The New York herald. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1840-1920, 1848-10-16

Paris; and this part is a very important one in
every point of view, well for our country it's
citizens who are travelling abroad. Did II depend
upon Paris, the General would he the next Presi;
dent of the United States; and Frenchmen would
feel that. in him, they had friend and an acqualn
ance. This feature IN the character OF man, In
Paris, gives minister influence and friends; and,
if he can speak the French language, they like
him still the better. Every graduate from any one
of our colleges should be able to speak the French,
Italian, Spanish and German languages, correctly
-huently they cannot do, till they live il those
coun ries. A portion of the time devoted, fire.
quently lost, upon Greek and Latin, should be
given to the modern languages No young man
ought to be regarded educated till he can speak
the modern languages. Fluency Is only acquired
by practice. OBSERVER
Our German Correspondence.
FRANKFoRr-oN-T THE MAINE
August Gath, 1913.
Fate of Polamd-E6o'ts for her Restoratton-Re-
Elections.
History scarcely presents more interesting cir
cumstance than nation that has become free de.
Gliding on the fate of one that Is apparently botted
out OF existence. More important questions than
that of Poland have, perhaps, been discussed IN
the National Assembly of Frankfort, but certainly
none have presented themselves IN which Justice
appeals so loudly and forcibly to the heart.
The Grand Duchy of Posen, commonly known
as Russian Poland, arose IN It's present extension
in 1915. A part of the Duchy of Warsaw was
granted to the King of Prussia, by the Congress of
Vienna, and acknowledged by all the powers of
Europe. In assuming the reins of government,
the King of Prussia insured the Inhabitants their
nationality, their religion and their language, as
well as admission to all public Offices and posts of
honor, and the benefits of the then prom sed and
never granted constitution. Many other royal
promises made in Vienna were never fulfilled
and the Grand Duchy OF Posen was treated as a
province of Prussia, and divided into two dis
ucts-Posen and Bromberg, The population
consists OF about 100000 Poles, 100000 Germans,
and nearly 100000 Jews The Germans are
thither centuries ago, and are principally found IN
the cities, where they are nearly always the most
numerous and wealthy portion of the population:
After the, revolution of 1880, Prussia also laid
The Jews are German, and their sympathies are
never with the Poles. The religious tolerance of
the country has given them every opportunity to
become more influential than in most European
nations. Germans predominant in the northern
and western part of the province, and Ger
man peasants hold a greater proportion OF the
land than the Poles. National feeling has always
been a barrier to friendship between them; and,
since the first division of Poland, the nobility have
been the sworn and bitter enemies of the Germans.
The Polish nobility had held their peasants in
state OF bondage, until they were liberated and
raised in the scale of existence by the Prussans.
This caused the Polish peasants to take the side
of Prussia against their own mobiles, and increased
the bitter feeling of the latter-the desire for re-
venge breaking out into hostllities at the first
CLEAN Of hope. After the celebrated battle of Jena,
the hatred of the Polish nobility showed itself, by
general lnsurrectlon against all the Prussian
officers, which was repeated In 1880 and 1916.
throw off the yoke of foreign oppression, 1t was
not the Polish nation, but the Polish nobility, that
rose-their own peasantry became their exccu-
TONERS, and the bloody scenes of '46 fresh in
IL. al ,l,nra n..I-
were used by the peasants In brutal war of ex-
termination against their masters / was an eye
witness to the ever-memorable scenes of the
bloody night of the 18th OF Ma rch, in Berlin, and
cades. Scarcely had infant liberty recovered from
the pangs OF birth, when the twilight of hope be-
gan to dawn for them; they begged to share in the
festival of freedom; and the men with whom they
the sound, and with hearts overlooking with gene
rOslty, demanded from fallen royalty that the pr-
sons should be opened. Pale and care worn, they
left their cells to take part in the joyful resurrection
had ceased they were drawn in triumphal cars,
greeted by the shouts of thousands, through the
streets of the capital, to the palace where they had
received the sentence that had condemned them
traitors, to-day they are heroes as heroes, they
demanded a restitution of that nationality for
which they had lived, fought, and sacrificed all.
save honor. Their demands were granted, and
the streets OF Berlin, intoxicated with the cup of
JOY The Pole had forgotten that the first article
Of his creed was Misunderstanding hatred--to
the Germans, and the latter had forgotten the war
OF humiliation that was to have been waged
against them. If the instruction of '46 had been
successful. Germans wore the cockade and white
eagle Of Poland, while the Poles placed the black
breast that had been exclusively dedicated to their
own colors., l looked on, astonished at the re-
turn OF the day OF miracles, but had seen too much
OF the Jealousy and hatred existing among the ma
tons of Europe, not to fear that these bedlam
shouts of enthusiasm would finally give way to the
shouts Of the battle. field. Polish national COM
mlttee was formed IN Berlin, aud Polish Legion.
The object OF the committee was to correspond
orders 20 Posen as fast as they should decide on
measures. The Poles thought Immediately on
the. restoration OF the old kingdom of Poland
as it had existed before the division of l772;
the Germans had thought Of the reorganization
of the Grand Duchy of Posen Poles calcu-
lated on extent OF territory and land once occu-
pied; Germans, in the now existing nation, ex-
pec,lng to grant them n Te.organzatlon tor them
etc. The frenzy OF the revolution of Berlin was,
however, not shared by the 100000 Germans in the
Grand Duchy,. and the arrival of the Polish COM
that the ir countrvmen had cast them off, struck
them with terror. They refused to submit with
out orders from the ministry; and, in the mean
time, sent numerous Populations to Berlin to pro-
test against UeiT separation from Germany, ana
propose a division of the German and Polish dis
trcts-the former being given to Germany, and
the latter to the Poles for re- rganization as they
might desire. The Poles proceeded Immediately
tc dismiss prusslan officers and abolish Prussian
institutions; and the bloody and barb arous scenes
that followed are well known. The Prussan 90 |
vernment soon saw itself obliged to adopt the doc
trne that the earth is neutral-the soil neither |
Polish nor German, and that the inhabitants give |
II the character OF nationality. On this basis was
determined to annex the German districts to Prus-
STA, and exclude them from the Polish re-orgauiza-
aton. This was only effected bv military force, as
the Poles rose everywhere arms assisted for the
first time by the peasants of the Polish and Catho-
he districts, under the opinion that their religion
was in danger. That this movement of the Poles
was premature and i'll advised, have as the opn-