The New York herald., 1850-08-21


the boundaries Of the species we .dnd varieties
which closely resemble their neghbors in adjacent
species while their afhhies with the central types
not really matter OF much conseq nc which
side Of them the imaginary boundary line OF ths
species is drawn An exact representation of tless
relations would require the three dimensions space
On plane surface we have only an approximation TO
the truth with ths bounds lines we represent the
species described in books without them we see the
species they exist in nature. If all the examples
OF this kind should be enumerated, very few species
would remain isolated OF such, might be united
by further discoveries; while others might remain
isolated, since 1t is part Of the general plan
of organic nature that the spaces between tho
groups shah be unequal, so that spe-
cies SEINE genera, some families, sc shau stand
quite alone. The principle is not peculiar to the
terrestrial mollusca Of Jamaica The Naiadm and
the MeIlnid@ OF the United States which have been
so thoroughly studied by Mr. Lea of Philadelpha ara
exactly In the same but the facts expanded
over wider geographical limits. The some Is true OF
the snas and fresh water shells OF Europe Of many
groups of mari molluscs of bshes of birds and
of animals The special investgation OF varieties IL
rapidly filing up the gaps which were supposed
to exist between species Not dissmilar is the
the human species which graduate into each other In
such manner that the fact rs eten used argu-
ment for copfounding all the ia one species
Yet IL IL admitted that the differences between
human much greater than bet veen any
distinct species OF animals Our conclusion is briefly
expressed in the proposition, that spesies the
same nature ss genera that Is are to be founded
typee. wbe ther net inpassable vacuum can be
found between the types The second inference the
nature Of the SPECIES and higher groups is this that
the patsral types are not susceptible OF being
wholly comprehensed in few successive ranks,
in each of which all the types shall be Of ex-
actly equal value but that there is indefinite
series OF types within types which ineQudistaut
IL in group that Of Heiir Snoto ard the kindred
Species it practicable to establish species of
given value in another; as that of CyndrsiIa Asa-
II Is impossible to find species Of the value
We must ther make numerous species of less value
or regard the group rs one species OF greater value
The same doctrine illustrated also by the com
psrison Of the genus Helix in which the number of
W sub ypeea re nd tha
types Of species distributed with great regard to
locality 1t Is obvious that much Of the perpexity,
which results from the graduation OF species into each
other is avoided by those travellers who take but
few specimens from distant localities and by thoae
collectors, who satisfied with single we'll cha
racterzcd specimen Of each species Such collection
are valuable as exhibiting types; but they very i'm
perfectly represent the relations Of types small
group Of human figures, of which ons should bs an
Apollo, another q Congo negro, with two three
ether as well characterized specimens of distnct
history Of mankind II is Obvious also, that dif-
ference of opinion between any two naturslists on
the question whether given species is good species
does not necessarily indicate want Of Discrimination
In the observers It rather indicates that the type In
question Is little above below the rank into which
II is attempted 10 force It, What shall say now Of
the logical notion Of iae species which would both
alphabetically characterize sspecies by unity OF ORR
gin and require us to End an impossible gulf between
those species which most closely allled' such a
doctrine only shows how the world would have been
constructed II the philosophers had made 1t. We will
venture to affirm that the facility of discovering such
species will he inversey the knowledge Of the
III. Our second topic is the origin OF the species.
The common notion Of itrns settles the ques
ton OF unity or plurality Of origin by definition The
facts couduct to the Inference that the existing sps
cies we're introduced by the creation Of many ind
vduals, which were modelled according 70 certain
types that mostly but not wholly local aud which
differed nom each other upequaly as do the existing
the pbicai distribu,on ofthe varieties In the
great majority OF species, the varieties are 50
distributed that the space .hieh is occupied BY one
Now. the circumstances ofocaity had produced the
local types by notification Of one original type Of the
specieF, then all the varieties which inhabit locality
should have been affected. The geographical conci.
