davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
GoDEY's LADY's BOOK FOR 1852.
Increase of Reading Matter.

THE LADY'S BOOK for the ensuing year will
Il present many novel features suited to the adj
vancing demands of the public taste, 1t has ever
been the object Of the publisher 10 take the lead
among the popular Magazines Of this country; and
the host of imitators, who have been constantly
MISUNDERSTANDING after him in vain7are suffi-
cient to attest his brilliant success. The prompt
with which every new idea that be suggests is
adopted by others, is sufficient for his not
being very explicit and exact in his promises Of
what is yet TO come. He docs not wish to lay out
plans for others to follow. II s sufficient, however,
to say that oil the existing popular features Of the
LApY,s Book will be retained, and many new ones,
particularly attractive in Lady's Book and Fami-
ly Magazine, will be introduced. The useful and
the elegant will always be kept in view
To the Magazines alone must look for the
illusions of the master minds OF Literature. II is
useless to publish list OF narnessufhce il to say
that we have published articles, and have others
publish from all the best ArnericGn lorifers, male and
female.
Godey's Lady . Book for January, 1852, will con-
tain in addition TO the most beautiful and numerous
engravings-M Of iohich cOIored- add
tional quantity Of reading by American authors
There is question about the fact and the tens of
temporary press will establish it, that il is the most
magnificent periodical IN the 'oorid!
The publisher will give twelve numbers for 1852
that the London Arts Union would be proud Of
and their price is ten dollars year.
1t must be observed that the LApY's Book caters
to the taste OF the American Ladies'. II furnishes
them with every thing that can interest u Lady
and among others is the following
GODEY'S RELIABLE FASHION PLATES,
MONTHLY,
with full descriptions besides chit chat upon the
Fashions every month; giving full explanations Of
every thing new in the fashionable world.
OUR MODEL COTTAGES.
This is department peculiarly our own. and
the beauty and utility of our models has every
where been acknowledged.
FOR THE LADIES.
We have undoubted Receipts, Model Cottages,
Model Cottage Furniture, Patterns for Window
Curtains, Music, Crochet Work, Knitting, Net
ting, Patchwork, Crochet Flower Work, Hair
Branding, Ribbon Work, Chenille Work, Lace
Collar Work. Chdrcn's and Infants Clothes,
Capes Caps, Chemsctts-in fine. every thing that
interest Lady will find its appropriate place
in her own Book.
TERMS, CASH IN ADVANCE:
One copy one year, 8 3; two copies one year. + 8;
one copy two years, $5; five copies one year, $40;
copy five years, $40; ten copies year, 3 20;
and an extra copy to the person sending the club
of ten. Address l.. A. Cooley,
lib Chestnut street, Philadelphia.
Godey's Lady's Book and Arthurs Home Gazette
one year for "a. Oct27-3tdtrw&w
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
AND SMITH PRESSES

~
each additional inch III Gems
Mahogany job Sticks, g.
Chases ofcycry size for Job news and book work
Imposing Stones ofany required size
Galeysof every description
Type Cases, of best quality.
job two third and halfcases
Cabinet Gases offs, 10, and IS pairaeach
Single and Double Stands. with and without
racks.
Furniture and Reglet, of allsizes.
Suoins, of cherry, hickory iron wood and ma
hoeany.
Roller Moulds, copper orion.
Brass rule, suited Tor every purpose.
Brass Dashes, ofyariousp patterns, cut to suit the
column.
HeadsforNewspapers,pr to order in wood
PRINTING INK.
News,i N kegs ofl6, 20, and 3Olbs each ,25 cents
per lib.
nges, % cents per Id.
Book in kegs ofl0, l6, 30, and so lbs each from
80 To 5 cents per lb
Book, in canistcrs, * to SIS.
Coored Red, Blue, Green, Brown and Yellow,
in canisters OF and Id. each, 81 So.
Yarnsh, in canisters of h. to lbs. so cents.
Rich gold, pale gold, silver, red. and orange
Bronze.
Sizing for workingn bronze.
SECOND HAND MATERIALS.
A variety Of secondhand materials, consisting
of Presses, Type Of various sizes, Chases, Cases,
and Stands, Imposing stones, &C., &C., may be
had at the Foundry.
OH TYrE delivered at the Foundry taken in
exchange at cents per liz. for new Type Printers
will be expected to send theirold Type the Foun-
dry carly as possible after their order is given
for new Type in exchange for it,
STEREoTyPfSG carefully done, with new Type,
at the lowest rates. Blocksfurnished of any re-
CURED size.
Orders addressed TO the undersigned, for every
thing required by Printers, will meet with prompt
attention by X. LUCAS, Jr., Proprietor,
Aug. 24--ti Baltimore.
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30


