davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09

ST. Lorfs, April 4fh.
The ofhcers OF the steamer 81. Mary from Coun
Biuts, report four shot At Platte near mouth OF
Nebraska, March 10Th, by order Of vigilance CON-
mttee. Five others banishei from the territory
and forbidden TO return under painof death The often
ees alleged we're claim jumping: g sr9 r
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09
slrW advertisements.
5 HRIRRERY, &C.

8 HRUBRERY, &C,
The subscriber the public n q he mr..
prepared to furnish good variety Of
Shrubbery,
Dahlia Bulbe re"
Dwarf fruits, De-.
In the course Of feew weeks In sesAon for th,s
springs setting out and invites orders from ssch -
are DESTROYS ofbeing supplied with anyshile In ale
above linz.
no IS.tf rHoMAsy pEvIs.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09

- DCHkhk, N. T., April I.
The here 10 IS inches deep leuel. and still
falling fast
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09

CLeveLAsD, April I.
30 majority.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09

TscrSLES AT PLArTsAoUra.-MP iatts-
mouth, n. r, on the 18th Of March, four men
wers shot for elsin-jumpinG, BY The orders Of
. siylaace eommitiss. Five others were ban
sshs !, with threat ot dsstk in esss they -.
t2-i q.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09
nj o N q Y

A IL who indebted to JOHN n SWAN q Co..
"A are requested to pay over The saosn< - Dincn
Thrali, as the accounts now In their h.ads COR
oliecson and they NEST % cOLLSczsh
cnolAlm
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09

OITUMWA ACADEMY EXHIBITION.
The exhibition given BY the pnpils Of Mr.
HvLL's School on Saturday night. was an ex-
ceedinglv interesting one. and highly credita-
bic both to the Scholars and Teachers. Not.
withdrawing the rain and mud. the Conrt
Honse was at an early hour 50 completely fill
ed, that large portion Of the audience had to
make choice not Of sest., but Of standing
places. We were 80 unfortunate a. to be on
the standing committee, and even then II was
only by dint # great perseverance, aud exer-
tion in ''tip.toeing" and leaning, that we
could see the exhibitors. However we were
repaid for our trouble, a. was every one else
who was present.
The exercises consisted IT Declarations.
Essays and Dialogues. The Destinations
lions were with an exception or two thorough
ly committed. and delivered in manner which
We think superior to the generality Of such
performances. Several Of the yonng men have
the elements OF good speakers and need only
stusy and practice to become such. The Ee-
says were well written. and read with sufficient
distinctness and force to be heard. This is 50
seldom the case especially with young ladies.
that whenever thay do read loud enough to be
heard they deserve long credit mark, and We
think one should be set down to the young
Ladies Of Ma. HUNS School There is no
reason ir the world why ladies should not rea 4
lond, while there are many why they should,
but principally because they .eldom write
without writing something worth hearing and
audiences don't like 10 be deprived Of the
pleasure Of hearing on such occasions. We
are glad this too common error was avoided on
Saturday night.
The Diolognes were, 10 many, the most in
teres,isg part Of the performances. They were
selected with much taste. and we'll performed.
We have never been more pleased with an ex-
hibitlon OF the kind than we were with the
Yankee boys protest. The story is a familiar
one, Of the Boston boys who went to Gen.
Howe and protested against the depreda tons
Of the British soldiers upon their sports and s-
musemenss. The representation Of it on Sat-
urday night was decidedly happy hit. a. the
applause OF the audience bore witness.
We suppose we ought not to leave of without
finding fault with something. II 10 difficult to
60 n, except in one thing and that 10 the exer-
cises were too long. There were too many
Dialogues. We are not among those who en-
tirely oppose such performances, indeed we
think an Exhibition would be wanting much
without them, hut still thew shoa'd be limited
There were too many Of them on Saturda,
night.
EXCEPT IN this we were pleased throughout
with the Exhibition, ~ were all who attended
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09
DH y 600 vs., PLAIN AND
~ ~ M -

hoo's aud shoes, extremely lew,
Hardware, Groceries, Quesnsware, Farming Imp,..
ments, &c. &C, &c.
To the old cust,mers Of Mr. Street ve vonlA ssv
though the hrm aas changed will esdsaycr 10 p.esss
s am are confident viii sell goods ~ low - csa BE-
" We cordially invite alto call and exsaiue goods
wANTED-Country Produce
noi4-ly HETrS IL ANDERSON.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09
'rU THE LADIES

