davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Eastern times., 1855-04-05
Hints on Grating.

Much is written in every horticultural
journal upon grating, and each treatise of
fruits gives all the information desired, numer-
ously illustrated with cuts. Yet lamen,able
ignorance exists among farmers and many
fruit culturists upon the subject.
II is not our intention to give the mode, Of
the oPorasiou, hu, tn say when it should be
performed, and the stocks applicable to each
kind. Any work on horticulture may inform
sufficiently novice who possesses an average
amount of skill and care, SO that he may be
able to graft successfully.
The first step to be taken is to obtain scions
of those varieties which are desired they can
be cut from bearing trees, or from young
plants, if genuine, between which there can
be no choice, only that the shoots should be
ueH ripened They may be cut during March
or April, or at any time the buds commence to
swell, Indicating the approach Of spring
They may be kept till wanted in moist cel-
lar, partly imbedded in sand.
There are only two firms practised in ordi-
nary graflng, viz. stock grating, and whip
or tongue grating. The former is adopted for
large trees, where the stock is more than
three-fourths of an inch in diameter. The
latter is applicable only to seeding stocks, and
small trees. The stock and scion ought to be
about the same size, that the cut may unite on
both sides but il is nearly as well if the
point of union be only on one side, when a
stock, two or even three times the diameter Of
the scion, may be worked in this manner.
The season for grating is during March and
April, and in some localities it may be de-
ferred till May; as general rule, however,
it should be done as the buds begin to swell.
and several days before they will expand
The cherry is one of the FIRST trees that shows
the approach OF spring, and therefore should
be grated first-then plums, pears and apples.
When scions are kept fresh and in good
condition, we have had considerable success
when in leaf or in bloom. This may be ac.
eomplished sometimes with such easy growing
sorts as apples and pears, and often with
plums, but with cherries never. The compo
sition for grating is about equal parts Of bees
wax and tallow, and double the quantity o
rosin, into which, when melted, dip narrow
strips of cotton cloth or calico.
As general rule, scions should be grated
upon their own kind, as apples upon apples.
pears upon pears, except when some specific
object is wished 70 be obtained All expert
ments in grating the pear upon apple trees'
on mountain ash, on the orange ounce when
grows SO freely in our gardens, will fail, Civ
ing the cuitivator no reward for his pains
The aprico, upon the plum stock is an excep-
,ion. which, however, can not be successfully
grated, unless piece of old wood, say three
four,hs of an inch, is attached to the scion.--
Gsnesee Farmer.
Eastern times., 1855-04-05
Tests unan Scriuture.

II is very common with some persons 10
raise laugh by means afsome ludicrous story
connected with text ofscripiure. Sometimes
il is play on The words, or q pan /; at other
1nes a biunder and moi seldun downright
impie,y. Whatever be ats form, even when
lghtest, it is no veniai offence, leading rs is
does 10 profane contempt of Gods word
Those whu practice this have never been cele-
brated for genuine wit. The laughter which
they call forth is provoked solely BY the sOlema
words of Scripture and some drulI idea
There is no real wit in the case and the dull
lest persona in society are mos, remarkable for
these attempts. s-o
The evils arising from this practice arg
greater than appear at first. II leads. IN gen
eral 10 irfeverence for Scripture. No man
would Jest with the dying words Of his father
or mother; yet the words of God are quite 40
solemn. When we have heard a cumic or
vulgar raIe connected with text Of Scripture,
such is the puwer Of association. that we never
heard the text afterwards without thinking Of
the Jest. The effect Of this is obvious. He
who is much gagged in this kud OF false wis
will come al length TO have large. portion Of
the holy scripture spotted over BY his uncIeap
fancy.
Eastern times., 1855-04-05

