davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Der Vaterlandsfreund und Geist der Zeit. [volume] (Canton, Stark County, Ohio) 1837-1845, 1839-02-15
int 9rosen uno &leiten
-cSnDiani{he GuriDlIt1ten.

cine stpBeNusrpaDl 10. Gbrttn, Sa6trn pfcifn;
maeeaBns, @cpb6rfn, 9laNeltaBrn, 2riesss
fdhrtet u. 10. ptrfcrti9t bei ben III Green 8ap
befnpli@en Snpianertt. 2lls 0e6cnfr ms Nus
LAMB fattt es sefpiB feinen pabenbern &rtiftf &C.
be1, sunal, ba berlei Nrtifel int Qpsfanpe, ale
pcn Scr .9ano bes QBitpcn fcnincnp, nod Rot,
tpeit srbserin SntreBe finp. TIN 3ablreiben 3tt,
(pruA bitttt Der !0bi9e. ,%5. u tts. +. Il
Sattttar Is. 1889. ESst5 i..a, g. +. y. f'.- :.
Der Vaterlandsfreund und Geist der Zeit. [volume] (Canton, Stark County, Ohio) 1837-1845, 1839-02-15
ganDn1e6en.

at3uiparttn. ptrfcntn, tpelGe 1T irsent eincm
1leile pcs Gailnties NusmeBunsen sel,ae6t st
baben tpiinfAen, telieten 8riefe besDalb ait mid
pber tbre iAuftraSe 1T hes Anoitors Offs 5uGana
ton atjuScben, ,tno patep ibrc Tamen, xauns
fhips unp Seetipt,en strau an3nfitDre,t. 8etfel>
lnn8en oiefcr art tperpen init pllnftleber Bepie>
hung bea6tet tperbet. T. f.
Ott4aet Stnmp, sanbnteBer
8etbltbent, San. IS 4,, ,. Stare 8.
The native American., 1839-09-14

I'm Lncident.--A few nights since, while the
steamboat De Witt Clinton was on her way to
Albany, and all the passengers had retired to est,
the inmates of the ladies' cabin received an access
sion OF one to their number-a female infant, TO
which one of the ladies had given birth in the
cabin. The mother was an Irish woman, whose
husband was on board with her. In the morning,
within one or two hours after the passengers had
left the boat, the mother with her infant in her
arms, walked on shore apparently as hale and well
as if nothing Of the kind had happened. The
child, in honor of the floating house in which it
was born, was appropriately named Mary Gin
fon.-GazeHe
The native American., 1839-09-14
THE SPANISH SCHOONER.

We have already stated tina, considerable ex-
clement in relation to the Spanish Schooner re-
Gently captured and carried into New London,
has been created at the North. The subject, in
all its bearings, is ably discussed in the newspa-
pers.
The Pennsylvania says:
There is consideration involved in this mat
ter which is very curious. But a few weeks have
elapsed since these blacks were Kidnapped on the
coast of Africa. If they had risen on board the
SLAYER which originally received them, and had
killed as many of the crew in their struggle for lib
erty as they deemed necessary, it is admitted on
all sides that they wouldneither morally or legally
have been guilty of crime. This point being con-
coded, the argument OH the other hand cont ends
that the stolen negroes having been sold at Cuba
and having been transferred to another vessel,
the act Of rising and killing their opponents,
which IN the first instance would have been com
mendable resistance to piracy, became by the
change OF siuation-the transfer from one schoon-
er to another, and from one set Of keepers to an
other-in itselfa piratcal act. Thus then, if the
last view be correct, the mere fact of tranship-
ment makes all the difference, no matter how
brief the interval, converting Unsuitable deed
enailingno penalty, into an offence only to be ex-
plated by death. This species of doctrine must
OF course be to some extent sustained on the score
oil The necessity OF the case by governments which
recognise slavery, as the safety of the master re-
qulres that the line be drawn somewhere but !,
would puzzle the Cingalese to be told that if thew
had risen week before. they would have acted
properly, but that as they delayed the movement
Tor day or two, they are to be hanged.
Inc general Impression, however, is, that
though the preliminary steps have been taken for
the purpose IN Connecticut, these blacks cannot
De tried at all IN the Uni,d States-hat they done
nothing which can be construed into an act Of
piracy under the law of nations, authorizing the
United States to prosecute and punish them.
The great point then TO be considered u.s. whether
The native American., 1839-09-14

