davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
Good S I!
SUM a1ER Es!!

SUM lIER S u PPLIE H s.!
SNoWDEN g. SHEAR, AUGUSTA, Ga,
- have received from N. York; large supply OF
Fancy and Staple Dry Goods,
suitable for the Summer season, ,.among which are
A full supply of Plain and Printed Baregcs, lis
sues, Grenadines, Lawns, and French Nlusllns, IN
great variety Of styles.
Rich French Embrodcrcs, comprising Ladies'
Chmizettcs, Collars, Underslceves, and Embrolder-
cd Linen Cambria lIandkerchiefs, of very beautiful
styles.
Superior French and English Prints, and Fancy
Ginghams
A large supply Of Merimack and Cocheco Prints,
of new and beautiful styles, warranted fast colors.
A large supply Of very low priced Prints and
Ginghams for Servants.
Ladies' Parasols and Umbrellas, of the best style.
A very large supply of Ladies', Misses, Chill
drens', Youths. and Gcntlemcns' Hosiery, Of the
elastic and best make particular attention is given
to this artcle.)
1874 Cotton and Linen shectings, of the best
make.
"A and A Beached and Brown Shrtings of
the most approved styles.
S4 and lO-4 Damask Diapers, large supply.
Superior Damask Table Cloths aud Napkins
Extra Huckabacks and Scotch Diapers, for Tow
els.
a large supply of Furniture Dimities, and Cot
ton Fringes.
Mosquito Ncttings, and Pavilion Bobincts, of
extra width.
Superior White Plaid aud Striped Muslins, of
beautiful styles for Ladies' Summer Dresses;
Plain Cambrics, Jaconets, Nansook and Null
Musns, of the best styles.
Plain Tarlaton, and Plain and Figured Swiss
Muslns.
Corded Cambrics, and Cambria Dimites, of su-
perior quality.
Swiss and .Jaconet Muslin Edgings and lnsertings
Ladies' Mantillus. of new and beautiful styles.
Lace and Muslin Curtains a large supply.
Fancy Lace, for Curtains, by the yard at low
prices.
A large supply of Window shades and Oil
Cloths.
Cords and Tassels, for Curtains and Curtain Bands
a full supply.
Cornces, for Windows, Of new and beautiful pat
terms.
With great variety Of other articles, suitable for
Family and Plantation use, and to all Of which they
respectfully invite the attention Of the public.
Special and prompt attention is given to orders
from the country.
Nav 25 IF ~
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
mistellourous.

T AS pretty a little thing as we ever saw is tn
Ollowing which we find in one Of our exchanges:
A,bee, while lay sleeping young Dolly,
Mistook her red lip for the rose;
There honey to seek 'twcre not folly
No flower so sweet ever grows.
1t tickled and walked her, when, clapping,
Her hand on the impudent bee,
1t stung her, and Dolly, caught mapping,
Came pouting and crying to me.
Said she, "Take the sting out pray youw
What way was puzzled to try,
And triA.ng wager I'll lay you,
You'd have been as much puzzled as l.
I'd heard about sucking out poison
A sting is poisonous dart
So kissed her: the act was 30 wise one,
The sting found its way TO my heart
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06

PURE WArER.-Prof Siliman says:
elf you wish for clear mind, strong mus.
clcs, and quiet nerves, and long life and
power prolonged into old age, permit me to
say, although am not giving temperance
lecture, avoid all drinks but water and mild
infusions of that fluid; shun tobacco and
opium, and every thing else that disturbs
the system; rely upon nutritious food'and
mid diIIuent drinks, of which water is the
basis, and you will need nothing beyond
these things except rest, and due moral reg
ulation Of all your powers, to give you long,
happy and useful lives, and a serene even,
ing at close"
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
ABOUT LONG COTTON.

