davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Richmond enquirer. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1815-1867, 1833-01-12

FNNHE Thorough Bred Race-H Horse LANCE, Tie
a full brother Of the celebrated 9riel and OKely by
American Eclipse, viii stand tho ensuing season at nv
stable within ten miles Of Halifax Court House Virginia.
Particulars Ira timo. WIN. w HURT
Halifax, Dec. 25. 69-2dwlw
Richmond enquirer. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1815-1867, 1833-01-12

THyHE conncxon between tie subscribers, under the
n firms Of Rogers HARRISON in this City, and Rogers
& Co in the City OF New York, is this day, by consent
dissolved.
All unsettled business Of the two establishments in Flu
rope, will be closed by Lewis Rogers; hat in New York
by the firm Of Rogers G Co. and that in Virginia by r
Harrison, Jr LEWIS ROGERS
Richmond 1st Jan. 1893 r. HARRISON, jr
The subscriber has formed a commercial establishment
in Havre under The firm Of Lewis Rogers Co.. in con
ncxion with B. l.. Foud & Foud Oppeuheim, Bankers in
Paris, and soics the business OF his friends in that place
as well to his house in New York, under the firm Of
Rogers & Co, who will always be prepared to make lbe
raj advances shipments, 10 themselves The house
in HaVre LEWIS ROGERS
Richmond, 1st January, 1899.
The subscribers have associated themselves n business
in this City under The firm Of Rogers Harrison & Gray
LEWIS ROGERS,
JAMES GRAY.
Richmond LIST January, 1893. 7l--12t
"A FEMALE well qualified to give instruction in Nh
IN SIC and well recommended will meet with
liberal encouragement from Miss Hughes Preceptress Of
the Benyenuc Seminary, Gloucester county.
Dec. ~. 03-2aw12t
Richmond enquirer. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1815-1867, 1833-01-12

9Thc saunon Spectator will publish above advertisement
once week. till the day of SALE aud send its this
Richmond enquirer. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1815-1867, 1833-01-12

dNUMBERLAND LAND FOR SALE.--WiIl he sold
" the premises the first day OF February next
if fair, il not, the fair day, 495 OF Land lying
ApponaoX River and reaching to the Guinea and Ango-
la Roads-abou miles below Rdinss Tavern, and good
stand fora Tavern-n gentee neghborhOod. This Land
lies well, with about hundred Of grounds and
sufficient quantity good wood landunde good fences
and would suit professional gentleman
Ternsone, two and three years credit with bond and
approved security, and deed Of the Land TO
cure,the payment. JAMES ISBELL, .ddrp'r.
Jan. |. l71-ds] of LetCis IsJeH, dec'd
40 HENISH WINEs-Wc offer Tor sale in store re-
q. ceived from tho Importers,
.Geisenheimer, 1925
Hockheimer do
Marcohrunner, do
Rudesheimer, do
Johannisberger, 1892
Also, received direct 81 c." "Anchor'' and "Truckv.
Roger & Co." Champagne.
LANCASTER, DENNY s. co.
Jan. 9. 72-5t
Richmond enquirer. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1815-1867, 1833-01-12

The Auction and Commission business will be continu-
ed in this city by the remaining partners in connection
with Henry w. Moncure, under the firm of Dnnlop
Moncure and Co. NATHANIEL DUNLOP,
HENRY w. MONCURE
JAMES DUNLOP,
ASA 0fIS.
Jan g. 74-s,
Phenix gazette. [volume] (Alexandria [D.C.]) 1825-1833, 1833-12-30

