Weekly Indiana State sentinel. [volume] (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1853-1861, 1855-10-25

eau only occur by such transporiatiOns givin
| Use 70 new formations. Thus a feldspar paiti
Gle yields up portion of potash which may b
removed to particle Of silex, thus forming III
soluble silIcate of potash 80 valuable in coatin
'ho giving strength TO straw. Acids are brouyl
con act with alkalirs, and all soluble inor
,an ma erial> are presented to each other. :,
- TO rsnde the conditions for he different g,
| iulfed chemical Changes.
lh'RD.-l hose portions of the soil know
duiuina aud carbon, receive larger amour
81 ammonia, aud csrbonic acid from rain
Jews, and atmosphere. than in soils no 50 pre-
pared.
Our readers are well aware that both alumni.
ana carbon have the power 10 abstract amIuouii
from the atmosphere, aud to retain it unril con
sumed by pisnts, nor will it be removed frou
ne carbon aud aluIuina by water passing dow,
over tnelr particles. The quantity of ammoniS
then aostracted from the atmosphere, must %,
IN proportion 10 The quantity Of atmOsph >,
nat may be brought in Contact with these all
'''rolng particles, which must be MATERIAL,
greater Ia well aerased soils than in those tn
nave been less thoroughly disturbed and d.
vested OF s'agnant water The dews and rains
also, while passing through the atmosphere. re-
celVe those gases which result from .lecomp.,si
ions Of all kinds on the earth's surface ano
~hcn they eute, an uuder.draiurd soil, they
feadlly pass down. Instead of running over III
ariace. In passing through the soil, they ar,
foooed OF thsss gases by he carbon, alumni
Oxyde OF iron, and by the other ingredients IA.
are capable OF receiving and retaining them.
FoURru.-Roots will penetrate such soils [,
greater distances, aud hence come in coDlac
with larger amounts of such Constituent, as ar,
required for their food, than if the soil was no
so prepared.
Inc Iorner propositions render 1t evident tina
larger amount Of food prepared for plant use
iocs exist In eply TILED soil properly area
ted by under-drains, and the use of the sub sol
pillow. 1t is also evident that the mechanical
condition OF such soils cannot be as compact a.
those sntfuscd with water-in other words, thai
they ere ooser-therefore that the roots Of plants
can travel TO greater distances without coming
in contact with a cold sub soil, which would
disease their termini and prevent their increase
Practically, roots will travel in soil loosened
20 a sufficient depth, to an average of thirty
four inches-while all fluids in passing through
that depth OF soil will be robbed, by the alum.
ina and carbon, of all their manurial constitu-
ents. Practically, plants grown under.
drained and sub-sOiled land, have greater
lumber of terInini TO their roots, and are OF
greater length.
In order to ascertain the length Of the roots Of
corn, | planted stalk in an artificial mound
some feet higher than the earth, and when
grown, fastened it TO a stake, and then, by a
stream Of water, washed the mound away, so as
to leave the roots perfect in their entire length
found that they averaged fire and half feet
And if the soil be broken up to the depth oil
out five or six inches, some four feet or more Of
root, and all the power OF contributing to the
nourishment of the stalk Possessed by 1t, are
lost. Corn cannot attain its full size or excel
lence in poorly prepared soils.
FiFTn-The temperature OF the soil is mate
rally elevated by Undertaking and sub-soil
blowing, thus giving longer season, and rem
dering the soil capable of earlier blowing.
Every observer is aware that the atmosphere
during tho growing seasons of the year, is
warmer than the soils, and therefore the larger
the quantity of atmosphere that passes through
the soil, the higher must be its temperature
and, in some instances, the temperature of the
soil has been raised ten degrees, as compared
with adjacent soils not similarly treated. Dews
and rains. also. during summer, much
warmer than the soil, and in passing through il
part with that heat beneath the surface, instead
If doing so while running over the surface, rs in
shallow plowed land.
All the chemical changes which occur in the
soil which are increased rs before described
give out heat, and this tends TO elevate the tenn
perature. The moro rapid and constant decay
Of organic matter also tends to blacken the soil
and thus render it capable of receiving the suns
heat to 4 greater depth. The freezing Of such
soils will b.. found 10 occur TO less depth than
IN shallow ploughed land, for when winter APP
proaches, a at all other times. it contains nc
excess Of water to be frozen; and during winter,
the melting OF snow and ice can pass down
through the soil, and be delivered at the under
drains, instead Of being frozen when occupying
the spaces between the particles OF the upper
portious OF the soil
Soils not under drained, are rendered cold by
the evaporation OF excess wafer frnm the sur
face. The rationale may be thus understood.
If We wet our hair, and then fan il. the head i'll
be cooled; for as the wa CT becomes vapor, il
takes present heat from the head. rendering il
latent IL bottle OF water be surrounded by
Wet lowell aud placed in draugh of air, the
evaporation flom the towel will COO the water
IN the bottle. The same effect. ami from the
same causes, must occur from surace-weJ soil
where, a, when under.drained, no excess Of
wafer remaining on the surface, the mass can
not be so cooled.
5IxTu-lhs carbouaceous portions u the
soil bscorns increased by tho decay Of greater
amount Of roots
IL We admit that larger crops are raised, OF
course We have more roots "a a consequence,
aud their decay list produce larger amount
OF carbon Practically the soil becomes darker
and by analysis IS ablishes the above fact.
Sxvksru.-Less manure is required to fertiliz,
soils so prepared.
This must be evident. first, because the sol
itself is undergoing unore rapid chemical chang.
e.. aud over greater amount Of surface. fur.
nishlng larger amounts Of inorganic, materials
required by plants. 1t also, from its deep die
migration, becomes the storchouse OF larger
quantities OF carbonc acid, and ammonia re-
ceived from the atmosphere a. well Is from the
decomposition of larger amount of roots -
Aud when other fertilizers are added, they be
come diStribu ed over a greater amount OF sur
face, aud therefore q larger portion is retained
than when IN shallow P.owed lands. then
gaseous products, after decomposition, are los
in the atmosphere.
suffer FROM droutb.
During droutb, when the surface soils are
dry, the atmosphere necessarily contains tn,
missing portions Of water; and Whenever i
comes IL Contact with surface colder than Il
self, it deposits the water Thus we 6nd drop:
condensed ON the outside of cold pitcher; anc
thus We fud tufts Of grass growing luxuriantl,
where fence posts have been removed aud IN,
holes filled up with loose earth, even in tn,
direct weather-for the large amount of atnos
phere that ia passing through uuder.drainet
and supsoileu lanu, must come IN contact Wit
surfaces colder than itself, aud there deposi
the water. When so deposited, it is always
highly charged with those gases which ar
mixed with the atmosphere, aud which are re
tanned by the soil.
NISrH AND TExrH.-A less amount Of seet
will produce maximum crops. Sub soiled mea
dows never run out
Thin sowing is Row common in England, OF
nder.drained, aud deeply disintegratcd soils
Thus single bushel Of wheat when sown If
such soils, will throw ont tIiIer-roOts, so rs I,
throw up plants covering the vacant spaces; anC
few quarts Of seed take the place OF bushel
But in shallow -plowed land this tillering will
not take place to the same extent; for as soor
as one root reaches the cold solid sub soil, th,
tillering Of the whole plant ceases, and il Is fo
this reason that sub-soil meadows never rui
out: for if the crown Of grass-root be abradet
by the feet of cattle, it immediately reuews it
self by tillering, which would not tie the cas-
in shallow plowed meadows
ELEvESTn.-A large class of weeds are lie
stroyed by thorough decpning of the soil, in
GLIDING all those which frequently occurin sou
and wet soils