- MAST would call the attention of the public
~. generally, but the ladies' particularly. TO his
new and elegant assortment Of French Jewelry.
which will be opened to-day for inspection. lie
enumerates in part
Diamond Pins and Rings, new and heavy style
setting
Ruby and Diamond Ringsin great variety
Cornclian Seals, surmounted with solid gold
charms, one very elegant and accurate like
ness of Henry Clay, which the ladies are in
vited to call and examine
Massive Gold Bracelets, richly Enamclcd do
New style Bracelets, set with Carbuncles and
Opas
In Ireastpins and Earrings he is confident hisas-
sortment cannot be excelled, consisting of every
variety of Enamelled, Plain, Pearl, Diamond,
&c. Also, endless variety of Cutrpins, Chate-
lains, Vest and Fob Chains, with other articles
usually kept ut his establishment.
The above goods have been selected with the
greatest and attention from new and
splendid stock, and, they of the richest style
and newest pattern the subscriber confident that
they cannot be surpassed. July %
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
rUmE BATHS.

rEtO all vino are afflicted with Rheumatic com.
Il plants we would say, go andtry DIR. EMER-
SONS SULPHUR FUmE DArHs, at Copp's Pavilion
on Louisiana avenue near Sixth street. The Pc
culinrites of il arc such that ii eficctually
Lhiscomplant Also all othst diseases ola Chronic
nature such asScrofula, Gout ,diseascsof theskin,
joints, sc.
Galvanic and Electro Magnetic Electricity.
DR.. Emerson still continues TO apply these inn
portant remedial agents to such discascs and such
cases as Indicate their usefulnesa
Aug. 22-2awu
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
- FIRE pRooF CHESTS, COR uooKs,

Ezs=z FIRE PROOF CHESTS, for hooks,
sES&; PAPERS, JEWEIRY, &c.--EVANS &
akAM WATSON, No, S3 Dock street, opposite
the Philadelphia Exchange. Patent Soap
store Lined and keyhoIe Cover SALAMANDERS.
Fire and Thief ProofIRON CHESTS, warranted 10
stand moro heat than any other Chests in the conn-
try. Also, Patent Air Chamber IRON CHESTS;
100 now in use They also continue to make the
ordinary Fire Proofs nj very low prices.
We, the undersigned, were present, on the 18th
day OF September when Messrs- Evans & Watson
tested one of their Balamandcr Fire Proof Chests at
which time they consumed five cordsof wood OVERT,
commencing at A. M. and continuing until 2 r.
NJ, making five hours intense heat, amounting 10
n white heat The Chest remained in the lire until
the next morning, when il opened in our pre-
sence, and all the books and papers were taken out,
having been preserved entire The above named
Chest, together with the hooks and papers, may be
examined by calling at the store OF Evans y Wat
son, SO Dock street.
THOS. HANSELIl, 18th street above Arch.
SAMUEL j.. DAVIS, Ill N. Sd street.
Messrs. Ecans + Watson.
GENTLEMEN: Having been prescntwhentheco con
tents of the chest alluded to in the above certificate
exposed to view, ltako plcasurcin adding my
testimony to the professionally the papers. No
mark of fire was apparent on any Of them
Respectfully: ~ ,s ,ss q v mhi'i'ioh
BALTIMORE, June IS, 1919.
Messrs. Epans & Watson, Phiiadeiehia.
GENTLEMEN We have much pleasure in recon-
mcnding your Fire proof Chests to the notice OF the
pubic, inc one we purchased from YOU nav ing
saved our books and contents efectually after un-
dergoing very severe heat during the fire which
destroyed the entire block of buildings on Arch
street wharf on the SchuylBil, on the 9th of June
lS49. Yours, very respectfully,
RUSSELL & GILLlNS.
Cast and Wrought Iron Houses, Of all sizes and
patterns, made to order.
Seal and Letter Copying Presses, Pre- proc
Doors for Banks and Stores, Patent Slate-hned Re
rigcrators, warranted superior to all others, Water
Filters Nov 30
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
EMPIRE STATE MUTUAL INSURANCE
COMPANY

