davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31

Established for the permanent care of all
P,5yate and Chronic Diseases-amd the sam.
preston Of Quochery.
nR. L. j. CZAPKAY, late in the HUNGARIAN
~ Revolutionary War, chief physician to tbc
20th Regiment of Honveds chief surgeon to Tho
turer on Diseases of Urinary Organs and diseases
of Women and Children, has opened his Institute
for the cure of all forms of private diseases
such as syphilis, gonorrhpa, nocturnal emissions
and all the consequences of self-abuse In tho
first stages of syphilitic or gonorrhnal diseases
he guarantees cure in a few days, without in
convenience to the patient or hindrance to his
business. When patient, by neglect or improp
er treatment, has developed the symptoms of se
condary syphilis, such as buboes, or painful
swellmgs of the grons, or ulcers in the throat
or nose, which, if not checked, destroy the soft
parts and cause The bones to mortfy separate
and come away, leaving the sufferer hideous to
behold; or when spotches and pimples brea,
out upon the skin or when he has painful swell
ings upon the bones. or when his constitution is
injured so as to predispose to consumption or
constitutional disease, the Doctor guarantees
cure or asks no compensation.
In Rheumatism, chronic or acute, in dysentery
or diarrhoea he has safe and effectual remedies
For the treatment of the consequences of self
abuse, such as nocturnal emissions, nervousness
timidity headache. pains in the back and limbs
with general weakness, loss Of appetite, loss of
memory, injury to the sight, restlessness confn-
sion of ideas. dislike for society and feeling
of WEAKNESS of life, with the nervous system SO
excitable that light noises shock or startle the
patient, making his existence miserable. For
the above maladies the Doctor will guara ntee
cure or ask compensation. He can be con-
suited free of charge, and invites all to call as
it will cost them nothing, and may be much to
their advantage. sept II
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31
NATURALIZATION,

10 obtain certificate of naturalization. appl-
cation must be made to the District Courts of this
State.
Any free white male person arriving in the
United States shall make bis declaration of nten-
ton to become such citizen before the Cler
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31
REHABILITATION.

nlerlcahS. ....'....''... .'''''.'...'''. ~
Democratic majority. y...................5 ..5S
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31

TIE SENATE.
DEMOCRATS, 10.
Josiah Johnson, Sacrto;S A Merritt Mariposa;
Joseph Walkup. Placer De la Guerra. Santa Bar:
; NJ Johnson, FL Dorado b d Wilson, Los Angeles
G. Carpenter, ElDorado f. Tlford. San Fran co;
II Chase. Nevada; J W Shaw. San Fran co:
W. Is Norman Calaveras W Ferguson, to;
and Amador; S p. Dosh, Shasta;
J w Vaudeville, Tuole; ID. Crandall, Amador;
Maoney, San Joa- c Westmorland, Placer:
quln and Contra COsta;l McGee, Butte and Plu-
AW Taliaierro Sonoma mas;
Marin " Mendocno;
AMERICANS, II.
$ Mesick, Yuba; S Bynum, Yolo. Napa x
J 0 Goodwin Yuba and Solano;
Sutter; w c Burnett, Yuba;
W I Ferguson. Sierra L G. Waite. Nevada:
d r Ashley Monterrey IL NJ Fiske, Ell Dorado;
j. W. Coiiroth, Tuou'ne: J G. McCallum, ElDorado
John Crosby, Siskyou;
REPUBLICANS, 3.
s. Soulc. San Francsco;S b Bell. Alameda and
L l. Sullivan, do Santa Clara.
THE ASSEMBLY.
DEMOCRATS, So
J Laruc. Alameda; Thos Jenkins S. Joao ne:
NJ Seawell, Amador: 7 NJ AUDI
JAS Lvermore, Amador:IB Y Miles, Santa Cruz:
J S Long. Butte j NJ Covarrubias, Santa
II Morrison, Butte; Barbara;
d Steele Colusi; Isaac Hare, Shasta;
G l. Shuicr, Caiaveras; 5 NJ Miles Sierra
Il T Beatty, b. j. Coil.
5 Watkins, W Holden, Sanslaus;
lGman, Contra Costa is Warrington, Sutter;
c Oryis, El Dorado; G W Patrick. Tuolumne:
Hume. Underwood,
q Hall, G II Rogers,
S llamm, G Gilman.
Carpenter, g II Barrett Yuba
j Turner g VI Fowler,
NJ Mitchell, 90 w Burns
& Mcdonald, Z" G n Sweezy,
} NJ Estell Marin; Burch. Trinity:
', W Wood, Nevada; d Shoalwater, Mariposa;
Il NJ Davidson, W j Howard.
/ II Pierce, Richard Irwin, Plumas:
Phlllp Moore, Jeif Hunt, S. Bernardino;
Michael Cassin, L Edwards, Sonoma;
Caperton, Placer; II ii Harrison g
). Wyman, Whipple, Klamath;
Stafford, J l. Brent, Los Angeles;
James Nell, l. Hunter Los Angeles;
W. ). Graves, San ltoulsJ } Kendrck, 8. Diego;
Obispo; B Varney, Siskiyeu;
III Mckune, Saeram to-
AMERICANS, 8.
7 ii Anderson. Napa; j Curtis. Yolo;
Z Catlin, Sacramento;ID W Rice. Juba;
c Clark, NJ Castro, Monterey;
l. w Ferris G S Ricks Humbodt;
\ VI Stevenson Solano;
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31
PLACER COUNTY OFFICERS

