davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The Ohio Democrat. [volume] (Canal Dover, Ohio) 1840-1900, 1844-04-25
iIO,997,47l
Total

The aggregate amount Of the expenditures of Mr. Van
Buren, administration Isay aggregate amount Imean
BY that the ordinary expenditure the civil Diplomatic
expenditures as well the ordinary expenditures orthe
army and navy, Indian annuities and interest the
funded Or District debt-a of which are ordinary be-
cause they are yearly occurrence whether in peace or
in war; They are incidental to the army, to the navy,
and to our funded debts. mean by the extraordinary
expenditures those which occurred in consequence of
the border difficulties; the public buildings, the Creek
Indian war; the Florida war; the removal of Indians
cross The Mississippi and their settlement in agricu
ture, &c.-all oftwhich were extraordinary expehdi
tures and nearly all of which had their beginning and
nearly all Of which had their end, in Mr.. Van Burens
administration Twill exhibit the amount of those ex-
raordinary expenditures well their several as their
aggregate amount will seperate them from the Or
dinary expenditures, and show the difference will
then compare the ordinary expenditures this whg
-economical administration and exh ibit the differ
ence, and make it plain that every democratic boy Of
Israel shall be ableto overthrow any whig of Gath, or
Of the Phstne tribe, though he be as big as as Co.
liah.
The amount expended for the Florida war within the
tcT ol MT van Dutch dunlllSudIlOn, lOSetneT Will
the Creek Eat was as reports show $3S,OOOOOO
The amount expendedon behalf Of all our
border difficulties 100000
Amount for removal 81 Indians across the
Mississippi, and their settlement 3,96l ,Sl5
Amount expended Of the public buildings viz:
Amount on the treasury building .s
Do do post Office do -.,.. ~
Do do patent office do ...... ....-
. >.
The aggregate of which is 1885, 3l5
, Deduct this aggregate from the expe8di.
\ lures for the entire administration Of MI
2 Van Ruren l10 qq1 All
The Ohio Democrat. [volume] (Canal Dover, Ohio) 1840-1900, 1844-04-25
4s,96l,3l5
l10,997,471
- - -
And we have the sum Of
$6s,O36,I56

-
This we find to be the entire amount expended in Mr.
Van Buens administration for its full term for the Or
dinay support OF the army, navy, and the government
civil and diplomatic
now exhibit the expenditures Of the first two years Of
this Phsthe whig administration --whig in the Sen
ate-whig il the House-whig all over, with the entire
control Of the government in their hands 50 far as the
approprating power was concerned and have no ex-
penditures to exhibit but those which have called or
dnary in Mr.. Van Burens administration; forthere has
been no Florida war; no Indians to remove, no border
difficulties except what settled by negotiation, MOI
any public buildings, except some small finishing ex
pendtures; and what do yot they are, srl hold in
my hand House document No. 60, prepared by whie
officer ofhis House Of course it is good authority a
gainst whg proaigacy Here is the document. ltis
pamphlet; it is all covered with figures andeyery figure
counts tens hundreds thousands, tens Of thousands mil
lions and tens OF millions such as no man can number
or detail iii speech. must describe by aggregates.
rhustlump the millions. Here they are exposethem
the honest people, the hard handed tax payers, who
we're promised reform, retrenchment and relief from tax
burdens fthey would Unite with the federaliss to over
throw the democracy,
While if power the wings hela three sessions in one
Congress- Here the appropriations made each ses
sion.
The Ohio Democrat. [volume] (Canal Dover, Ohio) 1840-1900, 1844-04-25
Aggregate amount of ordinary and extraordinary e1
Penditures $llO997,ln
From which DEDUCT
Extraordinary expenditures 42,96l,3I5
.6A.O36.l55

! = 06,Uob, 100
This estimate shows that throughthe four years of
Mr. Van Burens administration the ordinary expendi
lures OF the government were sixyeght million thirty
six thousand one hundred and tysix dollars while
federal coon administration, in two years of its time
der solemn pledge OF reform and retrenchment has
expended fifty eightm millions seven hundred and nineteen
thousand and nine hundred dollars Let us see the dit
ference. Here it is:
Amount of all ordinary expenditures
under Mr.. Van Buren's admins
tration flour yearsl 6s,036,l56
From which deduct
Amount of all ordinary expenditures
,.sfs5 ssss' The coon administration two sss.7lsse7
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16
Post Office Arrangement.

