New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1851-12-10

VI them
lhus The same l,heuy should be ex,enesd n
Hah-to me family, the commune, and the deoa,,'
mthI Men must be free IA their Individual v;sh,s
nee IN 'hsH 'omesuc affairs. free IN the Affairs,
msnfs
Tie rights Of man cannot De subjes, to the -.
pltatuie OF Tie family, the commune the deoart nent
or NE state on the contrary they must and supoor,
ana protection against the tyranny II the fam't, i,
the commune against that Il the commune In tie
department. against thar q. The department IN TIE
s'aie and against that 81 the state IN the inyiOabe
PING PIES OF lie constitution. IN he right OF refusal
on we par oi TIE commune sni cepaItment % lend
themselves TO the execution Of the tyranny ofthe
stare lney must hndn finally in the real respoa.
sitll " o. public fsncaonaries, guaranteed hy tie
rkh' % 'a.n nlsn' eSoh is'niy, each commune and
tach Gel apartment TO complain and demand punish
meni orcamages Rom functionaries bsfore ,he ,y,A,
nails constituted by law.
The liberty that declare inherent in man I de-
care Inherent $50 IN ne family the commune and
the department.
10 me political liberty is insuhcen, whom coo.
hnsc 10 taSl homeopathic desc Of that consist, IN
the giving OF nay vote penodIcally among the mill
ions OF votes o. my fellow CITIZENS a, an election
want also TO ENJOY individual liberty ami to exes-
else a continual infuet &c on my wn communal ana
departmental Affairs. Thus. the individual nights OF
man (Which are TO be enumerated IN the coasiir.
non) 60 not belong 70 tae legislation OF the state
AND these rights may be mentioned. among Others
freedom OF thought che presS freedom Of creed ire
hson,) and freedom OF association In my op,nion
for the development, support, and guarantee Of HIS
Interests whether moral or material.
The men of The same creed ans he same religion
associate and there IS the church-a free AM mite
pendent ssoca,on, governIrg Itself AZ viii accord
Ing 10 the principles OF rs worship and Us re'igOl
IL has nothing 10 90 with the state. and the safe
nothing 20 60 with II. Here is liberty.
There are countries where men speak dlRereat
languages, ana thus belOngiO different nation t,ss
but IN which these different populations 81 inter
mixed tina, except small sections there is no roda
edteultory OF such or such nationality, which n oe
detached from the state to form another, Whom
damaglIg the rights oi the men belonging 10 Oglr
nauonalueS ntemngled. This Is the Ease an
the SeTvians, WallackS, Sloyacks and Ru,henisns
Hungary. What Is TO be done with them Let
them act the men OF the same creed, wba io,n an
association CHE churchl amt direct and govern lsn
church according TO the principles OF their org .zi-
uon-let them do as does the Protestant Lutheran
Church, to which belong, IN Hungary, which has
It's preachers ana local Inspectors, issued rJm uul-
yeIsa suffrage, IN the parish and parish assemblies
let them have seniors anu seuiOTia inspectors issued
from universal suffrage IN the senlorate and sent
oral assemblies supernton enls and district inspect.
ors. issued from universal suffrage IN the district,
and district assemblies, and finally supreme
court, consisting OF general convention, meeting
annually or oitener, M which each member OF thai
church may vote. and whose president II the inSpec
torgeneTal also issuing RON the universal suffrage
OF all. Such Is an organization eminently Tree and
democratic. In such a manner as | have here
pointed out, the men belonging 20 nationality have
the night 10 lOn and foIm national association for
the development and guarantee of their nationality
they may give themselves such an organization as
they please, chief according 10 their own wal-the
serbiaIs ealing the latter yoyyode, and the Wal.
lachan HospodaI. These may, according as they
desire, unite to that association the mnagemeniof
then church, their schools, and the national edues-
ton in these schools-in a word, they may provide
for that common moral interest which Is called ma
tonality they may give themselves statutes for heJ
association, and they Will govern - according IN
these statutes. Ii will have nothing TO do with the
and stata M
again L. lbertyhere, TOO, Is social nationality guar
anteed by liberty OF association.
Passing on to the commune the commune is free
and INDEPENDENT IN the exercise OF communal ahirs
the manag, ment OF which is based on the myiolable
principle OF universal suffrage belonging 10 all Ia The
commune.
The Constitution defines the conditions under
which an CATION OF families is 10 form COM
mune IL Tecog nizss the inyiolabiy and unatera-
bty Of universal suffrage and the right OF electors
to olsmlss any funcuonary Of their own previous
choice Beyond this, however, neither department.,
LoT government, nor legislature, has the poNef 70
NEEDLE With the management Of communal affairs
Consequently, each commune determines OF rs own
free VIII IN what language 1t shall Dc administered
Ii draws up It's reports, correspondence, ana peu'om
to the department, the government, on the Iegisa
ture IN the language which 1t may have chosen Tor
lhe communal administration and II receives re-
plies nem the departments or from the Government
through the departments, in the same Language
Thus you have nationality IN the commune.
But the constitution guarantees to the minority
the night OF complaining, or addressing demandso
the commune, and pleading It's cause before ne
tribunals in It's own language or OF forming itselt
Into a separate commune, II 1t comprises within
itself what the constitution orders for the formation
OF a commune. Thus you provide for the protec'
ton Of the minority against the oppression OF inc
majority.
Among the conditions indispensable for the con-
stitution of a commune is the establishment Of ons
primary communal school, at least. kept up and
manae ed by the commune. The language oi edu-
al N he sch for 10 NJ
nInlstratlon OF tho commune. And 80 Is secured
the development of nationality in the commune.
But llbeity OF education is guaranteed by the con-
stltullon the minority OF the commune Of the as
sociaiions tas. for instance, the church, national
associations on those of manufacturers, agrcutu-
Tisis, or tradtTs each man. IN fact has the right OF
establishing schools under the sole protection Of
publicity and each hasth night OF prohting by every
school. Here, again, IS guarantee OF individual
rights and OF those Of the minority.
In the matters appertanDg TO primary schools OF
comnunes, the department, government, or egsls-
tuIe, have no Tght TO interfere but IN view OF me
common Interests Of the state, the legislature may
decree h minimum OF public education. For
instance, each citizen being called upon 10 defend
the country against all aggression. primary military
instruction (exeTClse and maneuyres should already
be commenced Ia the primary schools Of the COM
munes. AID the iunctionaTy OF the commune
charged with the direction Of the school, Is Iespon'
siDe to the government for that minimum. For TINS
reason the government shall be invested win mo
night Of inspection, which 1t can only exercise, Row
ever, through the department.
So much for the soyei eighty In the commune as
regsiCs communal affairs. But the commune ana
Its iunctoHaries, elected by the people IN IL, are also
theoxeCutors Of the orcers OF the departments, OF
the CeoTees Of the government, and Of the lawsf
sued rom the legislature OF the country In matters
referytd to the department. the government aad me
legislature. Here Is real democracy. The people
make ls"s, me people also execute them . To thJ
enc the respective functionares Of the commune,
Issued ron universal suffrage OF the people IN the
commune are responsible to the department and mo
government This Is for the efficacy Of government.
But the government cmno. place itself 10 immedi-
ate contact with the communes n7r can II sendtbem
orders except through the respective Departments
whose rights are about 10 be defined. SO much fof
the barrier that protects The commune from the OPP
preston Of government
Passing on 10 the departments
The legislature defines the Departments mo
which the country is 10 be subdivded.
This celimiiatioD shall be made as farzs geOgfapn-
ical conditions permit, with due regard - ms
different nation ates, in order that the inhabitants
49, 1.. aah