The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1854-01-02

spanish crown. Tne purposes VI oAiitd AHA nAvo
long been manifest in Mexico, where he has, within
q few weeks, been proclaimed Emperor, with the
compilation "Bis Serene Highness" There appears,
however to be little hope of his long baskiag in his
present sunshine. Mexico has in itself the elements
OF powerful State; but with its vast realm Of more
than million Of square miles, and population of
than eight millions Of inhabitants this Inflated
country rot without many generous asprings after
civil and religious liberty, is still unable to secure
well ordered government, on stable principles. Cen.
tal America continues, by the last accounts, to be
the scene Of political and social perurbstions. as
restless as the waves that beat and break upon its
shores.
SOUTH AMERIcA.
In the Southern portion OF our continent there
have been, since the century commenced, many and
great changes.
The republic of Colombia was constituted In 1919,
by the union of New Granada Venezuela, and Quito
Bolivar called by bis friends the South American
Washington" and "the Lberator," was its first
President. In 1928, when he assumed supreme
power, Venezuela withdrew from the Union; and in
1881 Quito or Ecuador also withdre ~ that the
political trne was then resolved into its original ee-
ments. But each is possessed of a vast territory q
Granada, $50 600 square miles, and two and half
million of people; Ven zuela, 900 square miles,
and million and quarter Of inhabitants; and
Ecuador which lies on both sides of the equator,
has 1926 600 square miles, and population OF 600,-
900. The wioe region abounds in precious stones
and in the precious metals.
The Gusnss are the only countries ia South Aneri-
ca subject 10 sny o! the crowned heads of Europe.
British Guiana has 10000 square miles, and 1870, 600
in abitaIts; Dutch Guiana SO 500 square miles aud
population of 1000; and French Guiana, 81 500
square miles, and $1,000 inhabitants
The Peru Bolivian confederacy, comprising Peru
and Bovs resolved ITSELF in 1924 into the separate
republics of Peru and Bolivia Peru became independ
ent OF Span inls2l 1t has, Of 524 900 square
miles, and population Of a million and half Bo-
livia has domain of 3lS 600 square miles, and a
population of almost two millions.
% Brazil, occupying nearly two ffths OF the whole
continent of South America, with two and quarter
million OF square miles, and seven and half mil
lion of inhabitants, affords the only example OF any
part o. our continent being ruled by king in per
son. John the Sixth, King of Portugal, pressed by
the demands of Napoleon, transferred his court from
Lisbon to Brazil in 1885, and ruled there until the
year 1921, when, after the Portuguese revolution,
and the convocation of the cortes, he returned to
Li.bon, leaving the crown-prince ia Brazil The
Prince, however after the separation OF the Brazil
ian government from Portugal, became the EN-
peror Pedro the First. During the insurrecton in
1891 when his troops joined with his subjects to op
pose his arbitrary measures he abdcated in favor Of
his infant son, Pedro the Second, and returned to
Ecrope.
united are mol agaa separate an independent re-
publics. Buenos AyIes threw of the Spanish yoke
in 1916. and adopted, in 1919, constitution, mo
delled after our own. In 1926 it took the name OF
the Argentine Republic. Upon the resi- gnation of
Rvadavia, in 1928, tine Congress WAS dissolved aud
the republic, in 1890, submitted to the despotism
and savage cruelty Of Rosls. Its area is 927, 900
square miles, and its population is million and !
half. Paraguay, with its $4,000 square miles, and
EGO 600 inhabitants, became republic in 1873
The next year, the sanguinary despot, DR.. Francia
was created dictator, and he became another Nero
in cruelty. He died in 1s4O at the advanced age Of
four score years. Uruguay, with 10000 square
miles, and 100000 inhabitants has had severe
struggle to maintain its independence OF the Argen
tine Republic. The republic of Entire Rios has an
area Of 1900 square miles, and 80 900 inhabitants
Chill, which, in 1909, when the +" Man o: Destiny"
in Europe was harrassing Spain, began to encour-
age q revolutionary spirit, threw of the Spanish
yoke in 1923, and has since become an independent
republic, with an area of l44 900 square miles, and
population OF million and quarter
THE WEST INDIES.
since tie commencement OF our century, the
West Indies have evinced but little sympathy in the
progress of our race. Cuba, Porto Rico, and Re
smaller islands, the little left of oil Of SPANS once
gave to CASTLE and Leon. From their unfortunate
ralation to 20 anile and imbecile government as
SPAIN they cannot hope for better things than they
now have. Under more favorable auspices, they
could not fail to reach high point OF political aud
social prosperity. They are yet to enter on their
mission.
BY the abolition of slavery in the English West
Indies in 1895, aud IN the French islands in ls4s a
million Of African slaves and mulattoes were declared
Free Hayt from the time Of its declaration Of indie
pendence in 1901 has continued to present abhorrent
scenes Of blood In 1916, the eastern portion OF the
island became separate government, under the
name OF the Domioican Republic. The Hayden no
gro and muatto chief magistrates are styled "Em.
perors;" and, amidst massacre and assassnatons
they have lo,g been playing their fantastic tricks
Hayti low has an annual revenue Of about four mil
lion of dollars; army Of blacks, numbering more
than 40 900; and militia of 10000. The salary
OF the Emperor is $4,000.
EUROPE
Since the nineteenth century dawned upon the
continent Of Europe its States have passed through
numerous and great vicissitudes.
There has been continual conflict of great anita.
gonistr principles -prerogatve and privilege, arts.
tocracy and democracy, srbtrary power and consti.
tutonal liberty, the spirit OF the dark ages and the
spirit Of progress.
In France Napoleon, created First Consul in No
vember, 1899, pursued his career OF military gory
obtained his powerful sway in Italy; subdued the
pride of the naughty German States; and became 70
Europe and the world, the hero Of his time. He was
crowned Emperor Of the French in 1904; but the
transcendent power Of his viii was confessed at the