davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
Mr.. Coughs ApOstrophe to Water.

At the close of one Of the lectures Of
John B. Cough in an eastern city, he
took glass Of water, and holding it aloft
before the audience, he apostrophizcd it
in the following eloquent manner: = .
Look at this, ye thirsty ones Of earth!
Behold it. See its purity. How II gilt
ters, as if'a mass Of liquid gems! Itsis
beverage that was brewed by the hand Of
the Almighty HIMSELF Not in tho sim
mering still or smoking fires, choked
with poisonous gases and surrounded BY
the stencil of sickening odors and rank
corruptions, doth our Father in Heaven
prepare the precious essence Of life, pure
cold water; but in the, green glade and
grassy dell, where the red deer wanders
aH1 the child loves to play; there God
brews it, and down, down in the deepest
valleys, wher. the fountains murmur and
the rills sing; and high upon the tall
mountain tops, where the naked granite.
glitters like gold in the sun, where the
storm clouds brood and the thunder
storms crash; and away far out on the sea,
where the hurricanes howl music and the
big waves roar. the chorus--sweepins the
march Of God-there he brews it; that
beverage of iife-health giving water.
And everywhere it is thing of beau
ty; cleaning in the dew drop-singing
in the summer rain-shining in the ice
gem, till the trees all seem turned into
living jewels-spreading golden veil
over the setting sun, or a white gauze
around the midnight moon--sporting in
the cataract, sleeping in the glaciers
dancing in the hail shower folding its
bright curtain softly about the windy
world, and weaving the many eolored iris,
that seraph's zone of the sky--whose
warp is the rain drop of earth, whose
woot is the sunbeam of heaven, ali check
cred over with celestial flowers, by the
mystic hand Of e-fraction-still always
IT is beautiful, that blessed life-water..--
No poison. bubbles upon the brink; it's
foam brings no sadness or murder; no
blood stains its hmpid glass; broken
hearted wives, pale widows, and starving
orphans shed no tears in its depths; no
drunkard's shrieking ghost from the
grave curses it in words of eternal de-
spair; beautiful, pure, blessed and glori-
Gus; give me forever, the sparkling, pure
cold water.n' ~
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
Origin Of Insurance.
a late English paper says

n late EnglIsh paper says
"A paper en- the origin of Insurance
has just been read before the Institute of
Actuaries, in which the writer stated his
opinion that the earliest direct mention of
Marine Insurance is in an ordinances of
the city of Barcelona, of the year 1888,
in which it is ordered that no vessel shall
be insured for more than three-fo -fourths
of her value that ne merchandise bolong-
ing to foreigners should be insured at
Barcelona, unless frei ight.i on board a
ship belonging to the King Of Arragon,
and that merchandise belonging to, Ar
ragonesc subjects, on board vessels be-
longing to other countries should only be
insured for half its value. 1t appears
most probable that the inventors Of Mar
Inc lnsura1 &C were Italians, who as il
well known, were the leading commercial
nation in the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries. 1t was in Venice that the
first Bank was established, and that a
funded debt, transferable from hand t.
hand, was first introduced Bills of OK.
change, if not invented in Italy, were
used extensively BY the. Lombard mcr-
Giants and money dealers, and book keep
ing by double entry is of Italian origin
as is also the phrase Policy of Assn,
rance
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
A Change that il a Change.

Three Free State men have bought out
that notorious Pro-slavery hole known as
Atchison and converted it into a Repub-
lican town; but that is not all. Robert
McBratney, formerly editor of Xenia
Torchtight, O., has purchased the Squat
ter .Sooereign, edited by stringfellow and
has changed it into Republican papers.
just think Of the infamous Sgaoacr
Sovereign the pet organ of the rufiian
invaders, becoming a leading Abolition
paper, as it will, under the talented man
agement of its new editor. There is
something new under the sun. Chica-
90 Tribune
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30

We see it stated in some Of our ex-
changes that large number Of slave
holders propose bringing their negro
slaves into this State to work them on
our railroads this summer. The Slave
holders in Missouri particularly are claim
ing that they have this right under the
late decision by Democratic members of
the Supreme Court. What will the free
sovereign laborers of Iowa say to this !?
The Southern portion of the Democratic
party 20 even beyond this fdegredation
of white labor, they assert that slavery is
the natural condition of the laboring
classes and Southern influence backed
up by northern dupes and doughfaces
controls the whole parity Vatoa Ia,
ole
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30

