The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1856-01-22

stats Of things II Ia SELDOM tnat Russian tradesmeu
make their bargains by written contra its, for he
aIgest amounts. Their contracts consist in grasp
the hand. When the contracting arties have shaken
hands . symbol Of their God faith the
gain is concluded and b. come nv liable THIS Is whs,
the Russians call contract p, oao m-bindipg by the
hand. From this also comes wore pc routcAtsissro
or guarantee This ceremony in fact the strongest
guarantee which Russian can give OF his good faith
The who should fail ia its OBJ would lose his
credit.
The necessity Of association strongly implanted ia
the Russian, that solitude is insuerabe to him. He
must live eat and work In company The INST form OF
ASSOCIATION economical organization. is called
drtelt This organization is found everywhere where
Russian peasant lives whether he remains peasant or
becomes brakeman, citizen or soldhr-whether ne
belongs to the north the south Of the empire
true that the greatest problem OF economy TO be
practically solved is the just assessment OF labor,
said that the Russians have long resolved that
problem BY the ereu which is temporary
certain objects Every year, when there no sgrieu
tural labor several individuals, of different fsmiies but
OF the pace unite themselves In an artc1, whose
aim specified and determined. This drteI selects
chief (d,ttIstch who has the direction OF the common
labor and Who is at the time the contractor
drtdf Of the society in other words he 1t Is who
the woch the du hires out its labor Every
me the dyN submits to the chosen
by him the NEST experienced chief OF 10 enterprise,
and no has deserved the confidence Of all its
This obedien absolute long the dreu exists,
and /, lasts generally during certain OF the year.
or a. lopg as work contra ,ted for is unperormed
even it it should continue for several years.
the dteU is removed 70 distance from the homes OF
Duration of its abors The admission into or abandonment
of the society by s members continue entirely free
neither nationality nor region Is taken INTO account
only xbltes and the conduct Of the postuant are
considered When the ayu is gained Il Is collectively
responsible only for the labor but for The conduct
CT each OF It's menio ers
The foreign merchants Ia the Russian ports testify
that this responsibility is scrupulousy aud rigdiy OBJ
seryed 1t is natura that personal interest should play
large part therein occasionally IL the fear Of losing
the confidence Of employers, and consequently future
work Sometimes il is the fear Of being dismissed from
A..~ 1tt.a 1naaa
cons ions compel the evil sposet to conduct them
eves properly long as they are members OF this TEN
porary society.
Al persons composing the orbR generally live
geber they left their families bebod them In the
village take OF the crops. This community OF
dwelling is compulsory, and every one can live sepa-
ratey he desires it. although in That case he IS de-
prived certain benefits OF the commonalty, where not
single minute must DC lost in outside employment The
aytA has its cashier who receives the money buys al
The necessary provisions, and provides for al the mate
rial wants society II has like wise is COOK, who IL
generally hired also its actor who provides work and
directs it. but rarely works himself.
All these persons are chosen by common agreeme at
amor the members This system 10 to be found every
where in Russia Every prrsate public work Is always
done by au 1t ia by artl that the peasants 60 to
the fisheries and that the tradesmen the
work, often great distance from their villages. 1t Is
also BY arteu that the iamsc pos ions) keep their
horses for the post ssges that the soldiers their
cooking In their companies. He who Is chosen the
chief Of the ar obtains by that election full powsr
transact any business without being obliged to ask the
consent Of mis- associates provided however, the bust
organized He states the stipulated prices, and If the
arteu finds them sufficient, the work is commenced in
common. One artel frequently contracts for several
works at and sometimes several are are employed
en- the same work, by mutual consent.
Antagonism and competition exist only when the so
ciees looking for work and previous to the contract
being made; but from the moment that job apper-
ains 10 arfeR the others ,andon all competition.
An artH woui. raker disband than take the work Of
another. This is custom which has deep roots in the
country, and If sacred law all over Russia
The laber Of the are Is divided in tasks much
possible and each tax has its distinct impeing power.
