New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1853-08-20
RUSSIA AS 1T is.
THE ROURGEOISIE.

80 ths ahseuce In the Russian social system Of bour
-. a, ,>,..fta. This misrepresentation is based
.,epsy on the erroneous notion that whoever Is not
nnblsmsn 10 ipso Jaeto, serf or slave As to such
,.,.n. bsire slaves have shown 10 former ar j.
=. upoo the nobility, that Notwithstanding ther
san.ror social position and the privileges and dstinc
so., epoyed by them and by which they are surround
a IN their real relations with the autocracy, the no
hjy finally share the common lot, and join With the
s,her classes dragging along the iron yoke The Gar
= In principle an absolute unaccountabe master Is well
ever the person Of nobemsn that ola burgher'
a peasant or serf His power ia far more absolute
over the nobility than that Of the nobility over their
peassntry The bourgeoise in Russia are also subject
70 this power in the way a. the nobility who pre-
sede his class ia the social scale. But the class Of ct
xeus il crcumscrbed by the nature of this descending
,rada,cn and thus crowded into closer and narrower
srens and il more heavily shacked and TO greater de-
cree oppressed and deprived Of individuality and liberty
h. body AZ well as 10 mind In social ORDER ioundeo
exclusively ON the complication and combination oil what
\ called privilege, the pressure becomes more and
,,ore Ealing as we descend TO the lower grades.
Thu. 70 q certain degree the position Of the bour-
,so .s in Russis as will be shown hereafter, differs
~ evbatfrom that Of the corresponding class In other
.,,.re. But still 10 Of the same knd, though In
more depressed state; sharing partly the common dell
sne~, hut endowed with other different characters
Nc. Of is own which render it superior to the mar
,ov and contracted spirit so deeply rooted In the
European bourgeoisie generally.
Tn Rus,is. therefore, the bourgeOise 10 ms middle
elsss inst A. il does elsewhere IL stands there be-
tween the nobility and the pesssntry In this central
,o,icp through ito well defined well circa0scribed
eoruorstioD, called legally the merchant class, the
touches slightly the nights of the reserved
privileges proper to the nobility while on the other
sde il mpges and almost disappears in the genuine
people. Thus. II by some restricted privileges IL "s
little raised above the atters fortune, on the whole,
supports In common with those beneath IT, tbe 30 'a
and moral pressure weighing down upon both from the
crushing super position Of ahgher caste and from the ALL
stHiDe power Of despot'm
In the official language the whole class is called cut
Zen bwghsrs They live in cities towns and ooroashs
MI under similar organizations; devoted exclusively TO
&r,ds manufactures aud other working professions.
There they are governed by institutions Of comnu-
,sl pa,uts A. respects their fundamental Organise and
structure
The LEGAL or civil position Of the bourgeoisie as a
vbole ss well d in the parts into which 1t is legally SUD-
ava,d Ia ~ follows according TO the definitions Of the
hv BY which the bourgeoisie is peced out into many
and various classfcstons snd Subdivisions
According then, to the lac, S~od Zakono'o the GU
henburehers ofany city town or borough are; ihose
horn In t. or those who have settled there, established
m spy business ar trade men artzaus, etc Persons
possessing houses lots any description oil real estate
The locality g. Those registered In one OF the three
suds or nny other local corporation. a All those VINO
the city where they live, have fulhied duties OF
personal service who are recorded 10 the general regis
a a maid fla enpt
This BODY of citizen burghers Is divided into various
slss,,i6eaions as follows Thus; ]. The class OF the
sorpoI alton legally called merchants knpeesesSos Sos
lowe All of them must be- inscribed ia Que m the tnrce
suilds 2LRespectable citizeus. Cltizen outshefs
stinsc,hea In any of the guilds artisans, mechanics, be-
longing TO specia handicraft corporations rrecnen
such as discharged soldiers, emaDcipa'ed seris' aod al
others Of free condition not belonging 70 any speclal
eoYporstiop but registered in the general one OF the Guy
plabi,ed by them WorkmeD, aud all other lnhaoi
tsn,s owning houses cities, but not registered IN the
general or ia any Of the special corporations, cam
Aey choose, be called czen ~ ~.
Nv ar acquiring these Of burghers, If stl belonging 10
rural commuDcs. r.,
"a. three guilds into which the merchant class is dvid
- 3D. are formed according to the amount oil capital em
sIo, ed and declared by those wishing to get an nscrP
Nm ON vhch an interest Of about six per cent Is 20 Dc
paid yearly into the treasury The sum necessary Tor al
ecptio In the first guild s about twenty thousand dol
Lars Tor the third or lowest about ak thousand.
Aside frem this order Of merchants all other eureher
farm general body whatever their trade or oocupa
lions A banjicraft corporation 10 formed oil masters
c,reman and apprentices The members Of such cor
poratop are either for life or temporary. To the hrs
ttonr those born citizen burghers to the second
ren artisans free peasants as well as serfs VINO nave
harmed the special handcraf received among che
matters in the corporation being thus inscribed for
O. ain time, without however, belonging to the gen
class of citizeburghers The body of workmen
sonposed of all registered in the records OF the town.
And NOT belonging any of the aforementioned classes
Of M. unit for the military service or those having
fuish.d It. Of foreign immigrants artisans or appreciate
A. but excluding those of bad character and all those
expelled for bad behavior for the non pay ment Of
communal taxes the eyading 70 fulfill personal duties
Any one enjoying the right to maze selection 81 a
sorporafon trade or occupation for life, can enter the
ssss az citix. burghers abandoning thus his inferior
po..p sno passing to this superior one For Ems
ke must be legally aud officially accepted by the comma
nty which he wishes 10 join Exceptions exist Tor sone
artisans where the legal assent Of the community to tue
act of ADMISSION is not necessary Thus for example,
eoh we.yeys Overs aud dressers, and machnlsts can
kiu general cit, corporation or community, without 90
6tipg the ,ormality Of its assent
Free or crown peasants can join the corporation OF
bar, hers individually with their families and 80 can
rural communes, II they are traders, mechanics, arti'
sans or manufacturers but not as agrcutursts lndr
viduss passing thus from state 10 another, must Oh
Min the assent of the commune which they abandon,
veil az the acceptance OF that which they enter When
Me il TO be done By whole rural community the permits
scp O, the necessary Widows aud diuga-
tcrs Of free peasants can under certain conditions be-
come incorporated among the citizen eurghers
lndependrnt agrculturists "a hind OF free yeomen)
a we'll as emancpated serfs, can join city corporation
with its assent ..,
1ox (;recs Russian Church can suy join corporations
- ,~.,.n.nns.;sn ctes Asiatc nomades, of all races