davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06
The democracy of soience-No. Nv.

| Ten minerals have been called the GEOLOGICAL
ALPHABET" They quartz, eldspar, MICA bomblend,
lime slate gypsum, serpentine tale, and chlore. Sep
arate and combined they form mountains rocks, and
soils They also the repositories OF ores. crystals,
and minerals furnishing materials for industry, the arts,
commerce, wealth. science, refinement, comfort. and
progress.
The alphabet OF geology be learnt by any child Of
six years in day many Of the specimens being collect
ed by his hands, giving employment, instruction,
amusement, and materials for SELF INSTRUCTIONS" in
his future progress Every pupil in New York school
five hundred in alton returning home at night, took
with him six letters of the geological alphabet, all col
eced broken, labelled, and arranged by the pupils them
selves, as their amusement for that day. Thousands
upon thousands of similar have occurred within a
few years past in almost every section of the country
This fact gives the secret of the unparalleled progress
Gently made in geology, and for the immense develop
ments of natural in all parts OF the country.
alike Tor wealth and for science. The reduction in the
price of chrome yellow, from fifteen dollars to twenty
five cents pound within short time, is among the re-.
suits OF amusement in geological excursions"
The work OF progress in the democracy Of science
proposed is have the alphabet better "cabnet
OF geology" collected by the members of each OF the hun
ded thousand schools and six millions OF families in
country, The york Of their o,on hands Aided by the
progress already made, this great step is simple aad
easy as il is important. Ii be commenced any mo-
pupil or child TO step oat OF the door and pick up The
first pebble he can find. That pebble, in nine on,
OF ten, will be quartz; furnishing probably rich and
as far-reachng lesson OF instruction as ever OF
ever can be given 10 any pupil highly distinguished
geologist has written volume 'he pebble" book
equally fraught with instruction and entertainment.
| To Cabinets of Nature" both for schools and FAM
lies, numerous aids at hand. Such collections are
already made, by hundreds and thousands all over The
country BY their aid they can be easily increased tc
millions. Members OF Congress and other public func.
ionaTies have taken 10 their respective districts very
merous cabinets of labelled specimens designed especially
guides TO their young friends in collecting and labelling
specimens by their hands--a process indispensable
for any available knowledge this and many other cub
ects II all the functionaries of government wouu
render similar aid TO their young friends The " Democ
racy of Science" would soon stand on an imnovabls
basis and with it, perhaps, the perpeuiiy and harmony
of our Union, and the success Of republican nsu
tons be better secured than by party discussions, hitherto
not entirely successful.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06
REVENUES OF TnE YEAR.


No small portion OF the sums contributed 10 the so.
cetes above enumerated expended in the payment
OF officers salaries, &c, &c, yet leaving very large
TO be devoted benevolent and Christian enter.
pnses.
The income Of one other single society," the Independ.
ent Order Of Odd Fellows, for single year. amounts TO
81 ,3l6 ,227 "a, within SJs,472 10 much is con-
Not one dollar OF the Old Fellows fund goes to paw saa
res bot is all devoted to for the sick bury the
dead. comfort the widow, and educate the orphan" At
the present rate OF increase will be but very few
years before the institution OF Old Fellowship will moi
only stand al the head OF all the institutions OF
the land, bot exceed in amount of usefulness all others
combined
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06
MAsurAcruRE OF wIsr.--The following is given as

