davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
E.H.y' 4 AMERICAN
 DRY GOODS

DIRK GOODS ever offered to the public in this State. The Goods arc perfectly new in the manufacturer s folds and papers, direct from the importers in New York. and must positively be sold out in eight days to-close the business
 I again respectfully beg to call the attention of Ladies and Gentlemen to this part of the stock, (being one invoicel:
 100 pieces French Jaconet Muslins; 50 pieces Organdies, all new styles,
 125 Jacoaette Robes Guile:
 75 Persian Chaliie Robes Ma Volante;
 20 pieces fine Persian Challies
 30 pieces White Brilliant;
 10 pieces Scotch Ginghams;
 20 pieces Plain and Figured Bareges all colors 5 pieces Italian Black Silk 30 inches wide; 9 Double Long Brocha Shawls, finest imported 30 French Long Long Cashmere Shilwls 9 French ella Shawls
 80 dozen Ladies White Hose;
 60 dozen Gents Half Hose;
 30 dozen Ladies Linen Handkerehiefs;
 case Brown and Bleached Linen Table Cloths,
 all sizes; case Brown and Bleached Sheetngs, 2 yards wide; 1 case ward wide Bay State Shirtine; 8 pieces fine West of England Broadcloth; 8 pieces Black Deeskins
 10 pieces Fancy Cassimeres
 6 pieces Scutch Tweeds:
 5 pieces Brown and Bleached Linen Drilling 80 pieces Heavy Irish Linens;
 5 dozen Gents Silk Cravats
 50 Imperial Marseilles Quilts;
 20 French Poplin Dresses, (cost to import S20 } Toweling, Linen Crash. &c., together with the re- mander of the stock will be offered at private sale and at auction for eight days only. No limits to any article in the stock. All goods warranted as represented or taken back. Every lot offered will be sold. r
 Ladies are respectfully solicited to call and see the New Goods. It makes no difference whether bug or not. Only come and see the stock. Goods will be sold at private sale during the day at 50 per cent under cost.
 N B. This sale must positively close on Thursday, 18th inst P. J. BELLEW, Agent.
 w. F.. BALDWIN, -Auctioneer.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

Gov. Buckingham, Gen. Wm. Williams, and oth- CTS from Norwich, addressed large sabbath school gathering at PIainfeld, on the 9th. A fine proces sion and collation. in grove accompanied the ad dresses.
 SECOND MARRIAGES have heard it said that wedlock is like wine-not to be judged of till the second glass.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
A TOWN LOT. FOR. SALE.

vHNiiAT very desirable building lot on North street 4 next north, and adjoining the Phoenix Bank in hs village IS to be sold. Said lot is about I25 feet front by $50 feet deep, well shaded ard believed t be the most desirable unccupied ound m the town that Is tor sale For particulars eonsnlt RUFUS SMITH, or address ihd owner. T. K BRACE, 'JK.,
 IF 3i* Hartford.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
THE CITIZENSHIP oF JOHN c. FREMONT.

THE CITIZENSHIP OF JOHN C. FREMONT.
 SAN FRANCISCO, June 24-In the United States Circuit Court last week. the question of John c. Fremont citizenship tried before a jury. Col Fremont sued the Merced Mining Company to rc- strain them from cutting and carrying away wood from off his lands in Mariposa county. The mining company denied Colonel Fremont was citizen of New York, as alleged in his bill, and averred he was a citizen of California; and therefore the fede raj counts had no jurisdiction in the suit, which should be dismissed. An issue of fact raised in flis way, and sent before jury for trial To sup port the allegation that Col Fremont citizen of this state, it shown that he ran on the Re publican ticket for President in 1856 |" of Cali 10fllia, and that the newspapers of New York city were constantly seen in his house with his name SC announced The fact that Col. Fremont had repre- scented California in the United States Senate that he has been here from time to time since l84S with his family, and that in some mortgages which were put in evidence he described himself of Mariposa State of California; were relied upon to support the plea. Repeated declarations of Col. Fremont, extending over several years that he considered New York his home that he would never reside in California in consequence of the law being inefec tual to give him his property though he was taxed highly for what others enjoyed were proved in op- position. Also that his furniture, pictures, library, and all the surroundings of donicil were at New York. The trill occupied three days, and the jury found that in May. 1856 when the suit against the Merced Mining Company commenced, John C. Fremont was not citizen of California The ques- tion was thus decided in favor of Fremont, which gives him the right to sue in the United States Courts-a very great advantage.
 '+ H.ra'd Correspond ne.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
For sale in Lchfed only by Dr. j. c. Beck with. 9r Agents and Ped.ilers supplied liberal terms.

