davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

The brig King Brothers, Capt. Mill
ken, from Madeira June Gath, landed at
Castle Garden this morning about sixty
Portuguese, who have been compelled to
leave their native island by religious per-
secution.
About eight years ago there was con-
siderable excitement on the Island, grow
ing out Of the opposition Of portion Of
the peasantry to the rule Of the Catholic
priesthood A religious persecution fol-
lowed, and in short time some peasant
families, numbering one or two hundred
persons, arrived at this port in desti-
tute condition. Some philanthropic gen.
tlemen became interested in their behalf,
and finally established them as colony
in Illinois Accessions have been made
to the colony from time to time, both BY
way of this port and New Orleans, and
they are said to be thriving.
The company which arrived to-day arc
to be forwarded to Illinois Immediately
On their long voyage they became re,
markably attached to the captain and his
wife, who had shown them great kind
ness and attention, and the employees oil
Castle Garden were astonished this morn
ing when the steamboat went after them
to see them part from the ship with
great reluctance This was something
they had never witnessed before A ma
jority of them arc women and children
the latter wearing woollcn caps Of 90
meal shape and high peak, and all with
a dark mahogany complexion. The mer
are short in stature, but active looking
and the women are not remarkable TO
beauty. Y Evening Poss, l9h.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

We have received the news from Judge
Tuthill, who received it by telegraph,
that tn. "Ohio Life Insurance and Trust
Company has failed. This was one Of
the largest and most important banking
establishments in the West. Its failure
will exert a great influence on the none
tary world. We also learn that with
this failure, John Thompson, aud othe'
Wall Street brokers whose names hav,
not yet transpired, event down" also
This will make = great crash in thu
money world, and also among railroads
and may be the precursor Of . genera
panic. We have not learned the caus'
Of the failure.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

We learn from gentleman direct
from Sioux City, tina, a -bloodcd
murder was committed in Nebraska, op-
posi,c that point, about week since.
The parties were Geo w. Gritty and =
man by the name of Fitzpatrick The
latter, it appears, had claim Of which
Gritty, among others, sought to dispos.
sess him. Failing 70 drive Fitzpatrick
of by threats, they to all appearance
Quoted the matter, and became friendly
On the day of the murder, Gritty and
Fitzpatrick were together in a house, in
conversation, when some one coming up
to the door, Fitzpatrick got up and went
on. to talk with the new conner. Gritty
then got up, drew his pistol from his
belt, went to tho door, deliberately shot
Fitzpatrick, and escaped. lie had not
been caught when our informant left.
Fitzpatrick died in about an hour after
being shot. The citizens Of Sioux City,
We are told, offered reward Of FIVE hun
drcd dollars for the murderer, taken dead
or alive Burlington Gazette, 2la.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

The total receipts Of the {. |. and ".
r. r.. up to the LIST Of July, amounted
to si,74s %. From July lst to Aug.
LIST the receipts were $3.50 II, or near
" a. much as for all the time preceding
July Ist. This is an encouraging in
crease Of business, aud promises well for
the amount of earnings during the fall,
during which time the road will be COM
plctcd and running to Yankee Run, :
distance of forty miles from Clinton. -
Cedar Rapid. Dem.
Tue "track laying on the G. |. and
y. Il. r. is going ,-head beyond dc
Witt. Cedar County must " look out
for the engine while the bell rings. 49,
Clinton UeraH.
Such AZ the above are the notices Of
the " Clinton Road" which gil the ncig'
b,riu. papers, while daily the word is re-
,ived that the rails are being laid be
tween De Witt aud Wapsepinic.n. Yet
still ". are playing tie "bull on thu
,ract." aud win Mt " breu-ht to ou'
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29
ID Err II L s II IL.

