davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14
AMERICAN MEETING.

According to previous notice given.a meet-
ing uf the American Party was held at W w.
Guess's Mill, on Saturday the 10Th ~ May.
for the purpose disappointing delegates to the
Convention to be held IN ilillsborough on
Thursday of May ttourt, to nominate tandi-
dates to represent the country of Orange in
the next General Assembly Of N. Carolina.
\ On nation, John Hancock, esq, was called
to the chair. and Benton Ray. esq. was APP
pointed Secretary.
The object Of The meeting was explained
BY the Chairman. and on motion u ". w.
Guess, esq, a committee was appointed to
prepare business for the action oi the meet.
Ing; wherupon the following gentlemen we're
appointed, w. w. Guess, Moses Leathtrs,
John W. Gates, James Holloway, and lurton
Whitaker.
After retiring for short time. the COM
mittee made the following report, through W.
w. Guess, their chairman
Resoipfd, first, That native born Americans
should rule and govern Ameriea; aud thar
the time for the naturalization Of foreigners
should be extended to twenty one years. the
same time that our sons have 10 serve Us be-
fore we allow them to vote or have any voice
in our legislative councils.
Second, That we are willing to welcome the
oppressed foreigners Of other countries to
our shores, and would throw around them the
protection Of our laws, but we are opposed
TO foreign criminals being landed upon our
shores from the jails arsl dungeons Of Europe.
Third, That We must cordially respond To-
the nomination of the American candidates
for President and Vice President Of the
United States. Fillmore aud Donelson. and
believe that in their hands The uuun will lie
safe aud the rights Of each state duly protects
ed; and We also pledge ourselves to support
the American candidate. Mr.. John A. Giimer,
for Goseinor. believing him to be- sound OH
The American principles. and il elected
would b. the Governor o. the people.
Fourth. That We approve f The County
ION, ention To be held in Hillsbarough on
Thursday of MAY Iourt for the purpose Of
nominating candidates 10 represent Orange
county in the next General Assembly III ".
uarollna. aud therefore appoint the following
Citizens Of 81. Mays District to represent
the American party IN said Convention, viz,
Benton Ray. esq., James Holloway. Moses
Lcathers. William McCoSn, esq. Herbert
Suns. John w. Gates. thesley Z. Warren, w.
w. Guess, esq, John Hancock, esq. John e..
Douglas. esq. kinehen l.eaihers and Albert
Milkerson.
Fifth, That we pledge ourselves to support
the nominees ol said Convention.
The resolutions having been read, were
unanimously adopted
Mosedby ". w. Guess and seconded. that
the proceedings Of this meeting be published
IN the ilillsborough Recorder.
The thanks Of The meriing we're rendered
to the President and Secretary. and the meet
ing adorned.
John HANCOCK, President
DINT0s Ray. Sec.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14
ILLEGAL VOTING BY FOREIGNERS.

