davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
Sl,05O.49S4, ,9g7.46 ,946,97

Here it will be seen that the expenses in
1858 were considerable heavier than they
were in 1851, and the cause of it is fully
explained. The bridge contracts in 1858
were very large, while in 1851 there was
none. These expenses were necessary and
unavoidable. The Sherif's bill and Election
Districts were also increased, thereby max
ing necessary increase OF expenditure.
To this expense of So ,94697, in the year of
1858, we would add the amount due late
Treasurer. Jacob Harris, from 1857, of
$4,000, which makes an amount of $4, $685.
81, termed as expense.
We have few more figures to place be-
fore our readers, which will explain the
condition of county affairs somewhat differ
emily than did the Republicans article. The
amount OF taxes assessed from 1854 10 1858,
both years inclusive, was, $3S,2l1.55
Amt orders issued same length
of time, 44,93O 90
Amt redeemed same time, -4O,7s2 e5
over assessments, 2,57ll0
By this statement it will be seen that the
Eleven Hundred and Twenty Dollars and
Forty Cents which the Republican harped so
much upon was used entirely up by the re-
deeming of orders over the issues in the
years above mentioned. This money did
not hold out, and the Jury fees and fines
aided quite materially in redeeming some
OF these orders that were issued over the
assessments for the years in question, and
the county taxes received on unseated lands
have made up the balance. We see by the
Auditors last Report that the county had
outstanding at the commencement of the
year 1859 the sum of So, TAG Sc wherewlth
10 cash the Sd, ,473 DC lin orders) unredeem-
ed at the commencement of the year 1859
this being money IN the hands of the voters,
uncollected, about which the Republican
makes so much complaint.
Take the unredeemed sum from the out
standing amount of taxes and it leaves
snug balance in favor of the County of Four
Thousand Two Hundred and Seventy Three
Dollars and Forty Cents Thus you will
perceive there is enough 10 more than re-
deem all the County Orders.
We do not pretend 10 say that this money
lies in The County Treasury, but it is due
the County, and were it collected and paid
in there would probably be no whining
about "our county finances" by the Oppo-
silion journal. But, does the editor mean
TO straigh:en up the County Commissioners
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05

HoLLowAY's OINTMENT AND PiLLs, aston
ishng remedies for Scrofula.- MIR. Henry
Judd, of Detroit, Michigan, was in most
alarming state of health, he had been a
great sufferer from scrofua for number of
years, and finally all parts oI his body broke
out into sores, rendering him an object OF
horror TO every one, he tried some of the
most reputed remedies known, but they did
not touch his complaint, and in the greatest
alarm he consulted friend as 10 what
course he ought 10 adopt when Holloway Is
Ointment and Pills, were recommended,
which he commenced using. aid by perse.
yering with these remedies for short lime,
he was perfectly cured, after every other
remedy had failed.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
Tinware & Stove EstabIishment.

'VTIE UNUENoIGNEU Respectfully III
forms his old friends and customers,
that he has purchased his brothers. interest
in the above establishment, and the con-
ceTn will hereafter be conducted by himself
exclusively. He has just received and of.
rsa. iers ior sale the largest and mosl ey.
I'd lensive assortment ofFANCY SLOT
81 ever introduced into this market.
Slovepipe and Tinware constantly on
hand and manufactured to order. All kinds
oil repairing done, as usual, m short notice.
The patronage OF old friends and new Gus
toners is respectfully solicited.
A. M. RUPERT
Boomsburg, Jan. l2, 1853. If.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
Dissolution of Partnership.

THE partnership heretofore existing be.
tween The undersigned, in the town of Calla-
wissa, Columbia county, under The name OF
Hayhurst Il Noble, is this day (ihe l7th
day of September, 1887 dissolved by mu-
tual consent. The books are left IN the
hands Of Lewis Hay hurst for collection.
LEWIS HAfHURST,
SAMUEL NOBLE.
Catlawissa, Sept. %, lS59-3w.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
q OLD DIR. HEATH'S BOOK OF =.

