davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
The native American., 1840-04-25
REYNELL COATES. M. D.,
VIM. AsHMEAD, M. D.,
Isaac PARRISH. M. D.,

vI,HE. SOUTHERN SILK MANUAL. and Farmers
Il gMagazine-This work will be published under the
auspices Of number Of gentlemen actively engaged in
the cultivation of MoRus MULrIcAuLs feeding of the
worms, the manufacture Of silk 1t will be edited by
E YEATEs REESE, and furnished TO subscribers at
dollar per
Ample arrangements have been made, and correspon
dents established to enable the editor 10 present work
containing all the information necessary to the planngand
cultivation Of the trees, the feeding Of the worms and the
successful management of the entire silk business The
work will also contain valuable information agriculture
and farming generally.
1t will be the particular object of the editor promote
the interest of those engaged in the silk culture in the
peculiar advantages in respect to climate, SOIL la
Dor, &c.
Orders by letter, post pad) with the subscription for
the year, will receive prompt attention. Address E.
Yeates Reese. Baltimore.
Persons DESTROYS to have the above valuable work can
be supplied by calling at my store, the Buildings
Dec.S F. HOWARD, Agent,
The native American., 1840-04-25

IMPROVED SURGEONS TRUSSES, for the rad,-
i cal cure of HERNIA or Rupture, by HEBER CHASE,
The committee of the Philadelphia Medical Society
for the investigation of the radical Of Hernia, OBJ
serve:
sFully impressed with the extreme caution required
in forming conclusions concerning changes Of structure
taking place parts of the body concealed not only by
the integmens but by tendnous matter aud ascia and
where the of the disease renders the opportunity
of post mortem examination exceedingly rare, your
mee has been DESTROYS TO avoid that bameable haste in
the decision Of important questions which has too fire.
Queny given to plausible but ingenious methods of treat
nen temporary reputation, 10 the abuse of public
fdence and the injury OF the profession, by granting to
empiricism the weight and influence of great names.
"The instruments Of Dr. Chase have effected the per-
manent and accurate retention of the ntesnes in every
case of hernia observed by the committee without mate
more than usually ventured upon by those who
other trussestrals which would be mpruden with
any other apparatus known to the committee
'The committee induced by the foregoing conclu-
sons to in strong TERMS the instruments Of
DR. Chase the confidence Of the profession the best
furnishing the highest chances Of radical cure.
'They have hesitation in saying that, were they In
dividuay affected with this terrible disease. they would
10 this method of treatment. with the triple view
Of securing their comfort safety and ultimate chance Of
recovery
REYHELL COATES M. D.,
VIM. AsHMEAD, M. D.,
Isaac PARRISH, M. D.,
Com,miilee."
"All must now admit of the radical Of Hernia,
invented to effect that Medical and
Surgical Journal.
For the utility and excellence Of these asmen refer.
may be Rad to the principal physicians Of this city, who
For sale at ToDD's Drug Store.
Nav is
The native American., 1840-04-25

(>ONCENTRATED SIRUP OF SARSAPARILLA.
head be eoncenrated ,s Of IS
used in injunction with "Sandss Remedy" the most
cectusl medicine in AS alternative in long stand
ing rheumatic affections mercural Diseases &c. may
I've avanageously used substitute for the various Sc
,ret remedies Swaims Potters, sc. and is recon-
nended by the Faculty preferable to any Of that class
"fmedcines Carefully prepared at
Mar9-- TODD'S Drug Store.
The native American., 1840-04-25
NEW AND SPLENDID FRENCH GOODS

NJ EW AND SPLENDID FRENCH GOODS
In We have just received and opened on the second
foor of store let of French Goods which surpass
in richness and variety any thing of the kind that has
ever been brought to this market The attention of the
Ladies is respectfully requested to inspection them
they consist in part Of the following viz
dozen Satin Retcules veours Chine
do rich figured Satin Reticules, a pois velours
IL do very rich Velvet Collars
10 do do Satin do embroidered PIisse
10 do small Collars satin and chenille
10 cartoons Satin Pelerines, with fringes
splendid Satin Shawls velours Chine
do Plush ShawIs, chenille borde-ed
10 Satin shawls, with sleeves quilted
very rich Velvet Shawls, embroidered
- 90 Satin Shawls embroidered with plumes
Aso received 49, f'N
20 Dresses rich MousSciine de Lame Shsrey
10 pieces mode coored Rept Silks
nov 0o BRADLEY & CATIETT.
The native American., 1840-04-25

