davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

vex on that side usually triangular and that Is
the peculiarly Of the genus Mo.OsaSrus.
II is by this simple process Of comparison that
the characters may be determined. and # any one
will investigate all the relations between such
bones and skeletons of a reptile, he Will himself
be able 10 restore the entire animal, giving the
whole outline with great accuracy
The number OF fossil bones coming 70 light every
year is so great that there is greater held OF IN
vestigatiOn than there are students 10 enter u,
which should be au inducement for many more 10
begin such studies In this country, fossil bones
have been studied but very lmpedecty Inc
Mastodon has been discovered here and have no
doubt there are many bones remaining unde-
scribed as there were several years ago IN many
countries Of Europe so there IS ample room for 10.
vestgaton Owing u the before mentioned peca-
iarites In the structure Of the crocOdilethe form
OF the teeth aud notifications IN the vertebre-
those ancient types should form peculiar order BY
themselves.
The order Of lizards, 50 numerous N our day, Is
OF little geological interest because 50 few iOsss
have been found 20 compare with existing types.
The next order is Ophidians. Having shown
how gradually this order passes into that OF liz
ards by the formation OF the feet, the inquiry arises
By what are snakes distinguished from lizards
for there are lizards without feet and snakes have
rudments Of feet In lizsrds the lower Jaw IS
movable in It's Articulation on the temporal bone,
and can ONLY move up aud down In the snake the
same motion j. possible bot the two Jaws in front
can also move sideways. 80 that the lae can be
separated considerably and thus the mouth can be
enlarged indefinitely. Inis IS tne reason Why
snakes can swalloS animals Of larger diameter
than their own body Not only is their mouth en-
lsrged in that manner. bat the posterior srticula
ton Of the Jaw with the head IS such. that the Jaw
can slide on the side Of the head. and thus enlarge
In that direction. The temporal bone is detached
from the skin and forms the joint OF the lower jaw
which Joint IS movable night and len, allowing the
saake 10 distend It's mouth enormously. But the
up Der Jaw a also movable, and in some rs in ven
ouous serpents there are movable teeth, uniting
with the sac containing the poison which they in.
isct through the tube Of the tooth into the wound
made by the bite Of the reptile
snakes have existed 40 ormer times. Prot Owen
b.s sscsrtained that 10 the London clay fossils
fonod allied 70 the boa constructor, as early as the
deposition OF the most ancient tertiary bodies.
The last family Is the Batrceaiaas. which is 20
interesting in It's geological bearings, and also
anatomicsily from the extensive metamorphoses il
undergoe. that beg leave 20 pass by the class Of
bird. which is 90 well understood and is Of less
interest and take up the order Of Batrschisns tor
the next Lecture
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

OF WINCH are TeDeWed IN the hAInV HIHuHcIi HIu ~
the animal increases in size the series OF teeth
grow larger The series of teeth arc obique, and
as they fall off those which come to supply their
place will I'll up the whole margin of the jaw
Those back teeth are formed on larger scale than
those in front.
The order Of PlqcoidS contains two iam'lies-
sharks and skates. These two families though
very different in form and structure, have THIS IN
common-their gills are merely covered by strips
OF skin. There are as many openings as gus IN
the common fishes there is only one opening in the
ei aud series of flat bones covering the whole
cavities in which the eills are contained. But In
the shark there are externally FIVE. and sometimes
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

lung of a reptile into which the ar ls constantly
introduced, moving in and out as often as the
animal requires air but the inspiration IS not
so frequent as in warm booded animals, and the
quantity OF oxygen consumed IS mucn less
These two characters are sufficient to distinguish
reptiles from all other animals and TO show that
Notwithstanding their extraordinary diversity OF
form. they are very natural class in their
structure.
Without entering into any more anatomical de
tails I would mention some pecuarities OF the
different organs
REPTILES have been divided into four orders
Turtles. Lizards Snakes and Frogs The trst are
named from the Greek Che'OHl0s, the second S1frf
ans the third Opiidians and the fourth Bdfr0chians
These terms simply signify the same as the com
mon name aud are only used for the sake o, A cou-
mon understanding IN different languages The
common name Is Just as GOOD, only IL would some
times create mistakes For instance here is hsh
called the garpke which has q nsmesske belong
iny q different family Soft II necessary 10 have
scientific terms derived either from the Greek or
Latin--lor scientific men OF different nations speak
different tongues. and II IS essential 10 thorough
study or knowledge OF the different types OF the
Animal Kingdom that there should be liked
Classifc alton. as the names 10 common use among
US would necessarily change with different
languages
Tine order al CheloniAnsi IS peculiar IRON the singu
lar form OF the body. The common turtle IS covered
with large fat ped scales both above and
below These scales rest Immediately upon the
bones. The question is. what are these bones =
Turtles have been considered animals OF Pecu-
liar order constructed different pan from other
animals in having their skeleton outside, and
having bones analogous 10 no other animals pat
II u essv ia comparng 10 fDd what the broad, nat
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

