davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The southern press., 1852-07-03
THREE DAYS LATER FROM EUROPE.


New York. July I, 1862
The steamer Africa, with eighty passengers
and Liverpool dates of the 10Th ultimo, arrived
at an early hour this morning. The Great Brl-
tain arrived in the Mersey at half past o O'clock
on the 10th, about the same time that the Hum
boldt arrived at Southampton, The City OF
Manchester, from Philadelphia, arrived in the
Mersey on Thursday evening. The Sarah
Sands had arrived at Hssre.
On M ENGLAND.
There we're no Indications of dissolution of
Parliament
The new steamers OF the Cunard company
for AussfaiIa, Panama, and New Zealand, were
ia great state of forwardness.
! The French journals are undressing. The
council Of State has decided that the judicial tri
bunels AVE no jurisdiction over the question of
the to0sscstion of the Orleans property.
The tobscco monopoly is to be continued for
eleven years.
Great foundations had occurred In the south
OF France.
Gen Lamoriciere had been summariy ex
pelled, by The police, from Aux la Chapelle,
whittier he had gone for his health.
Auother revolt had broken out in Algiers.
The news from the continent possesses no
interest
MARKETS.
Tho demand for cotton since the Atlantic
sailed bad been rather better at decline of
iI6da sd on lower qualities. The sales on
Wednssday, Thursday and Friday were 10000
bales.
On Saturday morning there was rather an i'm
proved demand, ard the sales would probably
coach COCO bales, at full rates. With plenty OF
money, 4nd healthy state of trade, prices are
not likely to give way.
There was fair consumpiive demand for
wheat and flour.
Provisions were active. Beef had advanced
IS. Fine sorts of pork were scarce, and tend
ing upwards Bacon was in demand at Is. Is
advance. Sales of 200 tons of lard at los. a
los. Sd. advance
Sales of Carolina rice at 18s. Sd. a lbs. Cd.
The arrivals of rosn and turpentine had been
large, and prices had declined.
The southern press., 1852-07-03

ns4FoR rte BeNErrr or THE m

ns.FoR THE BENEFIT or THE IN
DUSrRIOUs POOR In EVERY CLASS OF
SoCIETY.--Articles Of clothing made up by the
industrious poor offered for sale at the rooms
of the Ladies' Union Benevolent Society, opposite
the southeast corner Of Capitol square, and on
Seventh street, next TO Odd-Felows' Hall.
Private work left at these rooms will also be made
up upon the most favorable terms. And we
would add, that as this description of work is
often ola very particular character, il affords the
ladies' an opportunity of encouraging that distress
sed class offemalss whose pecuniary circumstances
have been changed-compellihg them to resort to
their needle for support. The ladies' would urge
upon families, and encourage the delivery of this
private work at their rooms it will afford them
an opportunity of benefting this interesting class
OF Its benefciaries, as they have done heretofore.
K. b. MILLS,
June IT, Directress l.. u. b. and E. Society.
The southern press., 1852-07-03
ORANGE MOUNTAIN WATER CURE.

THIS establishment having recently been
greatly enlarged and much improved, can fur
nish accommodations for upwards of one hun
dred cure-guests. Its natural and other advanta-
ges are not surpassed, if equalled, by those of
any other institution of its kind Situated on
the Morris and Essex Railroad, at South Orange,
New Jersey, about one hour ride from the city, it
is accessible by several trains daily, which leave
the foot OF Cortandt street. Descriptive circulars
can be found at the Water Cure Publication Of
nee, NO. l3l Nassau street, New York, or will
be sent by mail upon application by letter to the
Superintendent. Professional letters should be
addressed to
DR.. J. A weber,
Others to GEO. H. MITCHELL,
May ~ Superintendent.
The southern press., 1852-07-03


