davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22
UNION COAL MINES.

THE UNDERSIGNED HAS BEEN RE-
Fitting, and has in good condition bis Coal Mines
IN Union township, and is prepared to GIL all orders
% any amount The superiority ofths coal furnished
iom these mines is veil estab Ished and is ia not ne
eessary to commend the coal Ia those who have been
uslng It, as It's use estdblishes its character.
l have IN my employ AessTs. John Il. and George
" HemiEg, who are second to none in tie State. as
coal miners. JOHN FAWCETT.
January :. 1850 -an.
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22
%URIsTADOROg nATp nv,

CRIsTAD0R0s bAIR DYL.
Within q nutshell all the merits lie.
Of C-istadOros never squaled Dye;
Red il makes black, TO brown transforms q grcy.
dad keeps the fbies slFays lrcm decay.
Jhi- matches revitalizing Hair DE still holds IL
position as he most harmless and ,f7eaeious Hair Dvs
in The Eofld Prepared and Gcld abolesale and retail
and applied IN ten private rooms. at Girls adoro's No
8 Astor House, Broadway, New. York, and b. al Der.
tuners and Druggists in the United States,
Jan IS, ls57,-ly.
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22

SUDDEN ILLNESS OF Ma. GIDDEaa,-A dis.
patch from Washington on the l7th inst, says +:
Mr.. Giddings, while earnestly engaged in
discussing a private bill in the House this after.
noon, was seen to pat bis hand to his bsad aud
fell back into bis seat, being siezsd with afro
ply Of the heart. All present we're thrown in
to the bighestalarm The speaker and reprssen.
atives cfiud out to those who pressed around
him to stand back and give BIN air. Amid
the excitement an adjournment ensued. Mr..
Giddings was removed to the lobby where he
was attended by several members who are ply.
sici,ns.
II was some minutes before he could be re.
stored to consciousness, he evidently suffer-
ed intensely and was carried to a sofa in The
Speakers RON, and several city physicians
were summoned TO attend him. His condition
is considered extremely critical.
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22

DEv0TEO TO
General Agriculture, Live Stock, Glrdoning,
Fmits, &c.
Volume XIII. for 1857, will comm epcc on the FIRST
Of January.
Published twice a month, 16 Pages, and a cover
Only One Dollar a Yesrl No other paper of lis size
and quality is offered so eheaply to Clubs, viz:
Three copies for g.; six copies for 4 nine copies for
. snd a copy extra for the getter up of every club q q.
Payment ~alwaysin edyance.
Inquire at your poet office, or send fer a specimen
and prospectus. aud get up 4 club among your neigh.
bors Now is the tins to look out for god reading for
the winter, 5. d. u4KEIS, Columbus, o.,
January 3, lsbI' Litter a( Publisher.
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22
Notice 10 Stock RaiSeH.

y WESTON controlling sgent for tie sale Of the ur.
L e rivaled Corn and Cob Ail-sLItiie GiznEa foi he
counties of Csrrol, Stark, colunbisra, Nshonng spd
Tuscaravas. would respectfully inform he Stock Feed.
ere, of the above named counties. that he il nov prpa-
red to supply all ofdess Addressed te Lin st Auguffa,
Carroll county, obiN.
Dec. q. 1856. II.
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22
Tile Best and most Beautiful Prizes of the
Season.

Season.
A Famous chance for BOYS and Girls. 81
To the boy who shall send US the largest number
of one dollar subscriptions to 1.-THE Scbooltellow, >
by the fest OF February, we will az ard a handsome set
Of Carpenters Tools, complste and seryic able, aud
made to suit bis hand, in an ornamental box marked
with his name.
To the girl who shall send us the largest list of one
dollar subscribers to "The schoolfeIlow . in the a
time, we viii presenta charming China Tea Set, brill.
antly decorated in ctlors, and having her name, in gold,
on every piece. :
Boys and Girls-SchOolmates and Playmates-Tu
town and the eountry-begtn now and be busy and
smart uutil the FIRST of February.
Special Terms for oil three Of oar Magazines.
Putnam's Monthly and Household Words to one al.
dress, five dollars; Pumam's Monthly or Hous ehold
Words with the Scloolfello w to one address, three
dollars and Fifty cents; for all three of the magazines,
Ave dollars and fifty cents.
Putnam's Monthly or Househcld Words supplied to
teachers, postmasters and clergymen at two dollars
per ahnum.
Jan. l6, 1S56.-lm.
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22

