davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24

untouched until they reached the hands of
Prof LOOMS.
Alter he received the contents, he applied
certain chemical tests, which showed to moral
certainty that prussic acid was in the sub
stances tested. The evidence is that these
tests are 10 be relied on. DIR. Hubbard says
the tests are as much to be relien on as the
testimony of three witnesses. Several scien-
tihc witnesses testify to the value of these
tests; the jury will judge if they can have a
reasonable doubt of the facts.
The circumstance of the body of the de-
ceased being found in the cellar communicat-
ing with the prisoners Office, is tie be con-
sidered. 1t is possible he was poisoned some
where else, and the body carried there. But
in view of all the circumstances, it is to be
decided whether there is reasonable doubt
that the body was conveyed there from the
office above.
Whether these circumstances do not cor
roborate the testimony of Thomas Flint, you
will Judge. These are the leading facts in the
case. If you are not satisfied that the de-
ceased was poisoned, or that he was poisoned
by the prisoner, you will acquit him. The
prisoner is to be considered innocent, until
proved to be guilty.
The fact that Hill says he saw the prisoner
near 10 clock, conflicts with tha testimony
of Flint. But it is easy to be mistaken as to
time, and the testimony of various witnesses
show that Hill must have been in error as to
the time when he saw the prisoner. Flint
testifes that the DR. had uot been before the
inquest when he made the charge-others tes-
tify differently-but Flint in this may easily
have been mistaken, or the fact of the Drs
going before the inquest may not have been
particularly within his knowledge.
You will now retire, gentlemen of the jury,
and deliberate on the evidence submitted to
you. If the prisoner is not proved beyond a
reasonable doubt to be guilty, it is your duty
to acquit him. If he is so proved, you must
find him guilty.
An officer was then sworn to take charge of
the jury, and they retired, and the Court ad-
jonrned to half past o'clock this afternoon.
The Chief Justice spoke in rather low
tone of voice, and the report of his charge is
very imperfect.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
Dr. COOlidge's Trial,

full and accurate report of the Trial of Dr. Cool
idge at Augusta, made expressly for The Tribune
1t will be published in pamphlet form, making up
wards of sixty pages of small sized type and is the
most complete report that has been made of this
extraordinary and exciting trial.
AS but small edition will be published. orders
must be sent in Immediately to ensure a return
Price u l-2 cents per single copy Ten copiss
for One Dollar. Orders to be accompanied with
the cash
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
EDWARD BARTON, Seeretar,
GRAEFENBERG MEDICINES.