W travels and great discoveries Ol the ~
Japanese and East In!ia Medicines, with
full directions for the certain cure OF Com
sumption, Bronchitis, Coughs, Colds, Ca.
larrah, Asthma, Fevers, Heart Disease.
Scrotnla, Cancer, Dyspepsia, Live: Com
plant, Gravel and Urinary Depo sits, Fe.
male Compla inls, &. Illustrated with hun
dreds OF certificates of cures and engravines.
For the purpose of rescuing as many suffer.
ing ie llow-beings as possible from prema-
iure death, it will be sent to any parl OF the
continent, by sending 25 cents 10 Drs Heath.
Sold by G. NJ Hagenbnch, Bloomsburg {;
N. l.. Rank & Co, Danville, Jacob laval, q,
Calasanqua; A. Miller & Co, Berwick.
DRS. HEATH,
CAT Broadway, New York City.
October 9Th, is59.-1y.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05

or thrash the Taxpayers over their backs
for not squaring up their dues with The
countys 1t looks very much as if he was
trying 10 do the latter, and then askes for
your votes 10 elect his man StaNey.
You all know very well, that for the last
year or two, money has been scarce arii-
Gle, and this will account for some of our
outstanding taxes. Money is becoming a
little more plenty ysn ,ps, and We hope
ere long to see difference in the pecuui-
airy affairs of the county We have man
asking for your suffrages who will do as
much, or more, than any other man in this
office towards keeping the interests of the
county in a good CONDITION. That man is
JOSEPH r. PATTON of Greenwood. Give him
your hearty support He is the man for the
place we speak. Attend TO this matter next
Tuesday and all will be WE'LL
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
NOTICE In PARTITION.
Real Estate of Ezekiel Cole, deceased.

Real Estate Of Ezekiel Cole, deceased
COLUMBIA COUNTY, ss:
~ The Commonwealth of Pennsylva.
L. s ma to Alinas Cole, John M. Cole,
Slas D. Cole. Benjamin Cole, He
~ len, intermarred with Joseph Hess,
the heirs of Ezekiel Cole, deceased, you
and each of you are hereby commanded 10
be and appear at The late dwelling house OF
Ezekiel Cole, decd on Monday the 7ih
day Of Norember, nest. between The hours
OF and O'Clock, ?. M, of said day, then
and there 10 accept or refuse 10 take the
Real Estate of Ezekiel Cole, deceased, at
the valuation put npon it by an Inquest duly
awarded by this Honorable Court, or shew
cause why The same should not be sold.
Witness the Honorable Warren ]. Wood
ward, President of our Court of Common
Pleas held al Bloomsburg, the eighth day of
September, eighteen hundred and fifly-nine.
JOHN SNYDER,
Sheriff's Office, Sheriff
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05

GREAT Discovery OF OYSTERS IA ue-
mendously large BED Of oysters, said 10 be
three or four miles square, was discovered,
few days since, at Huntington, Long Is.
land, by party of fishermen from Nor.
walk, Ct The value Of the place is said 10
be more than a million of dollars. A hun
dred boats or more were on Saturday busily
at work diminishing the value of this dis
covery as rapidly as hands could work.
All kinds of implements for the capture of
these strangers, which are said 10 vary in
size from large 10 gigantic, have been sent
from Fair Haven and the other centres OF
the oyster trade.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
ADMINISTRATORS NOTICE,

Samuel s Weaver, laie Of Fishmgeresk iown.
ship, Columbia County, deceased.
I .ETTERS of Administration on the above
AA named eslale have been granted 10 The
undersigned administrators, by the Register
OF Columbia county. All persons having
claims or demands against the estate of the
decedenI are hereby requested to present
them for settlement, aud those indebted
will make paymen, Immediately 10
GEORGE NJ. HOWELL, b.r,..
SAMUEL f. WEAVER, h'" d.
Fishingcreek, Sept. %, 1859.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
TEACHERS ASSOCIATION
OF COLUNBIA COUNTY,.

THE SemianEual meeting Of this Asso.
II ciailon will be held at MILLViLLE, on
Saturday, October 9th, 1859, eommsncing
at 10 O'Clock, a. m. All teachers and friends
of education are earnestly solicited 10 spread
this notice aud be present al the meeting.
Beside reports, discussioos, &c. some
pro minent individuals from abroad have
been invited to attend.
The Executive. Committee will please
meet at 81 a. m. BY order Of The Ex Com
t. M. POTTS, Chairman.
Sept. 81, 1859.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05

A MAN named jackson walked one hun
dred and fifteen hours, without rest or sleep,
al Williamsport week before last He COM
menced walking, in the parlors tthe Eagle
Hotel, on Tuesday morning at O'Clock,
and continued walking antil Saturday night
at II o'clock. The Gazette says he did not
appear very much fatisued for one having
travelled Tor so long a time without rest.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
REVIEW OF THE MARKET,
CAREFULLY CORRECTED WEEKLY.
MAR RI ED.

