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The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
.NNgMtHceMt Scheme I!
10000 Numbcrs..l 5000 Prizes!

5000 Prizes amounting to ............S2O5,O0O
The 5000 Prizes of Ss4 determined by the num-
Der which draws the $4,000 Prize--if that number
should he odd number then every odd number tick
ct in the Scheme will be entitled to $s9; If an
number, then ever, number ticket will be entitled
to $s6 in addition to any other Prize which may be
drawn.
Purchasers in buying equal quantity of odd and
even number tickets will be certain Of drawing nearly
half the cost of the with chances OF obtain
ing other Prizes.
sE- Remember that every prize is drawn, and pay
able in full without deduction.
~ All Prizes OF 81 900 and under paid Immediate
" after the drawing-other Prizes at the usual time
| thirty days.
Ali communications strictly confidential. The drawn
numbers will be forwarded to purchasers Immediately
| after the drawing.
Whole Tickets, $1O-Ialres, $5-Qaarters, $2K.
Prize Tickets cashed or renewed in other Tickets
| either Office.
| Orders for Tickets can he addressed either to
| s. SWAN 4 CO., Atlanta, Ga.
| June 6-td-iO2 or S. SWAN, Montgomery, Ala.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

MONTREAL, June lo.--The explosion Of
the boilers Of the Grand Trunk steamer nea,
Longueil. occurred this, morning at one
o'clok. The number of killed is estimated
at twenty, and the wounded between thirty
and forty. Killed-two engineers, Mr.. Nal.
den, mail contractor, Mr.. Hunter, the pilot, n
boy, two fremen, one woman, Mr.. Scoheldi
and engineer and Henry .BalIery. The cap.
tain of the boat was severely injured, and is
not expected to live.
Major Johnston and lady were thrown in.
to the river, but escaped. Fifty passengers
remain unacc0unted for.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
ChancerV Sale of Land,

DURSUANT to decree of the Chancery
L Court at Washington, Tennessee, rem
dered in the case of Catharine Griffith, ".
Henry Griffith, VIM Hickman, and others,
and William Hickman, u.s. Catharine Griffith,
Henry Griffith, and Others Original and cross
bill,)I will offer for sale, to the highest bid.
der on the premises on the 9TH day of July
next on a credit Of twelve months, except
the sum Of Fifty Dollars required to be paid
down. n Tract or parcel of Land, situate, ly-
ing and being in the county Of Hamilton. and
State of Tennessee, bounded and described
as follows: Beginning on a blackjack near
bluff on the South side of Sale Creek; thence
down the meanders Of said Creek to Tennes-
see River thence down the River to the Sc
cond Cherry or Walnut near the upper end Of
certain four acre piece OF ground tended by
James Adams in the year 1852; thence North
$50 West to the back line OF said tract; thence
North 60 West to the beginning. Note and
good security is required of the purchaser.
and lien retained on the land until the pur-
chase money is paid.
JOHN ID. CIIATTIN, c. d NJ,
by +. !. PAINE, Deputy.
May 90, ls56-6t-prs fee $1,000
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
Mr.. BUcHANAs-A SKETcH.-The follow.
ing sketch, personal and political Of Mr..
Buchanan, we find in the "Organ:"

Mr.. BUcHANAs-A SKETcH.-l'he follow.
ing sketch, personal and political Of Mr..
Buchanan, we find in the "Organ:"
Mr.. Buchanan is a gentleman Of fine per-
sonal appearance, Of mature aye and exper.
fence, an old. fashioned Federalist OF the school
of the elder Adams, modern Democrat,
once good sound Native American, was
strenuous advocate Of the Missouri compro-
mise line; advocated its extension to the Pa.
c6c Ocean,; was opposed, a few years ago,
to the extension OF slavery into the Terrific.
ries; made n speech in 1853 in favor OF build
ing u railroad to the Pacific Ocean out of tho
National Treasury, but IS very willing to ne.
comodate his notion to the exigencies of the
party which supports him, and is now, of
course, in favor of all the resolutions which
the Convention adopted, and would not have
objected to any others they might have pre-.
scented. As he was violently opposed to the
last war with England, we presume, by way
of compensation, he would have pledged
himself in favor Of the nert ,oar, If he had
been called upon to respond to an inquiry
on this point.
With such antccedents, and the sketch is
true to the life, he may with the greatest
facility adapt himself to any platform, which
the democratic. platform mongers could con.
| coct
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
Cbanccry Court at Athens.
Isaac Smart and wife Nancy Smart,