We learn that The past season has been
one Of unexampled prosperity to the plan
ters of our State. The great staple Of East
Florida is Sea Island, or Long Staple Cotton.
The producing region of this species OF
Cotton is confined to Sea Islands, along the
coast Of Carolina, Georgia, and the PENN
sula Of Florida
The Islands on the coast produce the finest
description of cotton known, and this cotton
the present season has brought as high as
eighty cents per pound; the land producing
these fine cottons has been in cultivation
over one hundred years, and its fertility is
row maintained by the free application of
marsh mud, and marsh grass, taken from the
tide water creeks, and the application of
about twelve bushels of salt to the acre, put.
ting about one quart of salt to the task row;
the finest cottons are principally used in
France to mix with silk fabrics.
The next quality of lory staple is the
Cotton raised in the Peninsula Of. Florida,
known in the market as Florida Cotton>-
The Whole Peninsula of. Florida produces
this cotton, which, has sold in the market
the present. season at from 80 to 4S cents
per pound, according to quality. The pine
lands improved by cowpening make fine
crops, but the best description of soil is con,
sidered the grey hammock, which has rather
sandy appearance.
The product per acre on pine lands is
from 500 to 1000 pounds seed cotton to the
acre, and the hammocks from loco to 1000
pounds per acre; this cotton will make
about $50 pounds of clean cotton to the
1000 lbs Of seed cotton, which at 40 cents
per pound would make the pine lands yield
fifty to one hundred dollars per acre, and
hammock from one to two hundred d 'lars
per acre. The crop of the present season
:, wSpld fully sustain this statement, as the
= - Splant has been universally made thai
ech more cotton had been planted than
gey could possibly pick out
These fine cottons were formerly gnnec
outby haDd gin, in order to avoid injury
TO the, staple, which would be destroyed by
the use of the saw gin used in preparing the
short staple cotton; subsequently roller gins
were employed, worked by horse power, re-
Gently the Mccarthy gin is preferred to al
others us best preserving the length of the
staple and giving the cotton a smooth cardet
appearance.
The disadvantages of raising long cotton
are its lesser product, its requiring peculia,
soil. its 6. eater difficulty is gathering, and
its more excessive ginning.-St. Augustine
(Fla) Ancient City.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
CHERRY PICTORIAL
For the rapid Cure Of
COUGHS, COLDS, HOARSENESS,
BRONCHITIS, WHOOPlNG-COUGH
GROUP, ASTHMA, AND -
CONSUMPTION.

MANY YEARS vi trial, instead of impairing the
IAl public confidence in this medicine, has won ior
appreciation and nolcriey by far exceeding Inc
most sanguine expectations oil It's friends. Nolmng
hut its intrinsic virtues and the unmistaSeahle bene-
fit conferred thousands Of sufferers could originate
suhslantiaie and maintain the reputation it enjoys
While many inferior remedies THRUST upon the COM
m,lny have failed and been Discarded, this has
gained friends by every trial. conferred benefits on the
afflicted they can never forget and produced cure'
too numerous and too remarkable to 6e forgotten.
While is is fraud on hs public TO pretend that any
one medicine will inallihly cnre-s, there is abun
dant proof that the CHERRY PECTORAL does not
only as general thing, but almost invariably cure
the naladies for which il is employed. ~
As time makes these facts wider and better known,
this medicine has gradually become the hest reliance
Of the afflicted, from the log-cahin Of the American
Peasant, TO the palaces of European Kings. Through
out this entire country, in every State, CITY, and IN.
deed almost every haEslet 1t contains, CHERRY
PECTORAL is known as the hest remedy extant for
diseases Of the Throat and Lungs and in many for.
egn countries it is cunning IN be extensively used by
their most intelligent Physicians. In Great Britan,
France and Germany. where The medical sciences
have reached their highest perfection, CHERRY
PECTORAL is introduced, and in constant use in
the Armies. Hospitals, Aims Houses, Public Insitu-
tipns and in domestic practice, as The surest remedy
their attending Physicians can employ for the more
dangerous affections of the lungs Also in mil,ler
cases. and for children it is safe, pleasant and eec-
tuaI 10 cure. In fact Of The hatteriRg es-
:imonials we receive have been from parents who have
found 1t eicacious IN particularly incidental to
childhood.
The CHERRY PECTORAL n manufactured by
apruc,icaI Chemist, and every of il under his
own eye. with invariahle accuracy and care 1t is
sealed and proeried by law from countertei;s conse
quenlly can be relied on as genuine wihoet adai.
feration.
We have endeavorcd here to furnish the comranni.
~ with medcine of such intrinsic superiority and
worth as should commend itself their Confidence
remedy safe, speedy and efecual, winch this
has by repeated and countless trials proved itself to
be and trust by great care in preparing IL with
chemical accuracy, Of uniform strength to afford Ply
sicians new agent on which they can rely for the
best resi- ulrs anu the afflicted with remedy that will
do for Them all that medicine can do.
Prepared and sold by JAMES C. AVER, Pract-
cal and Analytical Chemist, Lowell Mass.
Sold in Edgefeld by G. L. PENN, and by Drug
gists and Dealers in Medicine everywhere.
At Wholesale by HAyILAsD, RSsLEY g. Co., Au-
gusta Ga. and Charleston S. G.
April 81 SIN 10
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
BROW
Essence of Jamaica Ginger.

