davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22

SENATE.
THURSDAY, Jan. 90, 1853.
PETERSBURG GRAYs.

THURSDAY. Jan. 90, 1858.
rErERsBURG eRArs.
Mr.. DANIEL called up the bill authorizing an
exchange of arms with the Petersburg Grays,-
Mr.. ID. explained the bill, and it passed.
BLUE RIDGE TURNPIKE.
Mr.. SHcKELFoRD called up the bill transfer.
ring the appropriation made to the counties of
Madison and Page, by the act of the 18th of
March, 1e49, to the Blue Ridge Turnpike Com
pany. Mr. S. explained the bill, Mr.. DENEALE
advocated it, Messrs. DARLINGTON, DOUGLAS,
and WITcHER opposed it. The roll was called
with the following result:-Ayes 25. noes 16.
Not having received the constitutional MAORI.
ty-26-the bill was rejected.
ORDER OF THE DAY-THE SINKING FUND
Mr.. STovALL called for the order of the day,
the bill creating Commissioners of the Sinking
Fund, &c. The original was a Senate bill
The House OF Delegates had adopted substi-
tute therefor.
Mr.. STovALL moved that the Senate dis
agree to the House amendment. This PROPOSE
ton Mr.. S. enforced in speech of considerable
length, in which he dssected infinitely the two
bills.
Alter some conversation between Messrs.
DOUGLAS, SHAcKELFoRD and WIrcHER, Mr..
STUART moved that tho bill lie on the table and
be made the order for Monday next Lost
The bill was then made the order of the day
Tor Tomorrow, Friday, on motion of Mr.. SHACK
ELFoRD.
On motion of Mr. BALDWIN,
Resolved. That tho Committee on General
Laws enquire into the expediency of so amend
lng the laws us to permit the Inspector of Flour
for Richmond city, to inspect flour manufactured
in the town of ManchesIer.
YOUNG GUARD.
Mr. BALDWIN called up the bill authorizing an
exchange OF arms with the 'sYoung Guard"
OF the city of Richmond. Mr. BALDWIN ex-
planned the bill. Mr.. WARD opposed it. Mr.
Campo BELL expressed his determination to vote
Tor it, and his regrets that he was not present this
morning to vote for the bill authorizing an ex-
change of arms with the Petersburg Grays.-
Mr.. c. was in favor of it because it was ii mode
OF encouraging volunteer corps. Mr.. DENEALE
likewise advocated it. The roll was called, with
the following result :--ayes 49, noes s.
On motion of Mr.. SWEENEY,
Tne Senate adjourned.
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22
WASHINGTON ITEMS.
WASHINGTON. Jan. q

WASHINGToN, Jan. GOTH
The Senate devoted anoiher hour in secret
session to-day the nomination of Mr. Badger.
Senator Fitzpatrick arrived in the Southern DO at
this afternoon, and was Immediately sworn in,
but Mr.. Dawson arrived also, aud, the vote wns
not changed. The nomination was again laid
over.
Washington Irving was in tho Senate Chamber
to day, an! received marked attention.
The decision of the Speaker Of tho House to-
day, that under the rules the French SpGliation
Bill belongs to the ninth class of business indi-
that it will MOI bs reached during this session
of Congress.
The Houston Investigating Committee are in
quring into the various charges of corruption in
the erection of the Capitol extension. Rather
startling disclosures anticipated.
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22
Mr.. Euereu on african Civilization.

We lay before readers lengthy extract
from tho Hon. Edward Everett's address at the
meeting of the American Colonization Society,
which took place in Washington City few days
since This address is one of the most brillinnt
only regret that it is not in our power TO spread
the whole oft before our readers. The part we
have selected for reproduction in our columns re-
Iates to the subject of negro civilization. There
are many who will not concur with Mr.. Everett
in his sangune antcipations. but all will ac-
knowledge the mastery ability and admire the
unrigalled eloquence displayed by the speaker III
s,is treatment of the subject
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22

