davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1858-01-08
TIsIRTY-rIFTH CONGRESS.
FIRST SESSION.



waunssros, ian. !, ASS
Su EMANCIPATION rAvss ny ooxprysarrrG TIER MAS
Mr.. HAMMOND Senator from South Carolina, in place Of
Mr. Butler. deceased, took his seat
Mr.. SrvARD, (opp) q NJ u, presented petition from
Nbc citizens of Canandagua NJ " praying for The adcp
Zion Of practical by which the people Of tho
North may cooperate with the people of the South in the
etngushment Of slavery by making fair and honorable
oompensaon TO slave owners for tho fun value Of their
slaves. The petition ordered 10 lay on the table
PROTECTION xxIoRAwrL
On motion Of Mr. KIsv, opp Of NJ ", q resolution
adopted requesting the President 10 furnish, IL no,
incompatible with the publc interest copies of the cor
respondcnce and dispatches from our Minister'S al ,he
Courts Of England and France and other Powers ON Tho
subject OF the dangers 70 emgrans arising from con.
sctng with irresponsible parties for their inland pas.
sage
orR RE1Au0Ns CHINA.
On motion OF Mr. FoOT, (opp) OF VI resolution VIVA
pdopted calling on the President 20 communicate all the
1sicel correspondence OF Robert McIane and pctor
Parker, late Commissioners in China, with the state DO.
psxtrneut
Paw Or UyTrrD STATES orI1AIs ~ JAPAN
On motion Of Mr. Gwls, (adm) Of Cal, the Committee
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1858-01-08

HEAVY RoBBYRy on THH CENTRAL RlLRoAp-
FouKrnS THOUSAND DOLLARS GoSE.--W. II. Emcr
son Is merchant doing business at Newport, Canada
West. On Thursday morning, Mr. Emerson isft
Buffalo for Albany, accompanied with a leather
satchel containing 700 in hank bills. Mr. Emer.
son was bound ~ New York, where his brother IL in
business. The money in the satchel was 20 pay for
q cargo Of sugar which his brother purchased last
week. MIR. Emerson placed his satchei on his scat
alongside OF him and threw his shawl IL. At
Rome Mr. Emerson got out Of the ear 30 obtain some
refreshments leaving his satchel and money behind
him. lie got refreshments aud returned 10 the
car. Seeing his shawl where he placed u, he sup
posed the sstchel was all right and took his scat.
Just this side OF Schenectady he thought he would
examine matters, and made the discovery that
his satchel, containing xl4,100. had been stolen.
The conductor instantly instituted search OF every
car and passenger in the train but Of course without
hnding the money. The presumption Is that the
money was taken from the train at Rome. As soon
AZ Mr.. Emerson reached Albany, he called on officer
haoy. who advised him 10 return imJnediafely to
Utica and Rome and search every hotel and baggage
room in the two places. The gentleman took advice
idea'that he viii gee Ws money Mr. Emerson exhi
bted great caielessness In leaving sstche contain
ing such an immense amount uneuarded In car
while he went out In pursuit OF refreshments. Mr.
Emerson says he has done the same thing score Of
times before and always without sustaining loss Of
any kind: and, II the money was taken at Rome the
probability is that the rascal spotted Mr. Emerson
either In Canada or Buffalo, and has followed down
the road in hopes that chance for financial move
ment would occur after the tFain reached Albany
dfbany Hn'ckertocker, Dec. 20.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1858-01-08

Statement who instrumental IN the passage or the
Nebraska KAnsas bill, claimed that the doctrine Of pop
lar eYeshty gave the people of tho rerrtor'es the
right to egslats oil their domestic institutions, while
The IT, sient maintained that tho slavery ieston only
was 10 BE- submitted for their judgement. Mr.. Wash
burpe argued Congress had the right 70 legsas
intended that the people OF Kansas shouid decide
tbst question for themselves. IN the course OF his
marks he reviewed and earnestly condemned the Ia
compton movement which he said was founded ON frasd
and Injustice.
The committee then rose, and the House adjourned till
M,pdsV,
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1858-01-08
Bloody Array In the Fourth Ward
TWO MIN sHOT-ONE KILLED AND THE OTHER DAf
8EHOUSLY WOUNDED.