Cinquez and his comrades should be surren dered
on requisition TO that effect from the Spanish
government. On this question likewise there are
differences of opinion.
The New York Express speaking Of this mat
ter says:-
1t is pretty well known, that if they are given
up the rngleaders at least will be executed, and
this being thus question Of life, it is Inagnfed
into importance. 1t will be conended we sup
pose, that the rights of property never accrued TO
Senior Ruiz, the property so called having been
stolen, and that least of all should the Spanish
thorties take advantage Of their own wrong in de-
handing the surrender of Blacks, who could not
ever have been in the slave market, il the Span
ish laws had been executed,-and, it may be adj
ded also, that this question of slavery-piracy is
not question for our people alone to try, but for
mixed commission under the Law of Nations.
Per contra, it will be said. that the Spanish au-
horities are the proper Judges of the execution
Of their own laws, and if it appears on examina-
ton in Cuba that these were native Africans kid
mapped as alleged, then, the Spanish Court can
adjudicae The question as the Law Of Nations
and treaties demand. That Senior Ruiz had ac-
CURED the right Of property will be proved by
Spanish passports, clearance of the Custom House,
permits, &c. &c.
We trust the questions will be settled as Law
and Justice demand. That the questions are
purely legal, and often technical is fortunate. The
excitabiiy ofJury trial cannot be got up on them.
AT any rate the property will be previously poor
property for the Abolitonists here, as they who
have seen these poor fellows represent them to
be in appearance hardly above the apes and mon
keys of their own Africa, and the language they
ljabber is incomprehensible here, while an APP
preaching winter will made the North more hor-
rbe for them than even slavery in Cuba.
The native American., 1839-09-14

ELEGANT AND FASHIONABLE BOOTS Ann
~ SHOES-Sign of the Mammoth Golden Boot -
JOSEPH B. FORD, Pennsylvania Avenue, nearly opno.
site brown Hotel has received by the latest nportaons
IRON France his usual supply of French Calfskins and
french Morocco, portion Of which he has made into
splendid Boots and Shoes and is prepared to make 10 or
der any article III his line in style warranted equal TO
any in this any other country
> r offers to the ladies resident and visiting the
Metropolis the following superior Of their kind viz:
Cater Scots of any variety with beautiful a.sort-
neht OF coored Satin Turc with ceIored Morocco suit
Tor making Cater Boots Ladies can have any color they
wish to match their dresses.
Christina WATERPROOF Boots lined with fur most de-
sirabe article for winter
Also, the Quilted Silk Boots and Buskns, with cork
soled Boots and Shoes made light and elastic.
Slippers of every variety for balls and evening parties
with all other articles, usually kept in fashionable shoe
establishment.
To the gentlemen J. B. F. would particularly remark
that he is every way, prepared to fit them with Boots
and shoes in the neatest and most fashionable manner
All the work of bis establishment is invariably mada f
French Calf and Morocco Skins, with Spanish Soes. nj
having succeeded with great and attention IN cot
lasts perfectly adapted TO the shape of the human f
and in securing the services of Mr. JAMES pApsnw.'
twhosf cutting and fitting so generallv
acknowledged he can with the greatest con6danay
Public. f'so VI 'ne
Dec.
The native American., 1839-09-14
DRUGS, MEDICINES. &c.

~ W. corner Of Pennsylvania auenue g. 9Th ss 6etcee,,
Broaons + Gadsbys Hotels, Washington city.
'NHE undersigned respectfully informs tile citizens of
i Washington, and the public generally. that he has
taken the Drug Store formerly occupied by DR.. S. Mitch
ell corner of 9th street and Pennsylvania avenue, be-
tween Browns and Gadsbys Hotels, where he intends
keeping on hand full and fresh supply of Drugs, Medi-
very general assortment of Fancy Articles Chewing To-
bacco Snuds, and segars. of the best quality
Physicians prescriptions carefully and accurately COM
pounded
WIN F. BENDER, from Philadelphia,
July l3- Pharmaceutis
The native American., 1839-09-14

