davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Independent Democrat. [volume] (Canton, Miss.) 1842-1844, 1844-02-17
Number 93.

lie representative of the democratic par
ty. And I'd, That Martin Van Buren, be-
ing very corrupt man, who agrees with
him in most points, he prefers going with
Henry Clay, who disagrees with him IN
every thing, because he, the aforesaid
Henry Clay is, par excellence, the hon
estest, most patriotic, and most deserving
of his country. Now if all this second
reason were founded on any basis OF facts,
as established by Mr.. Rives' late conduct,
we might yer, well consider him JUSTIFIED
in the course he has taken. we cannot
however, understand that Mr.. Rives, WI no,
for the last two years, has been, both by
his votes. his speeches, and his letters, en-
deavoring to prove that IN his professions
Of 1910, he was honest, not Clayish, can
now without even spark of new reveIa''
tion, rally to the support OF this man, be-
tween whom and himself heretofore, ex-
cept during the electioneoring OF loio,
there has never been a symptom oil polllI-
cal accord. What if Mr.. Rives does sus-
pect the purity of Martin Van Buren,, is
that any reason for going over to the ar
chest enemy ofhis own avowed principles!
Are there no other bright stars in ourpo-
Iii :al firmaman', whose bri!lialce might
attract the pltrio!'s eye? Are our Prlnci-
pies so dimmed, so wora and ham5led, as
to be no longer perceptb'e TO the VISION,
no longers able to honor their supporter!
We trust not. We t'ust that whatever
NAV be the suspicious of true Republicans
agqins Martin Van Buren, they will not al
low them TO enure to the benefit OF Henry
Clay. We do not ourself belong to that
class Of politicians, who, while they pro-
fees 10 claim every thing for prlnciple, are
willing TO have others dictate New York
for instance) their principles TO them; nor
vet do we belong 10 that elias whose ele-
CANT phrase is "halfa Loaf, better than no
bread" We fear that some of our friends
in Virgnin belong II the first cass-Mr'
Riyes' letter TO Mr.. Fontaine, homcIy
though its motto be clearly belongs to the
second. With neither do We tratern'se'
and Martin Van Buren, uncieansed OF me
Tarihitcs Of Syracuse, and the abo!iilon-
lists. and even worse Taritfi'es OF Con-
Gress, AMI Henry Clay, may run forever
and never will we Yell one io'a OF |lf-
ginia's principles, to .rnckle at the foot OF o,
either. We wonll that Mr.. Rlves had
been little mrre ilec,ing lef"re ne
tool, this last slept. His fist ti"s pas
WIS in leaving us on The sub treasury
his second in supporting Gen. HirrIson'
but he has now committed the unpHard IN
able sin, and while Virginians may regret
the loss of talented, and personally hon
orable gentlemen, the true Supporters OF
her principles will never forgive the ad-
hercnt Of Henry Clay.
Independent Democrat. [volume] (Canton, Miss.) 1842-1844, 1844-02-17

Judge CASTOR of North Carolina, expired
on the Goth ult. The nation possessed few
men of more exalted abilities, and more
unblemished character. The notice be-
low details the circumstances of his death:
We have never been called TO the rer-
formance of more painful duty. than falls
to our lot in announcing the sudden death
of the Hon. WILLIAM CASTOR, which
occurred in this CITY on Tuesday last. He
was in the enjoyment of his usual health
the morning of that day, and took his seat
ON the bench of the Supreme Court. now
in session. He was taken suddenly i'll,
and removed to the house of Mrs. Taylor,
but improved so much during the day as to
remove all apprehensions ofdanger. Abont
8 O'Clock in the evening, while engaged in
earnest conversation with the Governor,
Judge Ruffin. and some other friends, he
ola sudden return ofIhe attack,
fell hack and expired without struggle.
Register.
Independent Democrat. [volume] (Canton, Miss.) 1842-1844, 1844-02-17
From the ~ Y. Epening Post.
FOR WHOM WAS THE NEW Ia
RIFF MADE.