recognize men capable and hodes and
every way worthy Of the support u the
Republican party Of this State. !.
The Convention was successfully ad-
dressed by Judge Lowe, Mr. Favillc, >.
r. Curtis, Mr.. O'Conncr, Mr.: Wilson,
Of jefferson, Mr.. Butler, Of Muscatlne'
and Mr.. Elliott, of Henry. The speech
cs were interrupted repeatedly ~ the
enthusiastic applause; and there was
every indication of feeling fully aroused
to the Importance Of the contest.
On motion, the thanks Of the Conven'
ton were given to the officers, and the
proceedings were ordered to be pub
lished. .....r...--.--
A. SAUNDERS, President.
dodge. Vie pr..;,lent,.
Nelson Burdick,
+ :: 4 2;e: ss1s'<''' Secretaries.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29
OryaniEe.

C,uuty Convention at Upton, on Fri
day, 18th September next.
Joint Convention Of Cedar and Mus
s.,ine At Wilton, l2th September next.
Both Of the above Conventions are
called to pat in nomination candidates
for the Legislature, to be elected at the
October election, under the New Consti.
tutioa--one to be elected by the County
Of Cedar, and one by the Counties Of
Ced.r and Musca;ine jointly.
Let the Townships organize, and send
up their delegates to the Convention al
Upton on the llth Republicans, be Al
your posts. Be- up and doing. Learn
wisdom from past experience.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29
EGGlf NO01CCS.
TRUsTEIrshAI,E.

DUBLIC Notice is hereby given, tina; by virtue
il of Trust Deed. made by %amue. :. Ere,
man to Wells Spicsr. execu,td on he 9Th day Of
February, A. ID. 1857. and recorded in Book L.
pages 445 and of the Records # Deeds m the
Recorders Once Of Cedar co'nty, and Tor Lot No
seven -, in Block No. eleven q in the town Of
Upton; will ou.r for sale AT pnbI!c auction for
cash, At the Court House door, in the town Of
Upton, in Cedas county. low Oh the ST day OF
October, 4. ID. 1857, at one o'clock I. ", OF said
day. the said Lot No. ~, in Block No ~ in the
town of Upton, Iowa; together with sll ana sin
gulsr the appurtenanees and improvements there
on or SO much thereof a. may tc necessary 10 pay
the sum Of Two Hundred and Forty-ss'cn DoIisrs
with ten per cent interest thereon, and costs ana
expenses; du. 10 Wells Spic.r, 90 promiaor-
note, for the security OF which said rust Deed
was executed. said premises nlIl te sold s~
Aforesaid ~ the property OF said samuel Fret
man, to satisfy the claim Aforesaid.
Aug. s, 1885,. WELLS SflCLh
.tu< Trustee
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

Some few weeks since, a horse belong
ing to George c. Dean Of this place, was
taken from where he was SECURED to .
wagon. The next Gay Mathew Bcrge
brought Inn into town, and reported
tn. ne found him near Jefferson, and
| received a dollar for his service. The
next night the horse was taken from the
stable. Suspicion was attached to Bergc,
who, it was found, had left the County
for Illinois. Some two days after the
horse was stolen, the Sheriff started in
pursuit, and tracked Bergc to Illinois,
where he vas arrested. He had parted
with the horse, but BY the address Of the
Sheriff he elected information from Berge
wherc he had traded of the horse, upon
which he proceeded and found him. The
horse was returned to his owner, and
Bergc, upon examination, was bound
over in $1,000 bonds to await the sitting
of the Court, in default of which he lies
in Jail. Mr. Joseph G. Ellis, our Sheriff
deserves much credit for the indefatig
able manner in which he followed thi.
culprit, and tn. address, manifested il
gaining information Of the whereabouts
of the horse, and thus an almost eertai.
proof Of the guilt of Berge.
While returning through Cedar Co.
the Regulators seized upon Berge, an'
put rope about his neck, with the de
termination of administering summar.
Justice, but the Sheriff prevailed upo'
them to permit the law to take its course
aad he was allowed to proceed with hi
{ prisoner. There is no probability tina
I Berge belongs to the gang that has $
long infested the country which is We
but partially broken up, as recently mis-,
ing horses too plainly testify. Again.
r this gang every precaution should B
: used, and every step taken which vi
:. tend to bring thcm to justice, and RI
lieve the community of their unwelcom
presence Warerlry (Bremer County
y Republican.
= The above article is specimen Of no
g wonderful stories of the Regulators I
& this County get into circulation. tt
II Sheriff Of Bremen County has made
4 harrow esespe--has cclipsed everythlu
It 10 the wonderful. adventures Of "Sinba
:, the Sailor" o, the whole contained
e the Arabian Nights Entertainment
J. He should be promoted to general, Il
y his wonderful feat of passing throug
=" Cedar County in safety. The fact
II that said Sheriff was not molcsted, NJ
c even questioned and we doubt eve
e that he passed through the County,
h near it. But, for his wonderful escap
A. he has immortalized himself in Bremc
!. and the next edition Of the " Arab;
;, Nights should contain his wonderf
cxuloit
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

