davidaulloa/AmericanStories huggingface dataset:
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19
TIL: C. HOWARD, elk.

PURSUANT to the above decree, the lan3
therein mentioned, which is ST uated in tbe
county of Henrico, contiguous to the CITY of
Richmond, being the same lot or parcel of iand
which was conveyed by Richard Adams and
Elizabeth his wife, to Moses Davis, by deed
dated the 81 day Of March, 1907, and bounded
as follows, to wit, beginning and running on
the road or street leading from the market
house IN the said city to Du VaPs village NJ. 4
ID w. chains and 81 links to a stree. 40 feet
wide dividing said lot aud parcel o. land aud
the land formerly William Cannon's. now Eobn
Doyle'ss and binding on said street N. 80, T.. 4
chains AID 81 links 10 the street--tbence on the
back street s. d ID, w. 4 chains 81 links TO ),
corner street ID feet wide next towards said
city and binding on said street S. 80, w. 4
chains 80 links To the said road to The begin
ding tue buildings and improvements
thereon consisting of large framed house---
wil be sold. on the premises, at o'clock, p.
NJ. on the 9Th Oh September. The whole land
will be divided into lots according TO amor
which will be exhibited on the day of sale, and
these lots will be sold separately The sale
viii commence at O'Clock in the evening.
ids GEO. w SMI1sII
SeDtember 4 1
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19

FOX SALE.-A handsome, second hand,
= London Ds'lt CHARIOT, which has
been but little used and is in a good state
OF preservation. Apply to the printer. or
10 Mr.. HUGHES, coach maker, opposite
the Old CITY Tavern, where the Carriage
may be seen. #
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19

FHOR RENT, and immediate possession gi-
4 veu. a LUMBgRHOUSE that will hold
from 90 60 100 hhds. of tobacco. ccither with
or without large loft over it). /, will an =
swcr wellN Nor Tobacco Mandatory, or a
W'heciris.,,'s or Coachn aker's shoe, as il has
good incosed yard attached 10 it also smal
8r c: house with but one room ON floor al =
so Store on the Main Street opposite the Belt
Tavern, and Formerly orcup ed as Printing
O.ice and latterly as Bookbinder's shop En-
a. re c, the Subscriber, living at tbs Falling
Garden
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19

COMMITTED 10 IN ia1 IF Mon,go
- merry county, on the eth day of 4
prll. negro man who calls himself Mo
oES; says he is about twenty two year,
OF age he is near six feet high, stout bull,
and says he Is the properly OF Richard
Terrell. The owoer is requested to come
Toward, pay all charges and lake him A.
way, otherwise he will be dealt with as IN
law requires.
II. GIBSON, Jsilor.
June 2s,h, 1909. (sm
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19
IN COUNCIL,
Jdnxnru 90, 1909.

JdnN0ry 20, I80S.
PROPOSALS will be received by the Exc.
ouiive for manufacturing three hundred
an ,,;aetv Rifles during the present year, be-
ing the number directed by law to be provided
snnWsiy, including the deficiency of last year
Extract from the minutes.
DAM. L. HYLTON,
Clerk of the Council
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19

DY vitiue of a deed of rust, from Andrew
- Lewis. f. the county of Montgomery, WILL
BE SOLD b. he subscribers, to the highes,
bidder, at tile Eagle Tavern in the city Of Rich.
mond upon the 3S,h day of September next,
rhe following
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19

HE 2ls. No. of REKS's NEW CY-
CLOPEDIA, IS just received and rea.
DIV for delivery to Subscribers, al this Office.
Re Also, Just received, The FIRST vol. Of
" The AMERICAN ORNIrHOLOGY,
or the NATURAL HISTORY of the
BIRDS of the y. STA rES )" illustrated
vito piaSs engraved and coIoured fren
original drawings, taken from natur.,
by Alexander Wilson.
Aug. 80. oct
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19
In Richmond Hastings Court, June 1914.
1909


