davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

There are some which have external horns oflsrre
size. some wi th smooth skin, and others covered
with hair Though their external appearance Is
extremely dii-rer' they al aeree 10 this respect
they have warm blood, ike birds. But they have
airsac Intending into other cavities o. the body.
The breast De- divided By n large partition called
the diaphragm. which separates the respiratory
cavity from that H. which the other vscera are con-
tanned.
Birds Icy e1g- while the Mammalia bring forth
living young Tn is upon this most important
difference in their character that the reunion Of 50
many animals so widely different has been deter
mined. For example. the IIh0's' a. vel as bats
bring forth living Young and u0ursh them with
milk. The similarity 90 their general structure .
closer than would hppear-owing % this peculiar
t.. The internal structure q the whales is the
same as the higher Mnumsi'a, and though they
have been considered as fishes they have 10 aihui-
t.. but only an external ans0gv 90 that class The
whales are really much more allied % Nan than 20
any Of the fish tribe.
The distinction between analogy and affinity IT,,
that the former indicates only an external similar
ity bat the moment We investigate the internal
structure Of the whale we ind zach a striking re-
semolance 10 the Nammalia that we call Z Affinity
So then whales are analogous % fsbcs-but are
truly Msmnsi,a. Even this analogy % fishes Is
much less tlan n might appear. They have
fms. bnt for different use from fishes IN
fishes the large in 1T the end of the tail is placed
perpendcularlv. end c'caVes the water from right
10 left producing forward motion only-while in
whales this On is placed horizontally, and its motion
causes the animal % rise or sink az Will And this
arrangement facilitates their respiration, Tor they
cannot breathe except in the atmosphere. Fishes
can rise and sink but only SLOW on account OF the
perpendicular position OF the tail; but whales can
rise rapidly TO the surface to breathe the stmos-
,.Ia ofr
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

the growth Of the animal will be considered to ne
serv analogous 20 the lower grades OF animals-aud
n the fullgrown state, 20 the higher Let us see
bat are the relations OF these to other yertebra'ed
Animals. Is il among birds and msmmalia that we
nd an analogy to these animals Certainly not
It is among the fishes we have similar structure.
|Thereore we shall consider fishes as lower than
|those reptiles which begin with the characteristics
seen in fishes, and progress to higher develop
ment Here is evidently test by which we know
that the class Of fishes should stand lower than rep
tiles. which otherwise might be doubted The fact
tina, some respire by glls is not Of itself sufficient
evidence shst they stand lower or higher. There
're some reptiles that breathe by gis their whole
lie Fhs fact Of the fist like forms in the young
batrac ian is sufficiently indicative OF the position
which fishes should occupy with reference to rep
tiles aud other vertebrated animals.
Let Us again examine the diiferentiamlles 10 inc
|erder Of Bstracha g. We have some ism'nes III
" lirl - ttuc
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

rgnine ttfln. Inty are those WIN "uItu Iue
animal SEXES and retains its prey. In the badger
the articulation ofihe lower Jaw Is so powerful that
the iaw cannot fall. There IS groove into which
The enlarged end Of the lower Jaw Is introduced
and closed 10y the upper so strongly that they are
kent m their natural position, aud even alter the
sois parts are removed the Jaws cannot be dis
joined. -,..-,
An csrnivorous animals can make only upward
and downward motions Of the Jaw, with very
slight lateral movement, while those ~nicn I'VE
man erass have. beside these lateral notion
This IL especially evident in Eliminating animals.
All the herbivorous animals which have compli-
Gated stomach. from which the food is returned 10
the mouth to be ground over again, have no canine
teeth-opiv the large moar teeth. with no inclsors
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

feet In orhers the tai viii gradually shorten, and
the liz circumscfibing il viii gradually disappear
The eills at length will disappear and the legs at.
tain such a size as 10 become the maia organs Of
locomotiOn
Here then, we HAVEN such n series and grada-
zion Of forms and in such relation between these
forms and the changes which the frog undergoes-
the actual indication Of the order OF classification In
the arrangement Of all the families. And wher-
ever embyology-the knowledge OF the changes IN
athe young snimal--has taught as the successive
forms we may have in these changes important
hints rs to the classification Of types. Therefore /
hink the principle OF metsmorphoss, as a FONDA
ton Tor classification, 10 the best and most striking
guido q zoologist can take. Bat, as / have said,
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

