davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

CT Pope Plus has issued IN edict recon-
mandatory to the Bishops of the United
States requiring them to establish College
at Rome for the education Of catholic priests
for this country.
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

CO The Dubuque Republican says that
HAY sells there for ten dollars d ton, and
thinks that great price for Iowa. Why
down here at the GATE it has been from $l2
TO SIS per ton all the fall, and is now up
from SIS to SIS, according 10 quality.
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

"a. p. Thomas & Co. have just re-
moved their Leather Store into their fine
new brick on Main street between Fourth and
Fifth. This building which is just compile
ted, is one of the best and most spacious
business houses in the City, being one hun
dred Feet in length by twenty-five IN width,
and three stories high.
We are glad to see our friend Thomas oc-
cupying house in some proportion TO his
business and means, and trust that the
change will prove as advantageous TO his
customers as it is agreeable TO himself.
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06
BURLINGTON

L. H DALu,.rY professol of Book keeping and
Commercial &C iences. ,
J. S. Dunca a. the best of-hand Penman IN the
West, Profess or Of 6u Siness and Ornamental Fen
manship.
c. BENI u. ,nwIs. membo. Of the burlington bar
Professor of Mercantile Law
ihe course of training in this Th1u'ion
ses SIX diaere nj methods of Keeping ~ "gu
Die entry app lied to every department VI
disMual p&rt nership. Retail Wholesale, oniSI,hs
Importing, Assportng Commission. Exchan 'nA s'1aA
ing, Manufa' turing and Compound. Compan, ' Na
ness About three hundred Commercial Conn We,
lions, explainin many business ope tions not fou
n common Arn hmetics comprehensive course Of
Business Penma nship, Business Forms aud business
Letters Dalty Lectures Commercial Law and
commercial scie ice-. An elegant diploma under
the seal Of the 81 ate College of signed
by the Faculty is granted to those who pass satis
factory examination. This instrument Will be found
passport TO the confidence OF every business house
IN any section of the Union. Duf's Book Keeping
harper edition. price one dollar and 6fty cents
the most perfect and comprehensive in the English
Language. Duff Western Steamers account n per
tece system for such accounts one dollar To be had
At Corss Bookstore, Jefrson st. Send for circu
lar and specimen Of Mr.. Dancan's Penmanship by
mail noy9I =
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06
Sky LIGHT
DAGUERREOTYPES

Fr1Ce Hf0ured.
FTNHE subscriber would respectfully aunounct To
the inhabitants of keokak and sicinity. that
hs has reduced the price # Daguerreotypes to
SEVENTY FIVE CENTS
apiece and wishes IL b. uudcr stool that be il not
10 be ndlrroid by any firm in the city.
Pictures taken IN all the styles Of art viz:
Glas, picturee Photographs, Ambrotypes, &c. Ac
which cannot b. surpassed. Don forget the place
50 Main st, between sd sAl ith.
dec4d l. " RI'FII
TO THE LADIES.
M have nov n complete stock Of TOYS fsncv
" Goods, and Musical Instruments suitable for
Holiday presents, which Will l.e pleased 10 show
10 th9rn a. now II the time Ia select such presents as
you desire before there II too great a rush
decd CREIGHTON d OHMER
FRENCH CANDIES.
IlsI received by Express from New York city a
- large assortment of French Candies, such as
lee Cream Drops assorted favors
Sherry do do do
Gum do do do
Cordial do do do
Metropolitan Lozenges, Conversation Lozenges,
lliers, dc, &c. at
CREIGHTON d DINNERS
Confectionery and lee Cream Saloon
dec 3. 1855. d
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

