The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1852-10-02

egs Of entering ths interior, and hoy introduced
ron thence into Europe, in the eleventh century,
he art Of paper making, block printing. pendulam
CLOCKS, and tho use Of tho mariners compass In
tie thirteenth century, whom the TArtMs we're en-
on the eastern foatiers Of Europe. the
Pope sent ont m embassy. BY which some impor-
tsnt information obtained Of China aod it's peo-
ple the Tartars having recently subjug sted part
Of that country. few years afterwards, Louis the
Ninth Of France sent two ambassadors TO Tartary,
who acquired some further knowledge; and alter
this, commerce sent ont private adventurers among
whom were distinguished the Poll family, of Venice,
who penetrated into tho country itself, aud one 0
them was dplomatio agent Of Pope Gregory the
Tenth for more than twenty years. He published
an account Of the country in manuscript. 1t
was treated rs . romance. friar named
Oderic, few years after, penetrated into south
ern China, and on his return published an A.
count which agreed with that Of Marco Poll, but
was treated with the same incrednlity.
Various travellers visited the country after this bat
it till the Portuguese. in the sixteenth cen
tnry, established trade with China. At 6rst they
were to trade at Tamon and other 81 les nut
in consequence Of their bad behavior they ex-
PEELED. However. on account Of their assisting the
Chinese to Gle ar the seas of some pirates BY HON
the reiehbor hood of Canton was infested, they OBJ
taiued the exclusive right TO trade with China for
many years, and the possession OF the island Of
Macao. The discovery Of the empire of China.
(which was regarded hitherto as a sort OF
Utopan imaginary land,) and the early pro.
ceedirgs of tho Portuguese, created a son
sation in Europe. But it was lot until
the next century that the Dutch became their
rivals They sent embassy, who failed from
thor singular appearance, which frightened thu
Chinese. They, however, took by force and fleets
what they could not gain by fair means, but they
were not 20 successful eventually as tho Russians
ard the English The first attempt Of The Ensiish
to establish trade with China was in 1896, wSer
Sir Robert Dudley was sent out by Qdeen Eliza
beth. He never returned home, and his fate re
mains mystery to this day. In the year 1905
Sir L. Michelbourne obtained patent for trading
20 the Eastern seas and not finding the Chinese dis.
posed to trade he seized their unks, which caused
the English to be regarded as the enemies of China
for many years In 1857 the British merchants seat
out four ships and pinnace to establish CONNER
cial intercourse At first they were received polite.
~, but ultimately treated with treachcry, aud fred
upon from fort. The English returned the fire
demolished the fort, dispersed the Chinese, and
planted their flag, for the FIRST time, on the soil Of
China. Still, however. they did not succeed in cs
tsblisbing commercial intercourse. Several a.
terpts were made after this, but they were all IN
successful until the English assisted the Chinese
against the Tartars, for which they received the
Islands Of Annoy and Quemoy but the reduction o.
the whole empire by the Tnrtars soon after ward
deprived them of this advantage, and is was mo-
until near the end Of the century that they were nj
lowed TO partake Of the commerce Of China with
other nations.
The commercial intercourse of England was ca.
rsd on, until 1884, through the medium O.
the East India Company, which enjoyed o mo
nopoly Of it for two centuries. In 1889, five
years after the trade was made free, the opium
quarrel CON menced, when the Chinese required
that all opium ships should be sent away. Tht
re9uisition being disregarded, demand was then
made that all the opium on board the ships should
be delivered to the government for the purpose
Of being destroyed contraband article which il
was forbidden to import. 1t was further required
that bond should be given in the Chinese and
foreign languages that the ships should thereafter
never dare to bring opium, and it was declared
that should any be brought, the ships should be
forfeited aud the offenders suffer death. These de-
mands were made under demonstrations of hostility
and Captain Elliot, then British superintendent Of
the trade at Canton, required the surrender Of al
the English opium on the coast Of China; and
2O,s3 chests Of the pernicous drug we're delivered
to the commissioners appointed by the Chinese GO
vernmsDt, and publicly destroyed. Tho value was
$1,000, 900, At $500 per chest. The Emperor
would not permit it to be cast into the river, lest 1t
should poison the fsh. From 1900 up to 1889, laws
of great severity were passed against trading il
opium, and in the February of the latter year
a China man was executed in the sight of the Eng
lsh factors, At Canton, for trading in opium. AL
failed to prevent smuggling in article which was
running the people; and the English merchants,
notwithstanding the destruction Of the drug, and
the bonds they gave never to import il again,
secretly continued the traffic, involving los, to the
country Of sis 100000 annually, paid for some
20. 600 chests or about 9,345 600 lbs. Of deadly
poison. II is estimated that in 1919 there were
66l ,04l smokers, each consuming between
seventeen and eighteen grains per day. But the
East India Company was to be protected at any
sacrifice, in its trade. The English complained
bitterly that their goods were confscated, and
Captain Elliot meantime connived at the secret
traffic. On the 7th Of July, 1889, come sailors went
TO Hong Kong, and committed gross outrngcs, as
sassinating an unodeHdng inhabitant Commits
sioner Lin demanded the murderer. Captain Ell
hot aaid no could lot discover the offender and even
insinpated tina. the crime was committed by Ame.
rican sailors. On the fth Of September, the Br-
tsh Superintendent, without any previous declara-
ton of wer, blcckaied the entrance to the river and
attacked three Chinese janks. The ubiquitous war,
thus commenced, resulted In the defeat Of the
Chinese, who were compelled to pay IN indemnity
to the British merchants Of t2l OO0 600 for their
losses, to cede Hong Kong to the English 60
vernment, and to throw open the ports Of Canton,
Annoy, Ningpoo, Shanghai, and Foo choo-foo to
British merchants, to trade in opium, or whatever
other article Of commerce they pleased.
The principal article received from China, in re-
turn for opium, is tea, of which it is calculated
that. from tho anrpfnoa,naDt &c he "a,