8EHOUsLY WOUNDED.
About twelve O'Clock last night two mon, named Ed
ward Kennedy and Michael Casey got into alteration
with Special Deputy Sheriff Michael wogan, Jr, al the
corner Of Jamas and Cherry streets.
In the height of the dispute wogan drew revolver
and HEed At his antagonists. The hrst shot passed into
the ground the second struck Kennedy in the right sde
passing into the hollow Of his body the third shot struck
Casey under the left arm entering the lungs Casey died
while being conveyed TO the City Hospital. lie was, we
understand, resident of williamsburg Kennedy Is so
dangerously wounded that his recovery s extremely
doubtful.
wogan was arrested by the police and carried 70 the
Fourth ward station house, TO await the result OF the
Coroner's investigation Of .he caseths morning.
wogan asserts that he fred at his antagonists in self
defence There many atoat concerning the
origin of the ARRAY, but rorbear recaptulsng them at
present.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1858-01-08

A. the Claren Hotci-Hs Excelency N. de Osma Pc
ruvian Minister; Major Pay Peruvian army; y n Plumb,
Albany Mr. and Mrs Perkins and family New York Mr. and
Mrs Derby Mr. and Mrs Cozzens Miss Cooper. Yonkers;
Hon Ssmsei A. Foot, Geneva; Robert fudsw, Hudson;
Mr. and Mrs George Atkinson John Wilmer, 7. " Crosse
ypgsnd; O. Moulop Manchester England; Mrs Frances
Anne E.mbi- ienox
Prom Glasgow 10 the steamship New york-Ml-s Kebby
Mr. Ghbs Miss Gibbs Mr. aud Miss IoIfnasier. Saunders
Henshaw, Ransom, Mr. Auchierlanie, Ify kunns, q
Elliot, Maryano WIN tireve, ID W Uendricksop Gray
4 n Ulr ard l02 In the sieersge
from Rrhmond &C. in Steamship Jarncr,owu-A A Elm,
Hemminswsy, Ro~enberg. Miss n Rosenberg, Mrs DO
zouche, ~ Palmer, 6waihmey. TSN; " Cooke Miss n
Inrirr Mrs W VI Lamb. Mrs Chaaey, W q Thcmpson
{ Eliot, wilkirson, and 10 in the ssernge.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1858-01-08

on Foregn Relations instructed 70 inquire into the
expediency OF making an appropriation by Law for the
compensation TO Minister Penip0tentary ~ the en-
pre- Of Jaran and for the other officers Of the Unted
States government in Japan.
The Private Secretary OF the President hero entered
the Senate chamber, and delivered the following
MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT ON MICA
RAGUAN AFFAIRS.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22
Important to Females.

DIR. Oh EESEMA N s Pills,
Prepared by Cornelius l.. CdeeSsmaR, d. u. Nep
York CHg
The combination of ingredients in these Pills tho
suit of long aud extensive practise. They mild in
their operation and certain ia correcting al
painful menstruaons removing all .ons whether
from cold otherwise headache, pain in the side papa
ton of the heart whites all affections Mysteries
fatigue, pain in the back and limbs &C., disturbed see
which arise from interruption of nature.
To Married Ladies', DR.. Cheeseman's Pills are in
valuable, as they will bring on the monthly period with
regularity Ladies who have been disappointed in the
other Pills place the utmost confidence Dr. Cheese
mans Pills doing all they represent to do.
N0fice.
7Aere as one condition Of tie JeDaIe sysem IN aeAic
he Eihts canaot De taken cttlout producing PECU-
LIAR RESULT TIE condition rcte,'red to is PREG-
NANCY-tte result hKSCARRI1GE Such is tie IT,
resiSGbIe teRdepcy ofe medicine 10 restore The sexual
functions to Il nOftdi condition, that tie Reproduce
tice poacer Of RGtnre eaaJiOt resist IT,
Warranted purely vegetable and free f. anything in
urous. Explicit directions which should be read accom-
pany each box. Price a. Sent by mail enclosing 81
CORNELIUS L. CHEEsEMAN, box 1881 post Office York
City. Sold by one drugsistin every town in the United
States.
r. B. HUrCHINGs General Agent for the United States
1e5 Chambers street. New York, whom all wholesale or
ders should be addressed.
For sale by starkweather Co. and by + Robinson Ke
nosha Boies, Smith Co., and Fahensock Davis Co.
Chicago 1y42
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22