New wholesale Dry 0oods House.
M. SeatOn & Sons,
KILBOURNE's BLOCK, MAIN sTREET,
- ESPNTFULLY INFORM THE MERCHANTS
IL Of Iowa. and the rest Of mankind. that they
now in receipt OF large and we'll selected stock Of
Foreign and Domestic Dry Goods,
READY.MADE CLOTHING.
and full line Of Hosiery, Gloves Mitts and
Notions, adapted 10 the wants of country and city
trade, which have been purchased under the most
favorable circumstances, directly from first hands
and will be sold Mt close figures to Cash or prompt
time buyers Having permanently located in this
city, solicit CALI hoping by fair, honorable
dealings to receive share of patronage.
Keokuk, Sept ss, 1s5s.-ddw
Dry Goods.
30 bales ~ muslin, prime,
$50 per satinets ass d, Is to .5c. per yard
% do Ky. jeans do 20 10 Zee, do do
300 do prints, new styles;
20 do Colungo;
20 do Lyonese Cloths, and Alpaecas:
DeLaines, Black Silks, Goats Spool Thread WAR
ranted,) Stewari's best Linen Thread, and general
assortment Of Yankee notions, just received by
sep22dAW d. A. WILLIAMS.
NEW GOODS AND GROCERIES.
F1NHE public will take notice that have received
an immense stock Of Dry Goods, Boots and
Shoes, and Groceries, at my old stand Main st.,
near Fourth
Families wanting groceries can have them put up
~ heokuk WhOierAiS pTfccE-
j intend to give particular attention to the pro-
duce business, and expect that my long experience
in that line will enable to give satsfses.on 70 all
customers. sepZ2 b. A. WILLIAMS.
( 'Ash paid for all country produce, a, the old
- stand of sep22 B. A. WILLIAMS,
"AHTED.- 5000 bushels Timothy Seed;
w 10000 do Flax Seed
and all kinds Of gram and seeds, for which the high
ert cash prices will be paid by
sep22 b. A. WILLIAMS
lOUIS and Shoes.-~l70 cases Of boots and Shoes
- for men, women. boys, girls and infants, Just
received by sep22dAw b. A. WILLIAMS.
Leather! Leather.
! AFiNG purchased the entire stock Of Pike, Full
= Ter 90, shall hereafter keep on hand good
assortment of Leather. Shoe Findings, Betings Har-
ness Leather, &c. All which will be sold low for
cas Merchants from the interior requested to cal l.
Cash paid for hides. Is. A. WILLIAMS.
nov..sdw
Union at the Nimble Sixpence.
- ). b. C. BILLINGS have united their
-. stocks of Dry Goods and Groceries, and may be
found si the old stand of s. s. BilI;ngs No 81 Main
Street, Keokuk.
One OF the firm will spend his time in the East.
Tor the purpose Of watching the chances for buying
goods cheap, so that they sell them lower than
ever. We have now hand over fifty thousan
dollars worth Of goods, which will cell at greatly
reduced prices. Please give ne a call.
= +. d ID. Z. BILLINGS.
Aug III, lS55.--ddw.
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

Bette Il NclIen,s Circular.
81. Louis, Dec. ..
FLoUk-Superhne $Sas % fancy SIS 25as so:
extra IS 75a9 20 /; dull.
WHEAT Good demand; choice white 81 s. !;
-prime white 81 7oal75 choice red 81 7osl ss prime
red 81 4aal co. inferior 81 zeal 40; spring 81 2oa
60.
cokN-dood demand; prime white 6aT6so.: prime
yellow 66a6Sc; prime mixed e5as7
OATS-Fair; 3sa3ec.
RYE-90a$I.
BAkLEY-4l 3eal 60
LAkD-In round lots l0iaI0a
MESS PORK-In round lots sl6aI6 25
BACON-No sales
h1DES-Fiint l4A; salted I2i; green 81
sEED-Dull; Timothy 81 25a2 so; fax Al 4oa
10.
DRIED APPLES-S1 25ai 3s
DRIED PEACHES 4oal 80
q. A. SALT-$1 65.
GUNNIES-24 bushel I9a2o
Hoas.--Heavy hogs selling at So for Immediate
delivery.
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06
q. N. HUSTON,
WhoieSaIe Dealer In Notions and
Fancy Dry Goods.

