davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
Moulding from Life.

Hayden, the painter, being ia the
beginning of his career, all en-
thusiasm TO master art, fell in with
negro from the United States,
whose magnifcenlly developed form
fired him with the design of taking
a cast of the entire man. But we
must let him tell the story in his
own words
Pushed to enthusiasm by the
beauty of this mans form, ! cast
him, drew him, and painted him,
TIL | had mastered every part. had
all his joints moulded i'll every stage,
from their greatest possible nilex-
ion to their greatest possible extern
sion. The man himself and the
moulders, took fire at my eagerness.
and after having two whole figures
moulded, he said he thought he
could bear another to be done if |
wished Of course | wished it, so
we set to again.
% liz moulding from nature great
care is required, because the various
I little movements of the body pro-
duce perpetual cracks, aud if the
mans back is moulded first. by the
time you come to his chest he labors
TO breathe greatly, so that you must
then have the plaster rubbed up and
down with great rapldity till it sets.
We had been repeatedly baffied in
our attempt at this stage, and |
therefore thought of plan to pre-
vent the difficulty, to build a wall
around him, so that plaster might
be poured in, and set all around him
equally and at once. This was a
greed upon. The man was put III
a position, extremely happy at the
promise of success, as he was very
proud of his figure. Seven bush
els of plaster were mixed at once
and poured in till it floaled him up
to the neck. The moment II set,
it pressed so equally upon him that
his ribs had 10 chance TO expand
nor his lungs to play, and he gasp
ed out, 'I-I-die' Terrified at
his appearance, for he had actually
dropped his head, seized, with the
workmen, the front part of the
mould and by one supernatural eff
fort split it in three large pieces,
and pulled the man out, who, al
most gone, lay on the ground sense
less and streaming with perspiration.
BY degrees we recovered him, and
then looking at the hinder part OF
the mould, which had not been In
iured, | saw the most beautiful sight
on earth. 1t had taken the impress
sion of his figure with all the purl-
ty of a shell, and when it was Join
ed to the three front pieces there APP
peared the most beautiful cast ever
taken from nature, one which | will
defy any one in the world to equal
unless he will rsk as | unthinking-
ly did, the killing of the man he Is
moulding. was so alarmed when
reflected on what had nearly done
that | moulded no more whole fig
ures. The fellow himself was quite
as eager as ever, though very weak
for a day or two. The surgeons
said he would have died in a second
or two longer. rewarded the MAJ
well for his sufferings, and before
three days he came, after having
been up all night drinking, quite
tipsy, and begged to know, with
eyes fixed, if wanted to kill hin
any more, for he was quite ready
as he had found it a good concern.
However, | had done with him, anc
would not venture, as | had master
ed his form, to run any more sucl
risks"
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30

An Tx GovERSoR IN Trouble
Ex-Governor William Tharpe, of
Delaware, is slave holder; and has
at times been made SO against hls
will. At present he has about
twelve slaves, too young or too old TO
be profitable. TO give an idea of
the difficulty the Governor has expe-
rienced to keep down the number Of
his slaves, n citizen of Kent On that
State) says that Mr.. Tharpe had
young slave girl--very young
When about sixteen she presented
the Governor with little black pic
aninny, before the Church had Civ
en- her authority TO become a mother.
The Governor read her a moral lee
ture, aud she promised 10 do better
in future, but for several years, regu-
lar at this season, she presented him
with his annual little blackberfy.-
The Governor was little bothered
at this, for it was somewhat annoy
ing to have his kitchen constantly
Ntillcd with little ebonies-all with
first rate lungs. But the next time,
instead Of one, as usual, the CIR!
commenced presenting him with two,
and kept on at two with the same
regularity for several seasons in sue
cession. The Governor bore this
even. and began to take it as a mat
Ter of course, when another season
she presented him with three This
was TO much for the worthy Chief
Magistrate oil the little State. And
fearing she might continue on at that
rate, for while, and then probably
increase TO four, had his horse put
right away to his carriage, and hur-
ried 10 Dover, when he at once man
united her. He determined not To
be made a STAKEHOLDER in spite of him
self. 1t was, however, a bad move
for the poor girl. She left the Gov
errors service and connected her
self with some worthless characters
of her own color, and in few years
died. What the Governor did with
his little host, is not stated. Perhaps
they are some of the twelve he now
possesses, and which, il report speaks
true, as regards profit, he would be
quite as well off if he were rid Of
them.
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
JOSEPHINE.
a Sailors Dream,

