davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09
fell
April 80, 1852.


AN ACT prescribing tariff of freight on rail-
roads.
SIC |. BE IL enacted by the General
,RssemJly Of the STATE Of Ohio, That
it shall be the duty Of each aud every rail.
road company whose line of road extends
or shall hereafter be extended To any place
in the vicinity Of, or to punt Of nirrscc.
lion with any of the na'igable canals or
other works Of internal improvement he.
longing To this State, To fix and establish a
tariff Of rates for transportation Of mer.
chandise, produce, and other property con.
signed IN or from such place or point Of in
lcrsccliun; and it shall be unlawful for
such railrood company to charge or re.
ceiye any higher rate for transporting sim.
liar merchandise, produce or property
over shorter distance Of its road, than
is charged or received according to such
fixed lauG for transportation 10 and from
such places of intersection as aforesaid.
Sec. .. That every such railroad com.
pany shall publish its tariff Of rates on
property consigned 10 aud from such pla.
ces or points Of intersection, as provided
in the proceeding section, and cause the
same to be kept conspicuously posted up
at the several business stations on its road;
and i, shall be unlawful for such company,
its officers or agents, 10 charge or receive,
directly or indirectly, for Transporting any
property consigned as aforesaid, any less
rate than is designated on snch printed
card, until thesame shall have been chang.
ed by an order Of the board Of directors of
such company, and at least ten days no.
tice of such change given by bill or card,
to be posted up as aforesaid; and it shall
be unlawful for such company, It's officers
or agents, TO evade or attempt TO evade by
drawback, free warehousing, or 10 any
other mode or manner, The payment Of full
freighIage according to tho printed tariff
of rates as herein provided
Sec. 3. That the board Of public works
is hereby authorized and required To per.
mil each and every railroad company in
this state, adopting and sAhereing IN such
rate Of freigh, IS Is prescribed hy this sct
to construct suitable bridges ucros1 any
navigable canals aud feeders, slackw IlfI
Improvement, navigable rivers, streams
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09
BRANDREMH'S PILLS.

The BRANDRRTH PILLS, as general family med,
elne especially In country OF 80 sudden changes OF
Temperature as this, thelr value 10 incaleuable BY
having the Brandreth Pills always on hand should a
sudden attack Of sickness take place. they oanbe CIV
on At once, aud will often have effected cure before
the phyaicisn could have arrived.
In ohOlic aud Inflammation OF the bowels, these
Pills will Nt once relieve and perseverance, In their
use, according TO their irecuons, will surely do all
that medicine can do TO restore the health OF the pa
tient. ID .4.. ...H. I.f l.H..
Ia all cases OF gestou, worms, diseases OF the
Heart and all affections Of the stomach aud bowels,
the Brandreth Pills will DO found never failing
remedy. fil ttt ...rr. .-..tl.t... -.
To Insure the fall benefit OF those celebrated Pills,
hsy ahoud be kept Ia the House, so that, upon the
GrSl nnencsmsnt OF sickness, they may be at once
rns1red to- One dose then better than dozen after
ahesse has become established In the syateui.
ria tbove medicine iafor sale by Mdsgrdps
Brtnli, A'hlNnd; Lake Seibv, Mi0liniy w. Boyd
Jliln,'llle; " Haskell, Loudonville; Jas. Walden
Mruialdj J. D. RobinsOn, Wooster, II. L. StSara
PArtvsvilia. Ohio. laI. 80
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09
162.7
May /, 1852.
An ACT TO upportion the State Of Ohio into
Cong essional Districts.