D.
To Ns Editor Of The Tribune:
wish through the medium of your columns to
call the attention of the public generally, and
members of Congress in particular, to some facts
IN relation to abuses of the present Post Office
Laws DO not desire to sustain the American
Letter Mail Company in their independent Pest
Office, nor to arraign Messrs. Burgess, Stringer
Il Townsend; but purpose to show that CHAs.
a. WlckLIFFE, Postmaster General OF the United
States, while he is on the one hand prosecuting
the proprietors of the {" 4. L. NJ. CO.. for infrac-
,lons of.the Post Office Laws, is himself daily
rioIatjag both the same laws and his oath Of Of
flee.
This you may think strong language but |
have facts to sustain the assertion. Messrs. Bur
CESS, Stringer q Townsend advertise that they
" have made arrangements with the Postmaster
General by which they have established Pub
fishers Nal, and will forward promptly, in the
same conveyance with the regular mail, extra
bags containing all mailable matter except let
ters.' In their Circular to Periodical Agencies
and III their advertisements, they say
We will e l953'd 70 you spst al IS hundred and
small quantities ou can bag az the mail
at the Post Office G!9 We ward bound books
bat all IleLs forwarded daily according TO the
new with the Post Office Department over The
principal mali routes Of tnE United States. You etuTn
ell orders or letters connected with the business the same
bags.
This certainly is as great q violation Of law as
any case which Mr.. WickIiffe has taken steps TO
prosecute. and far more cu upable, because CON-
mitted by a high public officer, sworn to MAINTAIN
the law as it is. Who gave Mr. WickliAe power
thus to reduce postage TO confer these prlvile-
ges on B., S. &, T. or on any body else? BY
the act Of Congress OF Sd March, 1895 and the
amendatory act of March I'd, 1927, the following
rates Of postage were established: For each
netoSpaper not out of the State where printed
one cent; ont of the State and not over one hun
dred miles, one and half cents. Magazines and
pamphlets, If published periodically, not over one
hundred miles, one and half cents per sheet:
over one hundred miles, two and half cents per
sheet. Ii not published periodically, not over one
hundred miles, four cents per sheet; over one
hundred miles, SIX cents per sheet.
The following table Will show the difference in
the postage on the works named, from New York
to Buffalo, if sent by United States Mail or by
Mr.. P. NJ G. Wicklife's Mail:
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

r5- To Layvyers.-LAW BOOKS.-The snbscri-
be1 having been in the empoymen of alsted and Voohe
for several years past has the Law Book Selling
his account aud respectfully informs the Members OF
the Bar and Students Law wishing purchase, that II
will be their ayantage give him call as he IN
tends TO sell very reduced prics23 Nassau street. door
South Of Cedar ST. New York. j. X HALSIED.
NB-Wil remove immediately opposite on the st OF May
next to No % Nassau street. door south OF Cedar street
;,9l aod AVN j. r. II.
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16
IMPORTANT DISCOVERY.
RICHARDSON Il co S CELEBRATED
AMERICAN PANACEA.