The following extract is published by Dr. Lees su'
thority, viz
Extract of elt-r, written by respectable Gen
tlemsn. residing in Baltimore, to the subscriber. vino
deems it his duty, though uniuhorzed to lay il be-
fore The public, Withholding the writer's name, for
particular reference, should any require it person
ally. SAM II. LEE
BALTIMORE, august, 1928.
Doctor s. II. p EE, New ondon, Conn
Dean SIu-lt is now upwards of twenty years that
have used Your Sew London Bilious pills ia my fami
~, and always found them efficient purgative in al
most every DESCRIPTION Of disease. and believe they
we'd many long doctors bill by their early and timely
never found their accustomed certainty to var,
in their operation and effects until few months past;
and having, since then, been sadly disappointed in
ry instance of using them, began to conclude that you
had msde your fortune, and abandoned their msaufac
ture to mercenary and unfanhful hands Under This
impression, I accidentally saw al advertisement Of
yours in New York newspaper, designating spurious
limitations from your own manufacture. by having
WH rTEN SiGNA1 URE to each bill of directions,
and that in instance the limitations signed aitb
respect, Finding those had Sthoa, II his test ST. br
gan to suspect that all not fair in medicine as
well as IA politics. and called AZ several Of our aputhe.
carries for your pills, with your written signature
found many without this test but none with it, until
came toihe Me'srs Keerls' Who assured me they had
them direct from you. procured box and on using
them found the effects from tirt m hsd ALWAYS
experienced and am so much re ioced ON finding NV
seifn possession of medicine ! so highly prize that
that cannot in justice, refrain from giving you this
in formation.
Gf TO avoid the imposition Of counterfeits and spu
rious limitations as related above the purchaser has
Only TO examine the bill OF directions covering each
box, and If signed foot. my own hand writing i'm
m 'diately under my printed nsme they are genuine,
and prepared by me; but if the printed name is
affixed, they are spurious, and to be avoided
S. A. +. LEE,
NeU I,OndOn Conn Dec 1922
Phenix gazette. [volume] (Alexandria [D.C.]) 1825-1833, 1833-12-30

Mr.. Normand Smith, junior, mechanic. and
the builder OF his own fortune, "ho lately died at
Hartford. Conn, at the early age OF 50 years,-
after fully providing for his family, and having
lust contributed S. 400 dollars TO the building VI
a church, bequeathhd from 10, 200 to $4,000 TO
works Of piety aud benevolenee.
Phenix gazette. [volume] (Alexandria [D.C.]) 1825-1833, 1833-12-30
To The Editor ofthe N. y Courier T. Enquirer
WIsuISGroN. ID G., Dec. 18, 1885.

/ WAsHINGroN. ID g., Dec. Is, 1885.
Under date of the 2S,h September, 1883. aP
pended TO Mr. Taney's report OF the reasons
which induced him to remove the deposltes,
find document marked e., purporting to Be
:. contract" between the Secretary OF the Urea
sury and the Glrard Bank. ask. by what au'
fhoriiy has the Secretary entered into this con-
tract? This subject will, undoubtedly, be wO'
roughly investigated. That there has becn an
alarming assumption Of power. every thinking
man must admit. And has there not been d
rect and wIlful violation Of an existing Law. 10
an act approved Nav 1Sl, 1920. lind tins clause
-" No contract shall hereafter be made. b, 'oe
Spcretar, Of State. or O. The Treasury or or We
departmeut of war. or Of the navy, except und'
! a lar aHhOrtSing The same" PLAIN matter "
fact man, as am, cannot misunderstood '".'
provision IL is for the LAWYERS to explain u.
! 90 meaning NOTHING, and this. ! presume. WI
he done The Spy N WAsHrSGToN.
Alexander Porter was, an the 18Th iBs'ah''
elected a Senator Of the United States. from TIE
Stale of Louisiana, TO ill the vacancy occasion
ed by the decease ui her late distinguished oena
tor. The votes taken 10 joint ballot Of The he
sislature, were two 10 number, as folio0s:
First. Second.
For Judge Porter 81 50
Mr.. Walker so so
Mr.. Nicholas
Mr. Porter was the National Republican. and
Mr. Walker the Jackson, candidate. -Nm. Int.
We are inf0rmed that the steamboats, Robert
Morris and Carroll. we're yesterday replaced IN
the Delaware and Chesapeake, from which they
we're Withdrawn ~ be sheathed with Iron,iB order
to navigate with safety through the ice. Duhos
the time OF their absence from the line. Their
places were supplied With boats that could not
run through in time to keep good the mail con-
nexions at PhiladeIpbis. The consequence has
been that failures Of the great mail for Ne"
York. and points east Of il, have occurred at
Philadelphia for several days past. These faIl'
ures, in addition to those which were the lne'I'
table consequence of the late storms, have pro.
duced much irreguIarity in the northern mails.
,t::e now expected they will be conveyed with
lily and despatch.-Globe.
we learn from "a Merchant" and We are
also requested state that the amount Of fre;,bt
To-, W. ~ "ansportIng troops from Boston to
Of the Virginia Bank at NorfoIk wb,rb ,.cs;,s.
rut ;nf Government DePosises-,hat the very
49,. s'a "o'es mus received OF the Government
we're y Drought to Baltimore, and by the siercban,
y ""o'p ,he vessel was consigned, were tender.
" 'ae Ghion Bank Of Maryland, in part pay.
rent OF Bond duehe Government. which we're
:juSed oy the said Bank. and the Merchant had
pay the Bond 10 notes of the RAM, in R.I,;'
ore.-Bah. Pat ""' y" 'a"'
Phenix gazette. [volume] (Alexandria [D.C.]) 1825-1833, 1833-12-30