Graham's Magazine: : The January number
of this popular magazine is upon our table
beautifully illustrated with steel and other en-.
cravings ahd freighted 18th articles in prose
and verse which will interest. amuso and in.
struct the reader.
II Price, $500 per annum; two copies. SIS, co.
five copies and a copy TO getter.up of club, $40
Address. Watson q Go. Philadelphia.
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22

Dlack BlcF, sno ed 1fIs; Lux sta d ltIet. nlsik
ID Bee kspalIgas Iart Nenies. Purses. &c. 81
BI1fERT rEts tTukE
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22

fnE WoHEN's RIaHTs CosyESrrox.-The
Charleston Is. G.. Standard introduced its re.
port Of the recent WOmen's Rights Convention
at New York. By the following spread eagle
head:
: Tremendous Regolation-Fo and 7trenh,
Hoopsm a RoV-Dry Nurses on a strike Tia
Pillows and Botsters Of Society badly Shaken
Emancipation efhe Tongue Feniaias-Ratkq
r'ns and PetruehiO. waA an Interchange of char.
acterS,
Little boy, little boy, who made your breeches?
Mamma cut 'sm out and daddy sewed The
stitches"
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22

MARRIED. - On the 9th inst, in Canton. O..
by Rev. E. c. Patterson, Mr.. John Weekend,
of Minerva, and Miss Sarah R. Andrews uear
Waynesburgh, both Of Carroll county. Ohio.
--On the 9Th inst, BY ]. B. Roach, Esq,
Mr.. Wilson Farow, Of Salem, 0 and Miss
Henrietta Ball OF Carroll co., Ohio.
-0n 18th inst. bv Rev. A Swaney, Afr.
Reed Price aud Miss Martha Huston, all Of
this county.
On the l4th inst; by Rev. g F. NJ
nor. Mr.. Wm. MeAillen and Miss Sarah A.
Dlntin. both Of this county.
-Ou the i4h inst, By Jacob Helfrich
E,q, Mr. Edward Dunlap and Miss Mary
Ellen iIemming, all Of this county.
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22

Pe'erson's Magazine The February mum
Der Of this ~fayorite Of the monthlies has beef
received. Il presents a most superb and al.
~tractilye table Of contents. Its illustrations are
Gne, and reading engaging and instructive
Price, $500 per snnum. Address Chus. J
Peterson, Philadelphia.
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22

FArlISG BANEs, GChicago, Jan. II -Sev-
eraI of the city banks yesterday threw out notes
of The following banks: Peoples Bank of Car
mi, RushYiIle Bank, Prairie State Bank. Wash.
ington, stock Security Bank, Danyille-all II.
linois.
The Stock Security Bank was partially seen.
red by California bonds. The others were
owned by TIE Grs,nercy B INK of Lafayette
vile, lad. Total circulation S8q5,OO0. Sc.
curides soO0.00o Missouri, Virginia, Louisi.
ana California and Tenne-s G bonds.
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22