AM hEN11alf faNASEt1.
IfHlS Medicine, compounded solely from vessta-
4 bic matter free from adusatioh. ard Naaated free from
any iagteisnts dermetsl 10 health, discovered about
AlED StlCFULA and who has been uE3sr the
Of the eminent physicilnS the United STATES for
years. whostthe least apTaisnt hope OF restoration health
pronounced inepTshe bur Who after taking
feet health That medicine has hsa sold with unprecedented
and and failed instance (whsn takn
IN accorsncs with drec;icns 20 effect perfect OF the
ULCERATED SCR0FULA, BRONCHITIS, FEVER
SORES, KINGS EVIL, TAIsTELO INFLAhiMA-
TORY AND CHROME RHEuMATISM, PILES,
ERfSlFELAS BI. rs, sCuRYY. CHRONIC SORE
SCALb H..AD AND ALL CUTANEOUS DISEASES
Or PAINS OR ULCERS ARISING FROM AN iNJlI-
DlJlOuS. USE OF MERCURY, OR AN IMPURE
STATE OF THE BLOOD, The efficacy Of this medicine
has been tested III ali the diseases above enumerated, and
Effects ayy uionsrmg Only table spoonful 10 DC
taken tby ult zach morning before eaias winch ususy
produces toc effect, while t o>t cases It also acts
ge"te caac Increasing the appetite and general health of
the PARENT causing i ucsiaed DISCHARGE pro-
fuscy aud producing eCctua aersye Of ths whols
teR purifying and producing eriect action OF the blood
fssons, while taking should reitan cm the OF all
stimulating ''rl,ss ighiy seasoned food for sale by
THOS. q. TALAiAGE.
General agent ~ rneS opposite the house y York.
Rushton &so 10 8roaay aud 10 AStor House Broad
way; John pedd 6i5 and ~ Brotdwoy; 7. picke ~
Bosdway Dr. g. w Sargent i57 Gleenw street; Bush
Hiilyes l7S GIseuwich street DR.. Eugene Crowe sS6
Snwery, John Syme. 80 Fulton street; Thomas Kyle, 80
Hammond street, Reuben e. Moss and Grand
L. WhetsrS COLE Cherry street, Cathar,Ue ST.;
sye, q bowarr all OF whom have certificates and
moulss OF It's efficacy Also, Brookyn BY Jas w Smith,
corner OF Cranberry and Fulton street,. George Ambrose
S1aes Buildings, Atlantic street, and Mrs. Ii, Hayes l3s
Fulton nstrest
Instructions for taking the asrles graat number of
certificates and testimonials may be aud obtained
ot the above pIaaas. n2 eodm Is
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16
NOTICE TO NEW FIRMS.

MERCHANTS shout establishing new firms
Iva are requested 70 peruse the following CARD.
The suh,c,iber, having ksrn ssshiss, aI gaph"r ef
aeoaais, and bs ,hs,
aaTs re- eoGflSast 70 reduce their CHARGES SF cash oai>
All ORR executed by thsu 70 b. ia their well known
5UpEElOR STYLE. ACKERAlAN * MILLER.
ala NS l1S Mason a, rear Ann
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

Now | assert, without fear of contradiction
for the facts are susceptible of proof, that the
above named works have been brought from n :.
York to this city at one cent each, in B. S. &
T.'s publishers mail, with the consent and by
the arrangement of Mr.. Wickllffe, (which mail
is advertised to go along with the regular
mail :" and also, that all the un6Ound "cheap
literature" of the day has been brought here at
the same rate, and will continue to be, If Mr..
Wicklitfe can convince the Railroad Directors,
as he is endedUoring TO do, that these bags are
part of the regular mail. b. S. q I. of course
do not work for nothing and their salary must be
paid out of this reducedpostage. This same kind
of matter will be carried to Chicago, by this ar
rangemcnt, at the same price. The postage on
newspapers is also reduced, you will see, I and
one half the legal rates, they advertise to carry
for of cent each-the rate being l and II.
If Mr. Wicklitfe has the power or the legal
right to reduce the rates of postage on printed
matter, in an arrangement with b. S. & I. he
had the night to reduce the rates of letter postage
also if he has not such right repeat he has
pi0lated the lar, and ,oith that HIS OATH OF
OFFICE.
do not intend to cast any reflection on Bur-
CESS, Stringer s. Townsend in this matter; they
have an undoubted right to be in the employ of
the P O. Department. and think them far more
fortunate than their fellows-for their employer,
in the fullness of his benevolence, not only gives
them a great advantage as venders of cheap
literature but virtually bestows on them the
"frankng privilege, for they frankly say in their
circular, :: all letters or orders connected with
the (qucrc, our p business can be put in the re-
turn bags
hope some ADLER pen than mine will take up
this part of the {" Post Office Question, and keep
the subject in agitation until the whole matter is
settled. have some other facts on this subject
which if you wish you shall have.
Yours, in opposition to e1tortion. B.
This book weighs II. dry and at letter postage
would cost SlS
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16
-CONMIssION PAPER WAREHOUSE,

