davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30
state OF Vcrm 10 IA {
GOV " RNON.
4 RONLAM ATIO y .


At the close of the Winter, and the APP
proach of Spring before the llusbandman
begins the labor Of seed time, it well becomes
II Christian People IT, SIT apart II period ot
common time, in which to dcvoutlv acknow-
ledge their dependence ON God for all the
Spiritual and Material Blessings of life to
thOughtlully contemplate His Mcrcics, and
tho lessons they are designed to teach to
bring before us in strict review, our national
and individual sins and to ask u continuance
OF Heavens blessings.
In accordance with the dictates of intclli-
gent Christian sentiment and in accordance
with IL hallowcd custom Of our fathers, APP
roint FRIpAY, Tnr SIXTH DAY OF APRIL next.
to be observed hy the good people of this
State. as day Of solemn FAST, uUMlLIA-
TION. AND PRAYER.
On the appointed day, decent respect for
religious duty and common custom, cnioins
us to abstain from unnecessary labor, fcstiyi
" and anu scmcnt.
Let us, as dcvout worshirprrs. assemble in
our houses of worship, and thcr. with united
Voices offer thanks to Almighty God. for Che
/ rrevalonrr Of trur Drlioinu in our land. for
| The contrnliur influences of Divine Rpyrlutinr
! in our R,Ii'i1n T,vs ,rd Cnstoms lor re-.
| licious and ,;yil ,rrrdon, which consists in
/ i,nd;nrc, p, ,.,,'.i .,,J c,, tl, ,,rctrr-
/ ntir,,,j +, li,,. i,trr,y and nrnndrty.--
| Let us thank tln Ci,.r rr an r,bJ. tho4
/ Lnnlth. viii f,..yc.,.t;,Is ,rn,,i1s tbro,,.,h
| all nur t,,,ns tlnt ;,t,rn,,inn,l ro,cc .n,7,l
domestic trononiIitv cnntinuc unLrakrn that
war and bloodshod are far removed from us ;
/ and flint al o,-,r ,ur Stoto Churches orl
School-houses thickly alternate. dGusing
morality and knowledge alike tn all. fitting
our population to act the responsible part OF
citizens Of Republic.
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30


uo,r,,y J;(icnItr v.;.h S,,in i ,rr',nr.d 49,
ria s,on;.h G,,.'rn,nnn. ha, n.,.nnu7aIa.,
that the Cnbon Autboriti,s exceeded ,heir
urorer movers. has agreed TO nav a suit.
Una ,,1r,o,,;t,. and ,,n,,i-os +, ,,n,;.I, ,i.,
offnliug officers.
Anon. the things made clear hy the Ostcni
.,,rros,,,,nd,rco i tno f,ot t,,. ,L. .,,,,,i.1
Wv
government h"u heeh All inc time ANXIOUS 10
come to Il settlement, but that Mr.. Soulc
constantly ro,r,u,dit; that he withheld for
, I.r,. ,;,, r,,',, ,i .,,,o,sl, NI;,i.t,,, o,,,.
~
u "lHl"lcH from NY Marcy N'a'IhE lHe
grounds Of the demand, although Mr.. Marcy
expressly authorized Linn to rive 4 cory. and
.,,t..,.,,,,,,l.. l;n.....l lin, -, Tl,, t,,,;.,
Minister conn "'h-' l'"t lie H"o ho'"ih% TO
net upon, and said t,4t unless tie ohicc-
lions to the communication of Mr. Calleron
.,uI,iL o n,,6, tn,,,n j., ,,,;,,,, lo rcolly
,.' '''''''
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30

