Benin

Benin(/bɛˈniːn/ben-EEN,/bɪˈniːn/bin-EEN;French:Bénin[benɛ̃]), officially theRepublic of Benin(French:République du Bénin), is a country inWest Africa. It was formerly known asDahomey.It is bordered byTogoto the west,Nigeriato the east,Burkina Fasoto the north-west, andNigerto the north-east. The majority of its population lives on the southern coastline of theBight of Benin, part of theGulf of Guineain the northernmost tropical portion of theAtlantic Ocean.The capital isPorto-Novo, and theseat of governmentis inCotonou, the most populous city and economic capital.Benin covers an area of 112,622 km(43,484 sq mi),and its population in 2021 was estimated to be approximately 13 million.It is atropicalcountry with an economy heavily dependent onagricultureand is an exporter ofpalm oilandcotton.
From the 17th to the 19th century, political entities in the area included theKingdom of Dahomey, the city-state ofPorto Novo, and other states to the north. This region was referred to as theSlave Coast of West Africafrom the early 17th century due to the high number of people who were sold and trafficked during theAtlantic slave tradeto the New World.Francetook over the territory in 1894, incorporating it intoFrench West AfricaasFrench Dahomey. In 1960, Dahomey gained full independence from France. As asovereign state, Benin has haddemocratic governments,military coups, andmilitary governments. A self-describedMarxist–Leninist statecalled thePeople's Republic of Beninexisted between 1975 and 1990. In 1991, it was replaced by themulti-partyRepublic of Benin.
Theofficial languageof Benin is French, with indigenous languages such asFon,Bariba,YorubaandDendialso spoken. The largest religious group in Benin isChristianity(52.2%), followed byIslam(24.6%) andAfrican Traditional Religions(17.9%).Benin is a member of theUnited Nations, theAfrican Union, theEconomic Community of West African States, theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation, theSouth Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone,Francophonie, theCommunity of Sahel–Saharan States, theAfrican Petroleum Producers Associationand theNiger Basin Authority.
During French colonial rule and after independence on 1 August 1960, the country wasnamedDahomey, after theKingdom of Dahomey. On 30 November 1975, following aMarxist–Leninistmilitary coup, the country was renamed Benin, after theBight of Benin, which borders the country, due to Dahomey only being associated with theFonwho inhabited the southern half of the country.The bight takes its name from theKingdom of Benin, located in present-dayNigeria.
Prior to 1600, present-day Benin comprised a variety of areas with different political systems and ethnicities. These includedcity-statesalong the coast (primarily of theAjaethnic group and also includingYorubaandGbepeoples) and tribal regions inland (composed ofBariba, Mahi, Gedevi, and Kabye peoples). TheOyo Empire, located primarily to the east of Benin, was a military force in the region, conducting raids and exacting tribute from the coastal kingdoms and tribal regions.The situation changed in the 17th and 18th centuries as theKingdom of Dahomey, consisting mostly ofFon people, was founded on theAbomeyplateau and began taking over areas along the coast.By 1727, KingAgajaof the Kingdom of Dahomey had conquered the coastal cities ofAlladaandWhydah. Dahomey had become a tributary of the Oyo Empire, and rivaled but did not directly attack the Oyo-allied city-state ofPorto-Novo.The rise of Dahomey, its rivalry with Porto-Novo, and tribal politics in the northern region persisted into the colonial and post-colonial periods.
In theDahomey, some younger people were apprenticed to older soldiers and taught the kingdom's military customs until they were old enough to join the army.Dahomey instituted an elite female soldier corps variously calledAhosi(the king's wives), Mino ("our mothers" inFongbe) or the "DahomeanAmazons". This emphasis on military preparation and achievement earned Dahomey the nickname of "BlackSparta", from European observers and 19th-century explorers such asSir Richard Burton.