I
An ACT 10 apportion the State Of Ohio into
Cong essIonaI Districts.
Sec. l. Be il enacted by The Gene.
raj assembly ofthe State Of Ohio, That
this state shall be divided into twenty.one
districts, for the election of Representatives
to Congress, and each district shall choose
one representative, in the manner following
10 wit:
The first. second, third, fourth, fflh,
ninth, tenth, eleventh, and thirteenth
wards Of the city Of Cincinnati, as they
are now constituted, the townships of
Fulton, Spencer, Columbia. Anderson,
Sycamore, Symmes, aud Easern precinct
of Mil Creek, in the county of Hamilton,
shall compose the First district.
The SIKH, seventh. eighth, twelfth fonr.
teenih, fifteenth, and sixteenth wards of
the city of Cincinnati, as they are now
constituted, the townships of Storrs, Delhi,
Green, Miami, Whitewater, Crosby, Cole
rain, Springfield, and the balance of Mill
Greek, in the county of Hamilton, shall
compose the Second district.
The counties Of Butler, Preble, and
Montgomery, shall compose the Third dis.
trici.
The counties Of Miami, DARK, Shelby,
Auglaizc, Mercer, and Allen, shall conf
pose the Fourth district.
The counties of Van Vert. Psulling,
Pupam, Defiance, Williams, Fulton, L,l.
cas-. Wood, Ileary, and Hancock, shall
sumpo,e the Fifth district.
The cpnnirs of Clprmont, Brown.
Highland. and Adams shall compose the
Sixth district.
The counties Of Warren, Clinton
Greene, Fayeite, and Madison, shall com
pose the Seventh district.
The counties Of Clark, Champaign, Lo
gan, Union, and Deleware. shall compose
the Eighth district.
The counties Of Hardin, Marion, Wy.
andot, Crawford, Seneca, Sandusky, and
Ottawa, shall compose the Ninth dis
lricl.
The counties of Scioio, Lawrence, Gal
LA. Jackson, Pike, and Ross, shall com
pose the Tenth district.
The counties of Fairfield, Perry, Athens
vin,on, and Meigs, shall compose The
Eleventh district.
The counties Of franklin, Licking, art
Pickaway, shall compose the Twelfth dis
trict.
The counties Of Morrow, Richland, Hu
ron, and Erie, shall compose the Thir
leenlh district.
The counties ofLorain, Medina, Wayne
and Ashland, shall compose the Fourleentl
district.
The counties Of Tuscarawas, Knox
Coshocton, and Holmes, shall compose tn
Fifteenth district
The counties of Morgan, Washington
and Muskingum, shall constitute the Six
teenth district.
The counties Of Belmont, Guernsey
Monroe, and Noble, shall compose III
Seventeenth district. ..
Tho counties Of Portage, Stark, an
Summit, shall compose the Eigh,een
district.
The counties Of CuyahogN, Like, Geau
ga, shall compose the Nineteenth dii
lricL
The counties Of Asblabula, Trumbul
Iond Mehonng, shall compose the Twer
tirlh district.
The counties Of cclumbiaaa, Jefferson
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09
Dissolution.

NOTICE Is hereby given, that the co-partnor-
IN ship heretofore existing under the firm ol
Slubbs 4 Coffin, Is this day dissolved by mutual
consent. The cabinet business will hereafter be
conducted by J. D. Stubbs, at the old stand OF
Stubbs l. Coffin, and he is further authorized to
settle up all the business belonging 10 said firm,
both as to making all collections and meeting
such claims as may be against the firm. Persons
knowing themselves indebted to said firm will
please to call at the Wareroom Of J. D. Stubhs
and settle Immediately. JOS. D. sTUBBs,
T, W. COFFIN.
March ~, 1857, tNf
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09
April 80, 1852.
+ No. 63. 1

