New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1851-03-03
LECTURES.

origin and progress oil the Revolution Ia itayI my
remarks this evening will be confined more part-
culsrly tothat part oft connected with the French
expedition 20 Rome, and the present condition of
the Italian States in consequence. France had
short time previously undergone Revolution,
which was the echo Of the Italian movement She
| had committed the same blunder that the Italians
/ had, in permitting Royalists and Reactionists to
/ remain at the head Of the government She had
allowed herself to be panic struck by phantom,
created by the trickery Of the very men she had
spared. As pretended rewsrd for their generos-
ity the Monarchists were, in truth like wolves in
sleeps clothing. endeavoring to creep into the fold
and devour the flock. Having secured an anti Re-
publican majority by means Of the same panic
each faction pushed forward its own candidate,
bat none having sufficient strength to secure the
election of their particular favorite, found 1t neces
sary TO combine and fix upon some one from whose
talents they had least to fear. BY general sccla-
nation. therefore, this distinction was conferred
mon Louis Napoleon This individual, finding
himself unable to consummate his own peculiar
projects and ambitious schemes through his own
merits, leaned for support upon Austria and Rus
STA, engaging on his part to further their designs
as they might dictate, with a clear understanding
that it should be quid pro quo. 1t was at their
instigaton. therefore, that this expedition W as I'M
dertaken-an expedition so outrageously UNJUST IN
its nature that it absolutely necessary TO con-
ceal its ultimate object nnder the pretext OF pre-
venting the international or aggressive move
ments of Austria. The leaders alone were in the
secret. The soldiers, TO man, supposed they
were to fight the Austrians Some time previous
to the preparation Of this iniquitous expedition
~ ha1 ola Asa which
was vested the power Of forming Consultation
suited to the wants the people and the exigency
of the times.
The Pope, in leaving the City and abandoning
the reins Of Government, had, "de tacto," pro-
| nounced his own abdication The representatives
of the people so understood it. and embodied the
same idea in the form of the following decree -
Article l. The Pope, de facto ct de jure, las
| ceased TO govern in the Roman states Art :.
! The form Of the Government shall be Democratic,
unde. the name Of the Romsn Republic. Art. 3.
| The Roman Pontf shall have every guarantee
for the exercise of his spiritual functions" Art.
4. The Policy Of Rome shall be such as the COM
mon nationality of Italy requires. Another decree
| abolished the Inquisition, and apportloned its
apartmentsfor the gratuitous lodgings OF the poor.
Another restored certain lands fraudulently taken
| from them by the Converts. Entire liberty OF
concience was given, In proof oil which TWO Jews
| were among the members OF the Assembly,
| Every movement as characteriZedby the greatest
| moderation. Not a single execution took place.
The opening of the Inquisiton, continued the
| Speaker, was one of the most remarkable occur
| rences consequent upon the establishment OF the
! new Government The civil officers, accompanied
| by crowds of citizens, proceeded to the work.
| withered old monk opened the gate 70 the demand
| of the authorities, and the prisoners were lib
Grated. The Inquistors escaped through the nu-
merous private outlets. Many secret passages
leading to the Tribunal. Torture and Oliviat, were
Lal kix all Id
| plastered over and besmeared with dirt, so as to
| give it the appearance of old masonry. In the
! Obliviat were discovered the remains OF many
| victims who had been preciPitated through
a trap door into deep pit, from which there
| was no egress. Fortunate indeed 1t was ior
the wretched victims if they bad broken
their necks in falling, as they were left to die
| of hunger and thirst, If they survived the
| fall. In the cellars were found rows of bodies
which had been buried in an upright position pos aon
tortions of the skeletons limbs proved that they
had been buried alive and had endeayored to ex-
tricate themselves from their living tomos Long
tresses offemae hair were found scattered 10 az
| fereut places. lie difficult to conceive and Inn
possible to describe the horrors thus untolded to
the people They have learned from it lesson
| indeed which will not soon be forgotten. While
these thrilling events were transPiring at Rome,
the troops of the Coalition, spoken OF IN pre-
| yious part Of this lecture were on their march
|
French Austrian, Spanish and spolitan armies,
together with a few Thousand Swiss IN the pay Of
the King Of Naples, constituted force OF nearly
600 soldiers The French expedition was
comm anded by Gen. Oudinot devoted servant
| of the despotic Princes. Just before embarking
from France he issued general order, in which
the soldiers were given to understand that they
were embarking in defense of Rome and Roman
Liberty. The allied powers invaded the Roman
Republic at nearly the same time. The Austri-
ans commenced operations on the North, the Nea-
! politans on the Southeast and the Spanish on
the South. The French marched directly to the
gates of Rome, where they arrived on the J0th of
| April The defense of the city was contded to
! Gen. Avezzana, who had taken every precauton
for defense which the brietness OF the time would
| permit Garibaldi was posted with his troops,
| numbering 200, among fewvllas outside otthe
| Porto Pancrazio on the right Of the enemy. He
! lefs his position, however, as soon as the
| attack commenced at Porto Cavallegera,
and charging vigorously, repulsed the right
| wing but a portion OF the lett coming 10 the
rescue, he was, alter severe and ProHacted
fighting driven back TO his original position, cap
turing in bis retreat from 800 to 400 prisoners -
| He was soon after reinforced by l,jO0 men, and
then the French were driven back at the point OF
! the bayonet He pursued them about IA miles
| from the walls, and encamped with bis little army
| of $500 troops in sight oil the FRENCH until ne
| was recalled by his Government. The situation
of Oudnot after this defeat was by no means en-.
viable. He had suffered severely In killed and
wounded and had it not been that the military
character Of (" lie Grand Nation was at stake,
the expedition would probably have been absn'
dyped As il was, achievements were immedl-
etelv sent for to France. The only prisoner taken
by the French in this battle, was the good priest
Ueo Bassi, who had exposed himself in behalf Of
the wounded. de was afterwsrd released and
sent 10 Rome on parole, in order to effect an ex-
change Of prisoners. Not succeeding, Heguias
Ike, he returned and delivered himself up 20 the
enemy. His conduct 50 charmed the French that
be was set at liberty.
! while Oudinos remained inactive, waiting for
achievements, Garibsldi removed his quarters
10 watch the Nespohtans, who, TO the number OF
| 25.OoO men, had invaded the Republic from the
! .on,L A detachment of :, 900 met him az Pales.