IMPORTANT PROM RpssIA.-The Boston Traveller is
indebted TO mercantile house oil that city for the fol
lowing extract from letter. received from st Peters
burg ard dated the 2lst Of Decen,ber:
There is report that the Plague has entered Russia
and is prevalent at AstraeLan and another place. The
Emperor has ordered military Gordon of sixty or seventy
thousand prevent its advancing further into the
interior ofthe country Some alarm is felt st Peters.
burg though in former times 10 the reign Of Catherine
il saop9ed at Moscow.
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22
A Washington letter wri,ef remarks:

At this time when gasconade is rife, in the
Senate il may be wise to report the remarks made che
other day by Mr. Stockton in his speech the subject
Of the Navy. to wit;
"5enteieen viii regret the warlike speeches they
have made iftlsy do rot look the Navy in time"
"lt very easy bals and boast hut know the effect
Of thirty two pound shot at sen. at any ras aoi know
that Minis heart cannot his head IA such a
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22

billy BowLEGs DEPosED,-rhe ,areston Standard
says lettor from oil the officers al the army in Flo
riIa menons that by council of chiefs, which recently
assembled Mt of their settlements Billy Bowlegs had
been form lily dcposed from his craftsmanship,
havin consented while in Washington to emig rnte
with the remnant oi tle tlbe now in Florida. The
to: Of the tribe has been chosen to fill his place
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22

WAsnlSoroS, Wednesday, Jan.

The wealthy banker, Mr.. Riggs, recently
ained a large party. The Russian Minister, NJ
godisco. was honored with the seat next to Mrs.
Riggs. Nj. Sartiges, the French Minister, COM
claimed with warmth because no lady was as
signed to him. saying that if the host were not
ignorant of European etiquette, Minister oil
Erance should have been better treated. Mr..
r ;ous repIied that he knew nothing of foreign
customs. but deemed that he had right III his
a,va beuse to do as he thought best. The affair
has PRODUCED great sensation in the circles OF
the ekike.
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22

The SILVER CuRRENcY-A petition signed by the
officers OF the Boston banks Invoking the atent OF
Congress to the silver currency represents that for the
past Two years the premium small coins, from dimes
to half dollars has advanced from on to six and seven
per cent aud that the latter is the price now
with prospect Ola still greater advance.
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22
A,riral Of DR.. Gardner

WAsHiNGFoN an. 20.
d.. Gardiner and his patty hay rs,uned Wash
in4tun having come to New York in the SIT amer from
Havana. They lust certaia of having found The
mine III M xco as the other party thai they are n
dscove abe. ''Whrn Gre elk MEETS Gree tlen com -
the tug If war" x
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22

FUarHeR WosDEEs.-'fhe New York 1ri-
hume states that there is now at work IN That
city thirty horse power engine OF the Ericsson
principle, but much improved' giving the sfea,
s,t,..,,re OF aftg hounds to the square inch, and
fbat with boss conf OF other xPense than incurred
by Capt r. original engines on lIie new ship.
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22

DISPUTE BETWEEN STATEs-A dispute has arisen be-
tween the States of South Carolina and Georgia
gard to their respective boundaries. Georgia claims the
exclusive jurisdiction OF the Savannah river which South
Carolina denies.
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22
HOUSE OF DEL EGATES.

