davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-12-15

d. Esree pr.snc, siis "a Co c.H'a oo, ISL Gs
d. Do Dases !. sI 90 iiyd Pei, ssIT 30 J,l., 81 a.
Lsle az - tsoss "a e So, % DO A.d5sr ~ ~; e.
Porty o. 80 10 h. Aariss1e 81 " o. re- Aas1 ~ re,Isi
Bean s5,so6.i yds So osrl DIaE 81 -
Fufic enc, 80 % IrWoo - ~ ~ pts. E',hen" ~
90 d. Tzrs s. eo7 5foo Do Pre- Craeksrs $40 - 80,
g. 30 60 saraHes s3ol 90 j. 40 n1- Trf, Al 5s
Ifos 3D. Crap, s278s $40 o. Lross, Yes ~ IN a,
sl@e ITO ptr. Pllms 50 So d. f .s =, w,i,. - ~
n DO Fsrsssfs u e = do Fsrs a. 80 o. % a. q, "a e. A.
. DO csss >, DC. Pared $50 o. s ws5s - 90
Hair ss,vB. Manassstar.d d ., 80 - - s.jSS3
$40 70 Do. Honey sc & 80 dos 80 q, ,i<s 900
lsc a. f Msss ;ssSss Az Co ssesI :ss &C. Or
c.. sssss % % a. s'i ess 80: .s .a s 70
DO Dres-ed aG Cu' s.d 90 ~. e. isisj1
a Do , .a coss . % Gin s 10 D. ws 3,
iy s5iss 100 d. M,se5s'r, s SIS DO British
ss "a S De soser Bar. 1 DO shans od ,S ao
Pe-rus.sn Cap. Iron - 30 ,asd BAR s7sl
= ss ger &C.. n IRON e . aGG e
Is.S: Gun 1Ss iS &c. o. sss' d. a'd~s sIa7. 20
DO Sals sssl; $40 see9s' - P.ed 90 wars ellis
2ts Do ss t5 5uni ss4So sseer so % se.l
Is e. Tin :s q s Do a t.r De; o Do a
s.eJ oil So 100 Olive 5000 34s DO Sea- 0 % 90 rsn'
zne 20 o. Do Pss MAche 500 2sa PIPES q on
$40 tuH. Plaster 46 DO Potatoes s6 10 do 80
ia d. RAGS ssssss 800 do Rsuans o. sss lco 90 Re
ESQ RhabsIb ss 10 co Patent sI6 Le.:a ss 80
~ pisa Canary SO DO carawsy seed s3 $40 e
den ssa us DO a%p.ssd .e so 90 yl Lesa 81 m Do
pine,o 53 DO Stationery sll5o 255 DO sugar. 80
d. lea 90 do Tsipe Si Ii d. vsrb 800 DO
wtiehes sO22 1870 DO Wine s8 10 La 90
~ Vine sa 81 Do Cedar $3.50 30 DO Lnumvse s!l 35s 90
1shossny 1859 DO Willow s2s4 lo do Wool 5000 i ~
d. Toots selo, 81 Do Waste q go 90 BonIeS s' " %
Other importatons 81 413-TOtal v1ue tlhOfiVh
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-12-15

HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD COM
i L PANY-INTEREST on BONDS.-The coupons
for interest on the Second Mortgage Bonds OF this Com
papy due the 10th inst Will be paid presentation tho
Office of the Company, No. % Warrenst, on and altar
that day.-New-York Dec. g. 1852
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-12-15

n s. BOURNE e. BROTHER, Bill and
~ Exchange Broken, No. IS Walls, Nsw-YoEk.
CBRIsToPHER s. BoUnxE,(
FRANCIS BOURNE.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-12-15

THE EASTERN BANK. of Washington.
J. D. c, u redeemed u No l6 Bowery, st p cent
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-12-15

INtdI IlNtfIVu
IloVp1
Fer the purpose of comparison with the oregon the
subjoined statement has been prepared, showing the
number of miles of Railroads with their costs accord
ing to the moot generally received authorities in all the
countries of Europe in which those improvements have
been, to any considerable extent introduced;
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-12-15
7 SCHULTZE g. WOLDE, in Bremen, arc