COMPANY,
OF SARATOGA SPRINGS. N. Y.
Capital, 100000.
L. Insurance law of New York, passed Aprili0
1919, and has been doing very successful bust
ness, and will insure dwelling houses, stores,
household furniture, and other property, on as fa-
yorable terms as any otherresponsibleC Company in
this country.
The public are referred TO tho following letter
of the Hon. D. S. Dickinson, Senator from the
State of New York, for the standing of the Com
pany;
WAsHINoToN, March 8, 1851.
am acquainted with some of the officers OF tn
Empire Mutual Insurance Company, located ut
Saratoga Springs, New York, and know others by
character. The Company 10 in the hands of gem
temen of high character for integrity and bust
ness capacity, and cannot doubt that it will be
prudently and successfully conducted.
d. S. DICKINSON.
Directors.
Isaac Fowler Samuel Pitkin,
Geo. Young, IT., uoIruon Thon,ae,
III. III. Hathorn, VIM. H. Flccman,
@. Nj Dawson, Samuel Corning,
Theo w. Sanders, Joseph Danies,
p. NJ Moriarty, George Clements.
Hon. John H. Boyd,
ISAAC FOWLER, President.
II. H. HATHORN, Vice President.
GEO. YOUNG, JR., Secretary.
VIM. IL. FLEEMAN Treasurer
Applications for insurance may be made TO +. z.
WEED. agent, North a street, Capitol Hill.
March eff
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30

DENJAMIN BLAKE MINOR, Attorney at
ID Law, will attend promptly TO any business in
his profession in the city Of Richmond, Cincludng
cases in the Appellate and Federal Courts,) and
tue AL iaccnt counties, and in thctown of Peters
burg
Virginia Aug. 6-u
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
VIM. u. II. CROSS,
.altol aey aud CouaseIlor At Lac.

WAamHGToN CRY, ID. c.,
Practices in the courts OF the District OF Colum-
bia and will attend 60 the collection Of debts, aud
10 the prosecution of claims Of every description,
including those for bounty land under the act OF
Congress lately passed. Office in the City Hall:
OCt4
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
THE CHRISTIAN STATESMAN.
WceLlX NoIYauancr. ~