TfIIS ESSENCE is warranted to possess, IN a
/ concentrated form, all the valuable properties Of
JAMAICA GINGER. and will he found. on trial, an
excellent Family Medicine. 1t is particularly recon-
meudrd rs tonic 10 persons recovering from fever
other diseases, few drups imparng 10 the stomach
glow and vignr equal to wine-giassfnl of brandy
or other slimuant, without any Of the dehilitating
effects which nre sure to follow the use of liquor of
any kind and it is therefore especially servceahle to
children and females. To tile aged it will prove
great comfort; to the dysprptic and to ,h"se who are
pretspnsed TO govt rheumatic affections, 1t gives
great relief; and to the nehriate who wishes to re-
FORM but whose stomach is constantly craving the
nuxons liquor, it is Misunderstanding tone 10 the
digestive organs. and strength TO resist temptation
and ia consequently great agent in the cause OF
temperance.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06

A Dreadful Bad Breast cured in one month.
Extract of letter from Mr.. FREDERICK TURNER, Of Pen
shurst Kent dated December 18Th, 1850.
TO PROFESSOR HOLLOWAY,
StE: My wife had suffered from Bad Breast for THAI
six months and during the whole period had the best medi
cal attendance but a 70 Having before healed ar
awful wound in my leg by your unrivaed medicine,
determined again your Fills and Ointment, and there
fore gave them trial in her and fortunate was did SO
for In less than month perfect effected and (
benefit that various other branches Of family have derived
from their use is really astonishing strongly recon-
mend them to all my friends -
(Sgned) FREDERICK TURNER.
e" The Pills should be used conjontly with the 0int
meut in most of the following cases.
Bad Legs Bad Breasts. Durns Bunons Bite OF Moschc
toes and Sand Flies COco-bny. Chic-g-foot Chlbnlns
Channel hands, Corls s) Cancers, Contracted md Stii
Joints Eicphantasis, Fsulns Gou, Glnnduar Sweings
lumbagu Pits, lhcumatisIn Scals, Sore Nipples sore
Thnn Skin Diseascs Scurvy, Sore Heads Tumours Ulcers
Wounds, Yaws.
Sold nj the establishment of Professor HOLLAWAf, ga
Strand near Temple Bar London) and by a respectable
Druggists and Dealers in Medicines throughout the British
Emirc and Of those of the United States IN Pots nj cts
81 cents and 81 80 cents cach Wholesale by the principal
Drug Houses In the Union, and by Messrs A. B. & D.
SANDS. New York, and p. NJ. COHEN, Charleston
For sale in Edgelleld by G. L. PENN, AGENT.
There Is considerable saving By taking the larger Sizes
" B-Drecon for the guidance Of patients in every dis
order affixed 10 each Pot
March 80 1y% lO
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06