A physician communicates the follow
ing partlcul lars to the Sandusky, O., Dem
ocfat. f@+' ~~
One of the most horrible affairs which
ever came to my knowledge occurred
few days ago, iu New York Township.
A little boy of five years, son of Mr.. &
W. Stuart, was dreadfully torn by three
doVs, one Of which beloreed Il thc father
OF the child, and the two others 10 "a
aeighbor. The little fellow was found
BY some teamsters, who luckily passed by,
and was so terribly bitten that death en-
sued in 36 hours. Several Of the mus
cles were torn from their places, and he
was bitten through the neck five times
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
From the Boston Journal
Judge Tancy's Negro Convert-.The Dred
, fT Scott Decision Applied.

i
T. ST. scott Decision Applied.
Slamn,ing the last door of the first car
and opening that Of the second, the "gen-
tleinanly conductor" OF the New York
train made his appearance with his bow
and smile, and Tickets, gentlemen, if
you please" a.. ,. .2'.z' u o.. @<-
Seated in the front corner, surrounded
by her personal conveniences, such as a
carpet bag, umbrella, big bundle, little
bundle, few apples, and piece of cake,
was colorcd lady, whose face--the hue
Of an inverted saucepan, contrasting with
her snow white ivory and eye-balls, gave
that pleasing African expression which
is 50 often the type Of humor and coed
nature. tE. '.@ .''F "-f Fly t~.""-
"Tickct, Ma'am," says our conductor,
with a civility regardless Of complexion.
"I hasn't got any" she replied, i" but
Use got money, any way and she began
to tumble in her bag, then in the bum
dies, searching those articles throug Oh in
vain III ~ les - @ - -
"Come, hurry up" exclaimed her now
impatient friend; Il cant wait all day"
"Bress your soul, yer don't think |
find everything in minute, but Pse got
money somewhar--must be in dis yeah
cawpet bag" and she felt in her pocket
accordingly for the key.
H "Wel, well, I'll pass through, and
when l get back perhaps you will have
it ready" -.
"Yes, sartin;" said Dinah; but as he
passed along she reached out her umbrel-
la, and giving him a poke upon the shou-
der asked, "What you gwoin to charge
on freight?'
"Freight! what do you want to know
that for!'' a ss.4t #-.
"'Cause l does; Tss civil, aint IT,
"Well, five cents foot; there don't
bother Inc any more, but find your mon
ey;' and he went his way. ~7.
There seemed to be peculiar drollery
abont the lady's eye and mouth, as the
one rolled around in its black sea of flesh,
and the other opened to give vent to an
involuntary "yah! ha! 1t was not long
now before she found her purse, and with
drew some coin, which she kept iingling
in her hand, and she kept up her occa-
sional vaccinations. s..s &.
In due time the conductor returned
for her money, and upon extending his
itching palm was somewhat astonished
at receiving the precise sum of ten cents.
"W hat d. YOU mean?" he exclaimed
a. The fare to New York is 1--WE dollars.
Yas, yas, | knows dat, for white folks
folks vhat an, totks--but Ise nobody;
Use freight, | is. Yah, yab Poor rule
as don't work bof ways; five cents a foot,
heah they is' said she, extending pair
Of enormous ambulators for the inspection
of the conductor and US all
The nonplussed funetionary stood un-
determined for a moment among the
shouts of the passengers, until an idea of
compromise occurred to him, as he ex-
claimed: "Well, il you are freight, take
yourself off into the baggage car But
even there Dinah was too much for him,
as she replied, "Jus you pick up your
freight ii you want to cair um off,
This settled the point. The conductor
vanished and Dinsh offered pious e.ac-
ulation: "Lord bress dat ar 'Preme
Court, and gin 'em credit for FIVE dollar
bill, any way -.. .-s#
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
4 Wisconsin Patriarch.

Tbs oldost man living is claimed all
over. but there is in Wisconsin, an iadi-
yidual who may Justly b, claimed as the
oldest man on the continent 'OM Ircle,' ;
of Columbia County, is, according to the
records Of his baptism on the church re
cords of Montreal, $50 years old. and he
distinctly remembers period of 1T
years. lie married at New Orleans a
hundred years ago, and is now living with
a grandchild upwards Of sixty years old.
The old man is still hale aud hearty,
and does not appear to be over 70. Who
can outnumbcr the years of "Old Crelc?
- Madison TrrnsiHp
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
CoyINGToN, April 2, 1857

49, NOVINGTUN, APrII :, IoJI.
1Ia DEAR SIR-Yours of the 3lst uitimo
is at hand covering the needf,d, for which
accept our thanks. suppose you used
the razor freely on others, as il usual
with gentlemen in yolr line, but I had
no idea you kept up the custom Of sha-
wing your own Uranium, Ike the ancient
rShylocks Of Jewish descent. Save the
molar to grind the poor, and you will
doubtless find your g front teeth = .capa-
Bile Of much to sustain your circulation.
Truly yours. N l.. R---------
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
Mormon Sermon.