Simeon Graves, william Smart and wife Lu.
cinda Smart, and others.
Tn this cause it appears that William Smart
Il and wife Lucinda Smart, defendants, are
non-residents of the State Of Tennessee, it is
therefore ordered that publication be made
in the Athens Post for four successive weeks,
requiring said nonresident defendants to APP
pear at our next Court of Chnncery, to be
held for the county of McNlinn, at the Court.
house in the town Of Athens, Tennessee, on
the Sd Monday of August next and plead,
answer or dernur to compliments said bill.
or the same will be taken for confessed as to
them and set for hearing accordingly.
WM LOWRY, O. d. M,
BY WILLIE Lowry, D. q. an.
May 80, 1s5G-it-prs fee S3-40l
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
Land and Negroes for Sale,

ON Thursday, the 10th day of July next.
~ will sell to the highest bidder, at my
house. nine miles South of Athens the valua.
bile plantation on which reside, containing
3S2 Acres. in high state of cul.
tivation, well improved; good buildings and
splendid water. Terms, six and twelve
months, in equal payments-bonda and good
security, and lien retained upon the land
till purchase money is paid.
Also, at the same time and place, will
sell several very likely YOUNG NEGROES.
from IL to 10 years of age-among them one
girl about 2 or Is years old-on a credit Of
six months, with interest from day of sale.
with good security. particularly invite all
wanting fine Faym and valuable young Ne
groes to be present on the day named, rs /
May 9, ls56-td-39S
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
TIE CINCINNATI CONVENTIONAL cotempo

The CINCINNATI CONVENTIONAL cotempo-
rary thinks the Cincinnati Convention per-
formed at least one good action 1t says they
have dismissed from public life one of the
greatest carlcatures of a statesman. They
have learned, not too late we hope, that great
men cannot be made in hurry, nor the incu-
baton of a turbulent Convention hatch out
IN eagle from an added egg. Even the de.
magogues who have been so long picking at
the barn door of the public Treasury, were
obliged to desert their companion and leave
him to his fate.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
Sherif's Sale,

ON Monday, the 7th day of July next. I
" will sell. at the Court house door in the
town of Athens, for cash in hand, all the
right, title and interest that. Robert Sharp
has IN and TO TRACT OF LAND, contain.
ing | so acres, situate in the 9Th Civil District
of MoMnn county, and adjoining the lands
of wn.. Porter. silas Mynatt, and others
Levied on to satisfy a judgment for costs for
s2s, So. which Mary Sharp recovered against
said Robert sharp in the Circuit Court for
McMinn county, and sold upon an execution
issued out Of the office of the Circuit Court
Clerk Of said county, and to me directed.
JOHN A. G0ULDY, SheriG
| May 10, lS56-Bt-prs fee S6-S9a
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

Mn. REHABILITATION. James Buchanan
the Democratic nominee for the Presidency
was born in Franklin county, Pa.' on the lSth
DAY of April, 1871, being therefore, IN ms
sixty sixth year; but looks even older Imam u.
most men do at that age. tie is bachelor;
but not, we should say, in the matrimonial
market. Ladies' who are ambitlousto preside
over the White House need not make any ex-
ira exertions, for there are two very strong
arguments, against him. The first is, Mr.. BUG,
human won't marry, and the second, he will
neper be President-Boston Bee.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
Fourth of JuIy.

Mr. Please say to your readers that the pres
ent Session Of HwAssEE COLLEGE, Monroe county, Ten.
nessee will close the Fourth OF july The Declare
ton of Independence will be read, Fourth of July
Grafton will be delivered; also, several Speeches by
members of the two Literary societies, and probably
an Address by N. HAWKINS, NJ. D., Of Greeneville-
The lovers of Liberty and Literature are cordially In
vted.
This young Institution is steadily progressing The
next session will Sept. I. Tuition $40 pei
session. r JOHN IL. BRUNER, Prest. .
May 0, 1s50-t4J+
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
A New Churn,

TTIE undersigned is now prepared to fur
Il nish new Churn, to order, which he
warrants to churn butter in one fifth the time
usually taken by the common Churn, if prop
erly used All he asks is fair trial. Any
person furnishing him with milk that is sour
and ready for churning, and he fills to churn
it in five minues, can have q Churn free Of
nothing. Call over to the South side Of
Athens and satisfy yourselves.
JAMES BAKER.
References Il. Dodson, VIM. G. Horton,
Dr. Atlee, DR.. Deaderck and others.
Athens March IA, lS56-tf-390
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
Wholesale Druggis S
lakeland, RisIey & Co.,
Augusta, Gro.