4 letter received BY " yesterday from
Mr. X. Meloncy, of Boomer Prairie,
Chippewa County, says:
Yesterday august llth) there were
twenty Indians, with two kegs Of whis-
Ky, going to Rice Lake. They shot an
OK belonging to Mr. Woodruff, aud an
other Indian snapped his rife at Mr.
Thaycr, and would have shot him, if
some one had not yelled at him in the
Indian tongue. The same party came 10
my ncighhor's house, and stole his pork
and sugar, and then came running to my
house with their knives and tomahauk. !;
but seeing that was not afraid Of them,
they said they wanted brc,d. - MI
,rrpI>e .Srp,ip-f. 2fa.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

dsninSton, aug. -.
The Interior Department has received
intelligence from reliable gentleman
and fugitive Mormon, that Brigham
Young is preparing to resist Gen. Har-
ney, that he has relapsed into the gross
est in6delity, and that he continues to
hold up the Government of the United
States to the supreme contempt of the
Mormons.
Among the dispatches received BY the
Government, is the correspondence be-
tween ono Of our naval officers and the
Government Of Singapoi:., relative 10 his
ordering our flag to be hauled down by
British officer from the Dutch barquc
Henrietta Maria, which had been aban-
doDed by her officers ard most of her
crew, and been taken possession of by
the master of an American ship. Gov
klundeli earnestly disclaims any want Of
respect to the American flag. and the
rights of American citizens, IN the steps
he felt it to be his duty TO take but the
matter does not here terminate. The
barque was delivered to the Government
Of the Netherlands in India, on the
grounds that the vessel being Dutch, the
Chinese coolies found on board Of her, il
innocent of mutlny, had claim on the
owners ; if guilty, they we're punishable
only by the Dutch criminal court
The sale Of the Delaware Kansas In.
dian Trust Lands yielded over 1857 900.
The States learns, on the best autho-
rity, that abou, two years since an Ame-
rican merchant named Robinet, residing
at Formosa, had vessel seized BY the
Chinese authorities, and the same act
was subsequently repeated, although he
had permission from Chinese officials to
keep the American flag flying over the
establishment. This being reported t.
Commodore Armstrong, he despatched
Captain Simms with directions that h,
should remain there and keep the Anne.
riean colors flying until further orders
This occurrence was not thought by the
Navy Department to be matter of con
sequence, nor can it be construed a. OF
adoption by this Government Of system
of reprisals, or departure from the neu
trality We have endeavorcd to maintain
in the Chinese Seas.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29
Kansas News,