FRIDAY, Jan. 81.
Prayer by the Rev. Mr.. Langhorne, of the
Methodist Church.
An act to authorize exchange of arms for
the Petersburg Grays was read the 1st and 2ud
time aud referred to the Committee on the Mill
tia Laws.
A bill to incorporate the Southern Female In
stitute, in the town of Fredericksburg, was, on
motion of Mr. VERIFY, read tho lst and 2nd
time and ordered to be read the third time.
Mr.. GooDE presented the petition of citizens of
Bedford, asking that Tobacco Inspection may be
established at Liberty, in said county, which was
referred to tho Committee on Agriculture and
Manufactures.
Mr.. GRIFFIN presented the following peti-
tons -
A memorial of j. B. Keesee, Commissioner of
the upper district Of Henrico, asking further
compensation for services rendered. Refer red to-
the Committee on Finance.
memorial of Elijah Baker, and fifty other
citizens of Henrico, opposed to the extensions
OF the corporation limits of the city of Riel-
mond.
A petition of J. b. Keesse and six other
School Commissioners, asking a change in the
law for the teaching of INDECENT children Of Hen
rico.
On motion of Mr.. HUBBARD,
Resolved, That the Committee on Finance en-
paid by Messrs. Dorsey & Arthur, as agents of
the United States Lite Insurance Company of
Philadelphia.
On motion of Mr.. SAUNDERS,
Resolved, That the Committee on Banks en-
quire into the expediency of incorporating the
Mechanics Saving Bank Of Wheeling.
MIR. BILLIARD presented petition of sundry
citizens of Sussex county, praying the passage of
Il law to prohibit the sale of liquors to free ne
groes.
On motion Of Mr. NEWMAN,
Resolved, That the Committee on Courts Of
Justice enquire into the expectancy of passing
an act authorizing the Circuit Court of Madison
county totry certain cause therein depending
between Zncharah Shirley and Others, without
revlvlng the same against the Representatives of
all PARTIES thereto.
On motion of Mr.. RIvEs,
Resolved, That the Committee of Finance en-
quire into the expediency of requiring tho pay
ue4 the last county and parish levy for the
E4Hral counties ofthe Commonwealth to be- made
De ore the first day OF March neN..
EASTERN lUNATIc AsYIHM.A
81; j! y ' Il PAS. St
bill concerning pilots, was, on molten of Mr.
Massey takenup, read, and ordered to be en-
crossed.
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22
ORDER OF THE DAY.


Mr.. WALLACE resumed and concluded his
speech on the South Side Railroad Bill.
Mr.. WELLINGroN GoRDoN moved to postDone
the order OF the day until 7 o'clock, at which
time he announced his intention to address tIis
House.
On motion Of Mr.. OLD,
The House adjourned.
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22
EASTERN iUNATIC ASYLUM.
his s 'e AID pass. of

A bill concerning pilots, was on motion of Mr..
MASSEY, taken up read, and ordered to be Gu
uroc oad
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22

centuries ago and our Saxon ancestors vera not
more civilized than some of the African tribes of
the present day. They were Il savage, warlike
people-prates by sea, bandits on shore--en-
shaved by the darkest superstitions worshipping
dlvinltleS as dark and cruel as themselves. The
slave trade was carried on in Great Britain eight
hundred years ago ruthessly rs upon the coast
OF Africa at the present day. But it pleased Di-
vine Providence to pour the light of Christianity
upon this midnight darkness; by degrees civil
zatlon, law, liberty, letters arts, came in: and at
the end oielght centuries talk of the essen
tlal Unborn superiority of tile Anglo Saxon race
aud look down with dsdau on those portions of
the humaa family, who have Jagged a little be
hind US In the march Of civilization.
Sir, at the present day Africa is not the abode
OF utter barbarism. Here again we do not din.
criminate, we judge in tho gross. Some of her
tribes are indeed hopelessly broken down by in-
tefna wars and the foreign slave trade and the
SITUATION Of the whole continent is exceedingly
adverse to any progress in culture. But they are
not savages. The mass of tho population live by
agriculture. There is some traffic between IN,
coast and the Interior. There is rude architec
turei gold dust is collected, iron is smelted wea
pons aud utensils OF husbandry and houselnd
use are wrought cloth is manufactured and dye3
PAIN oil Is expressed; schools ARE tauoht.-
Among the Maiemedan tribes the Koran is used
have seen native African in this city who had
passed forty years OF his life as slave in the
leld' who, at the age Of seventy, wrote the Arm
bic character with the elegance OF a serbia and
Munso Park tells us that lawsuits arc argued
with us much ability, 1uency, aud at as much
length In the interior OF Africa az ut Ednburgh.
am certainly aware that tho condition of tho
most advanced tribes of Central Africa is wretch
ed mainly in consequence of the slave trade which
exists among thea in the most deplorabe form.
HE only wonder is that with this cancer eatiuo
into their vitals from age to age any degree Of
c'sliization can exist Bat | think It may be
SAD without evaporation that degraded as are
the ninety million of Africa, ninety millions exist
III Europe to which each country contributes her
quota not much less degraded. The difference
49, ana certainly an all important differences, that
III Europa intermingled with these ninety mill
iions are ilfte"n OF tweny millions of all degrees
OF culture up to the very highest; while in Af-
! tic" there is not an individual, who, according to
our siandarJ, has attained high degree Of Intel
Richmond daily times. [volume] (Richmond [Va.]) 1850-1853, 1853-01-22