The kings of Dahomey sold their war captives intotransatlantic slaveryor killed them ritually in a ceremony known as theAnnual Customs. By about 1750, the King of Dahomey was earning an estimated £250,000 per year by selling African captives to European slave-traders.The area was named the"Slave Coast"because of a flourishing slave trade. Court protocols which demanded that a portion of war captives from the kingdom's battles be decapitated, decreased the number of enslaved people exported from the area. The number went from 102,000 people per decade in the 1780s to 24,000 per decade by the 1860s.The decline was partly due to theSlave Trade Act 1807banning thetrans-Atlantic slave tradeby Britain in 1808, followed by other countries.This decline continued until 1885 when the last slave ship departed the modern Benin Republic forBrazil, which had yet to abolish slavery. The capitalPorto-Novo("New Port" in Portuguese) was originally developed as a port for the slave trade.
Among the goods thePortuguesesought were carved items of ivory made by Benin's artisans in the form of carved saltcellars, spoons, and hunting horns - pieces of African art produced for sale abroad as exotic objects.
Another major good sought by European settlers was palm oil. In 1856 approximately 2,500 tons of palm oil was exported by British companies which was valued at £112,500.
By the middle of the19th century, Dahomey had "begun to weaken and lose its status as theregional power". TheFrenchtook over the area in 1892. In 1899, the French included the land calledFrench Dahomeywithin the largerFrench West Africacolonial region.
Francesought to benefit fromDahomeyand the region "appeared to lack the necessaryagriculturalormineral resourcesfor large-scalecapitalist development". As a result, France treated Dahomey as a sort of preserve in case future discoveries revealed resources worth developing.
TheFrench governmentoutlawed the capture and sale of slaves. Previousslaveownerssought to redefine their control over slaves as control overland,tenants, and lineage members. This provoked a struggle among Dahomeans, "concentrated in the period from 1895 to 1920, for the redistribution of control over land and labor. Villages sought to redefine boundaries of lands and fishing preserves.Religiousdisputes scarcely veiled the factional struggles over control of land and commerce which underlay them. Factions struggled for the leadership of great families".
In 1958, France grantedautonomyto theRepublic of Dahomey, and full independence on 1 August 1960 which is celebrated each year asIndependence Day, anational holiday.The president who led the country to independence wasHubert Maga.
After 1960, there were coups and regime changes, with the figures ofHubert Maga,Sourou Migan Apithy,Justin Ahomadégbé, andÉmile Derlin Zinsoudominating; the first three each represented a different area and ethnicity of the country. These three agreed to form aPresidential Councilafter violence marred the 1970 elections.
On 7 May 1972, Maga ceded power to Ahomadégbé On 26 October 1972, Lt. Col.Mathieu Kérékouoverthrew the ruling triumvirate, becoming president and stating that the country would not "burden itself by copying foreignideology, and wants neither Capitalism, Communism, nor Socialism". On 30 November 1974, he announced that the country was officiallyMarxist, under control of the Military Council of the Revolution (CMR), which nationalized the petroleum industry and banks. On 30 November 1975, he renamed the country thePeople's Republic of Benin.The regime of the People's Republic of Benin underwent changes over the course of its existence: anationalistperiod (1972–1974); asocialistphase (1974–1982); and a phase involving an opening to Western countries andeconomic liberalism(1982–1990).
In 1974, the government embarked on a program to nationalize strategic sectors of the economy, reform the education system, establish agricultural cooperatives and new local government structures, and a campaign to eradicate "feudalforces" includingtribalism. The regime banned opposition activities. Mathieu Kérékou was elected president by the National Revolutionary Assembly in 1980, re-elected in 1984. Establishing relations withChina,North Korea, andLibya, he put "nearly all" businesses and economic activities under state control, causing foreign investment in Benin to dry up.Kérékou attempted to reorganize education, pushing his own aphorisms such as "Poverty is not a fatality".The regime financed itself by contracting to take nuclear waste, first from the Soviet Union and later from France.
In the 1980s, Benin experienced higher economic growth rates (15.6% in 1982, 4.6% in 1983 and 8.2% in 1984), until the closure of the Nigerian border with Benin led to a drop in customs and tax revenues. The government was no longer able to pay civil servants' salaries.In 1989, riots broke out when the regime did not have enough money to pay its army. The banking system collapsed. Eventually, Kérékou renouncedMarxism, and a convention forced Kérékou to release political prisoners and arrange elections.Marxism–Leninismwas abolished as the country's form of government.
