armies of Austria, brought from
! the banks of the Sesa to the banks of the Adige
sheltered themselves behind the guns of their for
| midable fortresses. Once there, what to be
! done?
| 1t became necessary to obtain and secure the re-
suit which was the object of the war-namely, to
| deliver Italy from the Austrian rule; to establish
should be anything but Italian, whatever might be
the conditions in detail of the National Confedera-
| ton about TO be established.
| That was the object of the expedition, the price
| of the sacrifices and of the blood of France 1t
ought to be achieved, let repeat it; but ought it
absolutely to imply the burden of war to the knife
! If the more essential part could be obtained by
| a moderate peace?
V. The Emperor of Austria moved at last by the
dangers threatening general order, and by the
wishes of Europe suppressing the sentiments natu-
raj to the head of military government still sup
ported by powerful army, and making concessions
one quarter of which would have prevented war
two months earlier, cedes Lombardy, recognizes
the complete independence of Italian nationality
admits confederation of all the States of the Pen
| insula, which Venice will lein Italian territory
| as Luxembourg joined the German Confederation
that is to say remaining the property of the En-
peror of Austria, but not Of the Austrian empire.
Austria retains, it is true, Mantua, Verona, Pes
chiera and Legnano; but independently of her
paramount influence in Italy she gives up the for
tresses of Piacenza, BresceIo, Pizzgettone, Rocca
dAnto, Ferrara, and Ancona, and all that portion
| of the Venetian territory which extended towards
Volta, on the right bank of the Minco, and which
| formed part of Veneta. Doubtless, in not sepa-
rating Venice completely and absolutely from the
| House of Hapsburg, the Emperor has not done all
that he wished to do for Italy; but as a French
sovereign he has done all that he was allowed to do
Have men clearly put the question to themselves,
| what the difference would have cost?
1t would have cost sieges, new battles new loans,
immediate war on the Rhine disturbances in Cen
trail Italy, instructions in Hungary and elsewhere,
| which it would have been necessary to tolerate,
| perhaps to encourage; in word, it would have
cost the abandonment of the principles of order and
the adoption of the principles of revolutiOn-of agi-
taton for the present and abyss for the future
without speaking of possible return of good for
! tune. Compared to such dangers, what a deter
mined ard successful war might have procured for
Venice sinks into insignifcance. And will Italy re
| fuse this sacrifice to the Emperor and to France,
made urn EaaS for har
VI. The Emperor, who had the modesty recently
| to explain the motives of his conduct in italy, has
said that he has done all he could do without COM
promising the destinies of France We citizens
spectfully, but to say that the Emperor has fully
fulfilled his promise The confidence of the coun-
| try compels him; and it is because he has great
power that he ought to show great moderation
HencefUrth Italian nationality exists if the Italians
are clever and wise enough to turn to account the
advantages which the peace secures to them.
If the consequences of the peace of Villafranca
receive the development which may be expected
from it, and which, we hope, will be attained It
ally will only form confederate country, OF
which Venice will form part; Piedmont will domi-
nate by her influence, and will form State of s.
100000 of souls; the Pope, having already promised
important reforms, secularizing his government
and granting liberal reforms in the provinces. will
give the example of serious and practical reforms
wnlch, emanatlng from so high quarter, cannot
fail to have fruitful results
This is what Italy will be indebted for to the
Emperor Napoleon, who has known how to conc
ate the interests of Italy with the duties of France
! and the peace of the world. In the eyes of Eu
rope the benefit is immense, and Italy will not les
sen it by overlooking it. Italy understands we
convinced oft, that she is really free. If she
does not understand it, so much the worse for her
Let her ponder well upon it. If the powerful hand
which for moment was extended to her should
be withdrawn, neither the fine speeches in the Eng
lish Parliament, partial insur urrections nor ster
lie sympathies from the liberal party in Europe
would prevent Austria from once more domina
ting over Italy, and then it would be-rom Turir
to Messina
From the London Times
THE AUSTRIAN ARMY IN ITALY
Field-Marshal Count Schck, once, on visit t.
England, having heard much in military circles o
the discipline of the Guards, proceeded to Hyd
Park to see them drilled. The men went through
their exercise admirably, and Count Schlick ex
pressed in appropriate terms the pleasure he felt
the precision of their movements. One thing h.
confessed, excited his wonder There was but on
officer present, and the parade was directed by