davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
AMERICAN HOTEL,
COLUMBIA. 6. C.

"HE friends of this establishment, faTRaA
H. and the public at large, are respect lIGlaM,
fully informed that this HOTEL will be continued
and kept open for the reception of all who may
feel disposed to patronize it.
The services Of Mr.. JAMES L. BEARD, long
favorably known in connexion with the Hotel,
have been secured.
A continuation of the patronage heretofore
given, is respectfully solicited.
No pains will be spared to give satisfaction.
The Culinary department will be supplied with
the selection of the market
Gentlemen with their families visiting or pass
ing through Columbia can be furnished with un-
surpassed accommodations the location being
central, retired and convenient to pleasure and
business
Mr.. JOHN A. SHELL, viii continue his
location at the Stables in rear of the Hotel; his
Omnibus and Carriage line will be in readiness
at the different Depots and at the Hotel at all
necessary hours, to convey passengers to and
from the establishment
Guests desiring Carriages can have them at any
hour. w BOLLINGER,
January 10. 1s56-Sw Proprietor.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
FLORIDA LAND AGENCY.

THE undersigned has established an agency
i in the town of Alligator, Columbia Coun-
tY, Fla, for the purchase, sale or location of
Land Warrants, the purchase and sale OF lands
generally, improved and unimproyed. The
fact now being established that Rail Road
is to be constructed Immediately connecting
the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, running
through the entire length Of the county, East
and West, anc in view of the great fertility
of our soil, the unusually fine growth of pine
timber on the land, the healthfu ness of the
climate, and the reasonable terms on which
lands can now be obtained, there is perhaps
no section of the Union which affords equar
inducements to the emigrant from the older
States. Having had some experience in farm
ing on the different kinds OF land, and ac-
quired a general knowledge of them through
out the county. and having acquired unusual
facilities for pointing out such for sale
either of public or private lands, he feels
very confident of making it the interest of
all persons wishing inform alton, or who may
have deter mined to settle in Florida to call
on him.
w q TFEER FVS
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
State Of Nortl. Carolina,

LINCOLN COUNTY,
Superior Court Of Law, Fall Term, 1855.
Frances T. Courtney,
FeIlllon 1or divorce
Henry P. Courtney.
In this case, it appearing to the sat1sfac-
N ton of the Court, that the defendant re-
sides beyond the limits OF this State 1t is
therefore ordered by the Court, that publ,ca
ton be made for three months. in the ewes
tern Democrat and in the 'sNorth Carolina
Whig,' two newspapers published in the town
of Charlotte, giving notice to the said Henry
P. Courtney, that he must be and appear be-
fore the Judge of our Superior Court of Law,
at the next Court to be held for said county, at
the courthouse in LincoInton, on the 9Th Mon
day after the 4th Monday in February next,
then and there TO plead or demur to said petit
ton; otherwise, judgment pro contesso will be
rendered against him, and decree made ac-
cordingly.
Witness, Robert Williamson, Clerk of our
said Court, at Office. the sth Monday after
the 4th onday in August, A. D. 1855, and in
the 60th year of our Independence.
ROBERT WILLIAMSON, CPk.
Dec. IL, 1s55-3m PRS. fee SIOl
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
Save YOUR Costs =!

THE Notes and Accounts of the late firm
i of A. Bethune & Co. has been placed in the
hands of S. w. Davis, Esq. for collection and
settlement. Those indebted either by Note or
Account, are requested to make an immediate
arrangement as further indulgence cannot
and will not be granted
ALEXANDER & JOHNSTON.
April 7, 1855. 38.F
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

Too Cold TO FREEzE.-Stephep u.n
one singing cold night vowed he woula
out and freeze to death. e0
About eleven O'Clock he returned =.
ering and swapping his fingers.
'EWhy don't you freeze 2" asked a friou,
Cody said the. pseudo-suicide, ..wboS
freeze I mean to take warmer night than
this for it,
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
Notice.