q. N. HUSTON,
Wholesale Dealer In Notions and
Fancy Dry Goods.
~ MAIN STREET, kgoKuK, Iowa.
A stock and the largest and best assorted ever
oaered in the market Our stock is purchased direc,
from manufacturers and importers, and We pledge
ourselves to sell prices low for cash or good
time buyers, a 81. Louis any other western mar
ket.
Merchants will find il to their advantage 10 call
and examine goods and prices before buying else
where. We will consider il no trouble 10 show them
through our stoek.-ddw
lust Received-A large stock Of Buck Gloves and
- Mite af sep2o HUSTt Ms.
A sa E Stock Of Pocket Cutlery for nrsrcss ts 'ss
4 HEAVY stock of Cap, Letter, Ladies' Bath. Bath
"A Post, Fancy and Commercial Note Paper Plain
and laid Buff, W hite and Fancy Coored Envelopes at
sep20 HuSTOS'S.
4 General assortment OF German silver and dou-
"A bic plated ware, all warranted and at manufac-
turer' prices, at sep2o HUST0N'S.
4 y extensive stock Of Whips and Lashes AT man
4 n ufacturer's prices at sep2I HuSToNis.
IHE largest and best assorted stock Of Embroide-
ry IN the city at sep2i HUST0N'S.
gINHE Finest assortment of Ribbons ever offered in
1 the market. at sep2l HUST0N'S.
+ (tLOCks enough to supply the market, Of every
~ variety of pattern Jeromes make, warranted
and at manufacturer prices, at
A LARGE and fine lot of Kid Gloves Of every
"A grade, at sep2l HUSToN'S.
E0LD and common Jewery, and Gold and silver
~ watches at sep2l HUSToN's
LIVERY variety of goods mprised in the Notion
- and Fancy Goods line at Huston al prices that
cannot fail to induce purchases and benefit the buy
er Call at No. "a and examine for yourselves
A FINE Buggy Portable Top for sale enquire Of
T. sepN g. NJ. HUSTON.
A 4 Hustons will be found the largest lot II Irish
~ Linens, Lsces, Edgngs and every variety of
White goods, at prices that cannot be beat in any
western market sep2o
A endless variety of Silk aud Linen Pocket hand
a kerchiefs and crayats at sep20 HUSTON'S
Sash and Doors
\ GOOD assortment for sale mt the Gate CITY Fur
4 n niture Rooms, lS6 Main staeet. They are of
the best manufacture. S. ABBOTT 4 co.
SHINGLES.-200 900 best pine shingles. warrant
- ed--for sale at the Gate City Furniture Rooms
1876, Main street They will be sold at very low
price for cash. nov27d G. S. ABBOTT & co
ENLC0RING.-A few thousand still left which viii
i be closed out at bargain. Inquire at the Gate
City Furniture Rooms, 1876 Manst.
nov27d c. 5. ABBOTT 4 co.
( ARPEIING.-A supply Of choice patterns and
~ new styles-for sale at a veyy small advance on
Importer prices-at the Gate City Furniture Rooms
l5o' Main street. c. s. ABBOTT d co.
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

( 'ARPEIING.--A supply Of choice patterns and
~ new stylcs-for sale at a veyy small advance on
Importer prices-at the Gate City Furniture Rooms
$50, Main street. c. 5. ABBOTT co.
nov27d
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

LNICORING.--A few thousand still left. which viii
be closed out at a bargain. Inquire at the Gate
City Furniture Rooms, 1876 Main st.
nov27d G. S. ABBOTT 4 co.
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

DLATFORM s rales, from 700tbs and "a IS {
Fairbank' pat, srn, with and without lev,
sale by 5. w. 4 II. TUCKEh
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

To amy entieman
NJ lSHING new Hat VIC hays just received pe r
" Express IL dozen Soft Hat Of Superior ousl-
ity at the "0reat Western Empariun.'
ID. F. HUMPHREY GA0R.
August III, 1855.
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

IIRCULAR SAWS.-An sizes of the St. Louis
" Circular Saws, warranted by
S. w. 4 H. TUCKER.
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

DHOT GUNs,-A lot Of double barrelled shot guns
~ some fine, for sale low by
s. W. & H. TUCKER.
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

SHINGLEs.-200,0 600 best pine shingles, warrant
~ ed--for sale at the Gate City Furniture Rooms
1876. Main street. They will be sold at very low
price for cash nov27d G. S. ABBOTT 4 co
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

