davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1811-10-31
FOR THE ARGUS.
THE COMET.

COMETS in all ages have commanded the
attention OF the human race from the Empe-
ror ON the throne down to the lowest class
ana otcntimcs have discomposed the minds
oi thousands. Ever since the DAYS of Sir l.
saac Newton, most theorists have recorniz-
ed these bodies as globes pertaining to cur
Solar System, and moving by the same laws
as the Planets. However, it must aDpcar
pam TO every spectator, that they make APP
pe3rances very different from any orl, belong
ing to our system. View the Herschcl pla-
net, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, &c. these
make no s,ch phenomena as the comet now
In our hemisphere. And evident it is that CO.
NETS III their revolutions arc in some part of
their obits at the same distance from the sun
with the above mentioned heavenly bodies.
II these planets be OF the same composition
with the comets. and within the power OF the
sun, why does not the sun cause them to show
streaming tails like the comets, II Both pla-
netsand comets are originally ofthe same CON
texture and equally e. posed to that powerful
operating globe of fire the sun, why does not
similar effects arise from similar causess
Let ten thousand people look ten thousand
times TO the comet now within the reach of
| our vision, and the idea suggested is a great
body OF lire. Does it not appear to all, as a
house, town, ship on fire. The unavoid-
| able conclusion from these premises is, that
they are bodies OF fire floating in the solar cx-
panse. One may perceive the nucleus as the
solid fuel, and the tail as the streaming fame
issuing therefron,. As they no doubt are pro-
ductiohs of the Supreme Being, it may with
propriety be enquired into what NAV be their
use, and for certain the Great Architect made
nothing in vain! Some have thought that
| the Comets arc worlds set on fire by the gust
Judge for the sins Of their inhabitants, and
carried about in the expanse as admonitions
to the millions on our Earth, and the count
less millions in Jupiter, Saturn, and the other
| planets.
But in as much as there is wide ocean OF
matter, intermediate matter, intervening be-
twixt the sun, & the circumference of the sy s.
ten, and likewise in the expanse betwixt e.
very planet in the system in order to consti-
tute one of many, these fiery bodies, the CO
NETS, must be appointed orpurihcation, and
to prevent contractions, spasms in the inter.
| mediate spaces, and to maintain the neecssa.
| ny expansion IN the great space in the solar
| system. One may here ask how then come.
1t to pass that they return regularly and peri
cdically, and why by constant burning, thes,
bodies are not exhausted!
\ Ans. They are preserved by the sam,
means as the sun is from exhaustion
| COSMOPOLITES.
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1811-10-31
JOHN S. sLAUG.
NO. III.