The undersigned is fully prepared to establish a
GRAErESnERe DEror in all places of proper size in
New England Except the State of Connecticut, and
that portion Of Vermont west of the Green mouutains
and also in the British Provinces Of New brunswick
and Nova Scotia Immediate application should be
made, either personally or by letter. As there will or
dmarily be but one Depot in town village, the
Agency will he very valuable.
The leading article to which public attention is in
yited is the GRAEFENBERG VEGETABLE PILLS,
of which go 900 boxes sold each and every week
The following complaints yield with certainty TO their
ness, Dyspepsia, Erysipelds, Imperfect Digestion. Fnor
y46us Green Sickness Heartburn, Headache, Jaundse
Lpcr Comrla Rheumatism and various diseases of
the Stomach. In all CHRONIC COMPLAINTS the most
implicit reliance may be placed upon them. Price IS
cents box.
The names of the other medicines as follows
THE CHILDREN'S PANACEA.
For Summer complaints, dysenfery, and all other af
ections of the stomach and bowels, it is lnfallibe.
Price so cents bottle
THE GRAEFENBERG SARSAPARILLA
COMPOUND.
Warranted to make quarts superior to any in
the world. Price one dollar bottle.
THE GREEN MOUNTAIN VEGETABLE
OINTMENT.
Wherever Inflammation exists this ointment IL
positive and speedy Price 25 and SO cents box
THE GRAEFENBERG EYE LOTION,
For disorders of the Eyes this Lotion has equal
For violent Inflammation, weakness, or foreign sub
stances in the eyes, it is an anfailng remedy. Price
25 cents per bottle with full directions.
THE GRAEFENB HEALTH BIT
TIERS
Sovereign to build up the enervaed system, TO
tore the appetite and clear the skin. Price 25 cents
package.
THE CONSERVATIVES BALM.
This most extraordinary article is indllibe positively
in Consu,npton Bronchitis, and Bleeding at the Lungs
II is only sent ordered at IS the quart. Consump-
ves may he sure of finding in this article that which
will not dsappoint their hopes.
The Graefsnberg Gazette. published by the Company
for eratuitou, distribution, may be had application
to any one of tn cir numerous Agents.
EDWIN c. BARNES,
Sec'yN. Branch
AGENTS-ALBERT G. PAGE. Bath II. s. Soule,
Freepert; J. & l.. e. TIue Pownal; b. Randall No.
Pownal VIM. G. Hoyt Durham Isaac NJ Davis, Lit
tie River Village; Ohed Merrill, Topsham John R.
Haley, Brunswick; James Sampson. Bowdoinham j.
w Avery & Co.. Richmond Cofren & BatchforG,
Augusta F. Glazer, Jr., Gardiner
Dec 81, 3taw amos.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
WING STATE CONVENTION.

The Wings of the several Towns and Plan
tations in this State are requested to send
Delegates to Convention to be holden at
AUGUSTA on WEDNESDAY THE TWENTY
FOURTH DAY OF MAY NEXT:
TO nominated candidate to be supported by
the Wing party for Governor for the ensuing
political year:
To choose two Delegates at large, to the
National Wing Convention, for the nomina
ton of candidates for the Presidency and
Vice Presidency. to be held at Philadelphia on
the seventh day of June next:
TO choose two candidates for Electors at
large, in the Presidential election
And TO act upon any other business that
NAV come before the Convention.
i ,,1o,+o+:o, &c ~o-
! p..s. March D 1913 Ol40
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
So a week in Sickness.

THE Mass. Heal TIL INSURANCE COMPANY. of BosroN.
l. will insure against the expenses of all the
sickness they may have during the long term of FIVE
YEARS. Premium payable yearly. This institution
now numbers TWO thousand members, large portion
of which belong to Maine. In the last three months
has paid ST. 900 to members disabled by sores,
accidents, evers ETC., and it has evaded de-
ferred the payment of claim.
WASHINGTON GILBERT, Agent at Bath.
Rev. J. B. Hustled, Agent for Lincoln County.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
COOLIDGE FOUND GUILTY!

When the mail closed at Augusta yesterday
the Jury had not reported their verdict. We
therefore have no communication from our re-
porter. Our express rider arrived from Bow
doinham at half past IL, and reports on the
authority of the mail driver and passengers,
that as the stage left Augusta the Jury had re-
ported verdict of Guilty of Murder
I'm the SECOND DEGREE!!
If this report be true-it is the most singu-
lar verdict that could have been expected, and
will take all by surprise.
We shall wait for our regular report before
we feel perfectly sure of the final result OF this
trial.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24

quested to send one Delegate-towns having
one thousand inhabitants by the census OF
1910, are requested to send two delegates
towns having two thousand are requested to
send three, for each additional thousand in
habitants to send an additional Delegate.
By order of the Wing State Committee.
March 3, lS48.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
DOMESTIC PORTS.

NEW oRLEANs-Ar l2th barqucs Juniata ,Blanch-
ard, Boston Thames, Silsby, York Advertised,
ships Caspian, for York, with desbatch; France,
Pierce, for do, wlg $50 hhds sugar.
BOSTON-Ar 22d sch Convoy. Humphrey, Bath.
Came up, ship Macedonia, fin Apalachlcola. Cid ship
Cybele, Child, Mobile.
GLOUCESTER-Ar goth, schs Avenal, Nickerson,
Provincetown Tor Bath Exeter, Boston for do.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
Graefenberg Company's Office.
5OBroadwny, New York, Sept. 24th, 1s47.