vertebral column. that could ascertain that this
as well that form belonged to the class OF fishes
The analogy is striking that il is possible 10 sat
isfy any one that this type will follow that, and
that being a true fish. We must necessarily CON
slider this extraordinary form as belonging TO taat
class
At the first appearance of the class OF Nertsora
they bore such resemblance To types entirely DIT
ierent from the fishes now IA existence, as to ex
hbt a most curious phenomenon IN Nature, show
ing us how that from the beginning all types were
contemplated by the Creator. but only called INTO
ex steDce gradually
The ordinary bony fishes are divided by the pc
culiarties of their scales into two Orders First
those with hard rough scales, called the Ctsno'ds
to which the Perch belongs. They have not only
spinos GA their backs but fsntatons on their scales
aud have been divided into numerous families ac
cordiDg To the structure Of some Of the head bones
They are not found Ia general works which may
be an inducement 10 some 10 study them. z
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20
Accident 10 Steamer Rhode Island.

The steamer Rhode Island, Capt. Thayer, on her
way from Stonng,on TO this City. broke her piston,
about2 A. N. yesterday, AMI was taken IL tow al
terward by the steamer Worcester, Capt VII.
liams, OF the Norwich and Worcester line.
The X. l. was left at anchor about twenty five
miles from the city her passengers and mails hav-
Ing been transferred to the Worcester, which ar
rived here at 4 quarter. past ] o'clock the next
afternoon. The accident was the cause Of the de
tention Of the mail which should have been re-
Gel, ed early in the morning.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

NgW-YORk ELECTION.
NIAGARA co-loncisl !
From Lake ssperior-Tbe Propeller safe.
Correspondence Of The Tribune.


DKrRoIr Monday P. NJ Nov. Is. lsa7.
DEAR GREELEY We have st last reliable in
,elligence OF the Propeller Independence on Lake
Superior supposed to have been lost with all on
board She has arrived after passage of twenty
one days up the Lake. and is safe. although she
encountered very rough weather, and lost most OF
her spars rigging SC. One OF our citizens Mr.. l..
P. Brady for whom we all felt the utmost anxiety,
has arrived safely to the great JOY of us all
The Jena is now on her way down with ~ tons
Of Copper for the Boston and Pittsburgh Co. which
goes TO Pittsburgh RIA Cleveland. The steamboat
Champion. belonging " our good friend Capt EleI
Ward will bring down so tons more for the same
destination aud this will ciose the season. rne
shipments for this Company have been ms iolows
viz
Per Jens.- a tons Steamer sam. Ward 81 oos
propeller Goliah leo &c Jena .---...... a.
Chicago. 100 Champion .... 50 "
Nours q 4 z
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

So the perch Numerous Branches hrlse and eIeH
divided rays According TO the rule gave this
f,h should have smooth scales On the contrary
II has serrsted scales but only on some parts oil the
b,3,-the other portion is covered with smooth
scales Its. in fact an intermediate type between
the herring and the ctenoids ,c
The family of the herring Of trout and OF goldfish
ali have the same scales and soft rays The family
of Goldfish is distinguished by having numerous 81
vided fns-sometimes three dorsai ana TWO ana
e.. I'll ~ ,len, with soft rays and smooth scales
The family Of Eels has the fla continuous with the
body. GO
Then we have the families Of Herring and Of oueH
ers which differ in the following manner lntheiam'
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

the character Of the perch families Beside that
the perch have teeth in the upper aud lower jaw
and upon the palatal bones inside the mouth, MS
well as the bones of the skull 1t is a most extra
ordinary fact that the bone which is known by
ANTAGONISTS TO form the division Of the nose IN higher
animals called the conner rests upon the bones oil
the skull ia fishes which have no such deep caVtles
in the nose The roner forms part OF the palate
in the perch family and is covered with teeth.
Another family allied to this, the SParoIds' 10
which the sheep head" belongs, differ in having
Ill, th., oil "a of the nreOncrCulnm
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

