davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Cooper's Clarksburg register. [volume] (Clarksburg, Va. [W. Va.]) 1851-1861, 1852-03-10

| BALANCES AT EUROPE. In series Of n,
N1fers from Great Britain, France, Italy. ~
BY HORACE GREELY, Octave, Cloth, Pr.
One Dollar. This volume comprises the obso,.
vations made during Mr.. GREETEY's recent En-
ropean tour, Society, Manners and cu,.
toms, Art Literature, Agriculture, Foreign Poll.
tics, and great variety Of other attractive and
IL has copious notices of the Great Exhibitio,
or Worlds Fair in London complete desc ription,
Of the Cultivation of the Soil in different coun.
tries brilliant criticisms of the Works Of Art 4,
the Great European Capitals and graphic Sketch.
es OF Public and Domestic Life in London. Pafi,
Rome, &c, written in the frank, straightforward
piquant style, FOR which Mr.. Greedy is widely,
celebrated. aeindo nWutIol ~ 4l
A more, authentic,- instructive, and amusing.
Book of Travels has probably never been iisueds
from the American press. The vast amount a.
information which ii contains represented In sueS
a lively and off-hand manner, that the perusd .,
the volume becomes rs interesting novel,
Whoever would obtain fresh, dagnerrootyp,
view of the present state Of England, should nsl
fail 10 make himself laccquainted whit its con.
tents. Even the discussion of the driest to,c,
which II sometimes takes up, Is enliyenod with
such frequent flashes of humor, and pervad.d
with such genial and sparkling sivacity, that No
ono who commences the volume can lay II dOWs
without finishipg It's perusah n0'i 3pTH
We confidently anticipate very eStsnlive cir.
bulftion for this work throughout the Uniioi
States. The name of Horace Greedy, which Il a
widely known as that Of any othor American cit
lion, will excite general curiosity to learn the
results III his European experience. We arecer-
tain that no one can be disappointed in this I'd.
mirabIe recital Of his foreign adventures.
Published by Dewitt g. Davenport, ATfibSs,
Buildings, New York, n gTqpb 81
Cooper's Clarksburg register. [volume] (Clarksburg, Va. [W. Va.]) 1851-1861, 1852-03-10

Found HIM AT LAsr.--Mrs. Jipson never
could go to bed without first looking IN
derneath to see if somebody was not stow
ed away there, but her search had always
been bOotless. Atlast. however, one night
she spied, Tor thoughtshe did, which is the
same. the long looked for boots and legs.
'oh MIR. Jipsonp she screamed out,
there's a man under the bed =
is there p coOlly drawled her husband,
well, my dear. Pm glad you have found
him at last. You have been looking for
him these twenty years
Cooper's Clarksburg register. [volume] (Clarksburg, Va. [W. Va.]) 1851-1861, 1852-03-10

II NLARGEAfENT Of the Number by one-niLn
II the Reading Matter Single copies twensy
ulne With the July number commenced 1ne
Twentv-ninth Volume Of the Democraue re w v
and consequently the fifteenth year OF i's e. n
tence During that period the work has oeeh sns
fr,,;tf,,l medium through which the concentrated
intellectual energies of the friends Of the popular
ca,,se have been given to the public, it has UNI
ted the attractions OF SOUND ana 70
slpport 10 the doctrines and measures o. that par
", now maintained BY large msloIls{ ~ IL
feople, and it has seen tho maj tlluiuP ~ P
rreat popular issues which IL has supported. by
disciissiIrr the great questions of policy peloIe
the country expounding and adyocatlng inc ~ ~
mocratic doctrine, through the most anie Pens
that the party could tu5nisn IN arelss u
search, and more elevated tone, than Is possible
for the newspaper press, il has been an instru-
ment of inaPpreciaple value Tor the enlgastst. en-
the support of the principles which IT adyocates
As long as the Democratic party remained
united, il trinmpheds and sustained those earai-
cause of the people of-evefy age and country, rs
identified. BY applying those doctrines TO the
government, the country prospered At nome ana
triumphed abroad, inereasing.in material wealth.,
and rising in the scale Of nations. The division
of the party, bringing with 1t defeat, has subJec
ted the country, and the cause o. human liberty
to fetrogrcssion ; and the direst horrors, invol-
wing national ruin, are to he avoided only by re-
uniting the party, and this can be done only by
rallying 70 the support of those men who through
recent Strife have preserved their nationally, OF
character, and been mindful Of the sacred obi
cations implied in constitutional contracts. In.
the campaign of 1859, 1t Is necessary 70 the cause
of human freedom and the prevalence Of self GO
vernment, that the national Democratic party
should regain it's ascendancy. For this purpose
every citizen ought to exert HIMSELF regardless Of
other considerations.
The Review, in order to bring It within the
reach of ALL has been placed at the lowest posi-
bic sum, and every Democrat who desires to have
the party reunited on q national platform, can
draw the attention Of one moro acquaintance to
the necessity of supporting this work, an obliga7
ticn we shall not be slow to acknowledge.
THREE DOLLARS POr aunun for work compri:
sing nearly 1900 pages Of matter with IL fine steel
portraits of leading men of tho party, is lOwor
than so much matter can be afforded without the
cordial support of the whole party.
The reduction of postage under the new law,
brings the rates within 800 miles, when paid in
advance, to half tho former rates, which is an
additional indemnity to subscribers.
n. BAH communications win hereafter be
addressed to the Proprietor's Office of the Demo-
cratic Review, 10 Broadway, New York.
Nov. 90, 1851. KETTELL & MOORE.
Cooper's Clarksburg register. [volume] (Clarksburg, Va. [W. Va.]) 1851-1861, 1852-03-10

