davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07

pose all and every person or persons, OF
any or all parties, who throw any obsta-
Gle in the way Of The advancement Of the
improvement, or contend for the limited
grant. Whenever the locofocos can
show that Mr.. Ewing has recommend
ed the sale of any of these lands by the
U. S., we pledge ourselves TO 60 heart
and hand with them in condemning and
him in this matter.
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07
A story is told of a substantial

A story is told of substantial coun-
try gentleman with money, who, for 4
second wife, took young 5narding-school
miss. Being asked what kind Of pirl
his new wife was, he declared her learn.
ing was tremendous. "She has," said
ne, ''larnt kemes,ry and me,erology.--
fused to think every time Idrew breath.
| expired nothing but ii; but she tells mo
that | take down al every gulp two kinds
OF gin, oxy-gin and hydrogen. aud | a
tee-toidl-ler, tool"
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07
MEMORIALS TO coNeREss.-The mum

MEMORIALS TO CoNGREss.-The num-
Der of memorials received in the two
houses since 1910, is 32,950; of which
$1,000 related TO slavery, directly and
indirectly; 5000 referred TO river and
harbour improvements; $500 to duties
on foreign imports; and the residue, 6,450,
to miscellaneous subjects. OF the abo-
luton and aDti-slavery petitions, $4,000
were received from the New England
States, 1900 from Pennsylvania and
New York, and 1900, the residue, from
The remaining western and northern
States.
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07

Iowa CONTESTED ELEcTIoN.-Clark
of the Gazette. accuses the Wing letter.
writer's in Washington OF lying in rela-
ton TO the report of the committee on
elections, in the Iowa contested election.
His giving place to the letter of Loco
foco letierwfiter, and the endorsement of
his statement, is laughable; but the ex-
peciation that any one would believe
anything he writes, where politics are
concerned is decidedly rich.
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07

NICARAGUA TREATY.-This treaty
was ratified on the 22d, by vote of 42
ayes TO 10 nays. Cass, Clay, King,
Foote, DC. advocated il, and it was OPP
posed by Jefferson Davis, on account Of
the clause which guarantees the protection
of the Government to the canal.
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07

BAPTIsE VS. IMMERsE.-In the exciting
debate by the Baptists before the Ameri-
can Foreign Bible Society in New York.
on Wednesday, upon the question of
amending the Bible, by substituting the
word "immerse' for "baptise,'' the most
prominent advocate OF the alteration was
Rev. DR.. Gone, and its warmest oppo-
nent, Rev. DIR. Hague, of Boston.
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07
AMERICAN lRoN.--The New York
Tribune says:

ffUuHc o1 %
IA friend who has been for some lime
collecting statistics Of the presen, state
OF the iron business throughout Pennsyl.
vania, has ascer,ained that of six hun,
dred furnaces in the State two hundred
and seventy-five are now in the hands az
the Sheriff, and Of three hundred and
twenty iron FORCES one hundred and six
are likewise in the Sheriff7s hands. A
grea, iroa-mas.er the Sheriff would seem
to be. Now is it possible that fools are
such fools that anybody believe all these
failures and storpages are con,rlyed by
the iron men in order to raise clamor
for the revision Of the tariff
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07

From the I'd of April TO the 18th of
May, inclusive, the arrivals Of immi-
grants at the port of New York number.
ed 4l,457-being an average Of nearly
1000 day for IS successive DAYS.
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07

have our log and frame churches, and
almost all evangelical denominations have
organized societies and regular minister's;
SO that all who wish, may enjoy the
blessings of the Gospel.
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07

u Mr.. HARLAN, the Wing candidate
for Governor,nominated recently, has de-
clined, he being not old enough to fill
that post, consti,utionally. e e.'eiis
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07

UNITED STATES SENATORS. fol.
lowing is list of Senators whose terms
expire on the 18th Of March, 1851, aud
whose places will be supplied by Legs.
latures already chosen or to be elected
this fall
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07

friends; threw out a small bait to Mr..
Smith, in the way Of ssundying attach
ment'' to him if he had been the nomi-
nee; and concluded by saying that he
was full blooded Locofoco, and had
ever, and ever would fight TO the death,
the "mean, corrupt and swindling wings.
We had heard it said that Mr.. Hem
would, owing to his obliging course in
the Land Office, get good many wing
votes; and we suppose this high compR
meat to wings will clinch the nail of
kindness, and assure them of his con-
tinued good UiN towards them. Surely
such courteous, dignified language emit
ties him to the support of Wings, and he
will get it in August, .with vengeance.
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07

Notwithstanding the incontroveriibIs
Des Moines courier. ([Ottumwa] Iowa) 1848-1854, 1850-06-07
WHO'S.

