The Belmont chronicle, and farmers, mechanics and manufacturers advocate. [volume] (St. Clairsville, Ohio) 1848-1855, 1853-05-13

smoke, smell, tar. and coke. Anthracite is
composed principally of carbon, which is ig-
nited less readily, produces little blaze, smoke,
or smell; no tar or coke, but higher heat, g.
is more durabe.-Bituminou coal is found in
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Ten
nessee, Alabama, and other States. Nearly
all the anthracite used comes from Pennsyl.
vania. Both are found in various parts Of the
other continent.
No. 80. Fossils. More thau 5000 differ
ent kinds of animals are changed into stones,
or petri6ed the greater portion ofthe species
now extinct, or unknown in living state.
Some animals petr6ed were larger than ele-
plants; Others are microscopic, or too small
to be seen by the eye alone. Microscopic
animals thus iossilized, g. now forming chalk,
fint, mari, &C., were once alive, and possess
ed Of the powers Of action and enjoyment.
The fossil called the lilly encrnite, or stone
lilly, has been found to contah more than l00,-
900 bones or joints On some portions fthe
Erie Canal rocks composed Of different kinds
OF encrinities are so abundant as to be used
for the walls Of canal locks. They receive
fine polish and make beautiful marble.
Six hundred different kinds of fossil, or pet
ri6ed plants have been dscovereG In some
cases large trees, and even forests are changed
into stone. Many kinds of plants, especially
ferns, are found in slate and other rocks about
coal mines.
No. a. CORAL. Myriads Of insects have
been at work for thousands ofyears in form
ing rocks and islands in many parts os the
world. They have built from the depths of
the sea large masses and ranges Of rocks,
many thousand miles in extent Their work
is generally in circular form, frequently sur
rounding islands They leave openings suf-
fcent for ships to enter, and space enough
between their work and the islands for safe
harbor to ships when entered. The rock thus
formed is called coral; the ranges encircling
islands, coral reefs; and the insects engaged
in the work, coral insects; of which numerous
kinds are known, but are all small.
No. 25. LAVA. A volcano is burning
mountain. More than three hundred have
been discovered upon the earth. Some oi
them are constantly throwing out fire, smoke
ashes and melted rock; others burn for time
and then cease, or perhaps break out in new
place. Some of these volcanoes have thrown
masses Of melted matter, which has passed
offin streams to the surrounding country, COW
ering surface larger than some of our States
The matter thus thrown from volcanoes is
called laua; and the hole or opening from
which it is thrown is called q crater. The
highest volcano is in the Andes mountains
more than $4,000 feet high, which sometimes
throws out mutter 5000 feet above its sum-
, nit. In some cases the quantity Of matter
thrown from a volcano is greater than the
whole mass Of the mountain from which it il
thrown. In 1883 two streams of lava flowed
from volcano in Iceland; one fifty miles long
and twelve broad; and the other forty miles by
seven; averaging one hundred feet in thick
ness, destroying twenty villages and nine
thousand inhabitants. Most Of the islands in
the Pacific Ocean, and many in other parts
-, of the world, are volcanoes. Some islands
have risen from the midst OF the sea in mod
ern times by the power OF volcanoes.
REMARKS. AS "FmsT LESSON for chill
dren the PSYCHOLOGICAL CABINET here des
crbed is probably the best that can be prov
+ ded. 1t is certainly fitted both to interest anc
instruct young minds before they can compre-
hend any book which rs or cun be prepared fol
them. The lesson is taken from "THE BOOK,
studied with eager curiosity by euery child the
first moment he opens his eyes upon the ligh,
ofheaven, and is hence an introduction 80
continued lessons through life from the
same book, studied in the same practical, de.
iightful way as here commenced
While this 10 a successful and delightful
Introductory lesson in "GoD's OLDER Vol.
UME," the book of creation, it creates a desire
and furnishes aid in learning the books OF
men. Children in such course never fail to
learn to spell, read, and write, &C., almos,
without knowing it, as they are sought for as
instruments in their work. They thus not
only learn how to read, but to understand what
they read; absolutely essential to making u
good reader.
Such knowledge thns acquired, also gives
independence of mind; under all circumstances
desirable-for a republication, indispensable;
it is the very essence of republicanism. AS
the elements of the earth are also the ele-
ments of soils; knowledge of them is spe-
ciaily important for farmers; and hence ought
to be learnt by every farmers sons and daugh-
ters too. The Geological Cabinet is of course
peculiarly appropriate tor country schools;
lul lesS 50 LOT Iutnllles, IL DeCuiueS uOuDY
important in the country, from the ease of in
creasng it by collections made by children,
not only for their schools and families direct
y but for exchanging with other schools and
families in other places and countries. Thus
"Nationai Iaterchanges" Of the most enight-
ened pacific character may be established a.
mong all sections and classes of the human
family-a tendency to "UsWERsAL BROTH
ERHooD," OH earth.
Connected with this First Lesson in Geolo-
gy & others on Geometry; also peculiarly fit.
ted to young minds. For sach lessons sim
pie figures are prepared, showing the elements
of form,as exhibited in endless and beautiful
variety of objects around us. These figures,
such as squares; triangles, hexagons, &C., are
drawn on states and on paper; also formed of
paper cut and combined into various shapes,
showing the different crystals, structure OF
leaves and wood, work Of bees and other in
sects; also the work Of human hands in archi-
lecture, and all kinds of mechanism thus
making Geometry, like its sister science &C.
nj N IF anItaSo in 10