Washington sentinel. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1853-1855, 1853-10-01

| propagandists who may go from this To other
countries To engage in enterprises designed 10 in
ieriere with their political institutions or disturb
| Their internal quiet. The liberal policy of the
United States in regard to receiving immigrants
| from all nations, and extending 10 them the ad-
vanaScs OF their tree institutions. makes II AN act
al Justice on their part 10 maintain the right Of
national protection 10 the full extent authorized
10y the law OF nations. and To resist with trinness
any attempt To- impose nrw restrictions upon H.
/ There Is another view al has which places
/ the conduct Of The agents oi Tins government at
| smyrna upon equally dcitn>ible Siounds. The
! American consul there and the American lc-a-
| tmn at CunStaHtinopr. acted with great caution
| IN relation 10 ko>zias claim 10 IL, regarded en-
! fnlcd to the protection of tins government. As
ms naturalization had not been perfected, they he
STATED ~ first Ia receive linn under their protec-
| ton; but the facts show thai they ultimately
| yh'ldcd 10 his application. lie received from each
IF.Hrrfh--in effect II rtrtratc that the person
I" whom il is given cared tor and received I'M
der the protection OF the government whose agent
! has granted il.
by the laws Of Turkey and other eastern ma
i"'nS. the runsulate> therein NAY receive under
| their protection strangers aud sutourncrS whose
religion aud social manners do not as>.iuilae with
The religion and manners oi those countries. The
persons thus received l'rromc thereby Invested
with the nal,onality ui The protecting consulate.
These ronSnlalrs and uilrt European establish
!
opening Iilcr door> lor The reception Of such in
iliatc> who are received irrespective OF the roun
IT! oi ''irir birth ar allegiance. II j. not uncom.
i,nn for i'-an Ia have large nln,r al such p,O
trgrS International law recognises and SANCTIONS
ih,"right> nrIuic>rcd hy this cunn, zion.
: Ia tn" law of nations n Ia Europe. the rule is
that men take their national character from the
general character Of the country III winch they re-
>i'ie; and tins rule applies equally 10 America,
li'l IN Asia and Africa an lnln-ribe character Is
inn OF a factory take their national character from
the establishment under which they live and trade.
This ruiz. applies IL those parts o he world from
obvious rrasnn> ul poh.y, because Foreigners are
| not admitted there. u>i Europe and the western
part ~ the world inO the general body and mass
| 81 the society OF the nailnE. hut they continue
| strangers aud >oJolirnrr>. not acquiring any ma
tunal character under the general sovereignty of
| the country. Il kcmtS Com. 7N-.oJ
! The Lord OF Appeals in the High Court of Ad-
| niray III England decided in Isl. that mer-
chant carrying on trade at Smy rna, under the pro-
lection of II butch consul, to be considered u
Dutchman as to his national character. (Whcatnn $
Inter. Law, Isl: 3 Rob. Adm. Reports, ~
| This decision has been examined and approved
| 10y the eminent lurists who have since. written
trrall>es on International law.
According 10 the principle established In this
! case. ku>Zia was invested with the nationality OF
the ntrd States, il he had il not before, the mo-
ucnt he was Under the protection OF the Amcri-
|
| al Con>lanlinoplr That lie was received is
established by the T:Itrh they gave him, and
| the efforts they made for his release The charge
| d,atlarcs al Interim Of tile United States a, Con.
| >tantinoplc. in letter OF the 2!fh OF June, adj.
dressed 10 the imperial intcrnuncio. states II
was on presenting this declaration o allegiance To
the cons uatr OF the | mites, States OF America at
| smyrna aud IL this legation, hat thu said koszta
| was furnished with Tr.ht~h To come to Consta,i-
| inoplc and to return tn Smyrna, whenr" he was
/ a .I
| key he has resided under the protection Of my
| government, and il is a pleasure To me to be able
! 10 state that his conduct has always been ire
| pro&khabr.
| n ng been received under the protection OF
| th,1 American establishments, he had thereby
| arGnired according. 10 the law of nations. their
nationality. and when wrongcd and outraged
as he was. they might lnterpo>e for his liberation.
and Capt. lngrahanl had right to cooperate with
! them for tn" accomplishment of that object. The
exceptions taken TO the manner OF that co.opera-
ton remain To be considered !