. THE BYRON.
vIfHE subscribers have completed their arrange
ments in finishing aud furnishing their new sa-
loon and chambers for the convenience of those who
may wish such accommodation. We have spared no
money or labor 10 make saloon and rooms equal
to anything in the country, and arrangements al
ready made for receiving oysters from the east wild
game from the country and our fine markets we shall
make our saloon superior to anything west or equal
to anything east. All we ask is but a call and a
trial, and we viii pledge ourselves to give sasfac
tion.
Parties can be accommodated with private rooms
when desired, and anything served up for them they
may wish
Recollect the place, on east side of End, between
Main and johnson streets.
uoyl 5d5t MACkLEY A. JOHNSON
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

a HOUSE and Lot sitnared on Johnston stree,
\ between 4th and 5tn; Lot o. in Bi.ek "a a.r.
McAdamzed and paved. Good title and terms a..
Applyto REBECCA WATERS
an The s-@-ssR
The daily Gate City., 1855-12-06

with which we can suit all eyes that can he suited
NG~We are prepared to do all kinds Of Clock and
Watch Repairing, and jobbing of every description
connected with trade.
Nov ember 20 1859 dAw
Kenosha tribune and telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1855-1855, 1855-03-15

Say Fl urvey, Senator from Rock ut'oducce in
to the Legislature proposition looking to the
amendment of the state constitution. in the matter
Of tn p1y II me mars and leng of legislative
sessions the proposition being TO make the pay of
members four dollars per day for n session of six
weeks aud no pay If the session be longer protrac-
ted. There has been a great deal said denuncia-
tory of the long sessions of our legislature, and Of
the great amount ofiocai, private, and apparently
unimportant business transacted, and various rem.
edies have been suggested for which no doubt this
proposition is intended. We have had some expe.
rience in the matter, and pretty well satisfied
that the evil is one which time alone can cure il
is occasoned by the fact that the state is yet new
and comparatively unsettled, and that new coun
ties are populated new towns established, and new
cities built up, every year, WHICH naturally demand
new legs station. And the older parts of the state
ali the time receiving accessons Of population
from all quarters of the globe, the effect of which
to occasion ares,lessness under existing laws and
| demand for modification and change. The leg
stature occupies itself only with such business
thrust upon it, and without questioning the siica-
cy OF Mr.. Harvey proposed reform, we yet think
the esseitalesiIin the premises is Quo which time
only will effectuay cure.
Kenosha tribune and telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1855-1855, 1855-03-15

"Fhose dreams in which some indulge OF Men :
NAL felicity when the wolf shall sha are the fold of
the kid, and nations shall forget to war, which a
long pacific interval has inspired, are dissipaed by
the thunder of ten thousand cannon on the heights
of Sevastopol.'- Kenosha Democrat. a
1T hose dreams," are the same that were indu-
ged in by the inspired prophet of the Bible, and in
his well as that of other similar dresmers,
were inspired less, we apprehend, by ga long pac>
hc interval" than knowledge of the ultimate re-
snh of progress in humanity For our part our
confidence in the ultimate realization of chose
dreams" is not bit shaken by the thunder Of the
ten thousand cannon in question, and would not be
were they ten millions instead, for the that
we know there is an omnipotence in the truths
which involve humanity and which are clearly
enunciated in Christ's religion, that will at some
period work ont their results among which results
that most prominently promised is peace on earth
and good will among men. ....
Kenosha tribune and telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1855-1855, 1855-03-15
JUDICIAL ELECTION,
Tuesday, April g.
or associate Justice ofMe Supreme Court.
ORSAMUS COLE.
WHO SHALL, aE JUDaE.
KENOsHA, WIS.

