davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.
LATER FROM EUROPE.

The steamers Niagara and Alps, with Liverpool
dates to the 18th, have arrived. Cotton had ad-
vanced on fine, and on middling qualities.
Breadstuffs had declining tendency.
The House of Commons had rejected the Gov
ernment Bill, partially abolishing church rates, by
a large majority.
Lord Dowley has left for Vienna. 1t is report
ed that he bears satisfactory proposition, but the
latest Paris advices less pacific. French funds
have declined une per cent.
Sir John Russell gave notice of the amendment
to the Reform Bill, to the effect that no adjust
ment of franchise will satisfy the House or the
country, which does not provide for greater ex-
tension of suffrage in the cities and boroughs than
the Bill provides. Mr. Wilde gave notice of an
amendment providing for ballot.
Five of the Phoenix Club in Ireland are being
tried for treason. They are charged with con-
spring to establish Democratic Republic in Ire
land, with ramifcations in France and America.
The latest from London on Saturday, represents
that Consols had fell quarter the day previous,
caused by depression in Paris.
The No1d newspaper distinctly asserts that Ma
poleon consented to the insertion of the pacific
article in the Moniteur to show his moderation;
but if the present difficulties not settled by
diplomacy, if Austria does not yield, he will mol
shrink from the consequences.
LATER-Cotton declined.
The steamer Persia has arrived with Liverpool
dates to the 10Th, four days later than the above
Cotton had declined in Liverpool one-eighth Of
a penny all qualities.
Affairs in Europe are said to have the appear
ance of war, but how, why and wherefore is not
stated
The Irish treason trials had resulted in dis
agreement of the Jury.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05
A HUSBAND POISONED BY HIS WIFE.

A day or two since, Isaac johnson, farmer of
this county, and very honest and upright citizen,
died under such peculiar circumstances, that it
was not only by his neighbors but by the physicians
who attended him during his illness, strongly
believed that he had been poisoned Accordingly,
Drs. Glenn and Black proceeded expeditiously
as possible, to make post norton examination of
the deceased, to become fully satisfied as to the
causes of his death The parts of the body taken
out were placed aside to be reserved for a short
time, before the physicians continued the examina-
ton. Upon returning, neither the parts of the
body, nor the vessel in which they were placed,
could be found.
This circumstance fully confirmed the suspicious
at first so strongly entertained, that Mr. johnson
had been poisoned, and innumerable other facts
relating to his DEATH and many astounding revela-
tions concerning the domestic and family relations
Of his household, were speedily brought to light,
which implicated his wife as having perpetrated
the heinous crime.
Immediately she arrested and brought to
this place, and after undergoing examination
before magistrate, in which the evidence produced
in behalf of the State was entirely overwhelming
that not the least doubt could be entertained to
her guilt, she was ordered to be confined in Jail
until the approaching term of the Superior Court,
at which time she will undergo regular trial, and
it is thought by many that her conviction there
will be certain.
The excitement caused by this unhappy affair
is intense, and owing to the continual rumors that
spread abroad concerning it, any one Of which, if
established, will alone place the prisoner beyond
the mercy of the law, the excitement increases,
and causes the sympathies of the community to
tend in the behalf of the deceased.
Mr. johnson and his wife have lived unhappiy
together for the last year two past and it is
reported that recently she became attached to a
Dofkh o oh orh /uho 7 how of
learned who spared pains to produce all the
trouble and misery in the family that could be
possible, for him to accomplish his purposes, and
there is but little doubt that he prominent
actor in the affair." and that it at his nstigation
that the crime has been committed.
| The prisoners conduct since her arrest has been
marked by feelings of such total disregard and
Indifference, to the consequences, and with such
little regret at the death of her husband notwith
standing she at the time declares herself totally
innocent.-C Correspondence Of the Petersburg
Express.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05