In relation 10 the department of the American
| agents towards Mr.. Wcckhecker, the Austrian
consul general the undersigned cannot conceive
| tl,;l, there be any ground OF complaint. No
thing done To with him by Mr.. Ohiey, our con-
sui al Smyrna, can po>>iby imply disrespect to the
emperor OF Austria Neither IN his private char
actcr, nor as u tnnctionary o the Austrian govern
mcnl, did Mr.. Wcckhcckrr take an open
! avowc part in the opening scene of the outrage.
His agency III that affair at ITS commencement was
| clandc>iinc. This course implied a consciousness
| ON his part tina, the ac was indctenSibe. The
fact that he sought the aid OF the civil authority OF
Turkey To get ko>za into his possession. proves
that he knew the mode he rcSored to for that pur-
pose was illegal. The application of Mr.. Ohley 10
HIM I" assist in. and consent to. koszta> release,
was certainly NO offence and implied no diSrespect
either 10 HIM or his government.
The appeal Of Mr. Brown To Captain meraham
To intcrpo>c tor tire liberation of koszta, and his
nlt , ~ dana. 10.
regarded NJ" only proper. but prai>eworthy acts.
| provided Captain 1nrrahdins conduct can he vim
dratcd. The Justification OF Captain lnGrahain
| will consequently eXoncrate Mr. Brown from all
! Ernsnrc. II Captain lngrahams course wastright.
! Mr. Brown :. cannot be wrong. The commander
Of the s. Louis was placed in truly embarrassing
POSITION thtrgrd with the protection OF the per-
sons a','l property ot those who had right 10 the
protection oil hl> government, ii was at the same
time no less ms imperative duty to respect the
tliurltlrs 1t all countries III friendly relations with
! ms own. Alter anxinu>ly considering the ease
! presented 10 him At Smyrna, he determined that
| Ii" ought To clrc, the release of koszta. and. il
I unavu,lu!c. To resort To force To accomplish il.
| II has excited some surprise here, that. after
consideration ct the circumstances, an lnpre
I should hr entertained in any quarter that Captain
4 ln-ralian either committed or incdltattd hostility
towards Austria on that occasion, In passing
upon his conduct il is necessary to- keep in view
| the conclusions established, the undersigned
/
on doubt. acted upon precisely the same conru-
SONS. Tie believed tina, koszta had been seized
without authority that he was Illegally impri>on-
ed. and !hn hc ought at once To be set al liberty
The ilr-l aggressive act IN ,S case was the sen
! ilrr ~ ku~zta at Smyrna. committed by the pro-
IT ot the Austrian tuncllonaries--thc first
! Improper OF a national ship the imprisonment
4 at kr>Zta therein. made by the commander
/ 81 the Austrian brig lIuszar. That ship was con-
verified mo PRISON for the illegal detention OF
4 person clothed with the nationality of the United
/ states. and consequently entitled to their protrr-
! ton II Austria upholdS rs il appears she does
! III" .nn'lm, u the commander OF the lIusZar. She
\ l. IN IL, the first aggrcs>or. This act OF the com
inan'rr {" the l,IsZar led 10 the series Of olhrr
! acts which constitute the ground ot complain,
Il. aiGst the n:rd States. The alleged authority
ot Austria under ir. niir> heng set aside. one
would have questioned Captain lngrahalus rght
had he been present, To arrest the proceedings Of
the kninappcr> N The STR vt smyrna, and rescue
I koszta from Their hands They We're acting with
i out and against III" cllil authority of the place
they were committing an atrocionS outrage upon
Il person Invested vain the nationality OF tho lnltcd