The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1856-11-05


Italian Anairs-Struggles Since 1880.
France and England have suspended diplo-
matte intercourse with the King of the Two
Sicilies, and French, an English and Sar-
dinian squadron are about to rendezvous at NAL
ia. At the last accounts, he had made no
change in his ministry the public funds we're
fuctuating, the fortifcations were being strength
ened, and two earthquakes had alarmed the SUI
perstitious. The -uoaaeur Of Paris says no inter-
vention, no act Of hostility, has taken place as
yet to mar the entente cordia1e. The Augsburg
(Vienna) Gazette assures its readers that favor
able dispatches have been received from Naples,
and the German Journal of Frankfort publishes a
letter which states that King Ferdinand has sent
circular to a majority Of foreig n Cabinets jus
tifying his conduct, while at the same time he is
willing to send Plenipotentiary to the new Con-
gress at Paris.
In the meantime his subjects groan under the
yoke of his unmitigated and pitiless tyranny, and
seek the sympathy and protection of the more
liberal Powers. Ever since the revolution of Paris
in $780, they have cherished the hope of better
! days, unfortunately, however, to find themselves
only the worse for every effort. That event had
given encouragement to the oppressed of almost
every European nation, and for Italy it was in
creased in that year by the death of Francis /.
of Naples Pope Plus VIII and subsequently
Charles Felix, King of Sardinia. France however,
gave no direct assistance. Its internal difficult
ties and the anxiety Of Louis Philippe to be re-
c0Opivod hu tho cnrrroupd;p0 oo,voros ,,c. 49,
vented his anording the Italians the hoped for
aid. Instructions nevertheless, broke out in
Italy. In Mantua, Bologna, in many cities of the
Pontifical States: the existing authorities were
overthrow; and in spite of the protestations of
the French Ambassador at Rome, thirty thousand
Austrian troops marched into the centre of the
country and restored the sovereigns of Parma
and Modena. In 1882, the French troops to pro-
tect the inhabitants of the Legations from Aus
tian violence, occupied Ancona, and treasured
them against Pontifical absolutism, admitting,
however, in August of the same year, the entrance
Of the forces of the Pope. A general insurrcc-
ton in November was attempted and defeated
yet, nothing daunted, the Italians continued their
agitations for liberty. 1t was then that Young
Italy bestirred itself under the leadership of MAJ
nina and Romarino, only again, however, to be
overcome by the Austrians. The Powers who
we're opposed to the disturbances ia the PENN
sula, Sardinia, Austria Baden, Wurtcmbcrg, the
Confederation Of the Rhine, Prussia and Russia,
demanded Of the Federal Directory Of Switzer-
land the dissolution of the revolutionary COM
mittees formed by the refugees, sustaining the
efforts Of Nazzini and it was compelled to yield
Numerous political COMBINATIONS followed, and
the unfortunate liberals were every where
pursued and arrested. The Pope strengthened
his authority and changed the Sees Of those pre-
lates with whom he was dissatisfied. But the
people were not subdued. The island of Sicily
attempted to throw of its allegiance, though it
had been relieved Of many exactions At Cata-
MIA, in 1887, independence was declared, and it
was only by the vigorous and bloody exertons
of Gen. Caretto that the attempt was put down.
leges and the right Of representation in the Ma
tional Assembly. In 1888 so much had been
done to rc-cstablish the former state of things,
that France withdrew her troops from Ancona,
and the Austrians occupied merely the citadel
Of Ferrara. For a number Of years following,
every thing remained in comparative state of
tranquility.
In ls43, the abuses OF clerical authority again
produced dsquict. An instruction broke out at
Bologna, and Young Italy once more began 10
stir itself. The Romagna demanded the next year
Of the Pope regular administration and the
fulilment Of the promises OF ISL. Some re
forms in the Custom House followed in a few
months and also an insurection a, Rimini.
Public instruction was also improved in Sardinia
and Tuscany, and in 1876, upon the death OF
Gregory the Sixteenth, Plus the Ninth succeeded
to the tiara, ushering In his advent by general
amnesty, and attended by a universal popularity.
The choice Of liberal Secretary Of State,
Cardinal Gizzi, the preparation for extensive
alterations in the administration Of civil and
criminal justice, and his influence with the
King Of Naples in abolishing the military commits
sions, which for the previous twenty years had de-
cded all cases ofpolitical offences gave new heart
to the Italians and we're popular with the nations
Of Europe. Ills secular authority was further
modified by the establishment Of PRIMARY schools,
institutions Of benevolence and education, the adj
mnistration Of the laws, aid to internal improve
menis, and larger liberty to the press Tuscany
and Sardinia initiated in part these liberal move
ments, but Austria, in spite Of all remoastrances
continued TO occupy Ferrara II was at this pc
Rod that the liberal party In Hungary began it,
demonstrations, and as If by sympathy there was
movement in Turin. The next year was more
cventful Troubles broke out at Pavia and Bcr-
gamo; martial law was declared in Milan. There
was the revolution in Vienna, and the downfall
Of Mcttcrnch. sovcreigns Of the second rank, in