VE<HE undersigned Is prepared 70 do al tisr Of
Embroidery stamping and will aiso teach ths ar,
FOR further particulars enquire at the Jswely t.re
or at the residence Of DR.. A. u. Wood,
no l4-tf a., n wf.on
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09
PROCLANATl0N..

Be It known that the provisions Of the Ccda
in relation to additions to Town Plata hanns
been fully complied with, in the matter offh1
ad't ion Blake 4 vancleavss addition t5DtAa
Town OF Rlakesbarg Wsps!io County lave.
Of said Town. SILAS OSBURN.
y County Judge,
Wapello County Iowa.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09
The CITY Election

The election ID over. Ottnmwa has deci ed
10 leave 81 Town airs and become City, and
d. ?. Gaylord Esq, b chosen esr Mayer
he lafs, majority Tor .hs Charter b g'stify-
ing 10 The friends e that movsnene, and gives
promise that he City 0ossrnmsnt will Be- ful-
y Sustained Ia al eDorts to advance the inter.
ests Of the place. We regret that the Repub-
heans failed to ele:t their candidate for May
or, but since il 10 20, and we must have Dem
ocrat:c Mayor we are glad that the choice has
fallen upon one 50 well qualified Tor the posi-
ton a. Mr. Gaylord. We hope now, that the
City Government will 20 to work win such
feelings and determinations as will secure har-
monious action. There are msny things which
ought to be done, many reforms Of urr ent. i'm
mediate, pressing necessity which ought to be
instituted. We exhort the City G nernmsnt
TO be wstehful Of our common interests. OF
course we cannot expect the needful work to
be all done In hurry but the sooner il is COM
menced the sooner it will be done. And let
the Mayor and Council bear in mind one thing,
and that II that IL they cannot build up the
Town, let them suffer no obstruction TO lie in
the way Of it advancement which it is in their
power to remove. A little care and watch
fullness in this respect will do wonderful
things sometimes. For instance If certain
pile Of rocks had been removed when there
was an opportunity to remove them. and fair
warning given. we could have had Steamboats,
landing at our wharf instead Of half mile be-
low Town. The Demoine is navigable only q
short time in the year. and steamboats, are rar.
visitors hereabouts, and it Is pity indeed that
Trey cannot land when they DO come. We
hope this will b. altogether reformed
We understand th.t there will be meeting
Of the Council on Saturday night next. on
which occasion hi. ho,or the Mayor will de-
liver his Inaugural address, the city organiza-
ton completed, and the new order Of things
fully instituted. We hope to see = Large at
tendance Of the citizen,. II is an interesting
occasion. Remember that the Inaugural Ad-
dress Of Mayor Gaylord will be delivered on
that occasion.
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09
NO. 1 .
LAND WARREHrs.-Ihe following are the
price, If land warrents A. given In The New
York Eve. Post, OF the Goth ult:


81. sa. DIED.
April End, Ann Amanda, dssShAss = & q. q uAs1
A. Ireland aged Is months and 6aye -
March 18th, in this city, Mary AissAsA. Asnoht~
Of II. r. Graves, aged Is years.
March Both, Mr.. Daniel sharps. aged "a yssrA
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09