re- The learned Macaulay thinks that
the amount of learning of the ladies of
England in the sixteenth century is very
much operated. He says, "In the times
of Henry VIII. and Edward VI, a per-
son who could not read Greek and Latin
could read nothing, or next to nothing
The Italian was the only modern Ian
guage which possessed anything which
could be called a literature. Ali the val
liable books then extant, in all the YER
nacular dialects of Europe, would hardly
have filed single shelf. Shakespeare.
Spenser, Cervantes. and Montaigne had
not written; Chaucer, Cover, Froissart,
Confines, Rabelais, nearly complete the
list 1t was. therefore, absolutely neces-
sary that woman should be uneducated
or classically educated. Latin was in the
sixteenth century more than French in
the eighteenth. 1t was the language of
courts as we'll as schools"
Cooper's Clarksburg register. [volume] (Clarksburg, Va. [W. Va.]) 1851-1861, 1852-03-10
no THE PUBLIC!

:agIHl lMAlRtfi lG IEh inSns:s on Si
friends and promptness of . portion Of my GUS
toners, i have been enabled to substitute my
Tools, Machinery, Stock, &c. which were de-
stroyed by fire on the eth Of May, last. My Ma
chinery is now new, of the yEgI LATEST IMPROVE
MKNT, and not inferior to any in use. With these
facilities can manufacture TIN, COPPER,
-SHEET-IRON and BRASS WARE lower than
has ever been done in the West. All kinds Of
JOB-WORK will be done very promptly and
at greatly reduced prices. HoUsE-SPoUTiNs OF
every kind at the shosrtest nOtice-the common
size of which will be made at 121S cts. per foOt-
In short viii say that MONTY DAN BE SAVED BIT
DEALING WITH M; and that fact can be establisl-
ed by trying me ONCE, and If satisfaction
is not given, will not ask return, Thitis
no humbuggery will DO what 1 SAT-.
hereby tender my thanks to this people for
their long and liberal encouragement, and am un-
der many obligations to those ofmy customers
who have so PROMPTLY settled their claims since
the fire. And as yet greatly need money, would
request all those knowing themselves due me to
make payment at their EARLHsT convenience.
This will more efectually enable me to carry out
my DETERMINATION TO SKILL Low for prompt pay.
var We removed my Shop from the Court House
thed, to the north end of Despard's buildings, on
the street. leading from Bartlett's HOTEL to
Kincheloe's corner where will be gladto seethe
PEOPLE. / however will, between this and spring
be upon the old ground opposite the Court, House
TIorlrsburo Nov 10 1ss1 IL
Cooper's Clarksburg register. [volume] (Clarksburg, Va. [W. Va.]) 1851-1861, 1852-03-10