I OI1ft CDC N VI IN|I1ttJ'
Hon. J. E. Hale, County Judge.
VIM. T. Henson. Sheriff.
A. S. Grant County Clerk.
j. Il. Crandall, Treasurer.
NJ. f. Mills, District Attorney.
A. S. Smith, Assessor.
Thos A. Young, Surveyor.
J. r. Gwynn, Public Administrator.
j. l.. Finley, Coroner.
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31

If well bred woman is surprised in care
less costume, she does not try to dodge be-
hind door to conceal defencies, nor does
she turn red and stammer confused excuses.
She remains calm and self-possessed, and
makes up in dignity what she may want in
decoration. The most sensible woman we
ever saw WAS one who, when her husband
took us home on wash day to look at his
new house, never made one word of apology
for the confusion that existed, nor once beg
ged us not to look round.
CoHUNDRUM.-In what respects is James
buchanan unlike Col Benton. Do you
give it up? Bucause he gave Fremont
Jessie
GoLD.--A French political economist es-
Inmates that Europe has imported S4l4,
100000 of gold from California aud Aus
trala-a sum equal to the whole amount of
coined gold in Europe in 1910
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31
MEDICAL.
DIR. l.. J. CZAPKAY'S
GRAND
Surgical and Medical Institute.

ARMORY HALL BUILDING,
Corner Of Montgomery d Sacramento streets
SAN FRANCISCO.
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31
HAVE CONFIDENCE.

z ak. YOUNG will guarantee perfect and per
EG mancnt cure in the tClloWingcases, orchargc
nothing for his services: Syphilis, Gonorrhua.
Structure Of the Urethra Affection Of the Rostrate
Gland. Weakness of the Ceaital Organs Imnoten-
cy. Stcriity, both in male and female Spermathria
or Seminal weakness, Nocturnal Emissions, Rheu-
matism Dyspepsia. Indigestion. Fever and Ague.
lncipicnt conoumption and all irregularities in
females. together with all diseases of Women and
Children, also Nervousness, Palptation of the
Heart &c. Nc.
Persons afflicted with symptoms after being
treated, should consult DR., young al once. as no
disease is cured unless the patient feels perfectly
well. If there is particle Of disiase left in the
system. it will break out at some future time.
when least expected. or be handed down to an in
nocent offspring. Persons who have been treated
with mercury should be very cautious in believing
that they are well, for it is a scientific fact that
the mercury will mingle with the venereal and
form disease a great deal worse than the origi-
nal. All those who have reason to think by
bad feelings. that they have been trerted thus.
should consult DR.. Young, and he will examine
their cases and tell them at once how they stand.
w OLUNTARY CERTIFICATE-TO ALL
v WHOM IT MAY CONCERN.-This is to GER
tty that |, b. +. Lunng, opplied to Dr. j. C.
Young, to be treated for general debility.
brought on by hard work at mining in the water.
and Pneumatic affection in my limbs, when al
most deprived me of their use, that the above
complaints had troubled me for long time-one
of them for several years. and the other about
eighteen months Overcome by the pain and anx-
iety occasoned by them, had given up all hopes
OF ever again enjoying good health. In this CON
dition, called on Dr. j. C. Young and after the
lapse of five months am perfectly well and feel
nearly as strong as | ever did. | can recommend
every one affected to his care for he cured me.
and has cured several Of my friends that recon-
mended to his care afflicted with different diseases
some OF them bad cases, Of very bad and DANCE
rous nature.
Given this my voluntary testimony in favor of
Dr. j. Q. Young, in hopes that it may induce all
those afflicted, to call on him, and avoid the i'm
posters who has robbed me, not only of my money.
but to a certain extent of my health.
j. f. IITNING
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31

