davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Herald of the times. [volume] (Newport, R.I.) 1849-1856, 1849-02-01
Maakirnis

DURE Concentrated Extract ofVanllla. Rose,
J. Lemon, Bitter Almonds, &c. &c this day
received and for sale at RIDEER'S
Mayl0 97Thamcs Street.
Herald of the times. [volume] (Newport, R.I.) 1849-1856, 1849-02-01
Butker.

f0aTubs AMI Fnkins OF choice Family Eutler
w just received and r sale Ivy
NoV2l VI. HALL.
Herald of the times. [volume] (Newport, R.I.) 1849-1856, 1849-02-01
scrOfuiGws, 7scrrETi:il isgiG CaUiR-
sscOss Diseases.

JanndIce, Indigestion, UyNpepSll, H.TTlouS
Disorders, Tuuor ia the Throat swelling OF
tie Limbs, salt kheum, Bad Ilumors, Can
ccrouS Sores Chronic Calarrh Head ache,
Nervous Irritation, Loss of Appetite, Liver
Compliant. Co>liyencS,, weak aud sore som
ach, Ulcers and Sores, Pain in the Bones
Rheumatic Affections, EryNpela, EluptionS on
the face, Kings Evil Languor Debility biz
zine>s, Sallow Complexion, Loss % Strength
and Flesh all those disorders which arse
from the abuse of Mercury, or from an impure
Herald of the times. [volume] (Newport, R.I.) 1849-1856, 1849-02-01
NOTICE

w shall present our customers with
W Bills on the lst Of January, as usual,
respectfully ask for prompt settlement.
All thai have demands agrinst us, will nj
ga II and receive their pay.
dcc2l. T.. +. & !. X. NEWTOI
Herald of the times. [volume] (Newport, R.I.) 1849-1856, 1849-02-01

X RECOMMENDED by emi.
nent physicians as n ">ale.
convenient aud very eiiica-
cionS Remedy )" as one thai
will OF dlssapPoini the reason.
able expo Citations oithose who
use it, and superior to any
other within their knowledge
for NnnnhS. Cnll. md Inn.
Herald of the times. [volume] (Newport, R.I.) 1849-1856, 1849-02-01
The Vegetable Pulmonary
B a = s A. M .

Taed by The Experience and OJserra,ion OF
Thousands, for upcards Of Tcentv Years
mast -
Herald of the times. [volume] (Newport, R.I.) 1849-1856, 1849-02-01
Female Complaints, Family Use,

| For all Female Complaints, these Filter
will be found the most pure, delicate, pene
ira ing and effective medicine ever used. The
general directions. for various disc reS, which
we have already given, ore properly applicable
to females, with this exception, that ladies Of
delicate constitution should modify them
slightly, Unnecessary. ThUSe suffering from an
obstruction or irreguarity, >hou d use them
freely, until nature Is restored to her proper
action.
Their warming, anmating, aud strengthen
ing qualities will be highly appreciated fhey
etlectually remove nausea, heartburn, nervous
irritation headache, swelling OF the + ct and
limbs, &c, and impart light, vigorous ard
healthy feeling to the whole system.
TO Ladies afflicted with Dyspepsia, lndiges-
ton Debility, feeble circulation of the blood,
small t.rupllons on the face, yellow or dlngy
comp exon, these bittcfS are Of incSllmable
value. Il has been truly observed that beauty
OF complexion is ,:Sible health and this can
only be obtained by ksepmg the blood and in
lernal functions, in a sound and healthy cond.
lion. Beauty cannot exist independent of
haalfh
Herald of the times. [volume] (Newport, R.I.) 1849-1856, 1849-02-01
MARTIN EATON.
llOOH'y ,S0rS1D1riU, II,,