ELLlOT, BURNAP Il BABCOCK are con:
e stantIy Supplied with iase and general ass9rtmtn Of
which are the toilowng Aubbards eoiored Papers,
vars.y Boston CoEnz:iet- apef' & ., 'aPS1" al1a
Post and Blank Book Psps. PreE Cio;hiers and CsrEt
makes PrssBoards Druggists, Hardware and GIeo IA
90: Binders and rannk BoafdI; Sheathing End Wrapping
ssf-naksfs ,uppIi=a eli kind. of stock md
iejG II
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

IL We publish the above without coneurring
lullv in the views of the writer. We believe Bur
CESS, Stringcr & Cos Publishers Express is a
great public benefit and ought not to be disturb
cd until we have a general revision and reduction
Of the Rates OF Postage. But we are equally sure
that there must be such reduction, and that this
Express is an evidence of its necessity and leas-
ibility. AS to the Railroads, they are very well
paid now for carrying the Mails They ought
to carry them by weight, charging the highest
price they charge for other transportation and no
more, where they do not vary Their hours to ac-
commodate the Mails. All this VIII come right
yet Ed. Tr.
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

w aNTE.D.--A young man 10 learn ,hsfeweI.
" oa,,fss 0Ee who has had &row ledge Of Ia.
wiii be preferred Those no brinS ua-
@ tesScrg morals and integrity need
aVS STS'S FREEMAN i WALLIN.
70 u Chatham ST
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16
TO TIE TRAVELLING PUBLIC.
r~sasNSa HAKNDEN ~ CO

NEf~saNls HARNDEN ~ CO.
@ sai sGa;si; s?s s"s4 sS Sfssss@is 7sfiss; iss
qsSs' 4s% sa.oa has Ssy ~ e
Sprnss Avon spins Utica, Rome. Syracuse. osWeso
toit, Michigan; Racine and Milwaukee Wisconsin, Terri
Front gean to Portsmouth, and all intermediate ports
la Csnada West TO Kingston Coburs Port Hope Toronto
or York, Hamilton, and the London Distinct
o w ? M' sed asd aasSse S~:l a
ws at" vi vi p @ Ss OHIO TO R1 ,n E. No.
via Baltimore by Cumberland Railroad, TO Wheeling and
pit'sbSgsh M,noh ,,,,n, ,na p,.,o, p, y, p,,..
nah, Geo: Mobile Ala New oreaas and to or from he in.
York to all the principal Europsan and American ports
Their general and extensive and designed to
protect the travelling public from fraud imposition and error.
h VIII higher prices be charged Tor passengers any
the OF the respective by the pIopre
We intead that all passengers who contract with shall
fees aud stationed Agents Halifax, n s. ST. John, n b.
me" HIa%burSh, New. York Padspha ha1estoa New
Moutr and other principal ports Europe and America
with Agents 20 give every possible care
pans expense promoting their comfort conyeniencs
PAR1TFiES PA OF PLEASURE AND INVALlDS
Saratoga Springs, Sharon Springs, Avon Springs or Mia
cara Falls viii have their command txpsnenced and gen.
emany Agents. without any additional chase ana at great
saving OF expense. -
BUSINESS MEN
will lind their operations facilitated by this important ar
rinSenent. - .,,.r
IMMIGRANTS.
We trust shall be the means OF SAVING vast sums o
them TO their better safer and much cheaper than
has the heretofore for wantot this arrangement or
similar one We our employ Agents who speak the
deen, languages and who Will TO bis much ~ronged
class passengers al the advice noTmatcn assistance and
protection IN their power - IN,
Persons sending for their friends 20 the Old Country VIII
find Il much their advantage 10 call upon our Agents
REMlTTANCES.
For the accommodation of lefsons wishing send moasy
TO their friends in ths Old Country, tARNDEN ACQ Will
give Drafts op any part Of Ireland Scotland
able at sight oi sums Of E E E20 TO Geo. any amount
| u suit the purchaser.
| OFFICES.
J|ossn Otiics No 1870 Sta,estfeet.
ttovidsnce - Union Buildings.
Sew-Yofk - No. Wall.
fhiadsphIa Z" No. 50 ChesnutstTest.
Albany Z" No. II Exchisge Building.
Troy No. $50 Riyer.stfeet.
Buffalo |
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

w AN E-I.-A Steam Engine of Is 10 50 horse
po"et Address NJ L. Il. AZ the ofics of ,his paper
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