going arrangement. This IS satisfactory evidence
10 every anstomist that the impressions were from
birds onlys l do not maintain by this that President
Hitchcock has shown that they were all birds
tracks There were also impressions OF other
animals whose tracks DO not sgree with those Of
the birds Butthere tracks OF birds running over
wet sand. that have been preserved by deposit
Of mud upon it, which is enough 10 prove ooncla
sivey to the mind Of the geologst the existence OF
snimas--though there are no remains a. AL These
results are satisfactory, because they promise more
inormato GA concerning the true history Of geological
succession on the surface Of the globe Since the
ripple marks of the ebbiDg tide aud the slightest
IMPRESSIONS OF the feet OF ANIMALS can berecognized
We have evidence that the time viii come when
we shall know all that has transpired on the sur
face Of the earth, at period when Man oid not
exist and We can reconstructthe form oil the whole
Animal Creation oaly by these slight eVidences.-
lAppleuieJ
Tic last class OF vertebrated animals Of which
have to speak, is the NanMaiia. Il Is class
in which the types are almost IS diverse as n rep
tiles We have, in this class, animals provided
with fms, others with feet and others with wings,
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

mai there are only four msxlsry teeth IN the whole
Jaw end two iusks. making SIX but these are re-
newed constantly. 90 that after the second pair bss
taken the piscs al the first another will be formed
behind 81 i, is rot true that the fall grown ami
nal has only iour teeth orthers are new ones con-
stautly forming behind They have now eight and
now four teeth and when full grown there are only
four left
The ianily Of Pacly5srns is highly interesting
because it Is 70 them we must refer many Of the
gigantic terrestrial animals found In the tertiary
strata. They are quite numerous, ard u Is these
which have been for the frsttime reconstructed snd
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

in the upper Jaw and i've in me lover Deeii'
elks and cows are OF this family having DO incis'
ors in the upper Jaws. and no canine teeth AZ all.
When say no herbivor0us animals have canine
teeth suppose many have thought Of the extraor'
binary tusks OF the elephant, which are placed In
the ssme position as canine teeth IN other animals
In this head Of the BabGoussa appear canine
teeth Of extraordinary size, bat you viii readily
perceive the difference between these aud the ca
nine teeth Of cRrniv0rous saimals. They are not
used TO seize the prey. They are curved upward,
and are used for other purposes. beside being
rnrnerf 10 the head IN fns head Of n boar from
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

this principle has been very impertec'y undefstood
and IN fact never applied one upon which CLASH
hcation in general could rest.
There are several fossil Batrschians, and what IL
again interesting, is that the larger ones and those
which have appeared earlier belong % the older
tertiary strata. II is in the more recent tertiary
beds We find those which show closer affinity
with frogs tailess batracbisns
will not enter into farther details Ny object
in speaking OF the Barachians 70 illustrate the
principle Of classification, derived from kDople
Of the Tnetam0rphoses 10 any portion OF the Animal
Kingdom. 10 another Lecture I shall show that
tbs principle viii be Of direct application in the or
der Of succession Of the different types of the AMI
NAL Kingdom. Though we have not Investigated
all classes there are sufficient facts obtained to
show, even now, that this ia fundamental princ
pie upon which Classification rest, aud that this
same principle is the in the order Of succession
OF types in al geological ages. lApplausel
The next class is Birds. and next the Mamma.
ft0 These two classes have certain charact eristcs
ia common, of which Will first speak They are
both warm-blooded animals. and they both breathe
with lungs. Birds as well Mammais, have
large airsacs called lungs which open externally
through the mouth as well the n0srrls. d. the
same manner as reptiles but there is tliis funda
mental difference between reptiles aud birds and
mammalia The hitter two classes are warm
blooded The difference ia temperature Is UNI
doubtedly owing to the greater amount Of oxygen
consumed in respiration.
Mamnalia aud birds agree again 10 the large
size Of their brain in proportion TO the body II is
so much preaier than IN reptiles as 70 be quite
striking. In comparing for instance, the brain Of
the sparrow with that Of the largest sea-tarle that
Of the sparrow is found to be about half the size OF
taat OF the tarte The difference in proportion 10
the size Of the tao classes is as 100 to /.
The peculiar characteristics Of the class OF Birds
are that the anterior and posteTor eztremties IRE
entirely dissimiar The former are wings-the
latter legs Nevertheless the structure Of the
wings and legs in birds is precisely the same-the
bones exactly correspond, and the true difference
il owing 70 their arrangement. The large thigh
bone, uniting with the back bone corresponds 70
the shoulder The thigh-bone corresponds 10 the
humerus-the leg proper corresponding 70 the fore
arm--then the foot aud fingers correspond 10 the
hand. These parts are covered with feathers, aud
the difference which is obvious in the bones entire
ly disappears ia the external limbs. This analogy
in the anterior and posterior eztremities can be
traced throughout the great type OF the vertebrated
animals The short fingers on the foot Of the bat
pond precisely o. the long fingers OF IFS hand
even 20 their arrangement and number of bones
oud the difference is only IN the manner in which
they unite together By membranes.
There ia no class among vertebrated animals 30
uniform 81 birds. What have said apple 70 the
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25
Mississippi Congressional Election Tird D'tric'
We present the table OF the vote in the Third
o our readers his morning. complete