''"V" y -" "S"pWIHO FNIr.
); = wood, VI. ID. Of this city, offers TO III,
public an article of SarSaparilIa ol which wo ~
vl'e The attention of our readers. II is becom
lng much noted from many reliable sources :
we believe 1t TO be carefully prepared from
arlce> purely vegetable and bv o >k killful rbv.
stefan. Ills Standing in SOCieIy We presumc
will insure public Confidence
Albany Ffeeholder, April 7. 1913
We mvltelhe attention OF our readers to tb,
advertisement mother column of to DAVIS m
per OF }. ;. Wood, NJ. ID. Of this civ. IIi>
oarNaparllla Elixir is becoming very popular
among our medical friends and particularly
among The oillI'ted. This preparation 1--WE are
a>Nuied) IS purely vegetable, and carefully pre-
pared by Skllliul physician whose S,andIuy II
society - sSnitcent TO insure public confidence
From what We have seen and heard from reliat
Die sources, sud the high recomibe ndations o
persons ct standing, physicians, clergymei
S'' We thIhh we hazard nothing ia pronount
ing " the best and most concentrated mr.,
Paih'"n oi Sarsaparllla before the public
rom ihe y. y. R"iOtmor. Nav 1T, lS1S
VI j :. Woods Sarsaparlla Elixir, we re
gard as the very best article of the kind eve
ousfcd I" the American people. IL is mucI
'"on:'r and Tar superior, even to Dr. Town
send which has acquired so much notori,,t,
'iaNIng use for The article, we called and n,o
'ured bottle few days since Seyeta
members oi our family were quite unweII
me "i whom had the Fever and Arue.and
We az" happy To say that by the use Of oul,
'"e p"itle those afflicted have ncail, or ami,
'een restored TO health. We think w.. I'm
"ru noihIng IN saying, that thu Elixir will
'ehtht every disease mentioned IN the sdy,r-
.,tnent 'u'''-
" ID n
~. ID. None genuine. unless tca,iog n,
'tHIen Signature Of J. =. Wood, on the 1t,,T,
''upPer' ahd ihe name Stamped On lhel onl,
W." YOU Ladies aud G'hil, m,n. who sbaul
~ '.,N "SdiciDe - eak Of u ~ it de>,Iv,s. tol
o,r ou' w ,'iend> We ak Of you ncrlIng lur a
air and dcservIng recommendation.
Herald of the times. [volume] (Newport, R.I.) 1849-1856, 1849-02-01
For Children.

These Bitters MAJ be given according 10 he
directions, IN doses adapted 10 theit age, with
perfect safety and good effect They are the
most natural medicine that can po. sbly be rSed
and may Justly be pronounced an ineSIimabIe
dOmeSl Ic blessing.
Herald of the times. [volume] (Newport, R.I.) 1849-1856, 1849-02-01
~. -ytECCE'S
SlSapariiil, Tomato AID Niif Cherry
9. ;"TyrsT|gsw, r::2 rlI,I5 = sy

..-s ~ ~ 4 - 90 ssj ~ - - eSs-s s'-1 .
3. SD ceRfs per G0!iic.
NDNPO>iD ci pune :, i>h sar9IGri.la
kJrorlp.os, 8ld Wild Chury taIk- ,h'c q.
,'" most ponerus purifying aud ,rtcng Ac0.
Iu' prbduculu. ~ Nalutc.
iuc extract her" presented i prcro.cp S''I
he directions given 10y the cci'b,1'tt D.
Warren, who-e name bear and NId tdiound
,uler io' to any preparation OF ticYet ar CI
Use i Is l..hiy couD coiral,C --tE'j'Cd lrG
Table and la,o'rd to he taste. lil tc .ound
Srr-apau Tomato, aud Nhud now IA
f,lr,, nave uuN become e'andaiiIey yree-l
universally approved by ihy,'cion> as Il safe
>pecdy, and cllecuai remedy Tor
Herald of the times. [volume] (Newport, R.I.) 1849-1856, 1849-02-01
w. w. VAN yANT.

