Typhoon Rai

Typhoon Rai, known in the Philippines asSuper Typhoon Odette,was a deadly and extremely destructive super typhoon, which was the second costliest typhoon in Philippine history behindTyphoon Haiyanin 2013. Rai was a powerful raretropical cyclonethat struck thePhilippinesin December 2021. Rai became the firstCategory 5-equivalent super typhoon to develop in the month of December sinceNock-tenin 2016, and the third of four Category 5 super typhoons recorded in theSouth China Sea, along withPamelain1954,Rammasunin2014andYagiin2024.
Rai, named after an artifact calledRai stones, is the 22nd and final named tropical storm, the ninthtyphoon, and the fifth super typhoon of the2021 Pacific typhoon season. The system originated from a tropical disturbance near the equator on December 10, forming near the site of anotherlow-pressure areathat had dissipated on the previous day. Conditions around the system were favorable for further development, and it slowly developed into a tropical depression on December 12. On the same day, the United StatesJoint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC) issued aTropical Cyclone Formation Alert(TCFA) on the consolidating depression. Further intensification ensued, and Rai was upgraded to a tropical storm the next day, before passing south ofNgulu Atoll. After passing nearPalauand impacting the island nation, Rai entered thePhilippine Area of Responsibility(PAR) by the night of December 14, where the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) named it "Odette". On the next day, both the JMA and JTWC raised the system's intensity to a low-end Category 1-equivalent typhoon, as an eye continued to appear. While approaching the Philippines, Rai rapidly intensified into a Category 5 super typhoonjust before its first landfall acrossSiargao. It then slowly but steadily weakened as it traversed theVisayas, exiting into theSulu Sea. After making its last landfall over Palawan, Rai continued to weaken before unexpectedly re-intensifying into a Category 5-equivalent typhoon by December 18, while nearing Vietnam. On the next day, Rai entered yet another weakening phase, dissipating on December 21, southeast ofKing Kong.
As Rai pounded the Philippines, heavy rainfall and strong and gusty winds impacted several areas around the storm's path. Many areas across the Visayas and Mindanao lost electricity with several provinces and areas being deprived further of communication services. Downed trees obstructed many roadways, and flooding was a major problem across the affected regions, particularlyBohol, where the storm was described as "one of the worst for the province". Rivers also overflowed acrossCagayan de Oro, while numerous buildings sustained damage.Surigao Citywas reported to be completely damaged, and appealed for aid. Bohol also pleaded for help from the government due to the damages Rai brought to the area. A state of calamity has been placed in the province and Cebu. So far, 410 people have died, a large portion of which were from the severely affected island of Bohol. Damages was finalized at₱47.6 billion (US$951 million), including ₱29.8 billion (US$596 million) of infrastructural damage.
At 06:00 UTC on December 9, theJoint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC) started to monitor a low-latitude area of convection in the Pacific Ocean at4°36′N142°24′E﻿ / ﻿4.6°N 142.4°E﻿ /4.6; 142.4, located about 350 nautical miles (650 km; 400 mi) toPalau's east-southeast. A broad circulation was identified by the agency, with flaring convection over it. The circulation had a marginal environment with low to moderatewind shear, fairoutflow, and warmsea surface temperatures.Despite its given environment, however, the disturbance failed to intensify and dissipated by 06:00 UTC the next day. Another newarea of low pressureformed on December 10, near the location of the previous disturbance. Analysis on the system revealed a degraded and disorganizedlow-level circulation center.Position fixes by 02:30 UTC on December 11 determined that its center had shifted to the north over a developingsurface trough, while convective bursts occurred around the system.An advancedscatterometerpass featured below gale-force winds on its northwest quadrant.
TheJapan Meteorological Agency(JMA) (the officialRegional Specialized Meteorological Centerfor the western Pacific Ocean) first upgraded the system to a tropical depression with winds of 55 km/h (35 mph),at 00:00 UTC the next day, followed by the JTWC upgrading the storm's chances of developing to "high" and subsequently issuing aTropical Cyclone Formation Alert.By 03:00 UTC on December 13, the JTWC upgraded the system to a weak tropical depression, highly based onDvorak ratingsof T1.5.Nine hours later, the JMA classified the system as a tropical storm based on Dvorak ratings and named the stormRai.It was not until 15:00 UTC that day when the JTWC upgraded Rai to a tropical storm, as it began tracking northwestward.Three hours later, Rai began to pass south of Ngulu State, while continuing to intensify and organize.By December 14 in the early morning, the system was upgraded to a severe tropical storm by the JMA.By 09:00 UTC, the JTWC noted that the system's cloud tops became warm; however, it further organized while tracking towards the small island country of Palau.The storm entered thePhilippine Area of Responsibilityaround 11:00 UTC (19:00PHT), and was namedOdetteby the PAGASA.Four hours later, Rai began to exhibit aneyewhich was first seen onmicrowave images.The JMA further upgraded the system to a typhoon by the next day, followed by the JTWC three hours later as Rai began to take a westward motion under the influence of asubtropical ridgeto its north.Steady intensification occurred on Rai while moving near the country, reaching high-endCategory 1-equivalent typhoon intensity by 15:00 UTC. At this time, the JTWC only forecasted a landfall equivalent to a Category 2 storm.