We had the pleasure yesterday, IN company
with se'cral other gentlemen, Of witnessing
the process Of cooking by gas, with the new
ratcut oven Of Mcssrs Blodgett II Sweet
The Experiments were conducted by Mr. c. T.
SrAuLpisS, Superintendent of the Burlington
Gas Light Co. and were highly satisfactory.
The apparatus was simple Il perforated gas
pipe taking the place Of the FIRE, in small
sheet iron stove, inside the oven. The gas
passed through IL test meter, and was cum
sullcd At the rate Of one cubic foot in p min
utes. We saw dozen biscuits Of common
size, baked thoroughlyin q minutes. The cost
Of the "a for this operation, at "a mills Per
foot. was II go mills, or less than one cent
and two mills We saw also six pics baked
in % minutes, consuming ten feet of gas. cost
q coats OSher things were baked, with
equally favorable results. Orcourse tie pos
Dibiity of cooking by gas, has never been
douDt.d. The sole question has been one OF
economy. 1t Is claimed, and for aught we
can sec, rightly, that with Blodgett Il Sweet S
oven, gas can be used for cooking, with n
more simple apparatus and smaller consump-
ton Of gas, than by any other method, and
| that in cities where wood is dear and gas
comparatively cheap, it will be found to have
/ tho merit of positive economy, to say moth
Ing Of the great saving in the matter OF labor,
trouble, dirt, &c. The cheapest cooking by
gas, which we have noticed hitherto, was re-
GENTLY described by the Boston Journal. Pies
were baked by patent apparatus, costing
/ Is d.liars, in 81 minutes, at a cost OF -four
cents and six mills for gas, at 81 mills foot.
| For cheapness, then, the experiments of yes,
tarday boar off the palm They deserve atten-
ton.
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30
Consul Hopkins and the Government of
Paraguay.

Paraguay.
The n. Y. Erening Post takes quite an
interest in the quarrel between Consul
Edward a. Hopkins, and the government of
Paraguay. 1t has published at length the
official correspondence between the parties,
as given in the Semdnorio, the Official paper
Of Paraguay.
The Consul complains to the Government
Of divers indignitics. The Soldier Silvcro
assaulted the consul's brother d" Don Gle
mcnte," and when informed that he had
struck the brother of the Consul, and that he
could have him beaten, added insult to in
jury The Yankee citizen, John Peterson
not having his passport properly signed found
the same rejected. At the person Of the
Consul, orange peel has been thrown ',y the
Paraguayans, and sand has been mdliciousy
cast at him. lie and his friends have also
received from the populace the chronological
appellation Of cdrcdmones, or wood-licr.
On the other hand the Minister of Foreign
Affairs asserts that Mr.. Hopkins "has placed
the paraguayan town ia ritiful light, -
that he has maltrcated the pcOnes entrusted
to his charge, that he has been engaged in
smuggling, and that he robbed ncighbur OF
/ his rail fence. To wind up, we have the pro-
position Of Mr.. Hopkins to establish an Asii-
cultural School near Asuncon. That lie may
found his seminary, he " demands" of the
government a large tract of land, five thou
sand dollars in money, exemption from taxes
and in addition that the State paper, the
S,maHario, be rldced-we quote from the
Consul's note-"undcr the practical direc.
ton of my brother, Don Clcmentc. as i, woult
/ by that means pay in a very short time it,
/ expenses, by an increase of circulation. homer
! ing your cxccllency's administration abroad
and furnishing the means for many nsricul
tural publications which DO not exist in til,
spanish language, md after some years woul,
forward this country moro than any otlci
American State, either Spanish or Portu
gucse. | will be responsible for his pune
tualiry. His knowledge in his profession /
complete in all that is required in the man
asoment Of a printing Office IL has not hi
equal for this object
These boons the government did not gran
and does not seem likely to. The S.mana,i,
says, the attempt of the Consul " tcmpts it
dcrision and pity" The Post thinks Hop
kins /" about the most unpopular American
in South America, and that his uscrulnc s.
if he ever possessed any, as an officer of tn
United States government, or Of the Unite,
States and Paraguayan Navigation Company
| is pretty much at an end
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30