PoIsoNINe.-The city of New York promises to
become celebrated in the annals of poisoning as
some of the Italian cities in the middle ages with
this difference, that the Italians exhibited much
more subtilty and refinement in their processes of
this kind than the Gothamites. We can scarcely
open New York sheet but that the moral sense is
shocked by the narration of some case of poison
ing, the instances becoming more numerous and
aggravated in attrocity, from the difficulty, we
presume, of obtaining convictions under our free
system of Jury trial.
A case of wholesale poisoning has been discover
ed and investigated, in which Mrs. Beetham, the
keeper of a boarding house at the corner of Four
teenth street and Fourth Avenue, New York, and
n boa1der named Robinson, fell victims. the symp-
toms being those which attend arsenical poisoning
The attempt evidently made to poison the
whole family. servant girl has been arrested
on suspicion.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05
Chr Wasttrn gemutrat.
CHARLOTTE, n G.
RUMORS OF WAR.

The following dispatches indicate a serious diti-
Guilty between France and the United States At
least the news is causing great deal OF excitement
throughout the country. What the result will be
few days will reveal:
Later from. Central An.erica-French seizure Of
american steamers.
New York, March 31.-The steamer Northern
Light arrived here last MI ht from Aspinwall, on
the 22d instant. She reports that French officers
with small force had seized Whites Steamers on
Lake Nicaragua, and imprisoned the officers and
crews. Three English treaties with Nicaragua
had been ratified.
Another account states the difficulty as follows:
The American sloop-of-war Decatur, having an
chored in a cove near San Juau del Sur, waiting
for fllibusters, the President of Nicaragua with
800 troops took possession of the Transit Route to
prevent their landing. Being apprised of the true
character of the Decatur, he retreated, destroying
all the bridges in his path. Meanwhile French
officers with a small force crossed the lake TO
Rives. and going thence to San Juan del Sur,
seized the steamer belonging to Jos. l.. White,
Zone of the American claimants of a grant to the
transit route,) and imprisoned the officers and
crew. The had not been released when the steam
er left.
WASHINGTON, March 3O-It is currently re-
ported here that Government has received advices
of Tehuantepec to France; reports from Sardinia
state that it is thought possible that the increase
by France of her armament and navy, has reference
TO an anticipated collision with the United States
on that account.
WASHINGTON, April 1.-The Administration
doubts the report that Miramon has negotiated for
the transfer of Tehuantepec to European powers,
but looking at it as the result of British and
French intrigues in Central America, would not
surprised the next steamer broug con6rmatory
advices; in which case our Government will take
strong ground against the act, and will probably
reassemble Congress.
IF the facts are as stated, the President, not
withstanding the refusal of Congress to grant him
extraordinary power to protect the rights and
property of Americans in Central America, will act
in conformation with the written stipulations be-
tween the two governments, respecting Sir Gore
Ousley's mission.
The President says that the rights of American
citizens shall and will be protected. 1t is proba-
bic, therefore, that additional naval force will
be sent to Nicaragua.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05

MErHoDIsTs-Accordin to the South
Christian Advocate, the Methodist Episco.0,
Church South, at this time has 2,4OS TrayeIrpSS
Ministers, 1853 Superannuated do, 5,06S Local y
ago, 7O5 white members in full connection, 1890
whites on probation, 155, 1923 colored in full ~"
nection, 80, lO4 colored on probation, 1927 Indian.
in full connection, and $50 on probation: maxim
total of 500, IFS, and net increase since 1857 !
AZ, 1893.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05
From the Nep York Evening Post.
WRECK OF A BRITISH MAN-OF-WAR.

