Ethnic groups in London

London, the capital ofEnglandand theUnited Kingdom, has become one of the mostethnically diverseandmulticulturalcities in the world.
Greater Londonhad a population of 8,899,375 at the2021 census. Around 41% of its population were born outside the UK,and over 300 languages are spoken in the region.
For the overwhelming majority of London's history, the population of the city was ethnically homogenous with the population being ofWhite Britishethnic origin, with small clusters of minority groups such as Jewish people, most notably in areas of theEast End. From 1948 onwards and especially since theBlair governmentin the late 1990s and 2000s, the population has diversified in international terms at an increased rate. In 2011, it was reported for the first time that White British people had become a minority within the city, establishing it was a majority-minority city within the country. In 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000 in London.
At the2021 census, the total White population of London stood at 3.2 million.
Whites form a majority of London's population and are evenly spread.Bromleyhas the highest White British population as well as highest total White, whileNewhamhas the lowest for both.Camdenhas the highest White Irish population, whileBexleyhas the highest White Gypsy/Irish Traveller population andHaringeyhas the highest for Other White (non-British/Irish/Gypsy/Irish Traveller white).
The table below shows the population by numbers in the top 20 boroughs as reported in the 2021 census.
At the2021 census, the total Black population of London stood at 1.5 millionThis is a rise of 1.8% from the2011 census, when the population stood at 990,000.
Inner LondonandOuter Londonhave a near-equal black population. The2011 censusis the first time that the black population in Outer London has overtaken that of Inner London:
The black population of London is noticeably concentrated in South London, with the four boroughs with the highest black populations overall all south of the river, and Greenwich also featuring inside the top 10.Southwarkhas the highest Black African population,Croydonhas the highest Black Caribbean population, andLambethhas the highest total black population in London. In Southwark, Greenwich andNewham, the Black African population is significantly higher than Black Caribbean; conversely,LewishamandBrentare almost balanced, and Croydon is the only borough where the Black Caribbean population nearly exceeds the Black African one.
The twenty London boroughs with the highest total Black population (Black African,Black CaribbeanandOther Black) are listed below:
At the2011 census, the total Asian population of London stood at 1,511,546.This is a rise of 60% from the2001 census, when the population stood at 947,425.
Outer Londonhas a greater Asian population thanInner London:
The Asian population of London is noticeably concentrated in East and West London.Harrowhas the highest Indian population,Redbridgehas the highest Pakistani population,Tower Hamletshas the highest Bangladeshi population andBarnethas the highest Chinese population.Newhamhas the highest total Asian population in London. The twenty London boroughs with the highest total Asian population (Indian,Pakistani,Bangladeshi,ChineseandOther Asian) are listed below.
At the2011 census, 36.7% of London's population was foreign born (including 24.5% born outside of Europe),with 3,082,000 residents born abroad in 2014.London has the largest population number (not percentage) of foreign-born residents of any UK city.
There is an Afghan refugee community in London.
Significant migration from Arab countries to the UK began in the 1940s, mostly by Egyptians. Other waves followed, such as Lebanese fleeing thecivil war. The centre of London has a thriving Arab community, centred aroundEdgware Road.
A major wave of immigration began in the 1970s, as people from theSylhet Divisionarrived in London, fleeing poverty and theBangladesh Liberation War. Many settled aroundSpitalfields, where they entered the textile trade. This trade has declined causing unemployment, but the community has moved into other businesses, including restaurants and banking. The level of immigration peaked in 1986 and has since entered a decline with the introduction of stricter immigration laws.
The community remains concentrated aroundWhitechapeland has spread into other east London boroughs. London as a city is home to the single largest number of people of Bangladeshi origin outside of Bangladesh, with close to 200,000 individuals being of full Bangladeshi origin in 2007.
The community also annually hosts Europe's largest outdoor Asian event known as theBoishakhi MelainBethnal Greenas part of theBengali New Yearcelebrations.
Chinese peopleconstitute the fourth largestAsiangroup in London (behind the Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis respectively); numbering 114,800 in 2007, they are spread more or less across the entire city and have become successful in British life, especially when it comes tocuisine. The history of the Chinese in London is long and complex, with the first Chinese people arriving in the city in the 19th century as sailors.
Fiona Moore, author of "The German School in London, UK: Fostering the Next Generation of National Cosmopolitans?", wrote circa 2012 that the London German community "relies on subtle network connections rather than the displaying of obvious membership traits", since London Germans attended the same churches, joined the same clubs, and sent their children to the same schools.According to Moore this aspect was likely influenced by the outcomes ofWorld War IandWorld War II, resulting in encouragement for UK-based Germans "to try to blend in to a greater degree than elsewhere."
