The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1856-01-22

10 taken up with the cultivation tobacco which ia not
surhern asst From the scsrceness o. land soricuI
tuYe 10 almost nothing, the 1artars getting constantly
nom Bachtchsarsi their supply Of cheese, oatmeal
Just az the epoch of The occupation OF Baidar bv the
enemy the principal object Of industry with the Tartars
was tie transportation of wood from the neighborinQ
forests tn Baakava and particularly to Sehastopol; usn
ally they charged thsmseays. Win furnishing arewood
prompiitdds hey gave themselves up with the great.
est ignorance and without any system, to the cutting
down Of the forests and this Ia why those which have
been recently in possession OF the enemy fall into the
hands Of the allies In state Of complete seteroration
All the extended forest Of the valley of Baicar const-
tues in part the property Of the peasants Of the Crown
and IN part that Of particular Individuals The most
consider able Forest land comprises about % goo dss1
tin,s belonging to Count Mordvtnnof In the forests
which extend alorg the slopes and decyites OF the noun
tains, the trees OF the largest size and greatest height
found; the oak, the beach and the juniper some
times meets alsoit may be alone, IL may be In
woodlaDdthe juniper and in the mdh Of all some rare
and beautiful ash trees ancs 'ccoulis finds the
tartar sorb tree, the black maple, the hawthorn fruit
trees in wild state, snd wanuts, which shoot out
principally at the foot Of the mountaius.
RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE.
[From the Brussels Herald, Dec. 81.
When alludirg 10 an unknown country we cite China
or the snipodes yet Europe may supply us with exam
Ies without travelling far Russia for instance has
wall separating it from the OF the wore the
contrary it Joined to western Europe by and land
and connected with it ny gecd roads, railway and pack
ct boats profsion; Its ports open and fequented
by the vessels OF all nations its frontiers nacces
itle except only to the propagandst the political
burg is in Communication with Vienna Berlin Paris and
Londop, ard yet, Russia unknown to the rest of
Europe az either Japan or Tonbin.
That Western Europe should be misnformed respecting
the civil institutions of the country that 1t should be
unable to eze on or appreciate the various manners and
customs Of vast empire, and those local necessities
which would sufficiently explain the internal policy Of
the Russian COVE nmert this might be understood but
shcud be completely ignorant of the economy and
producing power OF people with whom all have carried
aim ost inn oss,be vet is nevertheless most true
If prejudice and party spirit have clouded the writings
Of public who have treated OF Russia routine and
ignorance have papaby affected the observations of
economists when allu1irg 10 that country; let how
ever be understood this ignorance is merely relatives
great nation Of the East those methods Of
rather OF unifcation may be allowed the express
sion which would be crude and detective even as applied
to a country Of much narrower limits
Ibis cremised, we enter at once on our subject
With reference to Russia, 1t is always matter of
prise thai its produce should be little diversified and
that soi fertile and suateor the most part under
low degree OF latitude, should not yield those produc
tions found under neal y like parallels.
Tie question has been satisfactorily solved by science
and we purpose giving such summary Of the results
may render work inellgble to the general reader
151h degree Of ongrde and extends from the 3Sth to
the 18Th degree North latitude So vast extent Of ter
1toy uniting central Europe to the Polar regions the
North with the South must necessarily offer several
fiees Of climate and produce. This natural division of
the so this species of classification of its producing
power is the eliminating point Of whole economy
and supplies key to the anomalies supposed to have
been discovered by various travellers IN the commercial
and trading systems CT Russia:
Let for the moment consider ony Russia in Europe
with its territory of comparatively little extent; this
portion containing square miles, sufficiently
European Russia untes nearly every extreme Of eli
mate exter ding om Lapland to the Crimea and from
are aos To- the traveller unless
by comparison between distant points, or constant re-
ference to the thermometer.
ibis is apparently reerrable TO very slight causes.