k0010S NeWA
The Chicago ness has advices from
Kansas to the 18th inst, through gen.
tleman who left Lawrence on the morn
ing Of that day.
Walker was still in camp before the
city, but everything was quiet. 1t was
believed that his policy was to provoke
a contest with the people, but they are
determined not to give him pretext for
violence, unless he should choose to con-
slider a quiet attention to their own az
fairs such . pretext. Their feeling was,
that if war must como, the responsibility
should rest upon him alone.
The trial Of Gov. Robinson commenced
at Topeka on, Monday the 18th. 1t was
generally believed that he would be &C.
Quilted, on the ground Of fail1re to
to make out the charge against him. His
crime consists ic na;ing claimed to be
Governor under the State Government
organized at Topeka, while his enemies
contend that that was no government at
| all.
The Free State men are to hold Con-
veution at Grasshopper Falls on Wedncs,
day next, to determine upon their future
course. Our informant is OF opinion
that they will conclude to 60 into tho
election for delegates to the Constitu
tional Convention, and also iato the &C
neral election in October,-in both case.
under protest against the rascalities ths
have been practiced by the bogus autho
rites to deprive them Of their rights
They arc satisfied that, even under tn.
fraudulent apportionment, they will still
have large majority, supposing that NJ
other frauds are practissd at the polls ant
!, canyassinp the votes.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29
II III IL

senses until We feel the drivingwhecls
of the engine crushing Us. Now again
il 4 favorable time for US to secure con-
nection East by means Of the "Clinton
Road = and we ask entreatingly, cannot
the friends Of Upton move in the mat
ter, and secure this connection! This
may be our last chance. Let US then
look after the opportunity, and take ad'
vantage u it.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29
STATE OF lows IS I" '"' bt', , c'"'' ri

Z VT wv IS " "' L1S S,. .'""F'
To William Wcrkmsn:-sir: You are berry
notified tina, there /. nov on fc n the cfncc ofth-
Clerk Of the District Court Of Cedar comfy, Hts's
Of Iowa, petition Of Jacob hthin. setting IRA
tina, IL tn, 10th day OF Septcmher l"n NAm4s
Workman Icing the owner il fee simple ~ 10
following described tract Of land, situated ~
dar county, State oflows, TO wit: The southwest
quarter of section No. "a, in township No =.
north Of range No. T. west OF 5th principal meridi-
an: containing loo acres, more or les. IA cVLstde
ration OF the sum OF $IT5, PAYABLE acco.iss IA
the tenor of two several prumIssorS notes, sIs>t-
ted and delivered by said petitioner to ~snut.
Workman; both dated the 10th day Ct September.
ls4s, the one for si25 due September lott 1896
the other for $50, due March l0iA iN50,--.old +
petitioner the Aforesaid premises. AMI executed
and delivered to pstitioAsr bis ooRd III the suL u
$500, conditioned that Samuel Nortmsp shVHj&
execute and deliver +. said petitioner <, od sad
sufficient deed for the aforesaid PREV ses, N Or
before the 10Th day Of September, lst(N-gpar D.
PAYNE mt of the aforementioned pIoml1orN Hotet-
Said petitioner further sets forth that samuel
Workman afterwards conveyed sali premises I"
said William Workman, InI that .al William
Workman conveyed said premises to SAID serTsta,
Tufts. which eopyeyancss were mede and re ewes
in bad faith on the part Of sad Defendants vii
full notice of petitioner. rights in sail premise.
Said petitioner further ssts forth that lsltorer
has always been AMI still is willing =. 'a.s'f ~
and has 70 that end. deposited the cf'',e Of tht
Clesk Of the aforesaid court, The amount d sat
notes with the interest due thereon Tor t4a "a
OF said Samael Workman ami pra>s that IL nav
be decreed to perform specitc,jl! hI7 pa; - "a
contract, ~ making dsgd for said prrm,scs T.
petitioner; ard that the conveyance ihers-f "ot
sai. Samuel TO wiillslG NoIhn-Sa an ION 'a:#
William Workman TO said SeEvetus In'ls laa, =
cancelled. Now. unless YOU appear aL@ F1.Ne
thereto on or before the FIRST OF The next tenn 'I
said court, Judgment will be rendarct ags'9st yeu'
thereon decree will be entered ior specific Per
Torrance in accordance with the nrA e. ~ .sS
petitioner. and said copvrysness ~: ~ e'@f'
led.
You are further notified that ths II "r'F q -
dar county returned the above NOTES :u'9 ce1r'
endorsed defendant not found" o. arc '~eH
fore notified that unless you aqIea ST aH'@e' -
said petition, on or before the ssp;t0"c' ten u
said District Conr. TO wit the 18th d. ". 7t}teh
| bsr, A. u. 1887. Judgment will Ii ~eA# - b
| cordAnec with tho PRAYER Cf said pHiiuoarf
| HICKMAN 4 bAoTuiN
3lw4 Solicitors for F,uH7n'F.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29
The Southern Commercial Convention.