The very great increase ofthe GR.EFErBERo Com
PAWS business in New England has rendered il
essary re organize the General Agency there. This
is therefore TO certify that the New EnGLAND BRAKcH
OF GKAEFENBERo COMPANY, is now established at
No. l54 Washington street, Boston, and that Mr. Edxn
C. Barnes is duly appointed Secretary of said Branch
and that he is authorized to establish Local Depots
and to grant rights to vend the compan.'s Medicines.
Every Agent must have certificate with the seal of
the Company thereunto signed by its Secretary and
counersg ned by the aforesaid Branch Secretary No
one is authorized TO sell the Company's Medicines
without such certificate.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
FOREIGN PORTS,

Ar at Liverpool, Goth ult, ship Elizabeth, Lambert,
N Orleans.
At Mayaguez, 18th inst, barque VIM Harris, Leigh
ton, unc brig Coral, Fogg, do.
At Trinidad, LIST inst, barque John Odn, Copeland,
for Boston, 3 days.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
GPOKEN

March 7, off Havana, brig Monica, Burke, from Alta
kapas for Philadelphia.
March TO- (no lat &c. three days sail N of Havana)
brig OriOe, of Augusta, FIN Mobile for City Point.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
Spices and Cigars.

A LARGE assortment of ike best SPICES and CT
IA CARS, jus, reed and for sale by
March pa. l0d3w J.S. SEWALL.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24

tY"We shall send to agents the last COM
munication of our reporter, after which we
shall discontinue their packages unless other
wise directed.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24

Terms of Advertising in the Daily Tri-
bune.
EightliBeS or less one or wo nsertions, 20c.
Eight lines or less three insertions, 30c'
Eight lines less six insertions, SOC.
Sixeenlines, or morethan eight, one ortwo
Insertions, soc.
Sixteen lines, or more tina light three inseY-
lions, Gee.
Sixteen lines, or more than eight, six inser-
tions, $l,00
liberal discount WILDE made to yearly or quar-
terly advertisers.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
Pleasure Boat AngenOria.

THE above named pleasure boat now ly ing at Bos.
ton, is offered for SALE She was built in Sl6-is
copper fastened, built of the best materials, and fin
ished most beautiful style. Her tonnage is IL rs
length 81 feet, breadth l2 feet, depth feet Apply
March 24.-di23 GEO. DAVIS & co.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
DAILY NORTHERN TRIBUNE
FRIDAY MORN, MARCH "a, lS4S.

6T CitZenscan havethe Daily Tiibunel eftatth cir
residences places of business, at SIX CENTS
PER WEEK, by leaving their names with the
Carriers, orat the office of publication
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
DISASTERS, sc.

Barque Alice Frazier, OF Bath, wrecked at Rocka-
way, valued S22 0O0 In addition to The insur-
before reported, there $500 insured at the
Boston offices.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
THE NORTHERN TRIBUNE
MARINE JOURNAL.
POI Il OF b A L II .
THURSDAY, MARCH 90.

ARRIVED.
Brig Home, West, Cardenas 5th inst, with molasses
Brig Charles Trott for Boston, sailed the day before
(and afterwards spoken by the Home. date, lat 70
30 Ion 20 49, Left, briggs Partridge Barstow for Bos'
ton, ldg; Denmark, Lemont, disg.
Sch Susan benjamin, Berry, Boston.
Ar yesterday, sch Mary Ann, Williams, Boston, Sid
sch Convoy, Boston.
CLEARED.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
JUST RECEIVED
IS Packages Of China, Glass and
Crockery Ware!
AT CHINA HALE!