No. %.
AN ACT supplementary to an act entitled AN ast
for the assessment and taxation OF all property In
thi. state, and forlevyng tFes thereon according
to its true value In money, passed April 10, 1852
SEC. /. BE enacted by the General
.8s'cmbly Of the STATE Of Ohio, Tha.
The real property of this state, and The val.
ue thereof, as it stood upon the tax dupli.
cate of the year one thousand eight hum
drcd and fifty with such additions for
new structures or otherwise, as may be
made TO the same under The provisions of
the "act for the assessment and taxation
of all property in this state, and for levying
taxes thereon according TO its true value 10
money" passed The thdeenlh day Of April,
in the year eighteen hundred and fifty two,
shall remain On The duplicate for taxation
for all purposes that are or may be rel
quired by law 10 be levied and collected,
and shall be taxed in the same manner
and to the same extent that other property
is now or may be taxed at the place
where such real property is situated, until
such time as a re.vaualion of said real
property shall be made, in pursuance Of
The ac, 10 which this is supplementary.
Sec. 2. That in any county Of this
state, where it shall prove impracticable for
assessors to complete their assessments
for the year eighteen hundred and fifty
two, within the period limited in the act
to which this issupplimentary il she'll be
lawful for the auditor Of said county 10 ex-
tend the lime for such assessment ill tho
fourth Monday in May; and in all such
casses, the meeting Of the county board Of
equalization shall take place on the first
Wednesday aGIOr The fourth Monday Of
May.
Sec. Q. Tha, all assessments OF pAo.
perty made by town, townships OF ward
assessors elected for the present year. un,
der the provisions of any law repealed by
the act TO which this is supplementary,
shall be of the same validity as il such
assessors had been chosen under The act
TO which this is supplementary.
JAMES c. JOHNSON.
Speaker of the House Of Reps.
WILLIAM MEDILL,
President Of the Senate,
May /, 1852.
SECRETARY OF STATES 0FrIcE,
Columbus, April l5, 1882.
certify that Ihe foregoing law is cor
recIly copied from the original roll on file
In this Office. 'R
WILLIAM TREvlTT,
Secretary Of State,
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09
Ho to the Rescue,

NoW IS the time 10 ms. yOur Property,
T J.SPRENGLE is Agent for number or the
IL. best FIRE, MARINE, LIFE and HEALTH
ms, COMPANIES in the United States. Persons
wishing insurance in any ofthe above denartments
will find it to their advantage to call on tho aUOve,
at the Office of the Ashland Mutual InS. TO.
Nov. 10, 1851. 2btf
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09
OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES Miniatures

b NER. 4. NJ. ENSMINGER would respectfully
lA inform the public that he has permanently
located In the town Of Ashland. His rooms are
fitted up with special regard to the comfort OF
vi,itors, who will always be welcome, whether
they wish for likeness, or call to see the gallery
OF pictures.
Determined to spare neither pains or expense,
Mr., Ensminger will furnish likenesses that shall
not be surpassed. AugustS. litf
~ His Rooms have been removed TO The Cd story
Of ths building aoL' oceupisdby HdrRan Wdiiek
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09

The Bill authorizing the city Of Wheel
ing to subscribe to the capital stock Of the
Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, has
passed both branches Of the Legislature
Of Virginia. Also, authorizing the North.
western Virginia Railroad Company TO
construct a branch thereof from Clarks.
bafk 70 Weston.
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09
New Bakery |!

VNHE undersigned has just opened, in tonnec-
ton with his Saloon, Bakery, where the
best quality ofbread may be had and delivered at
the residences Of regular customers at fur cents
per Loaf.
@a- All kinds of Pies, CGkes, and every article
usually furnished by afrst rate City Bakery, will
be promptly furnished to order. Sept: a.:
~ A. JACOBS.
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09
NEW GROCERY.

TIME undersigned has just opened, in the room
i formerly occupied by A. W Peters, new
grocery establishment, where he intends TO keep
constantly on hand good assortment of
FAMILY GROCERIES,
such as Sugars, Teas, Coffee, Tobacco, Fish, Oils,
Liquors Wines, Sc, &C., &c.
Asto quality and price, his stock shall not be
surpassed. Give me call, and judge.
J. W. BARNES.
Ashland, Nov. 10, 1851. 2btf
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09
THE OHIO UNION.
81. Published every "Wednesday morning In the
town Of ofAshland, Ashland county Ohio,
BY Fl. 8. KNAPP