aa5" A. c. SMITH < O.. have been appointed agents for the sale of DIR. JACOBS BiI1EIs They have been much liked wherever used-ovcr 7OO0 bottles hlying been sold in New Haven alone during tlle last year They are put up in p'ht bot ties for 25 cents. S. A. Spencer, d young Druggist in New Haven, is the sole proprietor-he having purchased the receipt with the right to manufacture from d distinguished New Engi.snter
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
THE HOT WEATHER IN NENGLAND-FEARFUL UL 5. ' CONDITION OF FATHER THAMES


 5 Correspondence of the Springfield Republican,
 5-e et5.ts LONDON, June 26.
 We appear to have exchanged temperatures Your papers speak of heavy rains during May. and cool hreezes during the early part of June, while we, Ill Cur insular location of rcputed damp, toggy and sunless netoriety, have been enduring rather than enjoying eight weeks of scarcely interrupted sun shine, during which the thermometer has marked from S4 deg. to 92 deg. in the shade We still be- 1ieve it to be an exceptional ca e. when omnibus horses drop down 10 ill day from heat, when drl- vers are slmitten with coup de soleI and when our soldiers, enca,ed according to precedent, but con trary to reason in tight scarlet cloth and buckram, fall out of the ranks on dusky field days.
 ss But the heat has strengthened one outcry which threatens to make itseif heard above the Indian 1nutiny, the warlike preparations ill France, and the Buncolnbe of American Senators at Washing ton. This is the outcry against that venerable and hitherto venerated individual Old Father Thames. need hardly remind your readers that London, In all its wealth and magnifcence has spread itself on either side of this river By it in loving proximity are laced the tower, the palace of the head of the Anglican church, the offices of the admiralty, and other state functiona:ies, and last but not least, several millions of dollars have been expended in the erection of the new palace of Westminster, the abode of legislative bodies, which has even en- crosched on the bed of the stream. Lawyers, mer- cants st0rckeepcrs, all hug this patrlacal stream,
 which is the glory and boast of stupendous me- tropos. But for several years past murmurs have been heard against this sacred centre of attraction which have eliminated during the present season of heat The Thames can now only be described as q huge sewer. quarter of mile wi,le in some places, filled with the drainage of city of nearly three iniliidnsof peopewith the refuse from docks, chemical works dye works, soap works, and tallow and bone factories. The water is quite; opaque, of the cosistence of peat cup, and of blackish green scolor, and is perpetually stirred up by the paddles of new steamers. This condition of things Is at shigh water At low water it is infinitely worse A narrow stream of thick, black fluid, eddies slowly down the centre between two gently soping banks of black mud, upon which the burning sun IS act ing. deconposing all the refuse animal and vegeta bIe matter, which emits odor of a pestlterou and pungent nature, producing faintness dizziness and cholera and attacking our legislators and drl- ving them from their libraries and committee rooms It is nuisance which ce, taihly would not be toe- rated in any other civilized city; but probably the autumn will find it unchanged, although the state of the Thames is frequently mentioned ill Par Sliament as the q state of India.''
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
H Probate Court holden at NeD Milford, ,pithn and for the District of New N!t"rd, July 12, A. D. ls5S

