The Ottawa free trader. [volume] (Ottawa, Ill.) 1843-1916, 1845-12-05

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This feeling of the felial and pa
rental relations is constantly in
culcated by government likewise
The empire is the family, of whic
the Ta-Howung-Te is the head, rul
ing as such, and as such regarde
with religious veneration. The OF
ganization of the government is a
complete and perfect, as far as re
CARDS the details of law and its ad
ministration, as that of any in Eu
rope. tits detailed in a word Gale
TIA 7'sing HIRING Tee, or Collec
ton of the la Using Statutes. Tn,
organization consists of -
lst, The Sovereign.
Cd, The Ming Ko, or Cabine
Council, composed of four principa
and two assistant ministers, who ar,
one half 1artars and one half Chi
ncse. To assist those in this, thu
highest function of the government
there are OF course many subordinate
officers.
Sd, The Kwang-ke Chu, LITERAL,
"council of the army" but in fac
performing the functions Of gene.
raj council Of government, on the
principle common to all the Tartar
people, of considering the nation a,
a camp. This is a numerous body
of high officers of state, analogou:
to the British Privy Council in char.
acter and functions, consisting hal
of Chinese and half of Manchus
The council is also aided by grea
number Of inferior officers.
9th, The six Huh-Pu, or supreme
boards for the administration O.
China proper, viz: !, Bord Of Civil
Office or appointments.-2, OF Re.
vcnue.-3, OF Rites ; or more pro.
perly of Public Instruction., o.
War.-5, OF Punishment.-6, O
Public Works. These boards arc
all constituted, as in the case of the
cabinet and general councils, Of hal
Manchus and half Chinese; THEN
functions are sufficiently denoted by
their titles or designations.
9th, The Two cha-yuen, or Cen.
sorate, for the general censorship
and inspection of public affairs, witt
some duties ofpolicc.
18th, The 1ung-ching-szc, ant
Tale-zse, which are in the nature o
high courts of appeal. .
Sth, The Hanlin-yuen, or Imperial
Academy, which is a branch of the
political administration, and in the
examination and presentation of can
didatcs for Office, exercise important
functions in the government.
9th, The government and other
local officers of the twenty one pro-
vinces Of the Manchus and of Chi.
ma.
10th The Hans, commonly called
by us the khans; that is the Chiefs
Of the various tribes of Tartars.
1lth, The 2rry composed of the
troops of the empire, divided into
Banners. for the safeguard of the
the garrisoiing of the for
-resses, and the maintaining the au-
hority of the Emperor, especially in
China proper, where the great mil
tary officers and large proportion
If the troops are 'rartars.
Such is the political machinery of
he empire. Let us now devote
'ome observations to its political
operation. There is, however,
curious fact, which should be here
mentioned, and that is the expedi-
mt adopted by the Tartar dynasty,
IN its accession, to secure its pow
n. The Chinese officers were per-
nitted to remain as before, but
Tartar was placed in Office for eve
y Chinese, and thus the supremacy
vas insured. The nature of the
overeign power is illustrated by
he fact that homage to the sovereign
$ religious as well as a political
,ct. 1t consists in three successive
,rostrations, at full length, at such
'rostration touching the ground
hree times with the forehead. This
s the Tartar ceremony, so called,
he question on which so many of
he European embassis have failed.
It is ceremony the same in sub
stance which in China one sees eve
y day performed by worshipers in
he temples, at the shrine and affairs
If their religion, and at the tombs of
heir ancertors. The submission of
he subject to his prince, of the
,hild to his parent, is as that of men
o demi god; and the Chinese are
mbued with this sentiment from in
ancy to the grave, not merely by
he punishment inflicted on them for
lisobcdience to, or disrespectful
treatment of their parents, but also
n the only universal religious wor-
hip of China--that Of deceased pa
ents and ancestors. The functions