The New York herald., 1851-11-01

Inc viu aPRie county OF the United States-ths
other highly prssd vsrsssiesNi. on ,Ss anc
border, between Massachusetts, Bav and thu nois9
ware. But Western New York and Northern Ohio
these old districts, and threaten to bear avav ~
palm. BY its residents, the new apple countrv r.
regarded as the finest fruit country in the world
The modifying influence of Lake Ontario-vhich
never freezes, as Lake Erie does-extends more o-
less over the whole level or slightly unduatng re-
gion occupied by the lower portion of tho Upper
surian rocks, on which the rich coils OF This part
Of the State rest, and from which they are generally
formed From Oswego, near the east end of Lake
Ontario, to Niagara, beyond its western or upper
extremity, this region forms belt about 40 miles
wide by $50 miles long; and it the early rosts
Of autumn, which 50 injurious to fruit trees, are
comparatively unfelt The rich soils of this district
produce larger and more beautiful fruit, though in
ferior, it is said in that high flavor which distn-
cuisines the Atlantic apples; and the profit of the
cultivators is estimated, the average, at from
E2O to ESQ acre. In Wayne county, about the
middle of this belt Of land, the merchants of Palmy-
"a "a e. Ga Shipping village on the Erie Canal sent of
5O 600 barrels Of green fresh, and 10000 of dried
apPles in the same year, besides l,OJ0 bushels Of
dried peaches. In Oneida county, part of four
townships shipped on the canal in lSiS. as maLy as
0OO barrels, at from 62t to 100 per barrel
This is very low price for good apples; bat in
New York the best apples sell for three or four and
in London for nine dollars a barrel.
Indeed, so rapidly is the trust culture rising into
importance in this region, and so great the number
Of persons interested in it, that pomologieaL
convention has recently been formed for consider
ing and investigating every thing connected with the
culture Of the apple. Nearly 2O0 recognized ire-
ties OF apples, says Professor Johnston already
cultivated in the States; and important object
which this convention may usefuly keep in view,
is the classification and nomenclature of these dif-
ferent kinds In the States, only the finest q pples
are sent to market-the waste refuse being gene
rally made into cider But il is to be remeIn Oered
taat those varieties which best for the table are
unfit alone to make a pslatabe cider. The culture,
growth, and sele ,tion of cder-appes, the proper
mixture of varieties in the crushing mil, g., is a
branch of husbaudry requiring special knowledge,
tie acquisition ard diffusion Of which may be greatly
promoted by judisiously conducted association Of
growers.
In tie United States also, as elsewhere, the ap,
ple-trees naturally yield heavy crop only every
ccond year But Mr. Pell-the owuer Of ono of
the finest orchards in America, oa the River H1i-
son-has recently been inve ssigating whether an
annual crop might nos be secured fro. his valuable
Newtown pippin trees, OF which he has 1000 in
full bearing His experiments, We are told, we're
perfectly sue ,essfu; only Re had begun 20 appre-
hend that the life of his trees might be shortened
by this course, and that he might have to replace
them so many years sooner. Should this prove the
result, it will STILL probably, be found more profta-
ble-as 1t is with the oorchaTds OF rev Jersey
to have succession OF new trees coming up to
replace the old, than to continue to ather only one
full crop in the two years Mr.. Pell cultivases his
orchard grounds if there were no trees upon
them and raises grain Of every KIM, except rye
which crop, strange TO say, he feds so Injurious
that he beneves three 'sive crops of il would
destroy any orchard which is ess than twenty years
cid. This is physiological fact as yet incapable
Of being explained, but well deserving OF scen'lhs
1t is well known that the quality OF both soil and
subseil have very material influence on the growth
of fruit trees-the apple, the pear, the peacn, and
the coffee tree refusing TO thrive or continue
bearing in favorable climates, If the soil be unpro-
litious. This is not uncommon anJ where, but IL -
distinctly brought out in the case OF the apple
trees at Miramlchi, III New Bruus"ick, Waere the
n ~ n lima tpC 4
bic; yet if good deep soil be pu; under them, they
will thrive well ard bear gooa fruit Another Curl
illustration of the cot Cuection of geology even
with this branch Of rural indutry is, that che ma
ture Of the rock over which the apple trees grow
affects the flavor Of the cider which IS made from
the fruit Thus, the cider ofthe chalk soils in Nor.
mandy differs in flavor from that Of sandy, aud
both from that Of clay soils-the variety ot fruit
and the ms mai cement being the same. Hence the
goat 6ae spoken OF by French connoisseurs, is
a correct expression for this recognizab BILE difference.