BY H. s. KNAPP,
at the rate Of Two DoLLARs, payablein advance
or at any time within six monthsfrom the date o
subscription. Two DOLLARS AND FIFTY CENT
will Invariably becharged if payment be delayed
until expiration OF the six months.
A filare to pay in fall, and give notice ofdlS'
conhnaance to the proprietor, at the close oftht
time subscribed for, ,will be considered an engage
M mt for the next year, and so on year after year
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09

MECHANICS.
J. RlSSER,
pAGlfa0)me

CHOP in the room formerly occupied by SmHh
y Curtis, for law office. Mr.. Il. will al
MnYa be ON hand To make nliis.O bltI
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09
PHYSICIANS.
DIR. A. l.. Norris,

Physician and SurgeOn,
TTAvING permanently established himself a
III the centre Of Troy, Ashland county, Ohio
viii hold himself in readiness to attend to all bu
,iues connected with his profession.
Aril 30, 1851. 49tf
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09
TO the Farmers!

EIARMERS wishing for Cookie or Clover Seed
L Selves can be supplied with frstrate article
stths Hardware storeiI AIhlsnd'
Sep. y, 1851 leH
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09

80 NXTlLLlAM RALSTON, Watch and
EM, w Clock-Maker, ,Mlin-street, Ashland,
A,sA Ohio. Gold and steel Pens, and a choice
variety OF Jewelry, kept constantly on hand.
January 81, lSAS. 80
The Ohio union. [volume] (Ashland, Ohio) 1849-1854, 1852-06-09

Further prescribing the powers and duties Of the
courts of this State, and the judges thereof, and
to repeal the eighteenth section of the act ere
lating to the organization of courts of justice,
and their powers and duties," passed February
nineteenth, one thousand eight hundred and
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1852-01-23

Travel Nortt,oard-Ihs Ship Flora Nc Donald
Ice IN Ms Bay-OGices' seekers at annapolis.
BALTIMoRE, January 22--4 p.
The railroad track between this city and Phia-
delphia is now clear Of snow and the usual time is
made between the two cities. The Susquehannn
river has now a staunch rail track acroes ito sur
face, and the mail and baggage cars carried
over with much more rapidity than formerly by
the boat. The passengers are carried over in
cleghg, afiording quito pleasant variation of the
usual mode of travel. Thus the Susqo ehanna is
bridged at last. despite the opposition Of the Mary
land Legislature
The ship Flora Mcdonald, which is fast in the
ice below Sharp's Island, with three hundred emf
grants board, and out of provisions, exctcs
great interest. large quantity of provisions wero
cent down to Annapolis this morning Tor their re-
lief, and despatch sent to Norfolk directing the
shipment board the steamer Georgia of further
supply. 1t will probably be some days before she
can reach the city.
The quantity of ice in the bay is said to be with
out precedent and even the bay line of boats for
Richmond, which now carry the mail, have been
compelled to stop at Norfolk.
learn from Annapolis that there is perfect
avalanche of office seekers there. scrambing for
the various posts Of principals and subordinates to
be provided for by our Democratic Legislature !.
der the new constitution.
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1852-01-23

CONTINUES to practice law in the Supreme
~ Court. To attend to cases before Congress 10
prosecute claims and settle accounts against the
Departments and Boards OF Commissioners, to
procure patents at home and abroad, to obtain
pensions and bounty lands, TO collect dcbts, divi-
dends, agac.s, and inheritanccs in any part oil
the United Statss and in foreign couniries to make
investments Of funds in loans and stocks and on
bond nd mortgage, and TO negotiate the purchase
and sale of hans lands, and patent rights in any
State of the Union. Particular attention poid TO
California land title cases coming up the United
States Supreme Court on appeal.
Communications, prepaid addressed TO CIV &.
SSETHEN, Carroll Place Capitol Hill, Washing
ton, ID c." will meet with prompt attention.
Oct 3D-dty-w
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1852-01-23
WESTERN MILITARY INSTITUTE,