Tompkins lWhig majority SIS Roberts Loco
majority in ls45, LIS Wing gain in two years
l,723i 1t will be seen that while the Loco.Foco
vote has fallen or the Wing vote has iucreased-a
two-iod condemnation Of the policy Of Folks Ad-
minis;rati1n.
We take the above retains from the yicksburg
Whig
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25
NETWORK, THURSDAY MORNING, a5,

the large family of Pari yaSrnat1 in which the fin
gers are covered with q hocf The horse the
elephant and the rhinoc-ros belong p ths family
They have grinding teeth n large size Some
have many ard some very few The elephant, the
largest OF the Msmmaa. when ful grown has only
four molsr teetr-tTo ia the upper ali Two 10 the
lower Jaw. The yoong elephant has twice as ma
ny-four in the lower and i0nr IN the upper. This
difference Is easily explained. The new teeth are
not formed under the Oh ones. bat behind, and IS
they grow they move forward. first the anterior
-. --.--- -. IL -.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

aw the p0steror por-
ion being stiiicuvered
yIth bone. ~ they
ONE forward they dis
place the other teeth.
he anterior portion
saccessively falls away
AID the posteriOr
ones 10 gradually
IN the full grown All
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

From Lake superior-The Julia Palmer safe.
By the Louisiana rom Macklnaw, the Detroit
DAILY of the lgih inst has ndvices that the Julia
Palmer was safe in Copper Harbor abou, the eth
or 10th inst
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

uniform ft fI Inc WNhlet arc NoftNEAf TIC
lowest order OF Mammalia, as is indicated by tie
structure Of their other - tremites. They have
anterior feet bat 10 posterior. They have hngers.
five In number. as in other Mammaiia, but united
b. thick membrane forming iin. The structure
al the caudal sppcndagc. and 10 some Of them the
existence of a d0rsaI hn shows some relation %
fishes, which puts them in lower grade but stil
their true affinity Is with Mammalia.
Whales have oxisted in former times. Most ex-
tra0rdinarv sized fossil SPECS found boz the South
e-n parts of this country Tn Alabama large speci-
mems have been discovered. which unfortunately
have been described by 81 -uOraut German natur-
slist "a the remains of reptiles. and this discovery
of 50 much importance, has been esseued ln inter
oct by the unscentdc manner In which they were
described. Bot lately Prot Wyman, young nat
urast OF Boston, and Dr.. Gibbs Of South Carolina,
have given scientific description. showing their
essential structure 10 be that OF Mammalia. And
st later since their proper place has been assigned
a skull hos been discovered, showing the peculiar
rounded form Of the p0steror part OF the head, CIV
ing another evidence that the remains are those OF
species Of whale and not those Of reptile, called
the H1dr0rch0s. The existence OF whales dates
as far back as the cretaceous epoch and many have
been found in the tertiary strata. There IS dlih-
entity ia determining The species OF these fossil ce-
taceaus account Of their large size. IL IS much
easier 10 compare smaller specimens.
TheNarnmalia are divided into two other large Or
ders beside that Of whales. the Herbir0r0 and the
CQra,U0r0 There is difference in those which live
on vegetables and those which devour animals for
food The form and structure the teeth ir grind
iug vegetable food and for eating and devouring
living animals--as also the aimentary organs for
digestion which require the food 60 undergo pro-
cess of assimilatioa-are very different ia the two
Orders. The difference between the food and the
substance of the body Of an herbivorous animal
aud the modification IL has 20 undergo 70 become
assimilatei render the digestive organsmuch more
complicated in the berOy0rous than IN the carniyor-
Gus tribe.
Again the food Of these two orders is so different
in the various families, that We find numerous far.
Their notifications in the operations by which the
food is prepared before it is swallowed We have
for instance, n the ga0viag animals teeth entirely
desr,ier from those which act upon the surface of
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