Brigham Young, the Mormon prophet,
thus deneunces one Gideon, who had the
audacity to question his prophetic char
acter and purity of the spiritual wife"
system: a@# ~
"W llo is this Gideon who has come
among you? He used to sell tape in st.
Louis, andnow hei hereto blaspheme the
Lord and destroy the house Of Israle.
And what should 70, children Of the
covenant, d. il, return for this evil work
out with the bowie knives yc wore like
breast pins at Nauvoo, and, in the name
OF Ged and the prophet, give him hell y
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
Kansas News.

TnE EFFECT The election ofa Free
State Mayor ia Leavenworth city has
had most favorable effect upon the coun-
try at large. All kinds of stocks (inchl-
ding large beer) have advanced two per
cont, except "niggers and mules, which
have wofui'y deprecated We are con
fident that consols will advance consider
ably when the joyful and unexpected in
tclliGence reaches England, and that it
will make the tyrants Of Europe trcmbIc
IN l.eir booss--proyi idedthey wear bsots.
--LeaueayortA TImes22a -. Pa, .-s
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
Natural Zee Cave at Deccrah, Iowa.

A correspondent Of the Dubuque Ex-
press and Herald thus describes this
natural curiosity: 81.
The entrance to the cave is from. the
side Of hill, about forty feet above the
loyel Of the river.
An opening Of about ten feet high and
some six or eight feet wide, forms the
entrance, which descends into the rock
at an angle of about forty-fvc degrees.
The extreme length of this cave has
never yet been explored, but it has been
penetrated to distance of three hundred
feet i'll various directions. In the win
t.r season this cave is warm and dry. but
in the summer, fall and spring it is Bit
tarly cold, and the temperature of cold
increases to an almost insupportablc ex-
tent as it is penetrated to longer dis
tance. In the warm season, vast iccles
are formed in this cave by the continual
drippings from the top and sides, and in
sufficient quantities to supply large
city. At any time in the spring, sum-
mer and fall, any one with little labor
could cut down several tons of the pure.t
crystal ice in day, and just as soon al
most as it is taken out, it is replaced by
fresh ice. At party held on the side
Of the hill by the DEBORAH people on the
Fourth of July last, over eighty barrels
Of fine solid ice was taken out, and scarce
ly any impression was made on the guam
tity in the cave ""= #@ "''
The most singular feature of the cave
is, that the hotter the weather becomes
outside, the more intensely cold the at
mosphere becomes in the cave. Persons
going into the cave in the warm season
are obliged to pnt on the heaviest clo-
thing, andevcn then become badly chilled.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
Wait till 1862.

The great Northern Hive will warm
again in 1862. Then the next appor-
tionment win hare taken effect, and what
ever it may be-wh ether 12o, 900, 130,-
600, or 40, 600 Michigan win have 5
membess of Congress instead of 1; Wis
consin will at least be equal, judging by
the past four years. In 1852, Wisconsin
gave an aggregate vote at the presidential
election of 67,712, which represents a
population of l02, ,272; at that election
Michigan gave an electoral vote Of S2 ,9sS
representing a population of 497 ,G2S.
In 1858, Wisconsin gave an aggregate
vote of l25, ,55S, representing an aggrc-
gate population of 763,34s The same
ratio of growth for FIVE years to come,
would send her ahead Of Michigan, giving
to each at least, representation of eight
members in the Lower House.
Instead Of two members, Iowa will send
four, five or six. The votes Of. Iowa in
1852, was 35,323, that of 1856 was 92,-
29o, which represents an increased ,popn-
lation of 323,S32. Minnesota will by
that tine, be ready to place two Or three
members in the House, aud at least six
more will be sent from Northern Illinois,
and fou from Indiana The increase of
population Of Illinois between 1850 and
1885, was 391 ,447, go per cent and
this increase hrs been confined almost
wholly to Northern Illinois, excluding
Egypt, except upon the line of the Hi
noise Central Railroad.
Indiana is not far behind in this re-
spcct Her increase from 1850 to 1856
has been lGl 100
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
The World II Fun Of beauty.