Or Thursday evening, Sept. 29th, 1859,
by Rev. J. w. Yeomans, d. D., w. ALEX
Nj. GRIER, and LYDIA :, daughte OF the
late Gen. Valentine Best, both of DauviIle.
On the 9th, by Rev. William Harden,
MIR. l.. w. KAUFMAN, 10 Miss MARY JANE,
daughter of John Arms, ESQ., all of Dam
vile.
On the 29lh ult., by the Rev. D. w. Wolf,
Mr.. WM. HOLLOWAY, TO Miss ANNE YEA
GER, all of Danvlle.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
~ OtiCe.

THE undersigned would respectfully in.
form his friends and the public generally,
riage making business in all its variops
branches, at his old stand, opposite The M.
E. Church, in aitawissa, where he will be
happy 10 see his numerous friends.
LEWIS HAYHURSr.
Caltawissa, Sept. %, iS59-3w.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05

THE KNICKERBocKEs, OR New YoRK Mag.
AzINE is no small publication it is every
thing it pretends 10 be-a valuable work.
1t has been received at this Office for Octo-
Der, and takes prominent place among
other publications in our library. Its read.
ing is pretty generally accompanied by very
appropriate engravings. "Stories and Pic.
lures of The Hudson" is good article-in
the present number-and will be continued
in the next number, and perhaps longer
""The Romance OF Poor Young Man" is
still beiLg continued. This is an excellent
story, and has been going through several
former numbers. The older, the better il
becomes. Subscribe for Kniek, the good old
work. 1t is in its fftyJomth votums. Pub
lished by John A. Gray, New York.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
ONE TIMBER Lot,

containing rhiry-rhree acres, abont fous
acres OF which are cleared meade " land. Is.
irg close by the above property. Also;
there will be sold al The sam.e Time, The on.
divided one halt of II Ia.
SAW NIIlhlL lPD0PIkB1ll e q
the Mi beng in good condition, with ex-
cellsnt water power. TIE lot upon which
this Mil is situated contains about one acre
Of ground, and lies close b, the above farm.
This property is all desira5ly situated,
and the land is in good order, !aving lately
been well lImed. Tie Farm lay along the,
public roads leading TO Jerssytown, MIL
vile, Bloom,burs, and other lowus thus
ahording All easy access 10 market. The
tanhesl point hamed is Bloomsburu, which
is nine miles, while some others are but TWO
and three.
Conditions will he made known on dsy
o. sale ty DAVID DEMOrT. ! r,
MOORE DENOTE "@'S
Madison, Oct 5lh, 1859.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
DI E D.

In Marion, Ohio, on the 10th ult of con.
sumption ELIZABETH, consort of Jno Hughes,
aged SO years.
The deceased formerly Mrs. Silas Brown
was at one time resident OF Bloomsbury
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05

The TRACK upon the Fair Ground is be.
ing prepared and will be complete in a few
days. A fine chance will here be offered
TO sporting gentlemen TO try the speed Of
their animals. A half mile track is being
made. 1t will be a tolerable good race
course when completed Come and try it,
ye owners OF speed
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05

T,RlMMlNGS AND NOTIONS, fancy arli-
i cles, aeood assortment OF Hosiery of the
beet qualify; also aloves, mitls, baskets, Ca.
bas, Combs, dress trimmings and Innings,
sewing silk, thread, etc., ETC., 10 be had next
door 10 the Exchange"
AMELIA D. WEBB.
BIoomsbure, May 25, 1857.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05

To PREVENT Cows KlcKING-Te a cord
or small rope around the body of the COW,
just front of the hips and under, drawing ii
pretty tight, when you can SO 10 work milk
ing without fear or trembling. In time the
cord may merely be laid over the animals
back with the desired effect at least such
has been the experience of some persons.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
DWELLING HOUSES,

near which is a good spring of water, 4
Stone SPRING House, large FRAY Vi Z BARN,
Two Wagon Sheds, and other ouIhniIiings s.
There is an excellent APPLE ORCHARU
on the premises, and variety of other Irut
trees. Al the same time aud place there
will he solb
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
PUBLIC SALE
OF
r E AL ST A. e =

fV'HERE will be exposed to nnhlir sale at
The lac residence of ISAAC DENOTE,
deceased. in Madison township, Columbia
county. Pa, on
SATURDAY, OCTOBER, 22d, 1859,
al 10 o'clock, in the forenoon, the folio wing
described rea! estate 10 wit
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
A F A r Nj,

containing abont one hundred AMI f'pen
acres, Of which about one hundred acre 3
cleared land, and in good state Of cuhiva-
lion, and a part of it excellent ma low Iand,
adjoining lands of jacob Dsmor on the
South, lands of Robert Montgomery and
George Ewes on the East, lants of Juseph
Masters on The Wesl, aud by Saw Mill lot
Belonging 10 the deceased OH The Noah.-
There are OH the pre- rnisPs Two frame
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05