A nautical friend of ours, an old
sea-captain, who is noted for his &c
centricities, relates to us the follow
ing dream, which he afIirms he ex-
perienced on his last voyage home
from Calcutta, a few months since.
The story loses in our hands his
wonderful descriptive power, but
however, as nearly as we can recol-
lect it, it ran thus:
Having touched at St. Helena,
to wood aud water as they say in
the western rivers, he went on shore
one afternoon, aud partook at the
house of a hospilable friend of the
many good things afforded the in-
habitants of that gem of the sea
hot the least of which was
some Madeira, which would make
even the famous south side turn
pale at its own inferiorty. Having
from his frequent rotations got very
comfortably drunk, clean through
he proceeded to return to the quay
to his boat which he accomplish
en- after snndry feats of ground and
lofty tumbling, in short space of
time. After safely reaching his YES
sci he turned in, and soon fell "a
sleep and now for the dream:
He was in his minds eye Ho-
ratio'-dead, and in the dominions
of his Satanic majesty, and applied
TO that gentleman for accommoda-
tons. Arriving at the portals of
the mansion of his majesty, he
found him, and enquired what was
to be his fate after long life spent
on the earth in his service The
man in black turned to his ledger
and peeping up over his spectacles,
inquired the name of the applicant ;
our hero answered him and said
My name is Bob Tompkins."
Occupation I"
Sailor"
Residence ~
Boston, Mass, United States of
America"
Af,er these questions were replied
to by Bob, as he thought in a very
satisfactory manner, the devil turned
over the leaves of his record-book
until his eye rested on the page de-
voted to the luckless Tompkins,
and cast up apparently a balance
and in answer TO his reiterated ques-
ton, of what am l entitled to Z"
bawled out to his attendants in the
background
" Make up - of fire IN
No. 10 for Bob Tompkins, sailor,
BosDn-do him br0pn :"
"Jim, believe Joe, got no truth
in him."
You don't know nigga dare's
more truth in dat nigga dan all de
res oil de plantation"
Chow DO you make dat out"
Why he never let any OUT
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
The death of Josephine.