on the part of the holder. If the party drawn
upon, fail between the day of presentation and
the third day Of grace, the bona fide owner or
holder may have claim upon the bank OF
correspondent for laches.
On the other hand, grace is refused on such
paper by the banks and bankers in Rhode Is
land, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Illinois and
California. In some cases acceptance on
sight bills has been offered and refused: and
should the Courts decide such paper to be en-
tied to grace, the risk is considerable on the
part Of the bank or banker.
In few states there is no express statute
which permits grace on sight bills, viz. New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Wisconsin. The statute
in these cases is sufficient and all parties act
advisedly in the premises.
In the following states there are statutes
providing that grace shall not be allowed on
bills payable at sight, viz Michigan, Ten
nessee, and Georgia.
In New York, louisiana, and in Ohio, the
practice is not uniform, and the usual mode Is
protest bill for non-acceptance if not paid
on presentation and then to protest for nom
payment on the third day, if not paid.
There is a statute of Georgia, passed 9Th
Feb. 1850, on the subject of sight bills. The
law is in these words -
Sec. 2. Three days, commonly called the
& three days of grace shall not be allowed
upon any sight drafts, or bills os exchange,
drawn payable at sight after the passage Of
this act but the same shall be payable on
presentation thereof, subject to the provisions
of the first section of this act.
The Importance of this subject to the COM
mercial community, cannot be over stated
There are large amounts at risk daily in all
commercial cities, where there is no express
statute TO meet the difficulty. All that bank
ers require is, that a statute shall be passed
which shall authorize grace on sight bills, OF
refuse it.
We recommend the following statute OF
Massachusetts, to the attention Of our legis-
lature, as worthy of imitation 8
Sec. 5. In all bills of exchange payable at
sight or at future day certain, within this
state, and on all promissory negotiable notes,
orders, and drafts payable at future day Ger.
tain, within this state in which there is moi
an express stipulation TO the contrary. grace
shall be allo,ced, except as provided in the fol-
lowing section, in like manner as it is al
bills of exchange payable at the expiration Of
a certain period after date or sight.
Sec. 6. The provisions of the preceding
section shall not extend to any bill of ex-
change, note, or draft payable on demand
( N. Y. Courier.
Eastern times., 1855-04-05
Phosphorus.

This is one of the simple substances its
chemical symbol is P. 1t was discovered by
Prof. Brant, of Hamburg, in 1860, but Kunkel
first made public process for preparing it.
Since that time it has become most valuable
material by lis application to one of the useful
arts. 1t is a remarkable element, and appears
to be essential to the organization of the high
er animals, it being found in their fluids, and
forming the basis of their bones, in the state
of phosphate of lime" A cotemporary says
respecting it, every other substance with
which we are acquainted can be traced either
to the earth or the air, but phosphorus seems
to be of animal origin 1t is indeed true that
it is obtained in the greatest quantities in ami
NAL substances, but if it were obtained from
them exclusively, the conclusion would be that
it was not one of the chemical elements, but a
peculiar compound substance, formed in the
animal system. 1t, however, exists in the
shape of phosphori, acid in various rocks, in
fertile soils, and 10 most vegetable substances.
It is obtained for use from bone, earth, or ma
tive phosphate of lime, by decomposing them
with two-thirds their weight of sulphuric acid.
separating the insoluble sulphate of lime by
iltering, evaporatisg the phosphoric acid by
heat to paste, mixing it with charcoal, and
distilling in retort. The beak Of the retort
is bent down few inches to bottle contain
ing water. and the heat of the furnace gradu-
4ly raised. The process Of distillation. is
generally completed in about 80 hours.
Eastern times., 1855-04-05
The Winter Of the Heart.


Let 1t never come upon you. Live 30 that
good angels may protect you from this terrible
evll-the winter Of The heart.
Let no chilling influence freeze up the foun-
talns of sympathy and happisess in it's depths !;
no cold burthrn settle over its wishered hopes,
Ike snow on the faded flowers, |. rude blasts
or dIscontented moan and shrink through il
desolated chambers.
Your life-path may lead YOU through trials.
witch for time seem utterly to impede your
progress, and shut out the very light Of
heaven from your anxious gaze.
Penury may take the place of ease and
plenty; your luxurious room may be ex.
changed for single lowly room--the soft
couch for straw pallet-the rich viands for
the coarse food Of the poor. Summer friends
may forsake you, and the Implying world pass
you, with scarcely look or word Of compass
sion, -,-T-.-
You may be forced to toll YEARLY, steadily
on, to earn livelihood you may encounter
fraud and the base avarice that would exiort
the last farthing, till you viii nigh turn in dis
gust from your fellow-beings. aa rua
Death may sever the dear ties that bind you
TO earth, and leave you in fearful darkness.
That noble, manly boy, the sole hope Of your
declining years may be taken from YOU while
your spirit clings to him with wild tenacity,
which even the shadow of the tomb cannot
wholly subdue, -
But amid all these sorrows, do not some 10
the conclusion that nobody was ever SO deeply
afflicted as you are, and abandon every antici-
patton of better days in the unknown future,
Do not lose your faith in human excellence,
because your confidence has sometimes been
betrayed, nor believe that friendship is only
delusion, and love a bright phantom which
glides away from your grasp.
De not think you are fated to be miserable
because you are disappointed in your expecta-
tons, and bafled in your pursuit. Do not de-
clare that God has torsaken you when your
way is hedged about with ihorns, or repine
sintully when he calls your dear ones to the
land beyond the grave.
Keep holy trust ia heaven through every
trial (; bear adversely with fortitudc, and look
upward in hours of temptation and suffering.
When your locks are white, your eyes dim,
and your limbs weary; when your steps falteF
on the steps Of deaths gloomy vale, still re-
tain the freshness and buoyancy of spirit
which will shield you from the winter Of the
heart
Eastern times., 1855-04-05

