Richmond daily Whig. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1842-1861, 1853-08-27
NUMBER 40.
RICHMOND WING.
From the Ne~ York Tribune.
Ru<Sis "a N t.
THE BOURGEoIsIE-

W ~.
THE BOURGEoIsTE
There is a and rather ~id.-snr.,d ,.r..
pagated by writers belonging to vsr;ous n.,or,
absence in the Russian social system of hou,g.o,;
e'd' This Misrepresentation IA based princin.llv ~,
~ e'oneOus notion that whoever Is not . pobI.,., q.
F0'"' serf or slave. As to such persons bsins
' We nave SHOWN in former article upon In. nobii
W tha Notwithstanding their superior social no-;o "A
the privileges and distinctions enioyed bv ,h, .na -
which they are surrounded their real relations ,,h r.
su'ocracy the nobility finally share the common Ia. .a
JON with other classes in dragging along the iron ,oke
Inc Ozar Is In principle, absolute unacco untablo -
" wen over tne person OF nobleman as over that or
ourgher peasant a sert His power is far mo-. -
soInte over the nobility, than that of the pobi,x -
'heir peasantry The bougeoiss in Russia are also .nh
Iect ~ this power in the way as the ,oAir, r.
precede this class in the social scale But the clas m M
Lens Is crcumscribed by the nature OF tbi, ds.caa;
sraoauon, and thus crowded into closer and na,o..
arena ana Is more heavily shackled, and TO vre,,.r A.
oppressed and deprived Of individuality and Hber,v
IN body as well as in mind In social order sund. -.
cusivey on the complication and combination Of vh,, .
called privilege the pressure becomes more and mora I,
ing as we descend to the lower grades
= pi certain degree the position OF the bourrpo
10 RUSSIA as VIII be shownhercaer differs o
that OF the corresponding class in Other rom
stii II IL OF the same kind, though in A more J ou.
H''te' sHarhSparuy the common DEFICIENCIES
win other different characteristic of its own ~h;S
superior To the narrow and contracted sni,;, 40 49,.
rOG.ed 10 tne European bourgeois;e generally p"
.as. ~, 80 :, Tue noargeoisie forms a middle
ys, as IL 1oeS elsewhere. 1t stands there betrsa
the nobility and the peasautry. In this centrai ;,'
through ITS well defined, well circumscrbed
called legally the merchant class the bourreoss ,oS,
slightly the nights of the reserved nrivi Ioucnes
the nobility while the other side Il ningles "a @ 70
ul-aPpears IN the genuine people Thus If by soma 80
strcted privileges it is a little raised ,boya - nc 80
ioItuue, on the whole, 10 in
oeheAth ~ the social and moral pressure weghng do
S, "a er h thg crushing superposition of higher
In the official language the whole elass Il csid tit,
oughers lhey live in cities, towns and borouVbs si,
unue similar organizations; devoted exclusively 10 trss
manufactures and other working professions rbo, -
are governed by Institutions OF onn,rri,I 49, l
/ speeis IheT fundamental organism and s,,,,c " re-
rug egaI OF c''i position of the bourgeosie as a whole
as wen as IN the parts into which il IL legally
rs oHoWs according TO the dehnt ions of the Law b.
e te oourgeolsie pieced into many and ysrons
classification. aud subdivisions o '1'oua
According, then to the law S,,o,f E,Iu.. 4, f..
ougher OF any city, town, borough are Those hor
" Ut 'hO-s VINO nave settled there established in anv
' as uauesnen' "ru1an-, etc 2. Persons pos.
'shg houses Iots, or any description of real ests, H.
the locality. s. Those registered in ono oT a. - S ~
guilds, or any other local corporation 4 All ,hos -
a. 'us c Nnere ihey live, have filed duties Of per
sohai s'FV'ce who are recorded in the gr.erI
and have accordingly paid the communal tsIss
ms BODY OF citizen burghers is divided into vo,o,.
clasNlhcaiOns, a. follows Thus / The cIass s sr
corporation legally called merchants Eu,,t,It ~ 'ne
iO G. All OF them must h5 Inscribed in one of The ,b
guilds . RespeetabIs itizeus g. Citizen bu,ghe no,
inscribed IN any OF the guilds; artisans mecbsncs he
! longing to special hlndicrah corpor.tions 4 r' "
sHch As discharged soldiers, enancpaed serf and ali
Others o Tree condition no: belonging to any specaI cor
poriuon, hut registered in the general one of h .;, -
/ hatiied by them. ). Workmen and all o,bor init.