INDIAN OuTRAGEs IN Iowa "A party Of
!, dams rece thy piundered = settlement of
whites in Buena Vista county. Provisions
and clothing were taken, houses were burned,
and women were violated. The attention OF
the General Government should be given 10
the matter at once.-[I Iowa City Republican.
THE WEEKLY VIsIrER-This is the title
OF paper the first number Of which il before
US, published by James II. Knox, Indianola
Iowa. The visitor, in size, mechanical execu.
ton, editorally and politically is all right
Vewish Mr.. X. the realization Of his expec
tations in that connection,
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09
ET ID" yon rant to haze 9 s~ys pYevessirs
asain,t Counferfsifing Bawk Nstss7
READ REaQH RE.AD!n

W "" w" tcant to hare s~Ys pyese~siss
aSn.n,t Counferfeifing Bamk Nstss7
READ! RE.apH REaDin
SabseribeI subscribe
JOHN s. DYE is THE AUTHOR,
. And the Bank Note Engravers 81 say that
= he is the greatest Judge VI pspse
: CHEAPER THAN HAN T FIFE CHEAPEST
e BETTER THAN THE BEST.
Published weekly! The whole only 81
ayearti!i 49, sSE
rcateSt discovery Of the present Century.
4 ~ for Detecting Counterfeit Bsnk Notes
e Describing very genuine bill In exissss1s sai
exhioiting a. glance every CsUntseleN
In circulation III Ett
Arranged so admirably that reference h esy,
- And detection instantsneousi e
But so simpiiaed and arrange skat he Merchant.
Z, 0AuNef ana business man eaA see al 81 sisaee-
- Ishas taken years to make perfect NY
Great Discovsry. s'
The urgent necessity for such voek ~ long
peen felt by Commercial men. u AaA oesa pub
lshed 70 supply the eali for such pssvsesiss Sad
Il does more than ever has been sttemetsd 81 nsns
u describes every bank note In A9sescs lao-'
guages English French and German, +,
,o linus each may read the name n his eva astivs
TlKxs.-The paper will be about "a BY = iaeh..s
ana viii contain the most perfect Bank Nose liz;
= puoished Together with the rate Of disceapt-'
Also list Of all the private Banker In Ausrie.
complete summary Of the yinAacs ef enroee
ana America wiz be publshed In each edition, ~
= gether with all the important News q sAe Day
Also interesting stories. From On old nAAsscnps
found In the East, and no where else 70 be founA
~ mas never before appeared In print, and fafnsa
- es the most complete history Of sese- "
~ ORIENTAL LIFE, .e4 &
and describing the most perplexlns positions 10
which the Ladies and Gsntiemen Of tAas csuSssy
have 80 often been found, Thee stories via go
tinue throughout the whole year, and win Prove
the most entertaining ever offered "a the Pubic
- Furnished weekly 70 subscrlbss oaly. o
VI year. All letters must be sddsslss1te W"
JOHN q DYE, pfekNl' AZ !
Publisher and proprietor 70 wallet, New tssk
notify - - s'sTtTI !
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09
NEW FlRMl
N r. w + 7 r NJ!

AAING purchased the stock Of Good RECENTLY
u owned by J. l.. Street, Of 0ttumwA opposite the
ehry House, We would respectfully announce % ne
OF ottnmwa, and vicinity that Hrs ds<cru
In Ottumwa. = $3.50
The weekly Ottumwa courier. [volume] (Ottumwa, Iowa) 1857-1872, 1857-04-09

Persons cslling f,rany Of the above Letters
VIII please say .ddsertissd. Of they will DO. 70
thcm. T. J. HOLMES. pm
April, LIT, 1857.
Daily Iowa State Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1856-1859, 1857-12-04

The Gazette again has the impu-
dcnce to assert that the constitution
makes Kansas a slave state, whether
tho clause prohibiting slavery be adopt
or not.
That is a wicked, deliberate and ma
lcious falsehood. Article 18th of the
schedule to the Kansas Convention
expressly declares STA majority of
tie votes cast at the Election IN tavor of
the Constitution wiM no siarery; then
the Articie lropiding for slarery shall
be stricken from the Constitution By the
President Of Conpention, and no SLAVE
rg shall erist IN the State Of Kansas,
except that the right Of property in
slaves non in this Territory shall in no
manner be interfcred with"
Daily Iowa State Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1856-1859, 1857-12-04