Elizabeth T. Younghusbaad and Samuel
Parsons, administrators and admnistra.
tor with the will annexed of Pleasant
Younghusband, Observation-Disclosures and -
rieasants-ficket, Pollard and Johnston ~
-Thomas Taylor and James Brown late Q
merchants and partners under the firm <
OF iayior and Br) sn--James Brown, -
Jun ana William NorveiiJ surviving part. 8
ners OF the late commercial house of q
Norvell. Watt and Bullock. Pl,fs.
Moses Davis, Prosser and Moncure and IS.
George Wm Smith, tlefis.
THIS cause this day came on to be be,rJ ~,
the bill, answer, sundry exhibits filed and
was argied by counsel on consideration pbnre.
OF, the court being OF opinion that the land con-
vcyed by the said Moses Davis and wife to the
defendant George William Smith, was inten-
ded to secure the payment of the notes in the
possession of the plaintiffs. Picket, Pollard ana
johnston, and nalstol aud fleasants on which.
suts have not been bro ght-- Ana also of the
judgments obtained on the notes whicu came
to the possession OF the other plaintiffs. name
iy, Taylor and Brown, James B.ow VA, Jun. and
the surviving partner of the house OF Norycll.
WHAT aud Bullock, well as OF those taken
up ny Pleasant yOunghIis band, deceased, in his
lifetime, do decree and order, thai GecFg. w.
2nlth do proceed 10 make sale of the lot of
Land In the bill IA :ntioned, To the highest bid.
der, upon credit until the repeal or cxDira,i~
o.. OF the act concerning executions and o,her
purposes. passed 31st JaIuaFy, 1909, taking
bond with Two good securitie. for the payment
OF the purchase money, and return the binds by
him taken to co lrt TO abide its future orler
he giving two weeks notice in some one. Of the
newspapers published in the city of Richm nd
OF the time and place of sale, and returning :.
report how he has executed this order.
Ga copy
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19
NeW MEufcFNE sroaE.

yHE SssseSSbsrs have reeen,y taken a 5 ore.
oeAs the ssassst 1nlse, oppos,.r Msssrs.
White au6 Shei,SA's. where they o!fer FOX sale
a vs'v resrrA assSrfs,ent OF DRJeS u NIX
DEC1NGS 4 few Of which ~. euume, ated
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19
EDWARD JOHNSTON.
JOHN pROSSER. trustees

A RANK NOTE Of ONE HUNDRED
DOLLARS, vas saken from black b ~
who ca Ell hIrseif James Smish, & says he found
It IN ne street MOI thinking j, proper 70 Iet the
boy keep IL, detained ~ for the proper owner
who may have j., on giving satisfactory eyi
dence OF his or their iish TO il and paying the
expense OF this adversiseren'.
joan MCDONALD.
Richmond, March i0,h, 1909. If
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19
~ BLACKSMITH FOR SALE.

uTOR sale, most valuable Blacksmith
A. about oyears Of age. lie is stou,
we'll disposed negro and probably inferior
10 no smith in the State. Enquire Of tie
frinfer.
September, lih 1909. (3m)
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19

~; subscribers wish 10 dispose Of
Ita' valuable rsc' Of LAND called FoRr
LEWIS. lying N he Counties Of Bouetcuri
ADD Montgomery aud containing sbou
500 acres. They also wish TO sell $3.50
&C e., OF Land lying 10 he County Of Flu
vaina, on TIE sou u side Of the Riysnns
r'sef, eNiendi0g fsom Col. Cary's lns
do~r he river, 10 within about mile Of
Columbia
bis las mentioned Land, being 10 Ave
ti5gaSl tracts, will re sold separately or!
ioge hr, as may best suit any pefson de
s"rnt OF pufchasing One fourth oF The
bm~unl b'ing paid in hand. any reascna
30 credi' will be Piyes Tor the balance
Glib On s JEFFERSON
Richm nd July 20. If
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19
James Lownes.
aihcmond SIN month ist. 1909.