As of 2012 the German business and expatriate community is centred on theLondon Borough of Richmond upon Thames, which houses theGerman School London(DSL) and most German expatriates residing in London. Moore wrote that the borough "does not immediately show signs of hosting a German community" due to a lack of obvious German businesses and storefronts,but that most residents know of the location of the DSL and that there are "more subtle signs of German presence."
As of 2012, German expatriates are located throughout London. As of that year, some of them do not go to the Borough of Richmond upon Thames even though the centre of the German community is located there.
Besides Nigerians, Ghanaians are one of the largest Black African groups in London, with the majority living in the boroughs ofSouthwark,Lambeth,Newham,Hackney,Haringey,Lewisham,Merton,Waltham Forest,Croydon,EnfieldandBrent.
According to the "History of London's Greek community" by Jonathan Harris,the Greek population of London numbered several thousand by 1870 AD whereas in 1850 AD it was just a few hundred. The 2001 Census recorded 12,360 Greek-born people living in London, with particular concentrations in theHyde Park,Regent's Park,ChelseaandKensingtonCensus tracts.
The Census tracts with the highest number of Cypriot-born people in 2001 werePalmers Green, UpperEdmonton,Cockfosters, Lower Edmonton,TottenhamNorth and Tottenham South.ManyGreek-Cypriotsreside inWood Green,HarringayandPalmers Green, the latter harbouring the largest community of Greek-Cypriots outsideCyprus, resulting in these areas bearing localnicknameswhereby theGreenis replaced byGreek– as inGreek LanesandPalmers Greek.
According to aCity of London Corporationsponsored report,there are between 280,600 and 310,000 Greek speakers in Greater London.
The Greek Primary School of London and theGreek Secondary School of Londonboth serve the community.
British Indianshave long been one of London's largest ethnic minority groups and in 2007 over 500,000 Indians were residing in London (this excludes people of half or less Indian origin). Around 7% of London's population is of Indian origin. Indians have been in the British capital for generations and come from all walks of life. They are influential in the city's culture and are major contributors to London's workforce andeconomy.
Southall,HounslowandWembleyhave significant Indian populations.
Irish migration to Great Britain has a lengthy history due to the close proximity of, and complex relationship between, the islands of Ireland and Great Britain and the various political entities that have ruled them. Today, millions of residents of Great Britain are either from the island of Ireland or have Irish ancestry. Around six million Britons have an Irish grandfather or grandmother (approximately 10% of the UK population).900,000 ethnic Irish people live in the capital (12% of the city's population); despite this, some sources put the population of people of Irish descent in London at 77% (some five and a half million people), although the White British and White Irish populations combined are less than this.The highest numbers of the Irish population is in the London boroughs ofCamdenandIslington.
There are records that show black people, predominantly from Jamaica, living in London during the 17th and 18th centuries; but it was not until the arrival of theHMTEmpire Windrush, on 22 June 1948, that significant numbers of Caribbeans, in particular Jamaicans, arrived in the capital. This has since become an important landmark in the history of modern multicultural Britain. During the postWorld War IIera, the presence of the Caribbean Community was requested to help reconstruct the British economy. Employers such asBritish Rail, theNHSandLondon transportrecruited almost exclusively from Jamaica. Some 250,000 Londoners are of Jamaican origin.BrixtonandHarlesdenare considered the community's cultural capitals.
Junko Sakai, author ofJapanese Bankers in the City of London: Language, Culture and Identity in the Japanese Diaspora, stated that there is no particular location for the Japanese community in London, but that the families of Japanese "company men" have a tendency of living inNorth Londonand West London. Japanese restaurants and shops are located around these groups of Japanese people.
Jewsare an ethnic and religious minority, and are protected under the Race Relations Act.London has the second largest Jewish community in Europe after Paris, numbering some 160,000, particularly inNorth London. Districts with a high concentration includeFinchley,Mill Hill,Edgware,Stanmore,Golders Green,Hendon,Hampstead Garden Suburb,Highgate, and further east theHasidic-strong exclave inStamford Hill&South Tottenham.
As of 2014 there were about 10,000 ethnic Koreans inNew Maldenproper,and as of the same year the Korean population in the area around New Malden is around 20,000, including about 600 originating fromNorth Korea, giving it the largest group of North Koreans in Europe.Many of the Koreans living in New Malden work for Korean companies, and they are either permanently settled and formerly expatriate, or they are still expatriates.In 2015 Paul Fischer ofThe Independentwrote that the North Koreans were insular, and that there were tensions between the South Korean majority and the North Koreans in New Malden.