The Standard, paper published at Raj
eigh, North Carolina, in remarking upon
the report of the Secretary of the Trcasu-
nv, and the proper methods of increasing
the slender and inadequate revenue de-
rived from the new Tariff, makes the iol'
lowing very sensible suggestion: =,
"Let the free articles, the dye stutfs, ana
the like, used by the manniact lrers' lie
taxed. This will bring revenue
If any of our readers have the tarln oil
lS42 at hand, and will look over It, they
will see what an ample list Of articles have
been exempted from the payment of all du
ty for the benefit of the manufacturer.
The farmer pays one hundred and nifty
per cent. upon his log chain, the black
smith 10 per cent. upon his anvil, the
housewife twelve cents pound upon her
brass kettle. The tariff was not made
for the like of them. 1t was not passed
for the convenience Of such low persons
as plough .joggers, smiths and washerwo-
men. They follow-branches of industry
which need no encouragement. Such peo-
pie are obliged TO work; and the more
l0ey are COUlpciSu u p'y W. wv mp
ments they use, the harder they must work
10 pay for them. This is the sort OF en-
enlargement viii h their domestic icdustrv
receives from the friends of high tariff,
an is a pretty efectull one.
But fustic and logwool and the rest of
the dyc.woo1s, and kerms and madden, and
cochineal, and other materials used by the
manufacturers in dyeing their cloths. are
allowed to be entered free of duty. Tho
tariff is made expressly for their advan-
tage-it was made in fact By them, and
they have taken care that every thing for
which they have occasion, shall come into
port uniaxed. This huge and massive
custom house, under the shadow Of which
we are wiring, with its rows Of Offices,
and its army of deputies and clerks., and
weighers and gaugers and inspectors. is
not maintained for the purpose of taxing
the owners of factorias. They are priv.
lodged persons. Ii is maintained in order
to tax the farmer at his plough, The bla-k-
smith at his forge, and the laundrcss at her
wash rub. # is this hard working class,
who pay the millions that are annually
collected in our National Treasury, while
the manufacturer goes free,
Independent Democrat. [volume] (Canton, Miss.) 1842-1844, 1844-02-17
CONGRESS-.

The Senate was occupied up to the 18th
u't. with the resolution of Mr.. McDume
for the reduction of the tariff, and OF Mr.
Semple of Indiana, in relation to annullng
the Sd article of the Convention OF 1918
with Great Britain for the joint occupation
of Oregon. The first has been rejected
on the ground that the Senate has not the
power to originate bill in relation to re-
venue. On the latter the debate is still
progressing.
The House was taken up with the con-
tested election between Messrs. Goggin
and GiImer. The committee had report
ed in favor of the latter. The Eastern
mails arrive so slowly, that we generally
get the news from other sources in advance
of the Washington papers.
On the Goth uIt., c. J. Ingersoll in the
House submitted motion in relation TO re-
poriers. This motion resulted from let
ter of one Nathan Sergeant, the reporter
for the United States Gazette, which let
ter Ingersoll said misrepresen,ed The de-
haze between himself and Mr.. Adams on
the resolutions of Massachusetts, praying
an amendment to the Constitution Of the
United States ia relation 10 the reprcsen.
tation of the slave holding States. The
debate was rather disordcrly; and various
opinions were given as to the letter an !
the character Of The reporter, Of which the
following are specimens:
"Mr. MORRIS, of Pennsylvania, s.id
that he knew MIR. Sargent, and that he
was gentleman Of character and veraci-
~. He (Mr. Nj J did not intend to touch
this statement; of the accuracy of that he
had nothing to say. He was gentleman
whase veracity was unimpeachable; pos
sessing high character as enitor and re-
porter, as man disposed to do justice "a
like TO political opponents and friends
He was the last man to resort to low sour
rihty or vulgar abuse. He (Mr N.Y. fell
it right say thus much in behalf of man
who had not the privilege here of saying
any thing FIR himself
Mr.. WISE (at subsequent period of
the dav, speaking to the same point) said
that Nathan Sergent was not here pre-
sent, that was TO say, not present in the
House. and he (Mr. W. would not speak
of his character if it was not connected
with the privileges of The House. He as.
serted, on his own personal knowledge,
corroborated by his letter, corroborated
by the oahs of witnesses in the courts of
Justice Of this District, that he was the
most mendacious letter-writer on this
flor; and that, as he (Mr. WY heiie ed.
and as he knew, inten ionaIly false in his
statements in relation to members of Con-
gross aid their cond ict here-proved to
be so bv the oaths of Witnesses under ex.
animation in the court of this District
Further, ne (Mr. w. knew that when he
was called TO personal account for his
lies, his cowardce was commensurate on
ly with his mandacity.
After consuming the whole day with this
trivial debate, the whole matter was inde-
finitely postponed.
Independent Democrat. [volume] (Canton, Miss.) 1842-1844, 1844-02-17