they come" we will not cease to sound in the
ears of every true son of America7-of the Far
mer at his plough, the Mechanic at his bench, the
Merchant at his DESK Of the sailor under the folds
OF the Star Spangled Banner" and of the Sem
ale and House of Representatives in Congress
assembled, arouse ye our country is in dan
ger!
REPEAL THE NATURALIZATION LAWS.
And for the accomplishment of this great OBJ
Ject-with firm reliance on the protection of
Divine Providence-we mutually pledge TO each
other our lives, our fortunes, and oar sacred
honor.
The native American., 1839-09-14

the course pursued by Mr.. Trist, the U. S. Con-
sui at Havana.
SPAIN is still in deplorable condition, and
there is no prospect Of speedy change. The
Memorial des Pyrennees of the l7ih Aug. states
that all the provinces had declared against Maroto,
A few days ago, while on the frontiers of France,
we conversed with an English officer, who had
Just arrived from Spain; he informed us that mat
tiers were about as bad as they could be, and that
but very few English were now engaged with ell
Their of the contending parties.
The last dates from Madrid mention that the
cabinet was in the greatest embarrassment, ma
jority being of the opinion that it was not prac,
cable to meet the Cortes at present. In abiding
to the detection of Maroto, Madrid paper re-
marks: 1t is believed that Generals Espartero
and Maroto have concluded an arrangement of the
following nature-Don Carlos to be banished for
ever from Spain, but to be allowed an adequate
pension. The Carlists are to retain their ranks
and titles, and the northern provinces to continue
in the enjoyment Of their iueros."
LONDON, AUG. 20.-In the House of Lords
last night an address to the crown was agreed to,
on the motion of the Bishop of London, praying
Her Majesty, as the Poor Law Commissioners
had in one Of their reports made two statements
with respect to the disease and destitution which
prevailed in ceItain parts Of the metropolis that
Her Majesty will be pleased to direct the said
commissioners to inquire whether the same des-
ttution and disease did not prevail in other dis
tricts of the kingdom, particularly in manufacture
ing districts, and to state the result of their in
quiry to the house.
The native American., 1839-09-14

Late and Important from Buenos Tyres
We have been favored by commercial house in
tsis city, with the following important intelli-
gence, contained in letter dated
''MoNTEvIDEo, July 9th, 1899.
'sOnr last advices from Buenos Ayres, give
the following information, and the report seems to
be generally believed. On the 9th ultimo, sup
posed at the instigation Of Rosas, mob entered
the Senate Chamber, whilst the house was in
session, and put to death the President in his
Chair-shot his son Colonel in the army, and
several others, and about 200 persons have been
arrested and thrown into prison. The cause OF
these proceedings is said to have been an attempt
prematurey discovered to upset the present ad.
ministration.
LAST night the Bark Richard Willis, from Sa-
lem, drihed on Reef Of Rocks at the entrance
Of the Harbor, has blged, and will most proba-
bly, be totally lost" ~. 7. Courier.
The native American., 1839-09-14

Destructive FIRE AND LOSS OF LIFE IN ST.
LoUIs.-One of the most destructive fires which
has ever occurred in that city, broke out in st.
Louis (Mo.) on the morning of the 3lst ult. The
fire originated about four o'clock in the large ware
house of Messrs. Blan, rompkins & Barrett,
on Water street, between Laurel and Vine streets
An explosion of gun powder took place in the
building in which The fire originated, shortly after
it commenced, the principal effect Of which was
to throw the walls out Of plumb; and at later
period there was another explosion in the adj DIN
ing storehouse of Messrs Stettinus e. January,
which threw the roof entirely off and scattered
the timbers in all directions; yet, although the
fremen were crowded in and about the building.
no person was seriously injured by the explosion.
But the most melancholy part of the story is yet
to be related. In the frame building occupied by
Messrs. Willing & Co., adjoining the ware-h house
in which the fire originated, several persons were
busily engaged in taking out goods and while
thus occupied the end wall Of the latter, stone
building, unsettled by the first explosion, fell up
on this frame building, and crushed to death four,
or perhaps five, persons in its fall. The names
Of those killed are II. 3. Turnbul, book mer-
chant; James Hayden, (son Of Elijah Hayden y
a young man named Brewer, (son of Mr. Chas
Brewer J and another body was taken from the
ruins, but so much disfgured by the fire, as to
prevent recognition. It was thought, though with
out any certainty, that several other lives were
lost in the falling ruins
The following is list Of those burnt out: Stet-
tinius & January. Blain, Tompkins & Barnett,
Oscar, Cobb, G. M. Willing, Aleyne & Co., and
L. N. Roberts, together with several other small
establishments.
The aggregate loss by the fire is variously es-
timated according to the Gazette, a, from one
hundred thousand to two hundred thousand dol
lars.
The native American., 1839-09-14