XXX ILL EE SOLD on the frs, Monday, in
October next, ffaiy, otherwise the next
fa'r>day. AL the late dwelling house of Ma
thaniel Pope, deed. in Hanover county, Sc
NeTai Likely slaves, consisting of men, wo-
feeh and children, the stock ofhorses, cat
We, sheep and hogs, one coachee and single
chair, household and kitchen furniture,
plantation utensils, the crop of corn, wheat
cats blades, and top fodder, &c
weive months credit will be allowed
the purchases for all sums above ten
dollars on their giving bond with approved
security, To carry interest from the Gate, If
not punciaaly paid,
PHILIP DuVAL, Administrator.
Hhsusi ISL lSOS. ids.
u. q. Judgment and bonded creditors will
haTe rish& 10 purchase at the sale.
q the same time and place, by virtue
4 = at deed OF trust executed to The SUBJ
scriber by Nathaniel Pope, decd. bearing
date 2sth day of Oct. 1908, will be sold lin
con 'ormity to the provisions OF an act of
the last session Of Assembly of Virginia.
entitled :. An act concerning executions &
f"f other pourpNses') the following slaves.
10 vii MiIy aud her children, York, Betty.
kitiy, Daniel and Ben, or so many of the
slaves above named, as will be sufficient
IN satisfy the deht in said deed expressed,
toe<tner with the charges of executing the
same.
THOMAS PRICE, Trustee.
ISL august, 1902. tbs.
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19

MOTiCE.e=Aii persons concerned arc
= required TO take notice, that ~c have
old tho debts due to the late concerns Of
9oberS Pollok s Co. OF Richmond, and OF
Dunlop Pollok & Co. Of Manchester, TO
Messrs. Eoinpkins and Murray, OF Rich
mond. and that paymenis hereafter are to
be made to them alone or TO those whom
they may empower to collect.
James e John Dnnioh.
Petersburg Sept. LIST. 1903.
THOSE indebted 10 the late concerns of
1 Dunlop, Poiiok& Co. OF Manchester.
and Robert Pollok s. Co. cf Richmond, are
now requested to come forward and settle
their respective balances, as longer indul-
gence cannot ae granted. Lawyers and a.
gents having the collection or settlement of
debts due either of the above concerns, will
be pleased TO forward as statements of the
business in their hands.
Tomnkins e Murray.
Richmond, LIST September, 1903. 2m
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19

COLUMBIAN MILLS The subscri-
~ oers having purchased the Columbian
Mills beg leave to inform the public, they
are giving G ASH for WHEA L and CORN.
r. HAXALI4, * Co.
Richmond, August soth, 1909. If
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19
Cine thousand Pounds

WANTED,
Cyssy ,steinrcvsz, OF w',;ss,, FAzusstioa of 500
l. acrrs oe1slostSe iaud wIiiis> gwen, Until 'hs
zrRs7 IL .esanac5~ Nrs-y So0erses zSerIch Tow
Eso.s.ds, ussI 80 caltiv2,ios iytns On usv'gaSe
wzSrc s,se improvements new AND very COED, in
tseaf,i. sod Desirable eaNnTry. Gsquire OF the
PriNseY
Sc,seatbty e, 1850. II
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19
Tracts Of Land

