davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21
"a. r-fn.ALs..1x &
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lightful the sound OF ito ut;erance! But
Alast.tis . borrowed pfums from thu hoT-
lowed cap of dead goose-wlat pitt
The whilom editor Of Of the Fremont County
Journal should have the honorable credit of
i, I6fst iavsptibn. Next, the three first
most sapient editors of the ST. Mary Gazstte
should be accredited WITH the extensive use
of the sentence ;ifourthly, the former editor
OF the Nebraska City News comes under the
same hopors; then not last nor least, our
dear friend Jim, editor No. 2, of same, kindly
kept the. beautiful scripture in remem-
6.aacas and last and least, Billy w. has sdop-
ted the stray chilli He has established his
headquarters ON the banks of that s.Geatly
murn1uring stream," he dubs the LOUSY
Sony wscsn't award him the originality, GA
pacity and credit Of inventing aud heralding
forth name so full OF Music AMI MEANING,
to the gentle msanderirg stream, that winds
its way just behind his Office. We are
sorry to add that he ranks far behind those
knights of the quill above named, in genteol
deportment, morality, capacity and all that
ail"kcs man consistent gentleman. Don' 1t
hurt him.
FRosE. = On Wednesday night last, tho
mercury in our Thermometer run rapidly
down, from 90 10 500, Cloudy anu really
cold on Thursday. Clear aud cool at night;
FINE white frost in the morning. No yege-
tation injured that we have heard Of Guess
the old feHow-Jaak Frost-has found out
his mistake and will stay away until more
reasonable time.
c g FOR the special benefit Of some of our
readers and particular friends, we will re-
publish, so soon as convenient, that popular
and much admired ballad, which we pub
lished last fall, entitled, "THE PsAlRIEs
BRowS." It's admirers may then be enabled
20 quote il correctly. Who'll have copy
Everybody of course
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21
NEW ADVERTISEMENTS
LAND ON TIME,

w L are constantly receiving Land Warrants,
for time location, and are now prepared to make
entries for settlers and others at moderate rates.
JOHNSON, Cassidy K TEST.
aug 81, '55 matt
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21
The M ais.

The Eastern mail will arrive and depart daily
Sundays excepted. Mail will be made up and
closed at ~, F. m.
J.E. JOHNSON, P. N.
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21

THE RIVER IS UP-FREIG HTS DowN-GRoCE
RIES ABUNDANT AND CHEAP
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21

ID. Va. PRICE W. c. JAMES.
PRICE i JAMES.
1 TTORNEYS AT LAW, Council Bluffs
n City, Iowa, v5u24tf
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21

Judge Bronson, of New York, has just Civ
en- an opinion against the Prohibitory Liquor
Law.
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21

Md now both applicable and Of interest:
e--~Burffit the Whig party) II to-he msrg.
Into > rcoatsuPtible Abolition party, and
q Abolitionsm is to Is engrafted upon the
mig creed, fsom that time renounce the par
|ty and cease to be . Wing. i goyet step
|futheS. i'll am alive, will give my hum
Bile support to that man for the Presidency,
who to whatever party he may belong, is not
ccntsminatsd by fansticism, rather than to
one who. crying out oil the time that he Is
.Wbg, naintanu doctrines pttsE y snbver-
siye of the Constitution and the Union"
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21

If we can still love those who have made
US suffer, we love them all the more
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21
5000 aii

Cash paid for Country Produce such as
hemp, bacon and lard All kinds taken in ~ex-
change for Groceries at Cash Prices (v5n2lly
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21

CO We had fine shower last evening
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21

A newly imported editor who employs
more space IN his paper TO retail personal
Islander and lew gossip than be deyo;es to
matters Of interest to TIE city and country
that gives him bread.
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21
ssAxS TO rnE BACKBONE.

lie who builds o battery and raixes his
Platferm to fights great moral evil, AMI then
plays NUN as soon as the fighting stock have
comm enccd the battle.
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21
j.. =. Il. JENNINGS,