Z
When the American party has cried aloud
says the Savannah Republican. against the
frauds and violence perpetrated at the poll.
BY unnaturaiized foreigners and bullies, the
Democracy have ever been ready with de-
fence Of "the poor stranger who seeks our
sh0resas an asylum from oppression" When.
ever it has been attempted TO defeat such
frauds and rcpcl such violence by force, in
every instance it has been denounced as
persecution Of the poor foreigner, and
American citizens held responsible for blood.
shell and murder.
As the Americans are not 10 be believed
when they sound the alarm, and call upon
tie people to sustain the purity of the ballot
box, We beg leave TO call attention to demo
cratif authority in the support Of the justice
Of our complaints. The Philadelphia Penn
syfrG'ian, leading Democratic Organ. and
the great champion Of Mr. Buchanan for the
Presidency, in late number. triumphantly
subsiantiates the very grounds that have been
alleged as the foundation Of the American
movement in this country. Ii fully esia-
blishes the necessity for political orsaniza.
ton to protect the ballot box, aud to secure
the citizen in the peaceful elective franchise.
1t goes even further. Ii does not couiine the
outiases practced by foreigners to the party
that opposes them, but alleges that these
high handed frauds are practiced upon their
own political friends. We copy an extract
from the Pennsyysnian's article, and would
ask for It the special attention Of our South
crn readers. In referring to the primary
elections, to be held in Philadelphia, for de-
legates to Democratic convention held In
that city, called for the purpose al making
nominations OF democratic candidates, il
makes use OF this very remarkable language
" Thr two prominent causes which led to
the organization 0f the Native party. and
gave j; great strength. were the placing Of
candidates IL nomination, who possessed no
one prerequisite Tor office, and the indigna-
iinn Occasinsed BY the moving Of large gangs
81 ubnaturalized persons from poll to poll, TO
rob. b their Votes. competent citizens oil
their rights. This latter evil. we regret to
say, still exists Wehave been informed that
Il i the intention II few depraved aud
wor hiess members of the Democratic party,
20 prariice this great outrage at some of lie
polls Tonight. II such great wrong be at
tempted. il should be resisted az every haz-
ard. The Democratic party cannot be kept
intact Il the legal voters attached to it are 10
have their votes rendered nugatory, by the
introduction 1T fraudulent tickets INTO the
ballot boxes voted by aliens. We would have
honesty a. our primary elections, and when
even al ALLEN attempts 10 vote, lie should be
prosecuted ON the charge oil melting to a
breach nf the peace. We hope that al good
Democrats will resent the degradation that
must attach 70 our patty, il unnaturalized
voters attempt to control our delegate cleo.
tons. Montgomery Nail
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14
From the National Intelligence.
MOUNT VERNON.

Mount Vernon. April u. 1856.
Nesvs. Gel,s 4 StoicH
GENTLEMEN Nv attention has been called
10 the Interpretations that appear 10 exist
IN different parts of the country respecting
the sale ii Noun, Vernon.
' Ill :ou permit ne. through the columns
q the National lntelligencer. 10 make the
following statement. which think will con.
duee 20 proper understanding Of the mat.
ter:
Nount Tsruon has never, in the true sense
81 the term. been for sale. Since Il has been
10 nv possession have at various times. in
reply n he inquiries 81 persons connected
with the Government Of the United States
and uf the State " Virginia, informed them
that onlt The United States or Virginia. II
either desired i, could obtain possession Of
Mount Vernon.
TIE proposition 70 purchase Mount Yer
non BY the United siaies has, a. understand,
been brought before Congress npun more than
one occasion without any definite action 10
relation % the subject having tsksn place. 4,
seemed reasonable, then. to conclude that the
United States did not wish 10 acquire the
property.
The late Governor of Virginia twice 70.
commended to the General A.se nbly Of the
State the purchase Of Mount Vernon by vir.
gina. 10 the frt instance the committee
appointed 10 the House Of Delegates 10 en-.
quire into the subject made no rrport. Upon
the second occasion The committee reported,
aud the Legislature passed a bill respecting
the purchase Of Mount yrrnon. which both
we're informed beforehand wouI,l not &C.
cept, because i Vas not 10 accordance with
the terms on which had informed the Cover.
nor, ~ reply g. his application, that tie State
could obtain the property. II now became
evident that The Stats OF Virginia did no,
wish 70 purthsss Mount Vernon.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

The Washington Sentinel, one ~ the ahies
Democratic papers 10 The Unwn, Gays d he
Administrator
~ il is the purpose of The Cincinnati Con.
veniion 10 build up and consolidate BIark Re.
pubIirsnIsHl, there j. then fitness IN The no.
lninalInn of General Pierce Tor il vas he thai
hfeslhed min lite that IRRESPONSIBLE part--il wss
lie that dismissed the seniinei- ri Democracy
al over the Tree States. aed pvt ~ their plires
men recruited fran The ranks 81 The enemy"
And yet, sineuiafa ' il may seem. iremaik,
the Lync',bnre vrgini,n.) Il !. m.inly On ar-
enunt 81 The existence II BIark RepublirapIsrn
that the renomna,ion % President Pietrc i.
urged. Tie ca.e Dies moi differ mnrh from
that ~ llr Frrncl,man WIN being ronsirie.l ~
having murdered lis father and rneiber beg.
red ihs Courl 70 shave mercy on poor or.
phsn."
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14
THE INDIANS IN OREGON.


