davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Lynchburg Virginian. [volume] (Lynchburg [Va.]) 1829-185?, 1851-11-27

VNlN Plate. Speltcr. &c
l. 30 boxes Tin Plate l0xliand l4x2o.
$500 lbs Sheet Iron, American and Russia,
10 slabs Spelfrr.
Mil Saws, Anvil.. Vices. cast shear and Ger
man. wedge and blister Steel, for sale hy
Nov e4-s. GEO. BAGBY.
Lynchburg Virginian. [volume] (Lynchburg [Va.]) 1829-185?, 1851-11-27
A SITUATION AS TEACHER

IA WANTED-By young man who has had
many yesrs experience in teaching. and who can
furnish satisfactory testimonials qualifications, Sc
Communications addressed TO ALPHA postpaid
Campbell Court-hosse, Va, will meet with prompt
attontiau Nay G-fsl
Lynchburg Virginian. [volume] (Lynchburg [Va.]) 1829-185?, 1851-11-27
REEERE\CFS .

KEFEKENCES
S1%Ge mnSnsh e s,a,, oa;hier' .;,ier Kanawha, Va
r. Smith, Cashier. Parkershurg, Va
y " n q. JACKSON. % saa'' Cashier ia Cincinnati Ohio
Seth Halsey.
Dudley & Jehns,
e. 7. Williams. SLynchburg, Va.
Dpct T. T. Blackford,
VIM. D. Miller. June 5--s1
Lynchburg Virginian. [volume] (Lynchburg [Va.]) 1829-185?, 1851-11-27
e FINE WATCHES AND FINE

g FINE WATCHES AND FINE
"a JEW WELRA A.-CHARLES A. EFARD,
kaa=Sk H'aicb-MrLey aa9 -Icrcicr LYxcHguR y
fA.--Iae subscriber feds grateful f,r the very b.
er5l patronage extended to him, and would re-
speetiuy isform tie citizens of L.vuchhurg aad
the surrounding country. that he j. rccciving the
largest and finest assortmcnT Of the above articles
that he has ever offered in this market. The fol
lowing comprises portion of his stock such as :
Fine gold and silver htutsnan unl plain cascd
Watches. warranted is carat and | Q icwcls ihc f.
nest offered in this r,aTSc made by Jos. JON
son; Gold fob, guard aud breast Chains, Seals aud
KEYS, Ear Rings and Finger Rings. Of various
kinds; Breast Pins Lcckct>; glass Bracelets: Cuff
Pins; Necklaces; gold and silver SPrctaclcs: Table
and Tea Spoons; Snup and Cream Ladies' Silver
Forks and Butter Knives; plain and set Silver
Combs; gold and silver Pencils; hnc silver Boquette
Cases; gold and silver Thimbles: pocket silver and
pearl Card Gases, and many other articles too nu-
nernu. TO mention. All be asks is a call. he
feels confident that he can suit both in quality and
price.
lsr- lie also repairs Watches and Clocks. in the
best manner and the most reasonable terms.
He invites those who has work done Of TINT kind to
give him trial, as from his long experience IN
that branch of his profession, he feels certain tia;
he will no; fail to give satisfaction his customers
rT- Old Gold and Silver taken in exchange for
anvrhing in nv linc CHAS. A. EYARD.
May pets Doors o6ere E-reh0pge Corner.
WINDOW COrniccs.--Ab beautiful ar
w tiele. of all variety of patterns. for sale low
Oct Dot. A. WINSTON.
FIGURED Table COvcrs.-A splen-
h did article of Centre Table covers. inst reed
aud for sai- how. Foee. e7-se1 A. WINSTON.
FINO SPORTSMEN.-A supply of supe-
Il perior Sporting and Rifle Powder in small
Kegs and canisters, for sale by
Der Cts John Fl. SEAY. Druggist.
Nackercl-lo Bbls. No. Markercl for
vi sale by MILLER & COMPTON.
NV eo-3w
IUNANNER'S Oll@We have in store and
Il for sale, ) barrels Tanners OIL good quality
Nov ats MILLER & COMPTON.
COTTON BATS.-Just received and for
~ sale by JOS. Ii. WILSON.
Nov l3-~ opposite yirginian ofsse.
InDD-FELLOW TEXTBOOK.
~ An calculation of the Theory of Odd-F Fellow-
ship, &c, jus, published and for sale 81 so, by
Aug Arts d. B. PAYNE & BRO.
A PPLES, APPLES, APPLES
"A 10 bbls. extra nice Apples, Tust received and
for sale BY MILLER & COMPTON
Esv So.
Lynchburg Virginian. [volume] (Lynchburg [Va.]) 1829-185?, 1851-11-27
MISCELLANEOUS.
TOLLGATHERER Appointed