RETAIL GROCER,
MERCHANT,
Produce, West side OF
sac Edgar House,
PHI, Mo,
full and winter stock
lowing articles which
prices for cash.
ID gross backing,
100 kgs choice Teas =,
400 bxs tobacco. vuri-
GUS brands.
Is bxs sink < Tobacco o,
so 900 cigars vars b DIS ,
| 90 kegs soda,
i0 bbls salaeratus,
200 reams wrppg papr.
% bxs sE okd herring
10 bxs Goldfish,
SO doa buckets.
20 doz nest tabs,
! 10 dog ar buckets,
d dOz wasA-bosds,
| u dog churns,
10 coils MANILA and
| J lute rope,
so deg bed cords,
Il5O bxs wi dow glass
SO dox tumblers,
| 10 bxs qt and pit tlsks,
200 lbs S. F. indigo,
| 2. bills usdder,
| 5 bbls copper~s,
S kegs alum,
| 5 81 s pepper, -
5 sks pimeuto, t
% lhsn usmexs.
IS lbs, cloves,
LOO Lbs grid ginger,
/ % mats csssia,
! so bxs matches,
100 bags assorted shot
II 10 kegs bar lead,
$780, 600 G. d. caps
SO bxs E D. cheese,
Is bxs lemon syrup,
/ Az bis & kegs tar,
! stone ware. R5a
ntry Produce such n
All kinds take n in az :
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21
NECESSARY Foa THE PrBLIc COOP.
EXCITING ARTICLE.
GREAT BENEFIT To THE COUNTRY.

The biggest lie in tn paper --pennsl III
der teTsr;sh excitement.
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21

Afasion, know nothing abolition, refor-
vnation, mixed breed whig sheet, Issued some
where down Broadway.
Council Bluffs bugle. [volume] (City of Council Bluffs, Iowa) 1853-1857, 1855-08-21

0s1arks made by Gle wn (who cau't make
two lines jingle togethe) upou the merits or
dement's Of POETRY.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1855-06-06

The temperature. OF mines varies &C.
oording to the description of rock passed
through. This we find stated in paper
recently read before the Society OF Arts
in LoAdon, by A. Mackworth, and pub.
lished in the London Mining Journal. In
slate, at 81 fa,homs from the surface, the
heat was 81 degrees Fab; in granite
81 deg. IS Fah.-a difference of more than
five degrees. At 200 fathoms;in slate, the
temperature was 85 dog. e Fab, in gran.
lie. 81 degs. 3 Fab. We can easily ac-
count for mines becoming hotter gradual
ly as we descend, by the superincumbent
pressure Of the atmosphere, and detective
circulation, just as the atmospere becomes
cold, as the pressure diminishss on as.
cending high elevations.
As we find it stated in the, Bi67iotheca
Saera that Prot. Guyos, of Cambridge,
intends to publish an exposition OF the
Creation Of the Universe, upon the bssis
Of the ne1,ular hypothesis, embracing the
internal FIRE theory as part Of it, We hope
he will weigh we'll the arguments ofsprac.
tical geology against his views. We have
great confidence in his verify; but the best
and ablest Of men sometimes como to
wrong conclusions. for want Of being
able TO obtain ne whole truth. AZ sthis
question 10 now engaging a@large share oi
attention from scientific and religious men,
we have presented some objections 10 the
internal heat theory, which We believe
cannet BE- easily answered. Such Argu-
ments can be multiplied, but We do not
deem this necessary q, a,present.-Seienti6c
american.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1855-06-06
Wild Horse Captured.

The wild horse which has been running
at large for two years past on the mead
ows back Of Province,own, Cape Cod. and
which has hitherto baffled all attempts
made to take him, was recently caught
after = Protracted chase, by company OF
go or 3Osmen, who engaged in the pursuit
for the excitement it afforded. They were
mounted on horses, and after surrounding
she animal in the vicinity Of barn, they
induced him to enter it in company with
their own horses, which were turned loose
for the purpose of snticing him. The
horse has furnished no little sport 10 the
people on the Cape, who have had many
a good time, in chasing him up and down
tho meadows, but has always been too
fleet for their nags. He would not now
have been taken in fair race, and only
yielded to strategy. He has passed two
winters on the Cape in wild state. and
the sagacity Of the animal has been noted
in severe cold weather, whom he would &c
down 10 the ponds regularly every night
and bseak open tho Joe with his hoof sc
that it should not become hardened, and
TINS out on his supply OF water. The
ownef, Mr.. ]. H. Snow, of ProvincetowD
Intends 10 bring the horse to Boston. He
10 represented 40 being q very beautiful
animal, we'll built, and Of great speed and
endurance. : The owner has already 70
ceived an offer OF $500 for him. The
horse was originally brought from Cape
Sable. in company with so others, but %.
oaped while being landed.-Boston Jour
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1855-06-06
NUMBER II.
offithe underPinning, so that tthatside and
end hung suspended from tho roof,