The Locofocos having majority in
the Connecticut Legislature, the Wings
will lose one. Ohio is doubtful, but all
other States now represented by Wings
will certainly elect Wing legislatures
The chances are also in favor Of gaining
one in New York. and we may have
one from Missouri, one from Tennesses,
and one from Pennsylvania. Rochester
Democrat.
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18
S4a,l24,993 ls
Estimated expenditures over es'i-
mated means up to July |, 1852.

mateu means up W July L, ioo~ SCoc.ooo ~
The foregoing does no, include the interes, to he
paid on the T. xas boundary stock.
Work Donp
BY the Joint resolution of l4h February last, the
sum Of 50, 450 900 Was appropriated to defray the
annual expenses OF collecting the revenue, in addi-
ton to such sums " as may be received from stor-
age, carriage, drayage, and labor
By the provisions Of the act of 81 March, lS49,
in lieu Of the nett revenue, "ihe gross amount of
all duties received from customs, from the sales
Of the public lands, and from all miscellaneous
sources" were required to be paid into the trea-
sury without "any abatement or deduction" what
ever. This devolved upon the Department the
necessity Of transferring all coin received TO the
depositaries designated by the act OF 6 August,
1886, and transporting the sums necessary for the
current and incidental expenses Of collecting the
revenue. or the exercise Of the implied discretion
ary powers conferred by the same act upon the
Secretary Of the Treasury to designate such other
deposi,aries as circumstances. might require. The
collectors Of customs and surveyors OF interior
ports have, therefore, been made deposltarIes and
given bonds such.
concur in the views Of my predecessor that the
change a sautary one. The labors OF the col
lectors and their clerks, though largely increased
thereby, have been, in general, performed by the
free authorized at the date Of nv assuming the
duties Of this Department
The law Of 10Th July last, directing all con-
veyanoes Of vessels to be recorded at the custom.
houses, necessarily required some addition TO the
clerical fores and consequently clerk for that
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18
To GREAT BRIr IN. To France.
SOL 1903, 500 Sle,O4l s5G,47l,795 81


Table No. SHOWS the Value ct the exports
of co'"m manufactures f:om tie United States
and Great Britain in the year 1913, and the
countries to which the same were sent.
From this t bic it will be seen that the value
Of cntion manufactures exported from the United
States during that year WAS $5,7lS,2O5
And that from Great Britain, the
value was lO9,777,OO9
Which shows how largely Great Britain is de-
pendent npon tits manufacture for her CONNER
cial prosperity.
OF Il e above amount the United States re-
ceived from Great Britain, per British vessels,
for 1913, to the extent Of 8,29lO 36
Our records for the fiscal year
ending 3Oth June, 184S, show an
importation of cotton manuftc-
lures from Great Britain amount.
ing to l4,477,979
The United States should share in the profits
Of manufacturing her own great staple: and in
proportion as we increase the manufacture Of
this and other materials Of which we have an
abundant supply, shall we be enabled to com
mand the produce, manufactures, and coin Of
other nations.
Table No. - exhibits the exports Of cotton
from the United States and Great Britain for
five Years, from 1874 to lS4S inclusive.
BY reference to this table, it will he seen
that the exports Of raw cotton to several coun..
tries from Great Britain, exceed those from the
United States to the same countries, ard that.
the value of such exports of American raw cot
ton from Great Britain to the continent of Eu.5
rope, exceeds the entire exports of American
cotton manufactures to the whole world
Our entire exports of breadstuffs and provis
Ions to all parts of the world, during the pas
year, will scarcely amount to the value of the cot
ton goods imported, and the duties thereon. 4
These tabular statements are intended to show
how important an article in the commerce Of tl@
world, is the cotton Of the United States, ana
if manufactured by our own citizens, how wideii
our commerce might be extended Instead q
an importation Of nearly $2o,oo0,OoO in value o
cotton manufactures in a single year, our ar
nual exports of those manufactures should b
Sl00,00o,00o.
The warehouses Of the United States wi
not be filled with the products and manufacture
Of other nations, so long as we are content I
export our cotton and other raw materials i
their crude state and import the most commo,
articles of clothing (.
Our policy should be by every constitution
means, to encourage the manufacture Of OF
own materials, and, so far as their product mfs
DO, necessary for other nations, exchange the
in their most valuable form, fer under the Pre-.
ent system the gold obtained from our miro
will soon be exhausted in paying for cScessi
importance,
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18