ENOR SALE OR LEASE. farm, lying ten miles
= from the city Of Washington. near the road leading
TO baltimore. 1t contains about l76 acres about so Of
which in wood and about 25 in meadow land; it has
on It comfortable dwelling, young orchard of choice
1t is desirable that any persons who may feel wish to
possess themselves of so fine and healthy situation
should make immediate application the subscriber at
the Lumber and Wood Yard, 18th street near the canal
June 20 ULYSSES WARD.
The native American., 1839-09-14

The editor of the Dover Morning Star, "a re-
ligious paper) in notice to his agents, says
"Never enclose money in precence Of post mas
ter, unless you know for certainty tina: he is
honest" He states as reason, that divers sums
enclosed in that way have never come to hand.
The native American., 1839-09-14

to decide between revolution and submission to
foreign rule; and as little to determine-when
reason and argument fa--that the more forcible
means must be resorted to, SO promptly pointed
at by "A German"
Yours, &c., j.
The native American., 1839-09-14

~ EMOVAL- Boteler & Dom. having purchased the
= ~ stock ofgoods o! Mr.. Seth Hyatt would respect
'nlly inform their customers and the Public generally
that they have taken that known stand formerly
occupied by z Mauro & Son, nearly opposite Browns
Hotel, and lately by Mr.. S. Hyatt where they intend
continuing the house-lurnshng business more extern
sively than formerly.
They have on hand well selected stock of goods,
embracing almost every article used in genteel house
Keeping, to which they would invite the attention OF
persons furnishing
Will be found now in store general assortment Of
Cahinet-Ware Chairs, Beds Bedsteads, Mattresses
Looking glasses, China, Glass, and Crockery ware
Lamps Of various descriptions
Knives and Forks Plated and German Silver goods
britannia ware, Brass Andirons
Shovels, longs and Tenders
Hollow. ware for kitchen purposes
I'm and Wood ware, Garden Tools &C.
All Of which they vii, sell low for cash. or on time to
f'"eua' customers. June 8
The native American., 1839-09-14

FRESH SARATOGA WATER just received and for
j. sale by the box or single bottle.
Also, Swans Patent Atmospheric Soda Fountain new
and labor of the old method. Price $50.
F HOWARD,
June Q Near Buildings
The native American., 1839-09-14

One day last week there arrived, in New York,
no less than FIFTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVEN emf
grant passengers.
The native American., 1839-09-14

ORGE SN EENY,
NJ OTARYPUBLIC, Conveyancer and General A gent,
! has removed to the Office of the Fremen's Insu-
rance Company, Pennsylvania Avenue opposite Browns
Hotei. July Is.
The native American., 1839-09-14

ENJOY AL.-The undersigned has removed his Um-
1 breiia and Bonnet case factory from opposite the
18th street, which he has put up for the purpose The
encouragement which he has been extended to him. las
induced him to CONTRACT for large supply of materials,
for the purpose Of making Bonnet cases. and he contem
plates extending his factory to meet the demand con-
stant supply. wholesale and retail Likewise on hand
general assortment of Umbrellas and Parssols great
variety of materials suitable for every descptIan Of re-
pairs Umbrellas Parasols &c mede and repaired at short
notice. Umbrellas that have been left TO repair oppo-
site the Seven buildings removed to his dwelling on
G street, second brick house west Of the War Office.
north side The undersigned would advise his friends
hathe has no interest in the shop conducted NJ Farar
July o. DANIEL PIERCE.
The native American., 1839-09-14

LOR RENT.-A convenient two-siory brick house
on Missouri avenue, east of IL street. lately oc-
cupied by DR.. Buck For good tenant the house
will be put in complete repair. Possession may be had
immediately Apply at TODDs Drug Store.
June
True American. [volume] (New Orleans [La.]) 1835-18??, 1839-08-01