TTNHIS Institution offers those peculiar advan-
Il tages, that, with most thorough literary
course it combines the essential parts Of the scien
tifc one OF the U. S. Military Academy, while it
promotes, by military exercise that health, physi-
cal development and consequent mental vigor
which the ordinary system OF education tends
rather TO destroy. Under its methodical distribu-
ton of time and the habits of punctuality attained
by military discipline in situation remote from
the allurements, the vices, and the designations
usually incident to college fc the student can ac-
compiish more than ordinary results. Ii affords
superior opportunity for the study Of MODERN
LASGUAoEs and the science and practice Of En-
GiSgkRISo Its Academic Staff consists of ten
experienced professors. The cadets in attendance
from sixteen different States.
The ANNUAL SESSION commences the second
Monday in September, and the SEMI ANNUAL one
the frat Monday in February, closing on the third
Thursday in June.
Trans Tuition, boarding, rooms. furniture,
washing, feel, gbts, servants' attendance, field
music, use OF arms, and surgeons fee ) los per an
mum. Modern Languages and Landscape Draw
ing are taught at an extra charge OF $50 per an
mum for each. Cadets received at any time
during the sesson, and charged proportionably
for the uneX pired part.
For further information apply to Colonel b r.
Johnson, Superintendent, at Drennon Springs, or
A. o Smith. Treasurer, Louisville, Kentucky.
Jan l4-tApl
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1852-01-23

Hon. T. YATES WALSH responded. and gave as
a sentiment ''The Irish Patriot Exiles of 49, The
time will come when their epitaphs will not only be
written, bu, their proudcst monuments will be the
liberties Of their countrymcp.
WOnsan The emily deEpot whose chains may be
worn without ignomy, and bose mandates ma y
DO obeycd withort disgrace. trine cheers.
This Cem..atiee of Arrangements gave the fol-
lowing toass in reponsc to letters of apology;
Hon Nm. r. King The dstin guished presi
dent of the most exalted delberative body in the
world
Hon. Linn Boyd; A man of the people, he pre-
sides with ability and dignity over the representa-
tives Oft the people. it,4
Hon. Charles Sumnu In the cradle OF liberty
the cause CT the exile will ever find friend.
Ho" Jo'sph r. Chandler distinguished scho,
lar and accomplished statesman, his talents will
ever be employed in behalf of the oppressed.
Hon. JAMES Shields On the battle field he has
illustrated lrishmen's devotion to the land OF their
adoption.
General SHIELDs responded, and his remarks.
wishing and anticipating success in the object Of
the assenblage, were repeatedly cheered.
Hon. S. n. Douglas: The sufTerings Of freedom
oppressed sons have found sympathy in his
"giant" heart. [CheersI
Judge ID. responded, dwelling particularly on a
denial that we were an Anglo Saxon people; and
his opposition to any alliance with monarchical
governments, particularly England.
The committee next gave:
g. ~ y. C,lstis-Ireland's sold orator :" AL
ways ready to vindicate her cause-always clo-
quent in defence Of her oppressed people.
Mr.. CUsrIs responded in his usual eloquent man
ner.
Mr.. McNERHArY, vice president, then expressed
the regret of the Committee of Arrangements that
the distinguished gentleman mentioned in the
next toast had been compelled TO leave the hall,
He then gave:
General Sam Houston-The founder of the liber-
ties Of one empire the honored Senator of another:
His heart can well welcome to Our shores the eX-
lied patriots of the world. lGreat applause.l
General SHIELDS responded, expressing his great
regret that the name Of the honorable and distin,
guished man had not been mentioned the first in
the evening. He assured the assembage that no
man could be more ardent in the cause than Gen
cral Houston.
The committee next gave:
Thomas d Arcy Nc Gee: We admire him for his
genius VIC love him for his love of liberty.
MIR. MCGEE responded, amidst great applause.
The next toast was
Henry Dfay-"The exiled lawyer" We well
come him TO the festive board he would eloquent
ly welcome the exiled patriots Of Ireland
Mr.. MAY responded in his usual eloquent man
ner, amidst great applause.
DR.. ChAIsry and Mayor LENox also responded to
toasts complimentary to them. Other addresses
were made; and, at the time our going to press,
the spirit and enthusiasm of the assemblage is still
kept up.
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1852-01-23
HUDSON RIVER FIRE AND MARINE IN.
sIKANCE GOMPANN OF NEM NONIk.