OF The South Carolina, Georgia, and
Tennessee papers have for some time been
very busy in trying to catch thief or
swindler whom they call Gambler Brown,
from Lansdale county, Miss. There is no
such county in Mississippi, and we are in
clined to believe that the man himself is
one Of their own rogues,
Independent Democrat. [volume] (Canton, Miss.) 1842-1844, 1844-02-17
PmN DNUOORAPo
CA INTO N, M ISIS.
ATURDAY ::::::::"#FEB. II, 1874.
w. C. RIVES.

This gentleman has lately excited some
,Iention by a letter which has been ex'
bsively circulated, giving his reasons for
,eferrinp the election of Henry Clay to
hht of Martin Van Buren,. We know that
M. Rives took ground against Van Buren,
Fl the Sub Treasury in 1910; but he DID
III n, and always, until now has protested
hinsclf TO lie opposed to the leading meas
us of the whig party. MFR. Rives cannot
~ take up those measures without dis
bee and degradation. He has been 100
nc and too radically committed against n
||ai,cdS,atcs Bank, and all the doctrines OF
11 WINGS ~ Cnust himself now IN the'r ue-
IA &c. lis vindic,ive and incorporate
dbunciation Of Martin Van Buren, cannot
Il een him from the charge Of gross a
III hdonment Of principle. Between Ma
Ii hal Bank and tho Independent Treasu-
n, he says he is compelled to prefer the
iormer. Yet 10 the latter no constitution
d objection can be urged. He talks about
National Bank freed from constitutional
Elections; how can such thing bel lie
4 es not profess TO have changed any
pknciple, he therefore must believe any
Mtional Bank which Mr.. Clay and the
digs would want, to be unconstitutional.
Les he moi fairly convict himself Of for
ting every principle in controversy be-
~ len the parties! He differs with Van
D Zen as to the Sub Treasury; he differs
vgh Clay as to every thing: and yet with
81 any common ground as to principle,
is willing to support him for the presi'
dlncy.
The wing parry are perfectly willing to
y e Mr.. Rives while he may be of service.
\ 6 receives copious laudations now, and
y complimented for his disinierestedness
y patriotism, but the moment the same
h eenteresiedne and patriotism induces
h m to oppose any Of their measures, they
i again lenounce him as the ''little ex-
bnger" and advise him to 60 back to the
INKS of.'loco focoism." What does Mr..
Aives now think of the "danger to the reg
ar and salutary action of our balanced
Constitution and 10 the liberties Of the
Rople, arising from an organized dicta-
trship in permanent session in the CAPT.
!, seeking to control the whole action OF
BE government, in both the legislative and
Executive branches2" His object seems
y be now TO reorganise this same ''dicta-
brship." The following extracts show the
Gentleman in unpleasant contrast with his
PRESENT position. Clay accuses Rlves OF
Constituting part of kitchen cabinet for
John Tyler, and Rives accuses Clay OF
PPeing dictator TO the president and con-
press. We suppose the arrangement
eiade now is, that Clay is to be dictator,
end Rives 10 be at the head Of his kitchen
fabinet.
"Mr. Rives having concluded bis re-
faarks-
"Mr. Clay Of Kentucky rose in rcjoin'
Per- have no desire (said hey 10 pro
Iong this unpleasant discussion; but ! mus
lay 'hatl heard, with great surprise and
[eerei, the closing remarks, especially, o.
ns h'nolable genllem1n from Virginia, q:
Independent Democrat. [volume] (Canton, Miss.) 1842-1844, 1844-02-17