Neither House Of Congress was in session OF
Saturday. We think It iul time now, however,
that some useful business should be transacted
or, at least, put in a way TO be transacted.
Phenix gazette. [volume] (Alexandria [D.C.]) 1825-1833, 1833-12-30

The Globe ,epuJlshss the Presidents Mani
festo on the Removal Of the Depostes. How
sweet must be its sounds IN the ears Of " the
faithfu"i
Phenix gazette. [volume] (Alexandria [D.C.]) 1825-1833, 1833-12-30
DIR. LEES GENUINE PATENT
New LondOM bilious Pils

lust received, fresh suppl, Of the above useful
% Medicine, direct from DIR. Lees Dispensary
18th mo 50,l, 1856 W. STABLER
Phenix gazette. [volume] (Alexandria [D.C.]) 1825-1833, 1833-12-30

We are sra'ifi'd to state that the crew and
plssen .crs OF the schooner Rachael & LYDIA for
whose safety apprehenslons were entertained,
have arrived at Jacquemel, in St. Domingo
The Rachael & Lydia, Of Boston, was boaud from
Savannah to this port-was bloan of the coast
put into JacquemeI leaky. The vessel would
BE- condemned the cargo saved.
Phenix gazette. [volume] (Alexandria [D.C.]) 1825-1833, 1833-12-30
ALEXANDRIA, I'd. c.
MoNbaY MORNING, DECEMBER 50, 1885

Some Of our "new lights" made the no,abl.
discovery, about the time Of the invention Of
notification, that there was no such thing. pro
pery speaking, as "a citizen Of the United
States" We accidentally took up tie Las.
viii and Testament of Gen. Washington, he
other day. on the very first page Of which We
read-"I, George Washington Of Mount Yer.
non, a Citizen Of The United States" &c. &c.
We presume George Washington will be acknow.
lodged as authority, even in South Carolina -
Mark. he does not say citizen Of Virginia, bu.
a ol,lZen Of the United States.
The U. S. Telegraph has a right 10 condu,,
its political course as suits il: but we may re-
max, that the course pursued with regard to ,ae
Free Bill, SC &C., is calculated to do more
hs-o than good. A portion of the people airny,
0, i to the leading principles and measures
-oi Ihr r-.,snt President, will not tamelv suffer
Themselves t" be denounced by print which
manly contributed TO the election Of that Pre,i.
drnt There Is something about the tone aud
temper Of the articles in the Telegraph to which
we a!.ude, any thing but pleasing.
Phenix gazette. [volume] (Alexandria [D.C.]) 1825-1833, 1833-12-30