The "Southern Commercial Conven-
tion," which assembled At Knoxville,
Tenn, on the llth instant, passed reso-
lutions requesting the Government to re-
call the squadron from the African coast,
and to fortify the harbors Of Mobile and
Port Royal.-Erchange.
Is not the above article significant
Recall the feet on the coast of Africa
VIVA. for? Why, for no other reason
than that the slave traders may hare full
sweep on the coast. Wonder if THU
plan will succeed If Buchanan vii
recall the feet! The South are deter
mined to revive the African slave trade
and this is a movement in that direction
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

COUNTY SURVEYOR AND GENERAL LAND Aarsr
TIProN, IOWA.
NIIiL attend promptly to all business ,c.,i,
w ing an Agent such a. Nf'
raging Taxes. Locating I.ana Warraut,.
DoyinE y Selling On Con mi sion, q
diving Information Respecting
Land In this County.
E1~ON6ce IN N. Coevs Wavsa oc.a.l,. A.. p.
-,raNrs 0fee II 'e
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29
r,pror BUSINESS DIRECTORY.
Exchange OfRccs.
WV n. TCruILL, Dealer Ia 1xchaags.
4. n. MOBSON, Cedar County Bank.
Hand A1amGfeDe

4. y. MOBsON, Cedar County Bank
Land Agencies.
n. C. pIArr, General Land Agent.
uEO. WHISTLER, Surveyor and Land Agent.
Insuruncc Agency.
WELLS SPICER, Agent Of the Aetna, the Phanih,
the Iowa state Mutual, and the
Charter Oak Lin Insurance Co.
Atterneys.
~ \ pyArr 3. A. BlSSELL,
To win. JOHN HUBER.
Physicians 4 Surgeons.
ruauurRs TURNER, ". r. COWAN.
j snITH, (Rochester.) J. D. MCCLURE.
Dry Goods, Groceries Etc.
CHARLES swETLAND, General Dealer
RISER, CREW TURNER, do
!. e cu HI : c., oroeerie. & wooden Ware.
Tailoring.
cAsAD GILMORE, Nanafscssr:r Dealer
WM cnEw TURNER. do.
+. MAHONY 4 Co., Tailors d Cutters.
DruggiAts.
GILBERT 4 Co., Drugs, Groceries, Notions exc.
REiaAKT 4 MCNAMARA, Druggists and rsarma
ceutists.
Miscellaneous.
Nh. TULLoss, Permanently located Dentist.
lila a turs.
q. L. FouLK, Manufacturer OF Tin ware
W. C. METZ, House Sign and Ornamental FAINTER
and faper-IIAng.T.
JNO H. EIRELEY, Dealer in Lumber.
DAN. HARRASs, Meat Market.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29
Republican County Convention.