I SCHULIZE q WILDE, IN Bremen, bIo
~ prepared collections in all parts of Germany
and VIII reimburse promptly through their conepondeno
in the United States
RErERrNcEs.-Messrs Meyer stucken, New York; L.
Won Hoffman Co., do; A. Schumacher Co., Baltimore
Obereufer Freytag, Philadelphia; Thiemann Prinses
Charleston, S. C.. Meyer, Munning Co., New-Oriesnss
Schmidt Co., do; Ad Meier & Co., s. Lous, No; ..
Fosdick Co., Cincinnati, Ohio; John Schmidt Co. LGs'
isville, Ky: T.: Kaufman Co., Galveston, Texas he
Runge Co., Indianois, Texas.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-12-15
Total......lOsl4 l0,Sas

Total.....losH l0,SB
The subjoined table, prepared for the most part from
actual returns, exhibits the amount expended upon
Roads in operation on the 3lst December, 1851:
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-12-15

h,p Caroline Tucker anchored
North
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-12-15

NJ R. COBB a. Co., No. % Wall-st., Stocs
IN Commission and Collection Brskenl
STOCKS bought and sold STATE Railroad, City ~
other Loans negotiated $500.
COLLECTIONS made IN all parts Of The United Stsss
and Csnsdas with promptnesl
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-12-15

Cost Of completed Railroads in US Dec ST. sS72 no COZ
Probable cost Of those then progress 600 OK
Total amount OF capital invested in Railroads
n. % Asoo
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-12-15

Chicago, Illinois.
II G. ADAMS, Banker and Exchange Broker.
l. Collections made Ct I. All businea in the hne
Broker promptly attended 10. Dealer In Land Wsnso1
Reference John Thompeol
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1852-12-15

7 AND WARRANTS BOUGHT and SOIL
IL on the most favorable terms By COLEhAN
DRAKE, No s. Wal-st., HsnoverSt
100 80 and 20 acre WarrsntA guarantee % - -.
and receivable It any Lsnd-O6ce In the United ST. ~
SANITY on hand. Warrants Forwarded 70 81 pss0
country ct the market pSceA tie reeo1pt ~
The southerner., 1852-09-11

Again we repeat it, that the South
lis committing suicide-she is pressing
the hemlock to her own lips. IF. for in
stance, the noble State of Louisiana.
which sits at the mouth of the Fathar of
tlvers, commanding the best resources
OF the continent, and the sea, filled w;;h
generous and patriotic men, iilumned
by the only Code on the continent, I'M
mense in her wealth and inexhauStible
IN her resources, would en: ct d. law pro-
hlbitlng the importation Of saves from
the more northern States, it would be q
far wiser policy than the one she ap-
piauded, VIII I'm the Federal Gov rnmrnt
prohibited the foreign import,tan If
negroes into the United States. She
would at once cease to supply tn fuel
for the spread of abolitionism, which is
now marching down as mercilessly "a
as surely upon her borders from the
central line of the Union, as ever the
fire marched over a western prairie.
Aud yet, in the enactment of such a
law, abolition fanaticism would see
barrier against its progress, which, if it
were immediately adopted by the ctner
extreme Southern States, would render
the spread Of abolitionism in this country
impossible.
The conclusion is irresistable-the
election of Scott can only be secured by
Southern votes. If the South are pre-
pared to brave the consequences, let
hem vote against Frank Pierce.
The southerner., 1852-09-11
Agricultural Prospects IN
California.

The San Francisco Herald, of the
18th of June, ss,ys that emigrants now
come to farr4 as we'll as work in the
mines; Eat thousands are forsaking the
m->es and taking to the cultivation of
the earth; and that rapid progress has
been made in the interior in the settle
ment of agricultural lands. In Yuba,
Calaveras, Tuolumne, and San Joaquin
counties, which have heretofore been
known only for their mineral treasures,
an immense quantity of land has been
taken up and improved. Farms Of l6o
acres each have been laid out-ditched
and fenced. Neat farm houses are
springing up in every direction, and all
the signs of an old settled and we'll eul
tivated country are fast making theil
appearance. Anunprecedented amount
OF land has been put in seed this season
The southerner., 1852-09-11
Improved Cattle.

