davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1858-12-31
From the Runl New Yorker.
Winter Kill. or Heaving Out.

There are Few farmers who have no, gain.
ed. by actual experience, knowledge of tho
meaning OF the above ,crms-tcw. at any
rate, save those whose 10, is cas-, upon a %.
ron. soil ad,rding perfect natural drain
acs. They have seen their winter grain and
clover destroyed by the irccIing and hea,ing
out 10 which all heavy soils are more or less
liable, and observation has taught them why
and how IL j. -. The cause and process
has been concissly explained a. follows
The soil Is pulverirci only as deep As the
plow runs-s1me six or elsh, inches. Be
lpw this Is a stratum Of clay or hard pan,
nearly impcryious 20 water. The surface
sol becomes saturated, like sponse, by
the autumn rains or melting SHOWS OF
spring. When the ground Is suddenly fro
zen. the water contained in it crystalline.
into ice, the soil is thrown NJ into spiculcs
or honey combs and the poor clover roots
or wheat plants are thrown from their beds;
aud, by few repetition. Of the process, ei,
dead upon the field in the spring.
The root Of the evil is a 'aiuroiod soil.
Full Of water, the iro.i cIcr,s a tremendous
lifting OF expansive power upon Il, adequate
10 lil, tuns Of rocks, and totally destructive
to the slender roots OF gram or grass. II
the sub.1il i. impcryious 10 wafer, or nearly
80. il matters little what the surface may
be-we have seen sandy land hcaye crops
almo,, a. bad clay, bu, in all cases the
upper stratum was flled with water, and
the under soil too compact to allow it, pas
sage.
The remedy i. to remove, by drainage, the
water of saturation. Thorough drIining
with tile doe. thi. mos, perfectly, bot sur
face draining can aid considerably in the
work ol prevention. Any process keeping
the .oil porous. ~ that all surplus moisture
readily passes off, will Prevcn, winter kill
/ OF grain and clover.
4 Thorough drainage 1. perfect remedy.
After applying IL to hi. elayey farm, Mr..
Johnston, Of Seneca Co., says I" Hereto
fore many acres Of wheat were lost on the
upland by freezing out, and none would
grow on the low land. Now, there is no
lo., from that cause" Many instances Of
like character could be brought to show the
effect OF draining in this respect. Our
readers have had such repeatedly brought
before them.
Throwing the land into narrow bcd'when
plowing has long been practiced on level
clay lands, when Gown 20 wheat, 20 some
degree prevents winter killing. We would
commend the practice where tile draining Is
too costly. or otherwise ineIpedient. In all
eases the dead.iurrows should be cleared out
and kept clean, with good outlet, and sui.
feient TO carry oT all the water they may
contain.
Many farmers have been looking favora-
bly toward the culture Of winter barley.
They should rsmeuber, however, that IL is
more easily affected Ly freezing out than
wheat or clover, the roots being naturally
OF a shorter habit and having less bold upon
the soil. Those who have sOwn this crop
should give attention now to this aspect OF
the case, and remove, rs far as practicable,
all chance for water remaining on or near
the surface. B.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1858-12-31
Profit or Loss in ManuriaI Application,

MGssKs. EDroRs Whether we are TO
obtain prof, or suffer loss, and whether our
profits are 10 be greater or smaller, from the
application Of manurial matters to the soil,
depends to a certain extent upon the modc
Of applying them. The p1HdP's by which
the most economical or profitable mode of
applying manures might, at any time or IN
any particular case, be readily determined,
is pretty generally known and admitted in
iAsOry: but il seems to b. very frequently
forgotten in every day practios. Almost ey-
cry farmer, IL asked whether he would de.
rive. or expect TO derive, more benefit from
any fertilizer whatever II dissolved or finely
broken up and intimately mixed with the
soil, than II left in Jumps or otherwise very
unequally distributed, would at once be
ready with the right answer. Almost every
one can see. and would without hesitation
admit, that tbe more equally any manure
was distributed through the soil, aud the
more minu.ely the particles thereof were
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1858-12-31

SnouNO lIoEss THir OvER.EEIcu. Why
not put the front shoes little further for.
ward. and the bind shoes little further
backward? Plainly, because that will no,
increase the speed Ol the fOrO-feet and re.ard
that Of the hinder. which is just wha, you
want to accomplish. Bot to do this, make
the toe-ealks Of the fore-ieet very low, and
set the shoe back as far rs possible. with
high heel ealks. Then. reverse this method
upon the hind feet. Thus the fore feet will
30 enabled to se, Ou, Of the way of the h'nd
feet, and the clicking and lOOsening OF shoes
will cease. This will also help the speed Of
the hOrsc. Am. Agriculturi't.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1858-12-31
VOLUME 20, NO. 8.