MY Notes and Accounts having been placed
Nl in the hands of S. w. Davis, Esq, for
collection, those who are indebted to me in
dividually, one of the old firm of Steele
4 Harry, respectfully requested to make
settlement by April Court, if not sooner.
A. C. STEELE.
Feb, 2, 1865. 2S-tf
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
WHEAT MARKET
SPRINGS Mills

wish to purchase three or four hundred
L thousand bushels of good merchantable
wheat, for which l will pay the highest cash
price.
Charlotte, from its facilities of transportation
is one Of the best inland markets in the South
ern States. have erected large Merchan
Mills contiguous to the Rairoad sea pable of grin
ding three hundred barrels of flour per day,
and to keep them running must have wheat.
So bring it along, if you want the highest fig
ure for it.
| am prepared to grind for toll. Ifyou want
flour whose brand will be sufficient to sell it in
any market in the world, here is the place to
have il manufactured. These Mills have al.
ready made reputation not inferior TO any
in the country.
LEROY SPRINGS.
June Is, lS55-47-tf
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

A Ii persons indebted to us are warned to
II pay up Immediately, or they will find
their Notes and Accounts in the hands of an
officer for collection. Many of the claims are
OF long standing, and nobody can complain, if
settlement is not now made, that it is forced
E. & ]. LONERGAN.
November 6, 1855. l5tf
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
CHARLOTTE MUTUAL INSURANCE
COMPANY.

THIS COMPANY is now organized accord
l. ing to the act of Incorporation, and are pre-
pared to receive applications and issue policies
against loss by FIRE on all kinds of property
and merchandise.
OFFICERS;
X. {. CARSON, President,
JOHN Irwin, V. President,
WIN. JOHNSON, Attorney,
J. F. IRWIN, Sec. & Treas.
M. L. WRIsroN, Agent.
D1REcToRs.-R. C.. Carson, John Irwin, ].
A. Young, Joseph H. White, james H. Carson,
DIR. M. B. Taylor, w, w, Elms, VIM. Johnson,
Leroy Springs, J. w. Osborne, Chas. Over
man, and r. H.Brawley.
q Direct all communications to the Secre.
tary. JOHN F IRWIN, Sec'y.
June Is 1859 47-tf
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
Received this day.

n ENTS' CARPET SLIPPERS, figured.
" Ladies' &c with russets.
&c Cocred Figured Velvet SLIPPERS,
's White Kid and Satin I"
CLildren's Light Colored BOOTS, at
BONES Boot & Shoe Emporium.
June ., 1s55.-46-tf
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
State of North Carolina.

LINCOLN COUNTY.
Superior Court Of La0, Fail Term, 1855.
James CARPENTER va Attachment
J. F. Leonhardt Levied on Land.
~ this case, it appearing to the satisfac-
Jill ton of the Court, that the Defendant has
absconded, or so conceals himself that the
ordinary process of law cannot be served on
him: 1t is therefore ordered by Court, that
publication be made for six weeks in the
"Western Democrat" giving notice to the
SAID defendant, that he must be and appear
before the Judge of our Superior Court of
Law, at the next Court to be held for said
county, at the courthouse in Lincolnton, on
the sth Monday after the 4th Monday in Fe-
hruary next, then and there to plead and re-
plevy, otherwise judgment pro eOnfssso will
be entered against him, and the lands levied
on condemned TO satisfy plant ifs debt.
Witness, r. Williamson, Clerk of said
Court, at Office, the sth Monday after the 4th
Monday IN August, A. D. 1855.
ROBT. WILLIAMSON, Clerk.
FEB. i2: ls5e.-Rrs. fseSs.1
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
Watches! Watches! Watches !

q THE subscribers are now receiving
80 large stock of WATCHES from the
most celebrated makers; also rich stock of
FASHIONABLE JEwELRY, CHAINS, &C.,
all of which will be sold low for cash or short
time to punctual dealers.
THOS. TROTTER & SON.
april 81, 1855 4Otf
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

"HE subscribers having formed themse,r..
H. into company, respectfully tender tbss
services to the people of Charlotte and the COM
try generally in their line of business. They a.
prepared to furnish Monuments, Gravestones Mar
tie Pieces, Furniture Marble, Table Slabs, Marbls
Steps. to any pattern cut from Marble, accordpc
to the most approved taste and styles, and unoS
the most accommodating terms ever offered in H.
Southern country. They will keep constantly
on hand the best description of Egyptian, Italian
and American Marble,
All orders, for any article, addressed to thesuh
scrbers, will meet with prompt attention, and will
be packed and forwarded with the utmost carr
and despatch,
The yard is situated on the northwest corner
of the Charlotte Depot Yard.
VIM, TIDDY g. SONS.
Jan, 8, 1856,-Iy
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

There is something beautiful in the fol-
lowing linesE
Take the bright shell
From its home ON the lea,
And wherever it goes
It will sing of the sea.
So, take the fond heart
From its home and its hearth,
Twill sing of the loved
To the ends of the earth.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

DTwo things a woman can't do-pa..
bonnet store without looking in-and sas
a pretty baby without kissing it.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

q patrick Moloney, what do you say
to the Indictment Are you guilty or not
guilty :"
aArrah! musha, yer worship, how can |
tell till hear the violence"
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