At the common temperature of the atmos-
phere, phosphorus is translucent soft solid,
of light amber color, which may be cut with
knife. 1t melts at lo8 deg, undergoing a
remarkable dilation, and becomes transparent
and colorless Immediately before fusion
When fused and left undsturbed, it sometimes
remains liquid for hours, at the atmospheric
temperature, particularly when covered with
an alkaline liqnid, but becomes solid when
touched. Light causes it 10 assume red
tint !; hence it is generally kept in opaque bot
ties. It possesses such peculiar properties
that it has always been subject of great in
terest TO chemists.
1t has been said that maH contains more
phosphorus, in proportion to his weight, than
any known animal and, as it has been found
in his brain, it has been suggested that it has
something TO do with his thoughts-his supe-
rior intellectual powers-but this is mere sup
position. A few years ago it Used to be an
expensive article, but it has now become COM
paratively cheap. At present its most useful
application is IN the manufacture of friction
matches, without which we should consider
ourselves unfortunate mortals. The phos-
phorus for these is made into paste by dis
solving it in some water at 100 deg, then add
ing some binoxyd Of manganese or litharge, a
little nitrate of potassa. very small quantity
of chlorate of potassa, some Prussian blue to
color it, and some gum to thicken. The ends
of the matches are first dipped into melted sui
phur, then cooled, and afterwards dipped into
the phosphate paste, after which they are
carefully dried in warm room. The gum,
when dry, prevents the phosphorus from OK
ydation. By substituting nitre for the chloride
of potassa, the matches will not have that
swapping or detonating action which is often
noticed. Great caution should be used in
handling it, as a burn from it is very severe.
The superphosphate of lime, famous fertil-
izer, is made by dissolving bones in sulphuric
acid in stone-ware crooks, in which state they
become soluble in water, and capable of being
taken up as food for plants. In manufacturing
this substance, the free acid is removed SCI
entifc American.
Eastern times., 1855-04-05
Editors.

An editor cannot step, without he tfeads on
somebody's toes. If he expresses his opinion
fearlessly and frankly, he is arrogant and pre-
sumptous. If he states facts without giving
any comments, he dares not avow his senti-
ments. If he cOnscienti0usly refuses to adyo-
cate the claims of an individual to Office, he 10
accused Of personal hostility. If jackanape,
who measures off words into verses, as clerk
does tape by the yard, hand him mess Of stuff
that jugles like handful Of rusty nails and
gimiet, and if the editor be fool enough to
print the nonsense--stop my paper; | will not
palronize man who is no better judge cf
poetry.
One man grumbles because the advertise
ments engross too much room aasther COM
plains that the paper is too large, he cant
find time TO read it. Another class finds fault
because the paper is too small they don't
get the worth of their money and we believe
non-paying subscribers One wants the type
SO small that microscope would be indis-
pensabie in every family. Another threatens
to discontinue the paper unless the letters are
half an inch long. An cid lady actually of
fered m additional price for paper that
should be printed with such type as are used
tor handbills- In fact every subscriber has n
plan of his own for conducting journal, and
the labor of Sisyphus was recreation, when
compared with that of an editor who under.
takes to please everybody.
Eastern times., 1855-04-05
Sight Bills.