Il appears from the correspondence OF
the National lntelligcncer, that the En-
glish papers are in favor ofwar, in case a
bill passes The Congress of the U. States
for the occupation of the territory of Ore
gon. We think that Ovens motion in the
House and Semple's in the Senate will G.
ventually pass 10 put an end TO the article
in the Convention Of 1918, in relation to
that territory. Great Britain would no
doubt be perfectly satisfied if that Conven-
ION were to last forever, as she would
reap all its advantages. She is now al
most in the exclusive ENJOYMENT of the
whole country. The belligerent spirit
manifested by the press of that country is
only intended as menace, and designed to
have an effect upon the action ofthe pres
ent Congress. We think the right course
has been taken in the resolution now pend
ing in both Houses of Congress, to give
the notice agreed on at the last treaty
And after its expiration, a bill should pass
similar to that offered at The last session
by Mr.. Linn. Let those then on the 9TH
err sile of the water, who are anxious for
frav, put on their harness.
Independent Democrat. [volume] (Canton, Miss.) 1842-1844, 1844-02-17

gross injustice he has done the State Of
Mississippi. Those exchange papers on
which he relies for his Intelligence must
have come across the water. The Lon
don Times, or NJ rning Chronicle proba.
bly,. Even tho Sunday Fash, as it comes
from Eugl, md, would be authority with
the Intelligencer. The object Of this pa
per for eliminating the Site of MIs-i-slp-
pi, is easily TO be seen; it is a democratic
state, and therefore must be held up 10 the
world as supremely ignorant. Many 9th
err papers have quoted this remark as hav-
ing been made in the message of the gov
ernor of Mississippi; and although they
may become aware of the falsehood of The
statement, we expect none of them TO ex-
ercse the generosity or justice to correct
it. The sentence which they pretend to
quote from the message is correctly as
follows:
"The census returns Of the year A. ID.
1910, shows that at that time, there was
about one fifteenth of the whole free white
population of the State, who had passed
the age of twenty years, who could net
read and write.'
If the intention is TO bring the State into
contempt on account of the doctrine of re-
pudiaton, the falsehoods circulated for
that purpose should be more ingenious,
and less easily exposed. We have no
doubt that the author of this calumny
wished it was true. Let anything come
however much to be regretted in itself, OF
however disgraceful, if it will bring a dem
ocratc community into contempt, or rem
der them odious. We have long been Of
opinion, that many persons, though moi
repudiatcrs themselves, have always been
anxious that Mississippi should repudiote,
provided the democratic party took the
responsibility of the act To abuse and
caumniate the State abroad, is certainly
not the way to prevent it. We consider
the doctrine only the hallucination of q
moment, engendcred ty accident and par
ty violence; and that if treated with d.scre
ton, it will grow into disrepatc with al
parties.
Der liberale beobachter und Berks, Montgomery und Schuylkill Caunties allgemeine anzeiger. ([Reading, Pa.) 1839-1864, 1844-07-30

"Dap Spring uno Den "Wiiionarp 6ez
ralo," tpelbe BON Der Imerifaniiben Ses
boroe berauseeseben tperoen. empfeblen.
8eiblohen, oab aue uniere pres
bigger erfubt tperoen, iiber Die Beneftelars
grSiebun9s: :Sabe in alien ibren @emeins
Den 70 balo als m6elidb su preoieem uno
5u 8unlfen bieIer 9uten Sadbe Gotleften
5u erbeben; uno oab feoer preoleer iiber
feinen Grfol9 bel Der ndbfen fdbrliben
&eriammlun9 Der @laffis beribte.
Der liberale beobachter und Berks, Montgomery und Schuylkill Caunties allgemeine anzeiger. ([Reading, Pa.) 1839-1864, 1844-07-30
Gin tcbter @a(o in Sreacn.