Nay" she replied. putting the wes-
pom. behind her "you will be too hasiy
Ls, them suppose We yield-ls, them Opsn
iho door 80
"0h. no /, will then be too late"
h spoke. the door was suddenly thrown
open. and three or four swar,hy, heavily.
bearded men presented themselves to ny
view.
"Quiek. Senorita. for the love OF God!"
cried. graspins at her arm.
Hold :" she exclaimed. instantly pre-
.en,ing one Of my own re'olvsrs to ny
head. f" Resistance is u.elsss-you are our
prisoner" !"
" Good God :" exclaimed I. perfectly a.
founded. " Or prisoner did you Ay, Il
is no, po-si ls tha, one 80 fair and lovely -
yourself. i' in any manner connected With
these bandiui!'
1T |. even so, senor." she replied with
one Of her mos, bewi,ching smiles, still
keeping one Of my one Of my own weapsos
turned against myself, and significantly
pointing ,hs other TO the door.
You will ohligs u. by stepping forth.
and giving yourself into the care Of these
good gentlemen. WHO will SO that you are
.r~sied as brave man should he. but Who
will trouble you. meantime. for any litils
change and valuable- you may hsvs TO
spare"
There .csmei to ~ NJ hello for i,-ths
beautiful S-rorlia Paula valsrds was spy
and acromplics % the iadroas. She had
entered tue diligrnria at Perp,e. for no 9th.
cr purpo'' than To ascertain the exact eon.
dlliun Of thing. inside. and be Ahls 10 zig
nalir her associate. a. she p,sseial l'ny. %
that they might know exactly IN what man.
ner 20 conduct themselves. and make thrir
work sure without risk. By q simple strAt-
agrn she had obtained my arms, just at The
point where she knew the attack would b
made, and her discharge Of the pistol. as IL
by accident, was the signal to show them
that all was secure.
Il acknowledge myself conquered by b.
ins ou,wl,lel!" said |, bowling TO Ia Sen.
orita.
Then turning to the robbers, who had
now collected in body. in front Of the door
..c.n,,om.n ,on xL, ,.,ui, ma 4,
LII, 80. ~. ,o,, .,m. r,,n,h,. ,,...
-, !, ,L.I,,,,,,, n ,,,, .,,,,,. al
r,,,,t.,,u. ~,
80,
..,D'.....,.-,I'. -, s,.,..iT ~
-. -. L,,.,ah..,,x"
viii ,hi. oni.,Iv ..,,.a r,ou n. %,
hi.l. and IN. o.,.L ..,,rh,o, ,l,ro. ,u,
80. :, ,,.....;,, If ,b. whol. .,,,. N Al.
li,. r.. d,li,.,,i, mad h.., .,,,c.d in.
iii ..l..n.,J,,, .nI -. ,,,v., IA.
A.. -
,7..-.......,.-.s..,, n.
=, ,..,,,,,,,,. n, ,ho mr.. a, h,
,,i,.h, 40, ~, IN s,,h.t cas-. ,bs,s "a,
,,,,, 80, - ,..i.,,,.. C,,u him-,,v A.
,.m,, =, IL. ki,d xoala o.,,,i,lv S,io,
nror him , ..,.,o rnri,bm,n,. .ooc., ar
later.
glanced IN and down the rad. vhsrs
I, round h.,wan d,,. o,.r,b.do,;n,
trees. bu, discovered nothing 70 CIV. ma .py
hone Tn, robb.r, .ou. si,b, or tan /.
DoDhs, and ,Il veil ,,u.d v.,. ooll.c..d
,,,nrd m. mar, of than uou,,.d and "A.
other. .,,,d,o, q, their feel, bo,dip, tb,ir
mustang, by the bride. Looking upon my
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1858-12-31