tans owning houses in cities but not registered in tS
General or in any OF the special corporations can bc
choose, be called citizen burghers without bovaver i
their privileges, If from the order of The noh;I;
4uns these OF bur2hes il still belonging to raiA com
| tnunes. % ' A-,
The three guilds into which the merchant Glass 10 ,;t
led, are formed according the amount Of cspi,I g.,
poyed and declared by those wishing 10 get an iesr
non on winch an interest Of about six per cent Is to be
paid yearly into the treasury. The sum nsessarv s a.
inscription ~ the hFs guild is sbout twenty thousand @
las' tor the third or lowest, about six thousand
Aside from this order of merchants all other bBr,h
om general body whatever their trade or occapafons
hauderait corporation is formed OF masters torsm.n
ana apprentices The members of such a corporation are
either Tor lie or temporary To the first bsony ,bo.
noIu "a citizen burgherS; the second E,reign
free peasants well serfs who have l., ned tb ,
handicraft or are received among the masters In tb
porauonS being thus Inscribed for a certain time vi,h.
a"WeVer belonging to the general class Of citizen hnrg
hers The body of workmen is composed of ali r,.,,
~ the records OF the town. and belonging H. apy or
tle above mentioned classes Of men unfit for H. iI;
seryice or those having finished IT, of fra,gn i,,;
artisans apprentices but excluding those Of had g.
lcter and all those expelled for bad behavior or f tb
nonpayment Of communal taxes or The ev,dn, =, sII
personal duties. . - '''-
ANY one enjoying the right to make selection .f co,
porauon trade or occupation for life can enter the eis
o citizen ourgher abandoning thus his inferior nnsi,
md passing over 10 this superior one For ms he
must be legally and officially accepted by the com
mun'y which he wishes 10 jon. Exceptions exist for
some artisans where the legal Of the commnnj -
he act Of admission is necessary Thus for ,sI 70
cloth Eeavers, dyers and drsssers and machin - % ~
! sent'al Guy corporation or community wnhout obtain
ing the fo!maliiy Of s assent
Free or croWn peasants join the eorporaop of bnr
shers individually or with their families and 90 can rnrI
Immune, they are traders, mechanics. artisans or
= agrfntf
ing thus from one state another must obtain t assn,
OF the commune which they abandon "a wsU a. A.. a..
IePA2ce OF that which they enter When this Is TO be
zone 10y whole rural community the permission Of the
government is necessary Widows and daughters OF
rec peasants can, under certain conditions become incor.
poraiei among the citizen burghers
Independent agriculturists ia kind Of free veonen "a
Is assent. '''
jews as veil as seceders from the State or the o,,bo
doN Greco Russian Church, only Join corn. r,,; 4
rarscaucasiau cities. Asatc nomadps OF ali -, -
Ninds, kirguses etc, can their chor- enter o. 49,,
this by the commune.
The following the rights and the compo.i,iop q, 4,
municipal commune Its members can hold legal meet
rgs for the debating and settrg Of objects Of M
iere necessity and utility So says the code OF law
Vof dkoHoS. These meetings are either genera, e,cd
collectively by all the various members Of The General it
corporation, or special, for each special corpora op a.
or example, for merchants burghers workmen gen
era meeting held every three years being called to-
geher by the Governor Of the county and presided over
by The Mayor, who Is called goora or head The Legal
ige or the exercise OF the right Of voting s5 years Az
such irieuuil meetings the community elects pember
Tor it4 internal administration the Mayor the Common
council called Bngd the magistracy Board OF Aldermen
special Board or aIrs rel ting 10 artisans Boar A
'up,fiutcnd the recruiting Of soldiers and BOARD 81 ne
uties to look over the administrative accounts
The community Of any city cc.or,p,,l h,,t
according TO the prescriptions Of special avs
No citizen burgher can be deprived OF HE sts,ai, -
pecial privileges otherwise than oy the verdict of eri
nn tribunal ln al civil IS Eelss criminal rnstie-s n
'n l p,ses arc OF We same class the CONES first
before the Board Of Magistrates
Merchants OF the first guild, their children when
me parents have belonged for tweny 6ve years unnter
apchy 70 the guild have the right enter the civil or
n"Nry service under The conditions the children
~ personal mobiles. Merchants Of the second guild or
her children, cannot enter the civil service a AL end hs
military only as volunteers that is with the right savo
agun AZ any time. Al other merchants citizen hurrh.
ers % Ihcr chlren adlLc into The civil -erEi-