The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1856-08-23


For the first ten years the whole OF the dying
IS 100 instead Of AZ For the next ten i is 1853 instead Of
ny aamters 49, '0'' Pric.'s.
113 7sS
sos $40
SIT 500
= :. 4s g
The difference amounts to three per cent and in
five ut Of the eight ten year periods being less than
cent The OF all the positive and negative errors
in the eight decades is only nay eight.
From Il to 90 this not differ in the two tables by
orte,h OF the amount and the of 80 they do
difer eniieth; and very end of
life does the difference reach fifth. these larger
at the higher ages arise from De- Prices imperfect
method OF Interpolation .ince the whole number of the
aying in he last two decades of life exactly
the same IN both tables being 424 and A. instead OF 42
and 46.
The agreement in all these four particulars is very
satisfactory With few Of the other tables is cose
with the Northampton But all the differences are tx
tremely small AT no period in Lire the errors diff
ferent tabler in direction all positive oil negative.
ITO bring out this comparison the Equitable table OF Mr.
Morgan was referred to by the Professorl.
Up TO the age So the greatest difference between the
calculated and the actual tables does not exceed six
different from those of the Northampton.
Thus the greatest in the living at Northampton
1s ss o. ns IN IN S Ss
Northampton at ~ and the greatest excess In the
Between 80 and 4o the deaths in the Norha mpon and
the Equitable Slightly too large; but in the teven
her decades the positive errors OF one table
TO the negative errors 10 the other.
The smallness all these errors aud their opposite
direction In the tables furnish satisfactory proof
that the formula We have given represents true law Of
Amspg the differences that may be drawn from the law
/. The mortality invariably from youth
TO old age.
ratio than In geometrica progression
In early manhood the rate does not differ much from
slow arithmet;a progression.
4. There crises china aercs at which the
chances tor life are stationary or improving
o. There periods OF slow rapid
g. The law, though not the rate Of mortality, Is the
same for city and country, for healthy aud unhealthy
Jaw Is the differences Of iogarhms of the rates
mortality are in geometrcal progression
ON vOLCAN0Es-A PAPER READ BY @. 4. wINsLow,
n. D., OF TROY, BEFORE TIE AMERICAN AssocIA-
TION FOR r HE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, 2lsr
August, 1856.
Prot J. D. Dana In his former aud recent papers
the crupons Of Mauna Loa, has opened interesting
question relative to the inter between the
volcanic openings that mountain and regards
the question ss still unsettled.
Having recently explored the erupt yc phenomena OF
Klsnca, happened that certain aspects OF the vol
were exposed TO my observation, from which have
drawn important conclusions, that may ex, plain
that heretofore has been uncertain and mysterious IA
this branch Of geological science. From insignificant
often times led 10 broad investg ATOMS aud
by applying facts and laws exhibited within narrow
compass a display OF similar phenomena gigantic
scale may arrive at a comprehension OF what might
n,yer otherwise be understood.
While making my observations in the great volcanic
chain Of kiianea, led TO examine the cones that
projecting here and there nom the surface Of the
neld, or AS IL used to be called the Black Ledge
small and twenty thirty feet In height, and
many In diameter at their base, and even more.
Two Of these OF the largest dimensions, observed 10
be partially broken In, anu was singular coincidence
that both II the southern aspect that had
walton OF both extinct but the display OF action
clearly and beautifully exhibited that no doubt
could be lett the mind OF observer 10 the method
Of the mechanical action by which they elevated
fosn ed The force which had deftroycd the southern
taco ~ the two cones had Also acted 30 orccy on the
surrounding neld OF lava from which they irac.
in southerly direction, and there laid open
before In both Instances conduts nearly horizontal
their and perfect in their formation as iron
aqueduet, and having a diameter of or S feet The
roofs fad been demolished By some cause not apparent
and had fallen In. But there the conduiu exposed
for many feet length running In souherly direction
and disappearing In the crust o. lava, whose thickness
had means 10 Judge o In that vicinity.
The method Of formation OF these cones will now be-
come apparent 10 every thinking mind Tney were mere
vents or conduiis 10 these channels OF nud rock,
vhcb channels conducted from locality 10 another,
according 10 the play OF forces whose nature and
ration mysterious. these cones were = mile dis
tant from each other, and probably bad no conucxion
Looking the open sides OF the examined |
could hole beyond parity obscured by fragments OF
lava but APPEARED TO run more oblquely and toward
the depths of Kianea while the open conduit, whose
bottom nei by the pieces Of the fallen roof extend
These miniature cratcrs, and outlets
from conduits having no apparent connection The me.
hod Of their formation 20 independent OF each other when
applied 10 similar volcanic demonstrations magnided
scale, may tend TO throw light the unsettled question
opcrcd ny Professor Dana's investigating aud phoso
phlcnl mind
Cones On The surface OF the earth vary 10 size from
Porocatcpe 1900 feet height TO those whsn
have seen on the lava aeld OF Kilauea but
OLD fnot three feet height have observed them OF
all forms and dimensions the course OF extensive ira
vcs over the globe ffom the most = mmetriaal and
IA, bv fluplr
eye Ct The gcoiogst 10 the merest pgmies, with hole
in their SUBMITS no larger tan pipe stem. Tney
all formed On the same type however grand and oity
however circnmscibcd dmiuatvc. BY study Of the
laws and causes which consprc 70 form the smallest
once shall ucviiab attain to clear understan ing
Of hidden IN the profound ephs OF the earth by
whk created the largest volcanic outlets ia
Dec
The cones which observed n Kilanea TO have been
formed us reality cra,ets aud IN crut
Of the coudg,s being fractured aud elevated
tic orgn d The conc, orig exhibited results similar 10
What obtciv wed In all the anecnt volcanic
opennes Of The mountains Of Hawaii, and Of Maui Il Las
been an ohtC. cf surprise while now cruptons OF lava
wCrc breaking out gp3u The more elevated par. 81 A.una
4. that The active f0uut kiaaea shoud ut
disclar,c also or that should remain ia an orc ~
state Of activity while fountains 600 aud 10 00J feet
higher, and only few miles d tani. were disthrrng
With prodlgous focc immense qrarttics 81 uolca mat
'cr.
Heretofore il bas been supp,seI that all vol a1oes
ted by channels loss pcrpendcutr, ~ tue cen
ues y tno sao,e ana Mnefe volcanoes uretN oaNey
ntar each other, that there must sssay be some
II hon in com uncaton between them. The opinion /
which have been compelled to adopt from my osserss
ions ia Kllanca very datrcnt Arecent study Of tho
whole range OF volcanic phcaomens, and OF The |
vaTtus aspCcts and position or craters form Gle
vaions have ubscrvciin many parts Of the EARTH has
led me % believe tha, cTa,ers aud volcanic eruPtons
the result tf fractures and ruplures OF subter
r,uti tubes which are more less horizontal In their
coure and which, although often running near each
ether may not communicate and perhaps scarcely
10. Communications between volcanic tubes supp ased
10 extend perpeDdicuary into the bowels Of the earth
ave h!herto bcen believed 10 exist but the fscls 10
which Professor Ianas philosophical attention has
aneci,d, and his deductions from The observations Of