We learn from our exchange papers
that the farmers of the Sciota Valley,
Ohio, and of the county Immediately ad-
jacent, have formed an association for
the importation of improved blooded
cattle. Nearly ten thousand dollars
have been already contributed by the
members Of this association.
No prejudice is greater, or so ridicu-
lous: as that in favor of native stock.
We have no objection to patriotism
when applied to the name Of Washing
ton, but when it descends to COW, it
becomes truly ridiculous;-still there
are thousands of farmers who talk about
good native cattle as superior to any
other. Those who have experimental
fully on this subject, have settled the
point, and we have only to follow the
well known laws in breeding, and this
branch Of our agriculture may be vastly
improved. We hope the example of
the Ohio Farmers may stimulate others
to similar action Worhing Iarmer.
The southerner., 1852-09-11
Poultry cheaper than POrI

Mr.. Editor:--Allow me to say few
words in your paper in behalf Of that
much neglected class of stock, that are
usually found upon farmers premises
without "a location" if they have
name. They are not thought worth
enough to have quarters of their own,
and SO shift for themselves upon the
first fence, tree, or clubhouse that affords
rest to their feet. Even in these days
of hen-fever, and of feathered stock i'm
ported from the farthest India and be-
yond, there are thousands of farmers
who have no shelter for their fowls bet
ter than an apple tree or an open shed.
"The merciful man is merciful to his
bcast;" and it would be good lessop
for the improvident owner Of these aJu
sed bipeds if he could exchang,C. place,
with them for one December nght, wher
the thermometer stands below zero
; The sty must have o place and the grunt
er' be made Comfortable, with water
} PROOF roo' and warm bed; for porl
''n''t be made to good advantage, with
; out proper attention, Pork growing
!, u main reliance to pay the rent or thei
It hired hands: Poultry is more plagu
e than profit, and the less care bcstowe
i upon them, the better. We interced
ltor the "biddies," and beg for them
The southerner., 1852-09-11
pDLlpl1AL.
From tie " y HsraM Of the Union.
The South,
HEN POLICY AND DESTINY.

The strength of the South now lies
aim ost entirely in two things--cotton
and sugar. Consequently, whenever a
revulsioRtakcs place in the markets
and cotton and sugar are not in active
demand, the South is instantly more or
less postrated This Will always be the
case so long as the successful production
of the South merely results in the ac-
quisition Of more negroes and more land,
to produce more cotton and sugar.
Northern men spread their nets over the
whole world, and from every legitimate
source Of business bring wealth into
their Golfers. II one of the institutions
in the North sinks, the remaining iusti-
tutions 60 on and sustain the country
in the crisis. AS an illustration of the
utter helplessness of the South, and the
foolishness Of her present course, the
extraordinary cold of last winter froze
the Mississippi river over as low as
Memphis and had not benign Provi-
dcnec restored the usual warmth of the
season, the Southern States depending
upon the West would have been abso.
lutely in want of the necessaries of life.
I Let the South build railroads, encour-
age her own manufactures, do all she
can to draw mechanics within her bor-
ders; and let the Southern States use
the capital which is now giving premi.
um to Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky,
Delaware and Missouri to turn free
States, by purchasing all their negroes
let this capical thus now directed, be
turned to mixing crops and encourage
ing the mechanic arts.
Southern papers and Southern men
know that the Herald Of the Union ha:
not only dared to say, but that it ha:
said, for her, all that any of her own pa
pers, OF her own men have said; wher
they were talking seriously and man
fully. We have taken the course W
have, because We profess to be divcs,e
of local prejudices. But in cAstin
about to discover the causes az all tn
misapprehension that ex.ist,s-and mi:
apprehension alone las ioecn the caus
6 of all the eyil-ye Confess to have di:
:, covered but o1e prominent remedy ft
=, these recurring apprehensions. Th
great oattle was fought in the Nation;
, Ccngrzss in 1850, and The Compromis
r.easures were elaborated from the fer
furnace of political agitation. That r
ID suit, however, never would have bee
brought about had not the most illu
e trious of the past-reyolutionary state
W men this country has had, risen in tt
le Senate, white with age and venerab
e for their learning and patriotism, to |;
If their mighty hands upon the tremblil
Is helm Of the ship of State as it was dri
e. ing upon the rocks. Clay and Calho'
a, are dead. Webster has probably ret
in ed from the Senate forever. Bentor
N stentorian voice is no longer heard, ev
S, in the turmoil he raised himself-and
N | the waves should once more dash
70 wildly around the foundations of O
cd Republican temple, who would exp'
re again to hear that chorus of migl
Ill voices saying, "Peace, be still?'
IL But does the South expect that t
,ir North, that her friends at the Nor
Mt that the calm, the resolute, the Matte
n, al men of the North, arc going eve
The southerner., 1852-09-11
Judged by taa;s>s yv3a0 lkz,oyy
.h:ssA