WIN their appur,euanoes, or so much thereof
IS may be necessary 10 pay certain debts IN the
said deed of trust mentioned. that is 10 say ::
one tract si'uate in the County of Mona yomerY
containing eight hundred acres being ,hat tract
on which the aid Andrew Lewis now lives !;
one other ,rac, adjoining The last mentioned on
the north, containing ten Thousand acres; one
other tract adjoining the first mentioned. being
an inclusive survey, containing seven thousand
seven hundred acres one other t.ac, adjoining
the last mentioned al the west en-, containing
four hundred and fourteen acres ore othsr
tract called the CHRsNur NECK containing hsee
hundred and sixty six acres one other tract
called SEYESss tract on Bottom Creek, adioin-
ing the first mentioned tract of sight hund,e ed
acres. and containing one hpndsed and fifty
acres; one other tract also adjoining the first
mentioned TRAIT called prothnous Garden. con.
tanning one hundred and twenty eight acre.
one other tract adjoining the last me a,ioned.
containing one hundred md thirty acres one
oher tract adj dining the Inclusive survey of Sc
ven thousand seven hundred acres a,ovemeu.
roned, containing eighty actes one other ,ract
adjoining me same inclusive survey ard contain.
ing one huadsed acres one o,her tract yiog on
both sides of Little River, containing one hun
dred and Fifty acres, on which is situate Hope
well forge--one o,her tracE adjoining thereto
containing one hundred and forty acres-one
oeher tract adjoining the same, called the Saw
mill tract, c,usaining four hundred and thirty
eight acres--and one other tract adjoining the
lasS mentioned tract, containing one hundred
acres--which said sevsraI tracts of land ave
siEna,e in the county of montgomery.
The said sale will b. made agreeably to the
directions IN such cases, Of the act of A. sembIy
passed the 3lst day Of January, 1909, entitled
San act Concerning executions, anu for Other
purposes"
EDWARD JOHNSTON ,
JOHN pROSSER, irusiees
N y The a. we mentioned property is stu
ate OF and about what is generally called the
BENT MOUNTAIN. aud considered very
valuable es'a'e, Particularly for gazing Any
one wishing for more par icular information.
may apply to Charles John ton, residing i'm
Campbell County, near Lynohbu z, or to Robot
Pollard. George Pickett, or G4lego, Richard &
60, in the ely Of Richmond
Richmond, July IL, 1909. ids
Virginia Argus. [volume] (Richmond, Va.) 1796-1816, 1809-09-19

A general assortment of P8INI.S & DYING
DRUGS--ali of vh'ch will be Iold as iow as a
any -tiies store in this city. Medical pract,ion
ers and genuenel VINO sle IN the habit of selling
medicine in the country. viii co well 10 cali
VAIL q ROGERS.
kicamond, 29th Aug. 1863.
Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political. [volume] (Alexandria [Va.]) 1808-1812, 1809-08-24
WAsHINCToN, August FL
MONTGOLFIERs
HYDRAULIC RAM IMPROVED.

RIessrs. Cernedu & Ra!let have exhibited
this morning, at Mr.. Rhodes's Washington
hotel. an experiment. with an hydraulic ram
of inches in diameter. The artificial fall
rthev procured for want Of natural one
was 5 feet high, the altitude OF ascentioa SO
feet. In three minutes the quantity of wa
ter employed 10 move it has been "A gals.
and the quantity raised above two gallons ;
so that in the same circumstances it would
Weld above forty gallons an hour, and if of
a larger diameter, in proportion. ms valua-
BILE machine being put IN motion by tall OF
water, does not require any more assistance
or attendance, & is almost free from friction
and consequently from repair is by
its cheapness applicable to many cases where
other hydraulic machines could net be adj
1nitted. 1t has proved in France very be-
nehcial in irrigation of lands and mea-
dows. various branches OF manufactures,
improvement of country seats, and supply
of water 10 towns and cities.
Messrs. Cerneau & Hallet having obtain.
ed a patent for their own Improvement on
the much esteemed and very ingenious in
yentlon of Mr.. Montgolher, intended to ex-
hibit and to dispose OF their rights to any
applicants, who may apply therefor to them
No. e1, Cherry Street, New York.
Z. s.. decorating to advertisement, an e.s-
pertinent has taken place yesterday afternson
Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political. [volume] (Alexandria [Va.]) 1808-1812, 1809-08-24

.,,.ral Armstrong and Haaterlve,
! ? ss;nt i never will terminate byan
'. e safety to our trade with the
aon unions. We are on the contrary
~. believe, that it has been COM
: s;th ! far different purpose. it IS
= 'hsble. that It will be attempted to
INTO new restrictions upon our
- with the rest Of the world. -
PnssI ho have attended to the late letters
IS : + France, in which the effect OF
's'sls being lrftopsn is traced with the
tr'os .ar;l Of an irritable enemy, will be
Gus y ! sa,inst any favorable anticipation
'nsu = Present conferences. We have
! ~ ,dom for hope, whilst the dungeons
3, eIosrd upon our citizens, whose on
~ : IN has been lawfully trading with the
y, : oo o. or being boarded at sea by a
: 81 superior force.
Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political. [volume] (Alexandria [Va.]) 1808-1812, 1809-08-24
F o R E G N.
VIA NEW YORK.
y;cturs ef Vienna under the French
VIENNA, 9me Z.

