Weekly national intelligencer. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1841-1869, 1853-09-03

the Papacy in common government was the aim Of
that party which sought establish universal monar-
chy. Such result however was thwarted by the natu-
raj Jealousy existing between the secular and religious
power by the national and hereditary hatred of the Ger
mans and Italians, but especially by that popularity Of
the Germanc races which inciines them to the dsmem
berment and subdivision Of rather than to the
consolidation of separate States into civil unity This
principle finds its full expression in the institutions of
Feudasm with its subdivisions of power and jurisdiction
in the hands of petty lords princes, and electors With
the crusades all universal combinations Of European
States, for purpose came to end, and each
separate people commenced thereafter develop its own
national and local tendencies Civil division prevailed
over civil unity.
With the degeneration Of chvary and feudalism during
The fifteenth century combined certain discoveries
and inventions which altered the face Of the world and
stripped the privileged nobility Of their prerogative rights
The discovery OF powder and the consequent invention OF
firearms deprived the mailed knight of his advantages
in war; the Of printing robbed the noble and eccle
sastic of their exclusive pre-eminence in learning But
the conquest Of Constannope with the consequent de-
structon Of the Byzantine empire, was the magic blow
which first walked Europe to life This startling
event aroused the nations to Of their weakness
and danger The Moslem was at their doors Leagues
began be formed between people and prince and
between princes with each other in order TO resist the
common enemy. conscious Craftsmanship began for
the first to exist and the princes who most skfuy act
ed their part in this crisis Henry VII of England
Louis XII Of France and Ferdinand the Catholic, Of
Spain The Papacy also raised itself from the deep de-
cline into which had sunk during the time Of its resi-
dence Avgnon and under the administration Of Alex
ander W. and Julius H. succeeded in reducing the petty
principaites of Italy under the sway of Rome The
danger which threatened all chrstendom tended
only towards the consolidation Of Papal unity at Rome
but to general alliance the part of all Christian States
in order to resist Mahometan aggression and thus fur
thered the project Of universal civil and religious gov
ernment combination of the monarchy and hierarchy
to the interest Of the latter But the danger which men
aced European liberty from the Papa stool was soon
greatly transcribed by that arising from the graspng am
bton of Charles " Spain, the Netherlands Naples, and
Austria were in the hands of single man The whole
continent with the exception of France, subject to
his arbitrary dictation whilst in the New World given
to Spain by Columbus, whole boundess continent
in process of conquest and occupation by military chief
tans who owed him their allegiance 10 cripple France
and absorb the Papal States the goal of his am
bton, but before these last could be carried
into execution he proud fabric of his worldwide empire
fell to the ground. The incompatiby existing between
the German and Roman again wrought its natural
fruits The holiness of the fiery Saxon Martin Luther
assai.cd the hierarchy of Rome while Maurice Of Saxony
undermined the plars on winch the lmperlai power OF
| Charles was founded.
If the fall Of Byzantum opens the new era of modern
times it has also been the occasion of two events which
are destined givecoor and complexion to all future
history the Discovery Of America and the Reformation
The blockade of the Orient led the former and the
overthrow Greece by driving the scholars Of Byzanum
westward paved the way to the latter reviyng they
did the study Of letters and thus giving impulse to
all mental activity These events substantially
pose the contents Of the latest centuries and condonate
the products of their modified civilization SO long
gious differences formed the questions of national
troversy observe that the Roman invariably
pursued their projects Of territorial ACKNOWLEDGEMENT by
cementing close alliance with the Romish hierarchy
while the Germanc generally arrayed themselves
si.s eide OF protsasaA.sna in che sinst 'a
policy of consolidation, and the struggle itself did not
cease until the attitude of affairs changed by the in
fusion of new elements which e1truded religious interests
from their dominant place in the minds Of heated anago
nsts While the Spaniard and the Gaul were squander
ing their in the effort TO found vast CONSOLE
dated empire the men of Germanic origin held fast
their propension towards the division Of civil power and
strove to maintain the independence and segovernment
of the national domain by its separation into provinces
and smaller territories and, at most when several
tionates were embraced in State federal union
which did interfere with the internal sovereignty Of
the several component parts.
While Luther attacked the power Of Pope and Kaisar
in far they stood in the way of the Reformation he
was careful nevertheless nculcate wise conservatism
He lifted up his voice loudly against the insurrecona-
ry zeaots Of Munster against the oppressive
of the courts at Rome and Vienna He that the po-
pular not ripe for civil liberty; he left God
and time finish the work he had begun" Hence it
that in Germany the Reformation still sheltered itself be-
meath the shield of monarchy. In England under the
guidance Of Cranmer the reformed church likewise united
its fortunes with monarchy, for tme at least from the
very necessity Of its origin under Henry WILL In Swift
erland and the Netherlands the influence of Cavinsm
impressed alike the regulations Of Church and State
an arstocratca phase, which, however, subsequently
found its full and natural development under the Purans
in the democratic institutions which for in
England and still exist in the United States of America
When, however, Calvnism had secured its permanent
footing in the north Of Europe during the latter part
the sixteenth century, and when the Papacy found in
Philip H. sure support, and in Protestant divisions
useful auxiliary the first grand anagonism Of the two
confessions brought into full relief Catholic
action speedily ensued Catholicism itself underwent
change The inquisition and the order Of Loyoa
Instituted auxiliary this reaction The former
devised to check further Invasion Of Professionalism in
the Roman territories the latter pledged to the
conversion Of the lands that had already apostazed from
the Romish see The reactonary movement the part
of the hierarchy to issue with the fecusant
churches in the early part Of the seventeenth century 1t
overlook France, Germany, and England in different