The lannin principle contained in Oak
Bark, is equal to about three pet cent. Of its
weight. consequently cord of Bark which
when dNested of the Ross, or scurf, weighs
about ton, VIII afford from 60 to 20 pounds
of this substance. is obtained by solution
and evaporation. Ten casks filed with pul
verised Bark are placed upon stills as is u
sual with Ley tubs, and water poured upon
the first, and after little time, is drawn in
to second, thence into the third, and so on
until it has passed though the ten casks--bv
which time the liquor marks from to 10 de-
grees upon the Hydrometer, and will bear
an Egg. Warm water accelerates the ex-
tract and should used in preference to cold
When the Bark in the first cask is spent.
which may be readily ascertained by pour
ing little solution ofglue into the liquor, it
must be removed, and filed with fresh Bark
| and then becomes the last upon which the
water is drawn. AS long as any Tannif re-
| mains i'll the liquor, by the admixture of the
| solution Of Glue, it becomes turbid, which
ceases to be the case when no Tannin is pre-
sent.
Having thus obtained quantity of strong
liquor, copper boiler is filled with it and
heated to a $50 degrees and left to simmer
ovet the fire, greater degree of heat eva
porates a portion Of the substance. which
count iiJure the quality of the residi1m.-
As the evaporation continues the Boileris re-
plenishcd with fresh liquor until the quantity
offesidium is sufficient for tile capacity ofthc
vessel, it is then Suffered TO condcnse bv de-
grces, and when of the Conscience Of pitch
IS TO be taken ont and put into casks for sale.
As an article of Export it is entitled to the
greatest attention, since the expense of trans
portation, which alone prevents the exporsa-
sion Of Bark for the purpose Of Tanning is by
this means reduced to one thirtieth pare. In
Tanning Leather il accellerates the process
in nearly An equal ratio, ies union with the
gelatina of the Hide being almest ihstanta-
ncous.--1'o determine the value of this sub
stance in England, if we take as the medium
price Of Bark 1ols sterling per coz or g a.
q cents, it gives (allowing 65 to the cord) a
value equal TOTO cents per ID.
II sc estimate it BY the value of Bark at
Norfolk market, where tho medium price is
5 9, and 5 5 allowed for its preparation, it
gives 81 per ID.
presume that the follo1ingsestimate may
be made in regard 60 the Oak Lands Of The
middle Country, which arc annually cleared
for cultivation
Each acre will affoyd 10 cords
of Bark a ESQ Tannin, a2f g f56 so
Cost OF telling Trees put down
at s 90 90
Stripping 70 cords Of Bark 40
Grinding by a rolling
stone, ono man aid
horse preparing one
cord per day AIS 90
One hand attending
Latchcs and cvapo-
rating, 10 days ais 10
Tight cask To contsin
go .
Waggonage to Rich
moud S
Freight and expenses
to Norfolk 8
--
Leaving for 10 cords Of Bark now
actually burnt &c 50
TIIEO: ARMIsTEND,
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1811-10-31


NO. II.
Woodvale, Culteter County, Yhgtnia. Nay
il.h, 1911.
MIR. SECRETARY,
Conceiving myself to be
called upon, with my fellow citizens in gen
eral TO communicate 70 Your Society the re-
suit OF observation and experience i'll agricul-
ture, shall attempt, though awkwardly, to
make a few remarks in reply to the seventh.
sixteenth, and sixty fist Queries, published
in the Enquirer" by order of the Richmond
Society, for promoting Agriculture.-'rhese
remarks are wholly made from experimental
practice, and though short and nnconnected,
may perhaps be not entirely useless, of which
however your Society will best Judge The
seventh Query, viz. "The best mode Of pre-
venting land under the plough from washing
is OF immense consequence 10 all farmers.
residing as ] do in hiIly broken land and the
plan which / have invariably pursued for Sc
ven years, has fully convinced me, that land
under cultivation, may in great measure
be preserved from those destructive washes,
which sudden and great rains, common in
sumuafp Frequently effect. In the first place
the Sn oughe TO be broken mp very deep,
whEh hl4fve dRDc with three horses fixed to
" KsiS WphShJ WHICH by following
roo N 'aseyf every hill, according to the
situ'e5 QItzblay Be exceedingly well done. and
as ths'pEessure against the mould-board is
less, so the draft is consequently lighter; and
the sod equally as we'll turned as on a le-
vel. The common depth Of my plougling
has been from six to nine inches. CONSIGNMENT
ly that cultivated surface will contain a much
greater quantity Of water, before it beeinsto
run Oft, than in shallow plouehing. This
subject viii bring me 20 the sixteenth Qae.v.
" The best method Of preparing land fof In
dian Corn and cultvrtihg it." During the
whole season Of cultivating Indian Cora, the
land is peculiarly exposed to rains, that frc.
qWently wash il in dreadful manner. Jo
remedy which, billy land should be ploughsd
bu1dne way, that is, there shouldbe 10 eros,
p8ughings and the row should run Horizon
Wly'1p thG.side of hili, or as nearly so az
Is re, soAthat none descend enough, "a
;the water, which would inevitably
sWersef a rgc portion Of the adjoining sur
iacA. BY Rrsuing the above course for Sc.
ven yearSfny land has been constantly i'm
proving (witl the addition ofPlaster Of Par
is) which was before in a regular progres,
Of deterioration, by repeated washings, &c
And though my situation is such that / can
not conveniently establish such rotation OF
crops. as think the most conducive to i'm
proycmcnt; yet ! sec nothing to prevent MS.
with deep ploughing and proper cultivation.
to make our billy lands exceedingly produc-
tive. The common mode Of cultivating In
dian Corn in the upper country, which has
falhfYundermy observation ixvery inindicjous
and injurious to the soil and will here no
tiee the method | have pursued during the
above mentioned space Of time.--Whea my
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1811-10-31
4fHtuai--assRrance- Society against Fire Of
Buildings in The STATE Of Ekginia.
ARTICLE LIST.

