The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1859-05-21
HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN REVOLUTION
u0NrSIEAIMC


AIRY MOVEMENTS OF 1S48-49.
The events which oouvulsing Europe spring 80
directly from the that produced the revolutionary
movements OF s4s that the Of the scarce
be indicated without reference 10 the other They are
IN fact only two separate acts OF the same drama, with
mis- difference that most Of tho old actors have dsap
peAred from tho and been replaced by others Inc
leading personsges who figure In botn' wna'evo' nAy
seem 10 us 70 BIO their individual views and aspranons
are bat instruments in the accomplishment OF grea'
work. Although they may appear 70 give drecuon 70
events they in reality but obey the inspirations OF the ALI
wise Power who holds the threads Of their desnies in
hs hands Thus comparison OF motives will not aid w
In forming judgment TO the eventuales Of the pre-
seu. movement In favor Of Italian freedom. It not be-
sause the leaders OF 1848 animated by patriotic pur
poses and failed, that Louis Napoleon, with supposed
interested motives may not accomplish all for which the
Sorner struggled. God alone judge Of mems hearts,
md may be that his enemies do injustice 10 the senti
nnents BY which the Emperor Ia animated this Italian
question. Reasoning from the advantages that would
Cow from the pursuance Of upright his part
Ill the probabilities are, think, In favor Of his full
1ning his pledges. he should prove false 10 them
he must feel that his faithessness will eventually ally
against him every government in Europe whether cons
tutiona despotic. IF, the contrary, he exhibits
spirit Of abnegation and gives 10 the Italians the full
benefit Of their struggles, he will be rewarded by the
spest and admiration of mankind, and will dsarm the
hostility Of the biterest enemies Of his dynasty. In any
whatever may be the preudces evoked against him
abroad people bound TO regard his acts in spirit
Of calm mpartay, and in order TO do this 1t is impor
tan they should be placed in possession Of all the ante
csdent facts and circumstances which may to throw
light on his course
Although the present sketch processes te deal only with
the events Of 1s4s and OF the succeeding year. will be
indulge in rapid retrospect Of previous occurrences in
Jaly.
The treaties Of 1916 clearly defined and limited the
rights Of Austria in Italy They confirmed to her the
possession Of her Venetian Provinces but with
tho exception Of the privilege Of maintaining garrisons
Fcrrara and Comaccho, they recognized right Of
supaton inter venton in the Peninsula Pursuing the
same policy which obtained her possession CT Cracow
although it's independence Of her expressly guaran-
teed by the settlements Of 1915 she commenced series
Of encroachments in Italy, which, under pretence or
another, eventually rendered all the smaller States sub
ject to her will At one time the protection Of the
Pope, at another the protection Of the otter petty
regns against their Subjects which che advanced as
excuses for tie occupation Of Central Italy and the Lega
lions by her garrsons The dangers which such state
Of things created TO tho liberties of phe smaller States
led to spirit Of revolt and disaeoton in the Duchies,
which fomented and increased by the reforms pro
missed by Pic Mono to his people. Sardinia, which was
herself making rapid strides in the rath of progress elso
felt her independence menaced by the Intervention Of
Austria in the affairs Of the Duches, the soveregns OF
which were playing into her hands Under these crcum
stances, she found necessary towards the close Of Au
gust 1s47, to make formal protest against her further
interference. few days later (sept y the Grand Duke
Of Tuscany compelled to make several important con-
cessions To his people, and amongst Others agree
immediate enrolment of the national militia. In Lrcca
about the same time, the Grand Duke after disturbance
m the city, wss forced to promise q civic guard
and the other reforms in progress in Tuscany. The
next day he retired TO Massa and revoked
his proclamation then proposed To sequcstrete his
property but on depuaticn being sent after him en-
treating him 10 return he consented do co. and made
the required concessions to his people On the name day
that these events took place september p Simultaneous
outbreak occurred at Messina and Reggie It was sup
pressed, and twenty five young men engaged in the Mes
gina riot were shot, Six days AFTER the reception given
TO the Archbishop in Milan ended in patrntc der1onstra-
uon. The tumu renewed the following day, ana
the city placed under military occupation On the 18th
September the Duke Of Lucca again left his capital having
appointed regency month later his duchy passed
the Grand Duke Of Tuscany by SALE On the ID Of October
the Pope issued decree insttutng Senate Of hun
Sred sixty Of whom to be propretors, thirty
two lawyers and merchants and four ecclesastics
On the 18th the Ba7arian Chamber Of Representa-.
Nves recommended freedom of the press and Of
correspondence by unanimous vote. On the Oath q
reform dinner took place at Charres in France at which
the objects OF those meetings declared TO be reco
zaexcer &c que Ton nscnque Juliet $780, month
later NOV. 2) the leading members of the French Re-
form Committee issued manifesto setting forth its OBJ
jects These may be summed up in the intention to pro-
euro for all Frenchmen who paid taxes the RICH: TO vote
In the beginning Of December the Emperor of Austria
rod lin int
hardy and Venice. On the 18th demonstration at
Naples (sad be peaceabe) in favor Of Plus * and
form, fred upon by order of government and num-
Der Of persons killed and wounded On the 10th
motion passed by the Central Congregation Of Lom-
hardy TO memorabilia the Emperor Of Austria the sub
ect of reform in the Lombardo Venetian Kingdom. The
Governor of Milan stated that the Vceroy preparing
Yeforme. similar petition presented week later
by the people Of Parma TO their Duke but he replied
that ne would make change. Parma was Immediately
after occupied by Austrian soldiers who entering
Iombardy in large numbers
The revolutionary troubles Of 184s commenced in the
Italian provinces of Austria ITSELF The Manese had
bned TO abandon the use Of tobacco in order 10 d.
minish the Austrian The soldiers continued
smoking and the first Of the year q collision en-
sued the number Of killed and wounded being about two
hundred Till the beginning Of this year the Neapoltan
government confding in its own strength, had looked
down those Of Rome and Tuscany yielding through
weakness to popular demands, and had withstood the
counses Of both France and England The consequence
Of this obstinacy the breaking out Of sangunary
disorders at Nessina the 4h Of January, followed by
rebellion in Palermo, and similar disturbances in e.
PAM, Catania Syracuse and Melaza. In Palermo the
people successful and after protracted negotiations
the King granted the constitution Of 1872 At the end Of
che month the troops were withdrawn. In Pavia COL
lson took place the 9Th and 9th Of January between
the students and tho Austrian garrison, in which ten
civilians killed and forty wounded The beginning Of
February sgnalzed by the proclamation Of martial
law in Lombardy and the concession 70 Tuscany Of a
liberal constitution. On the 9Th the King Of Sardinia
issued proclamation containing the bases Of
q constitution. few days afterwards serious
by Lola Montez but in reality BY the working Of strong
under current Of revolutionary feeling BY the middle OF
the month insurrectonary symptoms again began to
manifest themselves throughout Lombardy The govern