A RAW one from the land of study habits
recently married woman in Alabama,
aud in a few months afterwards was required
to father and support child of rather doubt
ful color. He Immediately called on one of
the. legal fraternity, and stated his case, and
was told by gentleman Of the green bag,
that there could he no difficulty in elfecting
divorce. Our verdant one replied very in
disnantly-" diuorce h-H. lwant to know
if the niger dint mine"
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
MILLER & WARREN,
DEALER IN
Fancy and Staple Dry Goods

Corner opposite the Mansion House,
AUGUSTA GA,
TTAVE received the largest Stock Of Spring
Ill and Summer Dry Goods, which
they have ever offered, embracing every variety and
Style of Dress Goods.
Ladies' White and Black Lace Mantllas,
Bluck and Colored SiltsNlantillas,
Riclr~sseck of Etrse 'ses.--!-55eTieE;, a s.
Evening Dresses Lace Curtains,
Damask Table Clnlhs, Richardson's Linens,
1874 Linen Shirtings,
Pillow Case Linens and TowcllinCs,
Fancy Plaid Linens, Twecds and Ca>hmerctts for
Boys wear,
Planters heavy Linen, Cottonades, Fancy Linen
Drills, Black French Cassimers and Vestings for
Mems wear,
We have also fine lot of Osnaburgs and Stripes
Marlboro and English Plaids for Servants wear, all
Of which we will sell cheap.
cB We respectfully solicit orders from our
friends at distance, and will warrant every article
10 please.
Augusta, Mar 80 3m 10
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
'' There Is no other Worm Medicine
az GOod,H

so says Physician, in speaking Of the CELEBRATED
yERMIFUGE of Dr. MLASE. The following Is an extract
from his certificate:
FULTON COUNTY, Ind, Feb o, 1851.
MEssRs. KIDD l. Co.
G,ntemen-I have been using your Or MLane Worm
Specfc in my practice and have found 20 other worm ned-
cine as good have been buying from the Druggists in
Rochester and Loganspon by the Dozen As Is ID miles to
Loeansport and y Rochester would Ike to have from
PETER TRoUTMAN.
If your children are troubled with worms 60 at once and
get of that Incompatible Veuge which Is to be had
at C.. /. PENSS.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
HERE is YOUR EDY!

EXTRACT of letter from Mr.. WILLIAM GALrIS, Of TO- St
Murys Street, Weymouth, dated May l5lh lS1l
To PROFESSOR HOLLOWAY,
SIR At the age of is my wife (who is now 61) caught
violent which settled in her legs and since That
time they been or less and greatly Alamed
Her agonics were sacng and for months together she
was deprived entirely Of and sleep Every remedy that
medc: men as sse tried but without effect her health
suffered severely and the state Of her legs terrible
had often read advertisements and advised her TO try
your Pills and Ointmcnt and as last resource. acr every
other remedy had proved useless she consented TO do so
She six weeks and strange TO relate is now
in good health Her legs painless, without
AMI her sleep sound and undstubrd Could you have wit
messed the suerng of my wife during the last - years and
contrast them with her present enjoyment Of health, you
greatly alcvaing the suffering of q fslnw-crcaure
(Signed) WILLIAM GALPHlN. g.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
The Great Restorative.
FEVER AND AGUE CURED By DE- TLANEs LIVER
PILLS

