The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1859-08-14

stored the Pope 70 Rome and Rome and his temporal do
nnons to the Pope in 1874 except that part Of the pro
vince Of Ferrara situated the left bank of the Po
which Austria retained, together with the right of
occupying the places o. the city of FerrarA and
Commachio. The Pope, through Cardinal Consal
vi, protested against the latter measure al the
Congress Of Vienna where his restoration WAS settled
But no attention paid to the Pope's protest
The occupation Of the city, well as the citadel Of Fer
rara by Austria, in ls47, the ground that the word
"place in the treaty applied To the entire city, reused
spirit Of nationality and nsurrecton against Austria
which was momentarily appeMed by the surrender of
both city and citadel 70 the Pope which, however, were
Afterwards occupied, - well a. the greater part OF the
territory Of the Church, by an Austrian army.
The States Of the Church divided into twenty pro.
vinces The u the Comarca Of Rome, including with
in III Jurisdiction the capital and the Agro Romano The
other nineteen divided into two caeees Legations and
Delegations. The Legations governed by Cardinals
and the Delegations for the most part by Preates with
the title Of Monsegnore. The office Of Prelate peculiar
to the Papa States He h not bishop necessarily an
but must continue in ceibacy when in Office
This Office the stepping preferment in the higher
Offices Of State. There six Legations-BoognA Feara
For Ravenna Urbno with Pesaro) and velleri There
are thirteen delegations Provinces among which are
Ancona, Perugia Civa vecchia and Bensvenso The Le
cations and Delegations divided into d..os the lat
ter into governorshipe and hsve again into communes
Tia government il SORT Of theocracy-an elective alb
solute poco religious monArchy-chosen By the College
Of Cardinals
The municipal government Of Rome ID entrusted TO the
Senator an officer Of high antiquity, and generally Of
of the great paician families and the Conservatory with
municipal body OF forty councillors, selected by the
Pope. Their functions purely municipal, In the
contracted sense, neither exercising magsteral duties
interfering with the police The revenues Of the city
amount To about $4,000 annually OF which twothrds
seized by the government, leaving the municipality
with very inadequate Hence Rome, as regards
lighting clear sing and paving il in worse condition than
almost any other city in Europe
The revenue Of the Papal States about twelve millions
Of dollars. The expense Of collection amounts to twenty
five per cent on the receipts.
The States Of Church divided into three military
divisions-Rome, Bologna and Ancona The army Is un-
der the direction OF Minister Of War; Of late military
man. The Swiss Body Guard Of the Pope comprises 1H
foot sodieYs who carry the ancient haoert and wear the
singular costume said 10 have been devised by Michael
Ar cello. The Pope's "Noble Guard" Is q mounted corps
of eighty noblenen. The whole Papal military force,
stng chiefly Of Swiss numbers about Is 900 foot and
800 horse, exclusive OF the gsadayme Tor national
guard placed under the direction Of the police The navy
consists OF solitary gunbrg, some small craft, and two
or three steamers.
The education Of the lower classes less attended to
than In any other country in Italy except Naples There
are few countries in Europe which enjoy natural
advantages Of coil and climate than the States Of the
Church. but their resources owing to mssovernment
main undeveloped.
The College Of Cardinals numbers seventy when is
compls-thst being the limit fixed by Sextus w., in alu
sion to the seventy disciples out by Christ preach
the Gospel over the world. OF these six cardinal
bishops Of the ak suburban doceses, h.y cardinal
priests who have all titles from parish churches in Roms
and fourteen cardinal deacons who have their titles
from churches In Rome Of less note. The cardinals are
created by the Pope when there vacsnces sometimes
he two at q time, but generally he defers
the appointments till there ten twelve vacancies
when the Catholic kings and emperors Of Europe have
right to present candidate EACH and there be not
very great objection they are all appointed The
cardinals commonly promoted from among such cler
~ nen have borne Offices in the Roman Coart some
are taken from the orders Of monks eminent eccle-
siasiiee OF other countries are likewise honored with
this dignity Ike Cardinal Wseman, OF England, and
formerly Cardinal wolsey, Cardinal Richeleu and
Cardinal Pole. Sons Of Catholic soveregns have
frequently been members Of ".he Sacred College"
Their distinctive dren Is scarlet, 70 signify that
they ought 10 ready shed their blood for the faith
and church when the defence and honor OF either require
H. They wear scarlet cap and lat the cap 10 given to
them by the Pope, they are at Rome, and Is sent 10
them they absent but the hat given except
by the Popes own hand. These cardinals have here
tofore formed the Pope's standing council, con-
sstory, for the Management Of the public affairs Of
the Church and State The Emperor Of the French in
ls4o required the Pope to change the government
Of The State to hy instesd Of ecclesiastical gov.
eminent, and tie old system Hierarchy Congreglzo-
nj has been abolished except for ecclesiastical purposes
but the Pope h,s not Jet fully eecuazed the
At present only half are aymen though aymen are
ele bile To all Offices except that Of Secretary Of
Formerly the cardinals were divided into different congre
cations for the more easy despatch Of business and
Of their number had principal Offices in the Ponca
Court a. that Of CARDINAL Vicar Pententary Chaocelor
Chamberlain Prefect Of the Signature OF Justice Prefec
Of Memorials and Secretary Of State All the political
ministers Of the Pope chosen from among the card
mas, who have the title Of Eminence and Most Emil
nent."
The greater par OF the cardinals Insignificant IN
passive mere instruments In the hands OF the eAdsrs
who are divided into two factions, the one consisting
those who had held Office the time Of the last Pope th
ether Of hoae who hal been raised into consequence oy
biz immediate predecessor for a. Popes are generally
elected In advanced LIFE, their partsans survive them
long time and acquire BY experience and management an
irnuerce quite equal 10 that which belongs the receu
poeseors Of authority third interest IN the conclavel
Of the cardnas and oen the most considerable OF
that foreign cardna who represent the vew Of III
CAaholc States 70 which they respectively belong. Snc'
the middle Of the sixteenth century the Catholic Power
have commonly insssed on the election of Pope BENZ
made The principle Of The balance Of power; ant
France, Spain and Portugal have always claimed and