Rai unexpectedly underwentrapid intensificationon December 15, from 120 to 280 km/h (75 to 175 mph) by December 16, while nearing landfall. At this time, a small 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) eye was seen along with strong convection. The storm began aneyewall replacement cycle(ERC) shortly after reaching peak intensity.On December 16, the typhoon made landfall overSiargao Islandin the province ofSurigao del Nortearound 1:30 PM local time (05:30UTC)and a second landfall overDinagat Islandsaround 3:10 PM local time (07:10 UTC).A third landfall occurred inLiloan, Southern Leyteat 3:40 PM local time (7:40 UTC). A fourth landfall occurred atPanaon Island, also at Liloan, at around 4:50 PM (8:50 UTC).Padre Burgos, Southern Leytewas the fifth at 5:40 PM (09:40 UTC), followed nearly one-hour later atPresident Carlos P. Garcia, Boholand approximately another hour atBien Unido, still at Bohol. The eighth landfall occurred atCarcar, Cebu by 10:00 PM (14:00 UTC) and the ninth overLa Libertad, Negros Oriental, two hours later.The JMA estimated a minimumcentral pressureof 915 millibars (27.0 inHg) by 03:00 UTC, earlier that day, two hours before its landfall. The same situation slightly weakened the system into a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon by 09:00 UTC, and its intensity continued to degrade, six hours later while crossingVisayas.As Rai enteredPanay Gulf, its eye further weakened and its convective signature becoming disorganized as the JTWC further downgraded it to a Category 3 system six hours later. It continued to weaken while tracking towards theSulu Seaby the next day at 03:00 UTC.A new eye also struggled to form as the system was nearing landfall.By 07:10 UTC (15:10 PHT), the system made another and last landfall overRoxas, Palawanas it continued to lose intensity.It then entered theSouth China Seawith more organization but its intensity remaining the same.Rai then started to slightly strengthen as it turned northwestward, away from the Philippine archipelago.The system then left the PAR by 12:40 PHT (04:40 UTC).For the first time sinceTyphoon Rammasunin 2014 and the third afterPamela of 1954and the aforementioned storm, Rai unexpectedly attained Category 5-equivalent super typhoon status in theSouth China Sea, due to the favorable environment in that region, at 21:00 UTC on December 18, as it underwent a secondary period of rapid intensification, attaining maximum speeds of 270 km/h (165 mph).
By 03:00 UTC the next day, Rai again weakened below Category 5-equivalent super typhoon intensity, while turning in a west-northwesterly direction. Its eye was cloud-filled by this time, with the storm rapidly weakening afterward.The storm was still rapidly weakening as of 12:00 UTC on December 20, being forecasted to dissipate off the coast ofGuangdong,China.As forecasted, Rai dissipated a day later off the coast ofGuangdong Province,China.
On March 23, 2022, asPAGASAissued their revised tropical cyclone scale, Rai (Odette) was considered as a super typhoon.
Upon the system's intensification into a tropical depression, a typhoon watch was issued by the US National Weather Service in Tiyan, Guam, inKororandKayangelwhile a tropical storm warning was placed forNgulu Atoll. The island ofYapwas placed also under tropical storm watch.This was further upgraded into a typhoon warning for Palau as Rai further intensifies.The alerts for Ngulu and Yap were first canceled by 09:00 UTC of December 14 and six hours later, the typhoon warning were also canceled for Palau.