Great destruction Of LJe-TerriJle Suffering.
Mr. Samuel Dunbar, passenger from Havana on
the steamship Karnak, which arrived at this port,
has given our reporter the details of terrible
shipwreck off the coast of Jamaica.
The British war steamer Jasseur, which was
lying at Jamaica, received orders to set out i'm
mediately on L cruising voyage, and directly sail
ed from that port. On the night of the 4th she
struck hidden rock to the northward Of Jamaica.
The pumps were Immediately manned and kept
working until day light, when it was discovered
would be impossible to keep her up but a short
time.
The Captain ordered raft to be constructed
and to this were attached the two boats belonging
to the vessel, and the men, sixty in number, all
went aboard, with such scanty provision they
were able to secure from the sinking wreck.
A heavy gale set in soon after the men took to
the raft and they had not been out about two
hours when ten men were swept overheard and
drowned. All efforts to rescue them were fruitless
the men had all they could do to prevent being
washed away after them.
The Captain seeing it useless to cling to the
raft, took nineteen men with him in the smaller
boat, and the mate with the remaining 20 into
the large one. 1t was considered useless to at
tempt to keep together and the captain said they
would each make the best of their way to land,
without reference to each other In short time
the boats were separated by the wind, and the
larger boat, containing thirty men, has not been
heard of SINCE and it is believed to have been lost
with all on board.
The little provisions the men in the small boat
had taken with them were soon consumed, and
the wretched party was subjected to the double
suffering of cold and famine. At last when all
were completely exhausted and perishing, the
boat was driven to port on the southern coast of
Cuba and the entire party survived.
The government Immediately sent out two YES
sells to cruise in search of the missing boat, but
their search had proved frutless.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05
MAGIC OIL!

This valuable Discovery is for sale in this pa"
and those who suffer with Rheumatism Neurhs,
Headache, Toothache, Lame back, Pain in the SUI
SPrains. Bruises, Cuts, Burns, Sore Throat, &C., ~O
not suffer with the pain hour if they knew s ..d
what rapidity the Magic Oil cures pain. Be sure
ask Cor Pratt Butchers Magic Oil; signature ~
the wrapper. This is the only article that will P
trate and act upon the seat of the disease. Prine
Office, l49 North Eighth street. Philadelphia, ana ~
sale by e. NYE HUTCHINSON CO..,
Charlotte w.
March 8, 1859. 3m-pd
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05
THE DocroR's DREAM-The Knoxville Reg

THE DocToR's DREAM.-The Knoxville Reg
lister tells the following good one:
"Dr. c. is an advocate of blister, for any and all
affections of the spinal column, alias the backbone.
So intent is his mind this subject, that at night
he dreams of it. The other night, after retiring
late, leaving candle close to ais bed, he dreamed
that he was sick, that physician called in,
that the first thing was the application of a most
blistering blister, to DR.. BIS back. The drawing
and burning then began, and increased to intensity
and intolerable pain. DR.. B. asked his brother
doctor to remove it, but he refused, saying that
the blister must do its perfect work. DIR. B. could
endure it no longer, and raised himself in the bed
seeking relief The exertion in raising, and the
torture of the blister on his back, awoke him. The
first thing that caught his eye was the clothes on
fire, at the foot of the bed He reached behind
him to pull his shirt down the blister but the
appurtenance to that garment gone, the fire
had burnt it off to his neck. DIR. B. exsinguished
the FIRE in the bed, but the fire in the blister con-
tinued to burn, and did not vanish with his dream.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05

LIoUoR DRINKING IN CALIFoRNIA.-The
Sacramento Register says: "The largest liquor
dealers in San Francisco have estimated that the
sdaiy consumption of liquors in this State amounts
to about 5000 gallons per day" Assuming that
there are 500 900 inhabitants in the State each
would have an allowance of FIVE gallons per year,
at that rate; and the annual consumption would be
$3.50, 900 gallons.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05
Arrangements have been made for him to spea
Steamboat Collisiion-Loss of Life.

CINCINNATI, March 29.-The steamer Nat
Holmes, bound to st. Louis with $50 emigrants
for Pixies Peak came in collision with the steamer
David Gibson, bound for Cincinnati, with cargo
ofsugar and molasses opposite Aurora, Indiana,
last night. Both steamers were sunk. The cabins
foated of, but Is or 20 persons supposed to be
Loaf
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05

IA "What has been your business?" said a
Judge to prisoner at the bar. "Why, your honor,
used to be dentst-now am a pugilist; then
put teeth in--now knock EN- out"
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05

WIDOWS WELL TAKEN CARE oF.-Widows are
we'll taken care of in Middleboro', Mass. At
a recent town meeting it was "voted that all the
widows in town that pay no tax, have 200 herring,
ON presenting an order from the Selectmen"
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05