In the schedule attached to the con-
stitution which has just been framed in
Kansas, the qualification of voters on the
question of acceptance Of the constitu-
ton by the people, and also for members
of the first Legislature is set forth. After
the election Of the first Legislature, the
question of the right of suffrage is to be
submitted to the people. In the adjust
ment now temporarily made the phrase
-" citizens Of the United States" is used
without the qualific alton Of the word
!" achite." And hsreupon has arisen q
great clamor by some of the adninistra-
ton journals against negro suffrage.
These meddlessme Journalist seem to
forget, how they have in times past been
accustomed to talk loud and long about
popular sovereignty, and the democratic
policy of allowing the people of Kansas
to settle their institutions in "Meir oto,s
ray" The peopleof Kansas deem them
selves competent, to regulate their own
state affairs; any Intervention in their
concerns by way Of advice or interfsr-
ence, comes with an i'll grace from the
supporters Of the Kansas Nebraska act
OF what worth is the democratic idea oil
popular sovereignty, if the people Of
Kansas are to be bslabored in every
democratic sheet, from Maine to Louis.
ania for exercising the right of regula.
ting the suffrage question as they please
Popular Sovereignty is an excellent
democratic idea, SO long as it does no,
stand in the way of shareholders, and is
made to conform to the freaks and
foibles of the party.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22

LECoMPToN IN KANsAs.-Should the
Lecempton constitution be pushed
through Congress no matter in what
shape, its receipt IN by the people Of
Kansas, may be inferred by the following
resolution adopted in Territorial Con
vention of the Free State party, and re.
affirmed by q number of district and
county conventions:
Rssolced, First, That we utterly re,
pudiate said Constitution framed st lie
compton; that it is hostile to tbs
popular will; and, appealing to the GOD
of justice and humanity for the rsctituds
Of our intentions, we do solemnly enter
into League and Covenant with eacl
other that we shall NEVER, under an,
Circumstances, permit the said Consti
tuition, so framed ,nd NOT SUBMITTED, L
be the organic Law ior the State Of Kan
sas, but Do PLEDGE OUR LIVES
OUR FORTUNES. AND SACRED
HONORS, IN CT ASELESS HOSTIL
ITY TO THE SAME.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22

Tho New Constitution of Kansas. re-
GENTLY framed at Leavenworth, has
been published, and is now before the
people for ratification. The ordinance
provides for the application ofths public
lands to be received from Congress for
railroad purposes, to the construction OF
four lines Of railroads--one across north
Kansas, westwardly; one across central
Kansas, westwardly; one across south
Kansas, westsrdly; and ACROSS the state
from north to south. The termini OF
these roads is left to be determined in
the future. A liberal portion of the
public land is applied to the creation Of
a common school fund. The bill of
rights is fully up to high water mark,
being copied in many parts from the
old Virginia bin of rights Of 1915
slavery is stricken down at single
blow. The right Of trial by jury is
rendered inviolats in all cases whatso-
ever. No man can be deprived OF his
liberty without the judgement OF his
peers. Women are afforded equal rights
with men in regard to property, and in
the control and protection of their chill
dren. A homestead of 100 acres il pro-
vided for each family. Schools are to
DC free to every child in the State
The single district system is to be ad-
opted for members OF. the general as
sembly. The first Legislature is to sub
nit the question Of location OF the
capital TO the people, and is also to pro-
vide by law for the submission of the
question of universal suffrage to vote
of the people; meanwhile the right OF
suffrage, as provided by tbs laws Of the
territory, is to be exercised by male
citizens of the U. S. over the age aof
twenty one years.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22
sptnal Aotitts.
Wonderful Reports from well-known


Piles and Rhsumatis-Sssne remarkable cures are
daily coming tsght: Charles Sexton, Ex-Mayor Of the
city Of Cade says the Keetrs on cured his piles by
applications, also his rhaumatfsm. He says II is very
valuable remedy, and every body ought to know ID.
Neuralgia-Hr David Mann, 40 Vine street, Phil says
De Grsth Co.'S Electric Oil cured him, sad he was a
great sufferer.
stH Neck-Mr. Mann's daughter Was much afflicted
with sr and swollen neck which this OIL cured immediate
j..
Bad sprsin-Mr. A. d. Hgh6es. No. IL Howard street,
met with serious accident which laid him up, says He
trisd everything the usual Geld water shower with
on. any bsneftsed single bottle Of the Oil which cured
hin-alse, says it cured frosted feet.
Ca,arrh In the BreastMr wardi0r little girl
e. This il a very interesting case. Coma and see.
Ana 30 u is daily called upon chronicle cures
Ike the above Indeed all pain vanishes By Of my
Oil. CHARLES DE GRATH.
II be had Of the agents heresse advertisements
another column.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22
4 CARD TO THE LADIES F!
,R. DUPONC0's GOLDEN PILLS