N'TTWIVT TdTTU, 0'tT, 70, TN1I.
Dr !. >. wood feel it nv duv 10 inform
Won that your SarSapariIla Elixir has been of
very great service TO bo!h mySelfand my fa.
lh'r' ne IN particular has taken only one bot.
tie. and the alteration in his case is ouite aston
lsh'ng. From being feeble and sicklv, unable
10 LABOR, and lingering for five orSiyv past
he is now quite well and strong. lie declares
ne was benefited more than fifty dollars by the
use OF one bottle >
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

months. His grandfather, if not his father,
once resided in this state. He studied
law in 1890, soon after served in the
Legislature of Tennessee, and in 1925 was
elected to Congress. He was in Congress
fourteen years, and was Speaker for one
or two years. He was more noted for as
siduity in his attention to business, than for
his talents, though he was above mediocrity,
and flsent speaker, and he was one of
the most thorough-going party men in that
body. He was member of the Presby-
terrain church and his private character
was unspotted. As a politician he was
not SO irreproachable. He was unstable
in many of his doctrines and obtained the
Presidency by deception. This however
is the judgment Of one adverse to him in
politics. Friends will extol him and foes
will censure; and it will remain for the
future historian to gather the truth out of
the clouds of prejudice and Partially.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23
LATER FROM EuRopE.-The mail

LATER FROM EuRopE.-The mail steam
err America arrived at Boston on We'd
nesJay last, bringing dates from London
up to The 9th inst.
In the British Parliament the conduct
ofthe American Government in refer
ence to the expedition IN search Of Sir
John Franklin, has been alluded 10 IN
very hattering terms.
The message ofthe President of France
was published on the 9Th inst. 1t was af
ter the American and not the European
nodel-the various subjects boing appro
prlately divided and treated of seperate-
ly.
1t is stated that Gen. Oudinott has or
ders to reduce Rome TO subsection al
whatever cost and that he was to COM
mence the attack with $4,000 men. The
Romans had force Of 3d. 900 and gave
forth their determination TO defend the
city to the death. Requirements OF
French and Spaniards had arrived to the
Pope assistance; and that potentate de.
manded an unqualified renewal Of his
powers as temporal ruler. The Roman
General Mazzini adheres to his determi
nation utterly to destroy the Pope's tenn
poral power.
The Irish State prisoners are awaiting
in Dublin the hour when they shall be
transported from their country. Starva
ton, pestilence, and death are making
awful devastations among the peasantry.
Landlords are ejecting their pauperscd
Ienantry and leaving them TO die by the
way side and in the bitches! There are
rumors that the potato rot is re-appear-
ing.
The Hungarians are maintaining their
ground manfully, being victorious IN ev-
cry conflict.
The grain market were dull and prices
had somewhat declined.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

BLAcKlNG.-In another column will
he found an advertisement of Wellar's
Backing by VIM Currey so Chestnut
St. Philada We ale in debted to him
for half dozen boxes and find that it is
a most excellent article. Currey or
some friend Of his is quite poetical IN his
laudalion of it, as witness the following
stanzas. 1t is for sale by all the Stores
in town.
The diamond shines with l'lstre bright,
The ruby spreads its brilliant blaze,
The emerald sheds its sea-born light,
The topaz yields its mellow rays;
But "WELLAR's BLAcxlNG" is the gem,
Rejecting far its shining power;
Nojet, no ebony can claim
To rival it single bour
Its color true, its polish bright,
1t shines by day and CLEANS by night.
Let all who need, THEN footsteps hurry,
And buy pot of VIM. CuREEY.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

MEXICAN Protocol Difficulty Settled
The Washington correspondent of the
Philadelphia American, gives the follow
ing:
'It is confidently assured in high dem
ocratic quarters, that Mr.. Buchanan has
received letter from Mr.. Clifford; the
US. Minister at Mexico, stating that
the Mexican Congress had approved of
the principles and arguments advanced
by Mr.. Claytonin the discussion with
Senior de la Rosa, touching the matter of
the Protocol; and to that extent had dis
approved ofthe ground assumed by their
representative.-For the authenticity Of
this fact, profess to give no better au-
thority than the declarations of gentle
men occupying high social and political
positions, and who were intimate in the
ccur c: . and confidence Of the late admin
istration."
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23
TIE Mormon MAN,rEs1o.-rhi, simon

