The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1856-01-22


ehcted prove singular and remarkable as those al
ready ated We quote from the Stasco. gricituraS
Altos, published by government, edition 1852.
The coasts OF the Frozen Ocean, far tho Ursian
only few slight elevations; Finland and the gov
eminent Of Olonetz BY sksaud Marshes
the latter province containing at least 900 its SHARE
From the 27th the both degree of LATITUDE the soil is
poor but the labcrious inhabitants succeed in raising
On approaching the SOUTH we arrive at that marvel.
Ions b.d Of black earth called hanosiee, which inter-
sects the whole Of European Russa cause OF the
liy Of this has been explained It being neither
compound Of the varied detrus that spoces Of vege
table SCH which Is found elsewhere This stratum, We
be allowed the expression, extends northerly far
The towns Of JtoDir Tchernigo6 Orel and Rissan,
and starting southery, from Kirchus lat AZ deg In
tersecs the of SamarA ADD Ofenbourg dis
appearing in ia "a deg to be again found beyond the
Uralsn mountains in AHA.
The area Of this valuable bed is 10 Europe eighty
even millions Of dessiatnes ninety millions of hec
taes GAS COO 600 of acres nearly fifth ofEurope
n Russia. -
The Southern provinces being far less rcd with
ard ITO soil consequently less fertile. This refers
more especially the eastern parts containing many
SALT termed soosehaAy This salt soil Is also found in
Besaraba and on the borders of the Sivasch salt lake
he Sea Of AzO BY the Straits Q, Genitehi The greatest
inconvenience, however attending these countries ia
want OF moisture that condemns them to state OF SEMI
sterily.
The governments the confines of the Caucasus par
take Of the nature Of those of the Southern provinces,
being interpreted with moving sands and salt Soils the
greater part OF the surface is, however fertile.
shall conclude the present letter by glance at our
In the ma1shy regions are found Only the chen and
the heath so that the pursuits of the Inhabitants
coThne1 soey 70 reai,og .ne &c G ana she
the government OF Archangel and like vast grde
tends as far as Lake adcga the most favored govern
Perm and Novogorud In the first Of these the proper
ion to The whole area Of the province Is a 90
towards the west the forests gradually disappear the
proportion in the government q Mnsk exceeding 20
md In
south, beirg only FAM not nnfrequenty inferior
even to thar standard Our forests then, extending
entire superfces Of Russia whilst in France the returns
show them to be 16 100
OF the advantages which might otherwise result the
distances in RUSSIA enormous and the of
muncaon are difficulty thus, whilst the American sys-
tenn OF burning is resored 10 order to render the sop
arabic in the government Of Vologda endaavors have
been u ,h made in to plant forest
we have alluded as condensing The mostened a,mosphe
of our southern provinces Fortunately navigAbe
or aoaable rivers traverse our wooded provinces, and
place them in communication. not only with number
Of governments of the INTERIOR but also with the whole
ses board Of Western Europe.
The Northern agricultural limit borders the forest
region barley rpens from the e9h degree in Finland 10
the 66h degree the vicinity of the Uraan mountains
and produced at half degree lower potatoes and
fax cutva ted in la.i ude 60 degrees Wheat as
ing to the A,icurai Gazette Of 1884, this limit is fixed,
in the Dment Of TcherngOf at 81 degrees at
the sa%s level as the culture Of garden us But fruit
without being shiet produce, extends as have OBJ
served as far as the Goth degree We would that
cribed the tschernotsie4ne or black soil.
IN my next letter purpose entering on the subject
OF agriculture OF the various methods employed
and the produce obtained-a subject in which Western
Europe is almost as much interested as even Russia
CATTLE RAISING IN RussIA-NrEREsTINa sTATIs-
TICS
From lie Nord.
The provinces bordering on the Black Sea and Sea Of
Tau
ride the country Of the Don Cossacks and the govern
ment Of Stravopo contain according TO official returns,
1926 COO head of CATTLE than half the number,
stared in the statistical reports, Of all France And
to this be added the surrounding governments which,
further amount OF C27 co., or for the thirteen south
ern and southeastern governments, grand total OF
The number of horned cattle in Russia and Poland in
1886, according to NJ Arseniefs statistical report,
Finland. NJ Tegobors is Of opinion that this is low
estimate, and that two millions and half ought to be
added to the above amount.
To those who ere aware Of the difficulty of obtaining
statistical information, even in the densey populated
organized machinery entirely The hands Of govern
ment, and how many omissions, dninu tons and wlfuI
errors occasionally creep into the reports such persons
will feel little surprise that in country lite Russia, and
amongst ignorant popuaien it should be nearly inn
possible to arrive at completely satisfactory ut and,
economists comparatively with data on which they
surely rely, and which allow Of something like
Apr oximation to the exact number.
Taking, however, basis, the lower estimate or %
millions Of horned cattle this would give US head for
every 10 inhabitants. The proportion in Austria in 1880,
France, something under to $50 that regards the
supply o. cattle % s 70 s s
Is far from having brought this branch OF rural economy
to satisfactory point We possess great number OF
greater amount =, profit from them than the case at
present
the proprietors snd tie ignorant routine Of the pea
SAINTS greater obstacle to deveopement and the
the climate or the frequent nurreins to which they
are subject Government, as usual have used every
prsctoners have been brought from Denmark, sa1ouy
and Prussia and sent into the provnces and according
to their recommendation code of sanitary measures
and others has adcpted but Of what avail tho
best dgested regulations, when they met on ALI
sides by inertia which arrests Improvement however in
dspersabe or earnestly aimed ats As to the action or
the authorities OF men whose example might be Of
service, these partly neutrszed by the distances
that separate the centres of 1.-The rural1popuIGions n.
de Tegoborski of opinion that veterinary surgeons in
greater numbers and possessing more skin and ability
than those now employ ed and salt at lower cost fcf
,edirg the cattle, would greatly hasten the reform.
Another obstacle prevents the Improvement Of our
state OF our Agricultural mean the absence, rather
rarity OF forage or pasturage In years Of drought In
supplied by OF artificial grasses, but In Russia.
| these are almost unknown, being only found tho
| fields of the German emgrant or the Russian sgro-
| nome.
According to the usual rule, agriculture improves,
pastuiaee changes into meadow and the meadow ID fol-
lowed by forage for the amount Of labor increasing It
becomes also necessary to Increase the amount of dpo
force and because the soil yields only proportions
| TO the manure employed upon it. But this principle
hardly holds good in Russa, part Of the soil is
remely fertile ard requires little labor that agri
cutursts not under the necessity in ohsr
/ countries. In one-ffh of the Russian territory,
wherever the kenozene (black soi predominaes, this
is the 1t Is sufficient, to speak, merely rake
the soil, that manure becomes useless and the
steppes, only for fuel.
Under such circumstances It is impossible that the
breeding Of cattle should combine with the culture and
Improvement of the soil in the in other
parts Of Europe. For instance In the Southern govern
Toents cattle and horses frequently used only as
| motive power for the purpose Of agriculture; and the
supply exceeding the demand they left the whole year
| round at pasture.
But in this in other respects there Is wide differ
between the North and South between the country
Of the steppes and the central provinces between
| the latter and the Western governments. Yet, Of
opinion that wherever the black soil does not predom