The Caledonian. [volume] (St. Johnsbury, Vt.) 1837-1867, 1845-05-05
The Farmer.
fdracts from Edward S. MattOcks'

Tho hest and most important sources Of manures
n r,bc barn-yard, piggery and priUy vault, And it
iuIy to be regretted, that owing TO ignorance,
,re,sness, and, in this TO that delusve idea,
ia, can't afford it, we loose nearly two thirds Of
t,,,uo of their contents The causes which ope-
Il t,, diminish their amount and vane, are, LIST, by
,,flroton or soaking away into the earth. I'd, by
[yvraion, or being taken up by the and winds
ma, causes may be romeded by strcwing the bot
II f,5ilhe yard, and mixing with, and covering the
rrue with litter, such 90 refuse straw, orts, weeds,
leaves from the Forest together with much com
mon earth from the roadsides, hedges, bitches, or
h,rds, puveraed charcoal, gypsum, sawdust, or any
Cher dry porous substance, TO absorb the liquids and
rolcc the whole mass from the influence of the at
mcsphere. Sd by excessive fermentation, in which
the heap, accumulate great degree Of heat to
dissolve the salts which they contain, and disspate
them in the form of gas or the elements of ma
nne ammonia is decidedly the most important 1t
lfound that those substances which contain the
greatest amount of ammonia, are the most valuable
FOR manures Barnyard manures contain a large pro-
portion oft I! is an exceedingly volatile salt, and
exposure 10 the air or heat it converted into gas
md escapes. II is the evolution of this gas, that
gives the peculiar odor to stables and heaps.
Tbs salt as before remarked, constituting the chief
nue Of manures it is highly important to prevent its
escape Having taken the precautions named to pre-
vent loss by infltration and evaporation, little danger
rsd be apprehended from excessive fermentation ex-
aa in cases OF considerable piles of manure, parlcu-
Ey0l horse manure.
hd here il will be very easy to prevent the evil by
OCCASIONALLY spreading open the heaps, what is
vevy much better, by mixing them with muck, earth,
litter, which will not only effect the object in ques-
lion but by absorbing the juices Of the pile, become
Ofequal value with the manure itself 4th. By
drainage, or flowing away in the currents Of water
which suffered but too often TO despoil barn
yards ortheir richest treasures This should be pre-
vented by carefully conveying away The droppings Of
the roofs ofbuiIdngs around the yard, by good
Noughs and by having an excavation in the yard into
which the liquids will naturally fud their way, there
osOaked up by litter, or be reared to the compost
heap Or a better way still, to keep manures under
cover. 9TH, by freezing. There is no doubt but
that mnnures loose much by freezing and thawing.-
Manure that has been frozen and thawed has no more
odOr or smell than has so much common EARTH
This might be prevented.in great measure by using
barn cellars
9Th. By the loss of the urine The urine is fully
equal in value to all the other excrements, and many
suppose to be more valuable It has been ascertain
ed by experiment that the urine Of IL is equal in
value to the solid excavations of 20. And that the
quantity Of liquid manure produced by cow during
@'ycaris equal TO fertalizing of land, produ
eng effects as valuable as do the soI cvacuutons.-
cord oil loan saturated with urine is equal to cord
I" Inc best solid manure. Grass lands watered with
"q0n manures, yield nearly double. Every pound
urine will produce pound of wheat. have be-
lore remarked that the greatest value of manures
I'll" In It's ammonia. Now urine contains the largest
proportion OF ammonia ofany substance we possess, be
"so per cent or 100 lbs oe urine contains b.of am
"00'ai and every pound Of ammonia lost is loss Of
pounds of corn. How great loss, then, when
W. loose this very valuable substance. And nearly
vi me farmers in this vicinity do lose it, for it is Ell
"e' lost upon the ground FOR the want of some sub
"ance there to soak up, or it is allowed TO leak
"'OOsn the stable floor, and be lost or if all, or
r""0" Of 1t Is soaked up by litter, It is thrown into
!aa 10 be lost by nfiltration, evaporation, excess
'e'e'mentaton, draining, freezing and thawng.
'ns means that may be used to prevent this loss
"''me' are by using abundant litter, such as straw,
un CNali' leaves, dry muck, or earth sc. to soak it
A"O'her method Of saving the liquid manure, and
much better, as it is cheaper, easier and quite
'"ec'ua'' besides possessing other great advanta-
'""O' relating 10 manures, is, to have good, well
Oarn cellars, open to the South where practical
"'a' " may be warmer, and constructed that
''. ana oxen may be driven into, and turned
''"u IN H. The bottom Of this cellar should be c6v-
Wv Inc depth of foot or more with dry muck or
''m' 10 absorb The liquids. Litter should then be
r .'"n In from time to time during the winter This
NV aosoros all the liquids from the stables alone,
'" should be allowed to run down through holes
c VIC moor, and also catches the droppings Of the
m "e' which should be Ted and allowed to run there.
,. re manure and litter thus mixed ard trod down
' out little from freezing and thowing, or from
,.. and nothing from nfiltration, draining ex-
"e fermentation, and loss of urine, and is taken
east oftwo thirds greater value.