Lynchburg End Salem Turnpike Co, win be np-
pointed meeting Of the Directors. at the Far.
mers' Bank Of Virginia. at Lynchburg. or the ID
December. 1851.
Nov 24--t2D a. TUNPEINS Sec'y
HyO CONTRACTORS.-Sesled rrcro-
l. sals viii be received at the otfce ol The North
River Navigation Company, in Lexington. Va, IN
til Friday the 10Th day Of Dccemher. Cor the con
struction of G UARD LOCK, No. 8 at Eimonson's
Dam; for Dams and Guard Locks No. 10 and |, and
also for Field Lock. No. ~.
Plans and specifications will be furnished at the
Office of the Company at any time after the lst Of
December. JNO. A. BNERS,
Nnr 0I=tlon Earrucea-
Lynchburg Virginian. [volume] (Lynchburg [Va.]) 1829-185?, 1851-11-27
GAIT, LEATHER, &c

~ $50 sacks Salt.
420 sides Sole Leather,
so do upper do
$500 bales cotton Ynrn-for sale hv
Oct 2n-ts AGREE & McCLANAHAN.
Lynchburg Virginian. [volume] (Lynchburg [Va.]) 1829-185?, 1851-11-27

Nsm.sr tho Royal College Of Surgeons. London,
0raduata from one Of the most eminent Coegr. oi
,hs Unted States. aud tho greater part of whose
life has been spent ih, the Hospital. of London. Pa
ris, Philslelsl and -lse~herr has effected some
of the mDs, ssforisIing that ever known.
May troubled with ringing in the and head
when ssle-p, great nervousness, being -larm,d At
sudden sounds, aud bpshfulnsss. with frequent
blushing attended. sometimes, ~ijh derans-meat OF
nisi, w.rr cured Immediately.
Il % A ID 70
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08

an occasional and exoeptionsble rule, liable to be
BENT or snapped asqnder at any time by the hand
sumes to execute justice while il knows NOT mercy
and unrelentingy parishes in others the ipfrastio
Of statutes Of which it is itself the most darn ana
conspicuous vielator. II is remarkable thai the
tyrants plea OF necessity does not apply TO either
Of these cases, which have, as we have before said
much more The air of in cruelty bet wsen the
lawful and the unlawful executive, than of stern
and deliberate Justice forced from I'm willing hands
by an overpowering apprehension for the public
safety. In the FIRST case the men were recaptured
by the Vigilance Committee before it could possibly
be known what fate awaited them at the hands Of
the regular judicial and executive powers, and in
the second crime, for the expiration of which two
lives were sacrificed could give no color for ille-
gal violence in order to augment the n1mber of
vicime. In this the republican inqusition is
only following in the steps Of all bodies which have
contrived to raise Themselves to a similar pitch Of
arbitrary and uncomfortable power. The necessity
on which the assumption ct that power was founded
Is soon los. sight OF, and gradual encroachments
are made, till tyranny and cruelty become their own
precedent.
The country where such things caa be done, and
done with impunity, may be rich, but has 70 claim
to the title OF free. That hardy plant win not
flourish on its golden soil. VIVA. matters il under
what name the tyranny is disguised The man
whose life can be taken from him at any moment
by stretch OF arbitrary power, is a slave whether
his serfdon be concealed under the name Of citizen
of a republic, or paraded under the badge Of the
subject Of an autScrat !. viii be vain TO look for
every mind is full Of the spectacle Of such wild and
frightful excesses. The same code Of pablo mo-
raiy which sanctions the knotting of the halter in
public, will find great difficulty in recon,il:ng it
self to the Of the knife the pistol in private
Human nature, to use the words of Thaoydides,
having conquered, the law will ogerly shoS that
she is int perate in anger, and enemy Of her
supefiors. II other consideration could restrain
these fearful outbreaks Of vindictive passion, it
ought to have occurred 10 thoee who thus create
and stimulate popular taste for sights q blood
and scenes whose attractions consist in human sut
fering and the fierce passions by watch it is sur-
rounded, TO consider how easily such craving for
the stimulus Of horror is created, ami aog con-
family it must require fresh victims. The elegant
and philosophical Roman fcuod nO sight AZ! aring
as the deadly combat of gladiators. Tho lovely
daughters Of Spain could smile and dirt OYER the
horrors Of auto Ga fe, just their fair les send
ants do now over the sapguiuary brutaiities OF
bullfgbt. Man. the paragon OF nature, has lurk-
ing abou: him something Of the tiger, and wo to
that State and that people where this deeply seated
instinct is stimulated aud encouraged, instead Of
being rerressed and subdued.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08