mont Of Inc IDS Hnu UrtHHI Duuai Huu
ridge rising from the middle, and t.
it are attached the broad muscles
which move tho wing. These mus
cles are well known as the white
meat Of the fowl. There is con
slant proportion in the extent Of
this bone and the power Of flight
mall birds. l viii enter a little
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25
WHOLE NO. 1864

lsush,erl Bu, for himself be would say that be had
always eon.iiered Il a. much duty o. Govern rneni
10 improve snd establish hsrbors the Western waters
IS 70 build lighthouse 10 ihs hszeor OF Boston "res'
suplsusol
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

and we then have the form OF Salamanca. Then
the legs viii increase in size and the tail will DIS
appear-and We will have the form OF the frog ana
tad In the beginning there are external append
,rss for respiration-the gs. These disappear
entirely in the salamanders. frogs aud tosds and
rsp,sn nermanent in the others The earlier STAGES
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

treIn.-IUIs tuIIuI| uI'
OF the Ea0l.0saHg10, !.
similar to the Paleotheri
una-but Of q s'ende
frame. and the body ind
Gates an animal Of quicke
motion. while the forme
was more heavy and slow
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

minishing the quantity OF AIR inspired.
have mentioned that the fingers. rather the
toes were similar in AL birds | will pursue this
point. as it is the only one upon which birds have
acquired a geological interest. Many years ago
Pres. Hitchcock OF Amherst College discovered Gu.
rious tracks upon certain rocks In the Connecticut
Valley He examined these impressions snd pub
lished some diagrams of them, maintaining that
they were the footprints Of birds. believe this
assertion was received with much Incredibly
in this country ms in Europe. He has for years
been struggling against opposition in reference to
his assertion To himself as well rs 10 a few in
dividals who had confidence in the fxity of the
laws Of Nature the evidence wss satisfactory. At
length bis views have been fully borne out. ltcan
be proved with as much certainty that birds have
existed as early SIS the deposition Of the new red
sand stone as II we saw them-,hough only the
tracks remain like those left on sandy beach
These tracks were made long before Man was
created, aud the evidence is beyond the slightest
doubt (Applause
The evidence is this. The toes Of birds are
always two three or four in number When there are
b.l,f ind n the thumb.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25


the Island of Boz
neo the Bar5ar
0ussa-aoy ar
curved horns
In the elephan
they becomeiars'
tusks correspond
ing o. The ca1in'
teeth bat are 10
ased 30 pcri0rn
the oMce Of canin'
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25
! 'ES5iyorr a SUMNER. los sln-.l
FRENCH MERISOEs, /

OF TIE MOSr.ChOIcE cOLORs,
CONSISTING a ell ihs most eeasufsi shades Of ma
" gson leyal FsIPle, esEst, naibery soas fsrs ana
-sssrlc D. - via 81 to ths1es Of back And oleebscs
Iarst cctls Ea1 fFsrcb meriuos, s0ns VI the sooss
f.ocf are tp- snd are c1esea % fels 81 " hS
81 .,sto.s 81 CalAArinss, cor vi Asdlssn-sl
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25
plain letters liberal terms
JANIS ACkEKMAS, Sign, Banner ana
nlOtDl Ornamental Painter. IJi Nassa1-st
n.yIIcur ia, COME.-WHIrrAKE