offsthe underPinnine, so shatthatside and
end hung suspended from tho roof,
The arch in, the cellar, making the
foundation Of the chimney, which is Of
stone masonry, two feet thick, was rent
asunder in four different places. The fu.
id seems TO have passed off through the
northeast and southeast corners Of The eel.
lar wall; the wall, built Of stones. two ieel
wide by one foot thick, laid fiat in mason.
~. being severed in two places from top
to bottom, the line of.separation being
straight and we'll defined. Heresthe stonsa
are blacxened, ,.as if by powder. gss
The hoops on one barrel Of molasses,
two soap barrels and osekeg were alleut
off; stone jar sitting on board oyerons
Of these barrels, was severed horizontallys
and the bottom part not moved, the t0p
being carried off. ss...' : ~ J.
!. Every window sash in the houseswab
completely demolished, excepting one il
the west chamber. Here there is a square
of glass with space cut out as it by the
point of diamond, just the size Of =
brick two inches by eight, showing that +
brick had been projscted throughdt-q -quick
as lightning. Five doors in the lower Pssl
of the house Were shattered to piecss.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1855-06-06
Daniel Webster.

Every thing relating to the development,
Eof suoh mind as Daniel Webs,erss is to
be tire assured. Professor Sanborn, of Dart.
mouth College, relates of him that, when
Daniel was mere boy, the Gtsanstsrs, in
passing through the town in which he
lived, were accustomed to say, when they
arrived at Judge Webster's house, Come,
let US give our horses some oats, and 10
in and hear little Dan read q psalm.'-
Leaning upon their long whip.stoc cks. the y
listened with delight and establishment 10
the young orator.
This was in his boyhood. oorres-
pohdent sends to our Drawer the following
anecdote Of the man iull.grown and in
his glory:
mir. Coolidge was law student in Mr..
Webs:er's Office in Boston, and heard the
conversation am about 10 mention. The
day before the ceremony Of laying the
corner stone Of the Bunker Hill Monu.
ment, MIR. Webster csme out OF his private
Office. and throwing Upon tho table man :
uscript which, he held in his hand, OBJ.
served that there was the oration which
he was to deliver the folio wing day.
How are you pleased with your effort,
Mr.. Websterl' inquired Mr.. Bliss, one Of
the clerks.
Throwing out his chin, az was his hAb.
it when he was waggishly-inclined, Mr.
Webster replied:
We'll, Mr.. Bliss. think it 10 q pretty
considerably good oration.' 100
thought SO too. when, standing under
the meridian sun of the hottest days il
June, drank in. boy as was, every word
that fell from his lips; and many ct those
words have rung in nay ears to the present
hour
So writes our correspondent; and ~
could not but mark the contrast between
the audiencss-the teamsters listening tt
the boy Dan reading a psalm. and III.
rap, thousands hanging on his lips a
Bunker fiill.-Harper' Magazine.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1855-06-06
Singular Effect Of lightning.

The Portland Advertiser gives an 40.
count Of the singular effect Of lightning
which occurred on Monday evening last,
l4th inst, at six o'clock, at the house OF
Capt. David Upton, Of Great Chebesque
Island, Maine. Tho house vas struck by
lightning during the storm. A neighbor
who was looking at the house at the time,
peroeiving bali Of fire, apparently foo,
in diameter, with q trail thirty yards long.
descend upon the chimney, Immediately
after a volume OF smoke began to ascend
az If the house was on fire. Fastening to
tho house it was a wreck, but not on fre.
The Advertiser says.
The family, Of six persons, were at sup.
per, and their escape with their lives il q
miracle. Old Mrs. Upton's right arm is
cut to the bone. above the elbow, and she
is otherwise badly bruised. Her grand
daughter, Marist,a Hamilton. six years
old is SO bruised as TO be purple from the
hip to the feet ,and is in precarious con.
dition. David Upton, Jr., is badly bruis-
ed about the head and face. His child. in
in his arms, was unhurt; also his wife
standing near, and old Mr.. Upton, like.
wise unhurt.
But the effects Of the lightning about the
premises were astonishing. Old Mr.. Up
ton was eating bowl Of bread and milk
with one hand upon the bowl, and the
other holding the spoon-the bowl was
broken in hand, and the spoon has not
been found. Old Mrs. Upton had cup
Of tea in her hand, and when she came TO
herself she was partly under the table. with
a piece oil cup in her hand and herself
covered with the wreck Of the chimney,
among which was piece OF timber, from
the front Of the Fireplace, eight feet long,
with fiat bar OF Ron ofthe same length
attached.
The grand daughter was thrown from
her scat at the table TO near the Fireplace,
and was literally covered with bricks and
mortar. Nearly every article ofcrockery
in the house, two clocks three looking.
glasses. and two old.fashioned oak tables
in the kitchen were smashed. The chair
/ in which old MIR. Upton was sitting was
broken into twenty eight piecss-at any
rate, that number of pieces belonging to il
we're found; every chair in the kitchen
was broken. Every partition in the house
was removed irom.its position and more
or less shattered.
The fluid seems to have gone through
the bottom Of cooking stove, sitting in
the kitchen ere place, leaving a hole. as
il made by shot, four inches in diane
ter. taking off one leg oi the stove. then
entering the cellar through the floor, leav
ing hole large enough for an ordinar,
sized man to pass through. The kitchen
is on the north side of the house, and from
the sill on this side portion has been car
ried off. one foot in length. leaving an ap
pearance as if from the action Of powder
| The sills Of the house on the south side
and east end werssundered md thrown
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1855-06-06
A Beautiful Sentiment.