COTTON PLANT.
A Southern journal, published weekly, to adj
vocate direct trade, manufactures, agriculture, and
the development Of Southern resources by C. G.
BAYLOR, Washington, ID. c.
The Importance OF such journal as the above
needs no exposition. The material and substan-
tial interests Of the South have been too long ne
elected. The "CorroN PLANT" is established to
promote these interests, keeping entirely aloof
from party or party politics. A complete foreign
and domestic correspondence has been arranged.
The best talent Of the country will contribute 10
our columns, which will present a medium OF
general communication, correspondence, and in
formation for the friends Of the measures We ad-
vocate. The proper steps have been taken in
Europe and America TO lay the foundation Of a
direct foreign trade at the South and to introduce
our coarse manufactures into the continental Eu-
ropean market. One object Of the "CoTToH
PLANT" will be, as the organ OF direct trade, TO
stimulate the South TO carry out this important
measure.
We call upon the Southern merchants generally
10 send as their business cards, that we may lay
them before the country, to enable the friends Of
Southern commerce, manufactures, &c, 10 dis
criminate properly in their desire 10 promote South
ern enterprise.
The importance Of Washington city, as point
OF location for such journal, especially in regard
10 opening foreign correspondence and promoting
our foreign relations, is apparent. The opPortu-
nifty Of seeing here, also, members Of Congress
from every district Of the country, present
means ofgsnsrul cooperation not TO befound else
where.
To the cotton, sugar, rice and tobacco planters,
we look confidently for support; and 10 the friends
Of ''drect trade" throughout the South we say,
s'shov your faith by your works."
The regular issue OF the "CorroE PLksr" viii
commences in June next. Advertisements are
particularly requested 10 be Forwarded early.
Business letters addressed TO G. q. Baylor, Wash
ington city, ID. G.
Correspondence from all interested in the cause
we advocate is solicited, particularly 10 the crop
AZ we wish 10 give correct information on the sui
iect which is Of 30 much importance 10 the plan
ter, and in representing which he has been often
injured.
Postmsstsrs are requested 10 act AZ agents for
US and 10 ell who approve our cause we look
for good feeling, kindness, and support.
Terms; Two dollars year, in advance.
The southern press., 1852-07-03

DRIVATE SCHOOL FOR BOYS.-The sub
IL criber proposes to open private school for
boys at Newport, RI, on Monday, the Sd day of
May next.
In hisregular course, he will give instruction in
the usual English studes-reading, writing.
mathematics, natural and intellectual philosophy,
and in the Latin, Greek, French, and German
languages.
He will prepare lads to enter any of the colleges
in the United States.
If desired, instruction will also be given, for an
additional charge, in other European languages,
and also in music and drawing.
The charge for day scholars will be 500 year;
for pupils that board with the subscriber, $500
year Payment quarterly in advance.
DIR. J. GEORGE GUNTHER.
REFER TO
Prof G. Beck, Cambridge, Mass.
Hon. Geo. s. Hilard,
Dr. S. G. Howe, Boston.
Prof. II. ID. Rogers,
G. H. Calvert, esq,
Henry Gilliat, esq. Newport, RI.
DR.. David King,
NEWPORT, April l, 1852. April30-3t
The southern press., 1852-07-03

Thus we indemnify, m thevora event, our Gus
TONERS against the loss Of more than fifly cents in
the dollar.
We are aware Of the responsibility that we as
the Brilliant luck Of our far-famed and truly for
tunsie house il our only apology. We have sell
dom known a loss 10 ensue, while we have re-
peatedly witnessed the most glorious results. No
other Agency 10 the Union con offer an induce
ment 70 ticket buyers, approaching in the least
the above proposition.
Think well Of the offer il il good one, and
I'VE can slnnos, gusrsntee) will Place Wealth at
your Disposal.
B, particular TO address MARION a. CO.,
No. 2 Calvert Street
April 30. Baltimore, Maryland.
The southern press., 1852-07-03
Building Association on a New Plan.

TAPITAL, Two Hundred and Fifty Thousand
" Dollars Shares, Twenty-Five dollars each
payable in monthly instalments of one dollar.
Of real estate.
Books of subscription are now open at the Office
of ID. N. CALLAN, esq, F street, near 18th
street, D. A. HALL, esq, c and Sd streets, n,
M. MoRFIT, esq, Al street, GEORGE PAR
KER g. CO., Pennsylvania avenue, near 9th ST.,
and at the Office Of the Southern Press.
ian %
The southern press., 1852-07-03
DIRECT TRADE.