ETAI DE LA LOUISIANA.
Conr d' Premier District Jud'calrc IL Etat de Ia
Lon'siahe,--a lous crux que ces prGscntcs con.
cernent-Salut
A TTENDu que William N1ackcy, do la vile dc
NaVsrlllG, kentucky, aylnt achcG a uilc vcnte
fate par lc Shcr'tidc la Parossc dOrlcnns la pro.
prIcc ci.apies Gcrtc, s'est ndre sc uu gr.hr dc
celtic conr Oh Ia dtc vente fut cnrcyistrtc lie 2enr
jour de Mai de laHnce 1899, ponr un avs, con.
orncncnt a TN ncte dc la Legislature dc rEtat de
Ia Louisiana. intItuG " Actc pour conirner To-,
i,rcs dcs acqnGreurs aux ven,es iud,caircs :" ap.
prourc &c III Mars 1884. Qu'ii soft cunnu, ct
touies pcrsonnes in crosses sont par ces prGscnes
sonllGs uu nom dc l'Etat de la Louisiana ct dc la
conr dn Premier district Jndiciairo qui pour.aicnt
avoir droit la proprIetG Cha pres dGcre en- conse.
qIonce dun Le!aut dc toruIe dams purdre 10 dGcrol
gu le Jn.cncni de la cour, vcrtu duuu.l Ia vrp,o
exc liI'c, OFT dc toutc irrcgulartG illGgnG dams
FcsliIniton, Jaws GU 10 temps OF 10 mode dc Ia
vcntc, OIL pour une nutre cause quccouaue, de
faro vor dams trentc lourS datrr de la pulca.
lion de Get avs, pourquni Ia ventc a,nsi talc nc
serill pas contirnGret hon,ologuG..
La d'ic proprGtc ut vcudue par e Sheriff sus
d't lie llcm" jour d'Avril do 'al,'er 1859, en- vcrlu
dun dtcrrl de Ccliu cOur, rendu c , d.. Mars dc
TannGs 1899, dams lA .re de William s,ackcy
con,rc Bier Srever, No. 1886 du decker dc
cett" c"1r, ar!hqlcl'e vcntc cd!t William Mnckry
s'cst rendu acqucrcnr pour 10 prx dc S27, loo
payable CONNIE sui,-savui !:
L"cqicfehr aSstiinaht 10 payment dc la Motto dc
dcux Bullets dc Sc 765 sc cents ci,.,uc, qli scron,
dus lie 81 mars 1910, Ell la bal,rcs compliant Fac
quGrcur assu'nant aussi e paiuncnt dc la so,nne dc
SS,o00 dus a la Banqllc dc rUnion dc la Louisiana
uVec lnerct au latIx de- | D pour cent co,upcr uu
Ter. Ftvrlcr IL 9, ct la balance compliant, ct 70.
servant une hypolhcqun spGciale la proprietG
vendue, jusqA'a &C 4uec SOFT pay6c.
Description dc la propriclc d'lpres lc transfer
judlcaire.
La notice ilivi.o do ,Ieux cert in lots do TIRE
aVec tontrs les batiscs ct authorizations qui s'y
trouvent, ansl quo les droits, chc,nins cou,umes,
.ervlt"dcs, privileges ct avantages y appar,cnant
dune mau'erc qncconQne ; ccs lots son, son;igus
CT font partie dc Ia balturo en- ia Q du iaubourg
Ste. Marie do celte vile, tornant lcncognuro la
plus basse DIES Julie 1T Nouvelle Levec, ct
sont desIgnes par los nos. 10 e, vngt, sur un plan
dc la die haturo, dcrose en- rdtudn dc Felix (,rima
notaIro, date du 80 jun 1882. Le lot no. 10 me-
sure Al p'ets pouccs de face n Ia ruo dc Ia Nile
Levet, sur 100 pieds plus GU nnns do proiondcur
d'apreS I'm ccrtiticat id Joseph Pile, voyer dc Ia
VIllo' date du 25 mars 1886, il parait que ccs leux
dIss tcrruns 'nrsurcnt ensemble, uu pieLs anglais,
~ plod' dc face Ia rue do la Nouvcl. LUvcc
sur l0o dc profondeur uvec a,lss 200 actiouS
au loud capital dc la Blnque dc !'Uniou de la
Louisiana.
Iemoin Honorable \. NJ. Buchanan, iurc dc,
la eour slsete, c. G Mai 1888.
P. LIE BLANC,
Olluai 1t n,,u,d f,rtEar
True American. [volume] (New Orleans [La.]) 1835-18??, 1839-08-01
GIN CORD AL,