Among the many passagesin in the speech
of Mr.. Hunter. Tuesday night, none elicit.
ed more unbounded applause than the fol.
lowing. We do not, OF course, pretend 10
give the exact language. but the thosght:
Deprive said he, the Catholics OF all
the Offices, bar them out from every avenu ue
10 political distinction, deny to them the
opportunities which you accord without
hesitation to lnfdels and Atheists, and
when you have done il all, when you have
placed their honest ambition to enjoy the
honors and emolsments ofpolitical prefer
ment under the ban Of q ruthless proscrip'
lion, your work 10 not yet finished ~
There will still remain Offices for them
Yes, my friends; the sweet offices ofChris.
tian love will still be lett. and in the midst
Of your prosecutions their bishops and
priests, as in the recent pestilence in your
southern cities, will threng the hospitals
and the post. houses, bringing suocor and
consolation to poor victims ofthe plague.
Ave, and their Sisters Of Charity will still
brave the terrcrs ofloathsome and infec
tious disease, will still wipe the death
damp from the suffering brow, will stil
venture in when tho courage Of mar
shrinks back appalled,, and will point ihs
dying gaze through the mysterious gloon
Of the Vsiley Of the Shadow Of Death 4
the Cross and the Cruoi6edl'-Senth Sid
Democrat.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1855-06-06
apoettrg.
! ARTS q |!

- 4 = ~, L g. a-
20 Arise! for the day is passing
While you lie dreaming on;
Your brothers are cased in armor,.
And forth to the fight are gone;
: Your place in the ranks awaits you,.
Each man has part to play;
The past and the future are nothing
In the face OF the stern to-day.
Arise from your dreams of the future
b OF gaining hard tough, field,
Of storming the airy fortress,
or bidding the giant yield;
Your future has deeds OF glory,
OF honor, God grant it msy!)
But your arms will never be stronger
"a. Orneeded as now-7to,day.
Arise! If the past detain you,
Her sunshine and her storms forget
No chains so unworthy TO hold you
As those Of vain regret;
Sad or bright, she is llteless ever;
Cast her phantom arms away!
Nor look. back, save to learn the lesson
Of q nobler strife to-dty.
Arise! for the hour is passing,
The sound that you dimly hear
Is your enemy marching to battle.
Ep Risei rise for the foe is near
~ Stay MOTTO brighten your weapons,
Or the hour will strike at last.
And from dreams Of q coming battle,
81 p You viii waken and find ii past.
.-Household Words.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1855-06-06
Amelioration of Slavsry.,sI

= THE Port Gibson z Miss. y Reyeille, saY0t.
"The uroiec, now being apitated by the
people Of North Carolin q, and room is 81
carried before the Legislature Of, 5thnt
State. is one which, we think, 20 say shs
least Of it, will create 4 Sc nsation. Il is,
1st, To render legal the ;ina,itntion .of
matiimony among dawes. end, 80. pre-.
serve sacred the relations between parents
and their Young children: and sra. To.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1855-06-06

ArA.culled pusson' in business in Mil
|waukie, who had left his affairsin the hand:
Of his partner, while he shouldtake shor
trip to the east, recently telegraphed back
from Detroit. in words following.
How is things goin!
The reply he received was:
Things is workin.'
This was satisfactory. But when he re-
turned to Milwaukee, the unfortunate man
found that his partner had sold out the
s,ock sppro pria,ed the proceeds and run
away with his wife. Things hsd<worked
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1855-06-06

ed that she always wore gloves. and kept
her neck covered in my presence.
The fire was burning cheerfully on the
hearth. had just finished perusing the
last Courier. My wife q was married)
was engaged at nsedle.work. when sud.
denly ! though, of New Orleans, and, as
a consequences, the black veil.
Mary said l.. turning 10 my wife.
where is lha. singular, inpene etrabls black
veil you used to wear?'
Smiling, she disappeared, and returned
in . few moments, bearing in her hand the
identical veil, which had been the cause
OF 50 much unhappiness. 49,,
Il have kept it,, said she, 'as a menento
OF my tolly.' ,=aI.
'Andswe will keep it, returned |. .as a,
memento Of what ! was very near losing,
namely--the dearest object Of my exist,
ence, by being in too greats hurry
And now, when | get in = humor to do
any thing in too great hurry, 60 and
look at---,he black veil.
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1855-06-06