To PIE BAKERS-For Ssle Two Horses.
WAGONS. &c. with the Pie Business. Inquire al the
A..o1Ev O.EGt. flS
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

RQARD-A few young gentlemen can be sc
tommod4:s WIN Board WIZ; or without lodgings p,es..
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

WTILDEK'S PATENT SALAMaNDER
w SAFE. The subscriber is the osly au,hor,sa ~
the State make sell ihess valuable arcsItT n.
servers and plad h,mslf the pubic thar al safss m
BY hl shall b. eQaal any tested, they having
failed the upnusd thcafh freQu<nty
exposed TO the intense heat DampGess hiss been entfely
overcome; aa. they ieG-rs,ied dry-sl having
Chuo5s thsi dsitctor Lock which renders them the
perfect article %ye' offered 20 the public.
hose Who with 10 purchase article called lmprered
Saiamandsr Sales, altAiIOn Salammdsr Safes, Second
Hand Safes nsad' ey Z GayeJ ia,d sad 6p hna to 30
rerea 9ah othe7 second hsnt safes o. furnished with
all sizes a9d iens prices according quality, BY apply
ing the t.o3 Sale w arshouse and Factory Of
70 lr1s SiI.AS L. HERRING. iS9 Water
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

DROF GOURAUDS SYSTEM OF NINE
I MOTECHNY.-Havngen enjoyed the PERSONAL acluaint-
rnt member OF the family where he boards and being one
of the of the private members of his hom he INV
ted 10 the OF his discovery for the purpose oil
giving their public testimony in favor =" ITS value, s was
also introduced 10 Prof G, Mr. Hoyt, OF my teachers
aud ee OF my pupils who:e e11ties were 80 Sl,
.i,cnon of Parents and Guardians of youth TO the CONNER
cial aud Collegiate school West Washington Place under
the ca:e Of Messrs Hubb 4 Clarke, where 1t inten tI9n
with the Of PIo u IN the course ol lew weeks
Introduce his system OF Mne!notechny n some OF IT'S m
poytant applications the acquisition of lenowedge
isf - GEO. w CLARKE.
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

asss~ TO "A w.
ESSsssss@ HYDE &Co.'s EXPRESS LINE OF
REsEG-&@ SIX HORSE fOST COACHES. for
Burlington and Montreal and all parS of Vermont sad New
Hampshire, Salem. Castleon Si,ddlebn ag Vsfgennss
South East corner Of Exchange Building Albany, at
o'clock and the Office Of HARNDEN & CO, No. l53 River.
line connects with daily inr Of Stages Cambridge N Y
for Maachsster Chester Charleston, Concord H. aEo
Havert; also with Stages for Stockbriige Royalton, and
Montpelier y aad all pss OF the STATE of Name For
HARNDEH & co. No. Wal,s' SeSiY!fk
" Tickets will be furnished at the oiflee OF HAhS-
DEN eco for passage By The steamboat EUREKA, and
the Eousatoac and Western Railroads Albany, so that
ass.ngrr may ray their through from NewYoIk
Montreal. or the intermediate places. jail 2aw
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16
sANDSS SARSAPARLLA