~ nswl, Invented SOLAR LAMP tor which pstsaf
Is nov pending 0neTcd the pubic - ths best
and most economical Lamp ever Invented.
Po.sesnf ali tho OF the 80 Lamp it
arser ADD OF than ordinary hand lamp
bnruiux tho most inferior oil gvss ishtugsafpssssd
f bfsncy add cls.rness 10 10 not liable ~ get oat "a
reus, - perfectly cay add sac - cary sbeel snd can
be- Afforded comp al prices varying nom Two 70 three
daarsper pair Loers discount u me Hsae. ihe pap
lie are invited 70 call Ane examine.
M.1sfactared solely by -
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

w have the FTinders. AnlmaIs WIN su.n JAWS,
au they are very numerous arc called R0dentia
Rats aud squirrels are Of this group. Rabbits and
hares have two anterior teeth 10 the lower Jaw and
four or five grinders the right and LEFT side OF the
nnsL.-l-r naLt a The nnuer end lower laws. Inc
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

INIUI11 III 0IIIs '''7 , TITI 7 7 -"07'V
'the backbone and ribs attached TO it.
There are additional bones not found
n other birds, passing from one rib
o another, preventing the compress
non Of the chest. which would other.
wise modify the respiration, by d.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25
NOTICES.
PHRENOLOGIsTs AND PUBLISHERS.
FO,yLERs * WELLS,
Clinton Hall, 1871 >a-sau--f. \. \.
-~ec.e LETTERS AND NEWSPAPERS IA
4rLLN FOR FOREl0N POkls. I'M

r. l. ID, Wheeler, Comm ssioner Of Deeds for
NsM. YORK and OopneelIcat. rammany Hall. ss3 u
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

from NHmmtil9. bfus, inorder 70 ny iuuhJ uottrea-
nriy be very light To obtain this, they ere provided
with large nir-sac extending from the lungs into
the abdominal cavity, and even into the bones. The
bones Of the arm in birds are hollow conmuncat-
ing with the air sacs of the lungs Tho reason why
bird falls when its wing is broken, IS because the
air within the cavity no longer resis.s the pressure
of the chest If you sever the bone of the wing,
Won viii hear the air whistling through the broken
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

lOuf thcTc IN QUO hSi l'it~
Let this represent the foot
In the posterior finger Their
is one bony articulation and
nail-in the first finger, w.
bony articulations and a mai
in the secosd. three articu
lations and a nail joint--anl
In the third. four articulation
and a nail joint. There Is no
another animal in winch tn
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

illustrated 50 admirably
n the immortal works OF
ICuvier. We have here
the remains Of the Pa
lr9fferium, an animal
allied TO the Tapir ia
the form OF IT'S head
and grinding and canine
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

bone. 1t is OWING 90 this pr
.augement that tho specific
weight oil birds isso much di-
ninished. and they ere Cna-
lled 20 soar through the air
with such ease.
Only a few birds are de-
prived OF this iaculty-such
os the ostrich. In this the ster.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

The jaw. This is jaw
1f the beaver. You see
the two anterior teeth,
10Th In the upper and
over Jaw. Then there
8 a space deprived Of
eeth, and in the pos
terror portion Of the jaw
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

whole class they differ ouiy in
the shape and form If tho bin
and the fingers, and in The pro-
1oition OF their bodies. In the
parrot, which is widely differ.
mt from the ostrich, you will
ind the same neck and back
bones, the same arrangement
If the wings and even the same
number Of srticuiations in the
tOcs.
In their respiration, they differ
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

This theskull
# a dolphin one
Ifthe whale tribe
II is widely DIFF
erent from the
lass OF fishes and
3 provided with
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

including me nan loint--
In the only bird which hai
two fingers. the African
ostrich. the first fngerhas iou
and the second FIVE joints
Now in the new red sandston,
of the Connecticut Valley. the
impressions LETT show plainly
the Joints OF thetoes and mum
Der Of articulations, which cor
respond precisely to the fore
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-25

irst are called iHcis0rs
and the second mOidrs.
Ne find such only
among hcrbivorous ami
mails, while in the car
nivorous we find a third
Sind of teeth In the
iaw of the tiger you
nave Ia front the in
'isors. and in the pos
terror part the mOlars