EEC. 1st-"A General Meeting of this
~ Society to be formed of majority of
Members, or amount insured, shall be held
annually in the City of Richmond, on the Sc
cond Monday Of November in every year:
Provided, That if sufficient number of
Members, in person, or by proxy, shall not
attend on that day, the Standing Committee
shall adjourn the Meeting from day to day,
OF to such future time as they may think
proper"
Sec. 2nd--At least four weeks previous
Notice shall be given of the time and place
OF holding the General Meeting, by adver-
Using the same in such NEWSPAPERS as the
Standing Committee may deem to be prop
er."
An extract from the Constitution, rules,
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1811-10-31
FOR THE ARGUS.
COMMUNICATIONS

From tie Richmond .4g7icultural Soesetg
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1811-10-31

Leaving for 10 cords of Bark now
actually burnt &c 81
THEO: ARMISTEAD,
Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political. [volume] (Alexandria [Va.]) 1808-1812, 1811-08-15
PHILADELPHIA, August 9.
CINCINN:.ATT.

The General Society of the Cincin natl,
having transacted the business of the pre-
sent meeting. adjourned yesterday to meet
in Philadelphia on the second Tuesday
of September, 1912.
Previous to separating for their respect
i've homes, the Delegates dined together
at the Mansion House Hotel-Maior,
General c. G. Pinckney. presiding--when
amid the interesting recollections of the
revolutionary war, the following Toasts
were drank
The United States--Psrpetual freedom
Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political. [volume] (Alexandria [Va.]) 1808-1812, 1811-08-15

n,.ec,rious subsistence to foreign employ
ment. He will see the sources Oh piit"'o
wealth dried up. and public credit at an
end. He will see the councils OF nation
which once resisted tyranny, now bowling
at the imperious nod of a despot. lie
will see the affairs Of our country, rapiaiy
Fastening to a crisis, and the gloom OF
approaching dissolution already obscurlns
the splendor which marked the commence
ment Of our existence.
Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political. [volume] (Alexandria [Va.]) 1808-1812, 1811-08-15

sovereignty, and independence to the hi
remaining Republic.
The Government Of the Uuited Stat.
The Constitution its guide--the ho,'
and happiness Of the Nation its objects
The memory Of WAsHfNGToN-T
most endeared remembrance Of the
merican Patriot.
The memory of Hamilton--A Solo,,
undaunted-a Statesman enlightened 81
incorruptible.
The Soldiers of the Reyolution-sIs
the memory oftheir services be as laab
as their sacrifices were severe and the,
achievements splendid.
? The memory Of Lieutenant Coloml
John Laurens-Whose talents and il,
were devoted to his country.
The Chief Justice of the United Stats
Equally to be admired for his energy /
simplicity, as for his wisdom and pariy,
The memory of General Green-COn,
summate in patriotism, courage and r.
sources.
The memory of Fisher .4mes-Amiab!e
accomplished and yirtuous.
The State Societies of the Cincinnati
The Widow and the Orphan are their
legacy, and while the Family ola Soldier
wants relief, there is still an object fer
their benevolen"e.
General st. Clair-The war-worn SD.
der of his country, and the victim Of hi,
patriotism.
The Congress of the United States
Justice the parole, and Generosity tAs
countersisn.
Our Fair CountyFwomen-NOt less en-
deared to the American Soldier by thei
fidelity than by their charms.
Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political. [volume] (Alexandria [Va.]) 1808-1812, 1811-08-15
BALTIMORE, August IL.