XHTOULD call the attention of Merchants in East
w Tennessee to our usual large stock OF Drugs,
Medicines, Paints, Oils Dye.StuIs, Perfumery Soaps,
Brushes, &C. We are now fully prepared for the FdH
Trade, and we hope Merchants visiting our market will
examine stock and prices before buying we have
unusual facilities both forpurchasng and selling at low
prices. being connected with HAvILANp, lARRAL RsLRy
New York; and HAvIIASp, lIARkAL Co, Charleston,
s. G. The following articles will comprise part OF our
stock, to which we are making daily additions:
10 900 ms blue stone; 1000 lbs Salt Petre;
1000" Fine Indigo; 5000 sulphur;
5000" No. Nader; $500 Brimstone;
800" Ext. Logwood; 10000" White Lead;
| 1000" Chip Logwood; 5000 Zinc Paint;
5000" Putty; 100 doz svermifgc
| 5000 Spanish Brown; 5000 lbs Venetian Red
| 10000 Cooking Soda; 400 doz. Castor Oil;
| 5000" do In pap's 100 Lyon'sKatharioI
ga bread Street, e doors from Globe Hotel)
| Aug, 3l-ty-362
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
Negro for Sale.

rTNIE subscriber will sell to the highest bid.
i der, at Riceville, Tenn, on Saturday, the
18th day Of July next, one NEGRO GIRL, q
mulatto, aged nine years, belonging TO the
estate Of Lethe Rice, deed. One hundred
dollars to be paid down, the balance IN twelve
months, the purchaser giving bond and ap.
proved security. J. G. RICE Adm'r.
MAY 80, 1S56-6t-40'
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

NE- A call has been issued for a State
Convention of the united Democracy of New
York to meet on the 10th proximo for the
purpose Of nominating an electoral ticket
and perfecting the reunion Of the party by
making one organization. This pill is bit.
ter one for some Of the leaders to swallow,
and it remains to be seen with what grace
they will take the nauseous dose.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

THAT BET.-On Monday last we mention
ed, SAYS the Louisville Journal, that four
thousand dollars had been deposited with
Mr.. Rane, at the Gait House, to be wagered
that Kentucky would not 60 for MIR. Fill.
more. We have since learned that on Mon.
day there were more than twenty applications
to take the bet, but the pager pas wihdraWn.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
Augusta Market.

AUGUSTA, June 10.
Inland herewith statement Of our produce market.
BACON hog round 10 % 104c; hams lOH 40 1lc sides
ION 40 lie; shoulders So % DC. LARD l0H a Ike.
No change In Beef, Pork, or Dry Hides. CoRS 55c.-
MEAL 60 a Csc srocK PEAS 20 a sOc OATS 3s q 4Oc.
WHEAT new crop coming in and prime white worth
$3.50; red 80 % 1,4Oc. Flour, from old wheat, 70 %
$50. No sale for Dried Fruit. FEATHERS dOc, and
scarce BERswAx 90 a 25c. BurrRH IS a 22c. EGGS
10 a 15c. GROUND MFRS ak % ~ D bushel.
Yours, very truly,
J. A. ANSLEY,
Commission and Produce Merchant
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
COM NJ E RCIAL.
Macon Market.

MACON June o.
Herewith find statement Of our produce market.
There has been material change to notice since
last weeks report OF this market.
BACON, hog round, 1Oa a. 10Hc; choice hams II %
ice; sides lie; shoulders9l @ 9%c. LARD, in bbls II
% i1kc; in cans l2 "a l2hc. FLOUR superfne, 5,75 a
40; extra family 81 a $50. CoRS 81 % &c. MEAL,
65 "a 7Oc Cow PEAS 10 q soc. Hay, Tennessee, 81, 25
a $50 u cwt No sale for Dried Fruit. BUTTER, good
article, 90 a, Csc. EGGS 12& % 15c u doz.
Excl, SGg on Augusta and Charleston n New York
q a ct. prem. Respectfully,
WOOTTON HOLLOWAY,
Commission lerchdnts
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