ion that the same Providence which has ar
ranged or permitted this mysterious sequence of
events is calling and inviting them to the auspi-
clous work! All other means have been tried in
vain. Private adventure has niiscarried; strength
and courage, and endurance, al most superhuman,
have languished and broken down; well appoint
ed expenditures, fitted out under the auspices
ofpowerful associations and powerful governments,
have ended in calamitous failure; and it is proved
at last that the Caucasian race cannot achieve
this long deferred work When that last noble
expedition which was sent out by England,
think in the year lS4l under tho highest auspi-
ces, to found agricultural settlement in the
interior of trca, assembled the Niger, eyery
white man out OF one hundred aud fifty sickened;
all but two or three--fmy memory serves me-
died; while OF their darls-skinned associates, also
one hundred and fifty in humber, with all the
added labour and anxiety that devolved upon
them, few only were sick, aud they individuals
who had passed years ID u temperate climate, and
not one died. say again, sir, you Caucasian;
you proud Anglo Saxon; you self sufficient, all
attempting white man, then. you cannot cyilize
Africa. You have subdued and appropriated
Europe; the native rqces are melting before YOU
In America as the untinely SHOWS of April be-
fore yernal sun; you have possessed yourself of
India; you menace China and japan; the reno
test isles OF the Pacific are not distant enough to
escape your grasp, nor insignificant enough to
eludey ournotice but Central rice conifonts You
and bids You defiance Your squadrons may range
or blockade her coasti but neither on tho errauds
OF pence or the err1ntls OF wa can you penetrate
to the interior. The God af Nature, no doubt Tor
wise purp0s $, however inscrutahle. has drawn
across the chief inlets Gordon you cannot break
through. >ou may hover on the coast bat vol,
dare not s'' loot on shore. Death sits FORTRESS at
The Cedar County advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Iowa) 1853-1856, 1853-12-31
The lei. LAYS.

These long anticipated days are now
the present, hu. will soon be numbered
with eternity. They are days that many
with anxiety await the approach Of, days
@! JOY, Of pleasure and excitement;
they are now ours, and we can enjoy
them only TO day; tomorrow is a long
promised day which never a1rives-they
are Passing-how pleasantly and quiet
ly too, with Us. We take pleasure in
calling to mind tie changes which have
taken place in society during Our sojourn
here. 4 few years ago, the holidays
were celebrated only by debauchery and
revelry: nigh. and day the tachanaljan
shouts were heard. What a change.
Let now OFT friends at distance WHO
have, from rowdyism perpetrated here
beyond our control, received bad impress
sson O. US, come and view now our Lar
monious and orderly department, and
say, ii there is more moral community
in Iowa. TIE rers'ings ol The dc6aschee
are known no more among Us, but rc-
v:val is being held AT the Methodist
Church, which Is nlgatly lighted, aud the
good peopis assemble 10 gather the drop
lngs frola Gods sanctuary, and many
are there renouncinr their sins. iorsak-
The Cedar County advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Iowa) 1853-1856, 1853-12-31
ihBH4L OF TIE HrRHtY1.
PARIS Irna

