New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866, 1844-11-12
LETTERS FROM NIB. BRISBisE--No. II.
Euroue and its RuIe-s,

Europe and its Rulers.
Correspondence of The Tribune
GConcluded.1 PARIS. Oct. Is. lstt
! will now distinguish very summary under
general heads the predominant characters of the
principal Governments of Europe, subject Of
course to exceptions in details. This classified.
ton will show q: glance the diversity Of which
l have spoken.
England is governed by the landed Arstocrs-
cy and the commercial and financial classes
France, by Political sophists and Theorists,
and strongly controlled by the financial and CON-
mercial power.
Germany, by Professors and Economists.
Russis, by Soldiers.
Austria, by do.
Prussia, By do.
Italy, by Priests.
Spain, Exceptionally BY every body and no.
body.
Here is scale OF Governments which presents
complex variety of errors aud social misery,
and If we extend our view to all Chrisiendom and
include the United States, the scale of falseness
and misfortune will be complete, from Military
Despotism TO Political Demagogucism. Selfish
ambition, usurpalion by violence, the mad pas
sion OF power, the prejudice of caste and tradi-
ton, the assumption and arrogance Of pretended
divine right, the sordjd love OF gold, the servile
intrigue and chicaaery of party, all these and
many more are the revolving features of those
false systems of government and society how
reigning, and seem mingled and combined, as by
a final effort Of Nature, 10 scourge Race that
have profted so little in political and social sci.
ence, with centuries upon centuries Of expe-
rience 1t may be providential that by unpa5al-
leled abuses, safferings and outrages, the race
shall he forced to see the necessity of some other
political guides than those upon which thoy have
hitherto relied, and to seek for the means of So
cial regeneration and elevation to their Destiny
on Earth.
Being in France, will speak somewha: more
in detail Of her government and those who con-
troll her destinies.
The rich BOurgeoisie, uhe Bourgeoiaie are
the middle classcs-those between the Nobility
and what are known in France as the People
the Maas,) comprising the commercial and finau.
cial interests, now exercise the sway over the
government once formerly possessed BY The aris-
tocracv. TIE change vas effected by the French
Revolution, but the Bourgeo:sie has been fathless
to lis trust and its promises: By the aid Of the
people it overttrew the former dcspotic masters
Of France, but forgetting that the rights and
elevation Of all were the object and the watch.
word by which the victory over ancient tyranny
was achieved, it has ouly changed places with
the aristoctacy, to exercise as oppressive and
fatal an influence upon the people. The Bour-
geoisie has the contiol and direction of the fnan-
cial, ccmpeTcial and all the industrial enter.
pris of the nation-t performs the business Of
society, and as all the business pursuits Of life in
civilization are conducted on the most selfish
principles, the Bourgeoise as a class has become
tainted with the most heartless selfish.
ness, and is perfectly callous and Indifferent to
the miseres and the wants f,he people, 20 whom
it is indebted for the position it now holds.
The King of the French, Louis Philippe, is in
fact the head of the Bourgeoisie, as his interests
arc linked in with and sustained by the CONNER
cal and financial power. HIS ambition is to
found new dynasty upon this basis, and his
shrewd practical sense is shown by union and
alliance with this new element Of modern secie
ties, more powerful at This epoch, in controlling
the destnies of advanced civilized nations, than
AZ e,rord opd tho canuop
Louis Philippe is the zeal centre and pivot Of
the government-not mere efigy and man Of
straw like so many sovcrcigns. He takes an az
tive and direct part in all the affairs ofthe nation
and by his strong will, resolutc perseverance end
eagacious management, Directs the policy OF
France, and accomplishes his own schemes and
measures in despite Of the cunning and OF posi-
ton Of enemies He has exploited practically
the constitutional sophism that " the King eignS
but does not gOuern," to the great scandal Of
those who would appear to exercise political au-
thcrity.
Fur some years past three satellites have re-
volved around Louis Philippe as planet, each
alternately being in the ascendant. These three
satellites or representatives of different systems
in the hierarchy of constitutional monarchy and
political sophistry. are Guizot, Theirs and Count
Mole. AS one goes out Of the ministerial chair,
another gees in; and to gain the prize OF power,
continual series Of intriguss, coalitions and To-
g;slative marches and CONFERENCE.-The IS man.
tanned among them and'the lesser satellites, who
in turn rcvolve around these secondary planets
us centres.
NJ. Guizot was formerly Professor of History
in the University CT Paris. He is deeply read In
the past political history of The world in the con-
stituional sophistry of modem time, and is well
versed " all the secret interests and springs o.
influen. which pertain to castles and classes he
lie pro-. nd observer of the past, of the effect Of
abstract IDEAS religious crcecs, &c. upon socle-
ty and the race-his intelligence, indeed, in re-
gard to ell that relates to the political history o.
the past is unrivaled, but of the liuing present