Darkness and clouds surrounded
the pathway of Napoleon. In vain
he struggled to retrieve his fortune.
The last engagement at Leipsic de-
cided his fortunes for the time, and
consigned niu to Eiba.
Napoleon was an exile, but in
his retirement he did not forget the
only being he ever really loved, his
Josephine. He Immediately adj
dressed a letter to her, breathing the
same, spirit towards her that he had
always manifested, rather congralu-
lating himself that his head and
spirit were free from the enormous
weight Of care, and intimating that
hereafter his pen should be a substi-
tute for the sword
This world" he said, "has as
yet, only seen me in profile. shall
now show myself IN full How
many are the men upon whom a
false estimate has been placed
have heaped benefits upon millions
of wrelches What have they
done in The end for me : Why
have they betrayed me? Yes all
| except from this number the good
Eugene and yourself. Adieu my
dear Josephine. BE resigned, as
am, and never forge, him who new
er forgot, and never will forget you.
Farewell, Josephine.
NAPOLEON
Upon reading these tidings, so
terrible, Josephine was overwhelm-
ed with grief, and Immediately
answered his letter, breathing the
same spirit of devotion to him, who
was once her husband, that had al
ways characterized her noble heart,
and entreated him to say the word
and she would fly TO him. The re-
naming circumstances connected
with her illness and death we give
in the language of Mr.. Abbott.
A few days after this letter was
written, the Emperor Alexander,
with number of illusirious guests,
dined with Josephine at Malnaison.
In the evening twilight the party
went ont upon the beautiful lawn in
front of the house for recreation
Josephine, whose health had be-
come precarious through care and
sorrow, being regardless of herself,
in devotion 10 her friends, took vi
olent cold. The next day she was
worse. Without any definite form
of disease, she day after day became
more feeble, until it was evident tina,
her final change was near at hand
Eugene and Hortense, her most
affectionate children, were with hei
by day and night. They commu-
nicated to her the judgment of hel
physicians, that death was near
She heard the tidings with perfect
composure, and called for clergy
man TO administer to her the last
rites of religion. Just after this
solemnity the Emperor Alexander
entered the room. Eugene and
Hortense, bathed in tears, were
kneeling at her mothers side. 10
sephine beckoned the Emperor to
approach her, and said to him and
her children al have always de-
sired the happiness of France.
have done all in my power to con-
tribute to it; and can say with
truth to all of you present, al
my last moment, that the first wife
Of Napoleon never caused a tear t.
flow"
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30

AnneSed Is list Of agents to receive subscription
advertisements and communications, aud acknowledge
paymentfor the same.
Bakersfield, ). n .rOMEBoY,
Brook6eld, =. u. SMITH,
Cabot, C. g. BROWN,
Danvine, CHARLES =. DANA,
Eimofe, 5. g. SCOTT,
fIydepark, EDWARD B.sAWYER,
Johnson, G.. W. SCOTT,
Mer.hdeld, l.. u. PUTNAM,
Mouisviue, J. C.. MOVES,
Middlescs, Jesse JOHNSON, Jr.
Nouhaeld, +. SMITH,
Orange, CARLos CARPENTER,
Phiuaeld. A. r HANCauFT,
south Il ,tdwick, G.. sHiPMAE,
stowe JOSEPH C.RNYNOND,
suaI,td, WILLIAM ROLLINS,
south STAFFORD, DANIEL W.JUDD,
Tnnh,dge, AARONN KING,
waiu6.id and Iyson. ORANGE SMITH
Warren. FRANKLIN 4. Is RIGHT,
Wat thufy aud DuSbuti
WiiHamstown u tRGus PRIDE,
Worcester. JONAS ABBOTT.
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
The Poor Man to his Son.

Work, work, ny boy, be no, afraid,
Look labor boldly 10 the face,
Take up the hammer OF the spade,
And blush not for your humble place.
Hold up your brow IN humble pride,
Tho rough and swar,h ,our hands may be
sueh hands are ssp-sinss thai provide
The life blood Of the nation free.
There is honor 10 the toiling part,
That finds Us in the fairowsd fields,
Itstamps a crest upon the heart
wotth more than ali the qusrsrsd shields.
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30

The darkey who creased bis feet
that he would not make noise when
he went TO steal the chickens, slipped
from the hen roost into the custody
of the owner. He gave as reason
for his being there, " Dat he only
come dar TO see lf de chickens sleep
with dar eyes open" He was
cooped.
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30

Somebody advertises for agents to
sell work entitled Hymenial In
structor." -Erchange.
The best hymenial instructor we
know of is young widow. What
she don't know there is no use in
earning.-Franklin ReUier.
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30

GgEEs CoRs FOR SUMNER Fon-
pER.-Sow southern corn as early az
the ground will permit, few rows
at time, and continue at intervals
of one or two weeks. and you may
help GU, the parched pastures aud
keep I'D a liberal supply Of milk
The soil should be deeply Plowsd
and generously enriched.
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
Is lss@ ...;.;i.s .ls...i.s 81.
Northern Railroad, n. II.
British & u. :. MAIL ROUTE,
-Ntt-
Boston, Lowell, Concord. North
ern, Psssumpsic. Vermont Central, Og
densburEh and Montreal ailroads.
TO AMI A. On