Weekly Newspaper.
Devoted Ga african .Cot0nizdtion aud Cioilixafi0n.
10 Literature and General Intelligence.
SFNHE undersigned propose to publish in the city
l. OF Washington weekly newspaper, bearing
the above title, and dedicated to sound morality
in politics, TO the Union OF the States, to the
of African colonization and civilization, and to all
topics of high and general interest TO their coun-
TRY and mankind. They will endeavor to impress
upon the People and Governments of the United
states and of the several States the Importance of
colonizing in Africa, with their consent the
free people of color of this country, and euch
may become free. They will communicate to the
public all important information they may obtain
in regard TO The geography, exploration. resources,
commerce. and population OF Africa; the state OF
the slave trade, and the best adapted for
It's suppression; and will enforce the duty of union
among all Christian denominations in Efforts To
dffuSc the knowledge of our arts, liberty, and
Christianity among the barbarous people of that
continent.
They will aim to render the journal nm instruc-
tive and useful Family Newspaper, and TO secure
for its columns, the public favor shall enable
them, contributions, literary and scientific, of de
cided merit.
TIE CHRIsTIAN SrATEsMAN will be of the size OF
the Home Journal or National Era, and exceed in
size the Iufeiiigencer or the Union of this city, and
with but few advertisements will be nearly filed
with matter designed to be of INTEREST," TO it's readers
II will be printed with type, on fine white
paper, and in mechanical execution be equal to the
best newspapers in the country.
TEnMs.-The Christian Statesman will be two dol
lars n year, payable in advance,
! Postmasters others, who may be pleased To ct
voluntary agents. will be responsible 10 those who
may pay TO them subscriptions; and TO the or
der OF such agents, or TO any who may make re-
mittances for the Christian y dtesn,dn il will ps
supplied on the following terms:
| Single copy for one year. ....,.. 80 90
Single copy for sig months. 1900. 90
Three copies for enc year .......... 90
Six copies for one year. -........... 1000
! Twenty copies for one year ....... 80 90
| Twenty copies for six months. .... Is Oh
The frat number Of this paper may be cxpcctcl
to appear carly in August, and il is desired that
those who disposed TO further its great objects
! by their patronage, should indicate their wishc1
before that time. Orders and communications
addressed (post paid) to Gurley & GOODBYE
will receive Immediate attention.
r. II. GURLEY,
| ID. r. GOODLOE
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
nm puINTERs.

TYPE, PRESSES, AND EVERY MATERIAL
4 NECESSARY FOR FURNISHING NEWS
PAPER. HOOK, AND JOB OFFICES, can al
rays be had at the lons.estabiished BALTIMORE
TYR FouNDRY, Bank Lane, adjoining Barnum's
City Hotel, greatly reduced rates, onsix months
credit for approved notes, liberal discount al
owed where money is paid.
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
TERMS.


Consulting OF back volumes ofthcfollowing val
uabic works, viz
BENTLEY'S MISCELLANY,
THE METROPOIArAN MAGAZINEJ
BLACK WOODS MAGAZINE,
LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW,
EDINBURGH REVIEW,
FOREIGN QUARTERLY REVIEW,
WEST MISTER REVIEW.
ANY one subscribing to llackwood or TO one Of
the Reviews, at 3 year, or To any two of the
Periodicals. al Is D. will receive, gratis one volume
of any of the premiums above named.
A Subscriber to any three of the Periodicals al
81 a year, to the four Reviews, nj IS, will re
cefve two premium volumes AS above.
Asubscriber TO Blackwood and threw Review
at 9 year or to the four Revicws and Black wood
at Sl0, will receive three premium volumes.
lonseeuiire Premium uoiitmes tciH be furnished
tpLe practicable, bat, 10 Precent disappointment sub
scribers are requested 90 order many different poYs
for premiums Sthey nldyTequiTe U0ltanes.
CLUBBING.
Four copics ofany all of the above works will
be sent To one address payment of the regular
subscription for thrcethe fourth copy being gratis
- No premiums will be given where the above
! allowance is made TO clubs nor will premiums in
| any case be furnished, unless the subscription
/ money ia paid in full TO the publishers, without
! recourse 70 an agent.
NJ Remittances and communications should b,
! always addressed, postpaid, or franked, to the
| Publishers LEONARD SCOTT & CO.,
~ Fulton street, Now York,
i Dec ls--tfi Entrance 81 Cold at.
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30

GLOBES Terrestrial and Celestial; acollcction
VI various, this day received from Boston, OF
twelve and nine nchcs diameter, OF the latest dates
and most perfect in every other respect
Sept FRANCk TAYLOR.
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30

GAM sLICK's NEW BOOK.--Rule and Mis-
- rule Of the English in America, by sam
Slick a.
Forest Life and Forest Trees, by John =
Springer.
I.,-sing's Field Book of tho Revolution; part ~.
Juat published and for sale by
TAYLOR x MAURY,
Oct3 Booksellers, near 9Th ct.
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
Irice of Dies

When II il not convenient TO forward amount of
order per mail express, reference 10 respect
able New York house Will be sufficient. All orders
will meet with prompt attention, if addressed
WILLIAM MURPHY,
263 Madison street, New York.
Orders will be attended to promptly if left ut the
st0rcs of Messrs She'll & Mott, 20 Wall street. of
Messrs II. Jeroliman & Co, l34 William street.
N. H. Business cards, embossed in colors from
aane dies nj = I'D pcf thousand Nov rs
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
PRICES OF TYPE.