State Government.
J. NEELY JOHNSON, Governor.
ROBERT NJ. ANDERSON Secretary of State.
George. II. Whitman, Controller.
Henry Bates Treasurer.
John H. Brewster Surveyor General.
VIM. T. Wallace, Attorney General.
Paul X. Hubbs, Superintendent of Public In
structon
W. c. kibbe. Quartermaster-General.
James Allen. State Printer.
Wm. Bushman Private Secretary to the Gov
ernor
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT.
For the District of Coiifornja.-M. H. Meal
lister. Judge: Geo. Penn johnson. Clerk. Regu-
lar term, first Monday in July of each year
Special terms, at any time after thirty days no
tce.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS.
For the .Northe,n district Of Ca1ifornia.-
Ogden Hoffman. IT, Judge: Ohm 4. Monroe clerk:
James Y. McDufe. marshal Regular terms. first
Monday in June and December of each year.
Special terms at the option of the Judge.
For the Southern District Of CalJ0rnia.--I.
s. X. Ogier. Judge: S. f. Carr clerk; A. S. Hunt
er, marshal: a. S. Taylor, deputy clerk at Mon
tercy Regular terms. first Monday in June at
Monterey; first Monday in December at Los An
gcles. Special terms at the option of the Judge.
SUPREME coMET.
Solomon Heydenfeldt, Chief Justice.
David s. Terry Hugh Murray.
Regular terms of the Supreme Court common.
ces on the first Mondays of January, April, July
and October.
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31

BOARD OF SUPERVISORS.
E. w. Sherman, 1st District, Pine Grove.
w. r. X Devane, I'd District. Gold HILL
John McNally Sd District, Illinoistown.
John X, Cate, 4th District. Iowa Hill.
William Duck. 9TH District. Yankee Jims.
The Board meet on the first Monday in Februa-
ry, May. August and November.
DISTRICT COURT.
Hon. JOHN NJ HOWELL, Judge.
Meets on the second Monday in January, and
on the third Mondays in April, July and October.
COURT OF SESSIONS.
Hon. JAMES E. HALE, Presiding Judge, F. l..
Frey and Rufus Smith. Associates
Meets on the second Monday Of February, May.
August and November.
COUNTY COURT.
Hon. JAMES E. HALE. Judge
Meets on the first Mondays in January, March,
May, July, september and November.
PROBATE COURT
Hon. JAMES f. HALE, Judge.
Meets on the fourth Monday in each month.
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31

DIR. J. C. YOUNG. Sir Your mode of treat
ing affections Of the Liver, and diseases Of the
Blood. has proved. by repeated trials. to be the
best yet afforded to the faculty, and has been
adopted by the board Continue to study the
hnmau system as you have done, and you will
yet stand at the head Of your profession.
w. Il. lIORNER.
Prof Of Annntnmv University Pennsvlvnnia
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31