Jor the Dtstrtct9 NeW NJ"rd, July 12, A. D. 1858.
 Present SAMUEL D. ORToN, Judge.
 IN the Esta'e of CAPT ORRIN BENNETT late of
 the Town ot New Milford said district, deceased. On motion oi FRANKLIN BENNETT and HORACE MFR late of sald New Mto.d Executors of the last will and t,s,amemt ut sad dece.std. This Court doth Or. der and Decree that six months from he date hrreos be exhibit their cians against the sadsExecutors fer settlement and payment be debarred the recovery and payment therrof-pl which Initatiun ihis Court orders and directs that pni: notice hs given by said Executors oi lh's order by publishing the same in the Litchfield Enquirer, a weekly ewspaper printed in Lltcnie!d Tn .chtied CunEiy, and ny pnstlng copy tereo up,n Iiie pubic sign post in said Town of New Milford nears the place wiere the deceased last dwell m said town, and due make to lh.s Court. E SAMUEL D. ORTON Judge.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
NORFOLK BANK.
DIVIDEND NOTICE,

4 sEMI-ANNUAL DIVIDEND OF FOUR PER "A CEN r. has heen declared by the Directors of Ihls Bank, payable the Stockholders on and after Tuesday, August lOlh
 A c. PETTlBoNE, Cashier Norfolk, July l5, 1858. SIS 3w
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

"Bliss' Dyspeptic Remedy" Let this Remedy be regularly taken, and all the ac- companyng directions complied with. as lar as practi- cal, and
 IT WILL NOT FAIL TO CURE. For sale at retail bv all Druggists and in quantities or from dozen It gross, by
 HARRAL RiSLr.Y & KITCHEN,
 Wholesale Druggists, New York.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
nTErED-

In Winstcd, 11th, THOMAS MISTAKE aged 6S. In Colebrook, 9th, JOHN c. ROCKWELL, aged 01 ; 7th, CAssANDRA BACON, aged 67.
 In Norfolk, 12th, Mrs. ABIGAIL L., wife of Oled Smith, aged ?.
 In Torrington, 25th ult.. MARTHA, wife of Pliny Slater, aged 38.
 In Wuolbury, Sih LEVI RICHARDS, aged S5.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
BEcKw1rHs RUSSIAN CEMENT.

THE above named article is freely commended to such of our readers as need neat and permanent ce- ment or glue. For repairing all kinds of Glass or Crckery Ware it has equal IL is intended also for in wood, and in fact alm every hing that can be made % adhere by glue. It is not in Iiie least affect ed by heat or watt r. and as ii is very neatly and easIly used comments itself to the he notice of cry housekeeper.
 Price D cents per box.
 C. Il. MARTIN, General Agent
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
 MAR R HE'D.

In Colebrook, June 13th Hon. REUBEN ROCKWELL and Miss AURELIA ENo. all of Colebrook
 In Woodbury, June 18th, J. PLAT TREAT Of Or ange and Miss SARAH BOOTH of w.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

At Court of PF0bdfe h0iden Gt NeD HUord, aratn dHa
 for tie District ef Neso Milford, June 2sth, 1858.
 Present SAMUEL D. OPTION, Judge.
 FEN the Estate of RANSOM B. WHEELER of the "A Town of Br;dgrwater in said District, air assigt- ing insoIvent debtor.
 Said Iiansom B. Wheeler on the 10th day of April, 1S5S delivered to this Court at the Probate Office ill sai,l New Milford d written application of that date by him subscribed and sworn to, purportng to be list of his creditors, with their places of residence and the amounts sevelally due each of ;bem,, and also a schedule of his property, accounts. &f, and praying in said writing and application for the benc- its allowed by section 10th of the statute of this Statc of all Act for the Relief of 1nsolvent Debtors aluny their creditors passed 1853, by said writ ing and application on file does more fully appear.
 ORDERED, That the foregoing application shall ke heard at the Probate Office in said New Milford on the 24h day of July, 1858. at ocock in the fore noon and that notice thereof be given by the Irtls- tee of said assigned Estate to all the creditors of said Ransom B. Wheeler and all persons interested in said assigned insulvent Estate by publishing true copy of this order in the Republican Farmer week ly newspaper printed in Bridgeport. in the County of Fairfield and also in the Litchtied Enquirer, weekly newspaper printed in Litclteld, in Litchfied County and bot said papers having a circulation thereof on the public sign-post in the Village of New Milford nearest where said Estate is ill set tlement and a like copy upon the public slgn-post in the Town of Bridgewater nearest where said insolycnt debtor dwells, and also like copy m some public place in the Village of Worthwhile in said I'riigrwiter, all which to be done two weeks before said 24th day of July, 1858, and duo return make.
 II SAMUEL D. ORTON, Judge.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

HE MANY CASES OF DYSPEPSIA and kindred diseases performed ny Ihe OAygenated Bites, after all other every D, sprpc give the medicine trial It's sue wuudert
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
WOODBURY BANK,
 .HnEl z.

