New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-07-15

Try like Russia, inhabited by people Of various
races, there is no perfect unity either in local ad-
ministratiye manners or customs. The TsekeYe-
misses, for example, who originated in Finland
govern themselves in their own fashion, although
subject to the Czar. Located on the line Of IA,
Volga, in the nei shborhood of Tartary, they hay.
their peculiar communal institutions, founded ac.
cordiDg to an ancient custom, and modified by
their religious IDEAS Two or three of these VII
lagos, containing ten, twenty, or thirty houses
compose a commune which IL called ktremeA
the same name formerly given to their places Of
sacrifice.
Each village has chief chosen among the wisest
and most respected men Of the commune. This
chef is called kGksLdH. He has under his orders
the Gsbdri, who arc secondary magistrates elected
10 maintain order and tranquility. 4 supreme
kakstat is like the head Of the nation ls directs
administers, governs. This administrative hierar
ch, is perfectly defined IN its relations and ia Of
patriarcha simplicity.
Each kahstan chooses his successor, bat aly.vs
selects the person whom public opinion sug.
gests 10 him as most worthy. His duty, which
be accomplishes reigiously, is TO come 10 the aid
of his subOrdlnatts With his advice, his exDa.
renee and his money. He alone is entrusted
with the sale and exchange Of the collective pro-
ducts of the commune, no other person having the
right TO perform any transaction OF the Kind. The
consequence of this regulation is that among the
TSchtT(miSses the trace is altogether wholesale
an arrangement of great advantage TO all con.
cerned. Every peasant has an open account at
the office OF the magistrate and after the sale Of
the produce the proceeds are paid 10 him, after
deducting one fifth for taxes and commissions.
Besides the great power exercised by the
k0ShtdR by virtue of the exclusive right Of selling
the products of his commune, he also settles any
disputes which spring up among the persons IN
der ms administration, and Furnishes all INSIDE
meanOrs and crimes with severity.
In regard to the possession III land, the
Tschtr<misSes also look upon the commune as
the sole proprietor, and individuals "a merely
temporary holders still the son always inhefts
the land cultivated by his father.
IL will be seen bl thls example that the differ.
encos in conn uDal organization in the parts OF
Russia which depart The mos: from the common
rule are more apparent than real. The general
Characteristic of the peasant throughout the en-
pirc is his nyi0lable attachment to the very pun-
ciplc of the community. Serfs have often been
known to tax themselves for the purpose Of
acquiring the manorial lands which they
settled, and after becoming free in their persons
and property, to maintain the system of appor.
tiOnment by head rather than to divide the fields
into private and HEREDITARY possessions.
Let us conclude by a word on the industrial
cOmmunes. The communal organization is so
natural TO the Russian people that IT has given
form and principle even TO It's manufactures. We
in Russia entire villages devoted TO one kind Of
business. In one place furniture is made, in an.
other Clothes while third weaves cotton or hemp.
These cOmmunes are composed of numerous fam
lies who exercise the same trade, and transmit
from father to son. Women children. old people,
all have their peculiar work, the division OF labor
being naturally pushed to the utmost extremity.
The commune purchases the raw material used by
ITS members and afterward sells the manufactures.
Ii alone manages the affairs OF commerce, which It
tlansacts in the name of ALL and for the benefit OF
oil. depot established IN each village serves
also as a salesIoOm. The proceeds are divided at
times, depending upon the sales of the goods.
The duty of the commune is TO render assist.
ance to it's members, ard when necessary to make
them advances on their merchandise. These in
dustrial associations completely free. The
me be rs a,e bound neither BY contract nor prom
Use. Whoever wishes to relinqush the common
business of his commune has no need to go through
any formaity; but these cases are very rare for
the only resource which remains to person adopt
ing such course is to get admitted into some
other commune where he can practice the trade
Of his choice.
The inhabitants of these industrial villages are
III very easy circumstances, owing to the nature OF
the association which leaves to every individual
his full liberty. Nevertheless, fact almost in.
credible, the Government, 80 far from encouraging
this system, gives its preference to private enter
pIlse.