And larger sizes at equally low prices.
Fancy letter of every description, Combination
Borders, Flower Cuts, and Ornaments in great va
riety. t
Wood Letter of every description, from TO 10
lines Plea, at manufacturers prices.
Smith, Washington, and Power Presses, oil the
f.l 10 -irer air md vi
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
MUTUAL BENEFIT LIFE AND FIRE IN
sURANCE COMPANY OF LOUISIANA.


INCORPORATED is APRIL i549, AND DECLARED
DIVIDEND OF 25 PER CENT. on II MONTHS BUSINESS.
Business Of tie Company confined to Life
Insurance only.
Permanent Fund by Act of incorporation,
100000.
Office No 3S Camp Street ,bet,oeen Gruuies and Com
mon streets, Netp Orleans.
This permanent fund to be invested per char
ter for the benefit of the policy holders, in bonds
and mprtgages on unincumbercd real estatevalucd
at double the amount loaned thereon, and in stocks
of the State and Of the United States government
This company, being organized solely for the
protection of the policy holders and Uncertainties
against want and poverty, IS in its operations
great national benevolent institntien, conducted
upon the mos secure and solid principles, and af
fording for small annual sum, paid during lie
a large and handsome legacy to widows and chill
dren after death.
te rms who continue the insurance till death, par
ticipate in the whole OF the profits OF the company
. Creditors can linsure tho lives of debtors.
married woman can effect insurance on the life of
her husband for the sole benefit and use of herself
and children, free from the claiIns ofcreditors.
TRUsTEEs.
John IIagnn Samuel Stewart
Peter Conrcy, jr. Henry 3 Buckner
Robert J. Ward John 5. Allison
Isnac Johnson VIM. E. Leverich
Joseph Walker dwardSparrow
Maunsel White
PETER CoEREy, jr., President Board oil trustee
DiaECTons.
Joseph w. Stanton Geo. w Smith
John l.. Lewis ,Iunius Bebce
NJ C. Hall M. M. Cohen
John l.. SaIfarans Edw. Jcnner Cox
r. w Sewell A. Van BIbbcr
Cornelius Fc!lowcs William IL. White
J. Morgan Hall Thco. III. McCaleb
f. H. Barton Is. NJ Norman
Andrew Carr &. e.. Sncthen.
john HAGAN, President OF the Company.
Euw. JENNEa CoxE, Vice President.
A. j. WEppERBuRN, Nj. ID. Medical Board OF
THOMAS HuST, Nj. ID. Consultation.
II. G. HEAnTT, Actuary.
II. l.. COON, Attorney.
RIcuARp BEIS, Md, No. al Magazine street,
Medical Examiner, who will be at the Office daily
from ~ tn 2o'clock, p m
BY the Charter only $4,000 istaken on asingle
life.
sS5- This Company is prepared To entertain APP
plicatons for Life Insurance, and issue Policies on
all sound and healthy White persona and Negroes,
at the Table of Rates established by the Board,
which are less than the rates charged by the New
York and London offices, and without their restrc
tions TO residence in the South. BY the charter
deficiencies of Profits are declared annually, and
the profits draw interest and can nc made avaia
bic at once to the extent of two thirds OF Their
amount where the party has paid his premiums IN
full.
ih5- California Permits at New Y ork and London
Rates Prospectus, Table of Rates, and all infor-
nation az to Life Insurance, and all papers neces
sary effect Insurance can be had at the office
| the Company.
ESt- Extensive Travelling Privilegesarc allowed
| 90 Office hours, a. m. to p. m
| August 2-iy
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
BLACKwOOD'S MAGAZINE
Amd the British Quarterly Reviews.