To the Planters Of the South;
CALL attention to the cards Of Harrison a. Bro. :,
Of Amsterdam, and Mees a. Monies, Rotterdam /,
which appear instead Of the card Of G. @. Baylor
" CO., as circumstances render my services as
per card no longer necessary.
The papers which have copied my card, will
viii please insert the names of the shove houses
instead. @. g. BAYLOR.
March l6
The southern press., 1852-07-03
raGiEs mali stsanshiD CSnipany.=-Th only
Line for California and Oregon.

vuSHE public are informed that, under the new
IL arrangements of this company, steamers in
spected and improved by the Navy Department,
and carrying the United States mails, will con-
LIST and 18th days of each month, unless detained
by unavoidable accident, and will touch at Aca-
pulco, San Diego, and Monterey The follow
ing steam packets belonging to the Pacific Mail
Steamship Company, one of which will be al
ways in port at each end of the route, are now in
a. ID.
The southern press., 1852-07-03
WIN. L. POWELL g. SON.

N0RNER Of King and Union streets, offer to
~ their friends in town and country, a large
and well selected stock Of Groceries and LIQUORS
both foreign and domestic Orders for which will
be strictly and infinitely filed ian ~
The southern press., 1852-07-03
10000 DOLLARS.

THE subscribsr 10 selling of to reduce nj. very
heavy stock Of Fancy Goods and Useful Articles,
amounting to upwards Of 40 600, consisting IN
part Of rich pspisv-msohs Writing D..k., Work
Boxes, odor Boxes, Shell Tuck Combs, rich
Fans, Gloves, Ribsnds, Psrfumery. all kinds OF
Hair Brushes, Dressing Combs, &c
bargains at
PARKERs Fancy Store,
under National Hotel
The southern press., 1852-07-03
"DJRECT TRADE"
HARTSEN, BRO, Amsterdam,
MEES a. MONIES, Rotterdam,
mission Merchants,

TOM mission Mereh ants,
4" ILL receive on consignment, Cotton, Lum-
w Der, Rice, Wool, Colombian, Timber,
Tobacco, etc., etc.
~ We tender our services to the Planting,
Manufacturing and Shipping interest of the South,
and will be happy to give any statistics which may
be desired for the information OF our friends and
the societies formed at the South for the promo
ton Of the Commercial, Manufacturing and Ship
ping interests Of the Southern States.
~ The Charleston, Savannah, Mobile and
Memphis papers, the New Orleans Pieayuns, TElle
Della and Bulletin, will please insert and forward
their accounts TO this Office.
The southern press., 1852-07-03

ON CONSIGNMENT - Oak Ts.~n Rs~sts
" BROGa.NS.--l, 900 pair Oak Tanned Russi.
Brogsns, a prime article Of Southern ManufAe-
turs. For sale by r. PRIN0LE,
No 30, East BAY street
The southern press., 1852-07-03
PUBLISHERS CENTRAL AGENCY,
NEW ORLEANS AND MOBILE.
ADAMS Co. EIPREss OFYIcE,
~ Camp Street.


~ Camp Street
A TTENTIoN is respectfully called to my new
n undertaking as General Agent for all News
papers, Periodical Magazines, DC, published in
the United States and Europe. | shall receive
and canvass for subscribers, as well az collect all
accounts against parties here and in Mobile that
may be entrusted with, having had an experiences
Of over ten years in the Book and Newspaper BUSH
ness as proprietor Of The Mobile Literary Depot,
hattsr myself that can and will give general salts
faction.
The following are the rules that have adopted /:
i. Principal Office 10 be in New Orleans, where
shall conhne myself strictly 10 the interest Of my
agencies alone, for which shall charge the usual
commissions, or such as may be agreed upon
2. | shall conhne myself strictly 10 the CASH
principal accompanying my orders when a draft
can be had for the smounD with sight check
when not 20 accompanied, the publisher can draw
on me at sight for the amount from receipt Of the
srder, or II requested in writing, will enclose the
cash itself and remit, but in all such cases il shall
be al the risk Of the Publisher.
3. Publishers wishing me 10 act for them are
expected 10 furnish me with written authority,
and send me specimen copies Of their publications
free Of charge.
My object is TO establish Gsneral Southern
Local Agency for Publishers throughout the Union.
New Orleans in central pace, commanding the
whole Valley Of the Mississippi, Texas and other
Publishers TO have good Agency for the better
circulation Of their publications In the hope
that my efforts in this enterprise will be properly
appreciated and duly encouraged by your fvors,
hereunto annex blank Certificate Of Agency,
which you can hll and return 10 me by return
mail
Respectfully, your OBJ ssrv't,
M. BOULLEMET,
Proprietor ofths Mobile Literary Depot
N. BIN the above ! do not ask for a sole
agency, but merely authority 10 receive and col
lect subscriptions.
.Nsp Orlsans-Lumsden, Kendall a. Co. %.
Corcorun a. Co. ]. p. b. DeBow.
.Nstc York.-Willmer& Rogers, ri. Long& Bro
James Gordon Bennett, Stringer q Townsend.
PHILADELPHIA. A. Cooley, Geo. r. Graham,
Andrew McMakin.
Bosfon.-C. A V. Putnam, Y. Littsll q Co.
Washington, ID. C.--Fisher q DsLeon Hon w.
j. Allston, NJ G
Charleston S. C.--Walker & Richards.
Montgomery, .8la.--A. r. Phster.
Mobilize G Bangdon, Messrs Bslentyns a
Mcclure, Messrs Thadeus Sanford.
Louisville, XIV n Halderman, Ssml Hymsn
50, Louis, Mo.-Joseph NJ Field, Anssi Ed
wards.
LpsrpOol-Willmer g. Smith.
The southern press., 1852-07-03
s. GRISWOLD q Co