Debility and Nervousness, Distaste for Society,
Gloomy Presentments, pain and weakness in the
bacx, impairment Of meni al vigor and meniory weak
and watery eyes, eruItions on the face and lody,
restessness of vicious dreams and undressing
sleep, unftness for marriage relation, improper
ctabty Of the organs, structure cosfiventss, piles,
dyspepsia, h.. To the truth OF this less ia
case every sufferer from solitary indulgence
attst And further, any iatent or family prtdispo-
stion To disease, Is imbecilty, imI~tence insanity
&c., is al.nost surrey eventually Developed into acy
ry, and IL is a.tuaily tn- most frequent caase OF
those malades IN young per,ohs, - proved BY the
statistics OF all countries. And this Is equally true
Of both sexes-Stili, II taken in 'ime this disease
and its consequences perfectly amenable to treat.
ment.
DR. Hubbell has for many years past, been cen
suited upon many and distressing cases OF this
vice, that his attention has been necessarily much
directed 70 It's treatment and cure and he is happy
% sdd has beyond his most ssnguine expectations,
matuted . treatment At once safe and certain, and
from painful oper atoms nauseous medicines.
DIR Hnbbel's Treatise should be obtained BY every
one, il will prove comIe safeguard against inn
position. II explains the nature and coin eqnences
OF all diseases OF the generative organs.
~ Those living at . distance, by encsoing two
postage stamps, Ia order to prepay the postage, will
receive copy by return OF mail, gratis.
DR. Hubbeis experience - not exceled BY any ply
scian In the treatment OF Iricdte DiseGses Of any
nature.
NTOTICE-HIGHLv IMPORTANT TO FEMALES
~ All ladies suffering OF Female Complaint
whatever, are recommended to cal All cases treats
ed and cured without delay and with the happiest
results Uterine and painful menstrual obstruction
requiring surgical operations removed by scientific
trentH ent. IT desired, convenient rooms provided
Advice strictly confidential.
Persons living at q distance, by giving . plain
statement their cases, will BE- attended 10 pnnctu-
ally, and medicines forwarded by express to all parts
Of the United States.
Address, J Hubbell, n D. box 1868 o, Chicago,
Illinois.
Private ONCE, No 60 Randolph st, opposite the
Revere Hotel.
yrpe
Daily Iowa State Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1856-1859, 1857-12-04

e1ilsIsssSsss q so1I t6sf pat % 6Ius6
the brazen pretences too often met in
fashionable society. And 20 he told
her. They vere nose ed .ere in
eaeh oeheFS company as time ssed.
X proposition ef msstiageswas lmade
and accepted. But from this time
the young mans visits became fewer
and his conduct more and more reser-
we'd. To Iiff the poor girl to the ele-
walton in society to which he had at
tanned, chiefly by means Of h,s wealth,
would be shocking to his family and
degrading TO himself. Without pang
he deserted her, and left her alone a
gain in the wide, wide world, with
scarce friend. He did more than
this. He slandered her good name,
and boosted Of a conquest Of which he
had never dared to hint in her pres
ence. The girl grew Respondent,
weary, sad. Her health slowly declin-
ed, and last week she died Of broken
heart though the physician gave
some other name for the disease.
The hero () Of this true story is one
Of the adorcd leaders Of fashion in the
city Of St Louis. lie attends all par
ties where the upper,cn meet and
chat, and whisper nonsense, and he is
daily congratulated by "a circle OF
warm friends on the very apparent
fact that he can marry any woman
he pleases." 4 few OF boon compan-
ions know the little history we have a
bove recorded, and they sometimes
joke him on the subject, but the mat
ter is turned of very prettily, and SO
nicely dealt with that the murderer Of
Martha Van Buren, always considers
himselfcompfuitntcd.-.S Louis Rem
Daily Iowa State Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1856-1859, 1857-12-04