Excess occasioned by said war
(See Statement L and accompany
ing papers from the Bureaus OF
the War Department, la ~
Tho actual and estimated expendl-
lures Of the Navy Department
amount TO S62 Joy 1881 ~
would have been
as per statement |, 43, 600, 473 63
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18
S23,l99,l4s 81

BY deductng this aggregate of excess 81
ls9 1873 81 dol, the aggregate estimated exPen-
oitures for tho year ending Both June, 1852, of
4s,l24,s93 10 dol, there will remain, as the es.
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18

Thus we have, as expenditures
and liabilities churgeable direct
ly to said war, and the acqusi-
tons Of territory consequent
upon the treaty Of peace, the
sum Of S2l7,175,575 80
This does not include many claims pres, nted
and TO he presented, arising indirectly from the
war, their great variety forbidding even an APP
Proclamation either to number or amount.
Statement r gives the annual expenditures from
ls4l, ranging from Sl2 $50, SAC 43, in 1923, to
S25,745,776 . in lS4l, the average annual in
crease being S943 1923 So. exclusive Of all expenses
Of collecting the revenue, &c.
The expenditures for the four succeeding years,
from IS4l to lS45, are averaged in consequence
Of the hange in the fiscal year, the average be-
ing S22,9S7, All 7S
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18
$2o6 ga OFF
S23,0l3,1G2

The countries which take the largest Qn unity
Of our raw cotton are Great Britain aud Frnnre,
and by reference to table No. -, it will be seen,
that our exports of cotton and cotton manufac-
lures during those years to these countries were
as follows:
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18

Sum as above to 30th June, le5
the war
To which may be added interest on
war debt to the Goth June, 1852,
Statement p
Interest on war debt from 30th
June, 80, to maturity (P2)
Public lands granted and to be
granted, (per table K,) as esti-
mated
Claims pending and estimated by
Third Auditor, Statement a.
Texas boundary stock to be issued
Interest on do. for ii years, at 5
per cent.
Mexican claims per treaty, stock
to be issued
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18
IL

Excess sl9,O5s,s5s II
(Ths excess, from the organiza-
ton OF the Navy Department.,
and the indefinite manner of
making appropriations, cannot
be more specifically stately
Pensions paid under acts of lS4s,
to Goth June, 1850, (Statemt.M) l,l9o,l4l 10
20 @M Ts!,~a'sa '0' '''' A"N ''' l,5a5,O 90
''' june 1852 (s,a.emen. NJ ao4,s3O 40
Insta lments and interest under 18th
article treaty with Mexico l6,3So,39o 81
Payment Of liquidated claims
agains Mexico, per act 29th Ju- o, =,
| ly, lS4S 2,oo3,o'o Oh
Renewal Of diplomatic intercourse
with Mexico 3i,ooo oil
Expenses of Board Of Commits
sioners on Mexican claims 44,42o 81
Survey of boz ndary line between -
United States and Mexico 335 OOO VI
Survey of coast of California 2O0,O0U U,
Lighthouses, dry-dock, custom
house, and marine hospit-l in
California o4o,eoo W
Territorial governments in Utah
and New Mexico l47,3OO VI
notes WAR l5O,679 Al
war war " ~ 1924 ,7l9 Os
And for objects not included in the
sum as the expenditures for lS45,
made in pursuance of acts of the
Government during a period
subsequent to Sd March, lS45,
and prior to 4th March, lS49, in
GLIDING Post Office deficiencies
| and Census as follows. See state
ment o -,
Seventh census l,2io,uuU w
Erection OF Patent Office bou,OOo,o'
supplying deficiencies in Post or
flee Department and for De-
partment mail matter l,76S,732 ,
Expenses of collecting the revenue
from customs, lands &C., never
exhibited in the expenditures
prior To 10Th June, lS49 6,Sl3557 "
Expenditures on account OF Smith
s,nlan Institute 4l2.l34 II
Refundng duties, debentures,
drawbacks, b"uules, &c. 1898, l66 st
| Building revenue cutters before
nue. lOl, es9 81
To which sum Of Sl35, l49,33O II
may lie added for building light
houses, beacons, huoys, &c. 974795 q
Marine hospitals, custom houses,
and support ther eof l,2So,74l 81
Increase Of expenditures in the
legislative, executive, and judi
ciary departments the sum Of 4,2O5,75l 81
enumerated 529,443 g.
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18