DAMON last Thursday evening, the l5ti
inst. in the town OF waynesburgb, Starl
county, Mr.. William WOODS, Of Harrison
township. in this county. Mr.. Woods had be,
come bill for Edward Reynolds, of Waynes'
hurgh, TO the Salem Bank. for the SUN Of two
thousand dollars. and had it to pay, and was
down TO see Mr.. Reynolds aud hh some al,
t~ercation with him in relation to the natter
and during the excitement fell backwards
speeches., and died In about two hours, with.
out beng able to utter another word. Such i,
life. Mr.. Woods was one Of the oldest inhab.
itanls Of the eonnty;--s man Of strong attach
ments and their aniipodes. But this misfor.
tune was too heavy for even his vigorous con
%stitution to bear.
fthe Reynolds smash down does not ef-
feet the health and minds Of other citizens oil
this county. it WILDE because they can bear
up under their misfOrtuoes with more Chris
tan fortitude. The Locoloco papers Of the sur
rounding counties should put these facts in con
ueotion with their great ISLANDER suit in Stark
county, growing out of the charge Of i%nsOlven-
cy OF this man Reynolds.
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22

From Albert c Richardson's
'a'eftsAs aad eersspondsao~ ufes. 800 Rlaa8sav
Carroll free press. [volume] (Carrollton [Ohio]) 1834-1861, 1857-01-22

me rostage 10 any part Of the United ates v Il be
Sut Iweniy four cents a year Tor "Blackwood," and ban
Fo1rees Gems a rear Lr each OF the Reviews.
AZ me above prices the Periodicals al Be farnl
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1857-01-21
New Books.


The YouTn OF TIE OLD JOHNSTON. by
Samuel Hopkins. Published by ]. P.
Jeweti & Co. Boston, Jeweu, Proctor
&c Worthington, Cleveland. For sale
at Adam's Book Store, Warren. Price
Si,25.
This book is rather a history, than a
novel, as its title would seem to indicate
It is a succinct life of Capt. John Smith,
the facts being drawn from veritable
history. and but little emblemished. His
life is a romance of itself; and few Of the
fictitious heroes Of no, els ever were made
to experience as much of the dangers,
trials and vicissitudes Of life; to bear
them with more heroic courage than did
he in actual life. The character Of
Pocahontas is finely drawn, and ad-
mirably sustained throughout. That of
Powhattan is faithfully delineated. The
sufferings of the settlers ofJamestown the
improrident character, and incongruous
mixture of honest laborers with the bro
ken down expatriated gentry of Old
England, the dangers of frontier life:
the laws of the new settlement, The
character of Lord Delaware the Cover
nor, and his predecessors, the chatter Of
Virginia, the Constitution, the annals Of
the seiges. marches, battles, conquests
and defeats, &c., are all well drawn, and
combine to make the Youth of the Old
Dominion a very readable, as well as
instructive book.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1857-01-21
Recontre in the Ohio Legislature.

Quite an excitement was produced in
the House of Representatives this fore
noon, in consequence of Mr.. Slough, a
member from Cincinnati, striking Mr..
Caldwell, a member from Ashtabula,
with his fist in the face.
Mr.. Caldwell made the following stale
ment to the House,
Mr.. Caldwell said-I do not rise TO a
question Of privilege. but to make a
statement. During the calling of the
yeas and nays upon the indefinite post
ponement Of the resolution calling upon
the Attorney General 10, his opinion in
regard TO all the mileage and Ier diem
of members, Mr.. Slough remarked that
the resolution would be indefinitely post
poned, and some other remarks relative
to the resolution, when | turned round in
nv chair and remarked that l thought
the Attorney General you'd have paid
no attention TO the resolution had it pass-
ed. Mr.. Slough inquired why not. l
stated hat there were men just as com
petent 10 decide the matter as the A'tor
ney General. That the Speaker kept
our accounts, and it was a matter entire
" for ourselves. Some other converse
lion was had in regard to the matter, in
relation to The mileage, for the adjourn
ed session; when Mr.. Slough again re-
feired TO, or erquired the reason why
the Attorney General would not give an
opinion. l remarked that it was loo fool.
ish or frivolous a matter to trouble him
with. Mr.. Slough then said very author
itatively: you have been very lavish
in your charges of foolery and ridicu-
lous conduct, and am not going to stand
it any longer" l then replied: "what
DO you propose to do about ?" Instant
ly he raised himself up and struck a
full blow, hitting me upon the forehead.
There had never been an unpleasant
word passed between us before. 1 call
upon Mr.. Slough 10 state wherein | am
mistaken, if at all, in my statement. l
do not ask the protection of the House.
| shall probably be able to protect my
self, knowing now what is necessary, but
thought it my duty to state the matt r
to the House and let my fellow members
take snch acton ashley may think proper
Mr.. Slough said the gentleman had
omitted a portion Of the gist of the con
yersation.
Mr.. Caldwell asked Mr.. S. TO state the
portion omitted.
Mr.. Slough said be preferred that the
witnesses of The occurrence, should make
the statement. and that a committee
should be raised to investigate the afflir.
On motion Of Mr.. Hunter, a commit
tee of FIVE was ordered by the House.
Recess.
Two days after, Mr.. Slough made
what he called an acknowledgment, but
which was q very lame apology, and an
attempt to justify himself. Mr.. Miller
movedth Mr.. Slough's remaiks be en-
tered on the journal. Mr. Plumb. of
Ibis county. objected. He thought it a
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1857-01-21
Mammoth Fraud in San Francisco.
Tho HsroA ove