.9fdUt9 WHO SHALL BE JUDGE 3sSst3
The friends Of Crawford for judy profess much
confidence Of his success We are inclined Ia think
this confidence is all assumed, for we perceive no
sufficient foundation for il It is not doubted or
den led any extent that Cole is as able and good
manin all respects as Crawford. II then Craw.
ford is TO be chosen il only be because the peo
pie Of the state wish to rebuke the position oceupi-
I'd by Smith and Wilton, which we by no means
b-lieye. Our people are not fanatical--not dispo-
sed to violate law and assault existing institutions
aad conditions, heedessly and impulsi~eIy. But
beyond question they are opposed to the fugitive
law, beca use cfthe violation Of fights which it in
wolves in itself aud The still further sacrifice and vi
olation Of rights TO which il inevitably leads, and
so being and feeling they are ready and willing TO
avail themselves Of all loyal, constit utonal proper,
and peaceab!e means 10 nullify or cripple it.
Smith and Wilton of the Supreme Beurh have
clearly pointed out the path Of redress in this mat
ter, and is it to be supposed that the people feeling
as they do will turn their backs upon these faithful
opponents of constitutional law and rights and yo>
unfairly plunge back into all The darkness which
such an acknowledgment of The constitutiosaiiy Of
the fugitivrlaw involves. No less than this is c,k
cnlated on by those who profess to believe that
Crawford will be successful. We think they must
be disappointed s5s,r1 1.. t@as4z 8hrf
We may talk we please of the rr praty
ofintroduciug tests of this character into the Judi.
cial canvass. For our part we conceive them pro-
per,--the very tests TO be introduced-and those
which should deter:r inc the fitness Of the JUDGE
OUT whether this be so or not, beyond question the
result VIII be considered the expression Of the
peop'eon the question to which we lave alluded:
and we think it Inevitable that this c; nvass will
determine whether our Supreme Court shall per.
severe in the position il has taken, and establish
as the policy of the State or let the thing 90 by
default, aud subside in quiet submission to the
illegalities Of the Fugitive Law. We NAV be
quite sure our Court Will not fight the United
States and our own people loo. ..,.,.
Let our people then, unders, and the Importance
OF this matter Particularly let us in this section
of the State--frst and foremost in the enupcia
tioa of liberal seutiments-do our whole duty
viii not The friends in The country attend to it,
and see that on town meeting day-the day OF
eiection-that all vote in this important election
We feel sanguine il the vote is reasonably full,
that Cole will be chosen .s7 aa Ft4
Kenosha tribune and telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1855-1855, 1855-03-15

In this city on the 9th inst, at the residence o.
her son, James Bailey, Mrs. MAay BAILEY, aged
oS years .,auaiHtl" rtt 4au.q..5 slea,a ISL
Mrs. b. was native Of England, and removed
to this country 9years since, and had been mem
Der OF the Baptist Chnrch for IS years. She had
long suffered from severe Affections, which had
fined her to her room most of the time for the last
years and from many severe trials. But amid
them all she felt resigned aud even rejoiced in the
consultations of the gospel Her funeral was attsn.
ded on the Sabbath in the Baptist Church, by 9
large number Of fr.n Is, and four of her bereaveo
children the other members oftthe family being fa
away; on which occasion sermon was preached
by Rev. J. L. Westoyer, Pastor of She Church
from the l26th Psalm, Sd verse, which had beer
selected by the deceased some 90 years. '.sl1
Kenosha tribune and telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1855-1855, 1855-03-15
Documentary History.

Some two or three years since the legislature
employed Gen. w. r. Smith. of Mineral Point. a
veteran democrat to prepare documentary histo-
ry OF the state, We opposed il at the time, not less
OH account Of the immediate expense involved.
vhch we conceived TO be almost entirely useless,
than the permanent leak it made in the treasury,
which like all 9th or leaks, would have remarka-
BILE tendency TO increase itself We were not at
fault in our conjecture, the expense already has
been from fifteen to twenty thousand dollars, and
the second volume only has seen the light This
expense has beer mainly for the printing, and the
expenditure has been extravagant and useless,
and so manllesty sop partisan editor, as TO
justly arouse the popular indignation. This indg
nation howe yer, Oh the appearance of the second
volume Is likely TO be shared by the author, for OF
the contents OF the volume, among other matter
equally interesting, large share comprises plea
in behalf of the Rock River Canal Company
against the State. This Company for number
Of years past has preferred claims to the legsla-
ture against the state, which have been pronounced
without foundation as otter as presented, yet here
we have this Documentary History taking up the
cause of the Company and arguing it at length
against the State. like feed attorney. And this
with the historian salaried by The state, and five
thousand copies more printed and circulated at
the expense of the state. Cool and refreshing, IL
sayathe least. a gel -tt s.t -
We trust the effect viii he TO induce the legis'a-
ture to sboiish the whole thing at once. II the
work were well performed, il is s,il no proper mat
ter for State enterprise end if il will not a,trae
private ente rpisr it may be safely let alone. 1
was a humbug in The start. and has improved non,
by the lapse OF tine. Let it b. stopped at once
say we.
Kenosha tribune and telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1855-1855, 1855-03-15
Bounty Lands for Old soldiers.