VN HOLEsALEL & RETAIL DRUCGlsr
w p FAIRAiONT, VA, keeps constantly ~
hand and for sale, large and general assortm. "a
calls Dyo-stuils, Paints, Oils Patent Mcdicssr'na.
Perfumery, DENTAL q SURGICAL INarnr~rsssss,
sc. Physicians, Dealers, Fullers, Overs. Hal.
and others viii be supplied with every artiels Z
the line, at the lowest market rates. ~
tam 10
Cooper's Clarksburg register. [volume] (Clarksburg, Va. [W. Va.]) 1851-1861, 1852-03-10

EE He who commands himself. com.
mands the world too, and the more au-
thority you have over others, the more
command you must have over yourself.
Cooper's Clarksburg register. [volume] (Clarksburg, Va. [W. Va.]) 1851-1861, 1852-03-10

'DoN'r GIT ABOVE YOUR BUSINESS. -
This Is what young lady said to shoe
maker, who was fumbling about her
ankles in order to ascertain the size of
Cooper's Clarksburg register. [volume] (Clarksburg, Va. [W. Va.]) 1851-1861, 1852-03-10

% I'D rather not take a horn with
YOU said loafer to bull +; but he in
sisted on treating him to two. and the
loafer got quite high.
Cooper's Clarksburg register. [volume] (Clarksburg, Va. [W. Va.]) 1851-1861, 1852-03-10

% Never despair.
Cooper's Clarksburg register. [volume] (Clarksburg, Va. [W. Va.]) 1851-1861, 1852-03-10
HObensack's Worm syrup.

Clarksburg, Nov. IL, 1s51,-1y.
Daily American telegraph., 1852-06-15
A Story with n Moral.

Nothing so much demonstrates the utter heart
essness of the clamorous and overbearing ad-
vocacy Of the new doctrine of European inter-
vention, which rung through all this section of
the country the arrival among us of Louis
kossuth, the fact that the late Democratic
National Convention Though never SO anxious to
catch votes) judged it wise and expedent not
even so much as to allude to the man or his creed
Another fact worthy of record is that the lead
ing men of the Democratic party, who were first
and foremost in the Hungarian crusade-Cass
and Douglas among the rest-were struck from
the lists to give place to man who was entirely
| uncommitted to the heresy to which we allude.
The speeches of the gentlemen from Illinois and
Michigan, last winter, at Washington-ultra Kos
suthian it will be remembered-if the truth ever
comes out, it will be seen were heavy mill-stones
about their necks in the Baltimore Convention.
SO far, then, let this great lesson be read and
remembered. The great American heart, warm
it is in its sympathes and affections, is not so
easily perverted as demagogues and mere pam
derers for popularity think it is. The masses of
our people have mind of their own, and an in
telligence universal enough in its practical appl
cation to guard them against the mischievous ex-
pedients of demagogues, who vainly seek to
practise upon their sy1npathes to advance selfish
ends
The fever which stirred up in this section
of the country when the Hungarian first came
among us, we thus see clearer now than ever was
of the most ephemera character. 1t passed
away ms idly the wind. 1t was mere ripple
the surface, making no lasting Impressions
mark in the sands on the great sea shore of pub
lie opinion, which the waves of Reason and Re.
Election have long since swept away.
Not that the deep aud sincere sympathy the
people of this republic have, and always will
have, for foreign nations struggling to be Free is
the less strong or impulsive; not that the gen
rous hospitality which has ever been reserved
for the unfortunate of other lands is not now as
ready to be dispensed rs freely as ever; but that
our own domestic demagogues may see that hob
by-rdng in the end, is as improbable as it is
demeaning and undiguihed, we contend that the
significant, deep-meaning silence of the Baltimore
Convention conveys moral from which all flu
ture popularity seekers may deduce some whole
some conclusions. If we be allowed to quote, not
wholly inapposite, from an English poet
Thanks for that lesson it will teach
To after warriors more
Than high philosophy could teach,
Ut idly preached before
The spell upon the minds of men
Brrnks-ncver unite again
That led them to adore
Those pagod things Of sceptre sway
with fronts Of brass and feet Of clay"
Net0 York Express.
Daily American telegraph., 1852-06-15
The Democratic Platform,

