The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1859-08-15

In Europe, the Italian Question, with the best
mode of adjusting it on liberal basis, and to the
satisfaction of the Italians themselves, has lost
none of its interest since the terms of the peace of
Vilafranca have been made public. The difficult
ties in the way of establishing an Italian confed-
Grafton appear to be generally regarded as almost
insurmountable; and as France and Austria can
only settle at the conference ofZurch, those points
which are Immediately connected with the war;
like operations that have been so suddenly brought
to a close, it necessarily follows that Congress of
the European Powers must be called together to
consult upon the general affairs of the Italian pen
insula Whether the English government will
consent to send penipotentary to any such Con-
gress, will depend, according to Lord JOHN Rus
SELL first, upon the consent of Austria to be rep
resented at that Congress, and, in the next place,
upon the nature of the agreement which may be
entered into between France and Austria at Zurich
At Villafranca it was determined by the two Empe-
rors that the fugitive Arch Dukes might return
and resume possession Of their prlncipalides, but
their former subjects Indignantly refuse TO renew
their old vows of allegiance, and demand that
they shall ne suffered either TO choose sovereign
for themselves, or to establish sucha form of govern
ment as in their judgment is best adapted to secure
their future independence. In previous article
We expressed the opinion that NAPOLEON III.
would never consent 10 employ French troops to
force back upon an unwilling people the princes that
were VIGOROUSLY obnoxious to them, and that
Austria would scarcely dare to sustain by her
arms the pretensions of the Arch Dukes This
view we find confirmed by Lord JOHN RUSSELL.
In speech recently made by him in the House of
Commons, he declared that he felt convinced
and had good reason to feel convinced-'that the
EMPEROR of the French had no intention of en-
''Poying French troops for the restoration of the
''Grand Dukes" nor did he believe that the En-
PERoR of Austria intended to use has troops for any
such purpose and that 'even if he were disposed
''to do So the EMPEROR of the French would not
'gve his consent" This declaration, coming rs
1t does from an official source, throws literally
Hood of light upon the policy of NAPOLEON III
with respect to Italy, and will go far towards
mitigating the disappointment of those who re-
GREETED that Austria, by the treaty of Villa
franco, was permitted to retain Venetia. With
Tuscany, Modena and Parma, either annexed to
SARDINIA, or erected in o independent governments
the old despotic authority exercised by Aus
tria in the peninsula would be effectually
curbed and restrained. Surrounded in Venetia
by Constitutional monarchy, or BY
States enjoying liberal Institutions. she must
either elect to lose, in the course of few
years, her only remaining Italian province. or she
must, in Self-defence introduce such radical re-
forms into the administration of it. as by satisfy
ing the wishes of her people will induce them to
tolerate her rule. In no case, we are told will
the English Government consent to 90 into the
proposed Congress- unless the representatives which
tuscany and Alodena are about to choose shall be
permitted to establish respectively form of govern
ment in consonance with the popular will. eff"
says Lord JOIN RUSSELL "those representatives
inject and declare that certain government IT,
Piedmont is of course here pointed at-fs that I'M
der which they can alone live happily, it will be
impossible fora any representa- tive of her majesty to
go against the declaration" 1t is the desire of
the English government to know beforehand to
what extent this position will be affected by the
conference at Zurich, which prevents them from
giving definite answer as TO whether it would or
would not, be advisable to enter into Congress-
OF the European Powers. We must have, they
say, clear and explicit understanding with re-
gard to this matter, before the Conference assem-
Dies, or we cannot consent TO act. They must
"lSo kho" what steps are to be taken towards
separating the temporal, from the spiritual govern
ment OF the PoPE, and how that government ssis TO
ne made palatabe to the people of the legations
II satisfactory explanations are made upon these
points, and if Austria interposes no difficulties a
Congress will be held, to which England will send
a representative. There is much, moreover. in the
present condition of the Peninsula which predis-
poses to such result Tuscany, by the voice of
a large majority of her inhabitants, has repudiated
her Archduke, and declared herself in favor of
annexation to Piedmont. In Modena opinions
are said to be divided; but great efforts are
making, in both of those Duches, to conc;Iiate
pnohc sentiment in favor Of their former rulers
still more difficult question to settle, and one
which the two great Catholic Powers can scarcely
ADJUST without the aid of Congress, is the evil
dent disafiection of that portion of the States of
the Church which is known as Romagna. This
term was formerly applied to the country living
between Rimni and Ravenna on the Adriatic
out IN Its more recent acceptaton, it includes the
whole northern division of the PapaI States, from
the Tuscan Apprentices to the Pc and the Adriatic.
embraces the four legations of Bologna. Ferrara
Ravenna, and Fori and contains rather over a
million OF inhabitants. This province has already
separated ITSELF IN effect from the rest of the States
of the Church. and from its position, and with the
means at its command, can maintain its independ
ence against any force which the Papal Govern
ment can bring against it, IF we look, then. at
The results Of the Franco-Sardinian campaign in
Italy, we shall find that the prospective gains of
he Italian people are not limited TO the separation
VI Lombardy from Austrian rule. The treaty
which liberated Lombardy, left Tuscany, Mosena.
'arma and the Romagna, virtually free either to
mex themselves to Piedmont; yield obedience to
heir former sovereigns; or to manage their own
oncerns Assuming that there will be no inter-
'osltlon IN the affairs of the Duchies, on the part
u France or Austria, and that the call issued nv
he POPE for aid to put down Instruction in tho
Somagna will meet with no favorable resnonee VIC
ave to add to the three millions of population
transferred with the Lombard territory to Pied
nont the three millions seven hundred and fifty
thousand inhabitants of the Duchies and the Ro-
magma. This would give US an aggregate of
early seven millions of people released from the
espoiic authority of their rulers, either fmmedi-
tely, or as a consequence of that remarkable cam
aign of sixty days, which opened with the battle
# Montehello and terminated with the victory OF
;oferno What changes diplomacy NAV endeayor
introduce into the present state of things, it is,
course, impossible to say; but il is evident that
Italy has not yet been freed from the Alps to the
driatic, it will be the fault of her people, that
ne original determination of NAPOLEON III. is not
1eedily accomplished.
To any gentleman who has become disgusted