tksrs would bs Is reason Tor hosrdiSe,
there being NO longer any fear Of a
collapse in the currency, nor any
cheaper currency which men coald
usc for paying debs or buying goods.
There could never be another panic,
for dealing in realities, there would no
longer be any room for want Of conf
dence. BY the accession Of SOC, 100000
now in bank vaults, We would have
. specie circulation Of at least $780,
OOO, 900, about $50, 1000, 900 more than
our present bank note circulation.
What effect would that have on prices!
We know that many will find i diff
cult TO believe that there is more gold
in this country than bank bills, but
such is the fact, de1nonatratIe, incon-
trovertible. To the inquiry, where is
it! we answer that most of 4 must
be boarded, and that hordihg-s very
great evils caused directly, wholly, by
the distrust every where feltas to banks
and banking systems. These boards OF
specie are now lost and useless to the
country, and can only be brought out
by showing those who hold them
some safe place 70 put them. We say
safe, and by that, we don't mean the
vaults Of a bank, which owes on de-
mand, three, four, ten times as much
as it has cash means to pay. To get
those boards out, we must do away
with paper money and their manufac-
tories. We think the foregoing facts
show that prices would be higher, and
our merchants, mechanics and farmers
better off by returning to an exclusive
specie currency than they are now
with worthless promises to pay. At
some future time we mean to say some
thing in relation to exchange, a subject
which is puzzling the brains of many
devotecs of rag money, and we can
show that exchanges can be better reg
ulated with specie currency than
with any other. Now, unfortunately,
exchange Is not regulated at all We
trust Mr.. Buchanan will recommend a
bankrupt law to Congress. whereby
bankrupt banks may be compelled to
close up their affairs promptly and Sc
curely for their creditors. Whether
such may be the policy of the admin
istration or not, let rs keep the Demo-
cratic party free from all connection
with, or responsibility for banks OF
issue,
Daily Iowa State Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1856-1859, 1857-12-04
Love, Derstlon, Death,

In April last there came to this city
from Peoria, illinois, a young lady
named Martha Van Buren,. BY the
death Of her mother she was left an
orphan, and being at the time in feeble
health, owing to constant watchfulness
at the bedside Of he parent during a
long illness, she came to st. Louis in
search of an uncle who was supposed
to reside here, and who she thought
would afford her u home until she
coule regain her strength, Upon arri-
wing she examined the directory, but
did not find his address. She wrote
numerous letters, but noticing they
were advertised every week, she knew
they did not reach him. Finally, be-
coming disheartened, she reluctantly
relinquished the idea of finding him
and set about seeking something to do.
After having suffered many disappoint-
ments, she at length obtained employ
ment at the business of binding shoes
for one OF the extensive establishments
in the city. 1t was not hard work and
gradually her health improved. With
the return OF health to her cheek, she
began to think of returning to Peoria;
but fearing to go back to the place
where her mother died would start a.
fresh the agonizing pain occasioned by
her death, she concluded it would be
best to remain until time should fill
up the great void that the loss Of her
parent had left in her bosom.
About this period there appeared a
young man OF an atfulent and respect
able family, who having heard her
story from some quarter, called upon
her, told her who he was, and said he
had been deeply interested in her well
fare, and hoped if she wanted assistance
she would not hesitate to make it
known, andhe would endeavor to en-
list some of his friends in her behalf.
Miss Van Buren, was grateful for this
kindness, and told him SO, at the same
time adding that she did not need any
help then and was getting along very
Comfortably. She thanked HIM sim
cerly for his we'll wiswes and generous
protfer, and the interview was ended
A few days afterwards the same gentle.
man addressed her a note in which be
stated his fear that Miss Van Buren,
had refused assistance from motives Of
delicacy and on account of his moi
having been known to her. lie assur.
ed her that he had been acuted by nc
selfish or dishonorable design, and in
conclusion begged her, if he could be
of any aid to stand upon no ceremony
in confessing it. To this Miss Var
Buren, replied as before, taking care
to exonerate herself to him of any sus-
picion that his conduct was not credit.
able to his heart
Thus an acquaintance sprung up be-
tween the rich young man and the
poor young woman. The former was
delighted with his new found friend.
She was pretty, modest and charming
She spoke Of her dead mother with :
warmth Of feeling and pathos Of deyo-
ted love which showed . purity and
II 49,.
Daily Iowa State Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1856-1859, 1857-12-04
Economy il Wealth.