DISTRICT JUDGES.
1st. Benjamin Hays.
I'd. Joaquin Carrillo.
Sd. Craven p Hester.
4th. John S. lIa9ar.
9TH. Charles NJ. Creanor.
9th. Alonzo S. Monson.
7th. +. W. McKinstry.
Sth j. NJ. Peters.
9th w. p. Dangerfeld.
10TH William r. Barbour.
lth. John NJ. Howell
18th. Edward Norton.
18th. E. Burke.
1ith. Niles Searles.
10Th. j. S. Pitzer.
The Legislature.
The following table will, we believe, be found
correct.
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31

re- p K A " S Medical and Surgical
Institute is at the corner of Montgomery and Sa-
cramcnto streets, San Francisco, California The
Doctor offers free consultations, and asks no re-
muneraton unless he effects cure sep17
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31

Established for the permanent care of all
Pripate and Chronic Diseases-and the sam
preston Of Quackery
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31
REPUBLICANS. II.

R. Jessup, San Fran; Nv Fourgeaud, S. Fran;
W W Shepperd, 7 G Phelps,
M c Blake, 90 r Murphy,
L Miro, j A Quimbly, S'a Clara;
c Palmer, - n Palmer, %
r Chenery, 10 B Smith, Tuare.
pEC ADJTJrJ ATJON
The Placer herald., 1857-01-31
The Legislature.
THE SENATE.

The following table will, we believe, be found
Semi-weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1853-18??, 1857-06-24

The New York Tribune says, I've have received
somewhere near 100 letters, upon the subject of
Yeast, ranging from Maine to Wisconsin" The fol-
lowing is one of the Recipes:
To MAKE YEAST WITHOUT YEAsr.-It is a very
easy thing to make good yeast, if any one only
knows how and has start Suppose the house has
been searched. and no vestige of yeast has been
found, procure few hops and make very weak
tea and strain and add molasses, say teaspoonfull
to half pint of the liquid and thicken it to batter
with either rye wheat -four, three or four hours
before it is to be used, in sponge to stand over
night. The liquid should be only moderately
warm when the -four is added not so as to scald
the -four. For future use leave a small quantity
say half teacupfull or more-in the dish, which
should be of earthen, setting it in Winter where
it will not freeze and in Summer in cool place.
When more yeast is wanted, it will only be neces-
sary to add more warm water and -four, q few hours
before it is wanted. &
Semi-weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1853-18??, 1857-06-24
SHOCCO SPRINGS,
WARREN COUNTY, N. {

VNHIS JUSTLY CELEBRATED AND POPULAR WA.
terng Place will be re-opened the first of Jnne
for the accommodation of visitors Many improvements
have been made since the last season. which will add
Reading Room will be kept open for the benefit guests
containing the latest intelligence both political and
will be constantly open for the accommodation of visitors
Mr.. Thompson Tyler well known in the Atlantic Cities,
will act Caterer. Shocco Springs distant twelve
miles South from the Warrenton Depot, the Raleigh
Castor and accessible from all points.
Large and comfortable Omnbuses. will always be in read
mess the arrival of each Train of Cars convey
pany to the Springs in the shortest possible time.
Smiths Armory Band will be in attendance during the
season.
SOL. D. SESSUMS.
Proprietor.
May 20, 1857. SIT.
Semi-weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1853-18??, 1857-06-24
Notice to Jail Builders.

Notice to Jail Builders.
SEALED PROPOSALS WILL BE RECEIVED UNTIL,
- the fourth Monday in May next for the building of
Jail in the Town of Smithed Johnston County North
Carolina, at which time the bids will be opened and the
awarded to the lowest bidder when the undertaken
ed, when he will be required into bond with
factory security for the faithful performance of his contract
Persons disposed to put in bids for the will be fur
nished plan and specifications by addressing the Jail
mittee at Smhfeld, N. C.
A. MITCHLNER,
j. w. B. WATSON,
T. w. WHITLEY, H.
URIAH BRADLEY, oom'
WILLIAM HASTINGS,
w. McCULLERS, il.
March 19. 1851. 3Aswtf
Semi-weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1853-18??, 1857-06-24

Charleston has had but two Post Masters unu ".
the present Constitution of the United States,
late venerable Thomas Wright Bacot, who was ri hs
pointed by President Washington soon arc Sa nre
Inauguration, and who died in office; ana u.
sent worthy Post Master, the Hon. Alfred nO f'u
who was appointed by President Jackson !" '-
uary, 1885, on the decease of Mr.. Bacot
Semi-weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1853-18??, 1857-06-24