VNNHE HoN. JOEL AMMAN, Judge of the Su
 A preme Court of Errors, of the State of Connec- ticut, has lmtel and appointed six months from and after the lst day of July, A. D. 1858 for the creditors of the Woodbury Bank, to present their spectivc claims to the undersigned, who have been appointed by said Judge, Receivers Of the effects and property of said Bank.
 Dated the 18th day of June, A. D. 1858. GEORGE c. WOODRUFF of Litchfeld, Conn.,, Re- LEWIS JUDD of Woodbury, Conn.,, ceivers
 9tJan1a
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

An Court of Probn eholden of Lichfcld ihin aud for
 the district of Litchfeid the 2d day cf July, A. b.
 1858.
 Present GEORGE c. WOODRUFF, Esq. Judge. AN motion of BENJAMIN H. JOHNSON, Execntor O of the last will aud testament ot HORACE JOHNSON, late of Liichfeld, within said dis trirt, dereased This Court doth decree that six months from this date be allowed and limited f'r the creditors o said estate exhibit their claims against the same 10 ;le said Executor and directs that pub. lie notice be given Of ttis order by advertising in nawspa per pubit> he'd in Lichfed, and by posting a copy thereof on the public sgn-p"s, in the. of Litshield, the place where ihe deceased last dwe' Certified from Record a5
 ll3t GEO. C. WOODRUFF, Judge.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
Daily Mail from Goshen to Vol
 cOtfyille.

THE UNDERSIGNED. HAVING CON L tracted carry the Mail between Goshen and Wolcoitvil!e daily will carry passengr attend upon any errands entrusted to him. Leave Goshen al II o'clock A. M, returning arrival of the at W u- cottvile at hall past F. M.
 SAMUEL P OVIATT. Goshen, July. 1858. i24t*
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

GrLet all ho are in doubt as regards the virtues of BLISS DYSPEPTlC REMEDY, in DyspepSa and Diseases of tne Llver make the test of to pachages In nine out of every ten cases halt package will prove tue truth of all that has been said oi it.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

GAl lnva,ids suffering from deransec Liver, sonld al to read DIR BLISS advertIsenent Tn ui"tiIer connn-' W hat the True Indications of Treat ment in Diseases oi the Liver.'
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
NOTICE.

TEHHE subscriber hereby gives notice that he has E disposed of his interest in the firm of VOL corr, SIMPSON & co. to Wm H Wocott
 WM. SIMPSON. Harwinton, June 3d, 1858. 10o
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
TxyENTY-EIFTH ANNUAL REPORT.
 OF THE Litchfeld Mutual Fire Insurance Co.

