The republic. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1849-1853, 1849-11-10

transportation. Hence friend at Montgomery,
Alabama, told me that he had in vain offered $40
an acre to get two hundred acres roughly cleared
for the plough. Give 10 the owners of such lands
consuming population at hand to diminish the
cost Of transportation, and they may raise turnips
and carrots, Of which the earth yields by hundreds
OF bushels, and then they and their lands viii grow
rich together
81 pray you to bear in mind that the first thing
that Is to be paid by land is transportation If that
be great that il will not leave enough to pay the
wages OF cultivation, the land will remain unculti-
waited.
g The second fhing that is to be paid is wages
If transportation and wages eat up the whole pro-
duct, the land may be cultivated, but it will pay
rent and as the price of land is determined by the
amount OF ts rent, or surplus product, it can then
have no market value.
THE third thing that is to be paid by land is
rent and that is the surplus that remains after the
payment of transportation and labor.
i" 1T will be obvious to all of you that the man
who cultivates land must derive from il food and
clothing, and shelter for himself and his family
that is, he must have wages for his tme-and if he
cannot have that, he will remove to some other place
where he can have them. That is, a constant guam
tity. The variable quantities are transportation
and rent and The former always the first to be paid
Whatever is deducted from the expense Of trans
poraton is added to the rent, and whatever is
added to the expense OF transportation is deducted
from the rent; and it is because railroads usually
diminish the cost of transportation that land rises
IN value. Railroads help to build factories, and
factories help to build railroads and all such estab
shments conspire TO insure profits TO the cutvators
Of the soil.
"The railroad enables the farmer to save part
OF the cost of transportation, of which cost time
makes a part, and his lands accordingly improve
in value. Next the furnace, the coal mine, the
rolling mill, and the cloth tory bring the mar
ket near his door, and his lands double in value
because he all the of transportation and
all the manure, and the land and its owner become
rich together This however, is but a small por-
ton of the gain of the farmer, in consequence of
the rsiicdfion Of pursuits, resulting from bring
ing the loon. and the anUii, the furnace and the fac
tory, to take their places to the plough and the ar
roto. The coal-miner makes market for prop
timber to be used in the mines, and for rails and
sleepers to be used for the making of roads, and for
lumber to be used in the construction of houses; and
the farmer is thus enabled to clear his land with
large profit whereas without such demand his best
lands might and would have remained encountered
with timber, because, as in the of my friend
in Alabama, the cost of clearing it would Be more
than it was worth when cleared. The spare labor
OF his sons and himself, and Of his horses that must
be fed whether employed or not, is employed in
hauling the timber to market His straw hitherto
almost valueess, sells for almost much as before
he could get for his grain His daughters find de-
mand for their services; and thus the presence of
consuming population enables him to obtain his
cloth, and his iron, and his fuel in payment, more
or less directly, for timber and labor that before
were wasted, and nearly the whole is profit while
his land goes up doubling, trebng, and quadruplng
in value"
lit is not SO much, let me repeat that YOU need
information to teach you how to produce-what Won
need is a steady and remunerating market Only
bring that stimulus to bear steadily and all the rest
will follow certainly effect will follow cause
throughout all nature. Nature, it was said by
philosophers, abhors vacuum and if the poH-
cy OF the country were such as to open demand the
vacuum thus created would be sure to be filled
Common sense-the very instinct of self interest
will be sure to do the work. Hence it is that the
cultivators of the soil are peculiarly, and above all
classes, benefited by protection to American in
dustry in all its forms 1t is the of that which
banishes, year after year, tens and even hundreds
thousands O he ar est 10 laco
ducers of food-your competitors, instead of being
active and prosperous customers to the farmers Of
Pennsylvania, and other of the old States; the con-
sequence Is, that there Is perpetual redundance of
all that you can ma Ike, seeking market in Europe;
and on its way to that market, it fills Philadelphia
Baltimore, New York, and Boston, and thus breaks
down those who, like ourselves, would have pre-
ferred to remain at home, and thus ii is that swarm
after swarm is driven off into the wake of those who
went before, to perform for you the operation
Your market is stocked with a superabundant sup
ply OF every thing-you are left without motive To
devise the means of augmenting your crops by in.
creased diligence and ingenuity and still, you ask
why is there no general all -pervading improvement
in the art and practice of agriculture, in other
arts And will you continue for the next, as you
have done for the last fifty years. to expect steady
and progressive moderation by the occasional and
tonsS by the production Of heavy crops single
acres, and by laying masses of fat single
GAS said before, the disease is not on the surface
nor in the branches, it lies at the root of the tree
and there, to be efectual, your remedy must be
applied
at is this absence of avowed direct positive nro
lection to domestic industry in all its branches that
provides a constant supply of cmicrants from
among our native population, nine tenths of whom
would never have sought the West from choice In
addition, shall this year add 300, 900 TO our pop
uiation by the immigration Of foreigners and every
man of them will, by the next year go TO raising
food for himself, and surplus to send TO market;
for the demand for labor in the mines and furnaces
and mills and factories is far less than was
three years since, notwithsta ndng vast increase
OF population in the mean time. The consequence
Is, that the new States filling up with unnatural
rapidity, and the result must prove disastrous to
the farmers of the old States. The desertion and
abandonment Of the old States is premature and IN
natural-supernduced by an unnatural and suici
dial policy. In the order of nature the bees wait
until the hive is crowded-until, in fact the heat of
il, in consequence of its thckened population be.
comes intolerable and then only does the hive send
of lts surplus inmates TO seek subsistence in the
nearest field that will afford employment and sun.
port. Our policy is such 10 force the bees by a
cruel disturbance, to swarm prematurely, and DO
our people arc driven away from fields which they
have no motive TO improve, and from rich lands
that they have no inducement TO drain and water.
power, and beds and mines of coal and iron all
unused, TO raise and meat in the virgin lands
Of the West, which, when raised they cannot con.
sumo, and can only sell by swelling the surplus of
the old States, and then for more than will paw
the expenses OF cultivation and transportation;
leaving Tor themselves not as much under a wise
and protective policy Of government, they might
have made in other employments and thus il is
the lands of the old States exhausted and their
owners left without material, means or motive TO
improve them. Thus IL is, that notwithstanding SO
much writing, and many cattle shows and so
much htful, i'll considered, and impulsve effort at
recuperation, there is yet no general progressive
average increase and improvement of agriculture
over any large district of country where there is no
Identification Of labor. We are always brushing
cobwebs from the branches, when we should be
working, let me once more repeat, TO keep all safe
and sound, and vigorous at the root of the tree
Fearful Condition OF Ireland.
The London Times thus describes the political
and social condition of the sister kingdom !"