Food security in Madagascar

The island country ofMadagascarremains plagued by political and economic instability, poverty, andfood insecurity. While the country engaged in an ambitious transformation program designed to improve social, economic, and governance indicators between 2002 and 2008, a2009 political crisishas thrown these improvements off-course. This political strife, in combination with theglobal financial downturn, led to a 4 percent decline ineconomic growthin 2009 (World Bank 2012).
According to the 2009Human Development Reportof theUnited Nations Development Programme, about two thirds of the population live below thepovertythreshold, 30 percent are illiterate, only 47 percent have access to safe water, with alife expectancyat birth of 61 years. Madagascar ranked 135th out of 169 countries in theHuman Development Index.
Food supplies lack diversity and do not meet the needs of the population. A third of the population is undernourished. Together with a reduction in food supplies, lack of access to food, and natural disasters, poverty is a major cause of food insecurity ofhouseholds.Povertyis pervasive in rural areas. About 85 percent of the poor live in rural areas and 60 percent of them are considered as extremely poor. With the growth in the population, the situation has worsened, so that half of Malagasy children show signs of chronicmalnutrition.Toliara Provincein the South-West has the highest rate of poverty, however, the majority of the rural poor are concentrated in the three most densely populated provinces ofAntananarivo,FianarantsoaandToamasina.
The poor are particularly vulnerable to weather-induced risks simply by virtue of their poverty. Poor households have few assets to sell and their consumption is already low, so in times of scarcity they do not have much to buffer them from food insecurity. The most vulnerable groups in rural areas are women (who account for 55 percent of the population and 80 percent of the economically active population) and children under five years of age. Survival strategies to secure sufficient food supply and minimize risk include diversification of agricultural activities, development of off-farm activities, seasonal or permanent migration andwage labour. Nevertheless, vulnerability of Madagascar's population has been worsened over years of natural disasters, political instability, and limited investment in social infrastructure, with coping mechanisms largely exhausted.Environmental degradationandsoil erosionhas further harmed rural populations' ability to cope.
On account of its geographic position, Madagascar succumbs every year to the effects of natural disasters, which routinely strike different regions of the country and affect the food situation of different sections of the population. In 39 years (from 1968 to 2007),tropical storms,cyclonesand consequentfloodshave caused damage estimated at nearly US$1.6 billion and affected 8 million people. Acutedroughtshave affected nearly 2.7 million people, in addition to the effects of recurrent drought in the South. In addition, Madagascar is regularly affected by thelocusts.
The National Disaster Risk Management (DRM) System consists of a decentralized structure of DRM committees (notably at region, district and commune levels) under the umbrella of theConseil National de Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes, under the Prime Minister's Office. Donors substantially support the Government in the set-up and implementation of this system.