@Trush--the open. bold. homes. truth
is always the wisest, always The safest, for,
every bne, in any and oil cifcums,sncse,
The spirit of democracy. [volume] (Woodsfield, Ohio) 1844-1994, 1855-06-06

TAKING CLERGYMAN AT ms WoRDs---
certain preacher Of Universalism hAda
been preaching in . country school house
for several successive Sabbaths, to oonsA
vince the people there was no hsll.a Assd
length it was announced that OF his, nsxA. !
meeting collection would be taken toe.
his benefit. The day arrived, and he coI>
lection was taken up in hat. Wsgp tie.
deacon had passed through ths oohefesls
CATION. and given all an opportunity tesl
|contribute, he returned to the desk and
gravsly emptied the contents Of the baA !.
upon the desk before the preacher. md
such .collsctionl' A few coPpers, Win
old buttons, pieces oi tin, broken jsuBD-
harps. horse.naiis, and almost every other
worthless thing that a man could oapsy q.
church in his pocket. The Preaches wass Z
|thunderstruok; bnt. recovering his sslfpoe>as
session in moment. and gazing upon s
the collection before him, exclaimeds 'welk
am not certain whether there 10 = heH -
not. but am certain there ought to Re oNs I.
| for such fellows as you are; and taking,
[ his hat. left the house ColuWtig S. Cars
olinidn. ls s1,4asfas : sossases -
A HEno.-Selm Pachs, the commander.
Of the Egypiians al the combat of Eupa.
toria,, on which occasion he was. killed.
was the Mameluke who escspe6 from thA /,
massacre at Cairo by jumping his horsA
! over The parapet. when Mehemet Ali, in
ll81l, ordered the indiscrimiaate destrOo.5
tion Of all the members of that celebrated ;
body who were then assembled in The. {
town. Selim, who waa an exceedingly,
young man at the time, seeing no other
chance Of escape. mounted his shorse and
forced him to spring from the lofty fall Of .
that town into the empty space. The ).
animal was killed by the fall, but the rider !.
ESCAPED, though not without very grave
contusions. Mehemet Ali, astonished slka
at the young man $ resolution and good :
fortune. ordered him to be spared, and in .
a short time he perfectly recovered. Ha.,
owed his subsequent military career Ia
the kindness of Col. Selvss-H. Journal,
0r'Tru,h--the open bold. honest truth
is always the wisest, always the safest, for,
every hne in any and nll cfrciinnsiAnces
Weekly North Carolina standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1850-1858, 1855-12-12

SEABoARD AND ROANOKE RAnRoAD.-The election
of Samuel N. Wilson, ESQ.,, to the Presidency Of
this road (already announced by special despatch
in the Erpress,) was unanimous.
The Rev. Thos, Hume was elected Director to
supply the vacsncy caused by Mr.. Wilson's eleva-
tion to the Presidency -r
Alexander A. Worrell, Esq, was elected General
superintendent The appointment of VIM. G.
Webb as Ticket clerk, dc, in place of Simon Ohio,
deceased, and of Jas. Brown in place of A. Boyd,
resigned were reported by the acting President and
concurred in.
The Company is in fourishng condition. The
Transcript says it has advanced the receipts OF
last year. Notwithstanding the trial of the late cpl
demic
Weekly North Carolina standard. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1850-1858, 1855-12-12

WARRkNToN FEMALE COLLEGIATE Nsr1rUTE.-The
examination of the young ladies of the Warrenton
Female Collegiate Institute, under the management
and control of Messrs. Graves and Wilcox, took
place on the 26th and 9th ult. The examination
is represented to have been highly interesting An
address was delivered on the occasion by the Hon.
A. W. Venable, which is spoken of by the " News"
in terms of warm commentator. The graduating
class consisted of Misses Catherine V. S. Williams
of Warrenton; Mitte f. Davis, of Mecklenburg
Va; Virginia F. Williamson, of Caswell Mary E.
Gregory, of Mecklenburg, Va; Mary A. Harding, of
Northampton NJ. j. Montgomery, of Rockingham !;
Mamie G. OVERLY, Of Mecklenburg, Va; Sarah
Clark, of Warren. The five first named also re-
ceived the distinction of Gold Medals, awarded for
the past graduate course.