Goth June, l646-T-'S- g. 81 and 50, or the
seven years subsequent TO the declaration Of war
with Mexico. Also statement (K), showing the
quantities and values of the public lands required
to satisfy warrants issued, and to be issued, under
the several acts granting ,nds, distinguishing, OF
such expenditures and values, those occasioned
by said war from those demanded by the other
wise ordinary requirements of the Government
upon the peace establishment prior to said war.
The actual and estimated expenditures for the
seven years ending on the 30lh June, 1882 amount
to statement u 1924, SO7 ,407 %
The expenditures for the year end
ing Both June, 1915, the year
Immediately preceding the war
with M-xco having been S2l,-
1896, 049 SO, the aggregate ex-
penditures for the seven sue
ceedng years upon that basis
would have amounted to las, $50 ,345 81
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18

This sum is composed Of the following particu-
lars, viz;
Civil list, foreign intercourse, and
miscellaneous, including Mexi-
can indemnity Sl2,7l3,625 Is
Expenses of collecting the revenue
from customs 2,45O, 900 10
Expense, Of collecting the revenue
from lands ZOO 90
Army proper, &c. l0,2S7,l isl 80
Fortlfcations, ordnance, armiEg
militia, &c. ,2,3OI SIS 46
Internal Improvements, &c. l,3O,71S ~
Indian department l,75l.3l7 IS
Pensions 2,645, 900 90
Naval establishment, including
dry doc and ocean steam mail
contracts l0.l59.375 %
Interest on the public debt 1865 1921 70
Purchase of stock Of the loan OF
Is47 $40, l5G 96
Redemption Of stock issued under
act 9th August, 1886 3O3,39l Oh
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18

This excess of expenditures is to be accounted
for as follows:
The actual and estimated expenditures ofthe War
Department for seven years subsequent to the
declaration Of the war with Mexico. are
Sll7 ,S76, 495 81
Under peace establishment of l845,
been 35,643, 749 81
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18

Excess for the year ending goth
June, 1852 S26,744943 81
By reference to statements IS, |, M, and o. it
will be seen that, of these estimated expendi-
lures for the year ending 30th June, 1852, the
excess over the expenditures Of ls45, required
by the War Department in consequence OF the
war and our new territories, is S6,O02,65S 43
NAVY Department 1880, 1856 90
Pension acts of lS4s $40, 600 90
Mexican instalment e. interest 3,1s0,000 90
Survey Of boundary lire l0O,OOO w
Light. houses, dry dock, &C. in
California 100000 ~
Territorial governments, Utah and
New Mexico 7O,2OO 90
Interest on public debt 1866 1921 %
Indians in new territories l30,S00 w
Collection Of the revenue from Gus
toms, bountIes, SC. not included
in lS45 3,4S4,775 o.
Expenses land sales do do 100 200 90
Patent Office $50, 1000 90
Payment acct. Of the principal
Of the public debt 643,54S 90
Survey Of the coast Of California l0O,00O UO
Smithsonian Institute 30,9l0,- ID
Deficiencies in Post Office Depart
mtnt 100000 90
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18

Leaving balance in the Treasury
July !, 1850 S455, 900, SO
The estimated receipts and expen.
diures for the fiscal year COM
mencing July l. 1851. and end
ing June 80, 1852, are
Receipts from customs 45,O0O,0OO 90
Receipts from. public lands 10000 90
cea 100000 90
Total estimated receipts 46,9OO,OOO 90
Add estimated balance in the
Treasury July !, 1851 458.996 SO
Total estimated means SAT ,258. 1896 so
-
The expenditures for the same period, as esti
mated by the several Departments Of State. Urea.
sury, Interior, War, Navy, and Postmaster Gen
era, are
The balances Of former appropriations which will
be required to be expended this
year s4,929 ,224 81
Permanent and indefinite appro-
pris.,ons 9,52s,279 II
Specific appropriations asked for
this year 1861 ,4s9 o.
S4S,l24 1913 IL
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18

A diminution in the average, as
compared with the four preced,
ing years, of
Amounting, in the aggregate, to
The estimated expenditures for the
year ending 30th June, 1852, are
The expenditures under the peace
establishment Of lS45, exclusive
Of the public debt, were
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18

Showing an excess over the peace
establishment Of lS45 of ST.
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18
3,48l,l59 95

l3,924,635 so
4s,l24,993 ls
2I,3sO,O49 sc
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18
To which sum Of

may he added for building light
houses, beacons, huoys, &c.
Marine hospitals, custom houses,
and support thereof
Increase Of expenditures in the
legislative, executive, and jud.-
ciary departments the sum Of
And for miscellaneous items not
enumerated
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18
Sl45,l47,O62 43

SO, chargeable to
Sl24,252,7l9 %
l3,367,544 06
4l,l73,493 80
l7,346,75O 90
I6J,O69 81
i lO,0O0,000 90
100000 90
3,25O,OOO 90
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18

l6
974,795 &c
l,255,74l 81
4,2o5.75l so
529,443 81
The southern press. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1850-1852, 1850-12-18

Since that period the following RI
been made, viz
On account Of the debt Of the cities
Of the District Of Columbia, as
sumed by the act Of Goth May,
1886
On account Of the old funded and
unfunded debt
OF Treasury notes
And Of the stock Of lS47
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1850-06-06
G0Od and cheap Watches.