FINRY DR.. MASONS HOP PiLLS.-More than 10,
i 900 boxes of these pills have been sold in Philadel-
phia since their first introduction there in June last They
entirely vegetable, not particle of Caomel or any
mineral poison They very mild in their operation,
and their beneficial results in breaking up colds relieving
coughs, head aches and all other complaints showing
oppressed state of the system wonderful Perfectly
safe in all circumstances, and attention to diet. We
could give the of many honorable and disng-
uished men in Washington in their favor but as the La
dies the best judges Of these things please ask Mrs.
Hepburn Steam Boat Landing, Mrs Greer 10th Street,
Mrs. E. F. Brown, c Street. Try box according to
the directions and you will ask for no other reccommen.
daons.
J. F. Callan, L. Johnson c. E. Upperman and Others,
Agents in Washington, Bell & Entwiste Alexandria E.
5. Wright and Thomas, B BOOKSELLER, Georgetown.
The native American., 1840-04-25
DRUGS, MEDICINES, lss: :"

MY corner Of PeanSyipania apen< 9Th sts, 6efs0tsn
Bro,cn's & Gadsbys Hotels, Washington CITY.
THE undersigned respectfully informs the citizens Of
L Washington, and the public generally, that he has
ken the Drug store formerly occupied by DR.. s. Mitch
l. corner of 9th street and Pennsylvania avenue, be-
,een Browns aad Gadsby's Hotels, where he intends
epng on hand full and fresh supply of Drugs, Medi-
les, Chemicals, Paints, Oils, Dye Stufs, &c. Also
nv general assortment of Fancy Articles. Chewing To-
Geo, Snufs and Segars. OF the best quality
Physicians prescriptions carefully and accurately CON-
Iunded.
VIM. F. BENDER, from Philadelphia,
Juy ia P!iarmaceutst.
,TAY s. JONES, .4tiorncys at La,p, Washington, d
vi fer their professional services to the Public in the
~ T. - ~ District of Columbia and the nsghborng
nt,, rginia and Maryland They will attend TO
v'~ s,ut of claims before Congress, the Depart.
J., I, neral Land Office, SC. BE- Their office
~. srof Pennsylvania avenue and Third street,
,,n.a4 uildng with Gen. Walter Jones, 10 whom
lly make reference.
HENRY MAY,
'CHAS. l.. JONES.
The native American., 1840-04-25

! INTEREST," Y
| AFFLICTED \
ACH, OR NER' '
| or Casual, under
Lowness Of spin
ton, whether of
| Jaundice, both l
Worms, Of every
or Chronic, togetE
Head, Back, Limt
yer, Putrid Sore
| Paipitation of the
Ity, Nervous We
| Cramps, Female
! Cough. the Comm
ping ; Asthma, Or
The Blood has b
and others, as the
and such is the de
oneous doctrine,
simple possession
| curing into the
Health and Vigor
| disease and death.
sive research and p
fy him for the prof.
the most useful mel
reflection will con'
rectness of his viev
ciated organs are Il
health, and that the
pendent on these or
THE ROOT OF T
dynes usually presc
ravages Of deeproot'
at tn e expense of J
has discovered a m
irresistible, and in
its being a radical
enumerated, even il
but he does not pre-
Pills a supeInaturs
within the knowlet
show, that when z
given up, HuNT's B.
to fail in efeciing t
raising from the be,
have tested their eff
Hunt for his long a
lection in the healin
| LEWIS Jol
DR.. EVANS's CT
| "EYANS' FEW
I" EVANS 500
/" GOODS Fen
I" HUNTS BOT.
are entered accordiI
only at 100 Chathal
lar Agents.
e.. HALL, Norfolk
f. l.. PoRTLooK,
JOSEPH GILL, RI
MoRTIMoRE & M
JESSE PERRY, Su
LEWIS JOHNSON,
NJ. THRIFT & e.,
i JOHN N. BELL, J
Il WILLIAM DoRsE
4 EDWARD Mellow
L. BERKELEY {
| j. HARDIsTY, Ht
| JAMES Brown, I
| C.. & +. DUNKUs
| BARRETT l. Mel
| = LYMAN, Lyme
| c. .CRUIKsHANx,
BELL & ENTwfl
The native American., 1840-04-25