VIENNA, June q.
r. r.,;,ve the inhabitants OF this city, a
The French troops have been placed
n np@ every day become more scarce.
!, - hrsad and other victuals ; even tobac-
rs : s.cone very scarce. The city guard is
NV able 10 keep the popuiace IN order,
! crowd around the butchers, bakers and
|I,,s,ryer eatablrs are purchased. The great
!, a,i,atiou prevails every where ana Sc
.sI 0,housands of individuals are without
n means OF support. The bankers VINO
|ronmonk held their meetings in St. Ste
|pSsn's SQUARE. have been dispersed by the
f,y,Irv, and they have been prohibited, on
I'M Il severe punishment, from assembling
Tbe inhabitants have been ordered to de
liver up all THEN arms and ammunition
Ian Eowliuc- pieces, too, have been given
Lp :
Notwithstanding the great number OF
soaaded in the hospitals and other build,
nos we have not heard OF any infectious
disorders.
/ The following publication was on the 2sth
bf May posted in this place -
The arrival of supplies of -four and grain
Icing, under the present circumstances, at
ended with unavoidable difficulties, per-
txitirs have of late arisen to procure the
Makers, as well as the public at large, with
|a&cen, nour and ORR. But the most
Ekctual arrangements having already been
pad. 10 supply the deficiency the public
s otonly hereby made acquainted with
b said consolatory information, but also
aliiOncd from untimely anxiety not to car.
their claims on the trading part Of the
Community to any exorbitant height, and
fhs TO transmute any imaginary evil into
fya ont, nor disturb the public tranquility
Fnd order BY violent proceedings On this
frconnt, moderate allowances are tor the
(reseNtoRly delivered by the trsde's people
the different parties; and disturbers OF
DC public peace shall be punished with the
'nost rlgor warranted by law.
FERDINAND, Count Bissengen.
Vienna, May %, 1899.
INCLINATION Of tie Regency Of Lower DIS
trid.
We are informed that great number OF
s'0ch, bavarian, Baden, Nuremberg, and
Oa'sf powers allied with France, as we'll as
s gagabonds, persons without profes-
su' ana among them foreign Jews, inhabr:
'apital and suburbs. We know also tha!
s'srai deserters from the said powers are
L as workmen with different private
pus' ne regency of Lower Austrla
u consequence of disposition OF his
f,y the emperor of the French, all the
|, o4 I4nts OF the city and suburbs, todeclare
:, uo0rs, whether they have any desert
F,.s a0m the said states, whatever their
i, = condition, and whether they have
E.ss sm'n resuge to persons without any pro-
NJ -. y~agabonds, and foreign Jews. And
Ia ;na s'al flsk concealing the above descrlb-
L. s.ah shall pay 4 hnet of 81 forms
mo- ~ individual, and shall be punished
severely, according to circumstances.
- -..-.s-..,4-.
To LET.
Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political. [volume] (Alexandria [Va.]) 1808-1812, 1809-08-24
aleranorta T1ailp. Gazette.
THURSDAY, AUGUST "A.

