The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1852-11-11

VeneZueIA.
as selIed I'm 1880, and IA Force NJ the Pre-
sent Time, 1861,
The republic recognizes as territory all that which,
before the year 1920, Compensated in the jurs
diotien Of the Captains General Of Venezuela; and
this territory is divided into provinces these pro-
ynees into cantons, and these canons into parishes
The position of Venezuelan is acquired eiths- 0y
birth or naturalization. In order IT, ci..'n
may exercise his political rights 10 must 70 e'suol
married, or be twenty one yssrs OF age ne must
either possess freehon property winch yieids an
annual rent ftv collars, exercise some spscies Of
industrv vbcb ~il produce him double that amount
tUrovided ways that salary or pay as the domestic
sarv.pt Of another will NOT be admitted as an in
dusty or be in public or private employ with
s<iary Of $50 per annum.
He must also be able to read and write. The
Constitution also indicates the cases in which these
political rights of the citizen be suspsnded also
the cases in which they are lost.
1t was judged expedient to adopt form Of gov
eminent that should be intermediate between cen.
tsalism and federalism. With this view, ON divid
ing the exercise of the supreme. power into judi
sial, legislative and executive, there . fourth
power introduced, which may be called aSnunicipl
power.
The executive power is under the charge Of .
magistrate, who is called the President Of the Re-
public.
The legislative power is exercised by Congress
Of deputies of the people This Congress is divided
into two chambers-the one that Of the repre- sents
tivss, the other that of senators.
The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court,
the Superior Court, the Judges Of First Instance
and the other inferior tribunals.
The municipal power has also its part in the To-
gslative and executive powers. The provincial le-
gitlatures have also certain Legislative powers, and
the governors of the provinces have also certain
executive powers.
Three secretaries are necessary organs Of the
executive power, and these secretaries response
BILE officers and in their respective connections
with the acts Of the executive, authorize those acts
by their signatures, in order that they may be
obeyed. When certain arduous and important eases
present themselves it is the duty of the executive
to consult the opinion Of an advising board, com.
posed Of the Vice President Of the Republic, an
officer Of the Supreme Court, chosen by the court
itself four advisers to be named by Congress, and
the three Secretaries before alluded to- These three
secretaries are, the Secretary Of State and Foreign
Affairs, Secretary of the Interior and Secretary Of
War and Marine, and are rejected by the President
himself
The Presidents duties are to preserve the peace
and security of the State, the laws to be
ried out, and command the forces by sea and land.
But in order to command them in person, he must
have the consent of Congress- as he must also have
in order to call the militia into active SERVICE and
declare war in the name Of the republic. He directs
all diplomatic negotiations, though previous to
ratifpg treaties the appreciation of Congress must
he obtained. Congress, or the advising board be-
fore referred to, determines the in which the
President can grant letters Of mark and reprisal.
Foreign officers cannot be admitted into either of
the services without previously obtaining the con-
sent Of Congress.
The President can confer military and naval rank
to . certain extent; but the commssions Of gen.
erals, eOlonels and captains II tie navy, require
the appreciation Of the Senate.
With the appreciation Of the board Of advisers,
the President couyoke extraordinary sessions Of
Congress, name diplomatic agents of any rank, and
dfplace any public employee whom they are guilty
Of negligence, or sno. incapscity; and, finally, he
that they wsre not imposed by the Senate, when,
under certain circumstances hereafter to be men.
toned, il is converted into a legal tribunal.
The President, BY himself, can grant letters Of
military, State appointments, whose filing is not
provided for by other means suspend from their
places these came employees, and place them at the
disposition Of the proper tribunals when it can be
proved that they have broken tho laws; and grant
retirements and leave of absence according to the
rules applicable to the
From the lists presented TO him by the Supreme
Court he selects the officers for the superior courts
M d from other lists presented to him by the pro-
vncial legislatures he selects the provincial COVER
nors.
Ee ought to see to the collection and investment
Of the public rents, ard, finally, that justice Is
promptly and duly administered to the people
It was considered that many circumstances might
arise in which these, the ordinary powers OF the
executive, would not be sufficient to enable him to
xrapp!e with and avert impending dangers to the
&tStn 70 N n 0iorOrt
when the republic might be in q state of comno-
ton from armed factions, or on being threatened
with an inyaeicn from abroad. Under such circum-
stan ces, the President can caI on Congress, Cor
that bed is net in session, the board OF ad-
yisers,) for the necessary authority to call into
service part OF the national miEtiS; to exact in
advance the ordinary contributions, or negotiate
loans; to nteuOgate, and even to reduce to prison.
those suspected rs conspirators, though Tho must,
within three days from their arrest, put them at the
disposition of the ordinary tribunals; and lastly to
empower him 70 concede asnresties or phrdons,
general or special
The President cannot leave the territory of the
republic whilst be is exercising his functions, or for
year after his term expires, go that he may not
evade any responsibility he may incur Tor olitins
the constitution, for DytbiDg against the indie.
penderce of the State, or against the established
ftIm of government, and for any Of those crimes
which the laws punish with death or infamy.
The President cannot carry on the administration
Of public affairs out Of the limits OF the capital and
in all caecs in which no leaves the scat of govern
ment, tho Vice President tskes the executive o6er,
pro ten. His place again is filled pro TEN by the
Vice President Of the Board Of Adyi,ers who is
elected by tho members Of the board, who aro not
dependent ON the President for their position.
Without the necessity OF any convocaion, Congress
ought to meet the 10th January OF each year, in
the capital of the republic. Their sessions last for
ninety days. but can De prolonged for thirty more.
Beyond this they cannot go. 1t is the duty of the
House Of Representatives 10 examine the Investment
Of the national rentp and examine the accounts of
the public expenses, which accounts nre annually
presented to them by the President. They must
examine any charge brought against public en-
or not without prejudioe, however to the ordinary
tribunals. When the accusations against the
President or Vice President Of the Republic, any
member Of tho Board Of Advisers or Supreme Court,
that court Incorporates itself with the Senate, and
che sentence then given is de6nitive. Laws or de-
erees may originate in either of tho two Houses, cx-