The country's name was officially changed to theRepublic of Beninon 1 March 1990, after the newly formed government'sconstitutionwas completed.Kérékou lost toNicéphore Sogloin a 1991 election and became the first President on the African mainland to lose power through an election.Kérékou returned to power after winning the 1996 vote. In 2001, an election resulted in Kérékou winning another term, after which his opponents claimed election irregularities.In 1999, Kérékou issued a national apology for the substantial role that Africans had played in the Atlantic slave trade.
Kérékou and former president Soglo did not run in the 2006 elections, as both were barred by the constitution's restrictions on age and total terms of candidates.TheBeninese presidential election, 2006resulted in arunoffbetweenThomas Boni YayiandAdrien Houngbédji. The runoff election was held on 19 March and was won by Boni,who assumed office on 6 April.Boni wasreelected in 2011, taking 53.18% of the vote in the first round—enough to avoid a runoff election. He was the first president to win an election without a runoff since the restoration of democracy in 1991.
In theMarch 2016 presidential electionsin which Boni Yayi was barred by the constitution from running for a third term, businessmanPatrice Talonwon the second round with 65.37% of the vote, defeating investment banker and former Prime MinisterLionel Zinsou. Talon was sworn in on 6 April 2016.Speaking on the same day that the Constitutional Court confirmed the results, Talon said that he would "first and foremost tackle constitutional reform", discussing his plan to limit presidents to a single term of 5 years in order to combat "complacency". He said that he planned to slash the size of the government from 28 to 16 members.In April 2021, President Patrice Talon was re-elected, with more than 86.3% of the votes cast in the2021 Beninese presidential election.The change in election laws resulted in total control of parliament by president Talon's supporters.
In February 2022, Benin saw its largest terrorist attack in history, theW National Park massacre.
On 20 February 2022, PresidentPatrice Taloninaugurated an exhibition with 26 pieces of sacred art returned to Benin byFrance, 129 years after they were looted by colonial forces.
Its politics take place in a framework of apresidentialrepresentative democraticrepublicin which thePresident of Beninis bothhead of stateandhead of government, within amulti-party system.Executive poweris exercised by the government.Legislative poweris vested in the government and the legislature. Thejudiciaryis officially independent of the executive and the legislature, while in practice its independence has been gradually hollowed out by Talon, and the Constitutional Court is headed by his former personal lawyer.The political system is derived from the 1990Constitution of Beninand the subsequent transition todemocracyin 1991.
It was ranked 18th out of 52 African countries and scored best in the categories of Safety & Rule of Law and Participation & Human Rights.In its 2007 Worldwide Press Freedom Index,Reporters Without Bordersranked Benin 53rd out of 169 countries. That place had fallen to 78th by 2016, whenTalontook office, and has fallen further to 113th.Benin has been rated equal-88th out of 159 countries in a 2005 analysis of police, business, and political corruption.
Its democratic system "has eroded" since President Talon took office.In 2018, his government introduced new rules for fielding candidates and raised the cost of registering. The electoral commission, packed with Talon's allies, barred all opposition parties from the parliamentary election in 2019, resulting in a parliament made up entirely of supporters of Talon. That parliament subsequently changed election laws such that presidential candidates need to have the approval of at least 10% of Benin's MPs and mayors. As parliament and most mayors' offices are controlled by Talon, he has control over who can run for president. These changes have drawn condemnation from international observers and led to the United States government partially terminating development assistance to the country.
Benin is divided into twelvedepartments(French:départements) which are subdivided into 77communes. In 1999, the previous six departments were each split into two halves, forming the later twelve.
The majority of Benin's 11,485,000 inhabitants live in the south of the country. Thelife expectancyis 62 years.About 42 African ethnic groups live in this country, including theYorubain the southeast (migrated from Nigeria in the 12th century); theDendiin the north-central area (who came from Mali in the 16th century); theBaribaand theFulain the northeast; theBetammaribeand theSombain theAtakora Mountains; theFonin the area aroundAbomeyin the South Central and theMina,Xueda, andAja(who came from Togo) on the coast.
The personnel of European embassies and foreign aid missions and of nongovernmental organisations and missionary groups account for a part of the 5,500 European population.