We have seen letter dated Rochefors
prison, 10th june, from captain Andrew
Tucker, Of this town whose ship is condemn7
ed in France, and himself and crew miners
ed in one of the internal French dungeons i;
captain T. is fined 5000 francs, and each of
his people 500, which must be paid before
they can be permitted to breathe the fresh
air.
NewburYbort Herald
Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political. [volume] (Alexandria [Va.]) 1808-1812, 1809-08-24
[Nezvburybort Herald
Nav YoRK, August 81.
Latest from Lisbon,

Last evening arrived at this port the ship
Edward, captain Elliott from Lisbon, which
place he left on the 9th Of July.
Capt. T.. did not bring any Portuguese
papers, but informs US, that the French had
entirely evacuated Portugal-that the Por-
tuguese and British armies were preparing
10 pursue the French in their retreat thro'
Spain, and that the greatest patriotism pre-
vailed amongst the Portuguese and British,
since the retreat Of the French from Opor-
to.
Capt. E. further states, that the markets
for American produce were good at Lisbon
Flour IL dolars--corn two dollars--and
other American produce equally good.
Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political. [volume] (Alexandria [Va.]) 1808-1812, 1809-08-24
From the Boston PalAudium Of Friday last.
FOREIGN NEWS.

BY the Fair Trader, captain Saackleford,
which arrived yesterday morning from ia
lifax, we received papers TO che 9Th instant,
and letters to the 1oth. The papers contain
London dates to July 5, and our letters men
ton the arrival of the packet on The 9th
from Falmouth, on her way to New York,
bringing London intelligence to the 7th'-
No paper had been pubiishtd at Halifax al
ter her arrival. We have, however, few
articles of intelligence received by her.
A London paper Of July had mentioned
that it was said'' orders had been given
for general embargo in G. B and Ireland.
But we have not learnt whether the Packet
brought intelligence confirming or contra
d;ctinc this report. From the silence Oh
this point we doubt whether the measure
had been taken. But il it were, motive
can be perceived IN the near approach OF the
moment for'thc sailing OF the great expedI-
ton. There could bc no reason to ceas,der
the measure as taken from hostility to this
country.
SINGS vii ing the above, We nave seen a
letter which mt n;ions that the Packet bro't
news Of the embargo A gentleman Passen-
ger in the Fair Trader, believes she only
brought information that the expectation OF
an embargo continued.
The latest French bulletins received in
England were to No. 20. The Mentor, at
New York, brought to No. %.
Extracts 9fletters tram Hal;far, dated Au-
gust 8.
:. Bv the arrival of the frigate Jamaica,
and the ship Bee from England, We have
London papers to July 5.
The French army near Vienna still con-
,inues inactive. The Russian force which
s said to be approaching, consists Of only
10000. The Frussians will strengthen
AUSTRIA to this amount, II it is true they have
declared against France.
The Auslrians occupy the bank Of the
Danube opposite to Presburg, and above and
below Vienna-and frequently annoy the e
nemy.
There are some hints of ovenures for
peace between the emPerors OF Austria and
France. Baron Won Vincent is said to be
gone to Vienna and Bonaparte has sen:
counts Pergen and Zengerdorfto Walvans-
dorff, where the emperor OF Austria re-
sides. The Moniteur says, a" this circum-
| stance has given rise to reports Of peace.
"Bavaria and Wirtemberg are overrun
by insurgents, and Switzerland is said to be
] in com motion"
Admiral Cochrane is coming here from
the West Indies, with. his squadron. 1t is
said he will be expected in ABOUT afortnight.
| august 9.
| The Lady Pelew packet, has lust arrived.
| from Falmouth, 90 DAYS. | have yet only
| seen London paper of July 6, the English
| Chronicle. Itsays, eve stop the press to
| state, that intelligence to the 5oth ult. from
| Corunna, announes the entire evacuation
! ofGallicia, bv the armies under Ney and
| Sonlt, whose united forces have been reduc-
|. ed to IL 900 men. They carried with them
5000 s;cb s.rd wounded. This the mort OF
Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political. [volume] (Alexandria [Va.]) 1808-1812, 1809-08-24
TO LET.

u 10 very handsome BRICK HOUSE
|cOm,s stories high, neatly finished, with
IN, s!, Stable to each. They are in apiea-
Ieton ' u.ion on Queen-street, near Wash
Ed sa,s street, and in good neig hborhood,
BIZ .uialed TO please and render comfort
lSs.r;f snlal genteel family. Apply to e
81, Andrew SchclfieId.
In o' "a, eo9t
Bss.alaa he rent will be made low to an