PREMIUMS TO NEW sunscRIBEasl
nWING TO the late revolutions nd counterreyo-
" buttons among the nations of Europe, which
have followed each other in such quick succession,
and of which 'the end rs not yet the leading peris
odcals of Great Britain have become invested with
degree OF interest hitherto unknown. They oc
cupy middle gr, and between the hasty disjoint
cd, and necessarily imperfect records of the news
papers, and the elaborate and ponderous treatises
be furnished by the historian at future day. The
American Publishers, therefore, deem ii proper to
call renewed attention TO these Periodicals. and
| the very low prices at which they offered to
subscribers. The following is their list, viz:
THE LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW,
THE EDINB URGH REVIEW,
THE NORTH BRITISH REVIEW,
THE WESTMINSTER REVIEW. and
BLACKWOOD'S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE.
In these periodicals contained the views, mod
crately, though clearly and firmly expressed of the
three great parties in England-Tory, Wing, and
Radical. % Blackwood" and the {" London Quar-
| tery' are Tory; the edinburgh Review" Wing
and the 90 w Westminster Review" Liberal The
"North British Review owes it's establishment to
the last great ecclesiastical movement in Scotland
and is not ultra in it's views any of the granc
departments of huInan knowledge; it was origin.
| ally edited by DIR. Chalmers, and now, since hii
death, is conducted by his son-in- law, DIR. Hanna
associated with Sir David Brewster. It's literary
character is oftke very highest order. The 'sWes
Minister though reprinted under that title only, il
| published in England under the title of the 60 For
| eign Quarterly and Wcstminster," il being, IL
| fact union Of the two Reviews formerly publishet
and reprinted under separate titles IL has, there
fore, the advantage by this combination of uniting
| in one work the bestfcaturcs OF both as hcreofor
| issued.
| The above periodcalsare reprintedn New York
Immediately on their arrival by The British steam
! ers in a beautiful clear type, fine white paper
and are faithful copies OF the originals Backwood'
Magazine being an exact fae- smile Of the Eeiin
! burgh edition.
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30
m1LLIoNAInE ass ocIATIoN oF cApITAL

NOR the purpose u forming company with
Il one thousa nd shares, OF 81 900 each, for which
certificates will be issued, paying ten per cent per
annnm in return therefor, with sale prospect OF
doubling the whole amount invested, (each and all
AZ special partners,) free from assessment and la
bility. under the Revised Statute OF New York.
DESTROYS of having influential parties through the
entire Unon Interested, for the purpose OF obtain
ing contracts with the Government TO carry the
United States mail in steamers and vcsses TO and
Sr,,,n New York. California, the East Indies, Eu-
rome. &c. proposals will be received for a limited
nnmber ofcertihcates OF shares Of 9 600 each
OLIVER HOLDEN,
General Partner and Chief a gent Of Company,
N Wall street, New York.
Ranking and Commercial Houses in Europe and
.h, America, ON application and investment OF
cnpiial will be appointed agents
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30

HEAVY ARTILLERY--Sicgc, Garrison, Sea
4 4 coast, and Mountain. Prepared by board
OF officers for the Army of the United States. The
instructions illustrated by many plates.
Comics for sale in Washington city by
TAYLOR & MAORY,
Scpt6 Booesolers near 9Th ct.
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30

DniLIp BARTON KEY will attcnd to any
L business he may he entrusted with beforeeither
ofthe Courts of this District; and willalso attend
to the prosecution OF Claims before Congress and
the Departments Office on street.
July lift
The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1851-12-30

ID HOOE 81 CO., Wholesale and rctaildea
4 era in Cnrpeting, Floor Oil Cloths, Mattings,
Rugs Curtain Materials, Shecting, Blankets, and
house furnishing goods generally.
Pennsylvaniaavenue, betwocnftha 5thstrccts,
Washington, ID. G..
Aug 20--tf IUnion.J