CONSISTING of ops Gold Band CHINA TEA
~ SETTS, for almost one half what we have been
selling
so Enameed and Raised Fg'd-l75 Flowing Blue of
various prices.
Crates of White Granite and light Blue DINNER
WARE.
Crates of Flowing Blue Dinner Ware.
10 Packages of Glass consisting of everything.
Casters of all prices, from &c cts TO SIS.
Silver Plated Ladies, Silver Fish Knives, Butter
Knives. Spoons, Cake Baskets, Hall and Entry Lamps
OF 20 different Patterns.
Chandeliers of all Patterns,
Solar Lamps of 25 different Patterns, Cutlery, Frnit
Trays Giiandoles, &c, &c.
We have now a very extensive assortment of Tea
Trays of all kinds. Some new Patterns and shapes.
varying as high as $40.
We can only give bird's-eye view of the assot-
men we have, but if you will only call you will see
for yourselves.
Bath, Feb "a. 6d95
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24

CLEARED.
Brig Genl Marion, Linscott. Potomac River.
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24
For Sale I!

For Sale
TT applied for soon, a lot of SAPLIN PINE LOGS,
about 900, cut last month, now laying on the
bank of the kennebec River, the most of them in the
town of Arowsc near Potters Mills; the balance on
the bank of The River al the south end of this city,
The Logs are perfectly sound and can be rolled into
the river at any time. LUKE LAMBARD
Bath, March H. l848 2dlw l2l
The northern tribune. [volume] (Bath, Me.) 1847-1855, 1848-03-24

THE subscriber is constantly receiving new works
from the publishers.
Received this morning:
Percy Randolph, by Mrs. Goie
Madison's Exposition of Odd Fellowship,
Chambers Miscellany, No a. -
REUBEN SAWYER.
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1848-04-26
State Agricultural Society
Of SONfil Carolina.

ENBE following PREMIUMS will he
u awarded to The successful compeii.
tors, at the semi-a annual meeting, TO be
held in The village Of Sparlanburg, Oh the
second Wednesday in Sept. next:
!. For the best StaIi3u, for Agricullu-
raj purposes-a silver medal.
9. For the bos, Mare, for Agricultural
purposes; Silver Medal.
3. For the bes, native Bull, over
years; Silver Medal.
For the best native Cow, over 8 years;
a Silver Medal.
5. For The best Jack, bred in South
Carolina; Silver Medal.
6. For the best Mule, bred in South
Carolina; Silver Medal.
7. For the best Ram, adapted TO cur
climate; Silver Medal.
8. For The best Eve, adopted to our
climate; Silver Medal.
9. For the hest Ram, regarding wool
chiefly; Silver Medal.
10. To the mos, successful and exten
sive grower Of clover for three consecutive
years.; Silver Medal.
IL. To The successful competitor IN q
pIoughing match. with double or single
team; Silver Medal.
IL. For The most succossful and eSteu-
sive experiment with lime for three conse.
cuive years; ono complete sci Of the Far.
nher's Register.
I3. For The best conducted Farm 10 tho
District Of Sparanburg; Silver Cup Of
the value Of $40.
A full and detailed statement of The
value and operations Of the Farm. to be
fdrnished by the Agricultural Society Of
Spsranburg, or Committee of three
disin,erested farmers of the District.
April 5, # IL
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1848-04-26
CAUSE OF DISEASE!

