Litchfield enquirer., 1858-08-26
THE ELECTRO-MAGNET1C TEIE.
 GRAPH

The New York Times of Saturday, 7th inst, oc. cupies some ten or twelve columns of interesti, o.
 matter, preparatory to history of the Origin and
 Progress Qf this important enterprise from it's ear-
 essinception to its final accomplishment. Wecop
 lew paragraphs as to whom the world is indebted
 for the discovery and scientific application of the
 wonder-working Ecctro.Magnetic Telegraph, with
 cor:ector from Prof. Shepherd:
 The extension of the electromagnetic tele-
 graph between the O.d World and the New
 forms an era in the history of mankind at
 which We may with great propriety pause, and contemplate the work accomplished The
 transmission of matter across the inter-conti.
 mental ocean, thanks .o the development of steam machinery, has been brought within the compass of nine days and few hours. The transmission of thought, the vital impulse of matter, by the completion of the submarine telegraph line, has been brought within the
 limits of few seconds indeed, for all prac- tical purposes, time, in the transit may be re- garded as entirely eliminated A result so practical, and yet so inconcevabe ; so preg. nant with consequences which prophecy alone can fatEom and estimate SO full of hopeful prognostics for the future of mankind, must in all time designate this period in the annals of the race as one of the loftiest moment as one of the grand way-marks in the onward and upward march of the human intellect. And perhaps the point of all others most suggestive of cotemporary pride is that, less than any other, this work is the work of sin gle generation not the slow evou ton of prill- ciples and applications to which many consec- utive ages of tie world have contributed. Men are TOW living who lived when Franklin tore the lightning from the clouds. The infant born when Morse first harnesscd those unseen couricrs of the air and earth, electricity and magnetism to the car of human progress, has not yet attained manhood. The application l of electro-magnetism to the communication of ideas is, in fact, the achievement of the day in which we live, and as such forms peculiar topic for selfrxaltation.
 THE ELECTRO MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH.
 The discovery of electro magnetism s due to Prof OER<TED, of Copenhagen, who amour ced the now principle, in lSl9 The dscove- i ry was seized hy NJ. Ampcre, the eminent French ptysicien, wha in the following year in- vented an electromagnetic telegraph, in which he used as many wires as there were letters, and broke and restored the circuit by keys, similar to those used in the House patent. This attempt was purely experimental It was never practically tested. No current was ob- | tained of sufficient force to traverse any con- siderable distance the idea of using the earth to complete the circuit the possibility of enl- ploying single wire any method of record ing the magnetic current, in other words, of not only making it speak, but of reporting and preserving it's utterances,. all these were un- known elements, which it was left for the pres ent generation to discover. The first advance was made by Professor Joseph Henry, then of Princeton College now of the Smithsonian h. stitution, and in the tower of the Dudley Ob- | servatcry, who by the construction and novel combination of magnets demonstrated the pos l sibility of transmitting the current over long l distances a revelation indispensable to the construction of & submarine telegraph. This was in 1881. In 1888, Weber, German ex- permrnter, found that copper wire, which he | carried over sundry houses and church steeples of Gottngen, required no especial insulation :; fact of great practical value to telegraphing upon land The year lS37 furnished several additions to previous knowledge and, in fact,
 may be regarded as the epoch of the inland telegraph system. h July of that year Stein- l hiel put i'll use registering electromagnetic | telegraph between Munich and Bogenhausen, l wherein clock-work was employed to pass a 1 ribbon of paper through the machine under a defected needle, which impressed upon it dots and marks, accepted as representations of the several letters of the alphabet. A few days before the Steinhiel apparatus was set to work Messrs. Cooke and Wheatstone obtained their
 English patent for telegraph using defcc- tive point. Their specific improvement was the use of transmitting or relay magnets h October 1887, Mir. Samuel F. B. Morse, of New York, filed his caveat for the Amer- can Electro Magnetic Telegraph" in which an incomplete outline of his actual system was presented. He represented that his plan had been devised several weeks prior to the 27th | of September, but was then first reduced to l the test of experiment. Dr. Charles T. Jack son, Of Boston, has always couteuded that the Morse invention was due to his suggestion, made to the Professor during voyage from Europe in the Summer of that year. There is no proof, however, to contradict the aver mcnts of both gentlemen that they had heard nothing of the Steinhiel and Wheatstone in- l ventioas. Morse obtained his patent iu France in 1888, and in lS4O patent in the United States. In l846, a reissue of the latter pat tnt was obtained, in which the claim to the electric or magnetic current was abandoned
 but he claimed instead the use of electro-map netism as motor The same year he patent edea right to the invention of a local circuit Subsequently, Mr. Alex. Ban patented ip England. his claim for an improved Eleetr:co- Chemical Telegraph, where the message was recorded by electricity upon paper chemically prepared andin l84S-9, MT. Royal E. House, of New York, obtained an American patent for telegraph in which the message was r- 1 corded by types, and the circuit broken and resumed by means of keys similar to those of the piano-forte, answering to the letters of the alphabet The first electromagnetic line in the United States was that between Baltimore