Arrived, ship Temperance, Sou,hcomh,
So days from Monte yideo. Left there
on the 18th of June, the following YES.
sells of Baltimore, ship Chesapeake
Sanford; Thomas Wilson, GrahalEe -
Ann, Grosl, brig Augusta, M'Kean, for
Havana; sch'r. Favorite. Baker. drove
on shore in Gale and bilged; Mary,
Warren, drove ashore in the same gale
(the people forced by the Monte,ie-
deans to leave her least they should
have communications with the patriots on
shore -of Philadelphia. ships Piscataque,
Horner; Enterprise, Dunster. for Ha-
vana; Elizabeth Gardner, Clark. fax
Philadelphia. to sail same day; New
Jersey, Hardy, for Havana; brig Acl-
lon, Thomas, do.--ef Salem, ships o.
sprey, Cook. just arrived; brig Rigal,
Shaddock, for Havana; Venus, Osgood,
do. Little James, Perry, unknown-of
Boston, ship Felicity, Hubbard, just ar
rived; Pearl, Smith, for Havana; Bel
videre, West, sunk in the harbor first of
June. and totally lost; Betsey, Mark,
for Havana Osippi. Smith, Boston s.
ship Isis, Denison, Providence, r. I. to
sail 18th June brig Dolphin. Packard,
destination unknown ship Passenger,
Nixon, of New York. just arrived from
Cadiz. All American vessels loaded with
Jerk beef, for Havana, were embargoed
and some discllarging, for the use Of the
inhabitants, the town being surrounded by
the Buenosayreans. and they could obtain
none. On the 10th Of June, about four
O'Clock, an order was issued by the Vice
Roy, ordering the departure Of all Anne
rican vessels within rs hours, except
those loaded with jerked beef, momently
expecting revolution in the town, and
either to leave their property liz the hands
Of their consignees. or in the hands of
Americans of their own choice; all those
that did their own business must depart
with their ships. The American captains
made application to the vice roy, to allow
them time to get their ships ready for
sea, some of them were entirely stripped
and without provisions or water, they
were not permitted to so to the watering
place, it being in the possession ofthe be-
siegers; the answer returned, was that
persons would be sent on board to examine
the state OF the vessels, and reasonable
time allowed them to get ready, with pre-
visions sufficient to take them to Rio ia
neiro-and for water to proceed fifteen
leagues up the river, where the water was
fresh enongh to drink, under guard OF some
OF their cruisers, to prevent communieat-
ing with Buenos Ayres. There was no
bread at Monte Viedo, and little fresh
beef was all that they could obtain. ihs
Buenosayreans had taken possession OF a
village outside the walls, where they ara
the Montevideans were exchanging shots
and shells daily, but without material IN
jury.
NEw.YoRK, August 40.
LATEST FROM GOTTENBURG.
Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political. [volume] (Alexandria [Va.]) 1808-1812, 1811-08-15
From the Connecticut Herald, Of July 5.

s. Private credit says Junius, " is
wealth-public honor Is security. :.
tThere was time when for a proof OF
this maxim, an appeal might have been
made to the situation Of the American
renpblic. Our citizens had just then
en,erged from conflict, which introdue-
The enquirer. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1804-1815, 1811-09-06
MemOranda for The PHI. Gazette.