NERVOUS branches supply lngthe head, anterior
exiremities and alImentary organs, and also the
viscera m the Posterior extremity. That blood
returns and enters one of the auricles, while the
blood which goes 10 the lungs will enter this
other auficle SO that the blood from the body
is mingled IN the common ventricle Thus we have,
going 10 the body blood Of a mixed nature That
which has become blood and has lost its vital pro
periies by being used IN the body returns to one
of the auricles aud the blood which has become
oNVecnated IN the lungs comes back TO the other
aurice. The venous aud arterial blood then empty
into this common cavity the ventrce and are forced
thence into the body as well as the respiratory or
gans Such a circulation is that which is fonnd In
all cold blooded animals
In the higher animals the blood which comes
from the body into this cavity passes into that and
does rot unite with the arterial blood but is forced
h. q ,a.snl dlslInct from
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

can nod all the peculiaritIes which mentioned
about the position Of the corsa aud anal ms. IN
the voraciOus fishes in those which nave snort
body the dorsal hu Is usually on he back and Is Of
a larger sizc The head is prcporticnably shorter
aud rounder The scales Of the pike are 50 very
hard that it is utterly impossible to pierce them
with nail They covered with the hardest
enamel The fn ikewise ~ protected on either
edre with similar hard scales, which prevent the
breaking Of the rays. Only few similar fishes
are found.
The genus fepidosieW is peculiar 10 North
America. IL is found in rivers empty Ing into the
Gulf OF Mexico and the ct, Lawrence A genus is
also fOsnd 10 the Nile and Senegal called the Po-
igptorus. which has numerous rays on the back -
The st0rgeOn is allied 10 this genus Fossil fishes
Of which lew smooth scales are found, differ from
them by the position of their fms and the form Of
the head and teeth.
have alluded % the peculiar structure Of the
yertebro 10 that genus where We have arlicuatng
surfaces oil the back bones, rounded on tle anterior
and hollow on the posterOr extremity ] have
shown you series Of vertebrH Of the back bone
from one Of these fishes. Though It is from large
species, 1t is so small that you will scarcely be able
10 examine Il at distance show il 70 compare the
form OF these vertebre with those Of other fishes
the shark and Goldfish for example. In the form Of
their articulatlng surfaces they resemble those Of
the crocodile
have here the vertebra OF the alligator You
see these rounded articulating surfaces There is
a hollow socket m which the succeeding vertebrR
can iit and the manner in which the two vertobre
move is like ballard socket joint precisely
the mode Of articulation in the family OF The Gan
ODDS. This peculiarly IS more interesting. these
fishes the only vertebrated animals existing at
a. epoch when reptiles had not yet been called into
existence. And after the reptiles began to exist
those types Of fishes became so diminished that
they were almost extinct, aud at the present dsy
we have only few remnants Of them-in fact only
two genera.
1t IS not the place to speak of the types Of those
ancient fishes. and ] wo1ld only aude 10 some
more pecuarities OF the most ancient ones 70 show
thatihey are somewhat analJgous not only - rep
ftI lint Ha,... ..
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20
New Publications..

~ The FLOWERS PEssoSIFlEp, No. y. Is
published. lis per.oaidcaiions the Pink and the
Hemlocs-i, is needless to say. elegantly executed Q
Martin 10 Brostvsy)
~ "WILsoS's TALEs % rHg BORDERS, No.
, h,s been Issued Il contains number of complete
sketchsyory entersninsy written Price ssbiliDe per
pumber-6l pages. (R r shannon. ll6 Nssssu's,)
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

This and two other bones
resmooth in their edges
but the operculum has
spiues, the back lin has
spines, and the scales are
rough. The Sc1enoids
10 which the weak fish
belongs has the same
.loroc,sr;e.ic of the on
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20
2A!