MANUFACTURE wINE.--The following is given as
the mode OF manufacturing wine:
The wine press, curuer de presoir consists in
The majority OF cases, OF shallow tub VARYING
in size from four square feet to many square yards
II is placed either upon wooden trestes on regularly
built platform of work, under the huge raftes OF
a substantial clubhouse Close to il stand range OF great
butts, their number less, according to the size OF
the vineyard The grapes flung by the Tub au cask
full into the curver. The realers stamp diligently amid
the masses and the expressed juice pours penlfuly out
oil hole level with the bottom OF the trough into sieve
OF iron wickerwork, which stops the passage OF the
SKINS and from thence drains into tubs below Suppose
at the moment OF arrival the curvier for brief
space empty. The treaders-blg, perspiring men, in
shirts and tucked up trowsers-spattered 10 the eyes
with spatches of purple juice lean upon their wood.
en- spades and wipe their foreheads But their res
tubs is heard and Immediately the wagon is hacked up 10
the broad, open window, rather hole in the wall,
above the trough minute sufEces to wrench out tub
after tub, and 10 till their already haf-smashed clusters
splash into the reekIng pressoir Then work again
jumping, with sort of sptefu eageness into the noun
tain OF yielding quiverng u the headers sink amos, 10
the knees, stamping and jumping and roting in the
masses OF grapes az fountains OF juice squirt about their
feet and rush bubbling and gurgng away Presently,
having, as il were drawn the first sweet blood OF the
new cargo, the eager tamping subsidies into sort Of
quiet, measured dance, which the treaders continue
WHILE with their wooden spades they turn the pupy rem
nants OF the fruit hiher and thher, TO expose the
hasqueezed berries in every possible way to the mus
cular action OF the incessantly-moving feet"
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

NATIONAL TnEArRs--LoLA MoSrEz The celebrated Lola
Montez Is announced TO appear at the National Theatre
morrow evening in entirely eharaoterthat of an
actress ve-act play has been written for her by Charles
Ware OF New York, which Is said TO represent faith
fully all the prominent incidents Of her lie that have
ted such nooey for her throughout the world This play
is taid have met with great in Now York and
Philadelphia and anticipate like result here The
has spoken Of her possessing ordinary degree Of
dramatic genius, which, added the remarkable situa
lions and incidents OF the play must render il In high de-
gree amusing.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

NOTICE TO TEACHEHs.--1he Of Charlotte Hail
IN School, Mays county, Maryland desire employ an
sston teacher principal TO take charge OF the
parmeat n Institution.
thoroughly educated gentleman, with experience teaching
would be preferred
Applications with testimonials Of capacity &C. made
fore July Wih Postage prepaid 10 NJ r. d. BROWNE, Principal,
Charlotte Hall School, Maryland.
The annup one-third tuition which,
generally amounts to 5000 more June 6-tlJuIy2o
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

PrsDLEHcE AND FAMINE IN GERMANY .--The condition
Of the people in many parts OF Germany appears 10 be
most affecting, through the existence OF almost absolute
famine. In Wurlembug. Bavaria, the Grand Duchy OF
Baden and Nassau whole villages being deserted for
want OF food IN other parts trade is standing still OF
$4,000 looms in single province OF Bavaria almost ex-
clnsvey inhabited by weavers not half al full work
and to consummste the wretchedness and despair the
sheep and cattle being carried of BY rapdlyspead-
ing disease.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06
RATIFICATION MEETING

mass meeting OF The democracy of the District OF
Columbia will be held in the square OF the franklin
Engine House, on Pennsylvania avenue. on Tuesday
evening al o'clock, 10 respond to the Nominations OF
FRANKLIN PIERCE for President,
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06
NY A. GREEN, Auoslopeer.

VALUABLE BUILDING LOT AT AUCTION.-on Tuesday
shall premises, O'Clock NJ M
6ne building situated at the and
Each lot has
front 2 Of 60 feet running back 100 feet containing
ali 1900 feet
fourth cash balance 2, and years; the pu
bearing interest from day Of deferred
payments decd given, ann deed OF trust Te inds
pushle.
June Odd A. GREEN, Aucuoneer.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06
AND OF
WILLIAM R. KING for Vicc President.

Many distinguished speakers will be present aud adj.
dress the meeting The democracy of the federal me-
uopolis will assemble in lis strength and raify the
action OF the Baltimore Convention with voice which
will gather strength it rolls toward the borders of
the coniederacy.
MiNX nEM0CRATc
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06
Maine.