CADIz} Jon, 10.
Sen Grahams the Hero OF Barossa. sailed
from Cad'z toI L,sbon; having aeen app int-
e. 2nd n command under Lord Wellington
MS departure from Cadiz was sincerely re-
GREETED by every class OF socie;y Lord
Wellington and General Be esford, had had
some Misunderstanding.
The British troops, mat went nm in thu
Milford 7A, with Sir Richard Keates, arriy-
ed OIL Iarragonas only in time to see its
tall, and had not landed.
Gen Biake's division of Il, COO men arr,y'sa
al Cadiz from Ayamonte, in he most heplo.
'raoIe condition, without fool and ,9ithoue
raiment; 1t were sufficient to cause the blood
o. human nature. to shudler, to observe these,
poor fellows who had been fighting their
C. notry's battles, quite shir,Iess, compelled
10 lhplore the passing stranger for con-
per TO purchase morsel OF bread not
w1thstandnS which, they appeared gay and
Cheerful aS III Matn Lark /: is re-
ported by the soldi,ry hat General Bake
hearing hat division of French troops
were about eniering Ayemonte, ordered
them to embark immediately, and SO ereas
was MS tear OF anxiety 20 escape himself
that ne ran neckdeeh into The zUater in orr
der 10 get into he boat ; from winch cir-
cumstanGe, they nave iudicrously nominated
him " The Duke If BG:h."
Jaly 1e
report was circulated of an acconnc
having reached Cadiz. which stated that on
the Sth July, the French had by explosion,
RACED the city OF Badajos to the ground,
that al their heavy baggage and artillery
had been sent TO Seville, whence they had
Immediately proceeded. Badajos was lefe
in the most desolate and devastated condt4
ton
The enquirer. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1804-1815, 1811-09-06
cDulne9ttc.

NEw-YoRK, Aug. %.
ISe Prtze.-It appears, that the British
SNIP brought yesterday into our harboy as
prize TO the French privateer Duke Of
Dantzic, is the Tottenham, a new vessel of
$50 tons, and is Letter of Maroue of EN-
guns, bound from London to Grenada. ana
was captured off Barbados. We learn.
that the privateer surprised the shin by
running up along side, without being sus-
pected, until shot from her struck the
ship just under her Counter, entered the ca.
bin, Killed the Steward outright. and wound-
ed boy IN the face. The name of tho
captain OF the priVateer. is Arrognaudie.
Member OF Bonapare's Legion of HonorA--
Ibis crew consists Of ITO men, of ali nations
and the first Lieutenant is a man bv the
name OF John Givens, said TO belong 10 this
City.
Some Of the crew told our INFORMANT, thar
a few days before they Captured the Tot
tenham they fell in with the sh,o Tbanes
new vessel, also bound from, /. anf5o., ~
oaroadoes' Which they captured aGer ara
engagement OF two hours they also can
,ured two British merchantmen. the k.elin~1
ourgh and tue Princes Castle, bo;h new
ships, one OF which they burnt. and snnr
the other The Touenham, anertse French
were IN possession Of her, fell IA with the
English sloop OF var Echo, in the night. AID
Immediately hailed-in reply to tl.e cues =
on returned from tic EcAo, tncy anseerkg
mat they were tle T0.tlhhaG. = AA5o.Ife
iohg%S 70 bis Brl4sc &c III ..y aae - :.
The enquirer. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1804-1815, 1811-09-06

$. No one can be nah Of worth. unless
he be candid, faithful, and religious obser-
Yer OF the laws the exercise Of private
and domestic virtues is the basis of public
virtue.
DUTIES OF THE SOCIAL BODY.
ARTICLE FlRsT.
Ihe duty OF society, with respect to its
individual members, is the social guaran-
tee. This consists in the obligation on the
whole TO secure to every individual the en-
lJoyment and preservation of his rights,
which is the foundation of the national So
vercignty.
2 The social guarantee sannot exist un..
less the law Clearly determines the bounds
OF the powers vested in the functionaries :
nor when the responsibility of the public
iunctionaries has not been expressly deter
mined and de6neda
! 5 Public succour is sacred duty of so
ciety 1t ought to provide for the subsis.
tence OF the unfortunate citizens, either by
tsnsuring employment to those who are ca
lpab'e OF acquiring means of subsistence. ol
else, by aft riding the means of support e
such as cannot acquire it by labor. :.
4. Instruction is necessary for all Soci
Iety ought to promote with all the means il
ITS power. the enlightenment of the public
mind, aud place instruction within the at
talnment OF every individual.
his, our solemn declaration, is to be com
municated to the supreme executive power
In order to be proclaimed for the informa
ton Of all. by such means as il may judg,
most Xpedient
Given at the Palace ofthe governmen
OF Venezuela. on the first day @
Juiy, 1911. ~
Signed by tie funetionaries as usual.
The enquirer. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1804-1815, 1811-09-06
DUTIES or lE,dW LW SOCIETY,".
ARTICLE FIRST