The manifesto of principles put forth by the
recent Democratic Convention in this city reiter-
ates those negative dogmas so often announced
by that party. Opposition to the protective pol
icy, to internal improvements by the general
government, TO a national bank, to the distribu-
ton Of the proceeds of the public land sales
among the States--these and similar quotations
from the records of former political contests are
reproduced, rs though Democratic doctrines had
their only permanent characteristic in a sys-
tematic denial of power to the government.
The resolutions of '9S and 80 must of course
receive confirmation anew at the hands of the
Convention; and we find mention made of them
accordingly, although it is SO seldom that they
are published nowadays that many who take
them n cardinal articles of faith have no very
accurate knowledge of their terms or purport.
The gencraliEed style of expression which char
acterires the Conventions manifesto gives lati-
tudc. which no doubt il was designed to give, to
various interpretations in different quarters. We
6ul MIR john Van Barren declaring his adhesion
"a II. and il seems 10 be acceptable to the ultra
lists Of South Carolina, as hcy understand ii.
How the extremes of sections and parties so
autauonistical as the Barnburners and the Null
lifers can find q common ground on this platform,
II IL difficult 70 discover But fraternity is the or
der 81 tht day, and common prize in view may
bc sufficient 10 convert positions hitherto at va
rance into a common field Of action. Some of
the barnburner journals, such as the New York
Evening Post, get over all difficulties in the ma
niiesto by pronouncing II nullity. They de-
clare that IL was hurried through dispensing
Convention at the breaking up Of its session,
when such confusion prevailed that an under
standing vote and full vote could not be had
upon IT, We have yet to see how lar an actual
union between the dscordaut extremes of the
party can he made practicable upon this unsub-
staptial basis, -Bgliimorc imcrtcaR.
Daily American telegraph., 1852-06-15
REV. VERNON EsKRIDGE, U. S. N.

PORTSMOUTH, (ya) Aug. Is, 1851.
Mr.. J. e. BouSh-Dear Sir: While / in general op
posed to Patent Medicines candor compels
have great confidence in the virtues of Hamptons
table Incture For several months past have used it in
family and in Dyspepsia loss of Appetite dizziness
general debility, with entire So my expert
extends therefore, take pleasure in recommending
to the afflicted safe and efficient remedy.
/ am, respectfully yours, VERNON ESKRIDGE,
Chaplain in the U. S. Navy.
We ask the afflicted to call those having this wonderful
article for sale and get pamphlets, gratis
For sale by G. Stott Co.. Washington, D. G.
Wallace Elliot, and 18th SITS
d. d. Clarke, cor Md. av. It'll st
J. Winner, 9th st., near Louisiana av
A. Gray, 18th st., opp. 0. +. Hall.
X. s. T. Cissell, Georgetown.
G. @. Berry, Alexandria, Va.
And by Druggists generally, everywhere.
MORTIMER MUWBRAY,
mar 26-tr General Agents, Baltimore st.
Daily American telegraph., 1852-06-15
The Cholera.
MAYsvILLE, June 8

MAYsvILLE, June 8.
The cholera broke out at this place on Sunday
Since then there have been twenty -six cases and
twenty deaths, and four others are not expected
to live All the deaths but one occurred on half
Outside of this locality but three cases occurred
and only one ofthem proved fatal Among the dead
are Mrs. Rusk and her three daughters; and
three other children of the same family are down,
two of whom will probably die. The father is
absent.
The deaths in proportion to the cases are per-
haps without precedent There have been no
new cases to-day, and we are hoping the worst is
over.
Daily American telegraph., 1852-06-15
-sszNERl. s. MeEoMaA,,
%sseAAMPToNasC
VEGETABLE TINCTURE,
BY its mild action on the