The next Congressional election 10 George
will fairly try the issue between the two parties
in that state The nuIlfiers have nominated
their ticket, and the Union party theirs. Gov
Troup has been nominated as next President -
The nom'naIipn, We presume, was made mere,
as compliment to tina, gentleman.
Phenix gazette. [volume] (Alexandria [D.C.]) 1825-1833, 1833-12-30

Alexander Porter was, an the 3'h instant
elected a Senator Of The United States. from TIE
Stale Of Louisiana, TO ill the vacancy occa'I'n'
ed by the decease ui her late distinguished Sena
tor. The votes taken 10 joint ballot Of The he
| eisiature, were two 10 number, as folio0s:
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-12-28

The Tree s a growth fertile and bears
ctmes bent
in dnesso andcE Inmates.
ah[ imported fruit, to
lin
o
reeya the it called
Bartlett
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-12-28
III Boston.
Pr. Cat ZOnd HOr Tr0n.-FOrsuth.
Alton. IN his EpitO,ne Of the Hortus
keuensis and some Others.
BARTLETT.
SUMNER ST. MICHAEL.
WILLIAMS BON CHRETIEN.
Very large.

FOrnong,mb ted-somwlat Notwithstanding pyramid
CoorBigh yellow light with scarlet blush when fully
small redish color nearly all
nged with red occasionally pale spotted with
of darker green and brown, becoming yeowsh and fen
with red on the side nex the
.S.rface-Smooh and generally glossy
Pulp Notwithstanding and very Juicy
Fzarour-AgreeabIy perf'med- and delicate
!Stenn-Thck- and generally about inch long
EyeNever sunk hollow like other Bon Chreien
Rpens in August and September
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09

"Landlord, said a shrewd fellow, as
he seated himself 10 the bas -room, and
bore the gaze Of the surrounding advo-
Gates at the bar, ''do you know Of any
body who has lost q handsome ivory
handle Jack-knife, with four blades
two large ones and two small ones
having a piece Of silver on one side
and brass 1t the endsr' mo-" replied
the veteran landlord, whose Proboscis
resembled a ripe strawberry tipped
with a pearly drop ofdew; ~why. have
you found one?" no" said the wag,
4Abut thought ! would inquire 20 that
i'll should find one ! might know whose
1t was"
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09

SATURDAY. NOVEMBER ., 1893.
LYCEUNS.

From the frequent notices Of Lyesa@
which We observe il our ex-
change papers Of tn State, Ne oold in
=, <h.t s.ch sasociatioos are becoming
properly appreciated in this region.
We would take the liberty ofsuggessing
to he young Gsatlsnea and Ladies parti-
culasiy Of this paace, whether IN evening
once . week through the winter season
cosaa be more probably employed than ~
the reciprocal inseschange Of knowledga
and septinent, which well Conducted Ly'
ceum would produce.
Ladies, take the LEAD and the gentle
men viii follow.
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09

Given under my hand and the seal
OF the State al Tuscaloosa, this 9TH
day of October, in the year ofour Lord
1898, and the 56th year OF the indie
pendence Of the United States Of A.
:perica. JOHN GAYLE.
By the Governor.
JANIS /. THORNTON, Sec. Of State.
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09
For the Palladium.

FRrrxp Eperos-As thy p.per is
for the benefit Of the community. / pre.
sumo thee viii give place to an article
to thy patrons.
1t has long been a query with me
how 50 many blacks sob<ist in this
place-aDd having finally come 70 the
conclusion that il y not kones<lu. resoly.
ed to communicate my sentiments for
the benefit Of the good cit,sens Of our
town.
Any citizen who feels an interest in
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09