There is still an uncertainty in this state as
to the right OF drawee to grace on bill of
exchange drawn at sgM. The courts have
left the matter open, and the hanks, through
which large amounts OF bills Of this character
necessarily pass, are left in doubt as to the
right of the parties to such paper. including
the drawers, drawees, endorses, &C. By
usage only, grace is allowed on bills at sight
BY the banks ip the states Of Alabama, Indi-
ana, Kentucky, Michigan and Texas. In all
sush csses, however, shere j. risk involved
Eastern times., 1855-04-05

HAIPINEss.-Addison remarks, and too tru-
ly, that if all the happiness thai is disPsrsed
through the whule race Of mankind in this
world were drawn together, and put intg the
possession of any siuals map, Il would not
make very happy being. Though, % the
contrary, if the mseries Of the whols species
we're fixed 10 single person, they would
make miserable one.
Eastern times., 1855-04-05

An agent, soliciting subscribers for book,
showed the prospectus to man who, after
reading zone dollar in boards, and one dollar
and twenty-five cents in sheep declined sub
scribing, as he might not have boards or sheep
on hand whsa called upon for payment.
Eastern times., 1855-04-05

lfyou want your neighbor to know what
you are'-giye party aud don't invite the
folks who live pext dooE. gs-s 1a.
Eastern times., 1855-04-05

A wag observes that he looks undrF che
marriage head for the news Of tho seesfg~
The Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1855-1875, 1855-12-27
FROM tlle IaIlana kcPabIicen-
DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC lNsrKv rrox, }
IHnrANar.tIrs Dec LII

Gentlemen cf TIE TsHjGn1 Press:
VIII Yea do me the kindness, and the peo-
pie TIE favor to publish tie decisions and
comments on lie following questions that
have been submitted to this Department from
various ror'ons of tie Sac for soiuiou9-
Faey ave been freguen iy rePessei d al it
seems desirable tha; the an wers should be
more generally knnwn. and thus forest4ll a
repet ton of IL inquiries:
Can fe4-Acrs guot;feI 10 instruct cn1. IN
orta>9rophy. readiac, ssrtttng and arithmetic
Be tgzky emIteysdz
Ine trainers II the law evidently cnn'em-
plated cases in which il would be desirable
nav, even necessary. if there be school for
the season. 20 emplov teachers with less Ftera-
~ qualifications than section l47 Specifics
Ii less qualifications will meet the present
wants oil given distiic fthe pupils being
young or little advanced in their studies, and
they request the township trustees, in the
manner prescribed in the lC5h section OF the
Revised School Law, to employ fo- SAID dis
trict teacher competent 10 teach on!v the
aforesaid lew branches. and if. with full
knowledge Of that deficiency, he people still
press their suit, then the end of the law for
them is met, and their wishes may be legally
graiihed, in accordance with the spirit and le.-
ter OF section los and LOT Of the aforesaid
law.
The State Standard of the literary qualif-
cations Of teachers is fully and distinctly s,a-
ted in section l4S, bu, sections los and l07
were intended to give the people of district
the privilege of eieva.ing or depressing il 10
suit the exigencies of their case In anv given
year Ii is occasionally desirable on account
of the advanced progress of pupils in some
localities. TO have instruction given in supple
mentary studies not embraced in said pro-
gramme. SO, also. it is equally important tha,
the people IN other districts, wishing, for OBJ
vious reasons, only the 6rst four branches 10
be taught in their school for given year
should have their preferences graahed, when
made known In the war indicated in the
statute.
I consider sections io5 and i07 as sliding
scale. authorized 70 b: used by parties desir-
ing it, on presentation of petition in the
manner aforesaid However undesirable the
The Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1855-1875, 1855-12-27