In areu completely organized this motive power is
generally the coupling of two aborers together. The
worst is coupled with the bess aud on, according to
the common agreement of the society. The couples
equazed in this ~sy receive equal shares of the
earnings after deduction has made OF all expenses
equally assessed amongst all the members of the art
the salary Of each individual the compile Il, neyerhe
less proportioned 10 their ability the best lborer re-
ceives always more than the or thsn ordinary
one.
add to the above the fact that the arteu takes
of its SICK lends money to such of its members as
in need takes Of their affairs and that these
labor associations represent the atoms OF winch the Rus
sian empire is couposed il will be admitted that 1t -
the most rem arksse practical ard successful solution
yet been effected 10 any condition OF society.
INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. OF RUSSIA.
Moscow CorrespoIe of the Belgian paper lie Nord
MOSCOW, Dec. 0, 1855.
shall now, If you will permit me, speak of our small
for Russia they do not produce hum
dreos of nc rs like the cultivation of and the
breeding OF cattle but which may be interesting
your readers who in all probability, have not the
least idea OF them kable though they for their
relative importance and evidence of tie industrial
future of Russia.
The Russian empire il generally, il Western Europe,
supposed to be agricultural country and 1t Is affirmed
hat if Europe wants its corn fax, tal,ow, wool and
wood Russia, the other hand, cannot do without the
manufactures of Western Europe the silks and wines Of
rbac and nd MAJ h,ua1
Engsnd the sugar and colonial products OF Ant ~erp
Rotterdam and Hamburg. This, in general poin. of
view true for Russia whatever the riches Of her so
may be- satisfy all the wants of her sixtyfve
millions of inhabitants dispose Of the surplus Of he's
produces except in some exceptional cases. When soc
buys OF the nons who provide the In her mar
kets she oheys general law which it would be imposs
BILE for her to disregard, commerce being but an ex-
charge services Nevertheless it IL true that Russia
in condition 10 co without Europe for some years,
and that she would very soon be able TO do without her
long enough to tine out her adversares for Russia al
ready produces Lar scale all commodities, except
coffee and all the manufactures, which she has until
nov drawn from foreign countres-wiRes silks, sugar
wooen and cotton goods and machines. i this to be
gaded a. a benefit evil2 This Is not the ques
lion have 10 sXamrewe merely state 1t as fact.
Western Europe with view to ruin Russia, has Se
trying TO surround Der W continental blockade, ou.
it has only affected Der coasts, and has only reacted
her assslants Coffee and have become dearer,
but those who accustomed to them can easily pay
the difference but az to fax, hemp wood ana
which she only partially prevented fryn selling who
Is the Is MT England Obliged 70 Duy at
high prices and in contrsband way the tar and lax
which her cruisers have succeeded 10 Destroying
more than half OF the Russian merchandi e exported
through Prussia is attended for the Of our implacable
enemy. l repeat that these extraordinary measures
have only pressed upon certain number OF individuals
chiefly IL the sout fern provinoes but they haye In no
way affected The nation At Large, because the oil Of the
Russian Empire, embracing all chnate5 produces what
otherwise could only met with in dierent ries
An hcrmetca blockade impossible with even the
whole Of Eurore were in arms against u.s. an ordinary
blockade is only 10 be feared by country Rse England
which draws from foreign countries all her mate
rails and furnishes them In her turn, with manusc
tured goods.
will now speak OF small industries-the culture
Of vooe vines the propagation of silk worms, the III
tvation of tobacco and he production OF sugar Russia
is covered with fress TO extent three times greater
than that Of the embraced territories OF france and Bel
giumbat is TO say 17s 1863 GOO dessittaes; they
tain all descriptions Of wood from the hmetses ~ the
GEAR but unhsppy they are uoeqnsy Distributed aad
whilst several provinces too bcky wooded To make
their riches profitable them elves others deprived
Of wood to such degree that their inhabitants re-
duced to practice of the Arabsthat OF using
manure and for fuel Thus whilst in the govern
ment Of woiogda the forests form 81 per cent OF the ter
ritn opfv g 0eut n n