The great local news of the past fort
night is the exposure of the ~stupendous
Limantour Frauds. Jose Y. Limaniour
claimed under an alleged Mexican grant,
dated l843. not only a large part of the
county of San Francisco, but half of the
city itself. The claim, though regarded
by most Of the citizens as fraudulent,
WAS confirmed by the late Board of Land
Commissioners. Limantour arrived In
this city a few months ago with the pur-
pose of prosecuting his pretended claim.
or making compromises with persons
holding property within the limits Of the
alleged grant. He had already received
over $50. 900 from persons buying up
his title. On Wednesday, Dec. 10Th,
the Grand Jury of the United States
were called together by the Circuit Court,
and in an hour after the empannelment,
found an indictment against Limantour,
for presenting false papers before the
Land Commission. On the nexi day,
Emile Letanneur. his private secretary or
amanuensis, was taken before the Grand
Jury of the county, and confessed that
he had forged the alleged Mexican grant,
i'll 1859. at Limantour's request, and un
der his direction. The ~stupendous fraud,
which is now locked upon as one of the
most audacious and arIful OH record, may
therefore be regarded as completely foil
ed. Limantour-yesterday a nabUb, to-
day without credit or honor-now lies in
prison in default OF $780, 900 bail.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1857-01-21
MMnagss.

In Warren, on the 18th inst, by Rev. Vim. c.
Clark, Mr.. WILLIAM FEE, of Bazetta, and Miss
MARY JANE BEST, of Warren.
In Warren, at the Esgle Hotel. on the 18th
inst, by AzOr Abel, Esq, Mr.. DAVID UL-
RICH. and Miss MARTHA A. daughter of SAM
uel Gaius, all Of Bristol.
On the 18th inst. at the same place, and by
the same, Mr.. JOHN SKUNK. of Beaver Town
ship, MahOning Co, and Miss HANNAH MA
RIA, daughter of Mr. Abraham Barb,O of Bristol.
In Warren, at the Gaskill House. on the l4th
inst, by Rev. E. J. L. Baker. Mr. AUSTIN G
MEACHAM, Of Kinsman, and Miss HARRIET
J. WEBB, of Gustavus.
In Mesopotamis, on the 18th inst. by R. W.
Crane. Mr.. V. D STAwBRIDGE. of gainesville,
to Miss ELLEN A. LYMAN, of the former
place.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1857-01-21
Moderation.