TIE Mormon MANlrEs1o.-This Singh
lar sect who moved to the great Salt
Lake valley after expulsion from Iowa,
Missouri and Illinois, have published
their first manifesto 10 all their brethren
Throughout the world. 1t is a curious
document. containing strange admix-
ture Of sense, cant, shrewdness and imp,-
e y, together with many quite interest,"
ing details respe citing the region in
which they have taken up their abode.
They have commenced the erection of
city on grand scale, which is divided
into nineteen wards, consisting each OF
nine blocks, each three squares. They
are to have council house, bridges, bath
houses, schools, colleges, and all the in-
siitutions Of civilization. A gold mine
was discovered, it is said by party of
them who had goae on an exploring tour
through the northern part OF Western
California. John Smith the uncle Of
Joseph, has been ordained "Patiiarch of
the church" The cultivation of large
tracts OF land had been commenced No
doubt prosperous settlement will grow
up in this distant region, opening uPa
fruitful subject for the speculation Of
those who are interested IN such inqui-
ries.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

CnoLERA.-The first indication of tn
approach OF the disease is hardness o
fullness in the abdomen, betraying
slight arrangement in the organs Their
situated. If glass Of water is taken,
feeling of distress or uneasiness ensues
generally of light character. however
and in consequence frequently disregard
ed altogether; or soon forgotten. L
time-on the next day perhaps-pain
shoot through the stomach, and a sens
ton OF nausea is experienced. DiarrT'
ensues, perhaps vomiting, the day 2 .
or in violent cases on the sand 9, a.
Even though the patient may hs. a aa,
garded the former symptoms, H. al
now call in a physician, and tSiib, nr; '
remedies, he Is nearly sure q Ifl ch;.' '
more sure than person in, no. ora., ,
fever, or other ordinaryn there fram .
however. he neglects the BuAe.m Of Tu
violent cramp succee$
is real dangrr.-Phi'a
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

WRITING ON NEwsPAPERs.-A newspa
per bearing the initials of friend, was
received at the post Office, Syracuse, d.
rected to a young lady residing in the
family of Charles F. Hicks. The post
master, Mr.. Teal, demanded letter post
age on 1t, which MIR. Hicks refused to
pay, but rendered therefor one cent, the
ordinary newspaper postage, which was
refused and the paper retained The
suit was instituted against The postmaster
for OBTAINING the paper, and has been
carried through all the courts 10 the Su-
preme Court of the United States. The
Star (of Syracuse) says that the Attor-
ney General Of the United States, after
examining the case; and that Teall acted
legally in charging letter postage on the
paper, and fully sustaining the ground
taken by Teall's counsel in the different
courts. The costs in this suit will prob
ably amount TO at least $400-the amount
involved in the original dispute between
the postmaster and Mr.. Hicks was nina
cents.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23
ST, LOUIS, JUNE IS.
FROM THE INbIAN COUNTRY.

Intelligence has reached here that fight
occurred on the Sd of June at Pawnee
village, between party Of Wheeling emf
grants end the Indians, in which five of
the latter were killed and one emigrant
wounded. The Pawnces had stolen some
horses belonging to the Wheeling company
Information to the 9th Of May has
been received here from Fort Kearney.
Up to that date, the number Of wagons that
had passed, was $500, besides large num-
Der of pack mules. One company of emf
grants lost nlnety-oXen, during their jour-
ney by stampede" Major Sanderson had
left Fort kearney for Bear river, where a
new military post is established.
We learn from Grand Island that $500
wagons and $4,000 emigrants had passed
that point, up to the lst of June, on their
way 10 various parts Of the new western
world,
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23