A BUSINESS MANA London merchant
sent passionate billet-doux to lady, re-
ouesting her heart and hand. The follow
ing prostcript shows that he was business
man:
P. S.-"Please send an early answer, as
I have somebody else in my eye."
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

u The heavens are point from the
pen of Gods perfection the world IS a
bud from the power of his beauty the sun
is a spark from the light of his wisdom ;
and the sky is bubble on the sea of his
power. His beauty is free from the spot
of sin, hidden in the thick vale of darkness /;
he made mirrors from the atoms of the
world, aud threw a reelection from his OVID
face on every atom.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

LEARNING ~ said old Mrs. Docs
enbury, charming isa great thing I've CT
ten felt the need of it. Why, would you
believe it, I'm now sixty years old, and only
know the names of three months in the
year, and them's spring, fall, and autumn.
larnt the names of them when l was a
leetle bit of gal ~
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
MECKLENBURG HOUSE.
& q I L-ROAD HOTEL ,
CHESTER, S. C.
Ru ID NIGHnI SOM

10y @R 4Su ~ &S44OAASO4&1
@~A THE subscriber respectfully in forms
Is:::M his friends and the public generally,
A-AaA-that his house, known as the Rail
Road Hotel" opposite the Chester Depot, is
stin open for the reception of regular and
transient boarders and the travelling public !;
and that he is making every exerton to de-
serve and secure continuance of the kind
and liberal patronage which has hithertofGre
been extended to him. He fatters himself that
every needed arrangement has been ade to
promote the comfort of all who stop with him {:
his rooms are airy and well.furnished. his SER
wants are attentive and obedient, and his table
constantly supplied with the best of the season,
so that his friends will not want any attention
necessary to make their sojourn please mt and
agreeable. His stables furnished with
good hustlers and an abundance of provender
and he is prepared at moments notice to
supply His customers with private conveyances
of every sort, to any part of the surrounding
country.
He desires to return his Acknowledgements
to the public for past favors, and solicits for
the future equally liberal share of patron
Aug 90, 1884. 5,tf
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
Troy. Ohio. Aupnst 30. 1856

kOI, CHlOb august Ou' lOoJ'
Mr.. Perry Darts Il feel it to be my dutyh
bear my testimony t. the efficacy of your TO-
ia Iliblc Pain Killer. i have used il for year
for complaints of the Stomach and Bowelt
having formerly been subject to severe attack
of Diarrh9a and Cholera Morbus-but for th
last two years have not had occasion to use /
or any other medicine for that complaint,
having perfectly restored my digestive OrgaH
had Il very severe attack, few days ogS
OF the Ague, and such pain in my back, G
three days and nights, that could get no res
demanded of my physician, after seven
things had been tried. 10 give me somethingt
relieve my back and head OF pain. He said
must battle, and wait till the Ague were of,aG
the pain would wear away. l had too mOd
pain to feel easy, and sent and got IS cef
bottle of the ''Vegeta bic Pain Killer" ItOh
little inwardly, and bathed according to dr.
ections, ana one application has remoyedh
the pain, and ] am a BILE TO write to-day, thOUgt 4
with trembling hand. The application va
made last week about nine o'clock, and BAL
a sweet nights rest. have recommended
for several years--as have travelled gca
deal-and it has given universal satisfied" Z
where it has been used according TO df't
tions. Yours, gratefully,
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

q An exchange says: How young men
can consent to loaf about the corners as
they do, when Q good dose of arsenic can
be purchased for a sixpenee, is really sur
prising.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
DRuCKER g. SOMMERS

AM It their new establishment, few doors
IA South of Kerr's Hotel, off, at Wholesale
and Retail, at the lowest Cash prices, all and
eyely article in their line.
They have just opened very extensive
Stock of Fall and Winter
Dry-Goods, Ready-Made CLOTH
ing, Hats, Caps, Boots,
Shoes, Guns, Pistols
and Trunks.
And great many other articles too numer-
Gus to mention, to all of which they invite the
attention OF the public, and their friends In
general. Their we'll known low prices, as
well as their very extensive variety of Goods,
is admitted by all who have heretofore patron
lsel them. Therefore is useless for them
10 say any more.
Charlotte, Oct; 16, '55-tf
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

