New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1850-11-06

north end OF this city that the aooYc-haned por-
ton of London north of Holborn does to 81 the
West End" The Long Island section of this
metropolis may be St Pancras," but the
Wards north of Fourteenth st must always be
the New-York Westminster" "Marylebone,'
and Pimlico"
Geological and Typographical View of New
Jcrsey."....No. !.
To he Editor Of The Tribune.
AS you are well aware the study of our own coun-
trys geology is adeeply interesting one, and when
accompanied with actual observation, calculated to
impart a great deal Of valuable information in
gard to the mineral wealth of the United States
According to agreement, 1 herewith commence
my series Of letters beginning with the Geolo8i-
cal and Agricultural aspect Of the State Of New
Jersey,
That portion of our country called by Geograph-
ers, Ncw,Jersey, lies between latitude 38 80 and
d. 81 north and contains an area of 4,G5G33O
acres or ,276 square miles. The geological fea-
lures of this State may be properly classed in
three general divisens-the alluvial and southern,
the secondary, billy and middle; and the northern
and mountainous, comprising the primitive and
transition formations. The southern Division,
which is bordered on the South and East by the
Delaware Bay and the Ocean, on the South and
West by the Delaware river, about 10 miles in
length and IS in breadth, is, with a small excep-
ton, almost entirely OF an alluyial formation. On
the South side of the Ncvisink hills it is very sell
dom that the surface rises above the level of the
Ocean 60 feet; but those ridges adjacent to the
sea, rise in some places nearly 310f feet 1t is ev-
ident from their geological organization, that they
now stand where the waters OF the Ocean former
ly rolled III many places resting on large beds OF
oyster shells and other marine relics, nterminged
with clay and vast quantity of sea mud The
soil in this section is very sandy, highly colored
with oxide of iron. The strata contains reddish
sand and pudding stone cementcd by iron. Large
rocks and beds OF ferruginous sand stone seeming
ly more in place, OF more recent formation than
the alluvial below, containing sufficient metal to
be called an ore Of iron, are frequently discovered.
The sands OF the sea shore are pretty strongly
blended with particles of iron; and the water OF
some of the streams which descend from the top
of the Strata arc red with oxide of iron. Efflor-
essences of the suphates of iron and alumine are
sometimes observed; and spontaneous combus-
ton is frequently noticed here, generated in the
beds Of sulph uret OF iron.
The strata Of the eastern declivity which is
very steep, and exposed to frequent land slides.
Few agricultural improvements have been made
on the hills as they are rough broken and covered
with thick forest in which deer are still discovered.
A most grand and picturesque view OF the Ocean
8 disclosed from their summit and the seaboard
presents an unequaled panorama, as far as the
eye cab reach. Though not so extensive, the
prospect Oh land is no less interesting In this
hill on the side Of the Nevisink river, some years
ago, somewhat strange snd remarkable cave
was discovered, which is 80 feet long and 10 IN
breadth, and contains three different and distinct
apartments. The roof is very low and the en-
trance is difficult. The upper part or roof, is
formed in an arch of soft rock through which there
is constant filtration of water which percolates
through the pores, and keeps the sandy bottom
always damp.
The soil OF this alluvial district is composed of
sand and clay someties one OVERLAPPING the other;
but very often intimately blended, the union OF
which forms toerably fertile loan, Which Is ire
ouently found on its northern and western border
of considerably varying breadth. AT one point
north of Salem it is about eight miles wide; but
south of that town it is sometimes found to be less
than mile On the east OF this strip OF loamy
soil, and west of the marsh which girds the shore
of the sea, lies an unusually large sandy plain,
scarcely broken by any inequality, and originally
covered by shruboak and pine torest-but the
wood from great portion OF which has been cut
off two or three times. In this section there are
many square miles of territory on which there
| dwes not human being, and where still the deer
may be found, and occasionally the volt and bear
are discovered. In this sandy desert however,
there are found strips of fertile soil which yield
compensatory crop of corn and rye to the abors of
the husbandman; and, in many places the deep
silence OF the forests are awakened by the sound
OF the woodman's axe, and the din of the forge
hammers and the gloom of the forest is broken by
the light OF the furnace and glass mandatory
-Four hfths ofthe auvial district is covered bythis
immense forest, and scarcely half century ago
the general value of the land was not more than
ten cents per acre AT that time there was but q
limited demand for the timber, the more substan.
tial, such as oak and hickory, being preferred for
architectural purposes, and the land was thought
TO be too worthless to pay the expense Of clear
ing. But, when furnaces and glass manufactures
were established, the woodlands in their locations
became gate Valuable and, when the increased
humber Of steamboats, first lined the Delaware
the wood from the interior Of New-Jersey began
to increase in value, and in few more wears, its
price was quadruped. The demand for such fuel
steadily increased the former almost worthless
pine lands rapidly advanced in value and the once
ld!e inhabitants OF the sesboard, availed them
selves OF the moment and found abundant and
profitable employment in supplying the growing
demand. Since then, anthracite coal has been in,
tToduced, which is far superior as a fuel, and
the consumption OF oak wood has been greatly
diminished in consequence; but larger amount
OF pine wood has been called for, for the purpose
OF lgniting the fossil The portable culinary fur,
mace enhanced the demand to greater degree, as
| thousands OF these useful articles are. during the
| Summer, fed by charcoal, All these circunstsnces
combined, have produced an entire revolution in
the value of pine lands. The former price Of ten
cents an acre, has been increased to ten dollars .
amp where the landi conveniently situated to the
markets, it is now worth from thirty to fifty dol
lars an acre. Stripped of every particle of timber
the soil Itself, m many places. is now bringing
ing from 80 to 40 years fog the young oak trees TO