The national era. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1847-1860, 1852-04-15

three individuals were put to death there.
Three others in Chambery, six in Alexandria,
and sixty condemned to the galleys. Austria,
in her turn, filed with Italian patriots the dun
geons of her Ipeslbergs. On the other hand,
the associated Italians thirsted for vengeance.
In 1888, Mazzini went to Geneva There,
with General Romarino, (who had won rather
too easily celebrity in the Polish campaign
of 1881 they combined the unlucky expedition
to Savoy. Residing at that time in Paris, and
connected with the supreme committees, vain
ly | forewarned Mazzini not to trust the in
trigung and egotistical Romarino. A number
of Poles and Germans joined the expedition.
They We're disarrhed and taken prisoners on
Lake Leman by the Swiss authorities. A few
friends of Mazzin gathered in the village An
nemasse in Savoy, and Romarino, after having
been well paid by the cash-box of the GiOrina
ltdtid, and after publishing pompOus procla-
nation, abandoned them without even having
seen himself the enemy
Before this check, Mazin was already peg
secuted by the French Government in Mar
settles. Hunted by the police from one hiding
place to another, he thus wrote the last pages
OF his periodical. After the affair of Savoy, he
was exiled from Switzerland and France, and
thus from the whole continent and took refuge
to work for his daily maintenance, he did not
for moment prove unfaithful to his tenden-
cies, or relax his activity. The fundamental
ideas of the Giocina Italia were still propaga-
ted, but with less publicity 1t seemed even
for a moment that he was silenced. But soon
he appeared under a new manifestation In
1912 he established in London a school for
Italian wrkmen, and new publication under
the title The Apostolato POpolore The like
schools, and newspapers in the same spirit, APP
peared about the same time in most remote re.
gions. Thus in Montevideo, periodical, the
hat,ano, has had in 1874 nearly eight thousand
subscribers; and, if recollect well, in New
| York and even in Boston schools for Italian
wOrkmen have been founded
| Mazzini carried on thus openly the struggle.
unyelding and undaunted by all kinds of ad-
versitles. Alone or surrounded by disciples
he never laid down the arms of his mind bNt
used them with undated energy and power in
the great cause of humanity to which he de-
voted his whole being. 1t can be said that
there is not one among the domains of thought
and knowledge, whether relating to ethics. to
higher social politics or to history. that is
strange to him. or that has not been in mas
terly manner explained or elucidated ingenious
ly by his versatile and capacious intellect >Al
his demonstrations aimed to prove that every
science, every knowledge, every mental occu-
patton or pursuit whatever, ought to be direct
ed and used for the intellectual and social
emancipation of humanity, and that otherwise
their value is worthless or secOnd-rate
New partial movements imbrued with blood
Italy between 1912 and lS4S Mazzin, resi-
ding in London, could not master the efferves-
cence of younger ardent patriots Such were
the unhappy attempts made in Romagna by
the brothers Muratori, and the descent made
on the coast of Calabria by the brothers Ban
deira, sons of Venetian noble and admiral of
the Austrian navy The daring brothers fell
into the hands OF Neapolitan sbir7r, and were
mercilessly executed by the orders of the King
of Naples
Again the name as well as the person of
Ma2zini became a mark for every kind of per-
secutiOn by diplomacies of absolute courts. or
by Governments yielding to their entreaties
Even an English minister. Sir James Graham.
bewitched by Russian and Austrian sugges-
tons, defiled his name by violating the seals of
letters, and by delivering the correspondence of
Mazzini to the Austrian Embassy. The chap
lain of the Sandman embassy preached in it's
Catholic chapel against Mazzini, with the pur-
pose Of alternating from him the minds of the
year I845.
The events of 1S48 seemed 10 crown with
success the long-cherished hopes of the lovers
of liberty. Their martyrdOm seemed to have
ended. Mazzini hailed Pho TX with enthus-
asm urging him in almost inspired words to- be
a real SUCCESSOR of Christ, to throw aside world
ly pomps and considerations and to establish
the great Christian principles of fraternity and
liberty. When the struggle with Austria be-
gan Mazznl at the outset felt no confidence
in Monarchy as q means to liberate- Italy. but
advocated the Democratic Republic as tho
only way to unity and to the emancipation Of
the Peninsula. He d;strusted all the Italian
sovereigns, and to some extent, with one
exception that of Carlo Alberto, Mazzini was
right. Carlo Alberto's whole mind and heart
was as full Of hatred against the shameless ar
rOgance of Austria as could be that of the most
ardent Italian patriot.
The events of 1913 and '49 are known. But
in the midst Of the croaking and the screech-
ing voices of faithless yituperation, raised by
the now victorious absolutsm in perfect uni
sono against the principal chiefs of the strug-
gle for emancipation, in various countries, the |
truth is in danger of being stunned The Ro-
man affairs, with their rapid revolutions, are,
more than even those Of any other revolution |
OF l84S, deeply wrapped in shameless lies |
Most OF them are already refuted VIGOROUSLY,
or will be SO by history. Suffice it to mention |
here, that after the flight of the Pope from
Rome, the Republic was proclaimed there, not
or by SURPRISE but by the votes of
the immense majority of Romans; and by them
likewise, Mazzini, Genovese by birth, was al
most unanimously called to the supreme re-
publican Office. The Roman people sanctioned
by this manifestation of its will the first gori.
Gus step for the union and unity of Italy-ef.
facing the distinctions Of petty nationalites for
the sake of the generality of an Italian name
The end of the Roman tragedy threw MAJ
zini again into exile. Again prescribed and
fugitive, he pours unanswerable reproaches
upon the fathless and treacherOus French Gov
eminent, with its President and Ministers. and
causes still uneasiness to the despots in Wen
ma, Rome, and Naples. II may be said that
he alone embodes now the future hopes of his
fatherland More active than ever, his name
alarms the concentrated forces Of all the con-
tinenta despots between the Alps and the
Alta.
1t would be needless to enumerate one by
during his long career of martyrdom, and
which still prosecute him with undated fury
a mercenary unprincipled, and profigate
press joins in this work Of caumny with the
agents of absolutism, and it's fervent and de-
voted worshippers. Not crime, not an inia-
any, but it is charged to him in almost daily
denuneiations. Many of these falsehoods re-
echoed even i'm FREQ America Dna x,o,ld .,,,