NTORRISON's CIRC
Nl citizens Of Washini
respectfully informed that
will be added to the libr,
Littell's Museum, North
Rlackwood's Magazine, ]
Southern Literary MessenI
Subscriptions IS per an
bic In all cases in sdvanc'
feb Is
The native American., 1840-04-25

Nc AND APPLICABLE TO THE
WITH DISEASES OF THE STOM-
YES, such as Dyspepsia either Chronic |
the worst symptoms Of Restlessness
is and general emacialion Consump-
the Lungs or Liver; Liver Affections |;
sititiary and Spasmodic !: Costiveness
variety Rheumatism, whether Acute
Ter with Govt, Scrofula, Pains in the
's, and Side Typus Fever, Scarlet Fee
Chroat, Fever and Ague, spasmodie
Heart and Arteries, Nervous frritabili.
akness, Mysteries, Tic Douloureux,
Distractions, Heartburn, Headache,
on or Humid, and the Dry or the Whoo-
avel, and Drops.
itherto been considered by Empiricks
great regulator Of the human system,
votedness of the adherants to that err
that they content themselves with the
of this iallacious opinion, without en-
primary sources from whence Life,
eminate, and rice versa, pain, sickness,
Not so with DR.. Hunt, whose extern
tactical experience SO emine n,ly quail
ession Of which he has been one OF
nbers. He contends-and moments
, 'ince any reasoning mind of the cor
! gs-that the stomach, liver, and asso-
| re primary and great regulators Of
{ blood in very many instances is de.
I CANS, and that unless medicine reaches
HE DISEASE, the superficial ano-
c ribed, serve but as foils to cover the
t, ID maladies. Under these convictions,
J ears of close application, the doctor
q edicine whose searching powers are
prescribing. it is with knowledge OF
cure in the various diseases already
II applied in the most critical cases,
Re tend to aseribe to HuNr's BorANIc
a Iagency, although from positive proofs
ID &c of hundreds, he 10 prepared to
e very other earthly remedy has been
Be- ,TANIc Pills have never been known
" 70 very gratifying results. that Of
ed Of sickness and disease those who
If, ;acy, and thus amply rewarding DR..
an anxious study to attain this per-
ne art.
IN NsoN, (.Agent) Washineton, d. G.
IA. MOMILE & APERIENT PILLS,
1E RAND AGUE PILLS..
DT HING SYRUP,
M. ALE PILLS,
IA MIC PILLS,
ing to act Of Congress, and are vended
I'm Street, New York, or at the regu-
TX.
|, p orfsmouth.
'ichz 1ond.
Nov BRAY, Baltimore
uboi k.
I, " ashingfon, d. c.
o.. Petersburg
Win chester, Va.
EY. A iarfinsburg, Va
WEI, Fredricksburg, va.
) Co. Harrington, ia.
larris ,nburg, Va.
Char, 'eston, Va.
NJ, LIE rington, Va.
;INTn .E, Charlottesville, Va.
lchburs :, Va.
Z, t;eo gefopn d. c.
fsTLx. Asran1rin, d. C. Aug.
CIRC 'ULATING LIBRARY.--Ths
Vashini yton, and strangers resident, are
he'd that hereafter the following Reviews
he libr, .ry, viz. The Knickerbocker,
North American, London Quarterly,
azine, ] sdinburgh Magazine, Whites
MesseDl ger.
per ami num, or SO for six months, pay-
al
The native American., 1840-04-25

HOSIERY ST0RE.-3oo dozen comprise the subscri.
ber's stock Of that important article, Hosiery, and
is embraced every desira bic kind, quality and size.
10 dozen Mems Long Wooen Hose
30 do Wonens do do
$50 do do Cotton, Silk, Worsted, Cashmere
Mohair and Angola Hose
60 do Mems Lambswool, Country Knit, Worsted
Vigonia, Cotton and Silk Half Hose
so do Children's Wooen Hose and Half Hose, Of
every size
Also, Lambswool, Merno and Cotton Shirts and Draw.
srs, all of which will be sold at low prices by
JAMES B. CLARKE,
Jan Is No. from Sth st. and op. Centre Market.
The native American., 1840-04-25

tOOpER'S ISINGLASS.- Coopers American Isin.
glass. equal in quality 10 the Russian, Tor making
lilies, Blanc Mango, &c, and at onethrd price. Prin-
directions for use may be had with II at
Jan IS TODD'S Drug Store.
The native American., 1840-04-25
GEORGE SWEENEY,