lhere - beauty IN tlse forest
HI3Where'the trees are green and fair, ..ag -
There is be ausy IN the meadow
Where flowers scent the air '1l8eh d
There is beauty in the sunlight -rtaft
-. And soft blue beam above: fft.."f t5 fs
Oh the world is full Of beauty 5s11 af
sa~ When the heart Is fun Of love n.y. a@@
'@.,l@ " a& otH ,1Hr Ill 81. .aa
ty There il beauty in the fountain, n.., E..
.zr Singing gaily at the play u -.ar-'tt
While rain bow hues are glittering t.t sErar
,.s onits silvcry shiny spray, %~ =
There is beauty in the streamlat, ....-.
@ 'hurmuring softly through the grove sH.
ID oh the world is sfll OF beauty arte.# asf
u. When the heart is full ofIove! t,, b.. 9+s
There Is beauty in the moonlight
g.. When it falls upon the sea,
While the blue crested biIlows ''-5.
Dance and frolic joyously; I" '+'"F
There is beauty in the lightning CLEANS 81
That over the dark waves rove :a@' -z'@
Oh the world is full OF beauty t...''a
When the heart is fnll Of love! ~ 'e'-- 80!
There il eeaut, in the brightness
J" Beaming from loving eye, as-.z 3 {
In the warm blush Of affection, H. sr
L in the tear of sympathy 2ti r. sas
In the sweet low voice whose accents
The spirits gladness prove 'r.
Oh tile world is full of beauty ~: Is
When the heart is fall of love
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
The editor Of the Toledo Blade write:

The editor Of the Toledo Blade writes
from Cincinnati, 18th inst:
l do not remember to have seen so gen
eral promise of abundant fruit as the
orchards now give. Thy are literally
loaded down with blossoms. Apples
peaches, pears, plums, all vie each other
in the profusion of their bloom, and they
fill the eye with beauty, AMI the air with
fragrance. The winter wheat is also very
luxuriant, and promises, thus far, boun-
tifnl harvest 1t il Of the richest color,
Of uniform thickness, and very rank and
hcalthy .- -------.-
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30

The Dred Scott decision has alaord =
IN one sense been turned to the alvan-
tage of one of the deccndents of Ham at
the North A few days since a negro
was sued ror debt in Michigan Court.
He pnt in plea under the recent decision
thai he. was not a citizen, but thing
not humanity, but real estate, and there
fore not iudictable, The plea was, sus-
tanned, and the creditor went home ours
ing the Supreme Court generally and
Chief Justice fancy in particular y
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30

The Lebanon {Tenn) Herald s-'as
- lot OF thirty negroes weresold at pub
lle sale IN Summer county few day. ago,
at prices ranging from $50 to $l,SUv.
There were eight little children in tie
lot from two months to two years old
The average price Of the thirty Vas $500,
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30

A man calling himself J w. White,
has been lecturins in South Carolina for
the purpose Of raising funds to aid the
pro-slayery cause in Kansas, and is said
to have appropriated all the funds he re-
ceiyed to his own use. He persuaded a
number Of people to sell out their earthly
possessions and emigrate to Kansas,
promising to bear their expense thither;
but when they had all assembled, on the
day appointed for starting, the gallant
Colonel was missing. nor has he been
heard Of since.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
NurniIlg IlHins.

During the last six months twenty
four fires were caused by them in NV
York City Nine women ten men have
been killed or severely Injured there
from. Persons using them seldom com
prehcad their dangerous character. .~-
VIII powder lamps or gun cotton tapers
be the next invention to light humanity '
to their graves
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
A Certain Cure for Rattes sak2 Bite. o.
spider Sting.

Take The yolk Of good egg, put tl, in
a t>a-cup, and stir in as much salt az will
make it thick enough to run of; spread
plaster and apply to the wound, and I
would insure life for sixpanca. The
subscriber has tried the above remedy in
snnmber of cases, and never knew Il TO
fail.-P Pivtfyn4u.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30

Ready made houses are being made ia
Cincinnati One firm has shipped to
the western Territories, since the second
day of March, one hundred aud fifty ready
made houses These buildings are of
the cottage style, and though transported
in pieces, can be put up ready fol occu-
pancy in forty minutes
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
spicy.