The two main religions in Benin areChristianity, followed mostly in the south and center, and Islam, brought by theSonghai EmpireandHausamerchants and followed inAlibori,Borgou, andDongaprovinces, as well as among theYoruba, who also practice Christianity.Some continue to holdVodunandOrishabeliefs and haveincorporatedthe pantheon of Vodun and Orisha into Christianity.Ahmadiyya, a sect of Islam originating in the 19th century, also has a presence in the country.
In the 2013 census, 48.5% of the population of Benin wereChristian(25.5%Roman Catholic, 6.7%Celestial Church of Christ, 3.4%Methodist, and 12.9% other Christian denominations), 27.7% wereMuslim, 11.6% practicedVodun, 2.6% practiced other local traditional religions, 2.6% practiced other religions, and 5.8% claimed no religious affiliation.A government survey conducted by theDemographic and Health SurveysProgram in 2011-2012 indicated that followers of Christianity comprised 57.5% of the population (with Catholics making up 33.9%, Methodists 3.0%, Celestials 6.2% and other Christians 14.5%), while Muslims were 22.8%.
According to the most recent (2020) estimate, the population of Benin was 52.2% Christian, 24.6% Muslim, 17.9% animist, and 5.3% followed other faiths or had no religion.
Traditional religions include local animistic religions in theAtakoraregion andVodunandOrishaveneration among the Yoruba and Tado peoples in the center and south of the nation. The town ofOuidahon the central coast is the spiritual center of Beninese Vodun or Voodoo.
Theliteracyrate in 2015 was estimated to be 38.4% (49.9% for males and 27.3% for females).Benin has achieved universal primary education and half of the children (54%) were enrolled in secondary education in 2013, according to theUNESCO Institute for Statistics.
While at a time the education system was not free,Benin has abolished school fees and is carrying out the recommendations of its 2007 Educational Forum.The government has devoted more than 4% of GDP to education since 2009. In 2015, public expenditure on education (all levels) amounted to 4.4% of GDP, according to theUNESCO Institute for Statistics. Within this expenditure, Benin devoted a share to tertiary education: 0.97% of GDP.
Between 2009 and 2011, the share of people enrolled at university rose from 10% to 12% of the 18–25 year age cohort. Student enrollment in tertiary education more than doubled between 2006 and 2011 from 50,225 to 110,181. These statistics encompass not only bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. programmes but also students enrolled in nondegree post-secondary diplomas.
TheHIV/AIDSrate in Benin was estimated in 2013 at 1.13% of adults aged 15–49 years.Malariais a problem in Benin, being a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children younger than 5 years.
During the 1980s, less than 30% of the country's population had access to primary healthcare services. Benin'sinfant mortality ratestood at 203 deaths for every1000live births. One in three mothers had access to child health care services. TheBamako Initiativechanged that by introducing community-based healthcare reform, resulting in a "more efficient and equitable" provision of services.As of 2015, Benin had the 26th highest rate ofmaternal mortalityin the world.According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 13% of women had undergonefemale genital mutilation.An approach strategy was extended to all areas of healthcare, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.Demographic and Health Surveyshas surveyed the issue in Benin since 1996.In the 2024 Global Hunger Index, Benin ranks 99th out of 127 countries.
The north–south strip of land in West Africa lies between latitudes6°and13°N, and longitudes0°and4°E. It is bounded by Togo to the west,Burkina FasoandNigerto the north,Nigeriato the east, and theBight of Beninto the south. The distance from theNiger Riverin the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south is about 650 km (404 mi). Although the coastline measures 121 km (75 mi), the country measures about 325 km (202 mi) at its widest point. Four terrestrial ecoregions lie within Benin's borders:Eastern Guinean forests,Nigerian lowland forests,Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, andWest Sudanian savanna.It had a 2018Forest Landscape Integrity Indexmean score of 5.86/10, ranking it 93rd globally out of 172 countries.
Benin shows some variation in elevation and can be divided into four areas from the south to the north, starting with the lower-lying, sandy, coastal plain (highest elevation 10 m (32.8 ft)) which is, at most, 10 km (6.2 mi) wide. It is marshy and dotted with lakes and lagoons communicating with the ocean. Behind the coast lies theGuinean forest-savanna mosaic-covered plateaus of southern Benin (altitude between 20 and 200 m (66 and 656 ft)), which are split by valleys running north to south along theCouffo,Zou, andOuémé Rivers.