! The President has signed the Old Soldier.
Bounty Land Act, and it Is now law. A.
finally passed. it grants to all thoss who
have received no Bounty Lands heretofore,
for Military services, one quarter section
{ 100 acres. land to those who have received
such grants, it adds so much as will make
their portion also 100 acres. TIfAFF
The persons entitled to these benefits ara
as follows:
Surviving Officers, Musicians, Privates,
Teamsters, ChaPlains, or Indians, either Of
Regulars, Volunteers, Rangers, or Militia
who have been regularly mustered into the
service of the United States; Officers, Sea.
men, Marines, Clerks, or Landsmen regu
larly employed in the Navy since 1890, and
Survivors Of State Troops, mustered into the
U. s. service, in any Of the wars in which
the United States have been engaged. AL
SO Volunteers at the invasion of IattsbureI
in 1914, at the battle of Kings Mountain
in the Revolution, and the battle of Kicko
jack with the Southern Indians, and Volun
teers and Flotlllamen at the attack of Lew
iston in Delaware. 4ea' seed bel
In case such persons are net surviving
their Widows In case neither the persor
nor his Widow survive, their minor child Of
children. (minor at the time of the passage
of the Act. g 8iilia.ffl ssofT s57l
A subsequent marriage deprives the Wild.
ow of her claim, unless she be widow al
the time Of making her application. 81 f9}ia
Dcserters and persons dishonorably dis
charged are, Of course, excepted from tho
benefits of the Act. 4a.
Land Warrants will be issued upon the
same proof and located on the same terms,
as those granted under existing Bounty
Laws. -.
1t will be several months, however, be
fore any Of the new warrants can be ready
for use. The bill appropri.tes some S75,-
600 70 pay for the additional clerk hire which
will be required to carry out its provisions
The amount OF Public Lands to be given
away under this Act, is variously estimated
at from one hundred and fifty to tsco Asndrsd
millions Of acrest So far as Congress is con
cerned, this is cheap generosity towards the
old soldiers; but the effect of all such legis-
lation upon the interests of the Westi is most
mischievous. Nobody supposes that one
in hundred, if one in thousand. of the
recipients Of this government bounty. will
occupy and improve the land thus granted.
On the contrary. the warrants will, in the
great majority Of cases, be sold to brokers
at greater or less discount, and be located
by them on immense tracts of the public
lands, for future speculation, and to the Sc
rious detriment of the State in which they
lie.-IMl. Sent.
Kenosha tribune and telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1855-1855, 1855-03-15
Correspondence of the Baltimore Sun.
WASHINGTON, March

sale Ger Washington, March. s.
: The President has kept in his pocket the
bill for the improvement Of the St. Clair
Flats; but he has approved and signed the
bill for the improvement Of the Savannah
river. .a2 ss, sa 49, ...o q, ss,.,
The river st. Clair is the channel of a
hundred times more commerce than the
liver Savannah. Tit eminently national
york. The reason given by the President
IS said, for approving OF the latter bill
shie rejecting the former, is that the OBJ
4ructiens ofthe Savannah river were placed
here by the British during the war of the
evoluiion. 4. .,.....t.
Kenosha tribune and telegraph. [volume] (Kenosha, Wis.) 1855-1855, 1855-03-15

saEVThe action of the Legislature thus far
on the prohibitory liquor bin, will be seen
by reference to our Madison correspond
ence. We learn since that the bill has been
made the special order for final action in
the Senate to-day. We hope the fears Of
our correspondent as to the final fate of the
bill may not be realized. Us.aaq 10 s3ssie,fs