New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1854-12-06


persuaded TO pillow their lands deep enough.
suppose j need not tell farmers that water IL the
principal component Of every living plant, and tina,
there 10 just as much water in the world time
az another, and enough at all times When there is
least water in uT on soils there is most in the
Atmosphere Ihis upper sea s never dry, and IL a.
ways fullest just when plants need water most In
the dry est and hottest season. it will deposit water
bly, smooth surface. Sage grsndmothers may tell
you that the pitcher would not sweat if there were
water inside Of IT, but they are nstak en- the outside
OF the pitcher would gather moisture Just it
oots, by precipitation surface cooler than Itself
II that surface could be kept cool enough. Let the
contents Of the pitcher be oil or lead the deposition of
simple water on the outer surface will contiHue pro-
Vioed that surface be kept cool enough
. mere, then, 10 the basis Of our urgent commenda-
uon OF Deep Flowing Sub-soiling and Draining. We
want the soil kept loose and permesble to such
oepth that the air passing over it may always freely
traverse II and 60 down till il finds degree Of cold
ssfhciest to cause deposition Of i.s water. Hence
and not merely because roots strike deeper in deeper
mellow sols-our demand for Sub soiling and Deep
fIowiDg-two feet, If possible; but, at ali events,
somewhat deeper every time the soil il turned over.
when remark that we have had a season OF I'M
common drouth, and that the losses and failures
thence resulting should teach US TO plow deeper you
readily comprehend, though you possibly may not
egree with me; but when add that it should also
impress Us with the importance Of DRAINING, some
Of Jsu will stare in bewilderment. "What drain
land TO guard il against droutbl you inquire. Yes
Sirs just exactly that How often have been told
This land don't need draining-it is dry enough"
Yes, sir respond, II does need draining, though
il 10 already too Dry" Let me make myself under
stood:
The atmosphere surrounding and embracing the
earth IL great reservoir Of moisture, which evapo-
ration is constantly reple1ishng, and rains SHOWS
occasion ally making drafts upon. Let any current
body Of cir be brought into contact with surface
colder than ITSELF snd il begins 10 deposit moisture or
water thereon-witness the common sweating Of a
IN Iw4 1. Ill I'll
the pitcher says an objector, at dry pitcher will
"Dever sweat Yes, Sir it rH sweat provided you
can keep it long enough colder than the air which
comes in contact with 1t. If you doubt this, and
think the sweat on pitcher was distracted from the
fluid inside, pray explain why pitcher sweats only
on bot dsys, or in hot room. But the fact is beyond
dispute.
Now, drain, whether made Of tile hollow brick
as II should be, Of stone, timber or other material
is a long tube oischargDg into stream at any
place where bank declivity insures against back
water running thence across the field to be drained
and terminating uuder hesp of loose stones at the
upper ride. II Of tile. these are simply laid end to
end in the bottom, with sod reversed over them so
TO cover each junction and prevent the introduction
Of earth. You need borrow no trouble about the wa
ter; oil that the soil does not need will find its way
into the drain and pass rapidly off to the outlet pro-
weed there gradual though slight descent toward
the mouth, no choking up at any point, and no back
wafer All the surplus water Immediately above the
drain will thus pass of with that for or two rods
on each ride; but you recede from the drain the
drained by it rises that drain three feet
der the surface will not drain away the water TO a
depth of more than twoand-a half feet at distance
of rod on either side, 10 depth of more than
two feet at a distance Of two rods II do not pretend
10 accuracy in these details but only TO illustrate the
pIinciple As 10 depth, much must depend on the
of the ground and the facility of avoiding back
water. My drains will not average three feet In
depth, and | have some under two feet, because
cannot get drainage. way TO greater depth; but If
could 90 deep as choose should, while tile con-
tinue dear now, rink them four to five feet for
then think they might be laid four rods apart in
rocky, compact sos and possibly FIVE or six in loose,
dry soils. They ought not in general to be more rods
apart than they are feet deep.
Now spch drains, well lad, will not merely Keep
the soil free from excessive moisture but they Will
enable il TO retain water in dry time by keep
! ing il loose and porous, and by preventing the cub
! soil sfter being once powed up from being baked,
lot a dry lot on earth which would not, with proper
Moving be aided 10 resist drouth by draining. For
! each drain msde az have indicated, with vent at
each end, is funnel through which current of air
is constantly passing, and sending off jets in either
direction through the crevices between the meeting
tile You need not be told that the atmosphere is the
great reservoir Of fertizng substancesthat carbon,
which, next to water, is the principal constituent OF
No ary all plants is obtained from the carbonic acid
of tie atmosphere and that ammonia, the st mulant
! Of vegetation, is but modification of nitrogen, which
/ is principal ingredient of the air. Dig cellar
wherever you please, throwing cut on the top eaun
let il freeze and thaw one or two winters, ana be
visited by sum- wind and rain, and mark what rank
growth will cover IFS surace-the product, not OF the
earth mainly, but of the atmosphere 80 the alr,
| constantly escaping from the current flowing
through the tile, permeates the earth on every SIDE,
and imbuts it with warmth and fertility.
But propose 10 show more especially how these
drains protect land from drouih. / have alrei iy
snoken of the reatDg pitcher the constant presence
Of water in the atmosphere, and the tendency OF the
air to deposit this water on coming IN contact win
surface colder than self. Now the surfaces OF tue
drain are always in with the earth surround
irc the drain colder throughout warm weather than
! u atmosphere above them. OF course, the air en-
tering the drain from without is perpetually brought
in contact with surfaces colder than ITSELF ana per-
| petually depOsiiiDg moisture in the adjacent sou
IL is yery well 10 make drains of stone where SUIT
able stone are abundant and the farmer wants to get
rid of Them Where the soil beneath is solid and un-
Welding and care is taken in laying and covering the
II me- such drains may for work even better than
IL made Of tile they will draw more water from
the soil and give it air in return. Butin swanps
and MAJ shy soils where tile draln aid on SLABS
fat eide up, the poorest rough ooards VIII On,
dure for many years, stone drain Will soon SINK aud
become chok ed and useless Besides re-
onres far more displacement of earth in the making
and AT least twice the labor in layin and covering
Let every farmer begin to dram al once even WIN
two moor boards or slabs for the top and bottom OF
et ch drain, ard smooth pole for each SIDE but he
will soon realize the superior convenience ana eeoho
/ my of the tile. , , l.. -.
know well that tile are 6oth scarce a1u ueaL a.
present-and we paw more dollars per Thousand than
The English do sbipes, ard probably get an inferior
article at that But this is temporary grievance,
which constant and growing denisud tor tile would
Meantime let me say TO brick layers; and 10 all %h2
are il quiing for good, profitable business
into Tie.Making. There is a mine OF wealth here
which California cannot equal; and you can hardly
leave your son an estate OF equal value to him with
,hee wears instruction in atile-manufActory. And,
Great rs are our obligations TO the professions think
your county of Franklin could afford to spare nsA'