sIre tuielage of sae Democracy of the coun-
I try, as ended ahat Of Mr.. Calhoun, and his
pFosolytes. who took the peculiar charge Of The
State Rights party. they sank. under the
universal convic5;on that lheir zeal for Safe
rights was an ardent passion 10 reach political
power. at the hazard Of exsinguish;ng in the
blood Of the people tie wise and free inss:-
ta;ions i had cosi much 10 establish.
i Our innoyatiag Democrats. who puE under
foot the representative principle; W no violate
/ the known will of their constituents; who
scorn their instrlsssions 10 redress the wrong
they have committed; who reply to the suffra-
ges that condemasther conduct. that they are
no; Democratic sHtIra-eS; who. IN the pIeni-
tutie OF their inability, read ous Of the Demo
cratic party Ma re, New Hampshire Connec-
ticut, New York Pennss lvania. Ohio. Indi-
ana Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa.
because they viii not submit TO tie viii Of
these, their representa- ives. who lave Sc: up
a test " iIicil mass ever exclade Massachusetts
er;noi!t and Rhode Island from lis r,snk~:
who have bar,ersE away rights secured to
them al by com pae,s--will learn that
Democracy does aat reside in tie urganiza-
ton Of ia;riguers, but in the mass of lie peo-
pie.
l. is the glory of our great Renablic that
il Democracy springs up from the soil and
HuuI~i3er III nc fresh air Of our wde spread
country; and hat Is rich harvest ir2pa~tia1-
'.ltf i. strength ana spirit 10 our whole svs-
TEN. is gathered anf uaily at the polls. The
Democracy which = bred II ca1cuSos and
cabinets Is a sort of ho. bed species. suited TO-
tie taste of e curan politicians, whose an-
peii5es are their principles. Incumbents and
expec:.nts of offices and di-nisieS claim a
sor. Of patent r st4t in the machine of Gov
ernnleHt, 10 create Democracy adapted to
their purposes. Their innovations in the
machinery are con.riyances to renew their
privileges for new terms. and the people are
the subjects who are TO be used in ito nav
tribute Tor this privilege, and take pride in the
skill OF the operators.
The telegraph wtses and the Cincinnati
Convention are to bring al the mastery com-
binatioaS of the Administration IN con,ac.
9Th the masses at the appointed time But
viii the wires work? Undoubtedly the peo-
pie. far and wide, will have their Instructions
from tie operators, bat the response will prob
ably be a thunderholt to those VINO have viola
ted their rights spurncd their iemons;rances
and, as consequence, have arrayed brothers
from the different sections of the Union to sled
each others blood, in civil war, on the plains
! of Kansas.
/ Yours, Respectfully,
+. =. BLAIR
The Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1855-1875, 1855-12-27
NO. 2.

expedition. with the name Terror" still dis
tnc,lv visible A piece of this boa, contain
ing this name was brought along with him by
Mr.. Stewart. Among the Esquimaux were
found iron kettles. corresponding in shape and
size with those furnished the Franklin expedi-
ton. and bearing the mark Of the British Gov
ernment. Other articles known TO have be
longed 10 the expedition. were obtained from
the E>quimaux. and brought by the party for
deposit with the Brush ,ernment No
eodies. however. were found. or traces Of
2ry. The report of the Esqumaux was. that
one man died on Montreal Isl,nd and tia, the
balance Of the party wandered on the beach
OF the main Land opposite, until. worn out by
fatigue and starvation. they, one by one, laid
themselves down and died too.
The E~quimaux reported further that In
d ans far to the poEth of them who had seen
the ships of Franklin's party. and visited
between the iceberss. Mr.. Stewart took es.
pecial pains TO ascertain whether the party
had come to their dea.h BY fair means or foul.
But TO every inquiry. the Esquimaux protest,
ed that they had died of star, alton.
The party began their return Journey on
he 9 h of August aud reached St. Paul on
The llth inst. which place Mr.. Stewart left on
The i2th for the Hudson Bay head quarters at
Lueheve. Canada. 10 make his report.
the E>qulmaux indicate that even in their
last extremity they had forgotten their man
hood. and preyed on one anothe'.'
The Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.) 1855-1875, 1855-12-27

Az lsrSsEsrgSG ISCI DESr-A little Indian
ooT named jack. in th c Indian school eSiso-
hshmea: 81 Z Il River. kept bv MsssvS. Yves.
cochran. Missionaries OF the English Mis-
SION Church Society, was taken sick. In this
condition one Of Missionaries visited him, and
Deserving a Bible lying under the corner Of
his blanket, he said
Jack. you have friend there I am glad
!" see that. hope you ind good from it,
weak and almost dying as the poor fellow
vas vas he raised himself on his elbow, held the
n'ole IN his EN- sciatei hanl an | with a smile
Psyed on his coanienance he sad-.This sir.
y my Trend. You gave it to me when we
-, Went down 10 we a, Mr. Cochran's. For
aoas time have read it much. and often
"ouSht OF what 1t told me. Last year went
y see my sister. across Lake Winneper. IA
ooas soo miles off where | remained two
months When | was half may back over the
ase, remembered that had lef, nv Bible
osnni me. | directly turned around, and
vas nine days by myself, tossing to and fro
"a nv canoe, before could reach the place
ols found it again. and ever since that time
aas been near my breast Aud | have
ssaoasht that should have the blessed bool
pafiei with me; bat have thou yht since thai
aai Better give it 70 you when | am gone,
~ !. may do some one else good"
whist speaking thus he was oftenrnterrupt
ms cough; aud when he had finished
,N, "e Ahk down upon his pillow entirely exhaus
sad soon after died and went 10 his re-
,h~ ,h,ano:her trophy of tue grace of God
!. the fundamentally Of his word which
70 make men wise unto salvation.