Smyrna times., 1855-05-02
aflattu,
Origin of Australian Transportation.

The continent of Australia was discovered
by the Dutch in the earlier half of the Sixteen
tn century; but its disInel aspect for many
years procured 1t no other notice at the hands
of civilization, than the name of an "abode Of
bowling tiends," given by the navigator Car
tens. An aqatic people like the Dutch could
never look with favor on these sterile, water
less wastes. It was u hundred and fifty years
later that Cook recalled the forgotten continent
to the memory Of the civilized world. This
most distant corner of the earth was not too
remote to escape the wOrld-heavlng influence
Of English colonization.
England is the land of historical develop
me4s. The Anglo Saxon, or rather Anglo
Morse, character of mind and body is the COM
mon stock OF all its institutions. This prevail
ing attribute extends to the colonies of which
it is the founder. Colonies are at all times
more or less reflex of the stuggles of the
times which produced them. Thus the entire
political and ecclesiastical life of England in the
the seventeenth century is reproduced on our
Atlantic coast in Il series Of most enterestlng
Impressions every State here formed being dis.
tlngulshed by the particular movement which
called it into being. Virginia was the work OF
the liberal opponents of the Stuarts, and be-
came parliamentary, liberal State. Massa-
tanic Commonwealth, designed to realize, in
their last logical consequences, the doctrines
of Calvin on matters of Church and State. Ma
ryand was an asylum for English Catholics
Rhode Island introduced the principle Of the
separation Of Church and State. Pennsylva-
MA represents the absolute liberation of the
Quakers, combined with the monarchlcal pro-
clivities of Penn. Carolina is the PeatoniC
aristocracv OF Locks ideal, with its four cham
bers, its palatins staroets, cazlques, landgra yes
knights and plebaans, and It's ministries o
venery, fashions and pedlErees.
The revolution of 1888, however, deprived
| the mother country of It's tecundatng power
in this respect, by establishing domestic har
| mony among all these contendng prlnClp pies
But the place OF the religious and political ele
ments was supplied, after the lapse OF gene
ration, by social questions. THIS was dcstin
ed to become equally prolific, and It's agency
in the formation Of States is at work to thi
day. The first enterprise OF this description
has for its object the establishment of trans
lantic refuge for Imprisoned debtors, who har
suffered the extremity of the then civil Law
without their culpatle agency. Thus aros
Georgia, the last OF the thlIecn colonies
4 But there is another question OF social prin
ciplc, which from the first, played an impol
tant part IN the rise and progress OF the Amer
can colonies We allUde TO the question
transportation. The sentence OF banl>hlnen
is found to be common to all natiOns of history
it is frequent in the earlier ages of EnglanC
Shakespeare maks Richard III. Danish his cousl
Hereford on pain of death ii he returned anC
to this day, the old Norman law of Jersey an
Guernsey eXiles criminals TO Ehglaad, m az
cordance with the fundamental views Of Mo-
man Legislators, who regarded England as dc
r pendent on Normandy and its islands. Tn
great mass of crimes are the products OF power
" and suffering ; experience show that the
increase with the growth OF destituton, al
generally keep in advance Of that ofpopulato
The prcternatural dstcnsion Of its ndustr
resources, combined with the blundcrs and in
t quities of its economical policy, divided En-
land into two NEST unequal classes of me
a necessltated the levying OF enormous poor rate
i and yet left large portion of the people
sink IN starvation During all the past cent
t ries the state was regarded as nothing mo
d nor less than provision for the protection
: property and possess on; the most unmcrcii
n punishments Tor violations OF the laws of pr
e perty and a glut OF the prisons, were It's n
n cessary and, IN the current view, its appropl
l. FvntIUH ~ Udotmooa kcnIr@. y, h.l9" "9Jli. SINE
n tronage Of the public.
THOMAS KEEN.
: | AOril 4 '51-orn