VA Z open this day at 10 CLOCK, Gust arrived
w by the Europa an assortment of beautiful
Goods, suitable for Balls Parties, &C.. consisting
in part of Golfers, Pearl and Blond Caps, Feath-
ers tipped with Silver and Gold, Silver and Gold
Flowers, and Ornaments for the Hair, Wreaths
and Bunches.
GLOVES.-A full assortment Of Ladies and
Gents Gloves-and we promise TO fit every hand,
from No. TO No. IL. Our Gloves can also be
relied upon not to rip or tear
PARKER'S Fancy and Perfumery Store,
under National Hotel
The southern press., 1852-07-03

Actually The pery best chance eper A6ordedio
Realize Fortune.
ltS PECUMARY RELKF PROMISED TO EVERY
ADvEETURER.
BY sending 10 us $50, we will forward Certificate
ofTickets 10 any designated Louery to the amount
The southern press., 1852-07-03

The new steamship Columbia will ply between
San Francisco and ports in Oregon, awaiting at
the former ports the arrival of the mails and pas
sengers from Panama, and returning without de-
lay with the mails and passengers for the steamer
from San Francisco.
A regular line of propeers will be kept up for
the transportation Of freight and transient passen
gers between Panama and San Francisco.
The well-known steamship Sarah Sands,
500 tons burden, now under charter to the com
pany, and peculiarly commodious In her cabin
arrangements, will be kept running as an extra
family boat.
One of the above steamers will keep up the
connexion between Acapulco and the other Mex
lean ports.
The connexion in the Atlantic will be main
tanned by the United States mail steamships
Georgia.. 3,UOO tons
Ohlo. .........s.......... .3,uuo
Empire Clty... ..I,Ooo
Crescent City,. ,5OO
Cherokee. ......-...........l,o oO
Philadelphia. ..s............l,lU O
Leaving New York for Chagres on the 18th
and Goth of each month.
The new steamer Ell Dorado and the Falcon will
form direct line between New Orleans and Cha
gres, leaving at such periods as will insure as
little detention possible on the lsthmus, anG
forming with the Pacific steamships through line
to and from New Orleans and ports in Mexico,
California, and Oregon. Passage from New Or
leans can pe secured from hrmstropS, Lowie"ee'
q Co., agents at that place.
The fare for through tickets from New York to
San Francisco has been reduced from
S4UO In state room TO. .S33O
$3.50 in lower cabin to. $3.50
$500 in steerage to. .Sl65
The rates from New York to Chagres will be
the lowest adopted by any safe sea steamer be-
tween these ports.
Each passenger is allowed $50 lbs. personal
baggage free, not exceeding In measurement 10
cubic feet
Freight will be taken to Chagres at 20 cents per
foot, and from Panama to San Fancisco at the
rate of 800 FER ton.
For choice of berths apply at the Office Of the
company, 81 and SIS South street, at their
agency, No. 1T West street, New York city.
Aug l2-dly
The southern press., 1852-07-03
s LENDlD LOTTERIEs
FOR JUNE, 1852.
GREeoRY q MAURY, Managers.
Successors to ]. w. Maury q Coz