PRINTERS BURIAL PLAcE.-The Charlestonl H,; Mg
Typographical Society has purchased two acJ0" .ss
lots, eligiby located in Magnolia Cemete'y ~ con.
placelof sepulture for its members, and for
nected with the profession.
Semi-weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1853-18??, 1857-06-24

JAMES b. AVERETT.
Attorney at Law,
NEWBERN, NORTH CAROLINA.
Semi-weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1853-18??, 1857-06-24

But the dignity and honor Of Nicaragua had not
been sufficiently degraded by having her own flag
lowered in her own port 1t was reserved Tor Com.
mander Davis to commit . series OF insults, by de.
liverng the Granada, with all her armament and
equipments to an alien enemy.
Nor did the hostility Of the United States naval
officers cease on our departure from San Juan del
Sur. On the arrival of the St. Mary's at Panama,
Commodore Mervine kept and the sixteen officers
with ME prisoners on the soop He would not pei
NIT us to land or hold communication with the shore.
Even my letters from the United States were sent
back to the shore and when requested him to send
aboard the California steamer ir order to inquire for
letters expected, the Commodore replied he would
send one of his officers to inquire for my letters
protested that had gone aboard the St. Mary's as
an oficer-with my sword on-and not prison
err; but the Commodore replied that the New Ora
NADIA Government had published a decree forbidding
any one lately engaged in the Central American war
to land at Panama unless upon conditions An
American citizen at Panama afterwards assured me
that the Governor of that place remarked, there
would have been difficulty about my landing, if
the application for it had been made.
Such, sir, is faithful history of the means which
have been used to exile the Americans naturazed
in Nicaragua from the country for which they have
split their blood and rsked their lives. For the land
of their adoption, they left the and comfort of
homes endeared to them by many tender tie and
many glorious recollection One thousand Ameri-
cans have persisted in order to the lands and
privileges promised them in Nicaragua. Their heirs
for the most part, citizens of the United States
and leave it to your wisdom to decide whether it
is right or polite that such interests should be
dangered if not sacrificed, by the acts, either au-
thorized or unauthorized, of American Off GERS.
But whatever your wisdom may decide in relation
to the policy of such conduct, know the justice of
the Government your Excelency worthily controls
will not fail to raise up the honor of Nicaragua,
wounded by the seizure of her own vessel in her
own port and by its delivery to foreign foe.
know you .'ill not, with impunty, permit the SOW
eregnty of sister Republic to be violated simply
because she is weak. With full confidence, trust
for such acts and declarations, on the part Ct the
Government of the United States, will entirely
clear it from any participation in the insults and de-
graduation which Nicaragua has received at the hands
of American officers.
have the honor to be, your obedient servant,
WM WALKER.
To his Excellency JAMES BUCHANAN,
President Of the United States
Semi-weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1853-18??, 1857-06-24

THE CHARGE OF THE METRoPoL1TANs
Soon the cry was heard, There they come" and
sure enough, there they did come-a force of about
fifty metropolitans, headed by Lieut.. Seabring and
Coroner Perry. moving steadily towards the back
steps of the City Hall, and followed by vast mob
hooting at them and ranging each side of the
path, making it for them, gauntlet through
which they must pass. On they came, however,
keeping close together. and moving steadily, yet
firmly, up to their destination.
THE REPULsE
But the municpals had by far the advantage of
position, which would be impregnabe to two hum
dred men, though defended by but twenty-five. The
metropoltans had first to ascend the back stoop
sistng of about twenty stone steps, and then at the
head of the stoop, in narrow entrance about thirty
municipal men, headed by Captain Wines, were sta
toned. The excitement, noise and confusion we're
intense, mingled in one grand chaotic bedam.
AS the metropolitans came up those on the stoop
fell back, leaving but narrow front but as they ad
vanced vast reinforcement of municipals rushed
out of side door with drawn clubs and then COM
menced the onslaught The municipals at the top of
the steps, being Immediately over their opponents,
showered down their blows on the devoted heads
with fearful havoc The mob in the rear closed up,
and thus the metropoltans we're surrounded and re-
ceived most disastrous pounding from all Sides not
only were they attacked by the police but q vast
mob of shoulder hitters in citizens DRESS welding
heavy clubs Joined in the fray, and soon the over.
whelming force told with fearful effect on the metro
politaus-They had however, penetrated to the head
of the stoop, and Coroner Perry was at the very
door, but being recognized he was pushed of the
stoop; and the last Of the metropotans overpow.
cred by superior numbers surrounded, front, rear
and side-wise, were obliged to beat q hasty and
scattered retreat in every direction.
Semi-weekly standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1853-18??, 1857-06-24