Anths arts AMI sciences pcrthining u Nlr' are
eo-e, liakelt together, and are 'nlm''eiy '''"ne''
cd 18th ArtiCaliure.
Oxford Democrat. [volume] (Paris, Me.) 1833-1933, 1858-12-31

Men often blush to hear Of what they were
not ashamed 10 act.
The Washington union., 1858-01-30

Arrive at Rio Grande City Thursday by IL M
Leave Rio Grande City Thursday at pm; l
Arrive at Corpus Christi Sunday by pm.
Bids to run twice week will be considered.
s597 From Goliad, by Refugo and Alguma, to San Pa
tricio rs miles and back, twice week.
Leave Goad Monday and Thursday at 6 am;
Arrive at San Patricio next day by 8 SPIN;
Leave San Patricio Monday and Thursday at 6 m;
Arrive at Goliad next day by 6pm.
s5ss From Goliad by Meyesvlle Clinton, Cuero Mus
tang, and Peru, to Haletsvle 10 miles and back,
week.
Leave Goad Wednesday at 6 am;
Arrive at Hallettsville next day by SPIN;
Leave Halettsvie Friday ats am;
Arrive at Goliad next day by 8pm.
$500 From Goliad to Oakvle so miles and back once
week. GE.t h.}a
Leave Gosd Friday at a m;
Arrive at Oakville by pm;
Leave Oakville Saturday at AM .ff
Arrive at Goliad by I'M ay
5000 From Anaqua to Crescent Village, Is miles and
back, once week. 4 a tirIN
Leave Anaqua Saturday at Sam; s,f naa
Arrive at Crescent Village by IL m;
Leave Crescent Village Saturday at 2 p m;
Arrive at Anaqua by SPIN.
seo From Big Greek, by Sandy Point to Liverpool, 30
~ miles and back, once week.
Leave Big Creek Sunday at a m;
Arrive at Liverpool by p M
Leave Liverpool Saturday at 8 am;
Arrive at Big Greek by pm
1902 From Matagords by Sugar Land and Bates to Bra
zoria, As miles and back, thrse times week,
Leave Matagorla Monday Wednesday, and Friday
st6am;
The Washington union., 1858-01-30

1920 From Wo0dvile, by Town Bluff to Jaspar 40 mics
and back, once week.
Leave Woodville Monday at am H'a
Arrive at Jaspar by p M
Leave Jaspar Wednesday at am
Arrive at Woodvile by 6pm.
Bids for twce-a-week service will be considered
1921 From Swartwout by Gold Spring. Lincoln 10
Huntsville AZ miles and back, twice week.
Leave Swartwout Monday and Friday at am;
Arrive at Huntsville by pm;
Leave Huntsville Tuesday and Saturday at 6 a
Arrive at Swartwout by SPIN.
1922 From Bunn's Bluff by Wess' Bluff, Duncan Woods
and Madison, to Balew's Ferry, La, 80 miles ana
Leave Bunn's Bluff Thursday at pm;
Arrive at Balews Ferry next day by SPIN;
Lave Ballews Ferry Wednesday at sam;
Arrive at Bunn's Bluff next day by IL M
1923 From Wicss' Bluff, by CAney Head, Town Blnn,
Woodville Angelina G. II (local, and Marion, to
Nacogdoches, l43 miles and back three times
week from LIST November to Let July, and twice
aweek from lst July to lst November.
From LIST July TO la November.
Leave wiess Bluff Tuesday and Saturday atSp
Arrive at Nacogdochss 4th day BY pm;
Leave Nscogdoches Tuesday and Saturday atbP~
Arrive at Wiess' Bluff 4th day by 8 pm
Fyom 1a November 70 la July
Leave wiess' Bluff Tuesday, Thursday, and sau
Arrive at Nacogdoches 4th day BY .5pm;
Leave Nacogdoches Tuesday, Thursday, and satu
Arriy. aiy a. at Z wisss Bluff 4,h day BY pm
Bids to run three times week the whole year. and p
q proposed schedule, arc invited. -.
1924 From AnahuAc by Sour Lake, to Woodve 50 miles
= N' and back, once week. ~ - ~ 's'
Leave Anahunc Monday at Am,
Arrive at Wood vile next day by II PM
Leave Woodville Wednesday At a M
Arrive at Anahuac next day by IL m.
ss25 From Huntsville by Madisonville, Leons Centre
The Washington union., 1858-01-30