FEF Ell I1NU au U11 VO1s11D d D1'- q 171 ~ 1
PILLS.
Mn. JONATHAN BorsHAM OF West Union, rark County,
Illinois writes 10 the prpreors thai he had suffered greatly
from severe and procie attack of Fever and Ague and
was completely reofed 10 health by the use Of the Liver
Pills alone These Pills unquestionabv possess great tonic
properes and can be taken with decided advantage for
many diseases requiring nvgorating remedes but the
Liver Pills stand preeminent as means OF restoring dis
organized Liver to healthy action hence the great celebrity
tbey have attained. The numerous formidable diseases
arising from diseased Liver which so long ba1ed the skill
rendered easy thanks to the study and perseverance
of the distinguished physician whose nnme this great med>
cine bear-a which will descend to postery as one
deserving of gratitude This Invaluable medicine should
always be kept within and the appearance Of the
earliest symptoms Of diseased Liver be safely and use>
fully administered.
The above valuable Medicines are for sale in this place
onency, by G. /. PENN; WARDLAw & DENDY, Abbe
vile c. H.; A. J. CREIGHTON, Hamburg, and by one
Agent in every Town in The South.
hnri 10 6In i
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
COMMISSIONS FOR SELLING CoTTeM,
Fifty Cents per Bale.

THE Subscriber having formed Co-Partnership
4 with Mr.. W. a. WARDLAW, Of Charleston,
formerly of Abbeville S. c.. for The purpose Of do
ing GENERAL FACTORAGE and CON1AllS-
SION BUSINESS, avails himself Of the present
opportunity. Of returning his sincere thanks to lis
numerous friends for the liberal Pati onage bestowed
for number Of years past and in moving, tenders
the services of the new concern of WARDLAW
& WALKER Charleston, where he hopes many,
if not all his old patrons will find it to their interest
to ship their produce.
The recent arrangements Of the South Carolina
Rail Road Company will enable them soon to have
a Depot the city of Augusta, thereby save the
expense of Toll, and very greatly facilitate the for
war.ling of produce Of any kind. MIR. JonN G;
REEs Agent Of W. & W., in Augusta, will attend
to the forwarding Of all produce that their friends
may feel disposed to send thcm free Of charge,
save drayage. G. WALKER.
Augusta, July 10, 1859. If 20
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
Caution.

Persons desiring an article that can be relied upon,
prepared solely from pure JAMAICA GINGER, should
he par,icnar to ask for Browns Essence Of Jamal'
ca Ginger" which is warranted to be what it is rep
n,a475s','>;vprepnred only at FREDK BROWNS
Drup and e-Hsmcal Store, N. e. corner Chetnut and
Fifth Streets, Philadelphia.
Directions accompany each bottle.
For sale in This Village by C. L. PENN, Agent p
Nav ly 10
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
R m oval,

THE Undersigned respectfully informs his old
Il customers, friends and the public generally that
he has removed to his BRICK STORE, on Centre
Street, between Messrs. JOSIAH SIBLEY and GEORGE
Robinson, where be offers for sale general assort-
ment of
FAMILY GROCERIES.
Mr.. ELluu HopeEs is my duly authorised Agent
10 sell Goods. and the businesses will be conducted
under the sty le of L. HODGES, Agent.
- ii. A. kENRICK.
Hamburg, Nov 90 If 46
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
CAROLINA HOTEL.
EDGEFIELD C. f., S. C.

A @oo THIS ESTABLISHMENT for
EdTSEsr1N merly known as the "sPANN llo-
u 9MHsssl Mtee45sal TEL" having been purchased and
opened in December hast BY. the Undersigned, he
would most respectable soil his friends and the
public generally -sgss hnn q call, as he feels con-
fdpnt that he can do us well for them as could be
expected in place like this.
Ills House is situated on Main Street, one block
South of the Public Square, and convenient tothose
travelling the Plank Road Also. from Columbia,
Aiken and Granitrvle. His StaLles are convenient
to the House and always well supplied
The House is sufficiently retired from the busi-
ness part Of the Town 10 render it always quiet and
comfortable, so that tie weary traveller may always
be sure Of good nights Fcst.
f. ". NICHOLAS.
May II II u
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06

LONG SrEEr.-It is stated in Philadel-
phia newspaper, that Second street, in that
city, is FIVE miles long in straight line from
north to south. 1t is occupied with retail
shops and stores almost exclusively, and is
the longest street so tenanted and used to
be found in the new or old world.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
Reach Island Land for Sale.