VALUABLE observation-disclosures Johu III Rice,
Practising Attorney in Cass County, Georgia, and Editor
and Proprietor of the Standard at Cassve writes thus
over h signature: .7~.- ,'-. 80
CAssvILLE, Ca February 96, ra5s.-Messrs Seth w.
Fowle Co, Boston Mass Gentlemen: At the request of
your travelling agent give Of my expert
encc IN the OF DR. Wisars Balsam of Wild Cherry.
have been using Cor years my family for Cods and
Coughs ard have found the ecacous Remedy that
have tried
For Coughs and Colds in children know be an ex.
celen medium Respectfully yours. JOHN RICE.
None genuine unless signed /. BUTTS the wrapper
Prepared only by Seth w. Fowle & Co., Boston, Mass to
whom all orders should be addressed and for sale by their
Agents. Sold in Charlotte by T.. NY E HUTCHINSON Co.
April 5, 1889
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05
NEGROES WANTED.

IT WANT to buy NEGRO BOYS GIRLS from
to ls years DID, for which the highest price in sa''
will be paid. SAM'L A. HARRIS
Jan. rs, 1859. If
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05

- THE great draw back persons emigraiing the
extreme south and western country the fear they have
Of the Fever and Ague-the fearful OF all diseases
Every day hear attacked by this disease aud
made bel pless in short time, without any of az.
tording relief In view Of the great demand for remedy,
Dr Hoset,er has presented his celebrated Bers whose
curative for all diseases Of the stomach have been
universally acknowledged. The "Biers" prepared after
long experience and deep study have the
OF the most eminent physicians we'll all classes from
virtues. all We say try he and Judge for them.
selves respectfully Sold druggists and dealers generally
everywhere
April 5. 1859 -
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1859-04-05
MR.. EVERETT IN NORTH CAROLINA

We are pleased to learn, that Hon. Edward
Everett will spend the week, commencing April
11th in North Carolina, to deliver his washington
Address for the benefit of the Mount Vernon
Fund.
The Texas Republican. [volume] (Marshall, Tex.) 1849-1869, 1859-11-12

Southern PaciAc RnilroaA Co0sy.
THE OFFICE Of tl,A company il hcld 1t the
i corner u Austin anil bolivar streets, IN The
city u Marshall. Texas. All persons having
business, viii aud the odacc open from > A. =. "a
Ar. ~, daily.
JEpTllA FOWLKES, PrsI.
n. G. Wn1pxa, Secretary.
June II, 1861. eau
The Texas Republican. [volume] (Marshall, Tex.) 1849-1869, 1859-11-12

The aboye liac will run in conucction with ihc
- Shreveport staees and Rail-
road, and Hcndcsoa ed
-, = = Tyler stages; and In con
ncction With the Chrhville
md Western stages
The stagrs depart from Marshall every Tues
Dr., Thursday and Saturday, at 4 O'Clock. A. NJ.
AMI arrive III CiartsviIk next day. And leave
Clasa.yllie every TaesIhy, THURSDAY and satar-
by q 4 O'Clock A. NJ striving IL JcikFsou 10
tiuss 70 take The 6hrvcpost Stages.
- NJ sal vii h considered serura mAa
rssd ~.
- ~ bunIlss. packasss and parcels, must
BE- ppatd, a. Thy viii hos tc taken.
- Pity pcxatb II baggage allowed to
csch peMesgr Onc haadsed and 6fty pounds
exts~ hssa4s viii b. chauul the sane ~ one
passenger. and lcsscr o. greater quantity chayx-
"a In TIC saac proportion
X W. NESMITlf. Propeictor.
July 20. 1855. No.47.H
The Texas Republican. [volume] (Marshall, Tex.) 1849-1869, 1859-11-12
LADIES, CInAKs, sHAwI.s. &c.
LADIES SHOES.