Leave Goad Wednesday at I'm;
Arrive al Goazales next day by 8 p M
s54s From Gonzales by Rancho, to Sutherland Springs
60 miles and back, week.
Leave Gonzales Friday ut m;
Arrive at Sutherland Springs by l0pm;
Leave Sutherland Springs Saturday at M
Arrive at Gonzales by lOpm m.
s549 From Austin, by Perdinalus Burns Ford Double
Horn, and Mormon Mills, to Burnett c. H., %
miles and back, once week.
Leave Austin Monday at 8a m;
Leave Burnett c. H. Tuesday at2 IN;
Arrive at Austin next day by pm.
$3.50 From Austin, by Kapps Mills Cannonvile, Pitts
burg, Middleton, Cariae, New Pittsburg, and Pes
terdae to Sisterdale, 76 miles and back, once
Leave Austin Monday at M
Arrive At Ssterdae next day by m;
Leave Sistsrdalc Wednesday at 6 nj
f.om ausn to g. miles and back
Leave Austin Friday ats a m;
Arrive at Lampassas next day by IN;
Leave Lampassas Sunday AT u m;
Arrive at Austin next day by pm.
1862 From Austin BY Dripping Spring Round Mountain n.
and back, twice week.
Leave Austin Monday and Wednesday at q
Arrive at Fredericksburg Sd day by 7pm
Leave fredericksburg Monday and Wednesday al
Tam;
Arrive al Austin Sd day byzpm.
1858 From Austin by Rainngs Creek South Nolen, and
Gatesvile to Waco, 100 miles and back, ohce q
q week.
Leave Austin Monday at Am;
Arrive at Waco Wednesday by pm;
Leave Waco Thursday att m;
Arrive at Austin Saturday by SPIN.
1854 From Austin, BY Bluff Spring, LockhaIt, Plum
Grove, Concrete, Cuero, and Prices Greek, to Vic
toria 1870 miles and back, daily.
Leave Austin daily at A. m;
Arrive at Victoria next day by 10 pm;
Leave Victoria daily at A am
Arrive at Austin next day by 10 pm.
Bids to run three times week are invited.
1856 From Austin by Gieland Creek, Post Oak Island
Circleville San Gabriel, and San Anders, to Cam
eron 10 miles and back, . week.
Leave Austin Wednesday at q m;
Arrive at Cameron next day by PM
Leave Cameron Moaday at a nj
Arrive at Austin next day by pm.
Lxvil he darod
The Washington union., 1858-01-30
Pr,spect Hill Monday, Wednesday, and Fri