Litchfetd, July D. 1858.
 GENERAL STATEMENT. The whole number oi focIes that ha ye been issued IS 9,944 The whole amount of Losses and Expenses
 paid by the Company S2s,4l2 93 To Cash in the Treasury and due from A.ents sl9o4s T. ro amnunt of Premium charged on the
 Books wnich IS pledged capital z'io@ 9o
 Making the Capital of the Company$46 s32 l2
 STATEMENT OF THE LAST YEARS BUSINESS. By Cusn received for Prem.,ins ms, 'he ne last year . Sf,S~' "' By Interest received on Notes by
 the Treasurer irom July 9, lo3I o o. to Jul. 6, lo55 aoo So a ,o, T. l,s' a'va, vaar pau ''' -'''''' 1,5l7 A Leaving balance for the years business oI s. go v There are not a hs time any claims against the Company-a paid to this date.
 The Directors of tfls Company are confident that the plan uf Insurance adopted by them will meet with hearty response from all intelligent friends of Mufua Insurance.
 This Company insure only in this State, and take
 risks on M ills, Goods in Stores Shops, etc. in posed village city property, but conhne their business entirely to farm property and isolated build ings and thei cOntentso which not more than S2oCG will be insured on risk.
 This Company will adjust all claims with prompi> nes. and liberalty and II at any tune uiIerehct shouI arise between the parties, all such difference be adjusted by indifferent persons in ihe County, zach party selecting one, and in case they do mol, agree th person shall be chosen md the award oi ,I ur any two of them, shall be final and conclusive. A reward of Sl00 will be paid by this Comvan, t any one who will give snch information as will con- vic any person of setting fire 10 any building in- .urcd b, this Company.
 Officers of the Company.
 G. BEcKwITH, President GEO. C. WoopRur' Treasurer; IAsoN WuITING. Sa ,retary SHELpo OSBORN, of ilarwin,on, General Agent.
 Directors-J G. Beckwith, Jason Whiting, Set P Beers, \. S. Lewis, Sheld"n Osborn, Abah Ca'lin, Cha rlrs Adams, Robbins Bat,ell, Phillip $ Be- be- Local Agrnis.-Leman w. Cutler, Waterown Henry Church, Washington Henry s: Sanford, New Milford Rufus Fuller, Jr, Kent Richard Smith sharon Frederick Kellogg, Cornw all Joseph Gay lord, G'shen; R. Spnudins, Canaan; nonald J Norfolk, Henry Jones: New Hartford; Il; s' Barber, Harrington; Lewis Smh, Harwnon; John c. Amber, Bethem; John Ahrrnethy aud George E Forest, Woodbury; David c. Whiulesey, New Pres ton Reuben Rock well, Colebrnnk; John IIinsda!e. Winsted; 5. Y. St. John, New Canaan E. rallmadge, Plymouth
 9- Persons wishing to get their buildings insured cal apply either o the Agents the Secretary. J. G. BECKWFTH, President. JASON WRITING Secretary.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
HAMS,
WOlfe's Celebrated Schied;
Aromatic Schnapps.

WOlfe's Celebrated Schiedan,
 Aromatic Schnapps.
 YNHIS medicinal beverage is manufactured by the A proprietor, at schiedam, Holland. expressly for medicinal use by process peculiar to his own Factory It is the pure Tincture of the Italian Jun per Berry whose ynous extract is distilled and recti6ed with it's spurious solvent, which thus be- comes concentrated tncture of exquisite flavor and aroma altogether transcendalt in it's cordial and
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

ALONAO WOAks SCkdNAPP6. Purchase no Gin put up in bottles under the above brands with labels claiming to possess medical pro. perties They are all common mixed Gin, put up in imitation of my Genuine Schnapps, for the pur. pose of deceiving the Public
 UDOLPHO WOLFE, Sole Manufacturer and only Irnporter of tha
 Genuine Schiedam sohnapps. s.SmI AotL1HROP coE, Agents, Litclfcld.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
Y ~ 7 eoAAANic A. C. SMITH &co.'s.

ERIRDS, German and French Cages and Fix ' } lures, at No. 8 South street. W. H. ".
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22
Present SAMUEL D. OEToN, Judge.

At Court o Pro5ate holden at Nea0 Milford, sshin and
 for tie District cf Nes0 Milford, June 2eth, fo5o
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

Some rogues in New York, who had found out that MT Sam. Woodruff. .xof the firm of Woodruff & Beach of this city, was expecting to receive large sum of money, played bold game to appropriate it to7themselves. They logged Messrs Woodruff, and Wm. Wright, the master-mechanic of the concern, until they ascertained where they lodged put up at the same House, ithe Pierrepont House in Brook lyn and during the night applied the nppers to the key in the door of the room occupied by the Hart ford men, and entered chloroformed both Wood ruff and Beach searched the clothing of the parties for money, and carried of $40 and gold watch and chain worth s200 from Woodruff, and s8 from Mir Wright. Some parties have been arrested, and as the Perrepont House teegraphed here last night for the maker and number of the watch there is reason to believe a clue has been found Fortunately the $5000 that was expected was not paid until the day after this chloroform business, and thereby escaped the clutches of the rogues. The operations of the rogdes were not discovered until morning revealed the empty wallet on the floor. and the clothing scat ter6d about.-ZiangfordC Courant.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