We believe that every General fl
Ger, wac served under Gen. Scott, IN
the Mexican war, is opp psed to his eiec-
ton to the Presidency-beiicving that
he does not possess the civil qul!iica-
tons to fit him for that high an: rts-
ponsible station. Wool, Twigs. R,.y,
Butler, Quitman, Pillow, Lane, Patti
son, Persifer Smith, Cadwallader, Mar
shall, Shields, all are found in the
ranks of the opponents of tn Whis
nominee, and if the lamented Worth nd
Hamer were living, they too would bo
found among the number. Does not
this fact speak volumes against q n.
Scott's fitness for the highest civil oMco
in the world?-Con. Eng.
The southerner., 1852-09-11
Ta3 S0U2aBRNHR,

GEO. HOWARD, Jr., Editor Il Proprietor.
TERMS PER kNNUM.
III paid within too months, 81 90
Othcrwise, 2 SO
RATES OF ADVERTISING
One square first insertion, l 90
9, each insertion qttersoords, 0 25
Cards, gear, 5 90
|C6urt Orders and Judicial advertise
n,ents 25 per cent. higher.
Rsg@ Yearly advertisements by contract.
The southerner., 1852-09-11


for wasting fertilizing materials, are fast
being changed into we'll constructed
manufactures for creating manures.
Those who believed lime to be the only
means of improving land, now under
stand that it is simply means of rem
dering inert portions of soil active, and
where such inert portions do not exist,
the use of lime is rapidly being discon-
tinued.
Farmers are no longer frightened by
the terms organic and Inorganic consti-
tuents of soil. Many of them now un-
derstand what these terms mean, and
we'll know how to replenish either, in an
economical manner. A few years, and
the truths of science, now only repudia
ted by the ignorant, will be admitted by
all. Farmers will cease to be the mere
mass of society, regulated, and handled
as an immense political machine in the
hands of the few and the spirit of in
quiry is fast teaching them their rights
as members of the body polite, and
they will rise in their strength and de-
mand Of our legislators, that protection
to their art which has been SO long
withheld. A few years, and Secreta-
ry Of Agriculture at head Of a depart
ment Of the general government, will be
viewed as one of its most important
officers The character of Cincinnatus
vii! be found among modern, as among
ancient farmers. Advancements in the
great art will receive the thanks of the
public, as do now those of lesser impor-
tance In the absence Of famine, we
forget that famine would now exist,
were it not for the advancement already
brought about by the application of sci
ence to agriculture. England at this
moment, with agriculture as it was
century ago, could not sustain her pop
ulatlon; and even with our broad lands,
with all their plentitude, double the
number of acres now used, would be re-
quired to sustain our population, if the
sloyenly methods Of our ancestors were
alone in use on the worn down acres Of
the Atlantic sea-board Our bread
stuffs, few years since, were less than
half per acre what they were but forty
years ago. But now an occasional far-
mer is found who, on lands which were
supposed to have been worn out, produ-
ces crops superior in amount to those of
the olden time, and this is due entirely
to the application Of the sciences to ag-
rlculture.
The amount of Improved Super-phcs-
phate of Lime used during the months
of May and June alone, has increased
the crops of those who used it, an aver
age of more than 30 per cent, with an
expense of less than half the ratio as
compared with the crops of former years.
In every direction We find increased So
licitudc, as to the kinds and qualities
Of see ds. Agricultural Societies cease
to have enemies--their fairs are no Ion
ger looked at as mere holidays for farm
ers, but as days requiring their best en-
ergies, and closest observations. The
idlers and curiosity-mongers to be found
at our fairs are not farmers, among
, them may occasionally be found an ig-
norant farmers laborer, OR a land-hold-
er, only competent to act as such; but
the busy throng around the exhibitions
Of improved breeds of cattle, improved
agricultural implements, and specimens
Of improved products, are farmers
adopting the improved methods of tho
day.
The southerner., 1852-09-11