AF every tIcscrntion. Caters, Kid Boots,
" Kid Slippers, with and without hecls.
Glove Kid-Hcclcd Boots; nlso large 10, Of
Call, Goat apa Kip Walking Shoes for sale by
j, n COLEMAN 4 CO.
The Texas Republican. [volume] (Marshall, Tex.) 1849-1869, 1859-11-12

sSV~~e.ss - 80 N u - 2gs~fSseS |SsS E..
AHp wQDooAk 01ug1IO0I1UE1O -
'TrAE. sAia nelhsa q ia1seung - -
/ kasis asA ~ pssais ~ ~ ~
opssed .
1,asr c. - NUssc AND PIANO sToaE
sx1xe e, Csnp seusse, M - estirs ~ ~
srh.rt vtssk e 0esrh. - wosh particularly
svits H. stteassos sSpaseAasrs = IL cesebraaea
pREMiUM PIANO FObTE6,
~ manufactured By II. Iianaen, New Yosk- Tes.
P;snae svr exsssmly nadc fos ~ 6osth, 80
received thu Pftaism II he Anericaa lnssissse
two vssss IN succession Alo 7. 0tbeee
Co.'S ce,ehnsed Piasm d bo~ton. hessen,
arrests " III ~ besl nAkeSI
Musical Merchandise,
10 great variety, and II the Bot qsAiisy' os
aIs Al tae lowest market peicss-
- Alo Music a every description en-
unrnlIy On hard aud New Music received -
sosa = psblhArl.
Nrrieal Instruments Tsned ssd Rerairea ~
cxpssssnoed wwkuru.
- Osa Piam0 taken N cy ,hanse tcr nv
coeA All lastrumcsts purchnsed u tn sseAo'
lishrnent ar hlly warranted
A liberal discount nadc to Seuinaries, Teaee'
CIR and country deales.
Csll and examine before parcAasang elsewhere
The Texas Republican. [volume] (Marshall, Tex.) 1849-1869, 1859-11-12

4 ~ ea1blyvasvs 10 boiDes l. I 70.
~ saGjneas 0negJsss nsy keislatc
~ Ans1ay. ~ = loag - lbs oncer.
10y ~ n1suh e4en H. bsaaa viii iol.
~ - ssasFlc
The Texas Republican. [volume] (Marshall, Tex.) 1849-1869, 1859-11-12

(W8uA THOMPSON. Csamsssis~ Asv~AsI. INC
~ tsn eav, - CsrondeIet street New OrIesss
..essH to. q. Gregg Co. Mar.hail. Col. Chas
y. A'ns Col. Rsne Fitzpatrick, Dr.J Adams, Har.
rsAoo Cmnty J. n Al. e. Murphy, n. j. Terry 4
-. Jt@fr-sa White. smith 4 baldwin. Col n. VI.
JoAasop, pr. T. 4. fatss Shreveport MartI say
The Texas Republican. [volume] (Marshall, Tex.) 1849-1869, 1859-11-12
HARDWARE.

A LARGE and complete stock n hardware
IA Just received aud for snlc BY
COLEMAN 4 co.
The Texas Republican. [volume] (Marshall, Tex.) 1849-1869, 1859-11-12