by us HlIu aCtlon OH the
STOMACH, LIVER and KIDNEYS,
will cure the diseases of those Organs with
all Chronic complaints, as
DYSPEPSIA, COUGH, ASTHMA,
BRONCHIAL and LUNG AFFECTIONS,
PAINS in the BACK, SIDE and BREAST,
CoNsUMRTTofT, sCRoFULA,
RHEUMATISM, GOVT, NEURALGIA, FISTULA,
Piles, Bowel Complaint,
W0rmss Nervous Debiii,y, s0ith al! Diseases
arising from IMPURE FLOOD.
joy to the World !-Hope for the Afflicted! -More
Testimony from Home!
BALTIMORE, Sept IL, 1851.
AessrS Mortimer d koaVbrdy: l feel it duty to make
known the benefits have derived from Dr. Hampton Tine
ture For length of time have been subject 10 great
prosraon of muscular power and great debility Of the
system accompanied with papitation and huer
ing of the heart. had such sudden attacks that
occasion could scarcely get home making mention OF
to friend he referred to Joseph X Sapeton,
esq old and highly respectable citizen of Baltimore who
had used the Tncure under similar circumstances.
called Mr. Stapeton, and, after interview of
minutes was fully satisfied of the medical virtues of the
Tncture from the evidence before of his
who, for time previous indicated failing state Of
hdt but now hearty hale appearance with the dctiUtty
OF youh. Immediately commenced using the wncture,
and before took the contents of bottle, strength
reneooed and can 1cdlk brisk
aodS ocy gears This Tncture is the grand restora
tive OF the digestive which when destroyed the
whole system is in state eff suffering.
do assert it no humbug, but u.s. in reality, what it is
represented to he by DR.. Hampton, the inventor.
WIN. A. SCHAEFEER,
Corner Of Lombard and Sharp streets.
At present in Washington D. G.
Daily American telegraph., 1852-06-15
WORCESTERSHIRE GOODS!

WE HAVE on hand excellent assortment of FURN1
w TURE, such as
Mahogany, marbletop, and plain Bureaus
Mahogany Sofas, Paror and Rocking Chairs
High aud lowpost mahogany maple, and black walnut
Bedstcads
Wardrobes Wash-snks and Stands
Dining and breakfast Tables
Feather Beds, Mattresses. and Cots
Looking glasses Clocks, Willow Carriages
Baskets of every description
Chairs, cane and wood seat, arm and nurserockerz
large assortment of wood-seat and Office Chairs
Chdren's Furniture, of all descriptions.
Also, we'll selected stock of Crockcry with all other
tcles pertaining To the House-furnshng line.
ISRAEL * GREEN,
2G-eotf Tth ST., 8 doors above penna av
Daily American telegraph., 1852-06-15
MERCHANT TAILOR.

1E undersigned respectfully to his friends
and the public that he has taken the store lately
cupied by Mr. Howe merchant tailor, Pennsylvania
nue. few doors east of Browns Hotel the
Sixth street. where he is prepared gentle.
with every description articles belonging the above
business made at the shortest notice. in the best
fashionable STYLE and on the most reasonable terms
His entirely stock of goods the employment Of the
best workmen and six years experience and application
business WILL it hoped enable him to give the per.
feet satisfaction to his patrons.
may 31-1m w. MOORE
Daily American telegraph., 1852-06-15
FARM FOR SALE.

THE SUBSCRIBER wishes to dispose Of his Farm, about
Ave miles from Washington, In Prince Georges county
Maryland IL contains IFS and could be conveniently
divided into three arms-two Of suitable size for gardening
with soil wcadapted for that purpose and the other
in exchange.
Persons wishing TO procure site for country residence
invited TO look at the farm, Il there many
beautiful sites for building, and the place Is noted It's
healthfuness.
B8- Apply at Buell. Blanchnrd's Printing ONCE Sixth
street, south Of Pennsylvanis avenue.
may lift VI. BUELL..
Daily American telegraph., 1852-06-15
NEW GOoDs-FREsH ARRIVAL

TIRENCII, ENGLISH, AND AMERICAN GOODS-em
Il bracng CLOTHS,
CASSIMERES
VESTINGS, and Goods generally
adapted to Gentlemens wear of the latest and newest de
signs and styles, direct from first hands, New York
Particular attention has been paid to the selection of the
above goods which, in addition his former stock is now
complete and cannot be surpassed.
The subscriber is receiving monthly the latest report
Paris fashions and prepared the yotares
fashion the best style and finish.
Fits warranted, and goods made up to please, by
GEORGE W. HINTON,
Penn. av, north side, bet ~ and 9th SITS.
Also for sale to the trade A. De Lanys Mathematical
System of Draughting and Cutting Pantaoons.
mar 13-tf
Daily American telegraph., 1852-06-15
A CARD,