cup-but we're it in my powess uoe!a
n.ke them all happy-free ffoa de
ner,ecutieus of the 0erciless task-0ae
ier-and restore them TO their own
cline.
In /. strong advocate for hbes(r.
aud equal riehas and privileges, TT
.elAom seen IN Instance Of . negyo -
ine allowed psivileges be did not -
bvse. and we zee daily evidences Of
the fact in eur own streets. From
morn to even We can see in every d.
rectioa, (ssose p~ficsiarly IN ike direc-
siom Of q eyeg skeP) = congregation Of
Ebony seaeyy loanging carelessly and
with ae mach apparent ease A. % ma
ny Lords-intercepdng the Pash OF
Iour honest citsxens-Who must proba-
blv broek an insult from the black ras-
lcals Who psrsue no regular business,
| and mayhap are supported BY the chat
lity Of those who0 they would abase.
am we'll awaee Of the Pretexts
which many have for the favor be-
slowed upon them, and pay due deter-,
ence to It. l myself proxies PhiDan-
Ithropy-I am . strong advocate for e
mancipation-l have she'd teass ovee
the poor creatures suffering under the
lash, rs we'll rs the culpnt on the gal
llows-and where is the man % hard
hearted as to laugh at such a scene.
Ithough the fellow is receiving his just
reward.
/ Consider that the God II natsre has
endowed al animal creation with fac
ult,es for it, ow0 support--that the
different species can exist Independent
Of the other-shat ell that 10 required
of 10 is . socisi Intercourse with oar
o~m spcoes, aud humanity 10 others.
Such friends - my philosophy, though
some Of you may think am no CHRIS
tian.
/ Nature never designed Ethiopias
sous for any other clime-neither were
they transplanted hither, Of their own
accord. DOR forefatbers brought the
lcurse upon us, which We may cement,
bot We should not increase by extend
ling our miseeies and not diminishing
|thcin,-we can contribute to their re-
lief without indalging them in idleness
and dissipation, OF associatiug our sons
and daughters with them IS equals,
for such they can never be--a spirit
within our proud breasts, says not
Who does not revolt at the idee Of
minehng their blood with ours! Ane-
4 gro ie, and will be a negro; therefaae
trust them a. such, or abide BY thef A
sequences. The day will yet az
when Richmond will he compelled to
disperse the evil or suffer, and why not
begin now! A FRIEND.
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09

We understand that information has
reached this place, that William 3.
Slaughter, of Lawrence county, and
Abner M'Carty, Esq. Of Brookville,
have been appointed Register and Re-
ceiyer Of the Land Offices at this place,
in the place Of the present incun,-
bents. We have heard no reason as
signed for the change. We give the
news merely from rumor. The in
formation, however, is supposed to be
Democrat.
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09

For the Palladium.
To Maj. Jack Docning, Douniaguatk
Militia, ID Brigade.
MAJ. DOWNING,
Sir have often thought if ] had
as much farming as my dad lsad when ]
run away from old Connecticut to
come u these wild woods, that could
head you AID the Gineral both, about,
ion some things; but knowing how
much the people thought Of you and
the GiOeraI, vas afraid that any
thing that was said By . body who had
no Office, would jese be laughed at:
but nov ! guess I can begin tn hold
up my head among gentlemen, and tell
what / think on some sastin subjects
tn. And now, sir, I ~ill Jest tell you
What think about the President, and
the Bank, &c.
I think that you and the Gineral
are Psotting roie for the folks 10 the
west, aud ten chances to eleven If you
don't git q letle disappointed your
selves. You have . heap Of land to
sell here, and you know we'll enough
that Biddle's money pays for Ill the
land you sell. Now IL you stop that
money, bow are the folks in old Con
necticut and all them fur OF states, to
git their money here, to purchase
laodl-for You know = body would Git
t.rnation tiard trundIing 2 or 3 thou
sane dollars in silver, on a wheel-bar
row, clear from New England. over
our hang down bridges to THIS country,
and Congress wont make law that
any Of your favorite hank notes shall
pay for any Of the land. The Hoo
siers don't know any thing about the
banks in Philadelphia, Baltimore, New
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09
CHOLERA.