PAGASAbegan issuing Tropical Cyclone Advisories as early as December 12 given the forecasted track of the storm. In its first advisory, PAGASA forecasted the possibility ofSignal #4being raised over the Visayas and Mindanao regions, later lowered to Signal #3.The PAGASA also forecasted winds of up to 155 km/h (96 mph) prior to landfall.On December 14, storm signals were raised inCaragaandEastern Visayasas the storm entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility.Starting on the night of December 13, land travel on bound toVisayas,Mindanao, the province ofMasbateandCatanduaneswere canceled according to an approved request of theOffice of the Civil Defense in the country. TheLand Transportation Officealso placed the same travel restrictions in Mindanao andLuzonas a precaution. All types of vessels are also prohibited to leave the country's ports if there are any storm signals raised. Fishermen living near coastal areas were also urged by the country's coast guard to leave their homes "as soon as possible". Other Philippine provinces likeBoholandAklanwere also prepared for possible work cancelations and evacuation premises in regards to the storm. Floating cottages inGeneral Santos, as well as fishing boats were brought to shore and safety. The vaccination operations across the possible affected areas were earlier suspended by December 20–22.Over 23,642 food packs for evacuees were also readied by the country'sDepartment of Social Welfare and Development(DSWD), over 18,665 non-edible items as well as over ₱752,250 (US$15,040) worth of standby funds.The airline carrierCebu Pacificalso suspended three flights in the country.
Over 12,000 individuals in barangays across Mindanao, Visayas, and further north intoSouthern Luzonwere also urged by theNational Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council(NDRRMC) to immediately leave their homes. The whole ofBicol Regionwas also under red alert starting on December 14. The higher authorities there also warned its people of possible landslides and lahar flow from theMayon Volcano.Cebuwas also under a "state of preparedness" due to the storm. Furthermore, many individuals, of which the majority are going into the Bicol Region in theParañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange(PITX) were also stranded due to ferry suspensions.Capizalready started voluntary evacuations at this time, first focused on people living in coastal areas.Liloan, Cebualso initiated forced evacuations by the afternoon of December 15. Several flights into Visayas and Mindanao fromNinoy Aquino International Airportwere also delayed, rescheduled, and/or canceled, mainly from the earlier Cebu Pacific,Philippine AirlinesandAirasia. Some face-to-face classes in the affected areas were also halted. Manybillboardsin Bohol were also removed and the annualBinirayan festivalinAntiquewas canceled due to Rai.The city of Surigao was already soaked by the rains of Odette by the afternoon of December 15, including the whole of Eastern Visayas. Thousands of evacuees rushed into safety shelters in the area whereas in one case, they became full. Sandbags were also placed over some houses inTacloban Cityin Leyte and many individuals rushed into a grocery store inAlangalangto stock up on essential supplies.
Four hours after, Rai entered the PAR, PAGASA started to hoist Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal #1 for southeasternEastern Samarand over the Surigao provinces, including the Dinagat Islands.This was further extended into some provinces in theCentral Visayasand further south of Mindanao, untilAgusan del Sur.Signal #2 were further placed for the Surigao provinces and further into some parts of Visayas as Odette further intensified into a typhoon, with Signal #1 spreading further into the remaining part of the region and Mimaropa and Southern Tagalog provinces.The storm's further intensification led to PAGASA raising the Signal #3 warning in some portions of Caraga and as Rai underwent rapid intensification, into eastern Visayas before Signal #4 was raised in those areas.
On December 15, militants of theNew People's Armyattacked troops evacuating residents inSurigao del Surprior to the storm, killing three civilians.On December 16, the PAGASA raised the signal in western Bohol,Dinagat Islands, and Surigao to Signal #4. 9,720 thousand were evacuated as Typhoon Rai made landfall.Following Rai's impact, around 332,000 people have been evacuated from their homes in total as of December 17.
As Rai approached Vietnam after clearing the Philippines, officials held a meeting in which more than 243,254 houses across eight Vietnamese provinces were identified as "unsafe", while rice crops were harvested by farmers in preparation for the storm.Vietnam Airlines' flight operations were also halted due to the typhoon, while marine equipment, particularly fishing boats, were moved onto shores as a precautionary measure.Lý Sơn Islandalso prepared to evacuate over 7,800 individuals. Towing vessels were also readied in case of marine emergencies over the South China Sea. Medicine and food packs were also prepared while houses over the areas that are foreseen to be affected by Rai were secured.305,000 individuals were also readied to be evacuated fromQuảng BìnhtoBình Thuận. Heavy rainfall, strong winds and rough waves were also forecasted.
In Macau, theMacao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau(SMG) hoisted the typhoon warning signal number one in the early hours at 3AM on 20 December 2021 (MST).In Hong Kong, theHong Kong Observatoryissued the number 1 tropical cyclone signal at 11:20AM (HKT) on 20 December 2021, as Typhoon Rai approached the territory. Rai is the first typhoon on record to neccistate the issuance of typhoon warning signal in the territory in mid-December, on 20 December 2021, and the second on record in December. The last time such a signal warning was issued in Hong Kong in December was in 1974 as a response toTyphoon Irma.and was cancelled at 12:20PM HKT the following day.