TNHE SUBSCRIBER begs leave to return his thanks to
his friends for the very liberal support they have
given him, and respectfully socts continuance of the
same lie may be found at all times at his old stand,
street. between Th and Sh Streets where his
small and afford him opportunity sell moderate
terms to his customers.
He has just received fine assortment spring goods
which will be made up in the best mannerconsistng
Cloths fancy Cassmeres and Vesngs of Silk white Mar
seles and fancy qualities, beautiful articles Also white
Drings Shirts Collars Cravats Stocks, Suspenders &c
Please call and examine before purchasing elsewhere.
13-tr l. Il. MUDD.
Daily American telegraph., 1852-06-15
KRAusKss rarEsr cLovKR-sEED HkR-

~ ufguM0 rM1 rupIlC f0R THE FRsr TIME
y Sow esyeaa o-saE-rl.ee ~,,h any other farming
s@ss - .ss~ - sn.s ~ ssassiag - ~eighs twohaa.
49, 80 uns Fas tsswn ~ al,e beFss, and gathers
s y ~ a. ~ lss ~ .ns ~ ' ~ Diem q if. .ad
~. 80 .,..a.i -ag'ya y. hsas s,s then oaasa
49, ainits atar thrss e,aYths and saving all the
.e'l ~ rssli.s ee@s 100 tha, sssry tar@sr 'o@
Il wHEELEA AEsath ar Washington.
Cases. KE,., y ,ssisu,ss rssS.'ls. c,vpr> O., N.Jsl
w. ~ uur,,sssi. a. osrur, i.st - ss,s sen Mr.
Aeanasr ratsui esr liafsvsig u oy.rson and 4 has
% o. ' IN. ~ ss II .s sr W. kr. Ss
- 49, n. t Frsn 9 z y. fhr f.FusT' have owen
'' Issss ) M T,ss .s,s J,.rsn prv.lD.
wai,s G9so,S, Jsas ! CeoS,
W. ANnnhsoNs 4Aata " CnoE,
AkMEs CliRRs, JsRKs BkfsaN,
tnewas Tt9nEA8S
Losa.. csutSl. ysrtol.v =. 1851
tbs = y rtif that NJ Nsyior has gnthrrrs cioVer
~ = sihrfnsovr tt ~ uno wbrh has lrsn pas,arel
basilrls ami halt ahd posA a -sd gave hm two
,hiris 81 satinr aui ce~nl"g 'iak h. msstinc 1.
r'''' '"a '"'" 81" ~ E,s,,i sIi Ss s1Sd.a
The t,Ilo~luR Ioiats ous e. rriais astarr q the
Harvester.
KRAUsEKs PATENT cIayKRsEED HARVESTER
We hnss rnns,r.s with nWuat-r ~ Farmrrs and they
~ opinion that there lsss a1 Ia 1ah
ship IN IRDipn IsugaptrF rtuntY. New Jersey Admit
ting there hat nun, u said thar esrh acre viii Yield
RON w H. bushels Restoring " Uriatnty ~ ysiding
but bsha pr acre, whst vii Y cos 10 EAtsr AMI thrah
1000 hcrcsY
This Harvester wili gsthrr " srrss psr day, A.
) aeres per day u sili taxi harvester ~ days
~ epsi tdtsstss tr,r-ts- siN1
ihrcshlng ... 80
i'au'huAl sp~h@cs .., iso
Cost ~ harvesting, 4e 1000 r+..,-.. $500
Terms Of gathering, larrf n oBshaIf which would
leave from the ahofe calculation IN thr hands - The gath
erer 500 bushels Selling II ~ a. per hnssl would D.
$500 deductiug expenses s5oa, would leave haanre in
the hands ~ the gatherrr ~ s2.noo.
In county where there are but township dsiuct and
multiply the $1,000 by wnrid he SiuWn
We believe the aloys calculation "a b. indisputAle From
the numerous farmers with whom have consulted, w
have found them TO unanimously with the above o
culati0n
pcrhsps invention offers greater Inducements for
profitable investment than the Harvester For cutter
prsng young man. Of god business habits, large 0f
money could without doubt h. realized from the sale ~
rights In the different States u the Union yet Disposed
Of by calling NJ this office II De- demonstrated sasac-
toy that Of moderate capital could not CHOOSE better
or more moneypaying business,
Those who wish 10 model Of this celebrated farming
implement and the satisfactory mannern which operates,
can do so by calling at II. WIlEELERs.
Opposite Browns Hotel.
N BThs subscriber has purchased the right for Mont.
gomery county, Maryland,
june lift Int. News&RockJ our1