tien. But, On the other hand it is TO DO considered
that railways, after they are opened, continue for
able time to absorb capital before they at
tain the entire 90 mPetion. When FRS. opened sta
tions imperfecLy furnished some not yet erected
rolling stock n incomplete, depots for engines and
carriages still in progress, and some not yet com
menced, turnplates, sidings, water tanks, coke
ovens, and . thousand other accessories, require
the lapse Of some years to be fully completed ana
supplied. We shan not, therefore, overestimate
the capital absorbed by the railways open on the
LIST Of January, 1880 leave to its &C ,ount the
amount which the commissioners deducted as rep
resenting the capital which had been expended on
the railways in progress but not then opened.
Thus shall assume that the railways open on the
LIST Of January, 1850, whose total length amounted
to $50 miles, represent total capital OF 2SoooV'
000i
Allowing proportional amount Of capital Tor
the 1000 miles opened since that date, we shall
ind that the 1000 miles of railway now open will
represent total capital of 26O COO, OON.
This result, com bined with the calculations and
returns given in DR.. Lardner's work, (Railway
Economy, D. 1867, supplies data from which the
following table has been computed =
TArE SHOWING EXTENT OF RAILWAYS uSnER TRAFFIC,
AND The AMOUNT CAPITAL INVESTED IN THEM, IL
THE SEVERAL eoUHrRIEs WHICH RAILWAYS have
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08