Nv V00o - -
tcosssa o. snoxs LEvsx.
KEW On14EAxe.
MANUFACTURES u Tis war. aad ds.ler ~
WI teekiag ~ Hes1inG stoves, ArsAais sfif sal
- Csas ~ Ism. ~ Osd pumlnspn and Crrck ~
- ~, Whahsps Iapssvs6 vssss'as'ss ns@se
X:Sss ~ so,iesslca u Cooking sacvrs asr ~
sssuln9 oslsesasel ra1eeus hrsns.k eesf. Crater
Oh. vslsy vtegs, Nlss fveatRo. ~ useac9
n nS1sG1i4 \ 4 ~ S>sss, - - =. er!snea1e
wiee3e1gA n ssea &ssgs ~ lteed wste ". ~
r. - sc1sss az s1anehe& n ~ freas ~ befssn o.
~ elpve n ~ covered With reecenfs sIeo. ~
vhjrk eNs Ill IN heat generated n ~ ssrve r.
inined. amd the costing tlessh, = 'Sase n HI ~
~ SAsa = ssq4ket n ssdassS Ssesss, ase VIA hAs'
~ aua1AMy ffusj.
11s1ksv s,suS sdvastAee IN the Eecsnniss y, that
- ~ ssss-hss4 ~ 1tschsA whteA seea4 :. -
ma ronsi1seaAiea viii ~ eaek. pasticsasiy -
mMes tians, = ~ haatth n many vaasaess oe"ke !.
IrIned ~ an cslsheAaed kItcAen. fhers J. ateeafd
" IT, N&uve hsNe eeppsv reservoir ~ which there
can ii All times II Nd from twelve 70 twenty SaI'ns
~ wster, aceSs6e1e II ~ sixe q ths ssove
Tke EcgrpAiA y hest clar~ Stove, ~ every ~
spect and W take pcasars u Recommending IL - ne
t<st Cooking Stove In ~.
rc strvwxtA, wight. etaanMy IN incl. and Hsay
csnvsnSsness, ~ csa ~, vtsAnae exsGersaeat !:
has ~ sruAl. IN expense u Eettsng mp = Stove q
shis eiasc secsMaiy kasss. ~ hsvs axed ~ Price
Ne srs sols agent. for thI- stove as.o fr Arthur
s<Ifaease Cam nad jar. ~ Creose Cooke Pot and
WluDeYs Hslfv ssaus1ns neesigrsst0ss
March H. 1887 .tx "a
The Texas Republican. [volume] (Marshall, Tex.) 1849-1869, 1859-11-12

ID Move 4 CO., Cstto~ Fsctsvs swi Genera
ID. Csmn;ssisn AwsAs~ss. No. " Gnvicr street,
New Orleans.
July =, 1883. u
The Texas Republican. [volume] (Marshall, Tex.) 1849-1869, 1859-11-12

II \ WHkklOCK / co. fmSsrt~s ss.l
KLs wAaak Dvssxisss. ~ Maessips so,ere
(opssso>e Arcade liosell, New Orleans
Jan. 7, 80
The Texas Republican. [volume] (Marshall, Tex.) 1849-1869, 1859-11-12

Nushal', Aprl J, 1858 i,
The Texas Republican. [volume] (Marshall, Tex.) 1849-1869, 1859-11-12

a hesatiG4 - cuaiticd the LIFE az
CHRIST, BY Fleetwood, comprslsg a. sesosst
Il the 1ncafuation, Crsci1xion, A AeccnsIm
Of tho Ssvidar d the World. GO. =
ruhlishcsl for T.. az kpk1(sT.
rcpkf 1Anr. ftxs.
August 9Th, :Ss9.-4Saf
, 1859-11-01

The New York correspondent Of the New Or.
leans Cr.te<nf gives the following description Of
George Law:
If anything don't pay. George Law respect
fully drops ii. lie now owns nine-tenths of the
Eighth avenue Railroad, which alone is an ill.,
ca,ne Of prince. and growing more valuable
eyery t.av. lie also owns nearly all the stock
Of the Nintb.avenue, which, when completed,
will run IRON the Battery through Greenwich
street 10 the Ninth.avenue. aud thence to Har-
lem river-a niae E,ils concern. Half the fer
Ties belong to Law. Ho OWES the Dry Dock
R4nk, aud the bank owns shout forts acres Of
Jocks, houses and land, almost in the heart of
Tue city. Law owns the Staten Island Ferry
boats. and two miles Of wster front nearest
New York, that IN few years will BE- worth for
docks, ten millions. lie really owns the Flush
Jug Railroad, and heaven knows how much
more he owns. That immense thinking brain
leeps accumu1atinc. I6ou't think he goes inta
large opera,iops now for the purpose ol making
money. think he works 10 keep from s:asuas,
ing. Though not politician, he wields very
powerful influence upon politics, especially upnu
local afIairs. Moss persons have an idee t4at ht
!. an old man. No such thing. He Is only Iii
t,.onc years old, and possesses one ri those zig
Grous constitutions that will last him losty-nine
xrarS longer.