90
Gin tcoter Balo in Sre9on.
Die v&ereilte," cine 3eitun9 in Neu@
Srleans, brinst folsenbe 8ei1reibuns ei=
net Seene, bic Elm 6eiienber auf einen,
Sfiden Der 8inbriuers@ebir9e fab:
2lm erifen Woreen un1erer 6eimreife
perlieben 5pei bon uns, in 8e9leituns
So. pourier's oes Eager, um in oer Nidb=
tnns zines noben &udens oer 8inoripers
Serge Sufel su fuben, bic tpir i'm mill
ben uno ab9eiblofenen Sbale bes Dope
ab9e Su finoen boTten.--oer pope 4bse
lit elm Slub bon florem Gebir9stpafer
uno tpinoet ftb bur6 elm tiefes, ooes,
9raiiee5 Sbal, oas oen @ranitbu9el Sres
eons ipaltet uno in bieier &e9ion an Den
ManoansOiifrift 9ren5t. l1n9eabtet mir
ben "a. au9uit batten 70 tpar bob BET
Wor9en bitter falt, uno elm our6orin9ens
BET &eeen Fam ous Dem bunfeln uno freuoz
lolen 9immel ouf uns berob, ols mir
faum bas Eager perlafen batten. 8e=
gen Mitta9, no6oem pir bic uno ba blos
an einem utnberibmeifenoen Sull poraber
9efommen tparen, erfannten mir bic 9ctbs
lpenbiefeit, iiber ben Sererdden, 5u 9e=
ben unb auf oer anoern Seite &ube gu
fuben, oa iib feine 9eniisenoe Spur pom
rebten 8ilopret oiei1eits ieben leb. SBir
fletterten alio ouf fWdrts uno errei6ten 5u=
LEFT natb 9rober Initreneun9 bic .6obe.
Sier er0fnete itb cine Scene, spie mir
fte no6 ME 9eieben batten, nno es 1T piels
lei6t unm0elib, cine ribti9e 8eibrelbun9
oapon gu 9eben. Oide @aloun9 beoecfte
oas @ebirse, bic Sdlfte Der Sdume aufs
rebt itebeno, bic Sdlfte um9efar5t, uno
|ieoer BON ibnen ab9eforben. Ssi6t elm
Stuf1en Ginoe rpar an allen bieien 9eiz
iterartiaen ueberreffen einer rieienbaften,
|ieet aber ertoIbenen uno tooten Se9etaz
tion tibrie eeblieben. Die un9ebeuren
Steinflippen paren bon ben befti9en
Sturmspinoen, bic oieier 8ebir9sfette ben
Stamen 9e9eben boben, bon a(ler Groe
entbl0Bt woroen no6 feiner Ri6tun9
bin be9e9nete Dem Qu9e ir9eno etpas anz
oeres ols nadter @ranit uno ab9eiforbene
8dume. Gin @efibl bes ourborin9enz
Den S6auers erfdltete uniere Qoern uno
lIblib iib nab uniern 6er5en, ols mir
auf cine Scene umberblidten, bic Dem 8es
mitbe einen neuen uno 9robarti9en 8ez
ariff BON ber Grbabenbeit in oer Serpi=
flung auforanste S6were @esentropfen
fbtueen nod INNER ae9en uns NIT Der
Stdrfe bes 6asels, uno Der beulenoe
9Sino trieb iie faff borisontal iiber BEN
6oen @ebiressipfel bin. Ole iblanfen
Si1ten, bldtterlos, rinblos, uno 5tpei9los,
itanoen in sdbnenoen Sinibnitten uno
@ruppen umber, ri6teten ibre gSipfel
steib @eiferfin9ern gen Simmel, um ib=
rem Seroerber Su be5eibnen! tporen marb
BON Sdulnib, pb9lei6 no6 ifebeno unb
aufrebt 9ebalten BON ben feifen Seri6llnz
sunsen ibrer 8ur5eln stpii6en ben Gez
fteinen. Dieienisen, tpelbe um9efallen
paren, fbienen iib ibrem Stur5e obne
&raben 9efaet gu baben, 70 i6mei9eno
lag allies oa, uno nur Dem rputbenoen
8inosebeule fbienen blei6e Setter in
|einiamer @robartisfeit 5u borden, tpiees
Ilber bas &etirse brauite.
Nittel se9en as a te
ITiebe sc fno fbon 70 nlanbe
IMittel aesen biele &ranfbeit mit9etbeilt
|,porben, uno bennob 1T oas Sieber cine
|oer 5auptfranfbeiten oieies Mittel 1T
Der liberale beobachter und Berks, Montgomery und Schuylkill Caunties allgemeine anzeiger. ([Reading, Pa.) 1839-1864, 1844-07-30

Mittel eesen as a lte
sc fino fbon 70 n,anbe
WQittel sesen oieie 2ranfbeit mitsetbeilt
tporben, uno bennob 1T oas Sieber cine
oer 6auptfranfbeiten oieies Mittel 1T
ieootb 70 einfab uno unibdoli6, oaB elm
9erlub bamit semabt tperoen fonnte,
oa es mebreren 9ebolfen boben ica.
M1an leet Elm friIbes 81 nit oer S6as
Der liberale beobachter und Berks, Montgomery und Schuylkill Caunties allgemeine anzeiger. ([Reading, Pa.) 1839-1864, 1844-07-30