NOTARY PUBLIC, Convsyancer and General Agent,
Y has removed his Office to 7th Greet adjoining his
siaence, between q and E streets. Oct rs
The native American., 1840-04-25

: Il MATURE PAINTING, by Myss +. J. BAYNE
VI Room N. F. corner Of Penn. Avenue and nth st
.r tn e Store of Messrs. Rcards, Gibbs Co., where
ecmens of her painting may be New. ..
The native American., 1840-04-25
DIR. GOODIES CELEBRATED FEMALE
PILLS.

These Pills strongly recommended to the notice
of the Ladies ,afe and efficient remedy in remove
ing those com pan peculiar to their from want oil
ge neral debility Of the system, distractions
su1presons irreguarity of the at the same
time strength ening cleansing and giving tone to the
stomach and oweis, and producing and healthy
action through out the system generally They create
appetite corret indigestion, remove gddness and
vous headache and eIninently useful in those COM
plints which istress females much at the TURN OF
LIFE They Of ,yiae costiveness and couneract all hys
erical and Hery affections, likewise afford soothing
and relief in uor albus and in the most OBJ
stnae cases Of choross, green sickness they nvar
ably the pad and delicate female TO health and
vigor.
These pills ave gained the sanction and appreciation
of the nent physicians in the United States, and
many mothers likewise testify to their extraordinary
efficacy. TO iared females whose expectations of the
tendere pled of connubia happiness have been de-
feated these Phi s may be truly esteemed blssfl boon
They all functional debility, and if taken
according to dir ections, obviae all morbid action. :.
DR., GooDEs CELEBRATED FEMALE PILLs.--are for all
the following d Suppression irreguIarty
tenton Of the fuor albus, chorosis green
Sickness cos gravel incontinuance Of urine,
nervous aectio Mysteries, prolapsus uter falling Of
the womb and piles Also pains in the side chest limbs
head, stomach back dmness confusion of sight
alternate fushe of heat and chlness; emors watch
ngs agitdton; anxiety bad Dreams and spasms. This
medicine is ack nowledged to be Of the valuable
ever discovered purifier Of the blood and nids
superior to saru para, whether sudorfc atera-
| tive. AGENTS.
| Ii :wrs JOHNSON. Washington. D. G.
c. ~CRUIKsHANK, Georgetown, D. c.
BE Ii & ENTWIsTLE, alexandra. ID. C..
The native American., 1840-04-25

HoWARD's IMPROVED CHEMICAL CHLORIDE
- SOAP.-Ths soap has fully stood the test OF expe
rence and is deservedy celebrated than any other
in use, for rendering the skin smooth and SOFT removing
chaps, pinpes and bemshes-for the preservation Of
the teeth and gums. and the of offensive breath
for cleansing and healing and wouudsfor prevent
ing aud curing cuaneous diseases particularly in infants
for bleaching nuslins and handkarchefs, and for the
removal Of grease, paint, tar &c. from clothing It is
also much esteemed as Shaving Soap. Prepared only
by +. HOWARD,
Chemist, Washington.
Forsae at many ofthe Drug and Fancy Stores in Wash.
ington, Baltimore, and throughout the United States.
MARI
CARRIAGES FOR sALE.-The subscriber has on
~ hand va: ely 0 family and pleasure carriages,
which not surpassed by any thing of the kind in this
market: such as
Coaches, close and open barouches
Small and large chariottees, one with three seats
Buggy wagons, sukies, &c.
Which will be sold low for cash. Second hand car.
rages taken in exchange. Repairing done as usual with
neatness and depach, and the most reasonable terms
THOS. YOUNG.
Sept7 Penn. av between Sd and l-2 streets
WHITE LEAD FACTORY.-The subscriber offers
w for sale or rent liberal terms, the white lead
factory recently erected by him. near the railroad Office
If not disposed Of by the LIST of September the fixtures
and engine will be for SALE For particulars &c inquire Of
JOHN PURDY.
Also, for rent new three.sory brick house, situated
Aug. ~ on B street
The native American., 1840-04-25