This geography makes itvulnerable to climate change. With the majority of the country living near the coast in lower-lying areas sea level rise could have effects on the economy and population.Northern areas will see additional regions become deserts.An area of flatter land dotted with rocky hills whose altitude reaches 400 m (1,312 ft) extends around Nikki and Save.
A range of mountains extends along the northwest border and into Togo; these are theAtacora. The highest point,Mont Sokbaro, is at 658 m (2,159 ft). Benin has fields,mangrovesand remnants of forests. In the rest of the country, the savanna is covered with thorny scrub and dotted withbaobabtrees. Some forests line the banks of rivers. In the north and the northwest of Benin, theReserve du W du NigerandPendjari National ParkhasAfrican bush elephants,lions, antelopes,hippopotamusand monkeys.Pendjari National Park together with the bordering ParksArliand W National Park inBurkina FasoandNigerare among the strongholds of the lion in West Africa; with an estimated 246–466 lions, W-Arli-Pendjari harbors the largest remaining lion population inWest Africa.Historically Benin has served as habitat for the endangeredAfrican wild dog,Lycaon pictus;this canid is thought to have beenlocally extinct.
Annual rainfall in the coastal area averages 1300 mm or about 51 inches. Benin has two rainy and two dry seasons per year. The principal rainy season is from April to late July, with a shorter less intense rainy period from September to November. The main dry season is from December to April, with a cooler dry season from July to September. Temperatures and humidity are higher along the tropical coast. InCotonou, the average maximum temperature is 31 °C (87.8 °F); the minimum is 24 °C (75.2 °F).
Variations in temperature increase when moving north throughsavannaand plateau toward theSahel. A dry wind from the Sahara called theHarmattanblows from December to March, when the grass dries up, other vegetation turns reddish brown, and a veil of fine dust hangs over the country, causing the skies to be "overcast". It is also the season when farmers burn brush in the fields.
In Beninforest coveris around 28.% of the total land area, equivalent to 3,135,150 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 4,835,150 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forests covered 3,112,150 hectares (ha), and planted forests covered 23,000 hectares (ha).
The economy is dependent onsubsistence agriculture,cottonproduction, and regional trade. Cotton accounts for 40% of theGDPand roughly 80% of officialexportreceipts.
Real GDP growth was estimated at 5.1% and 5.7% in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The main driver of growth is the agricultural sector, with cotton being the main export, while services continue to contribute the largest part of GDP mostly because of Benin's geographical location, enabling trade, transportation, transit and tourism activities with its neighboring states.Benin's overall macroeconomic conditions were "positive" in 2017, with a growth rate of around 5.6%. Economic growth was mostly driven by the cotton industry and other cash crops, the Port of Cotonou, and telecommunications. A source of revenue is the Port of Cotonou, and the government is seeking to expand its revenue base. In 2017, Benin imported about $2.8 billion in goods such as rice, meat and poultry, alcoholic beverages, fuel plastic materials, specialized mining and excavating machinery, telecommunications equipment, passenger vehicles, and toiletries and cosmetics. Principal exports are ginned cotton, cotton cake and cotton seeds, cashew, shea butter, cooking oil, and lumber.
Access tobiocapacityis lower than world average. In 2016, Benin had 0.9 global hectaresof biocapacity per person within its territory, less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.In 2016 Benin used 1.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person - theirecological footprintof consumption. This means they use "slightly under double" as much biocapacity as Benin contains. As a result, Benin is running a biocapacity deficit.
In order to raise growth still further, Benin plans to attract more foreign investment, place more emphasis ontourism, facilitate the development of new food processing systems and agricultural products, and encourage new information and communication technology. Projects to improve the business climate by reforms to the land tenure system, the commercial justice system, and the financial sector were included in Benin's US$307 millionMillennium Challenge Accountgrant signed in February 2006.
TheParis Cluband bilateral creditors have eased the external debt situation, with Benin benefiting from a G8 debt reduction announced in July 2005, while pressing for more rapid structural reforms. An "insufficient" electrical supply continues to "adversely affect" Benin's economic growth and the government has taken steps to increase domestic power production.