Doubtiess, amoDg tbe varied ,oloRicai deposits
Of Western New York, similar differences must
likewise be observed, both ia the fruit and IN
the cider MADE fioG II, which will give pe;u-
liar characters sLd recommendations 20 the pro-
dustiobs Cf tire raj districts. Oi course, ch-
maze must have is doe, aud its effects are striking
enough. 1hps. la New BrunsNiek, fruit OF good
quality l., raised, and the cultivation for homo
cUnsu u ptiun carried on, With n p-oa,; pas tao
applts Ibopgh vi pleasant, agree ole fivor, are
gtLrIa una u. ana csGn0t ccmpet w IA tue large
d, lcate app es o tb. Hnds river, of estern New
X. aha oi NoftberD ONO
AT is probable, think" says Professor JOIN.
ston, ,bat tie great be at of tbs is in reality a.
chief cause Of tue smslness Of the fruit, hlsteoinS
the riIening progress before the apple has had
time to swell. Us scorching effect was seel upon
the fallen fruit, which dried and altered, as If
by artificial heat, ON the side which had been ex.
POSED to It's rays. The ten o'cloek sua has tae
eject also Of scorching the young trees, burning
q stripe all the way down the stem, and finally kll-
ing them. The preventive is to wind . straw rors
round the stem, aud to let all the branches grow
till il has got n rough bark. IL is an interesting
fact that part cfa stem thus protected will chicken
fah,r than the uncovered portion, and, VIXEN the
straw is detached, will be of greater girth "
The celebrated apple toddy Of Maryland, M.
Johnston informs US, Is made as foiows:--"TAke a
redsIeak spIle, roast before ssio fire on china
plate, put il into fpnt tumbler, nash IL vel,
add one wine glassful Of good eognac, and 10. it
stand twelve hours Add then two wine glasses Of
with rs nSims sr
genuine apple toddy, taken as winter driok-mint
jueps taking iu place In summer. Among these
jovial middle States men, stranger has achance'
Of living according to his humor, which the detes-
mined temperance up-holdiDg people Of tho nor,h-
eastern States scarcely permit.
RAILWAY RETURNS "A return relative TO rail-
ways, issued yesterday, shows the folio wing fscts.
The total amount Of capital and loaas authorized
to be raised upto Dece mber 81, 1850 by the vs:ous
railway companies, was c362 1866, Of which
9zel 5O2 I5 by shares, and cSl ,29t Pol by loans.
The amount authorized to be raised during 1850 vas
81 $50 600 by shares, and 81 800 by loans. The
total amount Of share capital actually paid NO on,
tie 3lst Of December, 1850, was Gl5i, ,.t3 s77, Of
which C3l 740 500 Is entitled to receive preferential
dividend, or interest. The total debts Of railway
companies up to the above date, amounted TO cjj,-
5g7,OtS The total amount raised by shares aud
loans at The end If 1880 Gao 27O,7l6, aud tbs
amount which companies retained power to raise,
either by existirg or new shares, or By l)sns vas
cl22. 43l 9Ol ON the 3lst of December, 1850. she.
ergth Of tirgle llpe epen vas ls4i miles; and Of
double line 4o6l milss, Isking a total OF 6.GlII
miles Ihe otgth Of line in course Of construction
~ me t.me Gate was eoI miles, and Of that author
lzed, but o. commenced, 4I7li milss. The total
length OF raiissy for which powers had been OBJ
tsred by the various railway com psaiss previous to
december 81, lo5O was II 1904 miles During lSj0
The following amsgamations have been efcctcdt-
The Glasgow, Dunfsiss and Carlisle, with the
Glak 90 Y. pallleN- kilnarnnck- and AZ uaao. th.