Extract u IA letter from a gentleman III
Oregon to his correspondent IN Washington
dated.
Oregon City. febraay -.
"Tbc Indians are IN state Of open war.
with the exception &c Few friendly tribes,
from the boundary # California to The British
line and Iron the Pacific % tic Missouri RI.
yer. Generally. Lam so,ry ~ say. tie Iudi.
ans have had The best u Il IL their battles
with the soldiers. In one engagement H.
southern Oregon some time ago "a moBth or
sol less than oDe hundred Indians fought one
hundred and thirty-seyen regulars and Two
hundred and Fifty volunteers for three DAYS,
never yielding an inch. and ~ equal ground.
For one handred and thirty miles 10 Southern
Oregon, where every claim almost on The
main rppte was taken up by settlers, not 4
house Is standing, evops DESTROYED, cattle
driven OF. families murdered or had 10 flee
for their lives. Who're IL will ali end Il Is
bard to say. We have 800 regulars and
$500 volunteers. and yet little or NO pro.
gress has yet been made in queIling these dis.
turbsncss.'
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

Military Committee al The House, together
with his " antecedenrs," as the phrase is, will
| give 10 this speecha great prominence abroad,
| and will add to the feelings Of unkinlness
and suspicion with which our country is get.
ting 10 be so generally regarded in Europe.
The Generals connection with the attempted
| tillbustering expedition against Cuba, year
or Two ago, which was interrupted BY the en-
siorccment Of the neutrality laws and his own
arrest aud trial, shows that his purpose in the
Forthcoming bill will be to legalizc fillibus-
itering, SO tina: armed bodies oi men may be
allowed 10 leave our shores to wage war
against any power whose possessions may
tempt theambitionor cupidity ofadvcnturous
lcutthroats, and which may not be powerful
enough to resist invasion.
The voice Of every honest man in the
country should be raised against the Gene
rails bill, and against every idea thus advance
ed BY him or others, in high places, that the
dcstinies" of this country require that any
other country shall be robbed because she is
weak and We coyet her possessions. Let US
have no radical revolutions in our national
policy Of peace and integrity. Let us not
become nation of robbers. Let US not unite
all the world in common cause against US.
But rather let US be careful, by the strong
arm OF our own law, 10 keep down the law
less propcnsities Of our own adventures, to
assist IN preserving TO all natiuns as well as
our own. their rights Of property and Of gov
eminent Thus shalt We be truly great. Thus
shall we rightly I" carry out the destinies Of
THIS great nation. Fay. Obs
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14
AMERICAN MEETING.