NEW GooDs.-The subscriber is just receiving and
~ opening some Of the cheapest goods yet offered
among which are many articles at the following prices
Handsome eros de Naples at 81 IL and IS
Rich figured Satins at SO - and 81 rs
Silk, Cashmere and Worsted Hosiery
Ladies' Black Cotton Hose at IL l-2 cents
Misses Boys and Infants Hosiery
Superior Miled Flannel, for Ladies
Thread Edgings and Laces, very low.
Linen Cambria Plain and Hemstltched Handkerchief
Calicoes at Il, 8, 10 and IL cents, SC.
Mousseaines, Shalleys and Merinos
Cassnets at reduced prices
Colored Silk and Worsted Braids, Combs, Collars
Suspenders, Stocks, Cravats, Co.forts, &c.
Children's Japanned Leather Belts
Fur and Seal skin Caps Boots and Shoes of all kinds
And many other goods usually kept in variety stores
JNO II. DRURY,
Jan Is Opposite Buildings, West end.
u ECoMMENDED BY THE FACULTY.-How-
IL ards Compound Syrup Of Carrageen, safe, sim
pie, pleasant and eectual remedy for chronic coughs,
asthmas, consumptons, &C.
This syrup has deservedy acquired great reputation
and the confidence of physicians remedy in the
of pulmonary diseases 1t is not offered specific, but
will be found generally efectual the cure of chronic
coughs, asthmas &C., and will frequently relieve obstinate
pulmonary diseases.
tJWhen circumstances admit, 1t should be used under
the direction Of physician.
Prepared and sold wholesale and RETAIL at my Pharma
cy, near Seven Buildings. s..,...
Also, for sale by most of the Druggists in Washington,
Georgetown, Alexandria Baltimore, and throughout the
Unitad Stetes. F. HOWARD.
Dec
DEDS. MATTRESSES, Sc.-We have on hand and
ID constantly making
Feather Beds of prime Western Feathers
Do do Russian
Hair, Moss, and shuck Mattresses
Persons wishing TO procure any of the above articles
can be supplied on the lowest terms by
BOTELEk s. DOM,
Nov 70 Penn Avenue. opposite Browns Hotel.
nUMFRIES' ITCH OINTMENT.-A safe, certain,
~ and expeditions for the Itch, be i, ever in.
veterate, in One Hours application only No danger
from taking cold 1t does not contain the least particle
of Mercury, other dangerous Ingredient, and may
be applied with perfect saety.-PRcE, 37B cents box
For sale at
jan 25-2m. ToDD's Drug Store.
DICH SEASONABLE GOODS.-The subscribers
N have just received and offer to their customers the
following very desirable goods viz
40 dresses rich painted mousselnes de LANES
10 pieces plain do
s do blue black satin for ladies' dresses
3 do white do do
Is dozen dark kid gloves
10 do light do
s do black net silk mitts
20 do plaid jaconet handkerchief fine, suitable
for ladies' aprons
Swiss jaconet and cambria muslins
Linen cambtic handkerchefs, fine and m. dunn
Laces, edgiDgs, and insertngs, all kinds, very
cheap. BRADLEY s. CATLETT
feb 20
NHINEKAL WATERS.-Soda, Saratoga, and Bed
lN1 ford Waters, FOR sails at
The native American., 1840-04-25

A Mild fSPEPTIC pILLS-Beckwi,hs EofT,s lew
- eu Wilson'S and Phepss Anti .Dyspeptic Pills
Tor SAFE AZ TODDS
teo TO- Drug Store.
The native American., 1840-04-25

MINERAL WATERS.-Soda, Saratoga, and Bed
IS1 ford Waters, FOR sails at
feb ,5--et roDD'S Drug Store.
The native American., 1840-04-25