Whiletrade unions in Beninrepresent up to 75% of the formal workforce, the informal economy has been noted by theInternational Trade Union Confederation(ITCU) to contain ongoing problems, including a lack of women's wage equality, the use ofchild labor, and the continuing issue offorced labor.Benin is a member of theOrganization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa(OHADA).
Cotonou has the country's only seaport andinternational airport. Benin is connected by 2-lane asphalted roads to its neighboring countries (Togo, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria). Mobile telephone service is available across the country throughoperators. ADSL connections are available in some areas. Benin is connected to the Internet by way of satellite connections (since 1998) and a single submarine cableSAT-3/WASC(since 2001). Relief of "high price" is expected with the initiation of theAfrica Coast to Europecable in 2011.
With the GDP growth rate of 4%–5% remaining consistent over two decades, poverty has been increasing.According to the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Analysis in Benin, those living under the poverty line have increased from 36.2% in 2011 to 40.1% in 2015.
The growingBlaxitmovement is starting to bring people of African heritage to Benin for cultural and economic growth reasons. With the Benin government currently working to grant citizenship to people of African descent.
The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research is responsible for implementing science policy. The National Directorate of Scientific and Technological Research handles planning and coordination, whereas the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research and National Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters each play an advisory role. Financial support comes from Benin's National Fund for Scientific Research and Technological Innovation. The Benin Agency for the Promotion of Research Results and Technological Innovation carries out technology transfer through the development and dissemination of research results.Benin was ranked 119th in theGlobal Innovation Indexin 2024.
The regulatory framework has evolved since 2006 when the science policy was prepared. This has been updated and complemented by new texts on science and innovation (the year of adoption is between brackets):
Equally important are Benin's efforts to integrate science into existing policy documents:
In 2015, Benin's priority areas for scientific research were: health, education, construction and building materials, transportation and trade, culture, tourism and handicrafts, cotton/textiles, food, energy and climate change.
Some so-called challenges facing research and development in Benin are:
In 2007, Benin counted 1,000 researchers (in headcounts). This corresponds to 115 researchers per million inhabitants. The "main research structures" are the Centre for Scientific and Technical Research, National Institute of Agricultural Research, the National Institute for Training and Research in Education, Office of Geological and Mining Research, and the Centre for Entomological Research.
The University of Abomey-Calavi was selected by theWorld Bankin 2014 to participate in its Centres of Excellence project, owing to its expertise in applied mathematics. Within this project, the World Bank has loaned $8 million to Benin. The Association of African Universities has received funds to enable it to co-ordinate knowledge-sharing among the 19 universities in West Africa involved in the project.
There are "no available data" on Benin's level of investment in research and development.
In 2013, the government devoted 2.5% of GDP to public health. In December 2014, 150 volunteer health professionals traveled to Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone from Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria, as part of a joint initiative by theEconomic Community of West African States(ECOWAS) and its specialized agency, the West African Health Organisation, to help combat the epidemic. The Ebola epidemic has been a reminder of the underinvestment in West African health systems.
The Government of Benin devoted less than 5% of GDP to agricultural development in 2010, while the members of theAfrican Unionhad agreed to commit at least 10% of GDP to this area in theMaputo Declarationof 2003. They reiterated this goal in theMalabo Declarationadopted in Equatorial Guinea in 2014. In the latter declaration, they reaffirmed their 'intention to devote 10% of their national budgets to agricultural development and agreed to targets such as doubling agricultural productivity, halving post-harvest loss and bringing stunting down to 10% across Africa'. African leaders meeting in Equatorial Guinea failed to resolve the debate on establishing a common standard of measurement for the 10% target.
Benin has the third-highest publication intensity for scientific journals in West Africa, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded. There were 25.5 scientific articles per million inhabitants cataloged in this database in 2014. This compares with 65.0 for the Gambia, 49.6 for Cape Verde, 23.2 for Senegal, and 21.9 for Ghana. The volume of publications in this database tripled in Benin between 2005 and 2014 from 86 to 270. Between 2008 and 2014, Benin's "main scientific collaborators" were based in France (529 articles), the United States (261), United Kingdom (254), Belgium (198), and Germany (156).