"AVtN0 made asrAngements with Mr. Jecob
II Weaver, Agent for Clask's Patent slour HIN to
conduct and carry the Min, corner Of pesYy and
Third VI eets. have organised society u which
en- enabled to fsYaish the oenbers thereof with he
best extra -four fss the pueent psiD ~ wheaAl for
the sum Of % % per barrel, fos family -. aSaseo
and Asgulasions tor thsss vishing - Aenom1 1an-
~ noxt. N
Doveapost, Nov. an io5.: =. =
49, s,:sss. saaa o. : ssest
Daily Iowa State Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1856-1859, 1857-12-04
DIR. HUBBEI4LS
Private Medical Companion
OR THE
IM(OrfNNfe'S Friend.
JUST PUBLISHED, GRATUITOUS.
To YnrNa MEN AND

I'D YOUNG MEN AND
others. Nervous Debility
and Chronic diseases. The
first and direct consequence
Of excrss aud abuse OF the
sexual systen, Is . peculiar
diseased condition Of the -
minAl organs which the Au-
thor IN his TRzA1ISE, has
Called the special disease Of
Mast nrbation. The follow>
Ing disorders, some In one
case. some IN snether, are
again the direct conSeq uen.
ces " this disease, viz D.
minal Emissions General
Daily Iowa State Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1856-1859, 1857-12-04
ouR JOB OFFICE.

fhns Aavins pslatins vork Of any description 70
- -. IN sua sAs JOB Omce OF &he sTArE De
socaAY sase 70 tura Il ous ~ neatly, and ., - mo-
Aersae pe,pes q any In the city Our assortment Of
yps esd svsvy other requiIss, ore sueh - 70 esse
seeAsse 10 - desired 10 enable - :" furn'h - wen
ssseutsd beo& wors, circulars. Ipeste". 90" ssne
Ssbs, q cen BE- printed We invite any having Con
ma,As 70 tive our cfbce trial.
Daily Iowa State Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1856-1859, 1857-12-04
Retail Trade.
BOOTS AND SHOES /!


THE EMPIRE 0IOREl
BRADY 0T1KBT. DAVENPORT,
"B have now In store large and veil sslects
w stoch OF Boots and Shoes, 70 which ~ invite
The attention Of Ill " want q astices - our I'm.
C6ssniry 7rGdsvs wishing 70 repacniah their st0
will ind to their advantage - call a ~ before pus.
chasing elsewhere.
Work We continue TO hold out induceUAuts IN tAe
way Of prime stock and ArJtaA ssosk, MT sqsausd
ths side Of New York.
tspg0dt1 NOORB 4 0ARABT5.
Daily Iowa State Democrat. [volume] (Davenport, Iowa) 1856-1859, 1857-12-04

| AOND hundred and twsnty Budding ioes n -
~ Addition u the town Of Port Dyrun.
1ksss lots ere eligible and haodsomsly stuaAeA =
- eeak Of the Aissssppi. They w - 80 = ~.
toasble terms.
1Or particulars inquire Of AeasSs. Dureee. PrnaH
ca. 1ost Byron, Charles J. R0sers, Esq, LeC1aira
Oorban = Dow DevenpoTt, or Of the suhsc.iber.
JANIS NAY.
/ q me subscriber has numberisss deuarahla -
y eeoi lana In and near the cities % Dovsnppet ~
keGssase, emp Dear the town Of Port Dyruo ~ -
- - 70 sell. IOctI6tf =. RI