The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1856-08-03

and wicked Vaccinations, 1t is too glorious a
land for such wretches as you to inhabit and to
destroy.
The Position Of Austria and Her Italian
Relations.
We learn by the last arrivals from Europe that
Austria, one Of the most curious of nations is
making serious efforts to increase her navy. An
old ne-of-battle ship of 90 guns, to be fitted
up with screw engine of 500 horse power, has
been put upon the stocks at place called Pola,
and is to be named the Emperor. The other ships
of the line, of similar dimensions, are to be i'm
mediately commenced and urged rapidly forward.
being finished in the shipyards at Moggia, and SO
is screw corvette at Venice, called Dandolo,
after an Admiral, recently dead-not the !" blind
Dandolo,'' the greatest of the Doges Were he
alive there would be few Austrians in Italy
Another screw yessel-an armed despatch boat
is also nearly ready; and, to crown ALL there to
be two maritime arsenals-one at Fiume a seaport
at the extremity of the Gulf Of Juarnero, on the
Adriatic, thirtysix miles southeast from Trieste,
with commodious harbor and 10000 inhab-
tants; and another at Lussin, an island in the
same gull, with population of 1000. In 1882
Austria posse ed small navy consisting Of
eight ships of the line eight frigates, four cor
vettes six briggs, and other small vessels-number-
ing thirty in ALL This patchwork nation is very
curiously composed. Politically and physically
it is what a geologist would call a pudding
stone-a conglomerate of everything in general
and nothing in particular.
Its geographical extent and position give it
Importance in all European questions, and it has
long been the battlefield on which neighboring
States have chosen TO decided their quarrels. The
House OF Hapsburg, during its five hundred years
Of ascendancy in Germany, was always noted
for its violence and tyranny, except in the in
stance Of Maria Theresa, and the House of Lor-
raine has not been much better.
The Austrian Empire consists of the hereditary
States proper, the hereditary States Of Hungary,
the Kingdom of Dalmatia, the Lombardo- Vene-
tan Kingdom Galicia and Lodomeria, with the
province Of Bukowina. 1t contains 100000
square miles and thirty millions Of inhabitants.
The races are Sclaves Germans, Italians, Hunga-
rians Wallachans, Jews, Gipsies, Armenians and
Greeks an incongruous, and one would think
an ungovernable medley. On the contrary, how
ever, this very ncongruity existing both in blood
and language enables the government to sustain
itself, since there is no unity Of feeling to make
the population move on together, and no identity
Of interest to create a friendly cooperation. II
they grumble it is in detail, and in detail they
are put down. The Lombardo- Venetian King
dom is the most populous portion Of the empire,
the inhabitants being 237 to the square mile
The maritime commerce of the country is not
very great In 1884 the registered mer-
chant shipping only numbered SIC vessels, of
123,e90 tons; but there exists also
a large number of coasters. Trieste and Venice
are the principal ports The entire value of ex-
ports is estimated ct twenty-five millions of dc I
airs per annum, and the imports at about thirty
millions. The whole commercial system is how
ever badly arranged. The government has the
monopoly Of salt, gunpowder, and tobacco
The duties on foreign articles are oppressyely
high; even on the necessaries of life they fire.
quently amount to a prohibition. The internal
commerce of the government is much burdened
with government monopoles and the consequence
is that smuggling is become an established in
stitution." The public revenue, which is estimat-
ed at sixty millions Of dollars, is chiefly derived
from taxes, rates, crown lands and mines. The
standing army is usually 10000 or 800 900 men,
but can be increased on emergencies to 100000,
and Austria is therefore a very formidable mill
taIy power.
AT the Congress Of Vienna her predominance
in the affairs Of Italy was fully secured to her,
nj n,
six years, the Peninsula was more enslaved than
ever. When the Spanish revolution Of Jnuary 1920,
broke out there was a sympathetic movement in
Italy, under the form Of Carbonarism, but Aus
tria appealing to her dcspotc allies sustained by
their decisions at Troppau, Laybach and Verona,
and successful after short contest with the
liberals and patriots, In arms, reestablished her
own power and her position as protector of the
principle in Italy.
England herself was party to all these arrange
ments, except at Verona, where she demurred to
the principle Of intervention-urged by the
allies az proper-in the internal affairs of foreign
Powers when they endangered imminently q
neighboring State. The King Of Naples, return
ing to his kingdom In 1928 violated all hs pre-
vious oaths to support the constitution, and bis
reign has ever since been the promoter of gross
tyranny and political and domestic misery.
Austria probably feels herself perfectly safe
by these decisions Of the old Congresses In any de-
monstration she may make in the Peninsula. ex-
cept from France and the English minis |
try find themselves in an awkward position, for
however decidedly the principle Of non-interven
ton was urged by England at Verona il has
since been overlooked in the case Of Turkey. II
France entertains any desire to conciliate Aus
tria at the expense Of Sardinia, and to the injury
Of the other Italian States, IL IL an uuwise
feeling. No Austrian alliance ever did France
any good We presume thet Italy, at the first
start. will have to do for herself And II must