The Portland Advertiser, (whig,) in announcing the
selection OF Scott delegate 10 the Wing National Con-
venton says that Mr. Trask in favor OF the nomina-
ton of Gen. Scott, all the other delegates yet
chosen from the State.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

From statistics recently published, it appears that
the following amounts have been contributed to the
various benevolent societies OF the country for the
last year:
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06
ny A. GREEN Ames,ope.r.

NJ ~ 'sNsrs'N, ""Ts""ssFs
GOOD Two-sTORY FRAME HOUSE AND LOT AT AUG
TION0n Wednesday the 9th bsi shall SELL front OF the
premises Mt ~ O'Clock good iwostoy frame
property avenue corner
sh The o through The contains
sir good rooms.
Terms sale. Title good.
June sd A. GREEN, Auctopeer.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

MIs. GRAFTON POWELL is respectfully announced
M the Second Ward a candidate
council ensuing election, be supported by
May la-eodd" MANY VOTERS.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

OF QnO CORPORATION stock for seIe.-T have on M,
,UUU sale 1000 Of corporation Of Washington Der
cent stotk Also, sixty SIX shares Of Patriotic Bank stock
JAS. q. MCGUIRE,
May H-dn Aucuoneer and Commission Merchant.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

Ia this city, Saturday 5t instant Col JOHN H. SHER
BURNE of New York, formerly resident Of this city,
His acquaintance attend his funeral
Monday instant a4 O'Clock, from the residence Of
Mrs. NJ. Ward, corner Missouri and AZ
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

Private boxes dress circle and parquetc so
IS orchestra rs family circle, IS
third tier, so cenisi colored gallery, % cents.
June6
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06
Died,


Ia this city, Saturday 5h instant, Cot JOHN. H. SDER
BURNE, OF New York. formerly resident Of this city.
His friends and
on.y ~. ~, instant, n, o.ock n M from the residence OF
Mrs NJ Ward, corner oil hissonr avenue ana ~ street.
--- -
We are To state that engaged
- IL, zion win ina nat
making u seiies VI op1'i'aoA - ~ 800 - ~
should not be nterpted and therefore aas been
amer sunset.
v,o, ,.i,I ha .5nted M any time between M and N n,
'une -
or Col
d;on,ned mec,ing will he hed AZ The Wasbngton ndmarv
moruug ne OIL m II o,ciock FuI attendance x
s,,,icnany ,aanes,eI ~ ' = =
P'''1''' ,i' n X s.roNE secrearv
I,,n a atsnn1uwea ITeI.graph Ard genul,ic1 -
'"'' = teNf 80 rI
MI WIN n DOVE our worthy olccni aidcru,an as
candidate reelection the interests Of the ward
said board. MANY VOTERS
June
M .cri,u,tur.y soo;ety ar the Uu,tea st,,es Tho
NEXT ~ o'clock D. M for the ppose OF npnonng delegates 10
Agricultural Convention held city Tie
9th instant J. +. CALLAN,
June 3--dtiti Secretaries
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06
by A. GREEN, Auct.onoe,

VALUABLE BUILDING LOTS AT AUCTIoN-on wednes-
day, instant sell premises,
O'clock all OF lot No. H. in No. 5 the eastern
10 feet, from front
Also 10, rquarc part lot ii
As nchos and lot 10 inches
@, between AZ and ID
Also lots Nos and s. in No 49, fronting south f. be-
tween and 9th Streets 90 feet EACH running back lso feet
50-feet alley
described property Handsomely located and level
with the gado and In neigbobood which rapidly improving
Terms fourt cash; balance in twelve, and eighteen
months the purchaser deferred
besrpg sale. given
taken. Title ndisputahle.
June Sd A. GREEN, Auctioneer.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

HORSESHOE ROBINsONy by J. r. kennedyy uni
Ill form with " Salow Barn - Price 81 So
Cbivary-Tbe Cavaliers Of England
Herbert author of " Cromwell" SC.
Journey Iceland
lated Charlotte Fenmoe Cooper being volume OF Putna
IS Library.
For by TAYLOR d MAURY,
May booksellers, 9th street.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06
by j. Q. MCGUIRE. Auctioneer.