S65 500
500 IS Prizes of 81, 900!
Lottery for the Benefit of the
STATE OF DELAWARE,
Class b, for 1852.
To be drawn at Wilmington, Delaware, on Satur-
day, June &c, 1852.
The southern press., 1852-07-03


Tins Loan is guaranteed by the Government,
and contracted by the eminent Banking House of
MESSRS. M, A. Won ROTHSCHILD AND
SONS, in Frankfort-on the-Main. The following
capital Prizes must be gained, viz
Ia of $4,000 60 of $4,000
%, $4,000 go :, 1000
"a % $4,000 40 >, l,500
20, 5000 $50 ;, 1000
&C., &c. The smallest Prize is SIS Dollars.
The next Drawing takes place irrevocably on the
LIST Of June, 1852.
The Price Of the Tickets is us Jolloios
One Ticket for IS Six Tickets for S25
Thirty ;. 100 Sixty-fvs ), 200
Remittances be made in Bank Notes, Bills
or Drafts on Europe, &c. Each Shareholder will
receive, free of expense, the Prospectus, with full
particulars and after the Drawing, the List of the
successful Numbers, which will also be published
in the leading Journals. The Prize will be paid
in Cash at Frankfort-on-the-M Main, Paris, London,
New York, or New Orleans.
Apply, without delay, to MORIZ STlEBEL,
SONS, Bankers and Merchants, Frankfort on-the-
Maine, Germany or to their Agents, MESSRS.
s. STIEBEL AND Co. Merchants, 80, Nicholas
Lane, Lombard Street, London
P.S.-Remittances which arrive too late will be
returned to the sender or, if he prefers it, Shares
for the following Distribution will be forwarded.
Feb. 26. d.t-W
The southern press., 1852-07-03
KEEP COOL.

!. Fans, Fans, Pans, Fans, Fans, Fans, Fans,
Fans, Fans, Fans, Fans, Fans, Fans, Fans,
Fans, Fans, Pans, Fans, Fans, Fans, Fsns-si
our reduced prices, from 8! cents 70 s25 each, al
pARKER'S
Fsney snd PsrNrnsry Store, U~der
Nafional Hotel
The southern press., 1852-07-03
Cor. Warren and West sts. New 70
J. GRlSWOLD g. CO.,

s. GRlSWOLD & CO.,
Successors TO Daniel Pratt & Co..
d RESPECTFULLY informs the public that
IL they are now manufacturing
COTTON GINS
at Prattsville, Autauga county, Alabama.
Their arrangements for manufacturing are exten
sive and complete, which will enable them to furn.
ish Gins to planters on the most favorable terms
AS to the superiority of their Gins, they have on
ly to refer to the reputation which the manufac
ture and sale of over 10, 900 has acquired for them
throughout the entire cotton growing region
From 25 years experience, with every facility and
good workmen, they confident that they will
be able to give satisfaction to all who may patron
ize them.
%Their Gins are warranted to perform well.
Engagements for Gins can be made with their
travelling agents, who will call planters gene
rally by letter directed to Prattville, Autauga
county, Alabama.
A supply Of Gins always on hand with Camp
bell & Co., Mobile, and III. Kendall, & Carter Co.,
Nsp Orleans.
The southern press., 1852-07-03
RYLAND STATE LOTTERIES
FOR JUNE, 1852.
R. FRANCE q Co., Managers.

ID STATE OF EkIES
FOR JUNE, 1859.
R. FRANCE & Co., Managers.
Successors to F. Morris g. Coz
IYPersons at at distance can confidently RELY
on having their orders for Tickets in the Maryland
Lotteries promptly filled.
IFB Bank notes are any solvent bank in the u.
5. received at par for Tickets.
ITBonds to heavy amount are depos tied with
the State to secure the payment of Prizes
Drawings conducted in public, under the So
perlntendence of State Lottery commissioner.
GRAND CONSOLIDATED LOTTERY,
Class o.
To be drawn in Baltimore, Md, Saturday, June
&C. 1852.
MAGNIFICENT SCHEME.
Prize of 100000 2Prizes $1,000
] do do . I 10 1926 sSS "a "a DO $500 500
Tickets S20-HaIves l0-Quarters IS.
Certificate of package Of 26 Wholes $500 90
do do % Halves 1000
do do 26 Quarters 500
nFPrize Tickets must be returned before they
can be renewed or cashed.
n5=All orders from distance for Tickets in the
above Splendid Schemes will be promptly and
faithfully filled, and official drawings sent 10 al
who order Tickets.
Address r. FRANCE & Co.,
May %. Managers, Baltimore, Md.
The southern press., 1852-07-03
SPLENDID LOTTER RES
FOR JULY, 1852.
GREGORY & MAURY, Managers
Successors to J.. w. Maury e. Coz
$50, 400! 5'Prizes of $40, 900!
Lottery for the benefit of the
e,rn mn on nEI Az WADE