q IA So a AA7tt
An article in tie Nonlteur ha. caused
considerable rise IL funds.
Tie Little Waliachla MALTA bad de-
serted to Omar Paeha
Tie small Russian steamer Nagrod.
was taken by Russian lrigate, III
afterwards reeaken by Turkish fig-
ate.
The Turkish Government r,fass ID
submit 70 an armlstlee proposed by IN
gland, III consequence al winch the In.
EllsA minister Lad long audience with
tie Sultan, followed by al extraordinary
meeting between the officers OF the al.
led fleet, aboard tic Turkish fla ship.
Russians failed III last attack 10 r.take
Fort 81. Nicholas. Also defeated hear
Aaaa II m engagement Of Mogerds of
ath ul,. leaving several dead bodies on
tie fed in Georgia. TIE Tanks Lavs
kaleskh. The Russians are SO hard
pressed IN ASA TIN, 5000 troops have
been sent 10 their relief.
No movements Of importance ararc-
ported on the Danube. Tie Turks are
iortliying kalafat, and Turkish fleets are
cruising IN the Back sea and haY. re-
turned 10 the Hosphoras.
TIE Turks are In the highes, pitch Of
enthusiasm. Arms are abundanlly pro.
.ided and troops pad regularly.
Tie Russians arc suffering badly with
sickness.
Some Americans have joined The Tur-
The Cedar County advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Iowa) 1853-1856, 1853-12-31

Iowa are identified withotLis Lyons road
to 4 greater extent than with any o'h'F'
and the exer,ions made TO expedite mat
tiers, as welloaso the importance OF 'h'S
route, demands that it should Q. Least &c
placed Oh an equal footing with projects
Of less merit.
We feel considerably "let dor'' by the
distinctions made by this bill, making
fish Of one and foul Of another, giving
public pa.rimony to soma and leaving
others to "koe their own row. we
think Mr.. Dodge should before the close
of Congress, do something to show his
constituents In this "neck Of woods that
like Aminldab Sleek, she sympathizes
with us deeply, although assistance IS not
in his way" Old Cedar ain t in that ar
bill.
The Cedar County advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Iowa) 1853-1856, 1853-12-31

xAF The communication from &C. P"
has heen received. We suppose i. to be
from lady, and as We have 10 know
edge Of VITO i. is, viii defer publication
for a time. Her notions Of s'thinrs which
she does not like 10 see in a tall room"
are very good. We don't take any Of
i, 10 ourselves, and will volunteer to pri-
sa.ely disseminate her views, to trose
who shoalt profit ~ them. We should
like TO have conference with the lady
Ola the subject, and il We agree upon
matters, will publish her article. If the
the lady has a delicacy i'll making her
self known as the author, size can DO 50
hy giving, as token, u gentle prsssSs u
hs taaj, wien hex. We meet
The Cedar County advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Iowa) 1853-1856, 1853-12-31
Conversational
" AstIINEIoS. Dec =

49,
- TT I'll. ' " a ron =, L43 -
-o''ll'''''ee ieia'' ss'' Ill '3'0f o' o"''e'i3
SIX steam if'5a''5'
-at' '1S tI t ts i''lailee so"a.'''ee'
''A - 80 : ''-.A ~ t>1e'1A '''s = A''
mouse , sen ny e7sa7t'9itil'8 pfF4;@ ooaa
ware ,''pases 1'l3o 'e'' sE'eh e1a sup
pressing circulation Ct paper money uH-
Ger - III Tue i1a.sfie' 81 soiohpta. Lie
Ut. va, f.oas t,'',e~' s'3t.t to-"a +
IN sansh >P'lsaslo . I'LL wa refer
The Cedar County advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Iowa) 1853-1856, 1853-12-31
Buffalo, Dec. %

Tie public meeting held las, nigh, uas
largely attended and resolutions we're
passed. expressing the Indignation Of our
citizen, al the proceedings u the people
Of Erie.
A fire occurred Oh Man L. las, nigh,
III Bldwelfs clothing store and Fasse,,'s
stove store. Bidwell's loss vas 80 900,
insured 900 dollars, buildings insured
1000 dollars.
The Cedar County advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Iowa) 1853-1856, 1853-12-31
Posi- OFFICE FKArp. - Ycsterdi

