Staunton spectator, and general advertiser. [volume] (Staunton, Va.) 183?-1849, 1845-10-23

volumes, as well az one based upon the comb
ing weights Of substances. But as the latter
OF much the more general as well as simple
plication, il has generally been preferred to (
former.
X Law, Where two or more substances q
united by chemical attraction, the resulting Col
pound is possessed Of properties entirely distir
from those of its elements.
The changes thus produced are ohanges
chemical properties. in density, in temperatul
i'm form and i'm color.
LIST. Changes In chemical properties. Ofthi
water affords an instance Hydrogen, one
Its elements is emnently combustible; 0xygel
the other element is one of the best supporters
combustion known whilst water 10 neithe
combustible nor supporter of combustion.
ID. Changes in density. One volume Of Nj
trogen and three of Hydrogen Tin all, four vol
umes) form but two of Ammonia.
I'd. Changes in temperature. or this WI
have an instance in the Stacking Of lime, a pro
| cess which is in fact nothing more than the chem
zeal combination OF an equivalent of water with
| one of lime.
Changes in form. These changes are various
two gases may form liquid. Tx. Hydrogen
and Oxygen form water. Two gases may form a
solid. Tx. Hydro-choric acid and Ammonia form
Hydro-chlorate Of Ammonia. A gas and a solid
may form a solid. Elk. Carbonic acid and lime
io'm carbonate of lime. A liquid and solid may
form solid. Tx. Water and lime form Hydrate
OF lime, (siacked lime,) &c.
Several chemical phenomena of FREQUENT occur
renee are owing to these changes in form. OF
these the more Important are :-deionofion or e1-
pioson, caused by the sudden production of
large quantity or gaseous matter; eferpescence,
caused by the production of gas more slowly
IMAM 10 cases OF explosion; and precipitation
caused by The production OF an nsoluble subj
stance from those which are soluble.
9th. ChanupS in Cnlor
OF Calls, and solution of green Sulphate OF
iron green vitrlol produces our common black
writing ink.
The process Of testing consists in the formation
OF some well-characleriZed compound by the
union OF some known substance with the UNI
known substance whose nature or presence we
wish 10 ascertain! An infusion of Calls NAV be
used as test for distinguishing iron from other
me!ais. Hydro-chloric Acid may be used as a
test Tor detecting the presence of Ammonia
nomenclature 81 Chemisry.-The modern sys-
tenn OF chemical nomenclature, is tile most per-
fect system which has as yet been introduced in
10 any department OF natural science; and as a
knowledge OF the principles on which it is based,
Is an essential part Of knowledge OF agricultural
as well as general chemistry, we will now direct
our attention to 1t. The rules which have been
observed In It's formation are as follows, viz lst
The known elementary substances and some few
compounds which in combination act like ele-
hehtS, nave Deen suffered TO retain their old
Names Gold, Ammonia. The'newly discovered
elements have been named from some striking
property, Elk. Oxygen, Chlorine.
2nd. The names of compound substances are
maze up OIL the names OF their elements i'm such
way as to point out the elements of which thew
are composed, the manner in which those eleI
ments are combined land i'm most instances. the
exact proportion ln@which those elements exist
In the compound. To effect these purposes the
following subsidiary rules have been observed,
viz:
The names OF binary ii. e. made up of two ele-
ments) compounds which are not acids, consist
oil the contracted name OF one element with the
termination ide or uret, with that of the ether
The number OF equivalents of tile first namstf eIe-
tnen' being indicated by The numeral prefixes .di
lor - prot or Proo for l. sesqui for !, Ji or bin
Tor y, Ter tor B, &c. Elk. The sesqui-sulphuret
OF Iron consists of equivalents of sulphur and
l oil Iron. The bin-oXide of Lead, consists of Il
equivalents of Oxygen and of Lead.
Inc name oil binary acid compound, in which
oxygen is the acidifying element, is the same as
that OF It's base g.. e. the element with which the
Oxygen is uniied) with the terminations o,.s to
signify the least degree of oxidation and &c to sig
my ihe greater. tx. Sulphuroos Acid and
Suiphurlc Acid are both composed of SULPHUR
ana oxygen, the former containing less Oxygeu
Than the latter. Where any other element Than
oxygen is the acidifyng element, its contracted
name Is prefiXed to that OF the Acid. Ex HYDRO
oulphurlc Acid consists of Sulphur united with
hydrogen as an acidifying element and contains
more oil that element than the Hydro. Sulphurous
Acid
The names Of chemical sails ii. e. compohnds
'f an acid with base are made Up of their con-
'ituents, In the name of the acid the termination
'us being changed into lie, and ic into ate; the
NUMBER OF equivalents OF the acid being indicated
by the same MINERAL prefixes used In naming
binary non-acid compounds. Elk. BizSulphate
d the Prot-oXde of Copper, consists OF eauiva-
enlS OF Sulphnrlc Acid united with one Of the
prot-oxide OF copper.
3rd Such vegetable and animal substahces
as are complex in their composition, have been
suffered TO retain their old names, or else have
been named from some striking properly or from
The substance in which they were first discover
I'd. Elk. Alcohol, Citric Acid from the botanic
name (citrus) of The Lemon
chemical Symbols. For convenience in wrifihy
On chemical subjects, as well as for several Other
reasons which will hereafter be apparent, SET of
aoo!eViations, called chemical symbols, have
been substituted for the names of Substances wit
ten out in full. The rules which have besS oh.
served In The formation of this of symbols are
as follow, viz:
LIST. For The symbols of all simple substances
we use the first or the first two letters of tbei,
Latin names. Ex. Fl. Hydrogen, Fe Cfe,run.
Iron.
Sho' Inc symbols OF compound substances
are made up Of those of their elements written the
one after the other, either with or without the
sign plus (S<.)
Sd. The number Of equivalents of each ele,
ment, with the exception of Oxygen, are indica-
ted by numbers written either as factors or as
what are termed induces in Algebra. Equivalents
oil oxygen are indicated by dots placed over the
symbol OF the substance with which the Oxy6en'
Is united. EN-. Fe or SIX Fe is the symbol
f. - I. ~.
sulphuret Of iron Ee for Pro,-oxide of Iron.
THIS system Of symbols 10 hasod u,or, az, CO.