The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1858-01-31

These regulations are If liberal character, and are
in accordance with the spirit and letter OF treaties
The present Emperor is very enlightened man, and
Prince Hayashi who possesses all his confidence is
also intelligent free from prejudice against foreign
ers, and knows several European languages. When
the americans scere here they presented the Emperor
,c, models e. rauay ana ,un 'sa s.ects
both and had the latter fzed up in his palace he
thoroughly understands it, and appreciates its i'm
portance. He has ordered that line Of telegraph
shall be constructed from Jeddo his capital to
Simods, where Prince Hayashi is 10 reside
Russia.
Respecting the recent measures for the emancipa-
ton Of the serfs letter from ST. Petersburg in the
Few people are aware of the local difficulties at
tending the carrying out of these measures To take
one example: how are the interests to be protected
of landed proprietOrs in the provinces, not strictly
agricultural, where the peasants neglect tage for
trades and manufactures, as on the banks Of the
Voga, where the peasants pay to the propretors an
annual rent in money! 1t is evident that the eman-
threeourths of their revenue and that this measure
will be in general burdensome to the nobility
1t cannot be concealed that the enfran-
chisement of the cultivators OF the land in an
empire like Russia, is complete social re-
volution it is the birth of new public rights new
interests and new relations between classes it new
education imposed upon the people, say imposed
advsedly as the masses will with difficulty compre-
bend the limits of the rights they have received and
the duties attached to them. For with great
number liberty In their notions means having no
thing to pay-nether rent nor tithes to the pro
pretor of the land but tillers of the soil they
will not be made to comprehend that the earth they
have cultivated up to the present time is to noursh
them no longer, and for this reason small allot
ment has by the proposed laws been left to each
peasant
II must be admitted that hitherto these important
reforms have not created SO much interest among
the general public as would be imagined. The pea
SAINTS themselves speak of them with extreme re-
serve, but it would be great mistake to suppose
them Indifferent. Many one of these bearded fell
lows they call m0uks has in the wine shops read and
commented the official documents published in
the journals.
The Message OF President Buchanan In the
American Congress and the Quesiion of
Central America.
Translated from lie Courier de Paris, Jan. O. for the
New York HERALD
Some DAYS ago examined one OF the principal
points in the message of Mr. Buchanan-that which
refers to the situation of the banks in the United
States. Amongst the other questions which deserve
particular attention, we shall point out the para
graphs concerning Central America and the Clayton
Bulwer treaty-two questions inseparable, and in
volving one and the same interest. Already they
greatly stirred up the United States, and still
threatening to assume, regards England, the pro.
portions of serious conflict, which diplomacy, we
hope will succeed in smoothing down.
The question is no longer that of matter of local
interest or of single quarrel about small patch of
territory of the vast American continent; the queS
ton is one of general interest, wherein all the
Powers of the globe are engaged.
Central America has at once assumed a
prominent part in the destnes of the Mw World and
in the relations of the latter with the Old Continent
"a fact of immense influence on the Development
of mankind, and whose material Importance had
been but npertectly forese en- at the beginning The
discovery of gold mines in California deeply mod
BOD 4hA ata1 nf
the whole world Those sources Astounding in
mineral riches, alfpeople have been called upon to
draw FROM and which in an industrial and economi-
cal point they have profited by, awakened ambi-
tions, desires and political prctentions it i'm
possible not to regulate and to coDfne in the equi
table bounds of international law. The communica-
tons between the Atlantic and the Pacific, between
San Francisco and any one Of our European ports,
were slow and dangerous by the decentralization
of Cape Horn; they were and will probably still be,
for a long time, mpracticable by the land route
across the United States.
We are living at period when more than at any
former one, it is necessary to spare time, TO find out
or TO create short and rapid roads for the rela-
tons between peoples, and for the developemcnt of
things.
In the meantime. whilst waiting for the opening
of the 1sthmus of Panama for the establishment Of
communication between the two great oceans and
without prejudging the realisation Of that gigantic
work, it has been thought OF joining the Pacific with
the Atlantic by means of the small tract Of land
which forms Central America. The first sentiment
that had been awakened by this enterprise that
of the right of everybody to the profit OF this con-
quest; therefore, the question that OF insurng
the neutrality of the territory raversed by the new
routes Of communication. This principle was a wise
one and conformable TO the habits OF civilized ma
tons.
faee-the interest Of England and that Of the United
States. Therefore, serious complications must ne
cessarly arise.
The Central American republics had neither the
18th he 10 ata hair
spected, 70 much the less because they were them
selves the object coveted by the two great Powers
which were engaged in the conflict.
England was already in ss q the port ,s OF
name of the King Of MosquitoAan imaginary king
dom ESQ TO say) placed for two centuries under the
protection OF Great Britain, which also, since 1856,
had occupied in virtue Of right of cesson on the
part OF Spain, the port Of Belize, the centre Of
commerce In dyewoods and mahogany IL very
abundant in those countries. Lastly, in 1899, the
English took possession Of the Bay Islands, which
formed portion Of the former province Of Hon
duras at the time of the Spanish rule Those posses
sions precious 10 England on account of giving
her kind Of domination over or at least q marked
influence on, Central America.
The views Of the United States with regard to
Central America extended very far; their influence
began with question Of commercial and industrial
interest, which must necessarily come TO political
influence, or, TO speak frankly, an absorption OF
those Territories by their great confederation. This
is, besides, pretty generally the procedure OF the
North Americans; their policy, which has been
accused Of being brutal is rather crafty. and their
way of proceeding Is well calculated for making
themselves at first useful in their character dis
interested coonists; and they know how at the pro-
per moment, TO avail themselves Of the services
rendered and the progress realized by them, well
~ of the moral and material prosperity-which is
their real or Fictitious work-for defnitvcly i'm
posing their rule.
Central America was a temptation for exercising
that doctrine Of aggrandzement put forth ia princ
pie by jefferson afterwards eStolled by Monroe, and
from that time forward practically realized with
perseverng energy by the different presidents Of the
Union. Before the discovery Of the California
Mines before the opening Of the passage the
Isthmus for passengers and merchandise from all
points Of the globe, the United States had coveted
the acquisition of Central America an admirable
srategca point for the moral and political conquest
of South America and for encircling Mexico, which
would be reduced later to give way before
it, adversary. Central America u the barrier for