Leave Prospect Hill Monday, wednesday, and Fri
day At IN;
Arrive at Franklnton y 4pm
Leave FrAnklipton Tuesday, Thursday, and satur-
day at 6 m;
s2s2 From Harrisonburg by CAsors Springs and Find
lays to Goodwaser, so miles and back, once a
Leave narrisonburg Thursday at am
Arrive 1t Goodwater next day by IL m;
Leave Goodwater Friday at m;
Arrive at Harrisonburg next day by pm.
s2ss From H.rrisonburg, by Fords Greek Aimwell,
Fanny Louis, Bertrand Prairie, Hancock Prairie,
Wheeling. and Saint Maurice, to Natchtoches,
90 miles and back, three times . week.
Leave Harrsonburg Monday Wednesday and Fri
Arrive At Natchitoches mex. days ysPm;
Leave Natchitoches Monday Wednesday, and FRI
Arrive At Harrisonburg next days byspm.
Proposals for sx-timss a-weck service are inV-
1894 From Mindsn, by Buckhorn, Boons Landing local
Ringgold, fverson Coushattie Chute, and Campt
to Natchitocbss, 81 miles and back, three times
Leave Minden Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at
Arrive Il Naicbitoches next days by 6pn
Leave NatchitOches Thursday, Saturday, and Mon
rr;y. ry = = nind.o n.,ta.v. bv snm
1895 From Mndsa BY Aliens settlement Flat Lick Wise
vile, Dorchsst and Pine Flat to Walnut Hill,
Ark 10 miles and back, once week
Leave Mnden Saturday at7am; s
Arrive = Walnut Hili nszt day by7pn;
Leave Walnut Hill Monday at 7 M
Arrive at Mnden next day by pm.
Proposals for twcea-week service invited.
$3.50 From Minden by Bistena Bossisr Point and Red
BIuf to Mansfield 80 miles and back once
week.
Leave Nndsn Monday at m;
Arrive at Manafed next day by PM
Leave Mansfield Monday at m;
Arrive at Minden next day by pm
s267 From Mlnden, by Simms and Burns Store and Big
Spring, to Magnolia, Ark, so miles and back,
q week.
Leave Mnden Friday at M
Arrive At Magnolia by 10 m;
Leave Magnolia Saturday at 6 M
Arrive at Ainden by lOpm
s2ss From Bsllevew by Decks Orchard Grove (oca)
Lanesvile Coca,) to Magnolia Ark. 100 miles
and back, once week.
Leave Beleview Tuesday at m;
Arrive at Magnolia Thursday by IL M
Leave Magnolia Thursday at p M
Arrive at BelIev!ew Saturday by m.
1858 From Bellevsw by Fillmore and Bosers Point to
The Union and eastern journal. [volume] (Biddeford [Me.]) 1854-1858, 1858-01-01
SANFORD 4 CO., Proprietor. ,s45 broadway NY,
DR. botanic Innrmary. No. IL
L IJoward street. Dostnn. Mass.

nR. I-Dotanic Innrmary No. IL,
~ Howard street, Boston, Mass.
DIR. CUDw0Rril attributes TO his SEw DISCOVERY
much OF his success In curing the most deep roote OBJ
stinate COMPLICATED and long standing aud even IN.
HERirED disorders OF the human system. His utter dis
card Of mercury, hydrate Of potash and other mineral
poisons from the medical practice forced him TO search
Tor substitute, and the result was, this agent, which
In itself IL thorough but mild searcher discover and
eIpeler Of all mercural or other poisonous dePo's OF
the humon system.
This Is well worth sober consideration Because his
cleansing and renoyating remeSy the "New Discovery
Is the basis on which his theory OF Healing long and well
settled disorders .ounded and will In all Eases intro
duce healthy action Of great consequence, but where
he pronounces q thorough cure, II has ssvER FAILED.
Old Diseases oil the Throat Chest Heart and Lungs,
Gout and Rheumatism, Indigestion, General Debility,
Nprcuyizi A~tions. Females Chronic Disorders, Ner
yousness and abtual Headache, diseases OF indiscreet
young aud mddle-sged persons and all diseases OF the
skin or urinary organs constitute list OF human afic
lions In which rs "New Discovcry"is ola most abso
lutte efficacy. For the satisfaction OF the public, $500
will be legally forfeited grain Of mercury IS found IN
any medical preparation from this institution.
All persons who by an In njudicious or deficient med.
ca treatment, have Lost all hlth 10 the profession, and
all hope Of recovery may for couple Of weeks y this
xRW DISCOVERY and never continue . medical treat
men that n three weeks has effected important and
updeniable change TO his beneht.
Dr. Cudworth has his own Laboratory, where all his
medicines are prepared. II Is his own interests to pay
WE'LL and carefully select The drugs used In his practice,
80 that no spurious inert druys-no old sluggish cons
pounds nor Mistaken Inaccurate, or fatous prepara'
TONS can defeat his knowdge and dsa ppolnt his pa.
tent No. II Howard street. Once open day and eye-
ming yr9S
The Union and eastern journal. [volume] (Biddeford [Me.]) 1854-1858, 1858-01-01
LAST HOURS OF A TYRANT.

