New-York daily tribune., 1855-08-22

then taken and Others suce taken have double I'M
age. 1t appears that the ray. causing ine s.yneay
the image from unreteced ray. is negative or DARK,
while the secondary image was bright May II not be
that rome such means may sketch the lmnedia'e VI
cir i,v az the sun LONDON smoke glass seems 10
take off the glare from landscape 20 as 70 give grea
beauty 10 Photographic sketch.
Prof HrsEY would add TO this paper the substance
of the paper that be was to have read on Saturday on
the "Ied flames" OF a total eclipse. Professors Alex.
ander and Henry were observing together upon this
nbenomepon. II is now settled that this red light
comes from the edge of The SUM- and can be seen only
by The aid OF peculiar coored light. But using large
Frespel ens and throwing the image two inches IN
diameter on wood il took fire, and behold In The smoke
saw the haues of the as seer seventeen years
before And strange 20 say they we're only visible IN
The glass which showed The red fame ia the
Wien the eye becomes tired by gazing bright
white light the fame Of candle is invisible through
all other but that kind In that !, ls crimson
II is probably subjective color existing IN the eye
and is the re suit of white light.
Pref ALEXANDER thought in the case Of total eclipse
the red was real, but that Professor Henrys expGna-
ton was correct as to the annular
OS THE WIsDs-By Cop'. WILKES.
Capt. WnKEs approached his subjebt with difi.
dence, as the theory Of storms is very old There Is
found to be belt Of heated water running around the
world The equator of heat lies mostly north OF the
Equator, dipping only south of the Equator for
few degrees in the center Of the Pacific. Tempera-
ture is the great destroyer Of the equilibrium Of the
atmosphere. Franklin fIst discovered that a north
west storm began at the southwest. Trade winds
have no connection with the rotary motion Of the
Garth ULder the Equator We find winds blowing
from the west Toke the world over, there Is more
west wind than from the east The south east trade
winds orc entirely different from those OF the north
Trade winds never blow home 10 the land-calms
or moDsoons intervene. In the Paclhc the trade
winds are much more Irregular than IN the At!astlc.
The heated belt of water the heated deserts, and the
heated macs of water in the center OF the Pachc, are
the causes Of trade winds. All Of them rush toward
the heated areas. The circulation OF the atmosphere
not betw the Equator and the Poes but bet seen
The upper and lower regions of the atmosphere. Nhen
the trade winds pass the Andes they make leap OF
400 or 400 miles before touching the sea again, ana In
that space are the mOnsoers When the sun Is yeru-
cal the trade winds tful and Equally ana not reg
ular as the monsoons are. The land ana the sea
breezes are the Illustration Of all winds and even OF
siorus Cold air will 20 10 the warm, and never the
wa,m 10 the cold No return current noted a. the
top of Mannahoa. The earth does not slip away IRON
it's atmosphere, as metereOloglsfs suppose. lhs ls
shown by the ascent OF aronaus. Here ne proved
TO the satisfaction of all doubtes that the WHO'S are not
caused by the inertia of the atmosphere, letting the
earth sp past IT, which, if il made the wind, would
make it blow 900 miles hour. There are no RAIN
bearing winds. Vepor percolates OF hiters lhfough
the atmosphere, and travels against the Wind On u
point of the western coast OF SCUM america u % ne
rainy season it rains Just five hours each day. and Thea
clears oif and it takes the SUD Just about The sane
time 10 cross the Atlantic and II seems to BRING Its
daily supply ofrain with IT.
on TIE DEGREES AND ZERO OF The THERMOMETER.
BE- Prof. |. F. HoLToS.
TLeThermometer is not as its name would indicate,
q measure CT heat ItmeJoly shows that one tempera-
ture the same as another higher, or lower, but
il does not measure the difference between them. The
Thermometer shows for instance the temperatures that
we name 400 500 and co., but it does not follow that
the difference between 40 and 500 the same that
between 500 and 600. Indeed, Is not proved that
these differences are commensurate quantities at ali
less. II NAV be as ipossu y S,s o@nality
or ripequsy as to say that pound u equal to an nouf
or eater or less 10 make this clear Jet us propose
20 divide the difference between the boiling aud neeL'
inc pointe into two equal parts. We may attempt 70
fix iie middle point by mixing pound OF "a!e, q.
2lco with pound at 320 or We may tase pun. P "
each with a different result. ii we subs1APa-lUt
-, ixIurts and resort TO expan.
sjfs we succeed no better. Take for the most sat
ctoy Of these the expansion of the perfect gases
The rule is commonly stated that 44s volumes of
gas at Fabr. increase volume for each degree.
II would follow that 40 volumes at 32o become go
at 1920 and 660o at 2l9 In other words 100 vou mes
at 32' become by Increase of 90o HE'S while 90'
from l22 to 2lo increase 100 volumes only TO ll579
Thus causes that we assume to be equal produce un-
equal effects. But the assumed law OF expansion OF
g1ses may itself be called in question. For If 4e0 vol
umes at $50 lore volume with each degree OF tenn
peTaure, al 4i7o they will be reduced TO single vol
ume, and at iiso aDpihilated. But If we admit the
law for temperatures above 80, and would modify
il that each increase OF / OF temperature shall convert
900 volumes into 100 20s then must the divisions
the scales both OF the air thermometer and also Of
the mercurisI, be made logarhmic and progressively
larger the temperature increases. This would add
10 the difficulty of graduation without any compen-
satDg advantage If equality can be predcated OF in
cTemtnts of heat II must presupPose an as,ertanabe
absolute zero just al equal gradatons on hygrome-
ter there such an instrument would be based on
an ebsoute dry ness Of gas. will not speculate on
the possibility Of ever measuring the absolute heat in
any temperature. have designed only 10 show that
all the points all our thenometric scales are arbi
trsry Ike those of WeogewoOds Pyrometer, and all
that we can do is 10 select tuch be best
tanned and repeated in successive Instruments The
safest and most ready Of these is by using the differ
ence Of expansion between mercury and glass. boil
ing point and freeziog point being duly esteb-
lisbed the space between them should DC d.
vided into equal parts, and the points between
them constitute permanent landmarks for the
the measure-ot temperatures.
Two points ore stl open 10 discussion; the size OF
the degrees and the zero. The size OF the degrees
should not be larger than the least now IN use. IL
would De Dei'u lof ,ne PupVetV " eir'uoHO 10 10. "o ~
pumber between boiling and freezing were 20, or
some other power OF .; but the mechanical difficulty
and the necessity for exscness rot great as to
demaud change from lso, which makes them so small
that we rover divide them, except in mean tenPera-
tuies Those Of the Centigrade and still more those
of leauner are seriously Objectionable, as observa-
tons ought generally to be recorded in fractions. As
to The zero it should not be higher than the lowest in
use as even that requires negative signs in obserya-
tons on tie cir in high ladtudes. 1t Is pity thst
zero lot taken the freezing OF
or even below tie supposed ten perature Of the plane
l.,. - ~, ~ lar.