A NDERsON's POLISHING PAsTE-For polish
"A ing plated ware brass. and other metals, Ander.
sons Composition has attained high celebrity Tho
following testimonials, from many, are selected
This is to certify, that we have used Mr. Anderson's
Composition for cleaning brass and other metals also M,
TO our customers. STEEL Il WARREN
Hardware Merchants, ALBANY.
This is to certify that have made use of Mr.. An.
dersons Composition for cleaning silver and brass plae
and have no hesitation in saying that it is the best method
we have used, and recommend the same to others
WALLACE.
Coach and Harness Maker SARATOGA.
This to certify that we have used Mr. Anderson,
Powder for polishing plated ware, and find it the best
article the kind that used
WHITNEY & HoYT,
$50, Pearl Street, New York.
Ihave examined and tried Mr. VIM. Anderson. Che.
ucal Powder for polishing silver, BRASS and other me
tails 1t proves excellent article for the above pur
pose' and am pleased to recommend Gqmu the same.
Chemist and Refner of Metals, Boston.
This is to certify, that have used Mr.. Anderson,
BRASS &c., and it proved to be excellent article for IN.
above purpose, and pleased to recommend the same
to the public. JOSEPH SMITH
1862. Pearl Street, New York
This is certify, that have used Anderson's Paste
and Powder, for cleaning brass and plated ware and can
safely say that 1t exceeds any thing have used before
VIM. HINTON,
1874, Broadway, New York.
have been using for the last three weeks Ander-
sons Chemical Paste for the cleaning Of silver and brass,
and believe it 10 be the best composition in use for the
purpose intended. d. ID. HOWARD,
Exchange Hotel New York.
Having made trial Of Anderson's Composition in 10.
fishing Britannia ware, which we manufacture we feel
satisfed that it is good article.
BROADMAN & HART,
BurlIng Slip, New York.
have made use Of Anderson's Paste and Powder and
find II very valuable article, and do most cheerluly
recommend it to persons wanting the article.
DAVID TORRANCE,
Feb. 9, 1886. United States Hotel
For sale at TODD'S Drug Store.
llUILDING MATERIALS, of every de.crnlion Ca
- sale ny U. WARD,
Near 18th IT. bridge
The native American., 1840-04-25

.NELEING 0FF!-rhe subscriber, determined to sell
oil his entire stock of Winter Goods, if possible, Of
RS the following articles full 10 per cent less than
prices. viz.
Rose, Whitney and Mackanav Blankets
Red, White and yellow Flanncls
Cloths, Cassimeres and Cassnets
Kentucky Jeans and Hardtimes
English and French Merinos
Servants Merino Coaks, at 81
Dark Ca'icoes, French, English and Domestic
Plain and Figured Dress and Bonnet Silks
ii and 81 Blanket Shawls (plain and fgured)
7 and s-4 Broche and Kabyle Shawis
Hosiery, embracing in kind La.nbswool. Cashmere,
Angola, Worsted. Silk and Cotton Hose aud Half
Hoe, and Chiitren's Woollen and Cotton Hose OF
every size
A. French Chntz, at 81 Ia cents per yard
Persons wishing any of the above, other articles in
;he Dry Goods line, may penny BY calling soon at
JAMES B. CLARkE'S
JAM IS No 2 from sth st. and op. Centre Market
The native American., 1840-04-25

'ULATING LIBRARY.--Ths
yton, and strangers resident. are
hereafter the following Reviews
Try, viz. The Knickerbocker,
American, London Quarterly,
,dinburgh Magazine, Whites
ger.
num, or SO for six months, pay.
!.
w. M. MORRISON.
The native American., 1840-04-25

NAGONS, CARTS, DRAWS, OK WHEELS, SC.
w The subscriber has on hand a large assortment oil
re above articles OF the very best quality which he
uold be glad dispose of reasonable terms, at his
Id stand opposite the Tobacco warehouse, Georgetown
Aug l7.6n RICHARD JONES.
The native American., 1840-04-25
W. HoLDRIpGE, ls! Green street.

RAISING OF BLOOD.-This disease is easily cured
oy the proper medicine. Mr.. Newbury, 266 Bowery,
used TO raise blood large quantities. both by day and
nRht besides this, he had cough and pain In
his breast yet after using every other medicine he was
cured by Dr. Tayfor's Basam Of Ii erwort. This man
carman; and let all others who cannot afford to be
ade follow his example, if they SICK and use this
medicine 1t will restore diseased lungs and liver in a
very short time. Remember, the genuine medicine is
sold at $40 .Bowery
ap lS-6m
The native American., 1840-04-25

And by most of the Druggist in the District Of Colum
ba ALSO in most Of the towns in the United States
where circulars h eonanng pasaT and
Dec. IA