Weekly national intelligencer., 1847-12-18


supplied But, by receiving foreign products at low duties
in exchange for EXPORTS such augmentation mig take
place The only obstacles to such exchanges the duties
and the eghts. But the freight from New Orleans Dos-
ton differs but little from that between Liverpool and Boston
and the freight from many points in the interior greater than
from England to the United States Thus the average freight
from the Ohio river to Baltimore greater than from the
place Liverpool yet the annual exchanges Of products
tween the Ohio and Baltimore exceed by many millions that
between Baltimore and Liverpool The Canadas and ada
cent provinces upon borders with population less than
two Millions exchange imports and exports with less in
amount than the State OF Connecticut with population of
300 600 showing that if these provinces united with
by tree ade annual exchanges with them would rise
to 600 0OO II is not the freight them that the
chief obstacle to nterhanges OF products between ourselves
and foreign countries but the duties When reflect aso
that exchange of products depends chiefly upon diversity
which greater between country and the rest Of the
world than between the different States of the Unonuner
system Of reciprocal free trade with all the world the aug
mentaon arising fom greater diversity Of products would
equal the dminution caused by freight Thus the Southern
States exchange cotton with each other the Western
States -four the manufacturing States like fabrics Diver
sy of products essential TO exchanges and England and
America united by absolute free trade, the reciprocal
changes between them would far exceed the whole for
eign of both and with reciprocal free trade with all
nations country, with its preemnent advantages
would its annual trade imports and exports by
thousands Of millions Of dollars.
In my last annual report and that which preceded
proved that the home market wholly inadequate for
agricultural products We have long had grain
provisions the undivided markets Of people. But
these not sufficient; and in single year have, with
abundance Of food retained at home, supplied the world with
addition at once during the last year, shown by table
AA OF S4 1892 2S2 IN value OF breadsuls and provisions
bringing the value exported that year up sos, ,906, 273
Our manufacturers could not have consumed this surplus
their nonconsumng machines which substituted in their
workshops for the labor OF man. If the energy of our own
people add Sal 2s2 to the export and supply of
breadstus and provisions single year, what could they
add such products if they enjoyed free Of duty the
markets Of the world by table BB it appears that the
augmentation of domestic EXPORTS exclusive of SPECIE
last year. compared with the preceding year s56 s02
upwards of 4S per cent and at the rate per cent
per of augmentation, would in IS49, per
table &C, $500 $50 $685. much greater the domes
tic export from State to State. See tables from to IL, in
cusive The future per centage of may be
great but capacity for such increased production prov
ed to exist aud that could furnish these exports far above
the domestic demand if they could be exchanged free of duty
in the ports Of all nations.
The energetic American freeman and does perform far
effective labor in day than what is called by the
sconsts the pauper labor Of Europe and therefore the
poyer here pay for days toll woringmen
Measured by the day. the wages here may be higher than in
Europe but measured by the work done that day. there is
but little difference; and when all capitalists Gas some
already have shall find il to be their interest," in addition
the wages paid to the American workman, allow him
voluntarily because augmens the profits Of capital fair
interest IN those profits and elevate him the rank OF part
ner in the concern may then defy all competition. This
the principle illustrated by uniform experience prov
that he who rents his farm builds his house, sails his Ships
conducts any other business upon shares realizes the ag
and that he who works by the OBJ produces
in the time than the abore whose wages paid the
day. The skill energy, and industry, the interest apd pride
success the vigilance and perseverance that will be mani
tested by our intelligent workngmen under such system,
will far more than refund to capital such reasonable pacpa
ton its profits and enable such American establishments to
supply all the nations Of the world The introduction of this
system will be voluntary, because it is most just and beneficial
to all parties II is the participation of all people in the
Government that great Of prosperity and the
participation of woikngmen the profits of industrial
other fisheries strong evidence of the attending
American industry, when intelligent freemen-the work
ingmen of the concern-smuaed by just participation in
the profits have driven from the most distant the whale
ships OF most other nations and peay monopozed this pur
suit The intelligent workngmen of country far bet
prepared for the adoption Of this truly republican system
than those other nation and this elevation OF the tong
millions of America TO just participation the profits OF that
capital which is made fruitful only by their industry will yet
enjoy great triumph that unetered trade and untaxed
and unrestricted labor with which ought be- and certain
y yet will be- proudly associated Under this system, the
abong men, whilst they received the full wages heretofore
allowed them would also participate to reasonable extent in
the profits addition to their wages and powerful
and stimulus render their productive and
thus increase for the benefit of all concerned the capitalists
and workingmen the profits OF the establishment What 10
called the pauper labor of Europe already inferior la
Dor, but would be rendered still poweress compete
with when labor here participated with capital in the profits
When reflect that the working eemen of the Union must
constitute the great mass of the people, whose will
troll the Government and direct the policy OF the naon the
superior comfort education, intelligence, and information
cessarly resulting to them from this Improvement Of social
system important to the successful progress and perpetuiy
of free institutions and be grateful every republ
patriot and lover of mankind Whilst all have derived
great brrefs from the tariff it is labor that has realized
the largest reward II conended by the advocates Of pro-
lection that il enhanced the wages of labor and that low du
ties would reduce here the allowed for what they
call the pauper labor Of Europe On the contrary the oppo
Of high tariffs insisted that labor left seek freely the
markets Of the world would find for its products the best
prices and consequence the highest reward for the labor
by which they produced The duties have been reduc
ed and yet wages have advanced and higher than
under any protective tariff There many working
concerned in other pursuits than in manufactures, and
with much less Of machinery substitute for labor and by
depressing agriculture commerce. and navigation by restrict
ing their business and the markets for their products the wages
Of those engaged in such pursuits reduced many women
also lose employment and, competing for work in manuac-
lures, the wages of all are diminished.
II is not only the reduced duties that have produced these
happy results, hut the mode Of reductonthe substitution Of
the ad vaorem for unequal and oppressive minimum and spe
ci6c duties The higher duty thus always imposed, by
the very Of the duty, upon the article of the lowest
value consumed by the poor and the lower duty assessed
upon the article OF the higher value used by the wealthy,
often operating duty Of TO- 90 80 per upon the
high priced goods, and of 100 200 per ad vaoTem
upon articles Of lower price Nearly the entire burden of the
tariff thus thrown upon labor by whose wages chiefly
the cheaper articles purchased whilst capital, with
whose profits the costly goods bought almost
exempt from the tax 1t would have been tolerated TO
have imposed duty Of TO- 90 80 per cent by name up
costly articles and Of 100 200 per upon cheaper
abs where the ad vaorem would have exhibited the
injustice and inequality Of the duty but it accomplished
specic duties which