By comparing these receipts with the average re-
ccls Of past years u appears thai, since ISIS. the
receipts Per mile on the British RAILWAYS have de-
creased IRON L2,1ti TO 81 y9J. being - Der cent;
while the receipts On the French lines have aug
mertsd. in the ssrre interval. from IL IJto G2l3O
bcirg per eea'; AID those " the OCrnaaic lines
have decreased IL e s.il greater ratio.
The usfic ret arms have supplied the necessary
data for nCst approximation TO the oct profits on
the capital IN -ss Cspt IL the Of the United
STAKES, where the tnSDc.sl results ars extremely
various az a. certsln csrrespor dent has charged
" with urderfa.-s both tts Grancial value aGd
The mechasicsl 81 ,4etcy o. he American railways
Neverthelesi. W see a. reason either g. modify our
estimates, % 10 feirac. tas opinions We have ex-
pressed j. j. quite true that some lines are s0dly
constructed, and some railways yield 10 or " per
c.nt dyiderds kOtait in what we have stated Il
az variance WITH thi.; bat when W come 10 spread
these high diviaeLts o iew lines over 10 )JO miles
OfcaLway, the result s greatly modified 10 ap-
Ics-s from tie reports obtained oy d. Lariner,
Tor lCU mIs Vi tEe most active and prof .abe
railCays Ia TIE c.atss, thtt The net profit on the
capital vas Der celt, but large proportion Of
the railroads oTen fsturEcd rg dividend at all while
greet number O. them made small dividends.
(hgiVgy LtopGa, r. ~ 10 msv, perhaps,
therefor, b. assumed that tAe American lines,
taken onc with another Do 10. yield a net profit Of
more thar o,e-bsli that produced By tae 40
miles o. galway, tie reports Vt which are given By
br. Lafdne-
ia 1875, lhs expenses on lhs Belgian and French
lines amounted 10 bj per ceat Of the receipts
AAitf AiaA Nt~l N-S A~NltfA VI bihc I1co
have been statieaary bot tie French have been in
cfeazed about ~ yer cent u is probable. there.
fore that the prop rton o. expenses TO receipts has
ccniinutd urchsrges IN theiormer ease and Il some
what diminished On tte latter
On The 'igimaaiC h.es the average expenses, as
we stated In or rCcenl article this u1ieet ID
reared from returns Obt. med from 5000 miles VI
Hallway under tfsfic. 10 amount 70 v per cent Of
the receipts. Since the er.ch d the returns 10
vhith We then referred The r. oeipts per mile have
ircfs sgfd from A.. to EIiO0, Lcing nearly 20 per
cent. notwithstanding the greatly augmented
length Of railway open. This has Ead, OF course,
a most favorable effect on the PROFITS, aHd We may
Isyiy assume tbat . considerable dssssan ~
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08
RAILROADS IN THE WORLD.
Comparative synopsis Of Hallway Trsos-
pori in thc United states aud Elsewhere.
IL L. H.. L

port in the United states aud Elsewhere.
ffrem the London Tnss Sept. ~
Having briefly sketched the railway communica-
tions executed and In progress In different coun-
tries where that species Of locomotion has been
adopted, we shall bring into juxta-position the
principal results Of our calculations, AMI show the
comparative progress which different nations have
made il this important art. In making such COM
parison it Is especially necessary to consider, not
merely the length Of railway, but the capital whish
has been invested Ia its construction-!or two lines
Of Communication receiving the common dsEomina-
tion OF railway" may differ ffen each other ex.
tremsiy u their utility and value. such line Of
communication, for example, as that watch can
meets, or lately connected, Portsmouth, Ia tue State
Of Nirginia, with Weldon, in the state Of North
Carolina, and that which connects London and Bir-
ming CHAM, both receive the common name Of rail-
way, nearly in the tame manner the log cabin Of
a Missouri settler and BlenLeim palace receive the
common designation Of dwelling house. The mos.
exact measure OF the relative utility efficiency Of
two lines Of railway Is, therefore, cost. Ii is not
however to be forgotten that in adopting this
test, regard must be mad TO the rel ative cost {
land material, and labor. in different localities.
The extent Of railway Communication, and the
expense Of it' construction, may be compared with
reereace % the population whose con msrce !; sub
serves or to the territorial extent Of the country
through Which II is carried.
In the following table, taken, With some modid.
Cstions, irom the work already noticed, are given,
according 70 the most recently published returns,
the 10 pulaton and territory, ana the ratio between
them, Tor the several states In which railways have
been constructed -
rsn.E st3VHs r0fJttriov tvD rERsuoRy, AND
TRINA EEtAriov. ~ rfIE stttssL 90 SrEfEs wrgRs
rtiLHAis "a. tfEN C0NsrHr Gran.
EtaHfg Population
Pep ifgu. Jou'nF per
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08