nAVIS'S PAIN KILLER.-A letter from
~ Rev. Charles Hubbard, Missionary in
Burman, to his father, Joseph Robinson, ESQ,
OF this City, has been handed to us Tor publica.
ton, from which we make the following e.
trects.-Pr0ridcHce Journal.
NEWTON, Maulmain. June 6, 1855.
will you kindly say to Mr.. Davis that Mrs
Hubbard and myself, and indie. ! might add,
all WI o came ouI with US, feel very grateful
for the box of Pain Killer which he gave US,
when we left our native land Tor Bu=mah.
have used it for Coughs, Colds, violent internal
Pains, Summer Complaints, Burns, Bruises,
and for tic Sting of Scorpions-und with uni.
form success. The only severe spHsm Of the
stomach which MRS. Hibbard has had in Bur.
NAH. was Instantly relieved by the Pain Killer
We always keep II Waofe we can put our
hands on it in he dark. if need be-
Although / took Mr.. Nisbct's box in add
ton to my own, when he returned to Amerc4
still it is II gone but three or four bottles and
that would have been gone long ago, hadl
not refused to part with it.
The Karens, also, are beginning 70 learn is
value, and ca b for lis use, but have 10 den!
them except in doses, for we could not think
of being without it. With the Pain Killer,
feel myself well armed against discasc-tIh
is, in ali ordinary cases. 1t is indispensable
and seldom NEEDLE with any other medisnn
Rev. CHARLES HIBBARD."
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04
w. O. JEFFREYS.

References.
Rev. Be- a g; MoHE'11' Fayetteville. NC.
T. +. c : M n lean, ESQ" Carthage, NC.
Hon. E. C. CABELL,
Hon. A. E. MAXWELL, T.u.h II,
Hon. D. S. WA LER, AA'
State Register.
Messrs. w. M. LAwroN g. Co., Charleston, S. G
Alligator, Fla, June 90, 1855. 5l-ly'
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

STEAM ENGINES
o. ANY Power OR STYYE.
Saw Mills of every variety,
Mining Machinery and Pumps,
Grist and Flour Mills, complete,
Parker, Tnrbiue and other Water-wheels,
Rice-6eId Pumps and Engines,
Leavitt's Corn and Cob Crusher,
Rice Thrashers,
Single Machines,
Shifting Hangers and Pullies,
Cotton Gins and Gearing,
Iron Castings of all kinds and patterns,
Brass g.
Locomotive and Tubular Boilers
Flue and plain Cylinder Boilers,
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

= A woman has suggested, that when
men break their hearts, it is all the same as
when a lobster breaks one of his claws
another sprouting Immediately, and grow
ing in its place.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

a. Iron Smith work of all kinds,
NJ IN Door Lock for Houses and Jails.
az ~ THE ESTABLISHMENT
TAAs Having been recognized for
the express purpose of attending
punctually to the execution of all orders, the
public m ay rest satisfied that any work which
may offer will be promptly delivered accor-
ding to promise, and of such workmanship as
cannot fail to give satisfaction.
THE MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
Being in charge of men of talents and ex.
perience, have no hesitation in saying that
the work hereafter turned out, shall compare
favorably in every respect with that of the most
celebrated in the State, and at prices which
will make it to the interest of all in want to
send me their orders.
REPAIR WORK
Always done without delay-and having
arge force for that purpose, it will prove adj
vantageous to any person needing such to give
me the preference without regard to expense
vof sending same from distance.
Orders will be addressed to "Clarendon Iron
Works" Wilmington, N. c.
A. H. VANBOKKELEN.
Oct 90, '55-tf
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

wGum Camphor, placed where mice fire.
ouent, will Danish them from the premises.
The western Democrat. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1852-1870, 1856-03-04

CLARENDON IRON WORKS.
SVilsniHg.Oss. N. e..
If. H. V-.s.s"BssKMEE E.s'. Proprietor
FENtiE subscriber having purchased tie en-
- uF" Interest i'll he 'LLAREND IN IRON
oRKs' snliCtts ORDERS +nT
Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, Va. [W. Va.]) 1852-1859, 1856-09-30
DEPENDENCY, DEBILITY AND NER-
VOUSNESS.