kotsttcot.--We understand that Col.
Alexander K, McClung, who Was plac-
ed by tie Wing Convention which as
semolad in Jackson in May last, on tho
electoral ticket for the State at large,
mas declined serving, because he 's
unwilling to support Gen. Scott for the
Presidency.
The Vioksburg Sentinel of the 31st
~ays that Judge Boyd has also refused
to serve on the Wing electoral ticket.
Jackson Iississippian,
The southerner., 1852-09-11
3-V1 T@o, Ecome County On Co. Saturday, September H. 1852 Whole 81

giving promise that California will soon
cease to depend on other countries for
the produce of the soil.
The southerner., 1852-09-11
AGR3cUlT TURAl.

Ey=..AgJieuyt~re is the chief Foundation Of a
eutions power, as 1t not only furnishes man
srith food and clothing, but also with materi-
MS for the mechanic arts, and commerce. ga
The southerner., 1852-09-11

It produced above this profit 81 chick
ems and fowls, weighing about 800 lbs.
In other words the yard paid three cents
1 pound for all the poultry used in the
family. When did a porker ever pay
you for the privilege of eating him?
Even Charles Lambs roast pig will
have to knock under to the biddics.
The southerner., 1852-09-11

Webster Meeting at Bo&on.-Tho
meeting of the friends Of Mr.. Webster,
held in Boston, on Monday evening, re-
solved to support Webster and Granem,
and not Scott and Graham, as was IN
advertently stated under aur telegraph
ic head yesterday. Mathew Il lie
Smith, Esq, presided, ond committee
consists Of the Hon. George I. Curtis,
S. kettcll, Ii. Winslow, NJ. H. Nelson,
C. A White, NJ. H. Smith, and F. Vii
ley.-The following resolution was
adopted:-BoEt. Sun.
Reso1ved, That the friends of Daniel
Webster, In convention assembled, IN
the home of our great statesmen, send
greeting to the national Wings Of N1rth
Carolina, and purpose to accept thair
distinguished son, and offer our own
to them, a fit associate in the coming
Presidential campaign; and to all the
South we say, as compromises are order
of the day, we offer to accept the ticket
furnished by the Baltimore Convention,
with this compromise, that the name of
Webster be substituted for Scott, they
taking what is due to the North, and with
Webster&G Graham wewill swept he land.
! 4Ur Hebster Us ScoH.-It is well
known that Parson Brownlow's Knox
vile Whig-the only Anti Scott Whis
paper in Tennessee-has been selected
!, by Mr.. Webster as the official paper for
: the U. S., in that State. 1t is now an
| nounced that the Wilmington CONNER
ciai-one ofthc Wing papers in North
1 Carolina that has come out against
Scott, and goes in for third ticket-has
2 received the same significant token of
| recognition and confidence, from the
;, same quarter
). Mr.. Webster's position, heretofore
o one Of masterly inactivity, appears tc
|. have changed to one of positive bost.ii
II ty. Both these papers are earnest anc
d efficient opponents of the Wing ncmine,
n and keep up that fire in the, rear il
n regard to which Gen. Scot has oftel
l. expressed SO much solic;..ude.
Il Atbany A1gus.
The southerner., 1852-09-11
S11 81