THE PooR IN PARIS. The Administration Of
Public Assistance has just Published statistical &C.
count CT the INDECENT population Of Paris for 1850.
According 10 this sccouSt, the number of poor ia
miles in that year was 2S,72i, numbering %, l22
persons. In 1929, the nun Der was 627Oj; 1882,
s., st 1885, ~, 539 1871, 66,4,7; ISL, 66 Ils;
lclT, as 900 In order to form just estimate of
these numbers IL is necessary to give the amount of
the population at each corresponding period. As
population remains officially in 1850 VIVA il vas In
lSi7 wiz 03i 096. For the otbsr periods IL iy as
fclowg-In lS2y, Sl6,si6; Ia 1882, IN 2s9 1885,
al 2s6; ls3s, Ss9,3l3; lsil 81 7SS; in fStt gl2,-
g38; and in 1917, ,03i Cyb The average number
Of INDECENT, as compared with the 10 al poTnlation
will therefore be In ls29 ! in 1870; in IS,1, ia
Ill; in 1885, in 10 3; IN 1871, in 1873; in 1874,
in 1871; In lSi1, in " .; and in 1850, IN l63--
Gotignahi's NCIngp.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08
Per Cent of Capi

The estimate here given Of the profits Of the Ger
manic lines viii be found TO be higher than that
given in former article, which referred pre-
ceoiDg epoch Since writing that article We have
ment Of the present year, which show the large in
crease above stated.
In the case Of the United States the above esti-
mate must be received as very rough approx ma.
the truth.
II appears from the above table tina. the average
profits on capital invested in the railways of the
United Kingdom are lower than in any other coun-
try where railways have been constructed and
brought into operation
Coll "a torifr AZ par
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08

1t will be observed that while the total length Of
rail Eay in operation in the United states exceeds
the length open in the United kingdom in the ratio
Of l03 10 20, the capital invested in the English
railways exceeds that invested in the railways OF
the United States in the ratio Of rs to So
The Imperative cost Of construction and stock
per mile in countries where railways 10 any copsi-
derabe extent have been established, is a. fol-
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08

It appears that of the actual number of passen-
gers booked, Al per cent thirdelass passengers
IN England G5 per cent in Belgium, 6S per cent in
France, and "a per cent in the Germanic States,
while IA per cent of the passengers first class
in the United Kingdom, II per cent in Belgium, 7
per cent in France, and 81 per cent in the Germa-
mic States There is distinction Of classes in the
United States
The number Of engines which upon an average
pass daily over every mile Of railway is-in Eng
land 20, IN Belgium Is, and in France II.
The average distance travelled by each passenger
booked is-in England, 15} miles; in the United
States, Is Is miles; in Belgium, y clio miles, in
France, % miles, and in the Germanic States,
IS 20 10 miles,
1t appears from the preceding calculations that
during the past year twenty three millions and
one-thi,d sterling, have been expended on locomo-
ton by railway in these countries, OF which more
than the half has been expended within the small
compass of our own islands.
Oithis amount, about 20 per cent has been ex-
pended on personal l2comotion, and 40 per cent on
the transport of goods of every denomination
The owe ment Of the locomotive engine in exc
cutting this trafi, has been as follows
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08
taken plsoe in the ratio Of the working expenses to

TAKEN pace 10 tne IHsIu VI the W0fEDg e1Pen5o6 70
the receipts.
To approximate, therefore, to the average profits
on the capital invested, We shall assume that the
working expenses are 45 per cent Of the receipts in
the United Kingdom, 63 per cent in Belgium, 20
per cent in France, and 40 per cent in the Germanc
states. BY comparing the profits arising from the
mi cage receipts, above stated with the cost Of con-
struction and equipment per mile, We shall obtain
the following estimate OF the average profits and
capital -
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08

Total Iength

The length Of railway at that date in progress o.
Construction, consisting Of extensions o. existing
lines branches or new lines is not sscsrian.i vita
rres sion but was certainly un0er 900 mle5 ~
this a rart has. of course. been completed AMI
brought Under traffic since the COMMENCEMENT of
the present year Now, as 60 miles Of EeS llne
were bought under traffic in l-jO We shan not DC
Tar rem the truth il We SESAME that since the
ceumencsmeut tf the present year. between 700
ard 900 miles more have been completed as
would give t0tal length Of railway Of I,D)) miles
low CON rlete and 10 operation.
ty The returns Of The Balvsv NommissiOBers 10
aTleas bat on the lst day Of 10 the total amount
% csl tai which had been expcrdcd on the rail-
Vs}s vas I0ltO0OsH sterling Pus this sum In
t,.etv a CERTAIN unasoeFtaiuCd amount absorbed by
the railways then IN progress which tho nanmis-
htLeTs roughly estimated 1T 2D.0JO.O1OL Tnis.
VITA another small deduction. eft Ig5 5GO OOW
.ssIges.l. !? DC Es-Ba.. q, ss~.. a.,s N vpws-
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08