BGRnAvErs HOLLAND B1TTERs is worthy OF all con-
dence particularly recommended to those persons
whose mas impaired By the contin
uous spirits, other forms of dissipation
Generally instantaneous effect way directly
to the of life, thrilling and quIcenIng every nerve,
raising up the dropping spirits, and III fact, nfsing
health and vigor into the system.
4 Truly Valuable Medicine, In ali of Diarrhea,
Dyseuery, Choc Cholra Morbus, AID the many unPeas-
ant cfIects attending change Of water or climate.
81 per bottle, six bottles for s5 by the
o-oprietors, BENJAAIIN PAGE, ia. & Co.
Manufacturing Pharaceusts and Chemists Smith
field and Third streets, Pittsburgh, and by
LAUGXEINIS &c BUSHFTEZD,
snaS Wheeling. Va.
Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, Va. [W. Va.]) 1852-1859, 1856-09-30

line of fences We noticed the aboYe named 1t
consists of a common board fence, with Oattings
on both sides in place of posts and ordinary bat
Jennings. The advantages of this fence are that
its cost of construction is less than the expense of
making ordinary board fences, by dOiag away
with posts and the digging Of post holes, while
the lumber for the balance of the ordinary fence
will make this one It is 50 braced at the bot
tom and top that it cannot move from its posi-
tion-the wind pressing equally upon the stays
as upon the sides, and making only more firm,
and if such thing were possible it would not
be injured, as it's firmly put together. 1t has
great advantage in that it is made in sections
of ons length, aaI therefore perf,etly portable.
It can be mnde in the barn or shop in bad wealth
or; 1t can be taken up at any time and removed
to any part of the farm when the land that it
encioses does not require it any longer. The
tepost is firmly set when attached TO the fence
aad can be attached and moved at pleasure
The economy and convenience of the fence will
render it a desirable thing for every farmer.
G.
Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, Va. [W. Va.]) 1852-1859, 1856-09-30
For the wheeling 1nt.lllsencer.
THE VOICE OF. AN ITINERAN.r


Mn. EDIRoR:-Many are the cups and downs"
the changes and yicissitudes of the haPless Tin
Grant. Some time since embarking upon
mission of mercy, on our way westward, twas
our good fortune thronghan ever-nindfun Pro7i-
dence to stop at the Mcclure House," Wheel
ing, Va, presided o1er By DE-. WATsoS CARR
Tie DIR. is one of Natures noblemen; frank,
urbane son of the "Old Dominion whose hos
pitality charity, and Inagnanimity, are para
mount characteristics. His great object appears
to be upon your arrival, to make you feel ut
home Indeed, you d. feel so.
His accommodations are unparalleled. No
man either in Europe or America understands
the duties of landlord better than he he is
dignifed. yet courteous, fully disposed to ac-
commodate and oblige. yet sPurnins to fawn or
cringe to tile audacious demands of the brain
less fop or dandy.
His parlors, sitting-rooms, bcudoirs and pri-
vate chambers are all in fine taste and keeping.
His tables are filled with the richest and most
luxuriant viands The dishes that we partook
of on Sabbath were equal to the genuine French
STYLE done up 1T the focus of all excelsior cook
ing-Paris.
His servants, waters, &C., all seem to have
the DIS disposition infused into them. They
are courtcous--yea, obsequiOus, oftener than
otherwise, anticipating your desires.
Gentlemen and ladies' travelling East or West
upon the cars, or otherwise, will find it greatly
TO their comfort to make the Mcclure House
their home while in Wheeling. We were graf
fled at seeing such q host Of genteei persons
stopping there during our stay.
We cannot close this communication without
rendering our sincerest thanks to MessrS. S. C.
Gather and John W. Moore, the former, the
Conductor on the B. 6 O. R. r., and the latter,
the Conductor on the Central o. Il. r., for the
gentlemanly treatment we have received at their
hands Passengers cannot entrust themselves
to persons who will manifest deeper interes:
in their welfare. we will not soon forget them.
AN IFINERANT
Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, Va. [W. Va.]) 1852-1859, 1856-09-30

A DAEoER-Thc death, OF Lorenzo B. Shepard
in mis- bath tub should be renewed caution toHb-
stain at night from the powerful stimulus ofcold
water upon an exhausted system. More than one
fatal result has recently followed this violation
Ofhygientic law within the circle of widely known
New Workers. Mr.. had made an cxhausting
political speech in the evening in New Jersey,
reached his home about one O'Clock in the morn
lug, and went into a bath. He was found dead
in it.-A6uny Journal.
Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, Va. [W. Va.]) 1852-1859, 1856-09-30
professor Woods Aluir Restorative.
YY HAS TORKED MIRA CLE.S!

That all the bald and gray can be restored perfectly
original growth color their locks concerned
admit doubt; besides, will every possible
disease te scalp whether developed dandruH, itching
or In tine shape cruptons-even scaldhead
and no possible case will curing, If maggie
periodical headache, and ii used twice week
by young, rgorouzly it will preserve the color, and
keep hair from falling, any Imaginable Read and
judge.
roe Street, spaI