EyRESH CONGRESS WATER from Saratog; IF Springs, at MouLTnRop- & CoE's.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

MORN MEAL, for sale by O MouLTHRop Coz
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

WORK STATE GRAIN CRADLES, at
 MouLrHRop & CoE's.
Litchfield enquirer., 1858-07-22

C. Il. MARTIN, General Agent,
 Water rbury Conn.
Orleans independent standard. [volume] (Irasburgh, Vt.) 1856-1871, 1858-06-11
rmpORTANTTOFE FEMALES,
DR. CHEESEMAN'S PILLS

n.
Prepared By Cornelius L. Gbeeseman, H. D.
Near York City
The combination of ingredients in these Pills
are the result of long and extensive practice.
They are mild in their operation, and certain in
correcting all irregularities, Painful Menstrual
tons, removing all distractions, whether from
cold or otherwise, headache pain in the side, pal
pitaton ofthe heart disturbed sleep, which arises
from interruption of nature.
To MARRIED LADIES.
DR.. Cheeseman's Pills are invaluable, as they
viii bring on the monthly period with regularity.
Ladies who have been disappointed in the use Of
other Pills, can place the utmost confidence in Dr.
Cheesemans Pills doing all that they represent
to do.
NOTICE.
They should not be used in Pregnancy, as 8
mis- carriage would certainly result therefrom.
Warranted purely vegetable, and free from any
thing injurious to life or health. Explicit direc-
tons, which should be read, accompanying eaci
box. Price 81. Sent by mail on enclosing 81 t.
/ DR.. CoRNELIUs L. CHEEsEOIAN, Box 4.521, Pos
Office, New York City. Sold by one Druggist il
every tovn in the United States.
R. B. HUTCHINGS,
General Agent for the United States,
I65 Chambers ST., New York,
To rhons all Wholesale orders should be addressed
BEDDING & CO., Wholesale Agentfor Boston
! Sold by R. W. NYE, IrasburgIi,
Orleans independent standard. [volume] (Irasburgh, Vt.) 1856-1871, 1858-06-11
STATE DIVER MONT,

~ OItetbS CtStftCts >.
In Probate Court. holden at lrasburgh, in and
for said district, on the 4th day of June, A. d.
1858.
Joint administrator and Administrative on the es-
tate Of Freeman Richardson, late of Bloomington,
in said district, deceased, present their admins
tratlon account for settlement;
Whereupon, it is ordered that the same be
referred to the 22d day of July next, at the Pro
bate Office in said Irasburgh for examination and
allowance: and that all concerned be notified
hereof, by the publication of this order in the
Orleans Independent Standard, newspaper
printed at Irasburgh, three weeks successfully
as soon as may be, that they may appear, and at
said time and place, if they see cause, object
thereto.
24:3w NJ. CARPENTER, Judge.
Orleans independent standard. [volume] (Irasburgh, Vt.) 1856-1871, 1858-06-11

az The Oldest woman in Michigan,
Mrs. Villette of La Sale, Munroe Co.,
was buried on Wednesday morning IN
the Catholic burying ground. She was
II2 years of age, and had lived in that
region the better part of a century. HeI
husband-the third or fourth one-is
still living, aged seventy years. she
made her will in the latter part OF the
last century, and has outlived all the
persons to whom she had bequeathed hel
property.
Orleans independent standard. [volume] (Irasburgh, Vt.) 1856-1871, 1858-06-11

e. The committee of the New York
c;tv Government on swill-milk ascertain
ed several new facts by their first days
investigations, one of which was that the
cows never get drop of pure water
from the time that they enter the stables,
but must drink the swill or nothing
They also ascertainded that the COWS,
when no longer valuable for milk-thai
is, when Just on the point of dying, are
butchered and sold in the city market;
as number one beef.