Alta muster al Thomas J. Cates's on Satur.
day the Sd of Nay. le56. large number Of
citizens were present. and meeting was
held. On melton of Cspi. John e. sykes.
Samuel Stubbins was tailed TO the Chair. and
Thomas J. Gates appointed Secretary. The
Chairman having explained the object Of the
meeting. On motIon. committee Of five was
appointed 70 draft resolutions fer the eohsi.
Iteration Of the meeting. After retiring
short time, the committee reported the fal-
lowing resolutions. which we're unanimously
adaptrd:
Rcsoirfd, That We hereby declare our.
selves 10 favor of preserving the American
Union as II nav exists
Resoircd. That We hold and beli,r in the
doctrine that native Americans should rule and
govern America; and that those who make our
laws and administer the laws. should be- native
burn citizens. aud that such should be placed
in civil OF political stations; aud that We are
opposed 10 anything like union 81 Chsrel,
aud State.
2ssoirtd. That We most cordially approve
of The nomination ai Fillmore ami Doneison.
and belisr that in their hand. the union will
be sale. aud the rights d raeh State daily pro-
iecied.
R'soirsd. That We approve u the proeerd-
ings Of the State Convention in the nomina-
tinn d the American Candidate John a.
t;ilmer for Governor.
Rtsoirtd. That twenty delegates be appoin-
ted BY the chairman 81 this meeting, TO repre-
seat this dsirirtin the convention to be held
IN lillsborrush on Thursday Of MAY Court,
Tor The purpose u nominating candidates 10
represent Orasgr county IN tie next Lessla.
ture.
In conformity toihis resolutions. the faIlow.
Ing persons were appointed, viz: W. Themp.
son. VI. NJ. L. Stiowd. DR.. John Moere.
James Morrow. VIM. Smith. Ihos. ID. lid.
ham. Ihomas Brewer, Thomas W. Howard.
Thnuis. Durham. YIN. Moore. James Muuis,
Jahn MonEr, Ihomas :. Caies, Watt Gates.
Wm.Craaiord, Daniei Easpd. John G. sykes,
Henry sykes. julius Howard, James Craw-
forl,
On motion, the Chairman and Secretary
were aided 60 ille delegation.
u vas then moved that these proceedings
be published 10 the llillsborough Recorder,
The meeting then adjourned.
SAMUEL. rURBlNs, Chn.
THOMAS J. GATES. SC.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

SAP SUrciDE-as Irgs rnR rms LroAI Pa.
rsRs,ry.-rhc chrnango Telegraph announ.
crs the death Of BENJAMIN Wilbur, sged 60,
BY Ms own hand. IN The jail Of that county.
II seems that lie was Imprisoned fnr costs IN
~ suit. which he had commenced agains,
man who had charged him with perjury.
lie abandoned the suit b. rause gifts frequent
posiponinent. aud irnm his inability 10 pay
the expenses nf his witnesses. This, OF
course. threw the cnsls upon him, and being
unable 10 pay, he was placed IN prison about
q month since. This - proved upon III. mind
that on tile night pf the S0th Of April, he
gasi,ed bis left arm With a razor, aud was
found barely alive the next morning. When
efiorls were made TO restore him, lie expires.
sed wish to die, ard refusing to take any
medicine, soon expired.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

Thus the only parties t. whom would sell
the property having in eiiec. declined to par
chase, but one answer could be returned to
the almost endless inquiries addressed TO me
upon the subject. namely, that Mount Vernon
was not for sale.
am, gentlemen. most respectfully, your
obedient servant,
JOHN A. WASHINGTON,
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

~ Mr.. Futrcl. sgent in this State for the sale Of
Gooirch's Comprehensive Geography and History,
has laid table cory Of that work. II is very
neatly got up, and from eu'sory review appears TO be
the most cNnplcte. work Of the kind. II contains
~ large ,unt Of information in very condensed
firm. Mr. FutreI expects to call upon the citizens il
this neshbOrhood in few days TO exhibit the work.
His advertisement will be found in to-day's paper
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

TT The South Carolina Democratic State Conven.
ton assembled al Columbia the 9th instant. The
Hon. F. NJ. Pickens presided President, and address
sei the Convention considerable length in favor Of
being represented in the Cincinnati Convention Mr..
Orr also addressed the meeting in favor Of represcn
.on. Delegates appointed. and resolutions adcp-
ted sustaining the doctrine Of State rights, reatmns
the Georgia resolutions and endorsing President Pierce
as the FIRST choice Of South Carolina.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

SrArs FsR.--we understand that letters
have been addressed. BY The Chairman of the
Executive Committee Of the State Agri, uliu.
raj Society, 10 the Presidents ~ tie several
Railroads leading 10 this ity, with a view
10 efecting an arrangement for the transpor.
tstion Of passengers visiting the Fair, at half
price, and FOR the Tree transportation 81 stock
and one specimen ofssrieultural implements.
and other manufactured articles from The
same mnnufaftursr.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