not exist very anciently-we DO not find them
beyond the oote period bat we md the next
order, the Saurians at an earlier age, Immediately
after the coal era The question arises, Are the
sauriaus which are found below the oolite and
above the coal real lizards They have been so
considered but I think the analogy with lizards
has been exaggerated. Ia fact all the reptiles
found IN tho strata below the chalk have pecu
liarty which the actual lizard has not the teeth
are inserted ia cavities Lizards have teeth united
with their laws but these ancient saurians have
teeth inserted by long root into cavity and We
have the same structure N the crocodile; 50 that
the analogy between the crocodile and lizard
which was considered natural and close, IS
think, rather exaggerated. l consider crocodiles
as one remnant of those ancient types OF large liz
ards having like reptiles teeth inserted IN the
hollow cavities of the jaw. You see IN this head
Of au alligator toe character OF their teeth very
plainly. Most o; them have fallen oui, but M the
few remaining you a long root projecting above
these cavities. Among lizards we nave teeth
which unite with toe head ami there are never any
such cavities for their reception. These reptiles
should be called Rhi-Od0Rfs-having teeth with
roots.
will mention the distinguishing characteristics
Of the aigstors # the South. from the crocodiles
Of the East Ys0 see the teeth OF the lower jaw
4 IS. fats
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

r5ss. and arliculated IN such a manner that they
ssly fall off
Mother peculiarly Of all csrtilaginous fishes is
sre their teeth loose without sockets, and only
lsched to the Jaw by the skin They are not ia
saed in deep sockets ms those of other fishes and
liner orders of animals. This mode of insertion
rsdsrs the teeth movable, so that the shark can
sst its teeth. The shark has not single row
" FIVE six or seven rows behind each other. and
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

margin of the jaw, there
are constantly ewteeth
forming at the back as
often as the front ones
fall of. There are some.
times as many ~ twenty
Or thirty IN one row all
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

mouth and cOmmunlcatlng WITH
the nose. Here is he lung Of an
other reptile, the boa constructor.
IN which the cells are beautifully
seen, similar 10 the former, bat
more numerous and not divided
INTO larger cells. These two rep
tiles have such organs Of respira
zion We have seen in fishes
only a rudiment OF a lung-the
air. bladder. Here we have the
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

Nfrst erect teeth are placed thus.
Aihe edge OF the Jaw we have an
ssct tooth, and back Of 1t numerous
tsth wose point is turned backward
Is often as such q tooth is destroyed,
he next tooth will take its place. So
Eat there is constant supply. The
nws OF teeth are not always as dis
met as in this instance. Ia many
IA aouth A.. ...iAnI a. nr IN FINN |
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

surrounding atmosphere. Their temperature sinks
with that OF the atmosphere, and when 1t is very
low the animal becomes torpid and remains
so during the cold season. Turtles, snakes. liz
ards and frogs sink into this state during the WIN
ter. and their circulation is very much diminished
An REPTILES breathe with lungs, which are Of
very peculiar appearance. have here the lung
OF the swapping turtleit is sponge-like and full OF
large airceils-The air enters into these tubes or
airp pipes which unite in one tube opening into the
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

have here an opercu-
lum which is dentated
.or serrated. Then the
|1perculum which is the
next lower is usually
|dentated and provided
with spines, and two
other bones below the
serratures. That is
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

rposod that they were slNty OF ono huhured het
long but suchis an exaggeration, caused by
want OF proper knowledge OF the corresponding
hying species Sharks Of the greatest size have
no, the largest teeth, but on the contrary those
having the smallest body have the largest 'eels
and 10 this tribe of sharks the fossil species be
ioos. 20 then We have no right 70 infer thar the
teeth belong TO am extraordinary sized species
Toe next is GoR0lds Of which have explained
TIE character from ancient strata ms drawing
represents the one which | had the pleasure TO re
store from single scale some years ago. ana
here exhibit the Outlines of that taken iron the
oiuen itself You will observe, on comparing tbs
specimen with the first outline gave, how closely &c
agrees. They have not only enameed scales but
they are rhomboida in the same way as the
Ganoids.
Yoo have one Of the few remnants Of these gan
ODDS. the garpke Of Lake Chsmplsin-ioand also
10 the Southern rivers. Il Is provided with sharp
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