.zF-IowN MEETING.-The freemen Of iinr-
lngtun to the number of dozen or 80 Ass ~
bled in the Town Hall Tuesday forenoon, purau-
ant to the adjournment Of the Town Meeting Of
March 9Th, to hear the report of a committee
ON the proposed alterations Of the boundary
lines Of certain School Districtsin the Eastern
portion Of the Town. The Committee H.
ported and their report was accepted -rl
adopted.
iuc subject Of REIMBURSEMENT Of the School
District lines Of the whole town was then re-
fcrrcd to the Sclcctmcn, with direction. to re-
port on the same at future meeting.
The meeting then adjourned to the Inn d
Monday in Juiy, shortly previous to which
time it is to be hoped that due notice Of
the meeting will in some way be given to the
public, We suppose that not twenty citi-
zens were aware that Town Meeting was to
be held to-day
Tie Object Of the proposed REIMBURSEMENT Of
tie School District lines, is to aid the proper
officer in the listing and assessment Of taxes
on certain lots Of real estate now lying in two
OF NOR districts. The Selcctmcn announced
that they would meet at the Town Hail. on
the third Monday in April, to give hearing
to those WHO are interested in the matter
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30

yearly, worth at twelve and half cents per
pound, the sum of $lS7 so, us the product
of single acre.
We believe the estimated product of each
tree is a very high one. When the cost OF
labor and fuel is taken into the account, we
question whether u higher profit would not
be realized by setting out an orchard of the
most productive street. apples, or with an acre
of the best winter apples We invite the
attention of landowners to the Importance
of raising maple groves, which must increase
in value as timber becomes scarccr and we
hope the subject Of the manufacture Of ma
pie sugar will receive n careful examination.
Country Gentleman.
RED CLovER.--It appears to be generally
admitted that clover does best sown carly in
the spring ON the young wheat. Every farmer
ought to'grow his own clover seed, and sow
it with an unsearing hand. At least one
fourth of the arabic land on a wheat farm
should be annually seeded down with clover
1t does well, if the land is clean, sown with
barley We know intelligent practical FARM
crs, in western Newlork, who sow clover
with barley, even when they intend to sow
wheat after it the same year. The barley
straw, having Il little clover mixcd with 1t, Is
eaten more readily by cattle while the clover
roots, and what little heritage is turned unlrr,
furnish ammonia for the wheat crop. We
will not say that this course will pay in all
cases, but we will say that the average yield
of wheat, other things being equal, will gen
orally be in proportion to the amount OF
clover grown aud plowed under or consumed
on the farm. Red clover is well adapted to
our climate. When properly cured, it makes
Il valuable hay for horses and like the peas
and beans, though it impoycrshcs the soil
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30

- The MORAL OF TIE NLw IIAursuIRE
ELEcIlON.-Thoso who maintain that the
recent administration downfall in New lamp
shire in no way resulted from the passage Of
the Nebraska ill that it was entirely due
to the Know-Nothing organization-and that
that order owed nothing OF its strength in
that State to the Anti-Nebrl,ka feeling, will
do well to ponder the following from the Bos-
ton Bee, the Know-Nothing Organ Of Massa-
chusetts, on the subject
The Bee alludes to the growing unpopu-
lari.y OF the President in his own State, be-
fore he threw the weight Of his influence in
favor OF the Nebraska BILL and says
" But for that support, New Hampshire,
though ly greatly diminished maioritles,
would have stood By the President in spite of
his s2coad-Class offences, which We're not of
sufficient magnitude TO cause an irrcparahle
breach between him and the Oldest of his
friends. Lycn Now lIImr slire, However,
could not lut up with such an insult. Strong
us was her desire to remain in the admins
tration party, she could not uphold 50 ia
grant violation Of faith, The popular yote
for Governor affords but limited indication
OF inc hummer OF men who lett the democratic
party because Of the Nebraska hill s passage
Gov. Baker received at least 5000 more votes
than Gen. Pierce would lave got, had lie
been candidate Tor any Office"
" The moral of tie New lIamr shire cleo
ton is, that men will not however strong
their rarty feelings, allow themselves to
be pressed beyond certain point to tho
support OF n disagrecalle principle. Mr..
Pierce knew that the Nebraska ill would
encounter great opposition lie said that it
would, in conversation, time and again but
he always added, that it would not take n
year TO set the matter right-by which he
meant what others would have called wrong.
Thirteen months have passed away since he
made the remark, and the Democratic party
is worso of than ever, us consequence of
the Nebraska Lil's introduction, And the
end is not yet. The President is destined to
bo beat everywhere There will be no re-
action in favor Of the extension OF slavery and
tine reputation of national obligations.
Public men should learn from what has hap
pcned, to respect a conscientious public
opinion"
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30
Vote for Council OF CcnsorA.