FOR EEMAL ES
Infsabs In removing soppages or irregularities These
Pulls are nothing but have been used by Doctor
many years in France and America, with unparalleled
cess in every case AID he Is urged by many thousand Ia
dies TO make the Pills public for the seYatsn Of those
suffering from any Irregularities whatever, well as to
prevent pregnancy to those whose health will permit
an ncreaseof family Pregnant females, those suppos
Ing themselves So cautioned against using those pile
while pregnant the proprietor responsibility
after the admonon although their mildness would pre-
vent any mischiefto heahOherwse these pills are re-
commended Full and explicit directions accompany each
box. price 81 per box.
Sold by sTARRwEATIER Co. General Agent for
Kenosha, Wis. y
To whom all orders must be addressed, they will supply
seaIers and send the Pills 20 Ladies (conhdentaliy and
free from observation by mail to any part Of the country
BY enclosing them $3.50 through the Kenosha Post office
r. See that every box bears the signature Of d.
PoNC0 soIdin Chicago BY PEsTos RosNsos, Whole
sale Druggists.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22

Coz. BENToN's DYING ADVICE TO MR,
BUcHANAN.-The Washington Union
says in the course OF a protracted inter
view between the president and Col
Bentou, on Friday evening, the dying
patriot aud statesman exhorted tho
President Ito rely on the Divine support
and not upon that Of man, who would
deceive him.
Only few days after this good ad
vice was given, the President made
anothe: wicked attempt to force the lie
compton fraud through Congress.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22

PRoGsEss OF THE GREAT REVIVAL -
The New Y ork Tribune the eth says,
''the interest in, and the attendance up
on, the prayer meetings seem to be full,
as great as ever. The meetings in diff
ferent parts of the city have been very
fully attended and Of great interest." =
Accounts from nearly all quarters indi
cate no abatement of the revival prog
ress.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22

The many friends of john Il. Nc
MYyN il this city, will be interested to
learn, that he intends going to Europe
the present season, for the purpose OF
visiting some Of the most prominent in
institutions of learning. The Racine
Adyocatemakcs thefolloNing announce
ment -
LEAVE or ABsENCE.-Mr. McMynun
has obtained leave Of absence from the
Board Of Education, to visit, during the
ensuing summer, the schools of Europe
more especially the famed ones of Prus-
STA, Switzerland, England and Scotland.
by comparing their systems with our
own, he hopes to gain something by
which to further the interests of ednca-
zion at home.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22

The Oshkosh Democrat says that not
outstanding the excessive severity OF
the times ,arge number of buildings are
IN progress of erection in that city,
The same paper also says, there were
1910 votes east at the late charter cleo
tionin that city.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22
Hair Dye-Hair Dye-Hair Dye--Hsir Dye!
VIM. A. Bachelors Hair Dye.

The Orjgitat and Best IN tie World.
All others limitations ana should be avoided if
you wish to escape ridicue.
Grey, Red, o. Rusty Hair Dyed Instantly a beautiful
and natural Brown Black, without the least injury the
hair skin.
Fifteen Nsdtls anil DiplomGs have been awarded ts
VIM A. Batsheor since 1882 aud $4,000 applications
have been made to the hair vi his patrons OF his fam
Dye.
IVa. a. Bl!ctelo,'s Htir Dye produces color not to
be distinguished from nature and is not TO in
are in the least however long may be continued
he i'll effects Of bad Dyes remedied the hair invgora
for life by this splendid Dye.
Made sold applied lin nine private rooms) the Wig
Factory, 235 Broaday, n. n.
Sold in all cities and in the United States by Drug
gists and fancy goods dealers.
e7Y- The Genuine has the and address steel
plate engraving on four sides OF each Box, Of
WILLIAM A. BATCHELOR,
23S Broadway, New York.
Sold by Starkweather Co., and by +. Robinson Keno
sha; Bodies, Smith Co., and Fahenstock, Davis Co.
Chicago 1yi2
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22

INCREASE OF TRavEI.-The James
vile Gazette, says that the travel on the
Railroad between that city and Chicago
and through to Prairie du CHEN, now
requires four daily passenger cars, and
that the officers of the road are confd-
ent that double the present number will
be required in few weeks, to accom-
modate the increasing travel.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22

s5s a bill has been reported in our
State Legislature, allowing the several
towns in the state to vote at the annual
town meetings, whether highwsy taxes
shall be collected in money, and all road
and bridge repairs let by contract.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22

EE- Col. Benton was married, after
becoming Senator, to Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of Col. James Mcdowell, of Rock
bridge county, Va. Mrs. Rentqn died
Il I84S. Es..
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22
Mlarrito.

At this City Hotel in this city, the l4th inst by the
Rev Thomas Braxde Mr.. JACOB CASHIER OF Warren ILL.,,
to Miss CoRNELIA GRBswoLD Of the same place.
In this city, the 9Th inst by the Rev Thos Brande
Mr. DurEE J. MowRr and Miss JULA P. MOORE all Of this
rftv
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22
gpetiaI Clothes.
Premium Pictures .