At . meeting Of the Richmond
Beard Of Health held 1T the house Of
Robert Morsisoo (present all the mem
bers Of the Board) 90 the envenine Of
the let. Nov. 1883. The following
Bills were allowed, to Wit:
David Hook for ; CofEins, a 81 500
Basil Brightweli for suDdries asper bill
Of particular lO,3l
Irwin Reed for mediciue 275
De. A. ]. Lemon for medicine and at
tendance on Cholera patients 7,25
s. C.. Duncan for groceries &c. farn-
,shed at Cholera hospital n per bill
Of Particulars 400
Emanuel Black for nursing and lay
ing out 3,3l
William Hill for cash by him laid out
and expended fer nursing, laying
out cholera dead, collins, grave dig
ging &c. &c. a. per bill Of particu-
lars $6l.76 with six per cent. inter
est thereon 6l,7S
Joshua Keller for boarding a cholera
patient and nurse one week 600
A. Williams and ID. r. Virgins for
cash paid BY them for nursing chol-
era patient $50
J. r. Hollingsworth (order in favor
Of Benjamin Fulghs") for nurs-
ing $50
Macy, T. Teas, !. Test and
l. Morris, for attendance on cholera
patients, Botanic Medicines &c. sc.
as foG bill furnished 1900
Total Sl56,3O
and the Secretary Of the Board direc-
ted to furnish orders on the Treasurer
ofthe Corporation Of Richmond to the
to whom the allowances
aforesaid were respectively made.
The following Resolutions were
then unanimously adopted:
Resolved. That the Board Report
that it Is their conviction that the town.
and vicinity are nom entirely free from
Cholera, and shat the last case Of Choleral
so far as the infornsafion ofshe Board
occurred about three soeeks pre-
NOUS to tt,s date, on The opposite side Of
he yiper.
Resolved. That the Editor Of the !
Richmond Palladium be requested to
publish the proceeding fthis meeting
three tunes in the said paper, and that
4 copy Of said proceedings signed BY
Inc President and Secretary, be farn-
ished said Editoe.
Resolved. That We adjourn sine dse.
ROBERT MORRISON Pres.
]. ID. VAUGHAN Secretary.
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09

Char]es Cetter vs. executed At Eas-
ton, Renn. On tie = inst. for the nsr-
der Of his vile. In the frst attempt
to hang him, the rope broke, and be
Seil spos the grooDd. He was some
~hat stansed By TIE fall, bat waited
with great co@Possre for abost twen-
y n;sutes, and was again swung o.
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09

Soltpetre.-lt has been discovered
BY Professor Ra6nesque, is q deadly
poison: and instead Of preserving ami
NAL flesh, only disPenses scurvy, sore
gums, decayed teeth, ulcers, &c. to
those who '@take the flesh in their teeth. .
Well, this is a discovery; and We shall
endeavor to EsCHEw the evil. We al
ways knew saltPetre .s a deadly artacle
as it is the principal ingredient Of gun
powder.
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09

Perpetual Motion.-A Mr.. Bridges
of Virginia, gives notice he hss dis
covered a plan 10 keep the entire gear
Of q grinding mill IN constant revolu-
ton, without the aid ofany known pro-
p~lllDg influence.
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09

A convention 10 to be held in War.
rem, Ohio, On the 18th November, to
consider the ProPriety and means Of
connecting the Pennsylvania and Ohio
Canals.
An old schoolmaster, who usually
heard his pupils once week through
Watts Scripture History, and after
wards asked them promiscuously such
questions as suggested themselves to
his mind, one day desired young ur-
chin to tell him who jesse was? when
the boy briskiy replied, 'SThe Flower
of Dumblane, sir"
An elderly fat gentleman, in discus
sing a warm beeEsteak ut a Highland
inn, called to the waiting hey, "Don-
aid, bring me more bread, lor ! eat a
great deal Of bread to my steak. -
Donald answered, With much modest
simplicity, ", and please your hon
OF, and yos eat a great deal Of steak to
your bread"
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09

The eastern papers mention Mr.. Clay's
reception in the cities which be has lately
visited, - highly catering, and that he
has received IN many places The marked
sttention Of all parties without distisction;
but he has refused to partaks Of several
public dinnes cousteously offered TO him.
Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Wayne County, Ind.) 1831-1837, 1833-11-09

ter having taken of a fourth Of the
population.