DEATH OF Mn. PoLK.-For more than a
month past the flags Of the land have been
flying at mourning hight in remembrance
of the late departed, illustrious dead. The
chivalrous Worth, the venerable Gaines,
and now the youngest of the Ex-Presi-
dents, have within few short weeks been
called from earth TO
"That undiscovered ountry, from whose bourn
No traveller returns;"
and nation who had honored them, or
been honored by them, puts on the " habili-
ments of Woe" Gen. Gaines was aged
and his death strikes us not so heavily, for
the old must debut the others were still
in the pride and perfection of intellect, and
had they been spared might have yet
filled large space in the public attention
JAMES KNOX Polk, Ex-President of the
United States was born in North Caroline
in 1895, and died on the 18th inst, at
Nashville, Tenn, aged 50 years and 7
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23
New Publications.

On our table, and thu far uhnoliccd, aro the
following publications.
Southern Literary Messenger for June, q valu a
Die number, as is every number ofths work.
Ieter.ons Ladies National Magazine for July, a
double number, containing 70 pages; embellish-
ed with fine mezzotnto and several other en-
cravings, and containing articles by Peterson,
Mrs Stephens and others.
Popular Cyclopsdia Of Modern Domestic .Medi-
eines. published by Gates, s.edman & Co New
York, Nos X and XI; very valuable work, 10
be completed in another number. Price 25cta
No.
Godey's Lady's Book for July, 81 pages, two
fine mezzotints and many othor engrayinr..
Among the contributors are Tuckcrman, Grace
Greenwood, Mrs. Ele. Mrs Neal, Miss Leslie
Mis- Alice Carey, T. s Arthur, &c. 1t is
first rate numebr.
The History Of The Consulate and Empire un-
der Napoiean; by NJ. A., Thiers--parts 8 and
Carey & Hart. Philadelphia. A great work; to
be corr ple,ed IN parts at l2l-2 cents each.
Sartain's Unien JWaguzine for July. 81 pages, a
splendid mezzotint, and limo engraving, and
quite number other embellishments. There
is a strong corps of contributors among them
Frcderka Bremen, Mrs. sigourney, Herbert. G
G. Foster, DR.. Dublin, Mrs G. II. Butler, r. S.
Willis, sc.
A,h Of July Brother Jonaihan; a largo pictorial
containing many sng-avings, anumber Of which
are humorous and excellent
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23
Tremendous lean.

just this side of Plainville, Mr.. VIM.
De Golf, the contractor for the Little
Miami Railroad company is engaged
with number Of hands in cutting down
hill to the depth Of about 80 feet, in or
der TO avoid curve in the road. and to
make the track straight. For the past
week or ten days they have been busy
digging down another strip several feet
in width, and had reached a depth of
Thirty five or forty feet. On Thursday
afternoon while Mr.. De Golf, was stand
ing upon this plateau, he was alarmed by
rumoling sound, and looking upwards
he saw a large portion of the bark break
ing away which must bury him UNDER
meath, ifhe remained on that spot. lie
was near the brink ofthe plateau and saw
that his only chance of escape was to
jump down the declivity, distance Of
fifty five feet--as quick as thought his
resolution was formed, for he was in
situation that did not allow him time TO
swap horses, and he made the leap, a.
lighting fortunately upon some LOOSE
sand, unllurt. To stop there would
have been death to him, for the land side
came rumbing and laundering close ct
bis heels, and he had to do some prd,ty
hard running TO get out ofthe way q the
falling earth. 1t was not only most
thrilling and perllous position toe III
but it was most miraculous ape
Not mole than ole man oro' hun>
dred would have made that up;
Cincinnati 'e' o.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

HoT.-The weather has been oppres-
sively warm this week. The thermome-
tor on Thursday in well shaded position
was up to 81 degrees.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

Sons Of Temperance have tended greatly
to effect the change, and they hope all the
friends of the cause who can, will attend
on the 18th OF July, to gladden. and cncour-
age them with their presence.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23
CHOLERA DISPATCHES.