&3ie#stas Set 80. 8pli 1914.
The Charlotte journal. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1835-1851, 1844-06-07
WIG MEETING,

A number Of the Wings Of Mccklenbnrg
County assembled at the House Of Josiah
Bradshaw, on the l7,h Of MAY, for the
purpose of forming Clay Club. Josiah
Bradshaw was called 10 the chair and John
Campbell was appointed Secretary, when
the following resolutions were unanimous
ly adopted:
ReSolred, That believing IL 10 be the hyperion,
duty ofevery Wing TO use all honorable cxertions
tand what influence lie bas) to promote the Wing
cause and the advancement of sound Wing prin.
cpcs do associate ourselves together in Clay
Club TO be called the auxiliary Clay Club Of
Mecklenburg County.
PeSolred, That we cheerfully respond TO tho
nomination of the convention held in Charlotte
on Tuesday of our April Court, nominating ID.
NJ. Lee to the Senate, Cyrus Query, VIM John
ston and Eli Stewart to the Commons. believing
them to be staunch Wings and we will use a II
honorable means 10 procure their election to the
next General Assembly of North Carolina.
4 Resolred, That it is with great pleasure we
/ hear the intelligence OF the nomination of the
great Statesman Of the West for President and
Theodore Frelinghuysen for Vice President by
4 the Baltimore convention, and IN the approaching
contes, will stand shoulder TO shoulder, in eleYa
ting them to the highest offices IN The gilt OF the
people.
Resolr,9, That C. b. McGinnis, John Camp
bell, franklin Weddingion, aud j. l.. Galloway
be appointed a committee to prepare pledge or
constitution for the adoption Of this meeting.
| Resolved. That all the Wings OF Sugar Creek.
Ready Creek and Msard Creek DO requested to
Join this Club.
Rrsoired, That the Editor of tie Charlotte
Journal be requested to publish these proceedings
/ JOSIAH BRADSHAW, President.
! JoHS CAMPBELL, Secretary.
4 meeting of this Club Will be held on
4 the ped June, al the house of 5. n. Wed
dngton, " here the members and all others
wishing to join, are requested to attend.
The Charlotte journal. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1835-1851, 1844-06-07

Died, on the 3st ut. IN tins Town, MAR
CELLuS GORDON, oldest son Of the Rev
james f. w. and Amanda &. Freeman, aged .
years one month and eleven days.
Although laborlng undor bodily affection from
lis birth, he possessed degree of intelligence.
and powols Of mind, vigorous and penetrating far
beyond his years. And in his last illness he
thought much about Heaven, and said that when
he died " lie should 20" there, "where his little
brother had gone before him Remarkably fond
of uniting with others in prayer and singing from
two years old and delighted with hearing pious
songs, and stories Of plous persons, We trust he
has gone where prayer is converted into praise
aud where tic presence, aud holy. happy commu-
MON Of the pious substituted for their history
on earth and instead of the hearing Ut the ear the
uninterrupted sigh, and presence and love OF God
No bitter tears for thee be shed,
Blossom Of being seen aud gone,
With flowers alone we stsew thy bed,
O best departed one
Whose all Of life, L rosy ray,
Blushed into dawn and passed away" Com.
The Charlotte journal. [volume] (Charlotte, N.C.) 1835-1851, 1844-06-07
CDargnffF.
FoR PRECEDENT,
HENRY CLAY,
OF KENTUCKY.
FRELINGHUHSEN
OF NEW YORK.
WING BANNER.

,,ond National Currency, regulated by tho
/, ,nd authority Of the People.
An adequate Revenue, with fair protection TO
morican Industry just restraints on the Exec
Sc Power. embracing further restriction on
1. s,ercise Of the Veto.
. faithful administration OF the Public Do
m. with an equitable distribution Of the Pro-
"A. Of sales among the States.
"A honest and economical administration Of
General Government, leaving Pubic OtIicers
',f,et freedom of thought and Of the right OF
NJ ,ge bot with suitable restraints against IVA.
ssef Interference IN Elections.
n amendment of the Constitution limiting
i incumbent of the Presidential Chair to a
lie fern