The New Malden area has Korean-language churches and nursery schools as well as restaurants and shops with Korean clientele.The area has Korean supermarkets, about 20 Korean restaurants and cafes,including those servingbulgogi.It also has anoraebang(Karaoke bar).TheKorean languageis visible on several shop signs. The original Embassy of South Korea to the United Kingdom is in Malden.
Some factors cited inThe Telegraphas reasons why the Korean community formed in New Malden included a 1950s joint venture partnership between achaebolandRacal Avionics(formerly Dacca),Lord Chancellor's Walkin Coombe Lane West previously serving as the residence of the Ambassador of South Korea to the United Kingdom, andSamsung Electronicshaving its UK offices in New Malden until they moved to their current location inChertsey, Surrey in 2005. Many Koreans settled in New Malden in the 1970s due to the ambassador's location.
There is a newspaper published in New Malden,Free NK, which is opposed to thegovernment of North Korea.
The Lithuanian community in London goes back to at least the early 20th century. Most of the community came in a wave of Eastern European immigration in the 2000s, after Lithuania joined theEuropean Union.
Most of London's Lithuanians live in the boroughs ofBarking and Dagenham,Newham,RedbridgeandWaltham Forest, with smaller numbers elsewhere. The main Lithuanian-speaking Roman Catholic church,St Casimir's, however, lies inCambridge Heath.
London (in particular thesouthern boroughs) is home to the largest Nigerian community in the UK, and possibly the largest overseas Nigerian community in the world. The first recorded Nigerian in London wasOlaudah Equianowho came to Britain after escaping from slavery over 200 years ago, becoming a member of the abolitionistSons of Africagroup.
In the mid-20th century a wave of Nigerian immigrants came to London.  Civil and political unrest in the country contributed to numerous refugees arriving in England.The vast majority of famous and notable British people of Nigerian origin were either born in or now live in London.
Peckham(also known as Little Lagos and Yorubatown) is home to one of the largest overseas Nigerian communities in the world; many of the local establishments are Yoruba-owned. Nigerian churches and mosques can be found in the area. As immigrants become assimilated, English is becoming the predominant language of the local Nigerian British population.  TheYoruba languageis declining in use in the Peckham area despite the increasing Nigerian population.In 2001, about 7% of Peckham's population was born in Nigeria.A much larger proportion of the ward's 60% Black population is of Nigerian descent, as 40% are of other African descent.
Pakistanis in London form the largest concentrated community ofBritish Pakistanis; immigration from regions which now form Pakistan predate Pakistan'sindependence.The main concentrations of Pakistani settlement in London are found inOuter Londonwith the boroughs ofRedbridge,NewhamandWaltham Forestaccounting for nearly a third of Londoners of Pakistani descent.
London has had a notablePolishcommunity since the Second World War. Many of the migrants from Poland in the 1940s were soldiers and their families. ThePolish Government in Exilewas based in London until it was dissolved in 1991 following the restoration of democracy inPoland. In the 2000s a wave of Polish immigrants came to Britain, including London, after Poland joined theEuropean Union. As of 2016, Poles now account for about 4.5 per cent of London's foreign-born population.
The boroughs ofEaling,Enfield,Kensington and Chelsea,Haringey,Lambeth,LewishamandWandsworthhave significant numbers of Poles living there. TheChurch of the Evangelistin Putney is one of several Polish-speaking Roman Catholic churches in London, and thePolish Social and Cultural Associationin Hammersmith is the community's main centre. Polish-style shops, with their distinctive red and white signs accompanied by words in thePolish language, can be found in many parts of London.
There has been a growing Romanian community in London sinceWorld War II. In the 2000s a wave of Romanian immigrants came to the UK, including London, after Romania joined theEuropean Union.
A particularly concentrated community exists in theEdgware-London suburb ofBurnt Oakwhich has gained the nickname "Little Romania" or "Little Bucharest".Most Romanians belong to theRomanian Orthodoxreligion.
Romani peopleare concentrated in north and east London. Approximately 30,000 Roma and Travellers live in London.
There is a large Sri Lankan community in London. The population of Sri Lankans in London was 50,000 in 2001 and 84,000 in 2011.British Sri Lankans in London (mainlyTamils) can be found in Harrow (West London) and Tooting (South London).They have a long presence in the UK dating back to the colonial times in the 19th century.However, the majority came as refugees during theSri Lankan Civil War.
More than 53,000 South Africans live in London.
London is home to the largest Turkish community in the UK. The boroughs of Enfield, Haringey and Hackney have a significant number of Turkish inhabitants. A large Turkish-cypriot community is also present in boroughs of South London such as Lambeth and Croydon.