The national era. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1847-1860, 1855-08-02

were consequently selZeq, pound, driven before
the whips of the Cossacks, and finally imprison-
ed in Greek converts. Here they were obliged
to perform the most nienial offices, fed on salt
food, and then given vinegar to assuage their
thirst, and, lastly, logged every third day.
| Twenty-tbree out of the thirty expired, In con-
sequence of this treatment-one of the number
having her eyes literally torn out by the lash.
The superior one of the seven survivors, spared
by the awakening pity of their eXecutioners,
arrived at Paris, and thence proceeded to
Rome"
These horrible facts ought to be taken in
consideration by those Most Reverend Catholic
Bishops of the United States, who have shown
| themselves very lately so jealous i'll seTing the
Russian ruler, by denouncing those who are
now giving aid to the praiseworthy attempts at
Gripping the power Of the Car for making mis-
chief, and extending their unrelenting despot-
ism.
But let us rctrace our steps, in order to sur
yey the events which, meanwhile. had the ef
feet OF producing some changes IN other partS
of Europe
! Notwithstanding the deplorable fate with
which the revolutionary attempt of the Poles
had met Europe at large breathed, at the end
of the year 1881, more freely than it had done
for many years before.
In England, the far more liberal Ministry of
Earl Grey had succeeded that of Wellington
and the Wings were busy in taking measures
for carrying through the Reform bill, which
many eminent men Of that parry, and especially
Lords Grey and Russell, were eloquently advo-
eating.
With the July revolution, and the overthrow
of the Wellington Ministry, the Partially which
the Governments of France and England had
evinced toward Don Miguel ceased; and both
these Powers dispatched, in April and July, 1881,
strong squadrons to the Tagus-by this means
extorting satisfaction for many injuries done to
French and English subjects, in virtue of
the command of the Ministers of Don Miguel
Since the month of May, of the same year, the
MARQUIS of Villafior had met with much sue
cess, in his attempt at acquiring the Azores for
the cause of Don Pedro and his daughter, DON
ma Maria and, on the 10Th June, Don Pedro
himself returned to Europe quite unexpectedly,
with the resolution of maintaining the rights of
his daughter to the crown of Portugal. But
| the cause of'his sudden visit to Europe origin
ated, also, in the discomfort which he had crea-
ted in Brazil, on account of his attempt at ex-
ercising arbitrary powers. Finding himself un-
| supported by the troops, he had abdicated in
favor Of his son, who at the age of six years
was acknowledged Emperor of Brazil under
| the name of Pedro ii.
Don Pedro, after his arrival at Cherbourg
issued a proclamation, in which he declared
that he would assume the title of Duke Of Bra
ganza, and, while desisting from any claim for
himself to the throne of Portugal, continue to
claim it in behalf of his daughter. From Cher
bourg he proceeded to England where he met
with a cordial reception from William ", the
| successor of George ~ ; and from thence he
returned to France, having, meanwhile, sent
summon to Don Miguel, his younger brother
to restore the crown to Donna Maria, the legit-
mate ruler of Portugal. But Don Miguel re-
piled, that the Portuguese crown belonged TO
him, by the right of birth, as we'll as by the de
clared will of the nation, both these assertions
being palpably false-because, though Don
Pedro had been the Emperor of Brazil, which
had established its independency Of the mother
country, Don Miguel had not, therefore, ac-
quired nearer right to the Portuguese crown
| without the hearing and sanction Of the people
OF Portugal. but who was far from being salts
fled with his Government. Still, Don Miguel
being in possession of the kingdom, claimed
that Don Pedro, in the capacity of Duke of
Braganza was his subject, and said that if he
put himself at the head of the rebels, he would
treat him as he would do one of them.
But, i'll the mean time, Don Pedro pursued
with rapid progress the outfit Of an expedition
for expelling his arrogant brother from Portu-
gal. It's rendezvous was the French island
there consisted mostly of French and English,
and but proportionally Of few Portuguese.
On the I'd of February, 1882, Don Pedro, who
had left his family in Paris arrived at Belle
Isle. On the Sd of March he landed at Ter
ceira, took with him the force he found there
assembled, and sailed thence on the 26th OF
June, with an army of $4,000 men, for Portu-
gal, thus evincing great deal of energy.
Whilst Don Miguel expected that the hostile
force would land in the vicinity of Lisbon, his
brother made his appearance before Oporto on
the 9Th OF July, and soon got possession of that
city. But his further progress was for a while
prevented by a numerous army, which Don
Miguel had despatched against him, and whose
numerical superiority enabled it to attempt the
taking of Oporto by the means of a siege.
In the course of little time, the greatest
dissension prevailed in both armies, because
both Don Pedro and Don Miguel, being natu-
rally very impatient of opposition and passion
ate, quarrelled with their generals. Thus Don
Pedro lost the commander in-chief of his land
force, (the French General Soignac,) and the
admiral of his small feet 1.-THE Englshman,
Sartorious, who both left him on account of
displeasure with his conduct toward them. But |
severe as was the loss of these experienced |
military leaders, Don Pedro nevertheless main
tanned his position, and evinced more frmness |
and more courage than his cruel brother. lie |
fitted out an expedition, consisting of $500 |
men, under the leadership of VillahOr, whom |
he had created Duke of Terceira and of Pal |
mella, which left Oporto, and reached safely |
Algarbien, the inhabitants Of which had de. |
clared for him and on the 9Th of July, 1888, |
the new commander of his fleet, Sir Charles |
Napier, gained a signal victory near Cape St. |
Vincent, over the far more numerous squadron |
Of Don Miguel, destroying or taking almost all
the vessels Of which it consisted.
But, meanwhile, the French Marshal Bour.
mont, very able officer, but most unprinci
pied man, had been appointed commander-in-
chief of the land force of Don Miguel, while
he was making preparations for an attack upon
Oporto. Villafor and Pamela appeared, the
former by land and the latter by sea, on board
one of the captured line-ofbattle ships, before
Lisbon. The presence of these forces inspired
the inhabitants of that city to declare against
Don Miguel and on the oath of July to pro-
claim Donna Maria Queen of Portugal.
The Duke of Cadaval, Don MigueTs Govern
or, saw himself thus compelled to evacuate the
capital, with the troops that still remained
faithful. and Vilahor made his entrance. On
the 2Sth July, Don Pedro, after an absence of
twenty-six years, entered Lisbon, his native city.
He FASTENED to visit the tombs OF his father
and mother, and wrote on the first, while tears
filed his eyes, the words: "One son murdered
thee; the other will revenge thee"
But, to the deep regret of those of his friends
who knew his impatient nature. he took upon
himself the regency, in place of Pamela and
Villafor Then he sent for his royal spouse
and daughter.
Bourmont, meanwhile, marched against Lis
bon, and on the 5th September battle was
Il = Al. e NJ Il