OF ALL DISEASES ARISING FhoM AN
IMPURE STATE OF THE BLOOD,
OR HABIT OF THE SYSTEM;
NAMELY:
,cgorrL., KING Evil, RHEuMarIsM OBSTINATE cUrA-
sEoUs EsUPI.oSs. rIMPLEs, or PUsruLss on fHkFAck.
sLorSsE., BILLS, caSoNIc SORE sYEs, RING wosA
rEyTER. scALp HEAD, ssLaRGEMENr OF
HOMES AND leiSrs, STUBBORN ULCERS,
sYPHILIr!c SYMPTOMS, ScIArIcA on LuAi-
sNco and diseases arising ffcm IN IN
Ju'licious ci Mercury, Ascisics,
or Dropsy exposure or npradencc
IL life. Also Chronic Constisu-
toual Disordsrs will be ~
moved by this preparation
The aaaicn Of the sadsr IS .sspssny called 70 the fol-
scoTe been made BY the OF this invaluable msdcins ys:
propetor here avail themselves the opportunity SAYING
II is source OF constant Satisfaction thai they ARE made ths
means of relieving such amount Of suffering.
ELIz.ssrt-rowN, December 2 iSt3
Mesrs- Sands, sentl with heartfelt gratitude for your
benefit have received fro yoar saFsa?arla have been
for many years afflicted with breast a,! fox
that had naul covered the WHO'S breast aad for mauy
weeks WAS reduced with the loss OF blood and the of
the wound, that unable salt bed, and
sueringS during the whole than tell
physicians Of The place who recommended p5ea-
son OF Sarsapara kno~nS OF nothing that would De as
fore had taken Que botte found change in ms feelings
hch induced more aud when had taken the third
have taken your PREPARATION last March, and although
the wound entirely healed IN very favorable state
and bsiSye will De tbs means, ultimately, ct entire
cure: aud th, the afflicted all find the reetwhichlt 1t
aoHe en- Is ths sls!i OF their and yonr friend
EUNlCE. WOODRUFF.
su the niece OF Eunce Woodruff have been brought ur
by her. aud know what she be tue for have had
all the of her through her sickness -
am we'll acquainted with Miss Woodruff aud knew her
prev the of Sanss Sasaparitia and have
witnessed the Surprising effect produced By H. and there
fore endorse fully the above statement.
MOSES NJ. CRANE,
BALriMoRE Feb. l,h lSi5.
A. +; SANDS Co.-Gentlemsn: have used Sout Ex
tract oi SFsdsilis SINCE introduction this cty Il
gives me pleasure TO have found my
sanguine expectations believe he the best preparation
Of thar valuable article With respect YOURS
JOHN WHirRlDGE, NJ. d IS Gay street.
Prepared and sold wholesale asd retail fo expectations
by A. B. SANDS * co. Druggists and Chemists Granite
Buildings No 273 Broadway Of New
York. Sold ase by A. s. D: SANDS, Druggists, No.7o
Fulton street; David Sands 4 Co. Nor East Broadway,
Market street. and by Druggists generally throus
the United States rce 81 bottle: bottles for S. 10
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

CyNOKEY CHlMNEYS.-The subscribers have
- invented double Vsnatins CAP, with which they
guarantee TO chmneys rom nok,ngPnce moderate
S-2a of the be seen on four hogses be
looging 10 D. Austin ESQ; Union Place. New York aiso
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

Another of 40 ars standing cured by this Basau-s9
are ali diseases The lungs and liver No aeds,ns can
IT, We refer 20 prove thus whose auihorit! VIZ
which offered he .epaa,ion Of this Bds>n So Na.s0
Tors: Deyter Abaly; T.. w. Bull Hartford, Gofhail,
Sesigaysn fec I'm
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

DURE SPERM OIL, CAMPHENE, CHEMll-
CAL OIL and Burning Fluid for s~Ie and delivered IN
ans part oil Ne" 0fA OF SiETZ BROTHER CO.
No r. John ST.. New York, and
fitsn~ 3H!cks-sr. BROOKLYN
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

1Y7HE DOREC LAMP, superior TO all other
I Lamps for burning CemphiRe THIS Lamp IS simple s IN
sbt az small expense Manufactured and Tor sale By
hs"' g. DIETZ, BROTHER & co.
No a John ST. y. York, and Hicks ST. Brooklyn
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

amweli acquainted with Miss Woodruff aud knew her
situation prey the Sandss SarapariGa and have
witnessed the surprising effect produced by and there
fore endorse fMllY The thnye .tacnent.
New-York daily tribune., 1844-02-16

PER STEAMER BRITAIN NINA.
A FEW CHOICE PATTERNS of Light Satin
n and White Marseiiies Vestinss
Also. new article for Whit- Vests Several feadymAde
Vests for Parties Balls Sc for sale by
WN T. JENNINGS u CO 23i Broadway.
,.., Opposite Park Fountain.