TINE Subscriber offers at private sale FIVE
Il HUNDRED ACRES of Beach Island Swamp
Land, lying on the River, and adjoining lands Of
Samuel Clark and James T. Gardner, and rented
the present year by James T. Gardner.
About 400 acres of the above Tract are cleared
and well improved. The balance in Cypress and
other swamp timber.
Terms made easy to a good purchaser. Apply
to r. BRADFORD.
Silyerton. S. c., MAY If l6
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06

A person 70 years of age cured Of a bad leg, Of
thirty gears standing.
Cory of letter from Mr.. WILLIAM ABBs builder of Gas
Ovens Of Ruscre lIuddeHGed, dated May l, 1851
To PROFESSOR lloLLowAT,
SIR suffered for period cf thirty years from bad leg
the result o or three accidents ut Gus Works. accompa
MED by scoruc symptoms had recourse to variety OF
medical advice, wilu deriving any benefit and was even
told that the leg must be amputed yet in opposition to that
opinion your Pills and Ointment have effected complete
short time that few who had not witnessed would
credit the fact. (Signed) WM ADBS.
The truth Of this statement can be verified by Mr.. W. P
England, Chemist, 13 Market Street, lluddcrsleld.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
Copartnership Notice.
ROBINSON & JACKS0N N,
H1lLRIIRG s C.


HAMBURG S. C.
ETAVE now on laud most complete STOCK
Ill of Hardware, amongst which may be
found
200 Ton English and Swecd Iron,
5uO kcgs Nails
10000 Lbs. Castings,
50 Duz. Collins Axes,
Is Brades Patent Hoes and others,
{" Superior Straw Cutters,
2U q" Spades and Shoves,
10 I" Rakrs,
Tilletsun and others make of Vices and Anvills,
Trace, Halter, Log, Fifth and other style of Chains
a complete Stock Of Pocket and Table Cutlery,
ALL STYLES OF
Plains, Saws Chsrs, Screws, Hinges,
Knobs, Bellows, Bits, Guns,
Pistols, Shot Bags,
Powder Flasks, Cotton and Wool Cards,
Well Wheels, Kettles, Stew Fans,
Frying Pans, Gridrons, Hammers. atchets.
Tacks, Wafer, and Waffle Irons. Candle Sticks,
S,eelyards, Marking Guagrs. Spirit Levels,
Andiions, Shovels and longs, Screw
Plates, Compassrs, 1hum
Guages, Pccursion
Caps; &c.
Hamburg, April 81 tt IS
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06

LET great actious encourage greater,
and let honor be your merit, not your de-
sign.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06

HouenToN, NJ. D., Philadelphia, Pa
This is a truly WONDERFUL REMEDY sor Indigestion.
Dyspepsia Jaundice. Liver Complaint Constipation ano
Debility, Curing afler NATURES OWN METHOD. by
Natures own Agent the Gastric Jeice Half teaspoonui
OF PEPsIN infused In water viii digest or dissolve Five
Pounds of Roast Beef in about hours ou of The stomach
PEPSlN Is the chief element, or Great DlGESTlNG
Principle of the Gastric Jue-the Solvent OF the Food me
Purifying Preserving and Stimulating Agent OF the Stomach
and lntesines is extracted from the Digestive Stomach
of the OK. thus forming TRUE DIGESTIVE FLUID, i.
ers and furnishing COMPLETE and PERFECT So
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1853-07-06
Remember.

The genuine sold only by and advertised Agents
throughout the South No Pedar is allowed to sell Il 10
future The genuine will have the signature Of E. TAYLOR,
Oh the new s,eeplate engraved label e top Of each bo1i
to counterfeit which will be prosecuted as forgery
SCOVIL & MEAD,
III Chartrcs street. New OrleaDa
Sole General AGENTS for the Southern States whom al
orders and applications for agencies must be addressed