මූසා (ගණය)

Classical Latinbriefly had a name for bananas, namelyariena, used byPliny the Elder(Natural History,XII.12). According toAlexander von Humboldt,that term may have been a borrowing fromSanskritvaranavia Greek renditionouarana, following theIndian campaign of Alexander the Great.
Due to the rarity of bananas in theLate Antiquityandearly Middle Ages, the termarienafaded out of use. During thelate Middle Ages, international trade brought bananas to Europe, which created the need for a name. In theසැකිල්ල:Century,Medieval Latininnovated a termmusa: this was most likelythelatinizationof the Arabic name for the fruit,mauz(موز). Thus, the 11th-century Arabic encyclopediaThe Canon of Medicine, which was translated to Latin in medieval times and well known in Europe, shows a correspondence between Arabicmauzand Latinmusa.Muzis also the Turkish, Persian, and Somali name for the fruit.
According to linguistMark Donohueand archaeologist Tim Denham, the ultimate origin of the Latinized formmusais in theTrans–New Guinea languages, where certain cultivars of bananas are known under a form *muku.From there, the term was borrowed into theAustronesian languagesof the area, and migrated across Asia, via theDravidian languagesof India, intoPersian, Greek, and Arabic as aWanderwort:
The late Latin termmusawas later chosen byCarl Linnaeusin 1753, as the name for the genus.
From the time of Linnaeus until the 1940s, different types of ediblebananasandplantainswere given Linnaean binomial names, such asMusa cavendishii, as if they were species. In fact, edible bananas have an extremely complicated origin involvinghybridization,mutation, and finallyselectionby humans. Most edible bananas are seedless (parthenocarpic), hence sterile, so they are propagated vegetatively. The giving of species names to what are actually very complex, largely asexual, hybrids (mostly of two species of wild bananas,Musa acuminataandMusa balbisiana) led to endless confusion in bananabotany. In the 1940s and 1950s, it became clear to botanists that the cultivated bananas and plantains could not usefully be assigned Linnean binomials, but were better givencultivarnames.
As for the wordbanana, it came to English from Spanish and Portuguese, which had apparently obtained it from a West African language, possiblyWolof(Senegal).The Wolof form might itself be aloanwordfrom Arabicbanān mawz(<banān'finger').
Musasections have a history dating back to 1887, when M.P. Sagot published "Sur le genre Bananier", where the genusMusawas first formally classified.In this article, Sagot arranged theMusaspecies into three groups, although no section names were assigned to them. The grouping was based on morphological traits, establishing the trio as bananas with fleshy fruit, ornamental bananas with upright inflorescences and bracts that were vibrantly colored, and bananas that were giant in size.
Five years after Sagot's article, J.G. Baker made the first formal designation ofMusasections. To do so, he named three subgenera that almost paralleled the sections that had been described by Sagot.These sections were:
After this classification, in 1947, Cheeseman reclassified the taxa based on morphological features and chromosome number.This project proposed four sections:
The addition of anotherMusasection came in 1976 by G.C.G. Ardent. The added section,M. sect.Ingentimusa,Ardentwas based on a single species,Musa ingens.This designation put the number of sections inMusaat five:Eumusa,Rhodochlamys,Callimusa,Australimusa, andIngentimusa.
In the 21st century, genomics have become cheaper, more efficient, and more accurate, andMusagenetic research has increased exponentially. Research was conducted around a diversity of genomic markers (cpDNA,nrDNA, rDNA, introns, various spacers, etc.). The results of many of these studies suggested that the five sections ofMusadefined by morphology (and listed above) were not monophyletic.
Based on the incorrect section grouping, Markku Häkkinen proposed another reclassification of theMusasections in 2013. Using a multitude of genetic evidence and markers from other studies, Häkkinen suggested the reduction of fiveMusasections into two:MusaandCallimusa.Unlike sectional classifications of the past, this hypothesis was based on genetic markers rather than morphological features or chromosome number. The two groups were generally formed by the clustering of the previously defined groups:
The advance of genomic analysis technologies and further data on the relatedness ofMusaspecies, formulated Häkkinen's two sections and later corroborated them as correct subcategories for the genus.The history ofMusasections provides an example of genomics superseding morphological evidence and thus classifications.
TheWorld Checklist of Selected Plant Familiesaccepts 68 species and two primary hybrids, 2013 වන විට, which are listed below.The assignment to sections is based onGRIN(where this gives the species),regrouped according to Wong et al.
[A] and [C] indicate known placement in the former sectionsAustralimusaandCallimusa, respectively.
උපුටාදැක්වීම් දෝෂය: "Note" නම් කණ්ඩායම සඳහා<ref>ටැග පැවතුණත්, ඊට අදාළ<references group="Note"/>ටැග සොයාගත නොහැකි විය.