Il ~ II 4 - v " ~ Gs
EF the body daily receives proper amount
X Of nutrition. and daily expels the worn out
parts, by the sensible and inscnslbtc evacuan,s,
health is the natural consequence.
Medicine can secure these Results
IN HEAI.fH WE PERsriRE TWO OUNCES FER HOUR.
In sickness, especially Fever, we scarcely
pc7spire at all. Consider then tfrc amount OF
Injurious nfa,ler thrown into tie blood. I, NAV
settle ON vital part, and produce DEATH
Sometimes death will take place. before we can
obtain an operation from the bowels. Be sen.
sible then, and use those remedies which will
take out from the bowels and circulation, all
that is retained longer than nature designs, or
hcnlth permits. For this purpose,
Brandreth's Vegetable Pills,
are all sufficient to procure copio,is evacIie
tions. purify the blood, and cure disease.
agents IN Edgefeld District for Ibis pdls''s4'
MEDICINE. %
r. S. ROBERTS, EdgefeM c. House.
J. 8. SMILEY, Meeting Street, Ed.'G =
KENDRICK & THAYER, Hanlb Z, ST !.
April TO- 1873 81 W
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1848-04-26
From the Correspondence Of the Courier.
..s,s-s WAsHiNGToN. April 10.

A torch light procession, in honor Of the
French Revolution is TO take place here
on the night Of the 18th. and the President
and Vice Presiden, Of the United States
figure in the programme, with four tor
ches. We shall see whether they will
appear or not in the procession. I, will be
81 sishr TO see them there, and If they do
Inu, appear. it may ctr;nre thar their win
.lows will DO broken by the synfpathizers.
The idea has become prevalent that tho
administration have seiZed upon the French
Revolution as source OF capital for the
next election, and, therefore, every follow.
CIR aud expectant of the administration, is
disposed to make as much noise as possible
about their sympathy. /, is one Of those
cases 10 which the wings very cheer(ulIy
fall in with the mass, though they have,
like the Calhoun men, some doubt whether
the revolution will answer the expectations
OF his friends.
The House, with becoming promptness
and union, have passed the Senate resolu-
lutions rendering congratulations 10 The
Fresch people
The friends Of the movement towards
free institutions in France, are much dis
copraged by the recent accounts. France
seeks for war, and will avail herselfof the
frst occasion 10 wage it. The first iuspi-
ration of freedom always stimulates the
Frenchnan to fly TO prnls. as ifIiberty was
Tho goddess Of war; aud dweller only in
camps. &3s;i ts
The most'recent fet,ers from Mexico
whictfappeariny the Union, gives us, assu.
RANGES OF speedy ratification Of the ,rea-
~; but other letters 60 to show lha, there
is no certainly OF any thing but Of good
deal or delay and embarrassment. Con-
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1848-04-26
FOR SALE NOW
tHg the C}seapeSt Cash Store

A New supply Of GROCERIES. viz
Best Sugar 10, IL, aud IL lbs for 81, by the
100 lbs, cheaper,
Best Coffee 10 and II lbs for 81, by the 100
pounds cheaper,
Molasses 37d cents per gallon,
Lamp Ul$1 25 cents per gallon,
? Large No 3 Muckrei. for rs cents,
1 Turpen,ine Soap, 9 bars for 81
Fresh Starch 9pounds for 81,
Fresh Sweet and Butter Crackers. 121 ella lb
Soda lBuisksis, l2I cents per pound,
Tallow and Sperm Candies. cheap.
3fonnd Pepperand Ginger, 64 cts7a'paper,
With n supply of Goods which cannnt be
by any other establishment and will
sold equally cheap by J. COIN.
April II ., II
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1848-04-26
MANDATORY.

FE7HE Subscribers would respectfully in
Il form their friends and The public
generally. that they are carrying on the
Boot and Shoe Making Business, in all its
branches. at their Shop in Pottersville ;
where they are fully prepared to execute
all work in their liae, with neatness aud
despatch.
Being engaged in the TANNING bust
ness, (near the same place.) and manu-
featuring the greater part OF their own
Leather, they feel confident in saying. that
they will work cheaper than any other
establishment, Of the kind in Edse6eld Dis.
,ric,. Good Hides, at all times, will be Ia
ken in exchange for Leather or Shoes.
B. CORLEY,
Il. TURNER.
March 25 4t 10
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1848-04-26