Of the votes cast for Council of CcnSOrs in
Burlington, David Fish had l27, c. 5. Dana
100, James NJ, Sladc 100, William c. Wilson
and David Ilibbard lis each and the re-
mainder of the names on the SO called Know
Nothing ticket | 10 each. That ticket has am
average majority Of p. The votes on the
other ticket range from IS to Ga Horace
Eaton and Daniel Kellogg 81 each, Geo. p.
March, 90 &c. There was long array Of
scattering votes. We shall give the vote
more fully next week,
In Colchester the Know-Nothing ticko t
averaged about 43, {. $. Dana receiving IS
votes the highest. Nine votes were thrown
for Geo. p. Marsh and 10 for Sam'l A. VIII
lard
In Essex the K. y. ticket had ST votes. the
other ticket 20 votes.
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30

" PoPrLAR SOVEREIGNTY" N KANzA.-A
man named Cantril, who lives at Indepen-
dcncc, Kansas, actually supposed he had
right in this free country to paint his own
wagon to plea So his own fancy, So lie had
the words " Kansas Free State" painted
on his wagon in big letters. This excited
the Indignation of Popular Sovereign Ohio
Hall, who jumped up in the forward end
Of the wagon and attacked Cdntril with
a knife. lie was, however, prevented from
doing much injury to the man, SO he content
ed himself with cutting the covering Of tho
wagon to pieces. Cantrill had Hall arrested ..
and upon trial it was fully proved that Hall
had threatened to kill Cantrll. The Justice.
however. examined Cantril as to his political
opinions, and finding him in favor Of keeping
Slavery out Of Kansas. fined him thirteen DOL
/ lars, and lei Hall 20 Free
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30

vThe SeHHnel says, 4" At no period Of
our Republic have the people been called
upon to meet such enemies as have combined
against and overwhelmed the sterling demo-
crlcy Of the North" No for those who
have combined against and overwhelmed the
democracy are the people hmseicos.
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30

- 4 SINGULAR EvESr.-In LanSdon
\. Il. on Sunday last Benjamin and Bctsey
Llwcll, aged 81 and 81 years, both sickenod
AM died the same day, within six hours of
each other, and were both buried in the
same cotdn. They had lived together for
about sixty years, and in death they were
not divided. Both were apparently in good
health on Saturday
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30
The Peoples Endorsement.