Russia, forming only immense plain, it often hap
pens that the traveller journey tor days without his
attention being awakened change of situation demo
ted by the slightest accident Of ground the least diff
ference of scenery This vast plain whose eliminating
divisional point, it is eeoogcay termed is only at
surrounded by boundary Of low mountains. To the
North arise the gYanitc formations of Finland Arkan-
gel olonez and to the East the vast range Of the
Uiaisn mountains rich in every species OF mineral pro-
ductn: to the South the Caucasus and Crmean range,
the West in Podolia and Poland, the continual
ton of the Carpathans. Advancing from the mouths OF
the Zen central Russia meet with chain of
hills slightly perceptbie in such expanse but which
join the to me l.ap saen i".w Tue Aa
highest summit Is not than $50 metres above the
level Of the sea, and which connected bya second
chain Of hills to the Uralians.
The Aiaoune range dividing point between
the Frozen and the White Sea and the Yolga and the
South in this range rise the great rivers and
rable streams OF Russia almost all naveaoie during
part Of the year. and which to unite certain distant
provinces with the great uval arteries of the empre
This marvellous range situated in the heart OF Russia
tmmunicatea with every that bahes the country
with the Caspian and consequently with Persia and Cen
t'al Asia by The vega ~ NE Dom %,tn she sea o.
10 times of peace convey corn woods, hides and tai
low to Western Europe; with the Black sea- by the
Dptper whirh bears it's waters the haryess OF
sonbw PROVINCES to Odees nd lastly with the Bal
tic by tie Neva which hathcs ST. Petersburg and by the
Dura which carries hnseed corn and timber the produce
Of Northern governments to Riga from whence 1t Il
annually borne by thousands OF vessels to the coasts OF
Europe To give idea of the Importance OF this net
work of navgabe communications, need merely cite
the yolga which second only t. the great American
flvers of 600 square miles and TO-
gether with thirty eight of s principal sinent offers
navigable line of communication extending IL 900 ko-
The Voga might indeed utin atey vie with the
Thames, it, instead of the Caspian it united with an
open Sea.
But Nature herself has limited the advantages she has
ayished upon tor these fine rivers navgabe only
fu,iDg short period of the year. in winter they are
ice bound and in spring. swollen by the melted SHOWS
they overflow their banks and inundse the rounding
country During the summer several partially dried
up and become unnavigabe for vessels Of any size at
oistsnce m their mouth that uninterrupted na
CATION scarcely be said to extend beyond three ur
produce is Of a nature 10 be dispensed WITH that
need dread any competition Dad Of tins Western Europe
il well aware.
without affecting the pedant, meteoroogy also c'lms
its thsre OF eur attention.
Russia have observed is vast plain, bounded
by the Frozen Ocean and the Mediterranean, and
from its situation II is alternately exposed to the
icy winds of the Pole, and the dry blasts that sweep
across he arid plains Of Central Asia This then, Will!
explain the great variations Of temperature to which
the Southern provinces exposed, also the Crmes
alba and the banks OF the Don. In vin:er they
seble the highest Northern regions and in
exposed to the most excessive heats. Thus the
Euxre led by the ancients the Black or Dangerous
Sea- by Of tie Violent tempess to which 1t is ex
POSED.
Other countries may exist in IKE manner, but Nature
there has provided fitting antdote, they being for the
lart situated in the vicinity Of oceans whose
vapoIs operate alike win ny colds aud summer heats
We possess such advantage for although our Polar
winds m az traverse OF the in their course still
IL is sea ice which adds greater intensity to the
codness frtm the South, the wind reaches charged
with The enana,ons Of the scorcbing sandy deserts
central Asia ard although this may be serviceable du
ring short period in New Russia where all ia chilled By
frightened winter, yet it dries up the SOIL ant
kills what it had previously produced; water, I'm thes
provinces berg rare commodity.
IN the Western governments, covered to great extent
by lakes end Marshes the westerly Winds the contra
w. brig with them damp and noxous vapors, so thai
from the essentially continental position OF Russia Ii
Europe the conformation Of its soil and still more OF
account its proximity Asia the climate is rgr
rous than that OF other countries Of Europe situated