:, Johusbufy, Bu,liastoh. -. Adams, Montreal, os
densHufsh sui she West, aud Manchester, Mesh.
IA, Hpsisn Lawrence salem, Dover, Port-mouth
forilaad, 1fotsn luHciiea, Worcester, Providence
Nufwlsu aud NrW Auik.
THIS D.. thc direct route bet~ist he shove place.
aad passes through she capital. Of New Hampshire AM
Nefs"ni. The fata and neishf 30 io~ a. 10y othel
routes
After Dec. ~, 1855, trains Mouth leave Boston OF
g.45 A. a snd - o. and Concord Al 10 30 A. 81 9ns
3 N r'aius south igave Whns hifrt J"eetiot
from upper fohds-
Spsctalcsttle trains pi. sihfs route every Tues
day, andtelsht trair tisli 1ei~hi hnfinsion Ron.
81 Potnt ID giansbureh. Montreal aud Nashua, Low
sll. Bostoa. ssicm, Fntismouti, Worcester, ffust
deuce pisces ud rs is abe only route
from tha Osl-nshuish lr1 Montreal Roads by whici
Frrirktr.u he rsrried uithout changing cars.
ONSLON SrEANNS. Agent.
gseref. N . n. Doc TO- 1855.
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
Total. .l6o,cC

These works require Of raw mate
rial, 2l3,333 tons % pig iron, s4O,-
900 tons of coal, $4,000 tons Of
ion ore, aud 5l3,323 tons Of line
stone. The several companies have
a capital Of $4,000. 900, support a
population Of 80, 500. persons, and
consume in breadstufis alone 81, $685.
600. The most extensive Of these
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30

+" Pa" said little fellow the
other day "was'nt Job an editor I"
/" Why, Sammy I" because the
Bible says he had so much trouble,
and was a man of sorrows all his
life.n
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
EPIGRAM.

When Eve brough, seo to MI mankird,
Old Adam called her roman,-
But when she rood with love 80 kind,
lie then pronounced IL roo maa,--
But now with folly and with pride,
Their husband. pockets thinning,
The ladies' are 80 full Of whims,
The people call them phim-eR.
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
Watfbluaa K 5tate suurnaI.
PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY MORNING.

rERHs.-sl .50eash 10 advance 5000 II payment
aot made ia advance interest always charged iron
the end ofthe year
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30

BRoNcHIrIs.-A receipt gives the
following as a cure for TIE Bronchitis !:
Take honey in the comb.
squeeze it out and dilute in a little
water, occasionally moistening the
lips and mouth with il. II has new
or been known to fail in cases even
where children had threats so swollen
as 10 be unable TO swallow"
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
VOL. XLvIII, NO. sl.wHoLE NO. 24s9.

works is the Phoenix, at Pb9nixville,
Pa. and the least 50 is the Pottsville
at Pottsville, Pa.
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
t5r 45lum K tbr 1Jur.
BIZ L.. Il. WALTON.

''H' that by the Plow would thrive
iiimsalfmust either HoLo OF DRivE.n
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30

MANUFACTURE or X. X. lRoS.-
The extent 10 which Railroad Iron
is manufactured in the United States,
is hardly understood. There are now
sixteen manufacturers, as follows:
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30