Transport in Benin includes road, rail, water, and air transportation. Benin possesses a total of 6,787  km ofhighway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. TheTrans-West African Coastal Highwaycrosses Benin, connecting it toNigeriato the east, andTogo,GhanaandIvory Coastto the west. When construction inLiberiaandSierra Leoneis finished, the highway will continue west to 7 otherEconomic Community of West African States(ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway connects Benin northwards toNiger, and through that country toBurkina FasoandMalito the north-west.
Rail transport in Beninconsists of 578 km (359 mi) ofsingle track,1,000 mm(3 ft3+3⁄8in)metre gaugerailway. Construction work has commenced on international lines connecting Benin with Niger and Nigeria, with outline plans announced for further connections to Togo and Burkina Faso. Benin will be a participant in theAfricaRailproject.
Cadjehoun Airport, located at Cotonou, has direct international jet service toAccra, Niamey,Monrovia,Lagos,Ouagadougou,Lomé, andDouala, and other cities in Africa. Direct services link Cotonou to Paris, Brussels, and Istanbul.
Beninese literature had an oral tradition before French became the dominant language.Félix Couchorowrote the first Beninese novel,L'Esclave(The Slave), in 1929.
Post-independence, native folk music was combined withGhanaianhighlife, Frenchcabaret, Americanrock,funkandsoul, andCongoleserumba.
Biennale Benin, continuing the projects of some organizations and artists, started in the country in 2010 as a collaborative event called "Regard Benin". In 2012, the project became a biennial coordinated by a federation of local associations. The international exhibition and artistic program of the 2012 Biennale Benin were curated by Abdellah Karroum.
Some Beninese in the south of the country haveAkan-based namesindicating the day of the week on which they were born. This is due to influence of theAkan peoplesuch as theAkwamuand others.
Local languages are used as the many languages of instruction in elementary schools, with French introduced in later years. At the secondary school level, French is the sole language of instruction. Beninese languages are "generally transcribed" with a separate letter for each speech sound (phoneme), rather than usingdiacriticsas in French ordigraphsas in English. This includes BenineseYoruba, which inNigeriais written with both diacritics and digraphs. For instance, themid vowelswrittené, è, ô, oin French are writtene,ɛ,o,ɔin Beninese languages, whereas theconsonantsthat are writtenngandshorchin English are writtenŋandc.Digraphs are used fornasal vowelsand thelabial-velar consonantskpandgb,as in the name of theFon languageFon gbe/fõɡ͡be/, and diacritics are used astone marks. In French-language publications, a mixture of French and Beninese orthographies may be seen.
The cuisine involves fresh meals served with a variety of key sauces. In southern Benin cuisine, an ingredient iscornwhich has been used to preparedoughwhich has been served withpeanut- ortomato-basedsauces.Fishandchicken,beef,goat, andbush ratare consumed. A staple in northern Benin isyamswhich has been served with sauces mentioned above. The population in the northern provinces use beef andporkmeat which is fried in palm or peanut oil or cooked in sauces.Cheeseis used in some dishes.Couscous, rice, andbeansare eaten, along with fruits such asmangoes, oranges, avocados, bananas, kiwi fruit, and pineapples.
Meals are said to be generally light on meat and generous onvegetable fat. Frying in palm or peanut oil is a meat preparation, andsmoked fishis prepared in Benin. Grinders are used to preparecorn flour, which is made into a dough and served with sauces. "Chicken on the spit" is a recipe in which chicken is roasted over a fire on wooden sticks.Palmroots are sometimes soaked in a jar with salt water and sliced garlic to tenderize them, then used in dishes. Some people have outdoor mud stoves for cooking.
The major sports in Benin areassociation football,basketball,golf,cycling,baseball,softball,tennisandrugby union.In the early 21st century, baseball andteqballwere introduced to the country.
Benin has numerousnon-sovereign monarchieswithin the country, many of them derivative of pre-colonial kingdoms (such asArda). Non-sovereign monarchs do not have an official, constitutional role, and are largely ceremonial and subservient to political and civil authorities. Despite this, they play an influential role in local political matters within their particular realms and are often courted by Beninese politicians for electoral support. Advocacy groups, such as theHigh Council of Kings of Benin, represent the monarchs nationally.
General information
6°28′N2°36′E﻿ / ﻿6.467°N 2.600°E﻿ /6.467; 2.600