The rights Of others, in relation to each
individual, have their limit in the moral
3rincipic which determines their duties, the
tdlhlment whereof is the necessary effect
OF the respect due to the rights of each of
she individuals. Their basis is these max
inns; Render 10 otheTs ne good which uou
SUoutd they shOntd render unto g6u.--Do
not unto another. that which you do not
wish to be done unto you.
2. The duties Of every individual, with
respect to Society, are--to live in absolute
submission to the laws to obey and respect
the legal acts of the Constituted authorities !;
% maintain liberty and equality to contri-
Butte to the public. expences ; to serve the
country IN all iis exigencies and, if il be
Come necessary, TO render to it the sa>
rritice of property and lfe--.in the eyer
oise OF these virtues, consists genuine pa
tfio,ism.
3. Whoever openly does violence to the
laws-whoever endeavors to elude thenn.--
declares himself an enemy to society.
No one can be a good Citizen unless he
n good parent, a good son, good bro
iher, good frieRd AID good hsspand.
The enquirer. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1804-1815, 1811-09-06
LONDON. july 9

LONDON, July 8.
Lord Stanhope2s bill tor preventing quiz
meas from being received for ,oore han "a
shi!iings, and for preventing bank notes from
being received TO- less than the sum express-
ed in them as payable to bearer on demand,
WIS read a second time yesterday, alter a,
very in'srt sting debate, closed by 2 airisiou,
in wnicn Sc were for the meas,Ns and IL
against it,
The enquirer. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1804-1815, 1811-09-06
FROM iase English hahers


PARIS, July z:
The works for the blockade IF Fieuerus.
are in such he'Ject'on that nothing can en-
Ter or defiart Sickness prevails considers.
a6ly in The fiiacc, zvhich is in 4uant of'eversF
thing.
81 PETEEsBURe, June 12.
Since our naUigation has ohened more;
than ffry Oessets 7Oifh merchandise haze
arriUed at Riga.
By tire at Roningsturg 144 houses, anf
lS4 stores haze been destroyed STA, NIX
ions Of dollars of merchandise haze 6ccs,
burned. Aquantity Of oil ran INFO the rt-
per and covered with flames the !oh ofif.
The castle and seUehty seven houses hQve.
been destroyed by a tire at Pres6urg and
nine hersons lost their GUeS. In The TIRE oe
Konings6urg 10 hersons persisted.
SouH demanded qfthe Emheror the ttls
Of Count for Gen. PmHhtion, svho defeadY
ed Beao5oz' Souh reekonS Welington'S ar
my at 10000 but asserts that he should hapts
fsusht him sJter the amy Of The north ,haS
Joined, had he nor crossed the Guadiano.
The King J Sardinia died June 10.
The enquirer. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1804-1815, 1811-09-06
NIR YORK. Augast 30.

Mr. YORK, ARgua 30.
CAPTAIN BrHnteg, Of nc 6tig alliance.
tCh Lisbon ne 24sh Of Lgiy, az sUhtch dn1c
several fransiorts a,T9ved Mere from Hfuf
"a, sOrth 40O0 lrOohs 10 reinforce Lord lVei-
hAgfOn's army. There had 0ecH no 6aftle
|afelytg PoftASes. Ssia 1fgg,g sszgt. e