Office No. J, Iodd's Building. adjoining
Bro,cn's Hotel, Washington City, ID. c.
Capital S3O0,00o (sll paid in and sccurely invest
ed according to law.)
MILL insure merchandise, curgoes, dwellings
w household furniture, and other property
anywhere IN this District the odjoining State,
on the most favorable terms
The public may rest assured that all Losses SUE.
tanned by tbis company will be iibe, ally and prompt
iy adjusted at their Office in this city.
ISAIAH BLOOD, President.
ALFRED NOXON, Vice President
p J. AVERY, Secretary.
JAS. A REQUA, Actuary.
SAML. u. IIICkCOX, General Agent.
JOHN :. EVANS, Agent for Washiu gtor
Jan l2-dtw city and adjacent country.
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1852-01-23
CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC.
QuARTERMAsTKR GxSERAL's OrrIcE,
w ...., o.. Ia..L.a... In

QuARTERMAsTKR CHSERAL's OFFICE,
WAsuSGToS CRY, January 10, 1852.
WHEREAS certain drafts, purportng TO be
w those of officer Of the Quarernastcr a
Department, on Major General Thomas ). Jesup,
Quartermaster General. have been presented for
payment which drafts forgcries, ii becomes
necessary to Issue this caution in order that the
public may be on iis guard should other drafts OF n
like character be in circulation.
The drafts presented ne above bear the forged
signature of Captain l.. G. Eastun, Assistant Quar-
termastcr Of the United States Army. They arc
numbered l73 and Ia, dated Assistant Quarter
masters Office. Santa Pc, New Mexico, July \,
1851; the one for S2.350. the other for y j,0O0 and
both in favor Of g ustayus McIarcourt, formerly a
clerk in tho employment Of Captain Eastou, re
Gently stationed in Santa re They bear on their
face tho forged signature of Colonel L. V. sumner
approving the same
Said Mcllarcourt has been reported to this office
IA having committed extensive frords On his cru.
plOycr, Captain Easton and IL il feared he has de-
frauded the community to large amount by
means of forged drafts similar 20 those described.
Tbs caution is given that all may be on their
guard against receiving drafts, whether in favor
Of endorsed by sad McTIarcourt II is believed
there genuine drafts OF Captain Easton's
outstanding which the name Of McIIarcourt
appears in any way.
BY direction Of the Quartcrmaster General.
VIM. A. GORDON
Jan II Chief Clerk.
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1852-01-23

CONTENTS.
|. Use and Beauty of Words.-Fraser's Mag
asine.
q Sermons in Sornett.- Examiner.
3. Life Amongst the Loggers.--B iackDoods
Magazine.
4. Maurice Tiernay, Concluded. Dublin Uni.
psysity Magazin
s. Carly1e's Life of Sterling Eclectic Reris,c.
6. Old Noses DIethodist Protestant.
Z. Admiral Napier and Lord John Russell
Times
8. Secret History Of the Usurpation-G ranier de
Cassagnac.
9. American Alliance Times.
10. Lord Palmerston and the Russell Cabinet
Times.
IL. England, France, and Europe Morning
Chronicle.
With Poetry and Short Articles.
WAsHISGToN, December 81. 1916.
OF all the Periodical Journals devoted to Litera-
ture and Science which abound in Europe and in
this country, ths has appeared to me to be the mos
useful. Ii contains indeed, the exposition only o.
the current literature of the English language but
this, by us Immersed xtent and comprehension, in
cludes portraiture Of the human mind in the ut
most expansion ofthe presentage.
J. @. ADAMS.
Published weekly at S6aycar,by
E. LITTELL Co. Boston,
Andsold by JOS. SHILLlNGTON,
Jan l9-dtw&wlw corner Pa. av. and ~ 81