"Let your moderation be known to all
men," said Paul. In 1909, l kept a re
tail grocery in New York. My wife
Rcbecca. was my only clerk, chief
cook and shirt washer. Her only son
was three months old. In New York,
at that lime, every corner was a grocery.
People seldom thought of their wants
ill they were setting their dinner table.
Often. when in the middle Of my meals
a customer or two entered, and some
times ] was detained twenty or thirty
minutes; when | returned TO the table
my appetite vas gone. l had eaten
enough. This frequent occurrence in
duced me to think we ate too much; so
| put myself on short allowance. From
that day l escaped from a periodical
head ache. l am now ready for meals
al 8, 19 and 6-Ihe food is as sweet to
my taste as when in MY 10th year.
AS the season of stuffing is at hand
perhaps some one of our readers will
consider "their ways and be healed."-
No more food is wanted than what keeps
soul and body together; the overplus
goes 10 support the doctor. The druggist,
the coffin maker, ahd the grave digger,
who closes the concern.
GRANT THoRBURN.
aged 80 years and 10 months.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1857-01-21
The P~enitentiary Case-A Committee Of
Inquiry.


1t will be seen by reference TO our re-
port of the House proceedings, that yes
terday afternoon Mr.. M~endenbsll offered
a resolution to make inquiry into an al
legged outrage, said TO have been perpe
irated upon a prisoner in the Ohio PeRi-
Tertiary. The resolution was adopted
and the Inquiry will be made. For The
information of our readers We will state
that the following facts are expected 10
be proved: that a prisoner who entered
the P~enisentiary a year or two ago, had
very weak eyes. lie could see to read
coarse print, and could e to work
The late prison physician n day told
him that he could improve his sight and
would perform an operation. The pris-
oner consented. and the operation was
performed on one eye, the effect Of which
was that the eye became wholly sight
less. Sometime afterward the same ply
sicianisaw him in the prison, and told him
he intended 10 try another operation up
on the other eye. The prisoner object
ed. and said that one eve had been lost
to him by the previous operation, and the
remaining one might be. He regarded
it as too great a risk for him 10 run, and
declined having an operation performed.
The physician determined it should be
performed, and called TO his aid several
Of the keepers. and had the man seized,
placed in a chair. and held there BIZ main
strength, until he performed the opera
ton. The result of which has been that
the prisoner lost the sight of the other
eve, and he is now stone blind for life
These are the outlines Of the facts as
they have been told TO US. and which the
Committee expect to s~ubstantiate by their
iuvestigation.--O o. s. Journal.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1857-01-21
The nhin CnltiVatnr.

This favorite of the farmers, has DOM
ed a new dress, increased its size, and
much improved in appearance generally.
The editor of the Springfield NOnpGreil
was at Columbus, at the Festival, and
speaks thus of cur old friend and form
err fellow citizen, Gen. S. D. HARRIs;-
'.Gen. S. D. HARRIS. of the Ohio CM
~tivator, alone, forms one of the features
of Columbus society, combining, as he
does, ~amiability and good nature with
genius and true moral courage. Fight
ing his battles with the shovel and the
hoe of which be possesses a practical
knowledge, and welding a graceful pen,
he proves a model editor Of a model ag-
ricultural paper.
The editor is too well known in this vi
cinity to render necessary any good
words from US, and his paper always
good, is snow better than ever. We COM
mend it especially to farmers. Terms
$500 per yeai.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1857-01-21
Scarcity of Fna in Cincinnati.

The Louisville journal Of yesterday,
says that the last bushel Of coal has dis
appeared from hat market. There is a
little in the cellars Of the citizens, but
bone in the yards of the dealers.
In Cincinnati, coal has sold for $40
per ton. and wood for SI5 per cord
Many manufactures have been COMPEL
ed to suspend operations. throwing hun
dreds of men out of employment. The
Directors of several Of the Railroads
which enter Cincinnati. have nObly Offer
ed to transports alLcosl free of charge.
which was intended for. flee distribution
among the poor.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1857-01-21