T Democrats, attend the Election, ev.
cry man of you, and vote the straight
Democratic Ticket
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05

WILLIAM SLOAN s. Son, of Bloomsbury
received the Premium at the State Fair last
week on an open buggy which they had
there on exhibition. This speaks well for
Columbia county mechanism. The wagons
made in this section are hard 10 beat. Wag.
ons were TO be seen at this Fair from all
parts of the State.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05

We WOULD direct the attention of our
readers 10 the advertisement in another col.
umn Of the real estate of ISAAC DEMorr,
deceased, of Madison township, this county
A farm is offered for sale containing one
hundred and fifteen acres, nearly all cleared
and in stale of good cultivation, with good
buildings and everything calculated 10 be
found on awell managed farm. A lot of
timber land and a saw.mill property will be
disposed of al the same time. Here will be
chance TO get bargain. The property is
desirable one and the Improvements good
Sale 10 commence al 10 o'clock, a m, on
Saturday, the 22d day Of October, 1859.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05

PtTERsoN's Philadelphia Counterfeit Deteetor
and Bank Mole List for the month of October
has been received. This Detector is among
tho very best; it can be seen upon the
counter of nearly every place Of business
This number contains the description Of
one bundled and fourteen new counlerfeits
which have been put in circulation since
the Issue of the September number. Terms,
monthly, per annum, one dollar, invariably
in advance semi monthly, per annum, two
dollars.
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1859-10-05
The Opposition PleadingS.

In days of yore the Democratic parry had
an Opposition TO contend with and still it
is apparent that there are some people
amongst us who have opposition and AFRO.
giant feelings toward that same party. They
are known by many names, and never claim
one over year or two. AT present we are
entirely al a loss TO know what TO call them
Some of the nti-Democratic Journals run
up the head over their nominations, "RepuL.
Hcan State Ticket" while others have it,
"Peopies' State Ticket" and "CPpoation State
7icket" We will, howsomever, call them
Opposition, thinking that The most appro.
pirate, as they invariably oppose every
measure and candidate supported by Dem
ocrats They actually go against their own
interests, which the records of the past will
prove. Never was campaign fought but
what they cried loudes, Tor some measure,
which, in their opinion, would be of great
public good and always, when they were
placed in power, able 10 accomplish that
object they SO much advocated, they invari.
ABLY opposed 1t. Never can this party be
relied on. They will cheat themselves
when left alone.
AT this time The Opposition are most busy.
The election is drawing very nigh They
are presenting electioneering statements,
one after another, all with like effect-to
no purpose. 1t is as natural for them 10 do
this as ii is Tor water TO run down hill
They are compelled to trump up something
OF this kind to keep up an Opposition party,
and the larger the electioneerng story the
betterifor them. provided they can cram it
down the ihroats of Democrats. This is the
way they plead for place and power; they
care nothing about principles. Principles
are foreign 10 them.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1859-09-13

GERRIT SMITH TO THE RELIGIOUS PREss.-We
print in our impression of to-day another let
ter from the Sage of Peterboro', addressed
TO the religious newspaper reviewers of his pi-
quaint circular, which has already appeared in
the HERALD. 1t will be remembered that Bro
Their Smith was especially savage against the
clergy and the politicians upon the slavery
question, calling them all shams. For this he
has been taken to task by Brother Beecher and
Jnumberiess other brethren, and he now reite
rates his former charges. Among other things,
he denies that he ever expected to be elected
Governor last fall; and perhaps on the same
principle he may not expect people to read his
letters, although he takes the trouble to print
them Mr.. Smith is simply an amiable man,
who has been used by the politicians and the
sham anti-slavery temperance clergy and laity,
and has just come to a realizing sense of the
fact that they are as far as his hobbies GO, a
set of arrant humbugs. We could have given
him gratis that bit of information for which
he has paid SO roundly. Religious anti-slavery
and religious temperance are. next to the
professional confidence men, the most arrant
humbugs OF the day.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1859-09-13
The New York Mechanics Aiding the La
Dor Movement In London.

