The daily exchange. [volume] (Baltimore, Md.) 1858-1861, 1859-07-21
EUROPE.
NAPOLEON,S ITALIAN POLICY


Monsieur: 1ou know of the circular addressed
by the Russian Cabinet to its agents in Germany,
and you will have appreciated the justice of the
views which it submits so opportuneIy to the con-
sideratiOn of the federal governments One does
not know better how to define the respective posi-
tons of the powers in the affairs of italy, or to ar
rive at Il more correct Judgment on the general
situation. The Russian government renders full
justice to the sincerity of the assurances which we
have given to Germany from the commencement of
the war, and it sees in them with reason sufficient
motives for the Confederation to regard with per-
feet confidence the development of the STRUGGLE in
| which we engaged in Italy.
My intention is not to return to an expose of
! which you will have easily conceived the object
point, nevertheless, your particular attention the
considerations in this document which belonr
more especially to the relations of the COnedera-
ton with the pending question. Not only in the
| opinion of the Russian government is there no oc-
casion for Germany to interfere, because neither
her interests nor her rights in danger, but in
mixing herself up in the conflict she DEPARTS from
the position which treaties have assigned to her -
Not only is she unable to show in the existing state
OF affairs, the necessity of protecting the European
! equilibrium which Is not menaced, and which she
herself compromises if she pretends to say that she
! Is necessarily interested in war undertaken bv
Austria as a European power, and that the action
OF the federal body, considered as much, ought to
! De exercised beyond the limits of the Confedera-
ton; but such doctrine would be productive in
effect OF nothing less than the complete incorpOra
! tlon of the non-German provinces of Austria into
| tue leueral union, ana IN this waV it would be
much opposed to the real interests of the German
States as to the spirit of the European treaties
which have agreed to the conditions of their ex-
| istence.
The organs of Austria object we know that the
possession of the LOmbardO- Venitian kingdom in
her hands would be necessary for the security of
! the federal frontiers.
When that Assembly had to occupy itself with
the military organization of the Germanic Confede-
ration, the members of the association who have
German possessions called upon to name those
| OF their provinces which they understood would
participate in the common charges and obligations.
Thus the proces verbal of the deliberations dated
April g. 1878, amply proves that Austria. after hav
! ing enumerated her German territories spoke of
those OF Italy, and declared in positive terms that
| she IN no way entered into the view of extending
beyond the Alps the line of defence of the Confede
! rat n 1t was under consideration, we repeat, to
| fix the basis of the Germanic military svstem-
Inc discussion assumed at this moment all the i'm
portance which belonged to 1t a subject close
ly connected with the essential interests of Germa
ny Novoice was raised to assert that the Lombar-
do-V enilan kingdom, vet the Po nor its aillu-
ents nor even the Adige ITSELF necessary to the
security OF the Confederation; it at the Alps,
according to to the proposition of Austria, that the
Diet ought to place the frontier and the line of de-
| fence for Germany,
do not insist at greater length upon a fact
which replies with such authority to all objections
and against which those based on false apprecia-
tlons, and raised only by the pressure of circum-
stances, cannot prevail.
IHe new military measures which have lust been
adapted in Prussia do not inspire u.s. therefore
with disquietude. The Prussian government in
mobllzing an important part of its army, declares
that 1t has no other object than to protect the Sc
curlty OF Germany, and to put itself in state to
exercise Just influence the Interior arrange
ments in accordance with the other great powers
We cannot in this find any to dissent from
the Cabinet of Berlin. The government ofthe En-
peror, which was desirous that the affairs of Italy
might be debated in Congress, very far from
refusing what all the powers concurred with it
in seeking-their regulation-did, when eressa-
ry ltseli for their participation at opportune
moment.
The circular of the Russian government indicates
In manner sufficiently plain, in what manner it
will not fail to act when the proper time arrives
As this document recalls, and as | have mvself in
formed you, the English government, at the com
mencement of fhostiliteS, rendered to the German
government the best advice, counselling them BY
no means to make common cause with the Austri-
ans against us.
Without vet having official information of the
disposition of the British ministry, we are au-
thoriZed to infer, from the debate which preceded
their coming into power conclusions most favora-
Bile to the independence of Italy: and we are under
the firm persuasion that the English government
Is in its views well in the support of inhu-
ence, favorable to the solution that we ourselves
seek. WALEwsKI
ACIRCULAR FROM COUNT CAyoUR--THE ITALIAN DUCHIEs
Count Cavour's circular note in which he ex-
plains the views OF the Sandman government on
the hopes of Italy, has been followed by a similar
document, which the Foreign Minister of the Pied
montese kingdom devotes especially the question
of the duchies. The text of this second circular
which is dated Turin, June l6, is as follows:
Monsieur: In my circular of Yesterday informed
you that the duchies of Modena and Parma as also
Lombardy, were no sooner delivered from the pre-
of the Aust rian troops than they proclaimed
the fall OF the old government and their annexation
to Piedmont, thus renewing the act of surrender to
the House of Savoy which they made for the first
time eleven years ago
The exceptional position of this cOuntrV ohlipes
me to enter into a few details on this head with re-
spect to the Kings legations.