lt#l a...s.
,.a1,., ;,..; :. 20. n.y. riy y
,.,;,a, va,, tt,,.,,.,';.a Ias I..,,.ia1,a,,
II .t,.,.,...--;.:
4
elected stand ONE HUNDRED AND rwtNTY-TnEEE
U''u-Nebr"ska' 10 '"c"fy'egM Nebraska men.
'''S' are from e'H"'cci' S'utes. E'gh'y-three
representatives, Fci'iaih 10 DC CHOSEN II the
administration gets h"'F'y OIL THESE II Will do
"'I'' ana II II gets them an IL VIII lack over
twenty votes ol majority Inc Washing
'on correspondent Vi inc ~. o0"'e' says;
" may allow I've Administration IN the
"Hoio iio"''' H''S 'lino hlc'hpcrS' OF enough
- c''l INC yeas AMI nays lhat Is PRIV
i'SG ",'''' "'-.'' '' TO '' u''''' ~ ''fS'h'
60 'o''' VI ,'"''- t'' I'>l"h>'''''y a. tue
i''''"'l 'o"s'S Vi "e"S - muc" Tor inc
lopu'"r olIro'''loh ol the Nebrask" hlll'
California and Australian News.
We have received files of California papers, ,
by the George Law. The San Francisco dates
are OF the lst inst The monetary revulsion
in that city and throu.rhout the State * ro
I;rbt amir r,,c cr.i+,,,,,,. ,,,,,,... l.,
irnnythip, ON tb, incrooso rho c,nf,lon,,
or III, co,n,nurit, in 81, .ho ..,.,,aa..,,
bavo bccn serion.,y imno;rod AMI na.i,L -
rre,t commercial distrnss :, u,n.a,,,n,
circlop .,-..l 1,.dool y4,,o1
by correspondents Of the New York papers,
that 1t is owing solely to the fact that no.
body pretends to pay or attempts to enforce
collections, that numerous failures of mcr-
Giants have not already occurred. Over tro
amt a haJ milFons Of money was drawn from
the banking houses during the run previous
t. their suspension. Among all the est.b-
hsiments winch suspended, the house Of
wells, Fargo " Co.. is the only one that has
resumed Its business operations but it
was presumed that Page, Bacon Il Co., with
the assistance which had been rendered them,
would shortly be enabled to take their stand
among the solvent bankers. As Tor the others
Adams Coz Robinson Co., Wright $
LAchah9e Bank, and Read " Co, Of Sacrd-
mento-there was very little hope Of their
ever emerging from the vortex, the former
ahd IN" '''' '""''' '..'' -''.' ''"'.'"" "l'rHed
IVA, '''''''''' "''
'''''' ''' '''' '''''"' ''SlV''S !" '''e Nv"
., '''' ,,'''''l' "I"" '"c
o...'I,, .L. '''.i' '' '"'" .''u 'o"'',
'''- ,'''''' anu
'..s.,!'N.,.,I '''' ''' '''
~. n ..'',' ''' ''''! ''i'"'' W III Immense
"-' 1T "'' Wv. ~, ',''''E "','''''N' IL, one
''"'''' '''''' va p'r-u') u was said mat
"'' D-'" "'NP," u" '""S nc
/ o. = ''''0" 80 ""N' '0' ''S"' "''''"' q "''-
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30

CF~REv. lIENRY WARD BEECuLR, il to Ice
turc in the Town Hall, in Burlington, next
Tuesday evening. The privilege of hearing
Mr.. Becchcr is not afforded every day or every
year IN this part Of the country, and dou1' =
less many of our country readers VIII avail
themselves of this opportunity. 1t will pay
10 hear him. See advertisement
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30
lJgr o.ee!.at sc.y.at,
HAD AHA tprx-s
First Assistant Postmaster General.
ISAAC Y. FOWLER, Postmaster. Nov York

81 THUE.-At Boston Few dayf ago, an
lrishman, who applied for liceuso to sell
ardent spirits, being questioned l.y the Boald
OF Excise as to his moral fitness for the trust
replied, " All, sure, it is not much character
a man needs to sell rum"
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30

~ In Sullivan county, Ohio, one of the
candidates for county clerk was pledged to
give one-half the proceeds Of the Office to the
widow of the late clerk and the other prom
ised, in the event of his election, to marry
the widow
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30

GovERNoR MErcALr, of New Hampshire, il
decidedly an AntiNehraskaite. In letter
written before his election, he says q" an
decidedly opposed to the further extension Of
slavery. deem tho Missouri COMPROMISE
so called, to have been n solemn compact be-
tween the free and tho slavcholding States.
and as solcmnlv aud morally binding upon
both, MS treaties are binding upon foreign
nations aud that the passage Of the Kan
sas-NebraSka bill, 50 far as it repeats that
Compromise, WAS q violation Of the com.
pact, and great wrong uron the free States.
and That they will he fully justified in not
Welding an acquiescence therein, and in in
sisting uLS> unconditional restoration
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30
The Ncw Postal Arrangement,