IrBa.-We are surfs 10 see that Gen.
Qnilman. 81 Miss. has delivered speech ID
the House Of Representatives. eunseHding for
the national necessity ~ tie acquisition ~
Che Island II Cuba" And 10 pronpte This OBJ.
Jet, he proposes to introduce bill "to re.
peal certain sections II the neutrality laws.
This bill was intended 70 produce a radical
revolution in the system that 10 heretofore
been adopted by this country, bat, sshe pro.
ceeded TO argue. was necessary to carry out
fbe drsfinies 81 this great nation.'
Gen. QuiimsH's position d, che hssd ~ the
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

The Wilmington and Weldon, and the
Raleigh and Gaston Roa,Is, we are happy to
state, have. through their Board Of Directors.
promptly responded 10 the committee, aud
accede FULLY to their request. 81.
We have no doubt tina, the other Roads will
respond in the same liberal spirits for we con-
ceisc The interests Of our Railroads. are close
~ identified with the success OF nur Fairs,
aud the advancement Of agricultural interests
throughout the State. Raleigh Siondard.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

Az AMERICAN ACHIEVEMENT lin 4 speech
IN the SENATE few day ago, NJ. Bell, 81
Fenn.. menluned the laei thai Brush scieniI.
~ saeieiy had declared that Lirni. Msufy's r..
searches aud di-cnysrifs in the way Il .ionen.
M snyagrs ~ sea had proved to be worth ten
millions IL dulIdrs snnualiy 10 The British rom.
nrnial mafiDs. NJ. Bell dwell npan IN. case
IS striking Iiln.gaion nl The lalllble is,lpinen,
II The Reiinag board. wh,ch pllrsd HIN among
lie "reuted -" a. incapable 81 PERFORMING his
duties n l.ieanntni ~ HE Nary. A broken leg
,oes indeed. 50 u il sad. inrapariials him Inr
aeuve service Al sea. but hrs services On land
have been AZ hnnnr 10 The Navy snd 10 The
rnunifs. To say n,ibi"e Of The ten millions an.
nnslly whIrh ihe Unu.d Slsle., mi less Than
England, sisrs by his di-royeilr.. Fs,. o..
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14
CONGRESS.

Monday. May 5.
In the Senate biIl was passed to provide for the
punishment Of certain crimes, iorgefies 81 bounty lind
wanan,sl and also bil 10 settle certain accounts be-
tween the United state. and The State u Mississippi
Mr.. Bayard Of Delaware delivered his views at great
length the Naval Reform BILL and urged its repeal
Without concluding, he gave way for an Executive
session.
In the House, bill from the Scnates passed sp.
propaiing $4,000 for deepening the channel over the
81. Clair Oats. ia the State Of Michigan. The discus
sion ELECTED the surprising Statement, iI,a, commerce
TO an amount OF more Than 100000, 0c0 annually
passes over these fats bill was also passed for re.
moving distractions in The Savannah river.
Tuesday. May 6.
In the Senator no inportsn, busincs. was transact
cd.
The House passed b making appropriations for
Consular and Diplomatic expenses.
Mr. Bennett. Of New York. from thc Committee on
Public Lands, reported bil granting alternate sections
81 land in Iowa oil Railroads constructing.
motion to table the bill los. BY vote Of IS against
9s.
Wednesday. May I.
Tie Senate to-day appon,el the third committee on
The Deficiency Bill the frat two having been unable to
agree. Mr. Bayard concluded the speech commenced
By him on Monday on Naval sfTiir-.
n the House, ~. Pfnelc offered resolution that,
as the Committees Of Conference were unable TO agree
the House adhere 10 IL amendments, dSagreeing 10
those of the Senate.
Mr.. Humphrey Marshall objer,cd.
Mr. Cobb, Of Georgia. wished 10 know the partieu.
lapoinis Of disagreement snd proposed thai The House
act separately on each.
NJ. s,aunion stated ,hs, the principal points ofd..
asrcemen. were The appropriations Of 81 10000 for
tic army and 100000 for the continuation Of the
Washington Water Works lie was wiling 10 lose the
bill unless the Senate rerelel from s amendments
iIesa that the pcsen system u dfhtieDeies threaten.
cd 70 throw oil the power q the Government into tie
hands If The IScenii,e lie wanted lie President 10
exhibit proofs Of good faith hist The laws arc faithfully
executed Mr. MeMulen defended Ire Administration.
A long discussion followed on the subject
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