Inat the LOT Once were 10 De nxeO
by the constitution of 1854, which alone created
such chief executive.
Duty to the Americans who had been invited to
Nicaragua required me to accept the place Of Presi-
dent, no matter how anxious might be to escape it's
abors and responsibilities. Their interests to
my eyes above and beyond all others; for on them
verify believe the welfare of the whole country, and
its utility to all the civilized nations of the earth de-
pend.
is unnecessary for me to pitulate the events
OF the struggle in Nicaragua for the last year. You,
as well as others, familiar with the dangers
through which the Americans naturalized in Mica
ragua have passed. You know whether or not they
have sustained the ancient fame of their race for val
or and good faith. You know how they have met
the open foe and the lurking pestilence with moth
ing but sense of duty and justice to sustain them
in the hour of trial Alone in the world, unrecog.
nized by the Government to which thew naturally
looked for sympathy and countenance they have
still shown that they knew how how to die in de.
fence of rights justly acquired and attempted to be
wrested from them by violence and fraud. 1t mere
y behooves me now to state how the evacuation of
Rivas was effected, and how the Americans in Mic.
aragpa became exilss from the land of their adop.
ton.
On the 22d Of March last, the allied forces of Cos
Ia RIGA, Guatemala, San Salvador, and Honduras
opened a cannonade on the town of Rivas. where
the main body Of the army Of Nicaragua was situa.
ted; and on the morning Of the 23d they made a
general assault which was repulsed with great loss
on the part of the enemy. Afterwards they attempt.
ed to invest the town, but never fully succeeded on
OF the vast force required for such under
taklng: On the 18th of April they again assaulted
MSves, out were driven back with even more loss
>~" On 'ne ESQ OF March. In order to show how tn,
Quasqueton guardian. (Quasqueton, Buchanan County, Iowa) 1856-1858, 1857-11-19
INTERESTING DIALOGUE.

John, Well, jim, I've got pillow that is a
plow this time-come and try it.
Jim, tries IL, That's so, and no mistake-I
must have one, certain. Where did you get it I
John, In Quasqueton.
jan, In Quasqueton why | was down last
week, and looked at ecery plo~ in torn, and could
not get one to suit me.
John, You can get plenty of them now at
ALExANpER's Store. He has just received the
largest and best lot Of Flows / have seen since
left the east ; and he sells them right, ] tell
YOU. Go down and get one.
And down Jim came and bought two. And
I've got plenty more of the same kind left. ]
am Of the opinion that John was right, that
JoHN DEIRE's Flows, manufactured at Moline,
H., are decidedly the plow for our Western far
mers. SO come down, and bring Sam with You
on any other man that wants good plow, and
III sell il to him right
36-tG Yours Truly, +. A. A.
Quasqueton guardian. (Quasqueton, Buchanan County, Iowa) 1856-1858, 1857-11-19
Washington, Nov. II

Adyices have been received from Col
Alexander, substantially confirming all
the reposts in the newspapers of the des-
tructon of the trains by the Mormons.-
Brigham Young has issued approximation
to the U. S. troops, defying the Govern
ment consolidating his people. Hostili-
ties in the most determined from are re-
solved upon, and the Mormons warn the
troops to keep out of Utah. Brigham
says that if they desire to remain till spring
they may doso, provided they give uT
their arms and ammunition. Col Alex
ander, in reply, stated,to Young that the
troops were there by order of the Presi-
dent, and would be disposed of as the
commanding General may think proper.