T. CORDIAL DE Lul1NE OF i.'ElIXIK DE
- L'AMOUR.-rhe United States Agent for HE
L'cil'a Cordial or Elixir Of Lave, returns his grateful
acknowlrdcemtnts for the ALTERING patronage which
he Inns already received, mud also for tn" nauv csl
'"nals winch hav. been him touching The the al
most miraculous efficacy of this nestimahlc medicine
Inc wei" founded reputation of the I.ucina Cordial
warrants the agent in " tlrawng his long udve tiSe
ne"s hut for the benefit IF those persons WIN may
a. yet be unaware OF it's NATURE he would explicitly
stnte that it IS DR.. Magun's celebrated discovery
winch has created such sensation in FrRnce-Ila il
speedily restores tn" virie powers, where they lave
Been eN ,aus1c by disease otherwise, md suhsan-
'n'lv rcn"vatcs tho rrocrcnnt functions that it is an
efectt'a cure for the uor abus; and above all that it
- the only remedy discovered for tie removal Of
lnpo''ncy in males and barrenncss in females. Owing
tons vastly ivSoratng qualities, it is also highly
ful III glrrt. ob>lruc,ei, difficult painful menstrual
"', ncontinrncc of'hc urine, involuntary discharge
'reof chronic eruptions Of the skin drorsical ulec
tons Of the aged &c.
In order that all casscss Of society may receive the
benefit of DR.. Mugnins discovery the American pro-
fetnr has consented that the Cordial saIl he aol, in
bnti'"s OF six each, at the reduced prize of -
which is less ;an half the price charged for in
France.
JOHN WINTERS HOLDE2WEiL, ~. y.
United States Proprietor.
The ahov" medicine ia for sale at " hocsnlc and retail
at M. 6jPnvo,us street, between Magazine unit Camp
sta, New Orleans. mn0
True American. [volume] (New Orleans [La.]) 1835-18??, 1839-08-01
RURNHAM'S DROPS.--'rhis medicine wa.


PURNHAM's DROPS.--rhis medicine was
- discovered by the proprietor md ia been sub
lcc'cd to his careful observation for many yea rs
IN every variety OF practice, and all the disease
OF tho diversified American climate; and il is no,
gwen to the public with the utmost confidence and
believe that it is, as most clearly forth in the
pamphlet accompanying the same, the best medi.
cine ever thrown within the reach of all classes of
society. 1t with the greatest proprie,y rivcn in
all the maladcs which alilict the human, H. CO, from
the established fact, thu, when take into the so-
mach II acts accoutdinu to the state Of the s,nu-
ach ard the nature OF the disease, either rs an
'metlc, dIuretr, sudonfc, eApccornnt, or crprret
medicine. That 1t is really what it purports be,
Greds only frlh to satisfy tho most increduous.
The tact Is daily coming 10 the nowItdue of the
pr"pricl'rs OF its beneficial and saving effects in
cases of The ague and fever bilious ,yphus, ncr-
v"us and scarlet fevers, inhuenz,, violent Guilds,
dys' n1erry or fiux, dyspepsia or measles, satisfy
them That thty nre not only warranted IN warmly
Recommending It, bun they called upon from
sense ot duty winch they owe To the human family
to say to all, Try ii, and you will hear pie lcsli~
ony to all We have id the subject.
Ihn cholera itself, the worst s,uurgc which he
over VISITED our c"nhry, has been succrssiuiv
querrd the pruprrlur in thirteen cases with the us G
OF thus medicine only, without tue ss Of Il Single
patent. The medicine j. PIE ar, only by doctors
BtRNliAM DAVIS, s.. Louis Missouri; md il
put up III phnls enrh accompanied with plain
ana instinct direction, and containing ,bnu, sixty
IL srs, To DO had tor, seventy five cents, which
mak'su much The cheapest me triue ever uiiert d
the public.
The above medicine is sold wlel,s \ % md ,toil
by our ,en,s, Henry B,unaheI, D,uyG,st nnd
Ap''h"cary Tch"up''"ulas s'r ct. New Or!rans,