1t is evident that at the beginning of the war
fledmont could not have recognised the neutrality
of the duchies, even had it been formally proclaim
ed. In fact the Dukes of M5dena and Parma were
united by private conventions, which, with disre-
gard OF general treaties gave up the territories of
their States to the Austrian armies, and from the
outset established between Austria and the duchies
compulsory relations that were incompatible with
the duties of genuine neutrality.
These conventions known. The treaties of
December "a, 1917, and of February. 1S48 express
ly declare that the States of his royal highness the
Duke of Modena, and of his royal highness the
Duke of Parma, enter within the defensive lines of
the Austrian EmperOr's Italian provinces and that
consequently this latter has the right of sending
troops into the territories of Modena and Parma
and of causing them to occupy the fortresses there
whenever his interests may require it. By a regu-
latlOn in these treaties which serves to show
the foresight of the Austrian government the SOW
erelgns OF Modena and Parma undertook to conclude
no military convention whatever with anv other
power without the previous consent of the imperial
government of Vienna.
These stpulations, so clear and precise did not
permit the duchies to preserve neutrality The
Dukes of Parma and Modena should have denoun-
ced them before hostities, so as to replace their
states IN the conditions required for claiming and
obtaining the immunities of neutrals. Now, moth
ing OF the kind took place; on the contrary, the
duchies were thrown open to the imperial troops,
who were collecting on the Piedmontese frontier,
and they thus became one of the enemv'S bases of
operations. HostiIities began, Piedmont was invad-
ed across the frontier of one of the two States
without any subsequent protest on the part of the
princes who in fact assisted the attack Proprietv
well as international duties. should at least have
caused some communication to be made to Sardinia
IN order to give explanations to the intentions
and conduct OF those governments under such ex-
traOrdinary circumstances. No communication in
tins sense has been made to Sardinia cOnse-
quently found herself de jre ct de Jacto in state
of war with States that had become integral parts
OF AuStria's military system.
The governments Of Modena and Parma could not
even flnd pretext in the ignorance OF Sardinias
intentions for since lS4S have incessantly pro-
tested against stipulations constituting ii fragrant
violation OF European treaties, and permanent
danger against the security of our frontiers. The
Austrian invasion, which had been effected by bor-
rowing the territory of Piacenza, has only TOO well
proved the success of our anticipatons.
The Duke of MOdena, Archduke of Austria, |
shared in the antipathy of his family to Piedmont;
follow the destiny of the power to which he had
rendered his State a vassal
Her royal highness, the Duchess of Parma, was
not in the category; her birth, the personal
qualities that honor her. inspire most sincere in
terest; her government should have followed a
wOrthier line of conduct, more in conformity with
Its international duties The Cabinet ofParma was
unfortunately dragged to the descent, where it |
slipped and fell; it did not desire to quit the posi-
h0n 1t had voluntarily accepted relatively to Aus
trla. 1t was on the territory of Parma that the in
vasion OF Piedmont was prepared; it from there
that the imperial troops set out to invade our pro-
yinces. PiacenZa had become the basis of Count |
Gyuai's offensive operations.
1t has been said that a European treaty had con-
farred on Austria the right of keeping a garrison in
that town. We do not dispute the fact; but this |
military servitude had only defensive object as is
stated expressly in the treaty to which allusion is
made, and the inging powers took care to declare
that all the regal rights of the territorial sovereign
were reserved. Now it by a special and vol |
untary convention between Austria and Parma |
that the latter abdicated the rights most essential
to sovereignty, by allowing the former entire free
dom to exteLd her fortified works in Piacenza and
to construct new ones, by promising full aid and |
assistance to Austrian engineers, assigning to them
workmen and supplying them with the necessary |
materials 9th article of the treaty of March II, |
1922. Lastly, it was by private treaty freely |
stipulated that the sovereigns of Parma gave Aus
tria the right OF entering the territorvof their |
States whenever she thought proper. Sardinia pro-
tested against the extension of the Qualifications at
Piacenza, which changed the nature and object of |
the occupations she protested against the treaty of
February, lS4S.
h. tl,n ,4of ID.