On and after next Sunday. April l. 1855,
according to the Act Of Congress passed
March 3, 1855, postage must he prpGid on
all letters passing through the mails, except
only letters addressed to places beyond the
limits of the United States. In answer to a
communication from Mr.. Fowler, the Post
Master of New York, making inquiries con-
corning the application of the law in certain
cases, the following reply was made by the
Assistant Post Mns tor Gennrnl
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30

IT - From an intimate acquaintance nnA
political association with Junde Douglas. wc
feel justified in stating that he neither desires
nor would receive the the nomination for tho
next presidential term. - Washington Son
hntl
Chwairy--B Bark
Doughtaco-Bow wow
Ch'ra'rY-Stand upon your hind lrgs
Doushface-(Stands up)
Chra'ry--Roll over and you shall have
tiis bone.
oughfoce--(Rolls over.)
ChiralrV-Roll back again.
D,uchf ce-(Rolls back again)
Cljnclrv-(puts the bone in his pocket J
Dougbfncc keep your old bone --It
smells bad.
Burlington free press. [volume] (Burlington, Vt.) 1827-1865, 1855-03-30

APPOINTMENT OEICT, March %. 1858.
SIR Your letter Of the 20,h inst. is re-
ccircd. In answer. am directed by the Post
master General 10 inform yon-
!, The act Of Sd March, 1855, making no
provision for unpaid letters to places within
the United States. on the same or dav follow.
ing any such unpaid letter or letters Icing
put into n Post Office, the Postmaster there.
Of will post up conspicuously in his Office a
list Of the same, stating that they are held
for postage. II not attended to. such letters
must be returned monthly to the Dead Letter
Office.
>. Letters postpaid should he despatched,
charged with the additional postage due at
the PREPAID rate, according TO distance, es-
tahlishcd by said act, except whore tho oms-
sion to pay the correct amount is known to
lave been intentional, when they should be
treated the same as letters wholly unpaid.
3. Ii is proper to forward a letter when
requested, in writing. When forwarded, no
additional postage should be charged if the
letter, contrary TO it's address, has been ms
sent If it has been sent according to its ad-
dress, and then forwarded, it must be charged
with additional postage at the prepaid rate,
according to distance, established by the act
Of March 3, 1855, aforesaid.
!. Ship letters, as they cannot be pre-p paid
md are not SUI posed to be embraced in the
new act, will continue TO he despa tched agree
ably TO the provisions of the fifteenth section
of the act OF March 3, 1926.
ala, repeatedly,
lILr o.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1855-01-01
sex. but il would seem that ii is no. possessed BY

sex. but Il would seem that II is not possessed by
them alone. While on this subjest we would call
particular attention 70 the marriages Of white and
colored persons, Of which not less than thirteen
took place during the first ten months Of last year
that lie, thirteen colored men were married to the
came number of white women. Our readers will
also notice fact with which they have doubtless
been previously acquainted-that the number OF
marrying females diminishes with the most marvel
GUS rapdity after they have past the second decade,
although 1t is still encouraging to know that con-
siderable number have left the single state Of bless
edness after q probation Of forty, fifty and even
sixty years.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1855-01-01

Judge Edwards has, for the past year, been at the
Court Of Appeals, but resumes his place upon the
bench of this Court aud will be the presiding justice
Tor the ensuing year, at the end OF wh,a his term
of Office expires,
Many very important and heavy causes have been
argued and decided during the past year, amongst
which were the Heilbronn extradtion case, tue
Trinity church case, the North American million
and half million Trust Fund case, tle Indiana
claim, DO, &c. The November term is not yet COM
pletsd, bat has adjourned to the Sd Of January,
1855, for the purpose Of hearing argument IN crimi
nal causes The care Of Or. Graham, convicted
Of tie homicide Of Col. Loring ut the st. Nicholas
HOTEL Is set down for argument for new trial, but
we understand that Sheriff Orser Is hourly expect.
ing the order for the Doctors removal to Sing Sing
The JUDGES Of this Court preside alternately in
the Oyer and Termiper-the Court of general Jail
deiyery-srd under the recent chatter, the judicial
ID Of two Aldermen Ia dispensed with in that tri-
nnal.