BY u. q. MCGUIRE, AucttOneer.
IN OUSEH0LD FURNITURE OF A PRIVATE FAMILY AT
III AUUToN-On Thursday morning, June IN, at 10 O'Clock
shall SELL Pennsylvania between 18th 18th
furniture and effects OF family declining
consisting Of
Mahogany sofa and parlor chairs, ottomans
Do sdeboard mahogany secretary and bookcase
Do dining aud breakfast tables, tables
DO table, ladies' work table
Cane and wood chairs and rockers
Maple bodstcads and washsands, wardrobes
Mahogany bureaus toilet tables and glasses
FEATHER beds and pillows, shuck mattresses
Parlor dru2get and rugs, ingram carpets
Venetian stair carpets and rods, mating
Ocoth, Venetian blinds, reed blinds
Curtains and cornces, hall lamp, walters
Solar and maniel lamps dinner and tea sets
Crockery and glass ware, refrigerator, stoves
Together with good assortment OF kitchen requisites
Termsi S25 and UNDER cash SIS, credit Of
days, for satisfactorily endorsed bearing interest
JAS. q. MCGUIRE,
June 5-eo&d Aucioneer.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

New York Fashionable Clothing Establishnaen q,
wholesale and retail, for cash only.
LFRED MUNRoE Cos No. AL broadway, between Howard
n and Grand snvits MI visiting
either for bufness plensre establish
ment and eramine the superb assortment Of
Fine and fashionable clothing
Genhemen's furnishing goods,
Boysi aud children's clothing, SC,
OF the best description, there exhibited for sale.
The principles which Orleans
men and which have made 90 universally popular in The south
Our facilities for obtaining goods a.
times offer choicest styles garments
and nj the lowest prices.
Every article IL sold under FUN guarantees.
No Of article marked,
plain the
be made
Al descriptions clothing NOTICE.
ALFRED MUNROE q co,
al Broadway New York.
ALrnep MuSHor
WV. u. ApRArr May 25-d2mlf
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

NO CARPENTERS AND BUILDERs-HoUsE TO De RE-
Il MOVED AT AUCTIoN.On Tuesday, the 9Th June, shall
SELL the premises at O'Clock the substantial STORY
frame building the alley back Of 7t between
streets, fronting Mr.. Gideonis stable.
Tho built by Mr. Nat Smith, Of the best material
in good OF prcservaton IL II 20 by 40 feet be
moved from day OF
Terms credit and months
ondoTsed bearing interest. A. GREEN
June 4-dts Auetoncer.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

IqF- Agricultural Society or the United states-Tho
OF this Society viii house Friday
o'clock for purpose appointing delegates
National Agricultural Convention TO be held in this
9th instant J. f. ChLLAN,
]. A. SMITH,
June 3--dtilh Secretaries
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

The evenings entertainments will conclude with
FOUR BEAUTIFUL DANCES,
Ry Miss Annie Walters and Madie theodore.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06
ny ). Q. meauInE. Anot,onser.

ny v. huononeer.
VALUABLE LOT NEAR LAFAYETTE SQUARE AT AUG.
TIoN-On Tuesday, June 9, nj Q, M the premises,
shah sell lot No. No. 1877 fronting al
NORTH between 18th and 18th west containing
square feet
g. ~ 49, and "a months for
notes satisfactorily secured bearing interest.
JAS. c. MCGUIRE,
June I'D AucOncer.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

