Weekly national intelligencer., 1848-04-22
FORMATION OF REPUBLICS.
Edilors ofMe National IatelEgenoer.


only erroneous but absurd Very often some Of the most
trivial Effects mistaken for the primary cause This
viates no small part OF history Three great republics have
risen amongst Christian nations since 1907 these were the
Swiss Cantons and the Batayan Provinces Europe and
that Of the United States Of North America The whole his
tory mankind does afford another remarkable
than that whsteyer other circumstances of time and place in
which these respective differed from each other there
were two principles and Inherent First, they
composed Of Cantons Provinces, Sates independent Of
each other but subject common sovereign secondly
obtain political independence of the paramount
sovereignty but mmunes they already possessed
which, the whole three produced resistance and
minated in Independence.
In chapter " page &c. of Lardners History of Switzerland
read Albert Chen Emperor of Germany A. d. l293)
aimed erecting dukedom in Hevetia. He propos
ed the and cosTEsTED inhabitants of U schwyt,
and Unterwalde whose districts inconyenienty separated
his rich possessions change their direct dependence
empire for the powerful protection Of the house Of Aus
a But the oresters viewed with fixed distrus the ad
svances of their Emperor. They perfectly well
quainted with the value Of their freedom aud the
less likely TO barter it for Austrian projections as they had
long regarded with anxious apprehension tt increasing pow
acquired by the house Of Hapsbug* They accordingly
made that their only wish and prayer be left
in the condition of their oreahers They begged that they
might not be taken from under the guardianship Of the
pe (of Germany and subjected that Of any prince
in particular Moreover, they demanded the appointment of
Imperial Commissaes, (andvogts balfs in order to
be relieved o the administration Of Abers officers whom
he had them contrary established rights and
susages."
But what the result More than five and half
passed. and from poor and free mounaneers
of Heveta these just and answered
by accumulated wrongs. Here resistance offered to
legal auhory favor prayed for but to be left the
able enjoyment Of the rights already inherited from their
cestors Though insult and injury inflicted, though
violence followed violence fourteen years passed before the
victims Of oppression adopted Of and armed de-
fence At Rutl meadow slope under the seeIsbog, by
the Lake OF U they met to consult for the salvation Of their
country, and give and intelligence of the progress
of their efforts and the friends who had been their
At length, Marinmaseve lth November, 1907,
Walter Fnrs Werner Slauacher and Arnold Of the Mech
thai, with thirty companions s,oore league By that God
,Oho fashioned all or equal freedom" Thus commen-
ced, five hundred and forty years past, republic still
istence.
The primitive confederation, thus composed of the three
Forest Canons (Wadstetter schwyz Ur, and INTERVAL
den with even now lS4S) joint population about eighty
ninety thousand. and perhaps then 30O half that
animated by habits OF freedom, undertook resist and
ceeded in that resistance in becoming independent of the ormi
dabe house of Austria. Why did the Helveans (Swis)
maintain their rights against power mmeasuraby supe-
o Because they possessed the radical elements
which only could republic be formed Individually they
personally free and the Canons independent each
other
The struggle for Helvec independence not however,
brief The three small original Cantons stood alone for
ty years. They, rue defeated November l5ih 1885,
The Austrian army Mogaen, and successfully Joined
hv Inr;c
recedo these eight Canons through the whole fourteenth
century they acknowledged as an Independent
Power of Europe until the treaty of Wesphalia, l64s
In Few brief words have sketched the leading causes
which produced the first great condeaed republic in mo-
dern Europe Let proceed examine the leading
which birth and vgor to the second modern republic Of
modern Europe usually named, from its principal State Hol
land The following notes the Batayan Dutch repub
lie have translated the History the Formation OF
the Republic Of the United Provinces and the consequences
of that event in Europe from its origin the of l6O9
ty NJ Heeren, of the University Gotngen French Trans
lation, Paris, ls42.
The Revolution Of the Low Countries (Netberands) pro.
duced republics but il would be misunderstood complete
y the character Of that believe foreseen or
wished for in advance The insurgents when shaking
off the authority of the King of Spain only as motive
of action preserve their ancient rights aud defend them
selves from threatened innovations They became repubI
only from the impossbiy Of peaceable arrangements
with the vice regal agents govern them name of
the King OF Spain.
The seventeen provinces which composed the Spanish Ne
tberlands werefour duches, Braba, Limbourg, Luxem
bourg, and Guelderand counties Flanders, Arto
Hainau, Holland, iceland Namur and Zutphen the
gravat Of Anwerp five lordshps, (segneuries) Manee
Friseand Utrecht Groningen, and Oveysel Cambria aad
Fanche Compte were counties apart
considerable portion Of the country which afterwards
composed the Dutch republic had passed from the Duca house
Of Burgundy 10 the house Of Hapbug, by the marriage of
Philip Of Austria to Msy only daughter and hecss Of Charles
the Bold, (Rash,l Duke Of Burgundy, l477 II was not,
however until in the reign Of Charles " that tho seventeen
Begic provinces were completely merged in the Spanish
monarchy But even them though nomnally forming sim
gle great province Of the monarchy and governed by single
person each Of them continued to have its constitution
and legislature Some Of them elected their COVER
From tune to time held States General Congress
composed representatives from all the provinces but
sovereign could not pcsde be had adopted the custom Of
sending Governor General clothed with all his power to
administer the Government in his name with the aid Of three
superior councs-as Council Of State Council Of Justice and
Financial Council
Sovereign authority greatly restricted in the Neither
ands by the long established organization Of Legislative
sembes in each province but s more by national spirit
n.onIa raaord.J tber a.. &C.