Names Tons
Montour Iron Woks Danyille, Pa. /. $1,000
Rough and Ready, Danyille, Pa. -. 1000
Lackawanna, Scraton, Pa. ....... 10000
Phenix Iron Works, Phgnxyille, Pa. 10000
Safe Iarbor, Safe Harbor, Pa. 80. $1,000
Great Western, Brady's Bend, Pa. 10000
New Works, Pittsburg, Pa. ...... 5000
Pottsyile Iron Works, ottsvile Pa. 5000
Cambria Iron Works, Cambria, Pa. 1000
Trenton Iron Works, Trenton, N. j. 1000
Massachu's Iron W'ks, Boston, Mass. $1,000
Mt Savage Iron Works, Maryland. 10000
Richmond Mill, Richmond, Va. 5000
Washington Rolling Mill W'eelrg Va.5,000
Crescent Works, Wheeling Va. -. 5000
New Mil, Portsmouth, Ohio. .,... 5000
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
RailrOn0g.
~ -...sssl .sz...s......,.is'l
1854 VI. Central Railroad. 1854
Northern ~ western, British and
United states Mail Route.
Going North and West.

~ sat .os, Joss 5, 1851, Passenger rraia' wi
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
ALBANY RUTLAND
RAILROAD.


- 1920 .sas....i =. -..iiis:.--.,.ss,-
N-ow orEN NNDRrNNING rhRoUchio Al.
y ban, ~iiheut ctueso OF rn-
1853. Fall / inter ir- 1858.
rangement.
shor,ei aud quickest ibroust Mail Lire from og,,
dan-hurgh Nontfesl. hnuse's Point, tluuhmgh and
Burlington 90 Tfss, Albans and Nfw ie'k,
via Rutland and Eagle Bridge,
ia connection with Ra,aad sod u rllas'oa, aud Hed
son River Raiifoad
Passengers this route may lels upon making az
the connections wtht4s diufen, Roads, .. advertised
This g. TIE oSLs Hourr by which passengers 1an
with certainty 90 ihfous from Meuife"i 10 New i"iA
the same day.
NO CHANGE OF CARS,
coadue,ot. OF Baggage Masters bet~ees S-iiend nd
Troy or Aieant.
FlRsT rRAtN leaves Budingtou s.l5 4. NJ.
SECOND TRAM leaves hufhnglen lueV ~
arrves q TROY BIS 2. NJ aud Aibani A25 p w. leaves
Troy ASP. VI. 81 ALBANY 40 r. A for New York
Arrives II Nav Aors 10 Z. a.
THIRD TRAIN leaves hurhngion $50 7. a.,
lodge At Rutand, and leaves katiand A. $50 A. IS
nuivesat TO, 40 A N. and Ai9aas iol5 A A., leave
Troy 1889 A. a., OF Aiptns iV1o n Al 'f Ne" iofe
arrive Al New York 4.l0 =. A.
Express Train TOT Buffalo leaves Albany 1925 A. NJ
Through Ticket. to 30 procured At the Rutland and
Burlington Rairoad otice, ofVi
JAMES ~ MILLS, agent, Burlington.
:. TlLLEI, Tmveiing Agent.
Also, Through Tickets TO Dufalo, cleavelsnd, To
tedo, Detroit Cincinnati, ChirHgoi and az ne IVES
terra cities to sale al ms ohee OF the huianH ans
burlington Raiifos q, orut the Asrats OF the A"Ahf
baggage CHECKED TAresgh TO Trey. Albany or New
Nofk.
rios. n. cANflELD' ssg;
Burlington, Nov. q. 1853 SSH
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30

LEAVE BOSTON al = - A. ~. reaching Her
insion At ; 81 and Nonse's fonf 81 ?. NJ, Moat
real ~ ., md % rdcnshuf4hat ~ "a 2. ".
LEAVE BO1ION 90 " ", New York 4. NJ.
lodge al Moutps.icf VI. and arrive a. Bnfhugton a
$40 u kouses Point ats, Montreal al 20 o. ". an
Osionshufsh a. =. M.nett aay.
Also, LEAVE MONTPELIER at AS IS 4. ".
d
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30
JAMES MOORE

Noahs,id, VI, Ieoe /, 1854,
Vermont watchman and State journal. [volume] (Montpelier, Vt.) 1836-1883, 1854-06-30