Tue REASON FOR HIS NoMSATIos.-The Lou
isville Courier, an anti.American paper, says
James Buchanan. Of Pennsylvania, was nomi'
mated in the Cincinnati Convention as the
candidate of the Freesoil wing Of the party.
During the first fourteen ballottngs he had
scarcely any support from the South, but
ree.fourths Of the votes for him were cast
: by the delegates from those OF the Northern
States which are most completely aboltioniz'
ed. He was put forward in the Convention
as the acknowledged candidate Of the anti
Nebraska party, as the preference of that por'
ton of the party that has been most deeply
tinctured with Freesoilism. Ihomas ID. Ben,
ton and others, who have been read out OF
the Democrats party for their Freesoil opin
ions. were in Cincinnati working for his nomi
nation. They were his most earnest and ac
tive supporters
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
The New York Duichman publishes tho
following for the benefit of those who are dis

posed to commit suicide on rainy dnyS
For low spirit we recommend clear con-
science, fresh mir, lots Of exercise, and taste
for flute. sand it came to pass when the
evil spirit was on Saul, that David took
harp and played with his hand, so Saul was
refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit de.
ported from him" In treating diseases oil
The mind, music is not sufficiently valued. In
raising the heart above despair, an old violin
Is worth more than two doctors and two
apothecary shops.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
PHILADELPHIA, June Ia.

Mr.. Buchanan was yesterday officially noti-
fed, BY n committee'of the National Demo-
cratic Convention, of his nomination to the
Presidency. He replied in writing, and cor
daily accepted the position.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

Approximation Prizes.
The two preceding and the two following numbers to
those drawing the first 90 Prizes entitled to the SO
approximation Prizes, in the usual manner.
~ Remember that every Prize Is drawn, and pay
able in full without deduction.
sE- All Prizes Of Al 900 and under paid immediate.
y after the drawngother prizes at the usual time oil
thirty days.
All communications strictly confidential. The drawn
numbers will be forwarded to the purchasers immedi.
ately after the drawing.
Whole Tickets s5-Hdlres 2N-Qudrtars ~.
Prize Tickets cashed or renewed in other tickets al
either Office.
Orders for Tickets can be addressed either to
s. SWAN & CO., Atlanta, Ga.
June 6-td-402 orS. SWAN, Montgomery, Ala.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

The Funeral Sermon Of VIZ. II. KEEN decd, will be
preached by Rev. T. X. MUssEY, at Axley's Chapel
Blount county, on the last Sabbath Of June next.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
1nn RBLS. Kings Salt, just received
lONy and for sale by j. NJ HENDERSON.
Masonic Notice.

A called meeting Of Meridian Sun Lodge, No. 80,
IN held at the Lodge Room In Athens, Tenn, on the
9th February, 1856, robert =. cate was expelled
from all the rights privileges and benefits of Masonry
for gross unmasonc conduct. The Fraternity will take
notice and treat him accordingly.
By order OF the Lodge. - -
June cost JOHN Il. SLOWER, Secretary.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
nj odel Clothing Store.
Cleveland, Tenn.


II HAVE just received one OF the largest and finest
II stocks OF REdDY-MADE CLOTHING that has
ever been opened In this market which was selected
with the greatest by one who Is well posted up In
Fashions and In the value Of Clothing and all Of which
was made to order and to 1T. The stock is general,
and consists In part Of Coats, MI Styles Pants to suit
the most fastidious Vests plain and fancy; Shirts;
Drawers Cravats great variety; Collars Of the latest
cut Hosiery Of all descriptions; fine Calf Skin Stitched
Roots and Shoes; the latest style Caters; Childrens
Shoes, &c. Also, n fine assortment Of Hats Of the
most approved styles Together with numberess other
articles of which shall not attempt speak here but
will take the greatest pleasure In showing all who
may favor me with call. All Of which are offered for
sale CHEAP for cash-no humbug about It
may 9-1y-39s W. @. HAINEs.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

EAsToS Pa, June ll.-Ex Governor Rec
der reached here this evening, and WAS pub.
lcly received. He made brief speech, in
which he cschewed politics.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

Voltaire defined physician as an unfor.
,unate gentleman, expected every day to per-
form a miracle-namey, to reconcile health
with intemperance.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
GEN. GADsDEN.-The Columbia Carroll

GEN. GADsDEN.-The Columbia CAROLYN
ian of Wednesday says:
We had the pleasure yesterday Of meeting
our friend, Gen. Gadsdcn, en- route for Wash.
ngton. We are pleased to find his health
restored, and that he looks well. He in.
forms US that he thinks the prospect for n
stable government now exists, and that
Comonfort has been able to effect, in relation
to the army and church, what no other ruler
has been able to do.
He also mentioned having negotiated q
postal treaty with Mexico, which gives us .
line of steamers under the joint flag, will
special commercial advantages, stopping a
all the Gulf ports to deliver the mail. Thi'
somewhat anticipated the recommendations
of the Cincinnati Convention, and will b,
Of much service to us commercially.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