OBSERVATION-DISCLOSURES
In seqIence Of The chang in thsik fcsrsS
Of selling they are enabled ID opoffes SEH1UE
AsD MISC SCELEANEt1J IS. .Bt BtyoES,i iBIs4NK
BOOKS ,Pa EMS, &c. at prices - gfsStB
reduced from former fIies al 10 make il ID iIio
interest OF alwlro deal In these articles 10 tisS
chase from ti,eif stock Z; 3 1 ssfs 81 is
Hither,otbe system Of fcredi,ins imalI amounts
has involved sn expense in their oaections and
rs H s. ]. T.now sell only Tor C1S II. .otsslsch
Negotiable notes as ure sure q, be paid Id bank
attbeir maturity, the saving 10 those who choose
to deal in this manner will be asvery Sc6nsidsy.
able per cen,age nn their purchases
Few deaIers in the country buy more than
5000 worth ofstationery in a season, ynanynot
over one.half, and large portion not morsfhun
one. fourth Of that amount There 10 :H0t "a
dealer, therefore, who visits Philadelphia who
wonld be iuconvcnicneedE by paying these
small sums in Cash, and as eachcan save mo-
ney by dong so. H. s. T. believe they nsr Of
fering IN indncemcnt Which will gladly be- ehs-
braced by those VINO make their purchases III
Philadelphia. Those who enter into spch an
arrangement will be enabled 10 sell ut prices
mnch below tlleir foimer rates at honie; ard
will consequently reapa inTgcr aggregate fso-
fit from the increased amount 0f their suses.S
Having PRINTING OFFICE for copper.
plate and type work, and an extensive BIND.
cry, II. & T. are repaired To fili orders from
Banks and Public Offices, when forwarded
through merchants, at extremely fow pIices.s
Philadelphia January l3, l845. 1sis' i
februarVJ 'if5 ..gsS 'T5-11m
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1848-04-26
State of South Carolina.
ABBEVILLE DISTRICT.
yN EnTJITTU

vs. Mortgage Of
Robert VI. Mann. Land.
1T appearing TO my satisfaction that Rober,
q VI Manu. the defendant in tins case, is
without tie limits oftIis State, on Motion, or.
dered, that he do appear. and answer, plead or
demur, to the said Bill within three months
from the date Of the publication hereof or the
said bill will be taken pro corfesso against him.
II. A. JONES, C. E.. D.
Abbcvie c. II March Is, I345. 3tn 8
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1848-04-26
NOTICE.

THE Subscriber having been appointed
IL byJ d. Tisbetts, Assignee of bis stock
in trade. and assets, hereby requires paymen,
froIna the debtors Of the said J. D. Tlbbetts,
who want to avoid costs. -s.
Notice is also given. to the creditors Of the
said J. D. Tibbet,s, to meet at Edge6eld C. H.
EN- Tuesday the 9Th Of March next. 10 appoint
an Agent, To- act with the subscriber in the pre-
misses, if they tlrink proper. 7 y
II, s. CHRISTIE, Assignee. q
:eb ~ ..,.g,y.,,....s ID. sr . 3,n ID
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1848-04-26
To Bridge Builders.

WWIkL be let to the lowest bidder, al
wv Edgefcld Court House, on the first
Monday in May nexl, The building of n Bridge
across Horns Creek, on the Stage Road
Particulars made known on the day ofleting.
BY order Of the Board Of Comm'ers 7th Reg.
April 3 81 II
Edgefield advertiser. [volume] (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, 1848-04-26

gress will rest on their oars tillthe fate of
the,realy shall be decided. dudnol think
the House will move in the Ten Regiment
Bill, nor-the Senate in the Volunteer Bill.
Benton made his speech To-day ia support.
of The California Claims Bill. As soon as
this bill shall he disposed Of, Gen. Cass
will call up the bill to authorize the raising
of twenty ,honssnd Volunteers.