For sale by TAYLOR h MAURY,
| May booksellers, 9th street
Washington, May 81, 1852
PEcIA n, persons who may require CERTIFICATES
county Washington
hereby moulded that hereafter until Otherwise directed such ce
court Of Tic District Of Columbia proper
them May 22-d2w
JmPoRTANr 10 Members OF the Democrntic
Wns oa aps I'd af as p"esn G
and families, will find the following useful and desirable
Is plain white and Grape
$50 paasols al stles-the largest stock in the city and
very large style. ladies' goods
beregcs berge dc ane, sAa'ys, mosIns, acone,
10 boxes ensicids,sa handss,ehsa. from slosla
% 90 s%ei %ass az ssS e s's bose
do under sleeves and in fact everything pertaining the
ladies' dry-soOds aepar'"en Y, q, yu,rp,s
pennsyivana avenue, 7ih and sth streets.
GREAT nsrs.,.- IN Dry eooHs1ws have ave-. now , on
We a S1s selling po ss ea" sSfs Ss q winch
S sss ,s ssIssT 3 sS S cent.
100 90 isw sss r. from ma ias : =
10 DO snsy Serese laine plain eoor. 90, travel
no 40 very 6ne French printed jsconsh
% % figured 'a'y'' very ''"d''p ys SyIts MILLER
TusT Opening Is style visites
j points, very pretty
90 pieces choice white embroidered muslin
One white swifs
20 do plaid cambrics from Iok
10 do fine and Irish linen, OF Bsfkies cele
bratcd braud
90 do Richardson heavy family linens, the best goods
q
Gentlemen wishing linen @, .s,9s WIN as won
cannot fail 10 please
Pennsylvania avenue, between TIN and 9Th streets.
June 5-dmf
DEQuINu.LO-A Tale by q. r. ~. James.
Zophyrs ROM Italy and Sicily by NJ Gould vol.
Papers from the London Quarterly ReviewAppieton Popular
Library.
Letters Of Nebuh his Life and Inaa-
! vol.
HumbOldts Cosmos Vol.
The Diplomacy Of the Study, by VIM
H. Tresco. TAYLOR MAURY,
June BOOKSELLERS, near 9th It.
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

DEPARTMENT.
Bureau Of Ordnance aud photography, June I, leo2
c,EALED PROPOSALS. Proposals umbsr will be
ID received until oc ock, the 18th Of July
next furnishing and delivering under contract al each Of me
several navy yards Brooklyn New
York and Gospon Virginia. following described TIMBER viz
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

flP THE HIIINEs by Thomas Hooag vots, with
" comic illustrations.
The soar sys,ems descriptive upon NOON
including all discsveries
sell Hind, vol.
TAYLOR n MAURY,
June BOOKSELLERS, OH
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

On MosDAy Eyrsrso, June 7, 1852,
win be performed, for the first limo in this city, historical
drama, In i've acts, entitled,
LOLA MoNTEZ IN BAVARIA.
Lola Montcz Countess Of Lanscd .Made Lola
The daily union. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1845-1857, 1852-06-06

Sobrcsof's OMrer ssfy ts1tl.
NOTICE TO NOTEHsfn order TO avoid much possible
The confusion incident 10 the OF the polls
the day OF election, the undersigned win remain in the Office
O'Clock, M, for the residue OF the present week.
June Add n. J. ROCHE, Collector
The Portsmouth inquirer. [volume] (Portsmouth, O. [Ohio]) 1849-1855, 1852-01-23
OFFICE ON MARKET STREET
NUMBER 40,