PosT Orr1cE FKAup. - Yesterday
morning our Postmaster, Dr.. Waiter,
detected somewhat novel and singular
fraud, perpctra,eI on old "Un2le Sam
by some individual who was endeay oring
to save paltry sum in freight charges.
4 large book or pamphlet, containing
about $50 pages, was sent from Chicago
to a person in tbs city. Ii was si,,giy
enyeioped, with the leaves proruding
at the ends. However, it looked rather
suspicious, and 1t was opened, when ii
was found that the leaves had been
nicely out from the centre Of the book be-
tween the covers, leaviny space about
half an inch around the edges, and In the
square hole was packed away five dozen
Of silk gloves aud four dozen packages
Of needies. The Postmaster returned
the document yesterday 10 the Pos:mas-
ter of Chicago, with Instructions to pros-
ecote the person who transmitted it.
Gin. Inc.
The Cedar County advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Iowa) 1853-1856, 1853-12-31
lsss ard spstDgdalc.

, itOloTe I'D iHuCl 1SIu3lsa "itiI ot'iea i''A'
tiers. But now, that we are fairly under
way, we will give few emsory remarks
upon tia, portion to which we feel like
giving our preference.
Iowa and Springdale townships, occu-
Ply nearly all Of that portion Of Cedar
county lying on the west side Of Cedar
River. They contain about 90 square
miles, or nearly three congressional town
ships. Tie soil is rich, deep, and proii-
ic-wcll supplied with water, and adap-
ted to agricultural purposes. Within
their limits is two steam saw mills, and
one water mill--all doing large bust
ness, but are not adequate to the demands
of the neighborhood.
There is, however, dif1icien Y OF tim
Der, which all the interior settlements of
Iowa must labor under. Though this
scarcity is seriously felt, yet the enter
prising citizens have not been disheart-
ened, but, acting upon the principle tina:
necessity is the mother Of invention, have
Ias>iduously pcrsevered, and substituted
other material in its stead. They have
erected many gravel and cement houses ;
,amoUg which are some Of the largest and
most prominent etihces in the county.
II Is To be remarked, that in this por-
ton Of the county, tire improvements are
not temporary, Ia, generally permanent
and stable, as we'll as being conspicuous
for taste and magnitude, and the gener-
al appearance oi the whole county is fast
assuming that Of the old and opu,ent dis
tric,s the eastern states. Large and con-
venient dwellings, are being almost daily
erected, and the work OF enlarging the
farms aud extending the area oil cultivated
land, is rapidly proceeding.
The large scope of land intervening
between the Cedar aud Iowa rivers, which
a few years ago was vast untenuated
prairie, in:erspersed with few small
groves, is now chequered DER with tint
f, lhab!tat.ons oil farmers, and extensive and
: valuable farms, whose productions are hot
surpassed in tie west. |. is coml0euda-
be in the lniabitancc, that they, uotH.:1-
standing tne obstacIes TO be met and over
comc. in the spftI~aeEt Of Il new cou4-
The Cedar County advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Iowa) 1853-1856, 1853-12-31

hRipGisa THE nIsstssrprf.--Taa
heokuk Vhag learns tia, the u. S. Dis.
nict Coar, has granted III injunction
against the constructing bridge across
tie Mississippi II Rock Island - Du-
tarrr -
The Cedar County advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Iowa) 1853-1856, 1853-12-31

ESg Thrce-foruths Of the entire labor
and capital Of the United States are en-
ploycd either directly OF Indirectly, in ag-
riculture.
The Cedar County advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Iowa) 1853-1856, 1853-12-31
Our Apology

FOR NOT REtN. aaIS TO sIyy ovs PAT .oss A
NEW WEARS ApDRass--eeaposEn BY THE
PRINTING pREss--PoErRy, IoR NEARLY so.)
The Cedar County advertiser. [volume] (Tipton, Iowa) 1853-1856, 1853-12-31

Icly'The Julien La" Is al.ths 90. II
is made Of black felt, with low crown,
broad brim, and wide ribbon.