"Jim, | believe Joe, got no truth
in him."
You don't know nigga; dare's
more truth in dat nigga dan all de
res OIL de plantation"
Chow DO you make dat out"
"Why he never let any out
Washington sentinel. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1853-1855, 1854-12-15

NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE,
IN ,Washington.-The Thirty Annual
Course of Lectures will commence on the fourth
Monday in October, and continue until March.
Thomas Miller, M. D., Professor of Anatomy
and Physiology. ~ .,.gft tit.r..gi @.,. fif WIZ
VIM P. Johnson, M. D. Professor of Obstet
RIGS and Diseases Of Women and Children.
Joshua Riley, M. d., Professor Of Matera Med.
lea, Therapeutics and Hygiene.
John Fred. May, M. d., Professor Of the Prin-
ciples and Practice of Surgery.
Grafton Tyler, M. d., Professor of Pathology
and Practice Of Medicine.
Robert King Stone, M. d.. Professor of Micros
copal and Pathological Anatomy.
Lewis II. Steiner, M. D., Professor of Chemis
try and Pharmacy.
William H. Saunders, M. D., Prosector and De.
monstrator. ma 5f
The facilities for the prosecution of practical
anatomy are ample. ~ ig Flt3
Like most similar institutions in Europe, the
desks from which the regular lectures are given,
and the wards for clinical instructions are under
the same roof. k ~ ri
The extensive additions to the buildings since
asst session, for the accommodation of the
*, will greatly extend the usefulness IS enc
medical and surgical clinic.
The entire expense for full COURSE of lee
- lures is. -. $50
Practical ANATOMY by the demonstration. 10
Marrculating fee payable only once).... S
Admission TO the Medical and Surgical Clinic
trough the whole course. without charge
ROBERT KING STONE, M. D.,
Dean of the Facuky 'i
Office and residence corner Of r and 18th sits.
Sep 21--tf h7t ts-l
Washington sentinel. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1853-1855, 1854-12-15

!, A LExANDRIA BOARDING-sCHOOI
IA The Thirty-frst Annual Session OF this In
stituton will commence on the I'd Of the lOth
month, (October) Besides the ordinary branches
OF an English education, and the Latin, Greek.
French, and Spanish languages, there are taught
the various branches Of Natural Science and a
complete and thorough course of Mathematics,
pure and mixed. The Institution is supplied with
a good library, large collection Of minerals and
geological specimens, an extensive philosophicsi
and chemical apparatus, an Astronomical obserya
tory, with good telescope, transit instrument,
Troughton's circle, &c; meteorological obseryai
tory, and chemical laboratory, in which the aa
vanced students are exercised in various chemi
cal manipulaions and the analysis Of minerals
soils, &C., and every known facility for the ad
vancement OF the students in the different depart
ments Of study. iat 4.NI ,.l-r : :.
The number Of students is limited 10 about six /.
Vj and IN order 10 secure precision in their yari-
Gus siudes and TO prevent loss Of time from wa M
Unnecessary assistance, five experienced teachers
uncluding the subscribers,) three of whom are
graduates OF Yale College, reside in The family
with the students, and give TO them their personal
attention and aid, not only during the hours spe.
cialy devoted TO study, but at all other times when
needed. In addition 20 these are the teacher Of
modern languages and the teacher of drawing
who give instruction 10 chsses at stated periods
A full course of Lecturer on Natural PhiIoso
Pny, Chemistry Astronomy, Geology, Vegetable
Physiology, and Agricultural Chemistry HI d.l;v.
cred TO all the students during each term 4. - \
Circulars containing further information can n.
obtained by applying 10 one Of the Subscribers. 4
. tdi.A, BENJAMIN HALLOMEII. -
iis HENRY G. HALLOWEEN. .i,r..
~ FRANCIS MILLER. N
Alexandria Va. 9Th mo oQtb 1sx1