The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1854-08-06

Jenoisons puOshod under tn auspices OF Congress
from the orig nal manus pts, has been issued
By Riker. Thorn Il Co., Of this city-the whole
series TO b completed in nine volumes The fourth
volume contains the letters OF Mr. Jefferson from
1873 to 1906, embracing the period while he was la
retirement. after having sed the Office Of Secretary
OF State, also she time while he was Vie President
and In the first term Of his Presidency II is, per
haps the most interesting volume of Mr.. Jeisrsons
correspondence, as 1t gives his views aud private
opinions on most Of the important questions which
arose curing highly exciting period Of our politi-
cal history. His opinioas also. OF the public men
OF his time, whether friends or opponents, will be
found In these letters often expressed without re-
serve. He Is generally very severe on his opponents
OF The federal party. particularly Hamilton, JAY,
and the leaders among the New England fed
eralsts. But he does not spare the men Of his own
party who were undecided on great poli ticsl
questions. Edmund Randolph, who was Attorney
General under Washington while Jefferson was
Secretary Of 6tsae, comes in for share Of sarcasto
censsire, for his conduct while In the Cabinet, and
generally taking part with Hamilton. But, apart
ffom party Questions, there are In this volume
letters on other subjects Of great interest, such
- tho acquisition Of Leuisiana. the expedition
across the continent Of Lewis and Clarke. and
tier matters Of Importance to scientific and
political inquiry. sr
The AMERICAN CorTAaE BUILDER. Stringer
and Townsend. Cottage architecture is now
beginning to attract more attention as an art
than it did some few years ago. Country
dwellings were then constructed according to
the crude and inexperienced notions Of the rural
population, without reference to any fixed prin-
clples Of comfort, suitableness to the ends pro-
posed. Or harmony with surrounding objects,
In most instances the conveniences of
dwelling only grew with the expanded
notions and experience Of the oecupier
but now, by simply following certain fixed
rules of general application, all those desi-
derata are secured at once at less expense than
was entailed by the old patchwork system-if
system it could be called-which was guided by
no settled theories Of utility and comfort The
purpose Of the present work is to furnish de-
signs for cottages, from twenty-five dollar
habitation to twenty five Thousand dollar villa,
giving estimates as to cost, supplying plans
and specifications, and treating generally of the
elements Of . perfect system of cottage architec-
ture. The following extract from the chapter
on ventilation wilt be read with interest, from
the fact that the observation Of the habits Of an
humble insect have suggested to scientific men
some of the moet valuable improvements that
have a. yet been effected in this necessary con-
dition of health and COMFORT
Al nature \ the best, a. well as the earliest,
teacher Ne take hrst example, in the history Of
veniiation from the lower animals; and, we venture
more hopeless problem, does not exist In rooms
ana crowded assemblies, our mines and ships, than
In the case about 70 be proposed.
lmagine . domeshaped building, perfectly air
tight, except through q small hole at the bottom,
capable Of CON tanning thirty forty thousand ami
mails fun of life and activity; every portion OF the
enclosed space that can be spared being filled with
curious machinery the problem is, how to warm
and ventiate such space, 20 as to maintain pro
per temperature and yet to give TO every individual
within 1t proper supply Of air.
Now, this is the condition OF a common beehive
and we may remark, that II, with all our machines
and contrivances, and scientific resources, the COM
bined operation Of warming and veDtistiug a room
be difficult unsatisfactory, how inipitey more SO
must be that Of small bee hive, crowded with bees
the greater part Of the interior Tiled up with combs
ingrtss andcgres Of the or for the escape
Of foul air, and tbe entrance OF fresh.
las oonmcn hive, these Ia absolutely no other
door or window, or opening, than this snal en-.
Ct
the bees stop up all the cracks and chInks, with
sinous substance named propslis. for the purpose
OF keering out insect deprcdasors and the p'opre
tor, with the same object generally plasters the
hive to the STOOL and, in order to keep off the rain,
covers it with heavy straw cap, or turns large
pan over it.
1t must not be supposed that because the vitality
OF insects Is greater than that Of warm booded ami
mails, bees are not affected by the same agencies
which affect us, for they are SO, in similar manner:
they fall Gown apparently dead, II confined in a
cose vessel they perish In gases which destroy u.s.
they perspire and faint with too much he .t and
are frozen to death by exposure to too much cold.
Huber introduced some bees into the receiver Of
an sir pump. They bore a considerable rarefaction
OF TIE air without any apparent iDjury on carrying
il further, they fell down motoaless but revived on
exposure 10 the air. In another experiment, three
glass vessels Of the capacity Of sixteen fluid ounces
were taken; two hundred aud fifty worker bees were
Introduced into one, the same number irto another
and one hundred and fifty males into the third.
The first and the third were shut close and the se
coDd was psrtisly closed. In quarter Of an hour
the workers in the close vessel became uneasy; they
breatbed with difficulty, perspired copiously, and
licked the moisture from the sidss of the vessel In
another quarter Of an hour, they fell do IN eppa-
Iently dead. They revived, however, on exposure
to the air. The males were affected more fatally,
for none survived; but the bees in the vessel which
admitted air, did not suffer. On examining tho air
In the two close vessels, the oxygen was found to
have disappeared, and was replaced by carbonic
aid: other bees introduced into 1t persisted mme-
ciateiy. On SddIDg Shall portion OF oxygen gas
to Il. other bees lived in it but they became ipsen
sible instantly on being plunged into carbonic acid,
and revived on exposure to the air they persisted
irrecoveraby In nitrogen and hydros Ell gases. ST.
milar experiments, performed with the eggs, tue
lsIva, and the nymphs Of bees, proyed the CONVEX
zion Of oxygen into cabonic acid, In all three states
The Larvae Consumed more oxygen than the eggs,
ard less than the nymphs. Eggs, Pu. into foul air.
lost their vitality. Larvae resisted the perlicious
influence of carbonic acid better than the perfect
insect would have done, bat the nymphs died al
most instantly therein.
These and many other analogous experiments prov
that the respiration Of bees has -imil. Whaling
effect upon confined atmosphere, as the resDira-
tion Of larger animals, and that bees require con-
slant supplies Of fresh air, In the same manner as
other living creatures. They also require their
dwelling to be kept moderately ccol. When, from
any circumstance, such "a exposure to the sun,
overcrowding, or the excitement roiuced by fear,
anger or pyepai alton for swarniug, the tempera-
fnrn OF the hive craatlu raiaod fhI bnn1