He produced 2O6 lbs. of pork. Di-
vide the cost by this, and it gives q lit
tie over five cents per pound, as the
cost of production.
lie must be a very skillful farmer
who can produce pork for four or five
cents pound. Most of the pork made
in New England cost six or seven cents,
the full market price; so that there is
no advantage in producing it, except as
it makes valuable manure upon the
farm. The farmer who can make pork
for nothing, or, what is better, can
make it pay him thrice the market val
ue for being eaten, is a man yet to be
heard from. The best husbandry will
probably never be able to accomplish
this with any breed Of pigs.
But the fowls will pay their own way
with proper care, and will give you
certain amount Of poultry, without 9th
or cost than your own trouble i'll rear
ing them. Each hen, we'll cared for
will yield a clear profit of at least 81
or, in other words, will give you eigh'
pounds of poultry for nothing.
We say, then, especially to the boys
take care of the "biddies." Let then
have a warm place for roost, dry Gel
lar, if possible, in winter, a variety O
grain and little animal food, clear
water to drink, and lime in some shap
for eec-shells. Take care Of the fowls
and they will take care of you.-'d.
The southerner., 1852-09-11

Hg~''It is stated that among the mil
lions of farmers in the United States,
there is not one jew"
The southerner., 1852-09-11

little of the attention that is lavished
upon their more gross and less attrac-
tive neighbors. Give them a fair trial,
and they will pay any farmer for his
care much better than pigs, and will
supply his table with greater luxuries,
and at cheaper rate. And to estab-
lish this position, we will tell you a tale
quite as literally as some others found
ed on fact.
In the year 1850, my poultry yard
The southerner., 1852-09-11

cost me-
In stock $50 96
In food for fowls 80 81
Total $40 II
1t produced in eggs 81 92
in manure 5 90
In stock at close of year so 90
Total s89 81
Deduct expense 70 II
Profit $40 Is
The southerner., 1852-09-11

From the Plough, the Loom and tn
A0rH
The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1852-10-23
Artificial Teeth.

Contributing ~ the teeth Do ~ the hrautv and
Pleasing oppression Of the ru'lute!,ancr-tn ,1rrr,
cnuncia:i"r--ali. hv the function III Inastica-;,
winch they a>>I>f III performing To- The health II
Whole oraZa'i"n il Is surprising that their l>,
should he considered s.r"us aiilir,i,ll ami rha:
art should II" invoked I" Replace >> With arii-
fetal substitutes 80 great Indeed l. the liability Of
the human teeth Ia decay, and - much neglected
are the means oi their preservation. that few y.,r>''i-
reach even adult acc. without losing, moro o
these invaluable organs Ru' happily for suffering
humanity. they can now hc REPLACED toy art fetal
ones, 80 closely re cmbur those planted III IN" law
by the hand "f nature. to- readily mistaken for
SUCH even by the most critical and practical ub>r-
The utility ofar;ificial teeth crcnrs %. their -.
ing PROPERTY constructed correctly applied. An
enlightened Judgment and practical skill therefore
are required by these who practice This well a. the
other branches al the art kn"a " ri The iI:,t-
"mv and physiology Il" tho lnnu'h-;i> vsr.ri> rrltl-
o"gica conditions and th-r-ip-utic:ii Indications i
essentially necessary "Ihe dental practitioner: and
IL important as i correct Information To HIM upon
these points. IL * So that he should be
Thoroughly skilled IN the various mcrhani,.: nh
nruatons that pertain 20 the po>thesis Of these
organs.
! lie success Drs. kilbourne have met with in the
Insertion Of whole sets .he PRINCIPAL Of Amos
fhERlC PkES>t re has been - complete tina,
thev feel confident OF giving entire satisfaction ev
IN The most difficult case--'he teeth retained
firmly in their places without clasps or springs that
they VIII resist the farce Of fifteen poun:s without
being removed from the Jaws. The pracricahili:v
OF whole sets Of teeth is longer an experiment;
experience has proved them Ia be efficient sui's.i-
tuteS Of the natural organs for all PURPOSES of speak
ing apd IuaSti":fior. on 9 kIitrctre & rolhv's
Hi,,k :. .rcir bur u Sa-.l