III The Democratic Stale Convention Of New Jcr-
sey, assembled a, Trenton on the 9th instant, appoint
ed delegate the Cincinnati Conventions, instructed
them to 60 for Bsch9nan. denounced Know Nothing
ism, and endorsed the National Administration and
The principles Of the Kansas Nebraska Act"
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

" -Four persons, convicted at the last term Of the
on Alexander HILL and sentenced TO twelve months
imprisonment by Judge Saunders, after serving out
fourteen days Of the term in the Jail Kinston. made
their escape week before las, b. boring through the
ceiling over head.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

Hoo. wm. G. Dawson. of Georgia, died ~
Nj. rpsilrnre in t;pensbuo,igh. t;rn., 81 Tues
day fnnn,ng The Oh inst. lIr had flied many
oiIiees Of hnnm ard lrnsi 10 hs nsliye State.
had served several terms ~ the House nj Re.
presentalises, had been Governor of Gpnreia,
and u. =. senator from ls47 to 1859. lie vas
10 able anil popular man.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

rF' Al Convention Of the Senatorial district COM
posed Of the counties Of Aamance and Randolph, held
on the I'll instant, DR.. Michael W. Holt Of Alamance
was unanimously nominated the candidate Of the
American party represent The district in the Senate
Of the neat Legislature.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14
Washington. Nav slh


ikAcEpy IN WAsHINoTos MIR. Herbert.
representative irnm C~.lrrnia. shat The Chief
Water al Wa,d's Hulel al II o'rlnrk this
forenoon. The wafer died insianily. lnso.
lfnce from The saiier was the rau-e ol lie ira-
geiy. There was much e,rliemtm IN the
House heiorr the houf 81 meeting on account Of
The affair. Mr.. Herbert j. sand 4, be qniei,
inofrnsiye mtn. The circumstances ii the ~.
FAIR are q follows: Az late brrakfasl Mi. nom.
ing, Il spnic took plsee between MI. Herbert
aud The waiter. when some SHARP aonis passed
between them. The ether servants come up
about This lime AMI all ineehrr male ~ assault
on Mr.. III. with chars. plates. dc. Mr.. Her
hrn defended himself win the ass,sIsnre 81 auo
,her gen leman. and only shot ~hrn il vas ryI.
dent 10 all hrhnliirr- IL w1s Tie Intention pf lhr
Servants 10 hi hun. Tie investigation 81 the
affair j. pnspnnrd Ill I o'closk this afternoon.
II - believed thai The evidence viii be very rrn.
Trajectory. Nj. Hrroen j, IN the hand. VI The
Marshall.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

~ We are indebted to the Hon. Edwin G. Rcade
for copy Of letter addressed BY him 10 bis constu-
en,s in answer 10 recent address Of the Hon. Thomas
L. Clnsman. We have not yet had time to read it,
but it is spoken Of in very high terns by the Washing
ton Organ.
The Hillsborough recorder. [volume] (Hillsborough, N.C.) 1820-1879, 1856-05-14

Major DeIafrld. Major Noriecai, and
Capt. Mcclellan. the military officers ieputrd
BY the United STATES Government 20 visit the
seat Of war in the Crimca. arc among the pas.
sengers By the Persia.