denc- OF variety with several lscsi varieties is
original stituona pscusrty Of character in each
variety The general mode Of ditribution holds
In the case OF entire rpeciss some are very ocs and
Of several local species We have then indstinct
rietes distnct vsristis doubtful species good spe
cies and groups OF species, and all tho ntermedis,e
types, distributes in the same manner. Nov, ths
theory OF unity OF origin requires u. TO believe that all
the Effects Of locality and although sps cac t,pss Of
exactly equal value do exist In all groups yet
the types which are exactly Of specific vsiue
created In centre In single stock hut that those
types which pr-he nsive than species had
plural origin Of exactly many they contain good
Some observations on the sold formation Of Mary
land Virginia ana North Carolina we're m ade by Pro-
fessor w r. johnson, Of Washington.
Prof w. u. Rocxss followed Mr Johnson in some
ferrous belt In the United states and upon the condi-
the surface and st considerable depths He stated thst
the general direction of the aurerous beds oorres-
they ere associated, The quarts veins usually run
parallel with the bedding of the adjacent strata but
occasionally In an obliquely transverse direction
OMEN they are single, but sometimes ramifying alt IL
evident that tho great mass Of these gneous material
rose to the surface between the dividing planes
Of the tacose and mcacious sstss In which they
Prof called especial att. non 10 ths very dnsrsnt
condition In which the gold found in the superficial
parts OF the vein and Mt depths below the reach Of
w1Efa rfa aaaara Ma s~A - sAa ~.
quartz Is esvernsus exhibiting the cavities formerly
occupied BY the suphuret OF iron with which the gold
psnoes aud rpsnsles Of gold; but the sulphuret Of
iron has been dsoomposed and removed. The result
ing oxide Of iron found collected along the sides
iron ore while much q the gold l. lef In grains or
small s~sresasd masses In the body Of the quartz In
,ns, s.na,,Dn, n u, s,p.rs.on sonp,rs,,. ssy
the ingedient which retains the gold vah most tens
city nndsr the ordinary purifying processes Prof r.
bstveen the association. of the gold near the surface
Of the vein, and at considerable depths a. u plsiny
Indicate: the actual produetlvensss Of the veins
Mines might be erp ctsd 10 diminish, ster reaching
sems depth below the surface. while the real
amount OF gold pres-nt In the rock would Probably be
ss great, OF greater, below than st the surface
Doctor Boassrr, OF Boston, communic atei his re-
searches on the origin, deveopement. aud gsturs Of
shs spermatio particles throughout the vertebrate
sscrIos os PHYSICS, NsrHsN.rIc., AND sss~rsrsr.
Professor PIsHos of Cambridge hsss, In the Chair
secr~tsrie.-P Professors LOOMS sud Rodg-rs
Professor OtssrsD then commenced w reading his
paper, on some peculiar properties u compound Of
lard snd rosin lie said -
do not tnov that notice has bSn taken BY
chemical writer's Of certai peculiar properties pos
ssssed BY compound formed Of hogs lard. and the
common roen Of the sheps An accident hrst led me
TO observe something rem srkAbls In this compound,
end have since made few experiments With view
further invsstgstipg the relation betveen these TIVE
substances Wishing 70 10 the brass plate Of an old
air pump, 90 a. TO make close joint With the receiver
nsa been sccustomed 70 sPply 70 the plate dix OF
dssns more completely impenetrsbls 10 air sddsd
70 the lart small quantity of rosip and matted than
toSetber. expected the rosin would give grester
hardness TO the lard, and make OIL the pores OF the
lssthss more ensctusIy, but vss surprised 70 hnd
nse the change produced BY the ro.ls vA 10 part
70 the lard tsndency 90 rerssin In the fluid state
thas IN winters day, the compound when cold re-
named In the state Of semi Gud at the psrstss
81 room moderately heated found also that this
preperuen, vhsn applied 10 the leather Of ths air
lump rendered " peculiarly sofs and At the same
uns, very mpsrniahs 30 air, 90 ~ 70 form geod
jofnt vtA the recever. Bet what more particularly
m aff sVffO "a. tf.a kawfu Ina "A.