There are twelve cemeteries in this city,
eight of which reported during Saturday
and Sunday, 1856 Intermediates Of which
were deaths by cholera. The average
deaths by cholera during the six days have
been titly-fve per day There were 70
interments reported yesterday, 60 of which
from cholera, and Is from other diseases.
The report for the week ending on Sunday
night numbers 439 of cholera, and rs OF
other diseases.
The cholera is disappearing from Upper
Mississippi, but is increasing in the Usage
country.
CINCINNATI, June 10.
Fifty-nine interments from cholera, and
twenty-three from other diseases, were re-
ported yesterday.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

YELLOW FEVER IN Observation-Disclosures
Buckler and Bailey have furnished the
Baltimore Patriot with an account of IA
tai sickness at the Aims house of that city.
Up to the time of their writing 46 cases
had been admitted, 90 of which proved
fatal-which is worse than malignant chol-
era. They We're all free blacks and the
disease was infectious, as two strong and
healthy womenbelonging to the House had
taken ii and died. They say of it "ths
fever is highly malignant typhus, modi-
fled by climate, infectious in its character,
but accompanied in large n'%1y.orlty OF
cases by intense jaundice, in this respect
resembling 7'yphus Icterodes of systematic
writer's" That name and those symptoms,
indicate that it is pretty much the same as
the yellow fever.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

The poets Of Virginia are lampoon-
ing the Legislature for having run away
from Richmond through fear OF the chol
era. 1t is singular that men who decla-
red themselves ready to fight TO the
death against the Wilmot Proviso should
exhibit so much terror at the approach
Of the cholera.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23
ST. LOUIS, June 10.
Hon. 7. II. BENTON.

Hon. Thomas H. Benton made another
speech at BoonvilIe, which was but an
echo of his great speech at Jefferson city.
The democracy of Missouri appear to be
equally divided on the platform set up by
the Hon. Senator.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

UyGen. Gaines and Gen. Worth died
with the epidemic cholera, and Mr.. Polk
died with some sickness closely allied to it
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23
BosToy, June 10.
GREAT Fire IN THE WOODS.

BY the steamer Admiral, which arrived
this afternoon, we have received St. Johns
IN. b. papers Of yesterday. The Halifax
papers state that dense fires were still pre-
valing in the woods, The city is so filled
with smoke as to render the sun almost in
visible, and causing the city TO be intense
ly hot. So thick is the smoke, that it is
impossible to distinguish vessels in the har-
Dor.
The Courts sitting at Fredericton, N.
B., have been compelled to adjourn on &C
count of the darkness prevailing in that
city.
Gen. BellSnap, the great railroad con-
tractor, expired Yesterday.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

CAMP MEETlNG.-A camp meeting Is to
be held at Bacon Hill in this county,
sometime between the 1st and 10th day of
August next we believe the day is not yet
fixed.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23
BosToN, June 70,
FATAL RAILROAD COLLISION.

A fatal railroad collision occurred this
afternoon on the Western Railroad The
accident happened at Brookline Crossing,
between the New Haven and BroolIine
trains. The engineer of the Brookline
train had both bis legs broken, and is other
wise fatally injured A fireman and a
brakeman We're also injured. The cars
suffered much injury, and the rails were
badly torn up.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

New APPoINTMENT.-David F. Kars-
ner, Esq, has been appointed Deputy Col
lector at Chesapeake city in this county.
This is a new office created by the last
Congress.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

TIE CRops IN CEcL.-Hay, good
crop; wheat, half crop; corn, very short
for the time of year, but no Judging yet
what the crop may be.
The Cecil Whig. [volume] (Elkton, Md.) 1841-current, 1849-06-23

DESPERATE observation-disclosures M.
CLAY K1LLEp.-At public discussion be-
tween Cassius M. Clay and Joseph Turner
in Madison county, Ky, on the 10th inst,
Turner called Clay liar, and a fight en-
sued. They both drew pistols which
snapped-they then engaged with bowie
knives, and the result was that both were
killed.