The Republicans Of the several Townships in
Cedar Cosnty arc requested to meet at their usu.
81 places Of holding election, on Saturday, the sth
~ september, at o'clock p. ~. and there select
Delegates 10 attend County Convention, to be
held in
Upton, ON Friday the nth Of September,
for the purpose Of selecting . candidate tor Rep.
rsssntative in the next Legislature and to select
dele gates to attend District Csnve ntion, to be
held At Wilton, on Saturday the l3th Of Septe mber
&c select candidate to represent the Counties oil
Cedar and Muscatine, In the next Legislasurs
The several Townships will be entitled to the
following number Of Delegates:
Pennington, .; sugar Creek, 1; Rochester,,
lo~a. ); SprinSdAle. II; Cover. I; Casa ?; Linn
2: Pioneer, I: Rrseisost, !; Dayton. J; kassilon
=; Springfield, 3; Inland, Z; Centre n; Red Oak !
J. MAYNARD,
J. W KYSETT,
Ii. HAMMOND. Central
J. n LEIGH
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

cnp.. Co COUNTY, ,1wA' To whom it may concern.
NoTlcE IS hereby given that the Chics 90 10.
~ wa, and Nebraska Railroad have located the
me OF its road over and across the southwe,,
the southeast quarter Of the north cast narter a.
section thirty three, township eighty .two ran GO
one, west OF the fifth principal meridian Tic
said railroad company, but 1t In believed that said
owner IS nonresident of this State. This notice
= gwen ~ order that proceedings pay be had far
In assessment Of damages aecnsionsd ly the Ia.
sstion OIL said line as aforesaid 40 is provided hy
the laws Of the State Of Iowa. y
CHICAGO, Iowa AND NEBRAsxA RAuRo,p
'uy ~, 1891. 3lwl n. Ii. BAKER
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

On the second ballot, the names OF
M,srs. Thorington and Benton, were
withdrawn
On the third ballot Me.srs. Springer,
of Louisa, and Sanders, Of Henry, were
withdrawn; and Mr.. Mobely, Of Dubuque,
wa. added to the list Of candidates.
The third ballot having resulted in the
nomination Of Judge Lowr, for Govern
r. the nominasie.l was on me'ian of Nr.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

RETIRED PHYSICIAN, IS year. of axe. h.v.
.sg lost his Father two Brothers. nauE h,er son-as
Nerhs~s. And Nteces ~ that dreadful disease Gov.
NArTioS, And sanering With = Cssgh himself deter.
mined 70 visit the kast indies Egyps and Japan where
osesed rrsvsntsUs and Gsrtaia Cure Colds
ahd asthma Ills cough Was cured Immediately; he re-
turned cured his Relsficss, Who inherited the disease
ana n connection With his have employed II in mis-
pacee curing thousands of cases considered hopeless
~ o.ner FOR the purpose Of rescuing many Of his
snnering fellow beings possible he sending his RE-
cipe to all Who wish it for 10 cents Of II 70 nav the
P0msse, And the balance printing. Address DR.. HEATH
spring street, opposite st. Nicholas Notel New ork
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

= " '5U"rs, .tuE %.
Gen. Roberts, from New Mexico, re.
ports battle between the Apache In
dams and Colonel Miles, commander on
the G;ila river, in which twenty five In.
dams were killed, and upwards Of sixty
wounded.
Lieutenant. Davis and nine privates
were badly wounded.
Colopel Miles recovered quite a large
amount of property.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29

On the second ballot the names OF
Mcssrs Cattcll, Wheeler, Baldwin, Rod
man and Edwards were withdrawn; and
on the last ballot all bu. three names were
Withdrawn. -#......... ..
On motion, the nomination Of Mr.
Faville, was confirmed BY = unanimous
vote. -.
The Convention then took recess un-
| til I o clock p. NJ.
The Tipton advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Cedar Co., Iowa) 1856-1962, 1857-08-29
Notice

s hereby given to all ., rsors knov.ug llrr. .
/ selves indebted to the undersigned, 90 tEN
and settle these accounts Immediately snn as,,
cost. 4g,tf STOUT 4 SlIIARFR.