when Nero learned that he had "A master in
Galhn, Ice upset the table at which he was
s,at-d fasting dashed to pieces lis most Ia
NUrile CTNstrl lasscs, called Tor bnx OF
pui,Un, which be was afraid to use. and then
rushed into the Srrvilan gardens Ia u ink
M ON what he should do nexl. There, or
within his Shopping room he passed n mis- p
able night and wh,n at day break he .ound
that his guards had not only d,srrtcd him,
but lad carried OF the little gold box con-
tanning the TO son, and ever tie very cover
inc of hs bed, he ran headlOng down to the
riher. where he stopped short Un the hank,
and slowly walked back again. TWAS then
barelUoted and halfdrtesed as be was, that
he was crcuunterrd by the Eithiul Phaon.
who frnc cloak over his Shoulders tied on
an old nnkercliei nbuut Lis head, hOist,d
the b,.vildeT,d wretch on a nurse, and rode
away tuward country house four miles oil.
In danger of discovery, the fugitive party
abandoned their hOrses, scrambled through
brakes, thckets, 10y paths and bramhles
and at length reached the neighbOrhOOd OF
the desired asylum. The tender feet Of the
Errcror were mangled and bloody, despite
DE care which had been shown by his friend
Co ~ read his cloak upon the GROUND Tor the
,y- Emperor To tread upon. Phaon asked
him 10 conceal himself for while in n gravel
rit:but Nero declared that il looked too much
ike IA grave, aud he was determined not to
l,, =, ried alive. lie sat down under wall +,
Kicked the hurrs and brambles from his dress,
lr,ik from the hollow OF his hand few
tg - .. water, aud sighed over the thought
Of the drnug' Is he uscd 20 imbibe Of boiled
water made cool again in snow. lie vas at
length got into TIE house, whore he turned
away with disgust from the piece - brown
bread which was offered him-hIs ut BAN
0uot drank again little lukewarm water,
dur, himself on an old aock bed, and ours
cd lis destiny. Those who surrounded him
couiurrd him 20 m Ike an end quickly and
thercupon he had grave before him t.
his exact measure. lie ordered sundry pre-
variations 10 b. made for his funeral, com.
manded water for the washing OF his body
wood for the pile expressed hoIc that they
WHO survived him would allow his head q
remain on his body, and he then burst into
an agony Of tears ut the thought, as he sand
of what c.eyer fellow the world was abou,
90 lose.
The Union and eastern journal. [volume] (Biddeford [Me.]) 1854-1858, 1858-01-01
THE UNION AND EASTERN JOURNAL.
THE NERVE.

Laughter is. perhaps, the beat instance Of
pure, healthy excitement. The muscles
round the mouth relax, and the involuntary
muscles expand 1t into smile the man
draws a full breath. and sends il out with
Jerks, and 50 agitated are the muscles OF his
sld,s and throat, that he is incapable OF vol
untary action, and holds his sides to steady
them.
In weeping the mouth is drawn aside, not
from relaxation Of the circular muscle. a.
in laughter, but by the strong action Of the
M agonistic muscles, particularly one which
draws down the angle oi the mouth; inspi-
rstlon is Q lex and jerky, expiration slow,
because the flow OF blood TO the lungs Is Ian.
guid. All the other muscles are affected
spasmodically by mental emotions, as pam,
rage, fear, etc., but our knowledge will not
enable US TO explain why one muscle more
than another should be the exponent OF
certain passion. Yet, ~ sure il the sympa-
thy between the heart and the mind, that
long continued greet has been known by its
depressing influence 10 weaken the heart 30
much that its walls have yielded 10 the pres
SURE of the blood, and the sufferer has died,
not cnly fgunuyely but literally Of brok-
en- heart.
Here is another paragraph descriptive Of
one peculiar nerve of the respiratory group:
This nerve Is given exclusively to one
muscle of the eye. whose Office is to turn the
eye upward. This is its only use, and TO It,
perhaps, we muet attribute the definite d.
rceiion which has been given to oil religious
aspirations. The negro savage and the en-
lightened Christian both look upward when
they address the Deity, whose abode in the
highest heaven they would thus seem TO
seek. The act is involuntary, the muscle
being perfectly independent OF the will. %
that, when the mind is absorbed in medita-
ton, and the opposing voluntary muscles
are passive, the eye is turned up by its agen-
cy. Ii Is the expression Of devotion in the
highest form, and Of apture-the eye a.
ways assuming this expression when the vol
untsry powers fail. IL is an old idea, orig
mated, believe, by Latin author, that the
dying infant is looking homewaid when the
eye is thus directed. IL sometimes gives an
exI ression of suffering but 1t only indi.
Gates the loss of Consciousness TO external
III presslons.