FATAL AccIDENr.-Mr. Hosea Tuck
er, enc Of our most enterprising and in
duslrious farmers, was killed yesterday
fore noon. at the centre of this town, by
being thrown violently against n log,
while driving a fractions span Of colts
We learn that he had started from home,
with the intention Of coming to this vii
lage; but that his colts, becoming IN
manageable, started to run. and getting
out Of the road, the sleigh was upset.
and he came to his death as above stated.
though he lived an hour or two, after he
was taken to a neighbor's house, where
he died. DR.. Hamilton, Of this place,
was sent for. but too late 10 render assist
ance. Mr.. Tucker leaves an affection
ate wife. a family of children, and a
large circle Of friends 10 mourn his sud
den and distressing DEATH AardOn De
mocraS, 14th.
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1857-01-21
Judges Salaries


We have felt little interest in the CUES.
ton of raising the salaries of Judicial
officers. and We regard it as extremely
doubtful whether the present Legislature
will do anything in the matter.
We believe it is the honest opinion of
all competent to decide, that the Judges
Of this State are underpaid, and that we
never a secure the continuous services
Of competent men at the present salaries.
The Democrat of last week, contains
an article in which, under cover of at
taeking The movement to raise the Judges
salaries. a personal attack upon Judge
Hoffman is made. The writer shows a
complete ignorance Of what the present
salaries are. and wiifully mistakes the
facts as to the opinions of late Democrat
&c judges, upon the suficiency of The
salaries.
We happen TO kaOr that Judge Ran
ner regarded his salary as entirely too
los, and that be declared that he would
not have accepted q second nomination
II be had not been sure Of his party be-
lag defeated. Indeed. for the last two
years Of his term it was well understood
among his ac~quaintances, hat he was
constantly threatening to resign on se-
eoani af the insult cheney Of the salaries.
Another fact is, that If has been found
almost impossible te keep the Supreme
Bench full, and out Of the Eve years be-
longing to one term, four Judges served
each = year and the seat was vacant q
year. simply because after the honor Of
the position was nee obtained, the sals-
" wonld not keep men from more lucra-
live business. Hence, as soc= as a law.
yer got the title of Jddse. and became
known throughout the Stale in that way,
be would resign, as the Democratic Judg.
50 have done. and 60 where they could
make more money.
Is toJudge Days being satisfied with
tie Common Pleas salary of $500. we
happen to know that be regarded it as sc
insufficient that be declared his intention
Of using his influence to enlarge il, al
slough Judges of another political party
would have the advantage of the change
II made.
The writer 10 the Dsnoerot, may be
good authority as to the profit of county
eeices which are paid by fees. but he has
shown neither truth nor esndor in the
mean little article upon Judges salaIies-
Western Reserve chronicle. [volume] (Warren, Ohio) 1855-1921, 1857-01-21
Me,,rs. =. A. srrrn = Co. prurris,,. Warren. 0.
Can Epilepsy be Curedl

We think the following letter from a respectable cit
iEen Of Mississippi will answer the question, and re-
move all doubts from every unbiased mind:
GRENADA. Miss. June 5. 1855.
DR.. Seth 8. Hance, Baltimore, Md.-Dear Sir: ! take
great pleasure in relating lease Of spasm or hts, cured
by your invaluable Pills. My brother, J. J. Lyon, has
long been afflicted with this awful disease. He was
FIRST attacked whsle quite young. He would have one
or two spasms at one attack at hrst; but as he grew old
err, they seemed TO increase likewise. Up to the time
he commenced taking your Pills, he had them very Of
ten and quite severe, prostrating him in body and mind
His mind had suffered seriously Lut now, ] am happy
to say, he Is cured Of those ITS He has enjoyed hne
health for the last 1--WE months past. His mini has also
returned to its original sprightliness- All this 1 take
great pleasure in communicating Z, As { may be the means
Of directing others to the remedy that will cure them.
Yours, respectfully, &c. W.. ?. LIGos.
No person. who is suffering from Fits or Spasms.
should neglect sending to DR.. Hsnee, after this, for a
supply OF his inestimabie medicine. His prices are as
follows: one box So; two S. twelve S24-senth by mail
free, on the receipt Of a remittance Address SKrH ).
HAscE, los Baltimore street. Baltimore. Nd JAM