meeting Of stonecutlers was held in this city last
evening to take into consideration the like movement in
London, especially with reference the stonecue,s OF
that city. Some of the sonecuttcrs of New York know
ing there is movement now being made in London FOR
the reduction OF the hours Of labor and feeling il to be
their duty TO assist their fellow stonccucrs in their
prascwory object called the meeting il the stone
cutters in general are in favor OF rendering them asss
tance The stonecuers here say they collect a con
siderable sum- and at any rate the name of asss-
lance from the New York society will 60 far TO cheer
their brother sonccuttcrs in the desperate struggle be
tween labor and capital. The following were atopcd:-
Resolved That committee OF five be- appointed draft
suitable resolutions TO be published in the papers
Resolved, That the iourneymen stonccut,ers OF New
York. Brooklyn, Williamsburg and Jersey CITY deeply
sympase with our brother worsmen nov on strike ii
London.
Resolved, That recommend TO the association the
proprcy Of raising much money possible TO be FOR
wardcd Immediately.
Resolved, That the committee that The shop
stewards in the respective shops be directed ascertain
the pleasure OF the men, and at early period pos
sibic.
The following the committee appointed carry tho
object Of the meeting into cllccWm. g. Joyce, Edward
Carroll, VIM Congaton aud Michael Ryan
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1859-09-13

PHILADELPHIA, Sept, IL, 1859
Flour dull. Wheat active: white, 81 2S q 81 35; red
81 II. Pork buoyant: mess SIS So Lard. &C. l2c
Coffee firm at lie ll34c for Rio w Ia 27.1s
Flour quiet. Wheat-Supply fair; white Michigan 81
- 81 2s; Mediterranean ST II 81 10. Corn quiet
sales . 600 bushels old State 40c weight and 1000
bushels Canada East at 49, weight Barley: sales $500
bushels on private terms the first barley sold this season
BUFFALO, Sept 12-lPM
Flour firm with moderate business: sales 900 bbls at
81 SO 81 S71a for extra Michigan, Ohio and Indiana SIS
SIS 81 4 for double extra. Wheat firm and in good de-
mand sales Of Saturday 10000 bushels Chicago sping
eco do red Ohio, at 81 II 900 do. Milwaukee club,
al size this morning; $500 do do, at SSc 1000 do
new NO o oGcaso spring loE o DO 1aaaa
nominal at CSC. Freghs firm. Imports 900 bbls. -four,
$1,000 bushels wheat, $4,000 do corn, 600 do. barley
Exports 500 bb -four, ID 900 bushels wheat &C 900 do
BUFFALO, Sept 12-sPM
Flour opened firm, but closed shade easier Upper
Lake scarce in which nothing of is doing sales
900 bbls at 81 SIS SIS for good choice extra Cana
dan; 81 80 "a ST. for good to choice extra Michigan,
Indiana and Ohio and S. SIS 81. for double extras.
Wheat firm; sales 900 bushels new No l Chicago
spring at s71ac.; 10000 bushels good Milwaukee Club
at Csc; $500 bushels white Canada at 81 12s. Corn
quiet. Oats steady: sales 1000 bushels Illinois at &c.
Canal reshtscarricrs are obtaining an advance of &c
wheat and corn to Troy and Albany to New York the
rates are firm at &C. on corn l0c wheat and Csc
flour Lake imports to-day-9,0o0 bbls flour; $4,000
bushels wheat 1000 bushels corn; 900 bushels barley
Canal cNports-300 bbs -four, As 900 bushels wheat,
AZ, 600 bushels corn, 5000 bushels oats.
OswEGo, Sept. 1916 p. NJ
Flour unchanged, with moderate demand for The
home and interior trade Sales: 500 bbls including
choice double extra at Sc So Wheat with liberal arrivals
there is an active milling demand, and spring which is
IN most request, has advanced lc &c. Sales % 600
bushels at $50 SOC for Chicago spring. 92lsc for Mil
waukee club including 5000 bushels mixed Nos. and
Illinois winter at 81 white Canadian held ut 81
with some inquiry at 81 Is Corn and held firmly
no sales. Oats held at Sac, with buyers &c for
Western Barley nominal Canal frcghts steady Csc.
on -four, &c. on wheat and 6sc. to New York.
Barley &c. TO Albany and Troy. Lake inports-l2O 900
bushels wheat 20 500 bushels oats 1900 bushels bar
ley Canal exports 400 bushels wheat IL 800 bushels
corn.
CINCINNATI, Sept. 1916 =. N.
Flour heavy, at 81 30 81 40 for superfne Whiskcy
steady az 20 &c Provisions shade lower Mess pork,
$l4. Lard, 101sc. 1890
CHICAGO, September l2-6P. NJ.
Flour steady Wheat firm and advanced DC: sales
l450O bushels spring from store, 7Sc Corn active;
sales II 900 bushels from store, at 63c 64c. Receipts
to-day 1900 bbls. flour: $4,000 bushels wheat; $500
bushels corn; 10000 bushels oats. Shipmcnts-29OO
bbs; -four; lac, 900 bushels wheat.