Who would have believed. isw ysaa
ago, that The following would ever Be writ,
ten as leading article ia tho london
Times9
"There are no two States in tha whole
world. and never have been, so bound TO one
another, 50 mutually beneiiciyl, and so able
TO work together. as the British empire and
the United States. AT present Il seems inl-
possible but thatihe whole continent OF Eu.
rope. should fall. into the hands Of military
despots; il seems equally impossible that
we, with our American brethren, should lose
enthusiasm for liberty. Here, then, are the
two parties in the great cause that threatens
to divide and convulse the whole world.
What viii be required Of us7 What at.
ltempts will be made on us2 What cIusades
ought we Spontaneously to undertake :
What assistance in any case are we 10 ex.
pect from American ? For our islands we
have no lear. Despotism is great eorl land,
but impotent andeTayen on the sea. Whef-
ever our siiipS can 60, there we have 10
compeer. AS on the former occasion refer
red 10 by Mr.. Walker, We can protect The
New World from the tyrannies Of the Old.
What, then, remains TO be done Are we
expected to land on the continent Of Eu-
rope, and fight, single-handed, with four
huge military monarchies, mastering two or
three millions of armed men2 Whatd degree
of assistance are we TO expect from AmeIl-
ca, in marching into the centre Of Europe?
None, we should think. However, there are
many things to be considered. A hundred
years ago, what was Russia A hundred
years hence, what will be the United States
An empire with not far short of two buns
dred million souls. Should anything hap2
pen 10 us---should we everbe exposed toun-
merited indignity and oppression, and ops
services to Europe be forgotten, we have on
ly to pray Eroriare dliqnis noStriser dssibiis
,iltor, and that the prayer will One.day bring
across, on occasion, the messengers OF a STATE
that can apply to its purposes the resources
of continent and two oceans. London
Times of Dee. IL.
The Portsmouth inquirer. [volume] (Portsmouth, O. [Ohio]) 1849-1855, 1852-01-23

NAPLES is condemning all republicans in
the most oppressive way and 40 persons were
arrested as 'assassins,' l2 being tried and CON
yicted, and A banished. The London News
says; IA },
sThe most absurd story was got up by the
police, and read by the crown accuser. The
assassins were to kill the royal family, make
the mselves masters Of the fort 'by false keys
and proclaim republic. The most remark
able features In the trials was the assertion OF
one Of the accused, Cav. Tagliayia, who stat
ed that he was thrown into cell OF the Fort
of Del 0vo, and kept for several days when
he was visited by an inspector Of the police.
who told him his daughter and father were
diving and if he wishedto see them alive he
must confess. Reduced bymental and bod
ily debility, he agreed to say anything, "
being interrogated he eventually signed a pa
per suggested by the police, which accused
several person as members Of the assasslns
society amongst whom the police had the i'm
pudence 10 place Sir w. Temple and the Sur
dinian minister Tagiavia exposed tn
whole trick in public court. Lord Palmers
ton figured in the PUrio trials, and now W
| have her Majesty's Minister at the Court {
Naples mixed up with assassinss i
The Portsmouth inquirer. [volume] (Portsmouth, O. [Ohio]) 1849-1855, 1852-01-23
From the Ohio Statesman.
CircuIar of the Treasurer of state.

Circular OF the treasurer OF STATE.
Mr.. BREsLrN, the new State Treasurer, on
taking charge Of his Office issued on yester-
day, the following circular TO the several
county Treasurers,
This prompt action Of the State Treasurer
will at once bring the nullifying Banks in
the State TO their senses. We have heard
much said Of South Carolina Notification,
and claiming that the State was In and ont
OF the Union at the same time, hpt our nulli-
fying Banks claim still more absurd posi-
tion2that of being under the protection of
the State laws, and yet refusing to Obey
them. There is nothing better settled in the
State, by every declaration OF the public
voice--t6at there shall be no exclusive laws
ID our State--no aristocracy of privileges
no highly prerogalive----no government
claiming equal supremacy.
The sooner, therefore, that the Banks O.
bandon their opposition 10 the laws OF the
State and to the popular feeling the better
Can a set Of monied institutions expect the
protec ction of the State in any Of their claim
ed rights, unless they willingly agree to pay
their Just proportion Of the taxes levied te
sustain The very government under which
they claim projection. We shall see the
end: - a4.e- =