NVaN VT VI
the British railways has been one.thirJ more than
the French twice that Of Belgium, three times tina.
Of the Germanic, and nearly six times tha. Of the
American.
Owing to the want Of reliable general data, VIC
are unable TO supply approximate estimate Of the
average receipts on the American railways.
The following table exhibits approximately the
average length CT railways under traffic, the gross
receipts ard the receipts per mile. during iSJ, in
the countries Of Europe In whi:h this system Of
locomotion has been, to any considerable extent,
Il.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08

1t follows. therefore, that in proportion to its
population, tae capital expended railways in the
United Kingdom is more than three times the
amount expended in the United States, and about
FIVE times the amount expended in Belgium.
BY comparison Of the length Of railway open
with the population, we find the folio wing results:
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08
Total distance travelled by locomotive


engines in 1850 .................;... lS3lsVO
TIE engire therefore moved over Is 000, 600 miles
within the year, being ct the average rate Of 3D.,
$40 miles per day, OF than half of which pro-
digous amount Of locomotion this kingdom was the
theatre
In tie performance Of this work the total quantity
Of coal consumed was million and three-quar-
tiers Of tons-a quantity whose cubi,al bulk would
FL space greater by one-half than the Crystal
Palace.
This movement being shared between passengers
and goods in the tito above Indicted, dnd that
the distances moved over by the passengers and
goods trains respectively, were -
Miles.
Distance travelled by passenger trains. 4IeO0c00
Distance travelled by goods trains. 3l,0ooOoo
Since each passenger train transported on en-
average pssseDge and each goods train 90 tons,
il follows that the ocomotion OF persons within the
year was equivalent to $500 600 eco persons car
Ied one mile, and the transport Of goods to &c.,
00O 600 tons trans ported one mile More than one
half Ct this vast social and commercial movement
was limited to the area Of the United Kingdom.
The number Of loco motive engines employed IN ex-
ecutng this movement was abou. 5000, Of which
2,l36 were employed on the British railways, and
about 3, 200 were constructed IN England.
The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1851-11-08
fsN.rlt "A NNs' ~
Pop iI'tgu JuutuF. per
. $3.50 -


10 appears from The official returns that tks total
length Of railway under traGc in tbs L nitee Mag
dom on the last day Of 1850 was 6,52l miles, rhioa
were distributed os fOll0ws-
The southern press. [volume] (Washington City [i.e. Washington, D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1851-11-22
Direct Trade.

At meeting held on board the steamer VIM.
Castor, by citizens from various portions of the
States of Georgia and Florida, and also delegates
returning home from the Cotton Planters Con-
vention recently held at Macon, the following
resolutions were unanimously adopted:
Resolved, That we highly approve of the
movement now being made by Mr.. Baylor to
establish direct trade between this country and
the city of Amsterdam, and for the further ad
vancement of this enterprise we hereby call a
meeting of all the cotton planters, timber cutters,
timber merchants, mechanics, and ship owners,
on the coast of Florida Georgia, and South
Carolina, and all the other States of the Union,
to be held at the city of Daren on the 2Sth day
of November, inst, to take in consideration the
commercial condition and advantages of this
portion of the country.
Resolved, That committee of five be APP
pointed to address letter to Mr.. Baylor, and
request his attendance and an address from him
on that occasion.
JOHN BESSENT, ST. Mary's,
l. " GARNIE, Sec'y. Chairman.
Jacksonville, E. +.