New-York daily tribune., 1858-11-03
GLElNiyGs FROM EUROPEAN PAPERs.

The eia-t rrs.l,asiu- Of tuuneli,g Nom, Gems,
tn t,te.; mountains Of tine Alps between S~l,-
...l,,i .rd Piedmont. progresses slowly. TIE titi-
entities Of ii, enterprise confi't no' 80 "in'o ~ Inc
-, n tie - l,erlanrsn communication which : {"
he tectrd. az l H.. nipo.silrfy OF taxing me WORK
IN hand al Il ore tlap ,No points a'd "i tue n'''s''!
~,,,li,s af sr az distance ~ lo,ioV iee' rom e'o'
.rS cf tie tunnel. ~ the other tunes when nave
br bul, are corr-c.ed with the surface by series
o.sbsos which beirc sark in distances OF al most
0O feet DO not oriy multiply thepo'n' OF attaeA' ou.
facilitate ard insure also the necessary crcuaIoh oi
,b, air ard the eoulaton of the w0Tkmen' ihis expo
,rt cannot be- made use Of a. the Mount Cehls iuu-
:, -. shaft. ,outi have 70 be driven TO depth
=, 2 e,0 f,et IN reach tie bottom, and the auxiliary
works ", ud have 10 be Almost more geah''c ina" '"0
,,,s, structure Shafrs Of that depth have not ye,
h.en surk r. r.ck IN any Other ocalityto let aloue
the region of eternal snow Under these eiFVunsi"'
ce~ the tunnel i only worked from the 1.-TWO eSteleS'
but though augers Of new invention enable thet 20
drill blasting bores of quite considerable depn' III
Which the powder is fired ty electrical sparks, u mas
no; been possible 20 complete more than - TO ~ teeI
pr month even under tie most favorable circu'isan-
cs 4, TIM. rate It wili take fifty years to finish the
work even without considering that the diicnteS IN
CREASE witt every step advances, as the necessary
,upuli.s of air. provisions, tools and worSrnen VIII
., last have "a be forwarded distance OF leOuo
feet from the entrance.
1t appears from return Just published ny 'he
Russian government that at the beginning OF the pres
eut wear the debt of Russia is $392 i61 lo TAis sum
cnurot be considered excessive the debt OF France be-
ing 81 si SGT. .uGO that of England s., 99o o,OOO
tbat Of Austria 81 l24 10000, and that OF Prussia
sI5Q 630CC0 Thus Russia il the least indebted OF al
GREAT states but one and she i the least of any com
pared 10 her population. In England, for example, the
deb, is equal 10 Al i3 for each nhsbant in France
$i2; in Austria $33 in Prussia Ell, and in Russia
olly A. The sums employed by each state annually
in payment Of interest and in sinking funds is si2,-
$50 900 in England sIG2 2i9 600 in France s6s6iO,-
O0O il Austria $3OO go in Russia. ard s., io0ew
in Prussia Russia il here again the last but one, and
according to population the lowest. 10 England each
irlabitart paying 81 % IN France & % in Austria
Al 3d. in Prussia 81 cts and in Russia ~ cts. Finally,
Whit in England the public debt absorbs 43 per cent.
OF the whole budget only takes 30 per cent IN Aus
tra and France Russia II per cent and in Prussia
II per cent According to the last annual report of the
Of the Interior there in Russia So 900 noble
men who own each to 10 seris 81 600 with 10 to 20
80 eco with 20 to 100 lS000 with 100 TO 500 2O00
with 500 20 lO0O 400 with 1000 to 10000 and five
with 20 000 aud more serfs each. The agricultural
population conss- 81 100 coo sers who belong to the
, crown ana II, $50 eco who belong to individual noble
men The condition Of those serfs who do not belong
to large estate il by far the worst. They have TO
work all their lifetime for masters whom their own
poverty renders cruel; seeking living in the larger
cities mechanics servants, they have to pay to
their owners yearly body y-rent which very often eI-
ce,ds their ability and regularly leaves them nothing
but the means OF scsnty subsistence. Skill and ability
to work does not improve their condition, but only
increases their burdens. The first attempt at emsnc-
patton was made in 1893 by Alexander 1. BY trans
forming the sefs of the crown domains into personally
free farmers he reduced the numbers of serfs from
fifty to thirty millions; but the noblemen We're not
disturbed in their ownership. He stopped in his
reforms and Nicholas had to think of other things in
the first years Of his Government than of the peasants.
These lost at last their patience which had been tested
so long. Already, under Alexander, they had per-
ceived who il WAS that opposed their emancipation.
When Nicholas also failed in conquering the nobility,
horrible scenes were enacted in parts Of the
Empire Ever since 1912 instructions of serfs formed
n standing item Of the events of the year-even the
Ministerial reports did not dare to deny that every
year sixty or seventy uoblenen killed by their
peasants.