FoREIGN.-The steamer Arctic arrived on
the l4th with Liverpool dates to the 3lst
ult:
Much anxiety existed in England in rcla'
ton to American Affairs.
The news of the reception of NJ. Will, as
Minister of Nicaragua, so close upon the
amicable advances made by Lord Clarendon
in his last communication, increases the ex.
ctement in England upon the subject OF
their relations with this government; and it is
rumored that Lord Elgin, ms the last chance
of avertng war, will come as Minister Plen
ipotentiary to the United States.
Spain is fitting out fleet for Mexico.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
MOrgant0n High School,

FUK N 4 u e 5 a " u TIE N 4 L y .,
MOrguntOn, Tenn.
TUyIIE second Session Of this institution will open
ii Monday, 2lst July next, under the supervision Of
Mr.. s. p. HALE.
Terms per Session Of Tteepyone Weeks, payable at
The close Of the Session.
LIST Class-Spelling Reading and Writing. 500
Cd Class-Arithmetic, English Grammar, Geogra-
ply, Composition and Defamation. ,.....,,,., 500
Sd Cass-llgher Mathematics, Natural Sciences,
Composition, Defamation, &c ........,..... 1000
No student admitted for less than half session, and
no deduction for lost time except in case of provden-
tial hindrance.
Boarding car he had In the nelghborhood on reason
able terms and there at the place several comfort
able for the accommodation Of students who may
wish to board themselves.
This Is exclusively an English School, and its object
is to make thorough, practical, English scholars.
W. W. BAYLEsS, Pres't Trustees.
NJ JOKES, Secretary. June 20-3m-i0i
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

B- Beccher, of Sharp's rifle notoricty,
was taken off in New York the other day, af.
ter this fashion:
"Tom, here shall we 60 church to-day"
"Don't know, Dck-suppose we go to
hear Ward Beccher."
"What, on Sundays"
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
Fair Warning,

MO Deed, or other instrument Of writing, for Regis
IN tration will be attended to unless the fees accom-
pany the instrument. CORNELIUS BROWN,
Register McMinn county.
Some men whom you trust md ask for your payy
Their friendship you lose, and that right away.
Such have I trusted, and that 10 my sorrow-
So pay me to-day and I'll trust you tomorrow.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
Caution to Farmers and Oilers,

IIAylNG been informed that y person, represent
ing himself as from New York, has offered to sell
the agricultural Machines made by WHEELER, MELicK
Co.. of Albany, N. " to various parties In East Ten.
nessee hereby caution East Tennesseans TO beware OF
al such mposers, as have the sole right OF these ma
chimes for East Tennessee and be used there
unless procured from me or my agents.
P.D. GATES, No. 10 Broadway.
New York, April1l, 1sS0-d
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

Cotton grows wild in Nicaragua, and the
staple of it is long and fine. A good deal Of
il has been found on the San Juan river.
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20
AGENCY FOR
agricHitHr6t implements
Machines,

MANUFACTURER by Miller, wingate Co., Louis
lVl Vile, Ky.
The Kentucky Harvester, combined for Reaping and
Moving;
The Pennsylvania Thresher, four horse powers;
Sanford's Cutting Boxes and
The Kentucky Corn and Cob Mills.
These Machines are warranted to give satisfaction,
and are confidently recommended the best In and
of the very best material being made Of the best wrought
iron except the wheels Those wishing to purchase
to see the Machines will please call on
GgoRGE W. Ross; Athens; d. A. TiDDs, Concord;
TnBs IARpwIcK Cleveland; |. 7. LESoiR Sweetwater
d. f. GILLESPIE, Sulphur Springs, Tenn, Agents.
June Get
The Athens post. [volume] (Athens, Tenn.) 1848-1917, 1856-06-20

MAJ. BurFoRD's MEN DESERVING TO THE
FREE STATE MEN.-The Kansas Herald Of
Freedom says that thirty Of Buford's men
have left him md joined the Free State men.
That paper assigns the following MS the rca-
son Of these mems desertion of BuAord
Several boxes Of guns were given to Buff
ford's party at New Orleans. They brought
them as far as Lexington unopened. There
Maj. Bufford commenced distributing them
among his party, requiring, however, note
OF $25 from each individual, PAYABLE in one
year, in default Of which the rifle should be
returned! Numbers of the party refused to
give their notes, and Of course received no
sh0oting-irons. Bufford next demanded that
each man should take an oath to hold himself
10 readiness to do his bidding, and be sub.
servent to his purposes, for one year after
their arrival in Kansas! Many demurred, but
finally made the oath reluctantly. Thirty
noble spirited men refused to bind their fu.
ture conduct in any such manner, and assert
cd and maintained their independence, in
spite of circumstances and threats.