SOMETHING NEW AND BEAUTIFUL.-Mr JosLYS
is last proving his superior merits as Artist of
unc Iualled sill His colored Photographs, which
cnn be seen At his Rooms excel those produced even
IN New York or Philadelphia. 1t is useless for US
70 tempt correct description, and do justice TO
ms work DC and sac foc yoarselees
iis Amorotypes Melanotypes, Sphereotypes
Daguerreotypes, Iron Pictures or any style Of Pic
lures in his line Of business are not exeelled either
in n out of the State, We feel confident that we
are not exaggertiag in the least bu; simply doing
justice to the community at large in writing this Al
telo. In these hard tonss, the Best and Chcapest
that can be had for themoney is what we all desire
Mr. Us Gallery is opposite J Wales Bakery
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22

IMMIGRATION TO NJ INNEsoTA.-The
Winona Republican of the l4th says .
"The season of migration opens en-
couragingly, beyond all anticipation
Every Packet brings from the railroad
terinin below US, great number of pas
ssngers, many of whom are immigrants
coming to Minnesota to make it their
home and to invest their all here
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22
Proceedings Of the Common Council Of
the City of Kenosha.
THs,RsDAy Ev.r;ag

THURSDAY. Evening April 9Th SO.
The Counci, met this sveing. all present.
The reading Of the minutes were dispensed
with 49,
The Harbor Committee made areport in rela
ton to Mr.. John Duffy's, statement, which wa.
laid on the table until the ext meeting.
The following appropriations were thsn nads
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22
Disunion Convention.

A Committee Of Southern gentlemen,
have issued an address to the people OF
the south, calling convention at Mont
gomery, on the 10th of May next, to de-
wise means for the protection Of South
ern interests. These afflicted gentle.
men enumerate list of grievances
against the north, the most sorrowful Of
which, appears to be the obstinate refu.
sal of northern men to catch negroes
These threatening disunion demonstra-
tons, have ceased to frighten anybody,
except few old grsnnies.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22
utes read and approved.

utes read and approved.
Aid. Bone presented a petition pray
ing the Council to restrain the running
at large of Swine &c. referred to com
mittee on police. "a
AID Nichols presented petition for
uniting lst ana srd wards into one road
district, and for the appointment Of J.
Buddle as Road Supervisor, referred to
committee ON roads and bridges.
a remonstrance against building q
side walk on west side of Congress street
from Prairie Avenue to Julius stree.
referred to committee on roads and
bridges.
AID. Brande presented petition
signed by sunary persons praying for
the appointment of Dr. Ranch as city
Physinian which on motion was laid on
the table.
Judiciary committee in relation to
certain suits agaist the city re-
ported IN favor OF no action, report ac-
cepted.
Aid. Brande moved that the InApec-
tors and Clerks of election be allowed
blank sum for services which on motion
by Aid. Nichols was filed by inserting
the sum of 5000 each which was agreed
to.
The following bills were allowed and
appropriations made to
J. Strick, harbor account 1926
}. Godfrsdsen, paper account 37,3s
Election services 4O,0C
The bond of the Treasurer was pre-
scented and approved. Aid. Quarle,
moved that sundry other bonds of cit,
officers be referred to the Clerk fo
amendment which was agreed to.
Aid. Quarles moved that Aid. Brand,
be authorized to make further repair
on the City Hall which was agreed to.
j. Jones presented petition in rela
ton to admission fees which was refer
red to Judiciary committee.
Aid. Bone moved that special com
mittee be appointed by the Mayor t,
procure suitable rooms for the Treasure
and Clerk and Aid. Bone, Quarles ant
Brande were appointed said Commit
| tee.
Aid. Robinson moved that the Coun
Gil adjourn which was arried.
c. b. LEWIS, City Clerk.
Kenosha tribune & telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1856-1859, 1858-04-22
GoyERSoRs SA1ARY.-It seems to be

GOVERNORS SALARY.-It seems to be
conceded that the salary of the Gov
ernor of this State is too small the
salary being $3.50. With eview of in
creasing the pay of the Governor, the
Senate passed bill . short time since
confering additional duties upon him
and allowing therefor the sum of $4,000.
The bill was lost on its final reading in the
Assembly; it having become known that
Gov. Randall would veto it, if passed;
regarding it manifest evasion OF the
constitutional limitation. The unswsrv-
ing integrity of Gov. Randall is com
mendstory.
The only legitimate way of increasing
the pay of the Governor, is by amend
ment OF the Constitution of the State.