IIlIV IIIt ItsFlI '1'1J "I "'1' y
that, aud from the lungs comes
back into this cavity, and from
this into that, so that the blood
coming from the body and res
piratory organs never mlngles
This is a double circulation pc
culiar to warm blooded animals
Reptiles are cold blooded, the
temperature of the blood never
rising higher than that Of the
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20
l|l|||||I|||||||||

sores omen under The heads--in the sharksl on
each side.
AknowIedee Of the details in the structure oil
,be shark is very interesting TO BIOLOGISTS, me
area, number Of their teeth found in FOSSIL state
renders quite necessary for the geoiogst 70 hno"
whst differences in their structure 'ne 'eeln ~.
es.e Their skeleton being rather soft. is not o,en
preserved IN a fossil state but the teeth being ex
ceedingly hard, are very common IN geoiosi'a
strata Ia the tertiary strata some are iodnd ex
csedingly large In this shark, which Is ABOUT
twelve feet in length, the teeth are nearly an
IA long. Some are found having the same
form which are several inches IA hight and as
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

proper YOU have the teeth closing Ia dit
ierent manner. crossing each other that on
side view sou two sets of teeth-those
Of the lower aw coming outside those OF the
upper. IL is fact for which We cannot account
that all the orocodiies OF the old world have teeth
varying IN this manner from the alligaiors OF this
continent There is one species, however. IN the
West Indies constructed the plan Of the Eastern
crocodile
With this type we have 20 combine fossil
reptiles, Of which portions only arc known -
They have been described chiefly by Cony beare,
Prof owen and other British Naturalists. II is in
the oolitic series OF Great Britain that they are
mostly found They are truly gigantic, some Of
them exceeding Ia SIZE the largest terrestrial nam
malta Only parts have been restored. They are
described under the name Of PieslosaurHs and
Ichthyosanrus.
will only sllude to another of these types. OF
L. 81
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

are of considerable size. Here you
have one of the back bones. The APP
pendages above and below are bro
ken. The back bone Of the fossil IS
vice as large as the larsestcrocodile.
How can this be ascertained to be
reptile 2 Ii is easy. You have these
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20
SCHOOLS.

C,RRNCH CLASSICS, BY Prof J. ?. EDWARDS
L AN every Mond.y TSs..dsy snd FRIDAY svs9iss. !,
and teacher Prof Tsppsns schools and By pefmissos
refers 10 :. the aHl0-In s:. si 1 T.bs.
MD, s. a. Pond, A w. 0sbsudsnI Y Bornan, "
house Rev G. II Red, &C. 10. Prof Edwards gill 81
tend At tSs houses .sw Of psP,, Svy Ss
letter, at 70 McDoussd % Im
L,RENCH LANGUAGE-Msnsscas Oral systsm-
Madame d.sshst Of ne lsts ossa
her classes the ladies' morning elsss toI,ss
Residence 80 wslker-st OBJ Imlstp-
N1ARsH,s CLASSICAL and Commsrcid Aeade
Msndsy August 3d. or the instruction Of yesas gentleman
Ia svsy br.nch of education Necessary 70 them % enter
college o. us,: and other ps
tc0as apply the ses Of this pspef Or Of liz WILLOW
o.. Brooklyn. seS, "
C'RENCH AND ENGLISH sCH00L.n:v
LEPLAIT and LADY's Frsnc6 and English school for
Your Ladies' ls CgesnesL between Wayerly ace ssa
Eighth-st For terms &c inqaire o. rref y nlo oeoo
YOUNG LADY Of practical expsneneess erineiP.
"A and acquainted with tho eiemsctAfy and nisnet
branches Of English education, from Bostos, denroas On
obtaining situation selset school 20 tste chsfss o.
assistant teacher The most ':ssfsstoI tss.sn 49,.
A. MS sod3v
GERMAN LANGUAGE.-Ias andsfa<sse g.
Uaasie Of the Unge"ty Of Kenis.ben 10 rIs .s.s:
= ;'i' Fl FL 'sar.s;SsssRI;ss sisfsf;i
no.RDISG SCHOOL FOR BOYS 9 Wilton,
ID Connectieut.-rhis school - nor .sss.-Ins paH.s
~. Ss.,ns,. and practical ehsrsctef Steamboat add
direct :. ss tsssV Der ,.. ' Par 2essvsd
Terms one s1.aasa a s.a 5. mad. w s"l..
~ ssy c hath n Z, ABEL wHITLOcK Rrseipsi
F(tsrsnc,s-Rev. John Smith, Rev. VIM w. BsA<,, vii
i KY conn so lava.
New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1847-11-20

bones are Here We
have the indication
quite plsin-thewhole
space between the
scales Is not u,led up.
In all mariue AMI
mails the ribs 90 not
enlarge the whole
.ength bGt are only
united near the back
bone The large,
broad disc is nothing
but a series Of ribs,
and " hen looking in
rernally they present
precisely the same
relations TO the cen
,ralback bone as in