The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1856-01-19

&C. ssss$:;. e &; 4; = 4 :
Final value. ISL 24sI a4sl 400 Is.7lI s Is
The table shows that the some results are reproduced
in different with less vara thau those Of the
nsan Temperature of the SIC ions themselves Ga the
pos'hns Of the col wall and Of tho axis of the Guf
Stream were reproduced within Eve miles and half of
the limits Of eight nils Now, the po,itious
were liable to uncertainty OF three five ui'es
this result must DO held proving concusvely thu
general permanency of these divisions, the poss
bity OF determining them Within very ,dera limits
from To year. But 1t only proves this the
accuracy Of tie different observers Tho Cape Heary
lection was BY Lieuts Geo N. Bsche Richard
Eache and s. r. Leo; tee Tia steras section by Lieus
by ieuts Mofiitt and I. A Craven.
But there ~ another test Of the results. AZ each
curve OF temperature ct given depth is independent
comparison Of the whole Of The curves that tue cold
wall and axis Of the hottest water change their poson
from the surface to the depth Of six hundred fa.homs
slowly and ey ascert.ined progrossi,n and tnat the
succesd ding maximum and minimum poin are at the
some distances from the shore in vertical lins
he surface o. all the eide eat depths the relative po-
stiops OF these poipts Gas sho the t
different become thus the OF the
Of their Positions accuracy with which they
haye Been hsceita,rcd These show that the cod wall
aro axis maximum could be ascertaiued at the Gaze
Henry section to about mile the o.ner poiots
atfer more han two miles, The test which they Apply
the OF the different observers who used the same
instruments it woala DO invdious to employ where ali The
tions below the disturbing influence of and ord
nary meteorological changes Of short duration, the per-
maoe, CO q these divisions the tact that they be
ceitaiued viii certainty from year year. the
similar results being reproduced that the results
had by different observers aid with different n.tru
ments wi hin moderate limits conclusively proved
Is quite instructive that while the phenomena as re-
lated to the axis of the Gulf Stream vary Htls the
ten peratu,e OF the sections themselves caauge
from car to year. Thus the average temperature be-
tween tho turace and four hundred fail rms, teyond
or outside the cold wa the Sandy Hook section in
lob n ~.
Hateras sections in 184S the Gaze Fear scot on
n 1868, and within degree of the st. Augustine section
1 & ;as Asaa sss s
from the surface thirty aoms jas below tn axis If
hottest water the SANDY Hook section In August,
raj socton Jupe 1853. In general the Cape May sec
ton Of 1SG and the mean Of tie Cape Henry section OF
the sections south Of it were in 1913 and 1868.
These results have only 10 part been Ally scru
nzed They to show that there great change,
IN The mean emperature from year to year. and probably
The cor pecton Of these with the weather changes Of
the Gulf will doubt dav be made out. Th.y viii
DO STUDIED with the changes Of the season. OF the eat
BODY Of the stream and BY wind and st-rm Of the
face and near 1t.
The depth at which the phenomena may b.
asceltained with considerable certainty turns out
to be about twenty or thirty fathoms, and this Is
theTnoneter in stross case and By s1's seitrosi..
teripg thermometer That the surface gives in the
midst Of al s variations at times reasonably good rc
rather than repe the comparison Of the means OF many
observations.
There subdivisions OF the stream serve to show how
Davga ors have dsed much In regard to its extent
and temperature, and how they have been bsficd Ia
changing position to find the temperature uncomfortable
to their Cold watcr ia the midst Of the
Gulf Str cam has been set down more than even
the earlier voyages but it has been posed acct
dental or special occurrence and not belonging to
general system.
may be observed In passing that the different forms
Of this discussion have not given scnsiby different
. Eycf
at different depths, next folio we'd up BY ave-
rags which the grouped then had tue
suits s y 1oi and
~ and moderately in numerical cotais.
1hs physical causes Of these divisions of tho Gulf
reached in the more northern sections, but in that Of
Charleston, developed by Leus. Mafi AM Craven,
and in hs southern her sections = developed By the
OF them Trnir to the second class Of sectional
Diagrams in which tho depths corresponding to the
series OF facts in regard to the distribution of tom
peraturs which we examined beforo. the water
'spd iSsks.ias al the Gulf stream proper and SLOWLY
thinning oh again. When wo represent tue bottom Of
these southern sections find that after slopne mode
rately from the shore 1t takes sudden and quite steep
PITCH continuing at considerable depth la many
below he limits of the deepest soundings the se,on,
then rises considerable elevation to descend aQaiu
and TO rise and descend second tme that in FACT we
have two hillsone enc hundred miles from the coast
with steep slope towards the Cult Stream and the
outer side with slope o. fifteen hundred feet in twelve
miles; 81 cond, With tlope Of five hundred feet
height and base Of twelve miles towards the axis Of
the stream and three hundred feet with Of fifteen
miles the oter sidcthe frat hill rising certainly
than two thousand feet above the gene al
surface below the CUE On the next section
to the south Of this the ranges appear rising
rally five hundred and two hund ed feet above the ada
cent valleys and on; and whom - trace them
ranges ofhs having general alieism with the coast
the distances ncreasing from ffy8ye and eighty miles
of Cape Canaverai, In at ude % deg 80 min. to one
hx,xA 1voA aurw cH
Cha lesion, in latitude 81 deg 30 min That the axis
Of the Gulf Stream keeps in the middle thereabeuts
first steep Slope from the shore the rst cold band nearly
the top OF the first range Of hills, the second
band nearly over tho second trough and the md cold
TO the section that the cold strata Of the polar
current must lie in thu depths OF the first trough and
must r,e on the TANKS and over the tops OF the hills
Conforming In general way TO the slopes Of the hill
sides and the valley depths that this arrangement OF the
strata will give just such divisions IS we have ound Ia
the stream.
That the connection OF the sections by ranges Of hills
conforms strictly to nature, there could DC doubt
from the numerous sections was most interesting
result however, obtained by Commander Sands In coming
north Last from tho Gulf Of Mexico to verify this
by sounding constantly on the first range hills thus
"a dec 20 min north 70 off cape LOOK ut where he VAS
Obliged leave this interesting research to look after tho
security Of his vceso The problem yet to DO determined
BY the arches In progress how north this age
extends; and the question yet to be answered whether
their structure which determines the distribution of cold
ard warm WAFER on these SOut0eTn SECTIONS, ffI NIL
nues norhward Ia still the determirug cause Of the
distribution: whether the changes in temperature from
section TO section due in any part to the elevations
and depressoDs along the axs-whetie the rppos Oh.
served in certain localities connected With them
These, and crowd of supposions which the learned
Secretary OF the Smithsonian Institution would class
suEveri6ed specustions,r crowd upon tho mind and
allowed to escape would only discourage 6orious
dfscoveer by tao chilling remark predicted that this
would be 90" years ego.
These things must necessarily c4ne out OF proper
cxpcr mcnts and u not good to indulge In
ticipang them further than is necessary for guidance in
investigation.
The sudden falling OF Of the sopsnex. the shore IL
feature along coast IN seen Ia the Sec
tions M on the ofshore chart embracing what have
ventured to call the bay Of the Eve States between Nan.
tucket the southern extremity Of Cape Cod and Cape
Moy ut the distance Of 2b miles from the entrance OF
the boy Of New York and In the oiehore aoundnsa of