The Arkansas advocate., 1831-01-12

considered tHc prccurScE5 of ialiiN5 weather, they arc no doubt caused by that copious eva lporation which always precedcs rain.
 Whence comes it to pass, however that, as by q law of nature, the springs, te fountains, on. he plains, in the valley ,and even ont the inIne- diate approach of winter, and this too, indepen- dent of tine adventous circumstances ot fsttif { ijoes all this happen without cause? letlt IS very evident that the rains alone, are not the cause?
 4 very late wrter# has contended that the springs which flow from the sides Of hillsa and beneath the surface in wells, have their sources notin rams and dews, for these causes alone are deemed insufficient; but from the condensation ot yapour eAhaled beneath the surface of the earth
 But such theory is only admissible by suppo. sing an increased degree of heat inthe lower re- gions of the earth.
 Accordingly ii will be loundon examinations that most oi those writers who have treated on the subject of the earth, have asserted, thatirom actual examinations which have taken place, H different countries, 1t has been found, that after penetrating thc earth beyond a limited extent, the temperature begins to increase, and contln- ues increasing, as you proceed downward. As tiis fact is asserted by the most authentic wri- ters, and has never tony knowledge, been con- tradcted, but generally admitted, we may pre- Esume 1t cannot now be disputed.
 From these premises it might be inferred, that on tie immediate approach of winter, the ex- tefior and increased cold, by condensing the va pours of the earth exhaled internally, causes the fountains to rise even to the summlts of our highest hills and mountains.
 Other auxiliary or independent causes might indeed De assigned. The increased degree ol cold on the earth's surface late in the autumnal season, has no doubt powerful effect in eoi- densing those vapors of the atmosphere which are exhaled during the day time from the re- sources and more equal temperature of the low grounds and waters.
 will not however advance farther on this subject: leayezit for those more disposed to pursue, and better qualified.
 DISTANCES, czc.
 Though the distance to which apple trees should be tiually set when traUsplanted 10 the or Echard, has been stated definitely by different writers, yet little reflection will convince us that no definite rule can be given on this sub- l jeet applicable to all cases.
 The distance depends wholly on the nature of the soil and the cultivation to be subseqaent- ly given. If the soil is by nature extremely rich and fertile, 40 feet distance may be allowed and even 45 and 50 feet in some very extfaor- dnary situations; for ere the trees become old, the ground may become comparatively covered with their shade. If, however, the soil is not very extraordinary, either by nature, or so rem dercd by art, the distance would be far too great; for the trees would become old and their growth finished, ere the ground could be cover cd by their shadow 80 feet only may there fore be allowed in land usually termed ot good quii J; and about 33 to 5 in land Of nlid,iiing quality.
 The size to which an apple tree may attain. and the ground which should be allotted to 1t, depends also, in some measure, on the parteu- lar variety of apple trees, some sorts being known of a size much greater than others.
 These observations are made to shew the in utility of extending an orchard over q larger a- mount of surface for the number of trees, than s absolutely necessary:--over a larger extent, than from the nature of the soil, they would be ever likely completely to occupy.
 That the apple tree is not very long lived tree, is sufficiently evident from the perishable nature of it's timber. Those species of trees only, will continue living and growing for nu- merous centuries, whose timber may be preserv- ed incorruptible during the lapse of a long sue cession of ages
 MANAGEMENT.
 If the ground intended for the orchard cannot conveniently be wholly keptin state of culti- vaton during the first years, which would be much the best mode, part at least ought to be.
 A strip of land to each row of or 10 feet in width, well manured, may be kept cultivated with the horse plough; and even the vegetables which may here be raised, will amply repay all the expense and labor bestowed during the or 5flrst years. After this, ifthe trees have grown welt, as they undoubtedly must have done, cuI- tivating adlstance in the intervals becomes even more important than within the limited distance of very few feet from the trunk of the tree.
 For on strict examination it will be found that