A Georgia paper publishes the follow
ing spicy correspondence: t o
su.ar ~ CoyINGToN, March "a.
Cashier Bank Of Hest Tennessee
sIR-Enclosed you have a bill on your
bank which is rejected by my exchange
broker--if it is worth anything, send me
its value in current money. If dead
broke please send a lock Of yonr hair.
a'.- Respectfully. L. B
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30

nc olu s'l3iuc th wy IN new fAH1E1uus
On the Sabbath all persons were for
bidden to run or walk, Except reverent-
sly to and from church, 'aor 30 profane the
day by sweepingtheir houses, cooking or
shaving. Mothers were commanded Not
to kiss their children don that sacred
day. and and fnew imposed on any
one "observing any such day as Christ
mas" @E..a .@a&.@.v gs51~ sylEl
c In 1916, any person who kHseda per
son in the street, even as an honest salute,
was fogged, and this punishment was IN
ficted as late as the middle ofthe cigh-
teenth century. No man was allowed to
keep tarvern, unless he was of good
character, and competent estate. In
1858 there were but two licensed Inns
in Boston. When.a stranger entered an
Inn, an officer followed; and if he called
for more grog than the officer thought
he could bear, it was forbidden, and a Iess
quantity administered. Women were
fined for cutting their hair like a manor
having it hung loosely over the face
Idleness, lying, swearing, and drunken
ness were punished by whippins, etc.
Young women were required to spin as
much as the Selectmen prescribed, or be
fined. Any person "courting a maid
without her parents counsel, was fined
and imprisoned. A very few persons
had the title of Mr., and fewer that of
Esquire The usual appelhtion were
Goodman and Goodwife Associations
were formed, and sanctioned by law, to
suppress drinking healths, wearing long
hair, and periwigs. 1t is now recorded
by way of illustration, that brewing was
prohibited ON Saturday, becauss the beer
pou!d acork on Sunday.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30

"The choice Of a wife is like putting
ones hand into bag full Of snakes, with
only one eel in it; we may by possibil-
ity light on the eel, but it is hundred to
one we are stung by snake r
Thus growled Sir John Moore Sir
John was one Of the unfortunate bobbcrs
for eels.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30

The indianapolis and Cincinnati Rail,
road Company has made m important ar
rang2ment with The Lafayette, the Wa
bash Valley, tho Great Western, and tic
Illinois Central roads, by which freight
can 20 through fron1 Cincinnati to Dixon
Galena and Dualeith without change Of
cars
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30

DEAR SIR--EneIosed | hand you Sc.
bin for our note same amount, received
in yours of the oath. am nearly bald
or / would send you lock Of hair. If
you say 50, l will send you front tooth.
Yours truly, vM al, .
Ef 4 CHAs. D. SMITH, Pres't.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30

tara rumor has gone abroad that the
Indians have destroyed Fort Dodge, but
it appears the most saroge assault upon
Fort Dodge was made by an army of
Gland sharks, and the cry ''Injins, has
given them a clear field to mako choice
selections Of lands.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
Temperance Lyric.
FROM THE GERMAN OF SCHILLER.

FROM THE GERMAN OF SCHILLER
Dree Duchmens vent ridin one day out er town,
A. dc window ayoung frau COON up ant look
down.
Pool up de pride, bel Gstt. veil sthop here
Eiu gloss Rinerine und swy glass larger peer. -
DE jung frau she hollersd rite outer de house.
y COST trive ON de horses--its nix cum arouse.
mix cum arouse NIT der vein und der beer,
We've oil Of oos signed de Demperence here ~
d., first of de Dootchmen's cot trowed vrom his
horse,
tnt dat knocked his sutsdes all inside ov corse.
De next u de putchmans cot trosed in poat
hreuz blitz donnerwetter und shoekschwere
moth ff *~ E1-s
De last of de pootchmans got sehlag on de kop,
Dish song goes no furdsr unit so it moost shtop.
50 it moost shtcp hi. a gruss und kuss
Und kau di net.b glasa welli hier blabia' muss
8.s .Ertt HoRIL. .-n. -fF
De Dooehmans rot tont want mir koa, ar ouse
Mostut talk TO de girls Of Temperance house.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30

Jqhp W.L.-vy !, being yary dry, informs
every body, that he took some old rsr,
and got Iittle high; and all his ./ry mus
rely, and must not cry Or either sigh Or
Jet cry, for h. most certainly, is going 10
The far Of land Of liberty, and live very
quietly and eontentedly until hell de-
which il very naturally.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-05-30
Gov. Robinson Acg.tted,

QrINpARo, Kansas. May IL
q District Attorney Weir entered nolle
prosequi in the case of Gov. Robinson,
indicted for treason. -..s.E