JEWELRY AND SILVER-WARE
wholesale aud relaiI,a lat No. 96 Moth End
street, corner of Quarry, Philadelphia.
Gold lever watches, nll JeweIed, l8
carel cases. $40 and upwards.
Silver lever do, full jewelled, Sl6 and
upwards.
Silver Iepine do, jewelled, sll and up
wards.
Silver quarter watches, from 80 TO. 10.
Gold pencils, from 81 so TO 81
Superior gold rings, from 81 to so cts.
Other articles in proportion. All goods
warranted 10 be what they are sold for.
Constantly on hand, full assortment
offine GOLD JEWELRY and SILVER
WARE. Also. an assortment Of NJ. j.
Tobias & Co. f. Simpson Samuel and
Brothers.; f. S. Yates g. Co.; John Har-
rison; G. e. r. Beesley's, and other su.
perior PATENT LEVER Movements,
which will be cased in any tyle desired
Arrangements have been made with all
the above celebrated makers, the best
manufacturers of Liverpool, TO furnish at
short notice any required style Of Watch,
for which orders will be taken and the
name and residence of the person ORDER
ing put on if requested.
o. CONRAD, No, 90
North Third Street.
Importer of Watches.
January /, ls50.--ly.49
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1850-06-06
Rheumatism.

Dr.. Henry Turner's Rheumatic Lciment.--
This superior remedy foI the Rheuma,ism, bu
recently introduced irto this country by the pre-
sent proprietor has long hee known m Eng-
cpnd, London particularly, as The best aud uoly
certain cure for that distressing and painful al
iection. Its effect VI on the system is mild aud
Eothing, at the anne time certain and eiiicacious
rarely falling to give relief upon the first appli-
cation, und by repeating it few times, per-
mauent cure is effected.
We have Known cases of pain in the breast
and back, with soreness, of several weeks dura-
ton, cured ia Que single night and heard the
patient express his grateful thanks that such re
mejy was ever discovered. We have also heard
indviduols say they would give thousands of
dollars for a cure for rheumatism, yet the same
lndividuls were cured by two bottles of this great
Liniment, costing but fifty cents each. Who
would regret ewing such price for such rem
edy Ito be free from The excutiating tortuoe Of
that most painful of all diseases.
Afflicted go procure bottle of DR.. Turner
Liniment and be healed at once I; DO not longer
delay, but cast aside all nostrums and cure alls,
for the one thing needful to insure cure. Sold
wholesale and re,ailb d Wondsrly S Co. pro-
prietors No 20 Commerce street, and thet gen.
erul agents Rowand and Son, No 2l North Sixth
street, philadelphia. -
Also, b. J0HNR M0YEF Bloomsarg. 6in
The star of the north. [volume] (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1849-1866, 1850-06-06
To Physicians, Druggists and Country
NJ + r C II A N T S.

DR.. ]. n. keeler and Bro most respectful
ly solicits attention 10 their fresh stock of
English, French, German and american DRUGS,
Medicines, Chemicals, Varnishes, Paints
Oils, Dye Stuas, Glass ware, Perfumery, Pa
tent Medicines sc. Having opened a new
store No. 294 Market st. with full supply
of Fresh Drugs and Medicines, we respect
fully solicit Country dealers to examine on
stock before purchasing elsewhere, promls
ing one and all who may feel disposed TO
extend TO us their patronage, TO sell them
genuine Drugs and Medicines, on as liberals
terms as any other house in the City, AM 10
faithfully execute all orders entrusted to us
promptly and with dispatch
Que of the proprietsrs being regular
physician, affords ample guarantee OF the
genuine quality of all articles sold at their
establishment.
We especially invite druggists and country
merchants, who may wish TO become agents
for Dr.. Keclcr'S Celebrated Family Medicines,
STANDARD and popular remedies,) to forward
their address.
Soliciting the patronage Of dealers, we re-
speclGuly remain,
J.N, KELLER & BRO, Wholesale
Druggists,
No 294 Market street Phila-33-1y.