$4,000 $4,000 $4,000 lO,l7s!
Lottery for the benefit of the
STATE OF DELAWARE,
Class 80, for 1852.
To be drawn at Wilmington, Delaware, on Satur-
day, July 10, 1852.
Il drawn numbers in each package Of &c tickets
-. y,Nrntn cNr4EMR
The southern press., 1852-07-03
spI.FNDID SCHEME

s3O,5OO!
Lottery for the benefit Of the
STATE OF DELAWARE,
Class 80, for 1882
rnwn at Wilmington, Delaware, on Satur-
day, July IL, 1852.
g Numbers Ia Drawn Ballots.
Cpl ENDID SCHEME.
The southern press., 1852-07-03
SPLENDID SCHEME

Whole Tickets slO-Islyes s5-ouarters 81 50
Certificates OF packages Of % wholes sllo 90
Do do % Halves S. 90
Do do % Quarters q 50
The southern press., 1852-07-03
THE FAUQUIER WHITE SULPHUR
SPRINGS,

June 10, Merchants Rzchangs, New Orleans.
The southern press., 1852-07-03
s65,OOOl
Lottery for the benefit Of the
STATE OF DELAWARE,

Class ID, for 1852.
To be drawn at Wilmington, Delaware, on Satur-
day, July "a, 1854
"a drawn numbers out offs
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1852-07-16
VERY LATE FROM CALIFORNIA.
~~~~~~~>~c~>>~~~~~~~~
ARRIVAL OF TIE ILLINOIS
Over Two Millions in Gold Bust, and Over
Three Hundred Passengers.
One Quarters Export Of Gold from
California.
>>~~>o>---~~,~,>,..>>~~-.
INCREASE OF POPULATION.
>~~~>~~~>>~~>~>>~~~~<
AFFRAY AT SACRAMENTO CITY.
>>~.>~~~~><>>>~~>-->~s,.~>>s
INDIAN TROUBLES.
.>o1~>N>NNN~~N>NNsNN~>N>
NJ A II II A G Il s AND DE AT IL S.
>~~s~>~~>>~o>~u>>~~>~
Interesting Mining Intelligence.
>.>>y>~~>y>~>1>>
MURDER OF COLONEL CRAIG, OF TIE ARMY.
NEWS FROM OREGON,
&c., &C., &c.
One Quarters Export Of Gold from
California.
INCREASE OF POPULATION.
AFFRAY AT SACRAMENTO CITY
INDIAN TROUBLES.
Interesting Mining Intelligence.
MURDER OF COLONEL CRAIG, or TIE ARMY.
NEWS FROM OREGON,
&c., &C., SO

The steamship Illinois, Capt Hartstenc, arrived
Mt this port yesterday from A-pnwaI, by the way
of Havana. She left the former place on the 7th,
and the latter on the I1th inst
The Illinois brings the passengers mails and over
two millions treasure brought to Panama by the
steamship California, which, with the Unicorn,
were the only steamers in Panama. The California
brought down 315 passengers.
The steamship Daniel Webster sailed from Aspin-
wall for New York four hours ahead of the Illinois
Her outward passengers were waiting, at San Juan
del Sud, tho arrival Of the propeller Pioneer from
New York, to take them to San Francisco there
being no ship of that line ready to take them up
The Panama Railroad is complct I'D to the crossing
of the river near Gorgona, and is in very good
order.
The California started from San Francisco at 8
A. NJ on the 18th June. The Winfield Scott was
to sail on the Goth and the Golden Gate from the
26th to the 2Sth ult.-both for Panama.
The following is the