In China, Blue Typhoon warnings were issued inHainanandGuangdongProvinces by theChina Meteorological Administration.
Rai caused severe and widespread damage throughout the Southern Philippines, killing at least 409.The NDRRMC confirmed the damage in infrastructure to be₱29.8 billion (US$596 million), along with ₱17.7 billion (US$354 million) of agricultural damage and ₱62.7 million (US$1.25 million) worth of damages to houses, with a combined total of ₱47.6 billion (US$951 million).
Over 100,000 people were moved to higher ground as flooding occurred.Strong winds and heavy rainfall also impactedGuiuan, Eastern Samar, with rough waves bashing the shores of the province, according to a news correspondent of24 Oras.The same situation was also felt across the entirety ofWestern Visayas.As Rai impacted Liloan in Southern Leyte, an area there was described as "cut-off", indicating that there was no electricity or means of communications in the place. AGMA Newsreporter recalling his experience inside the storm reported that the building where his team was sustained considerable damage, comparing it to Typhoon Haiyan in terms of ferocity. Their vehicles also received damage from the storm. After the storm passed over the area, the whole municipality was reported to be isolated.Many provinces in Mindanao also were severely affected by the typhoon. InCagayan de Oro, despite rushing water, rescue teams continued to save many people in their houses from the floods. A house was heavily destroyed by Odette's strong winds inAgusan del Nortewhile a barge of unknown origins was left stranded by the storm's waves on a shore, still in the province.Storm surge also impacted the coast boulevards of Surigao del Norte whileIligan's Mandulog River overflowed. The incident was a horror to many residents there, due to the same effectTropical Storm Washiin 2011 brought. Further south, it also caused rough waves overCateel.TheCagayan de Oro Riveralso overflowed, causing several homes to be near-completely inundated.The first fatality from the storm was reported atIloilo, where a woman was crushed to death in her house by a bamboo tree.
Surigao City was deprived of electricity and communications due to downed power lines while scores of trees left many roads impassable. Many buildings in the area were also devastated and the overall impact of Rai in the area were described as "widespread". Clean water supply became a problem in the city while almost all coastal houses were destroyed by the typhoon's storm surge. The main wet market of the area was also closed, still due to the effects of the system.Authorities are verifying a possible second death due to Rai in the city and a third elsewhere in southern Mindanao. The mayor of Surigao City, Ernesto Matugas also estimated that 100% of the area was devastated due to Odette, also appealing for aid to the government.Aid was also requested by the province of Bohol, where a chief of the area's Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (PDRRMO) described Rai as the "one of the worst ever for the province". Many areas in the island were severely inundated, includingLoboc, among the worst hit. The whole province also lost power services.The governor of the province, Arthur Yap estimated the damages at₱5 billion ($100 million).A terminal inSiargao Airportwas also totally destroyed; the overall island was also wrecked according to the first district representative of Surigao del Norte, Francisco Jose Matugas II.Southern Surigao confirmed a death, while two people died inBukidnon.Three individuals were killed due to various reasons acrossNegros Occidental. Numerous houses there were also destroyed by downed trees, with a triage of the Ignacio Locsin Arroyo Memorial District Hospital being wrecked. Some areas inKabankalanwere also inundated due to a river overflowing there.ThePhilippine National Police(PNP) also listed two people to be unaccounted for fromWestern Visayas.
Further assessments of the NDRRMC reported at least 12 killed due to the typhoon across the affected areas, while seven people were missing. A briefing with thePhilippine PresidentRodrigo Duterteoccurred on the night of December 17, where the agency noted that many provinces were also pleading for help, especially Cebu.The governor of Surigao also observed that over 99 percent of individuals of Surigao were affected. Aerial operations were also conducted by the Philippine Coast Guard, where they saw the total devastation of the island. The area were also reported to have been isolated from any means of transportations except for air. The government there also estimated damages to be₱20 billion ($400 million).The Dinagat Islands were also wrecked due to Rai, with their governor Arlene Bag-ao also requesting aid from the government, and saying the islands was "levelled to the ground". 95 percent of houses were estimated to have lost their roofs, and emergency shelters were destroyed.Almost all of Visayas have been left without electricity, according to theDepartment of Energy(DOE).In Negros Occidental, the agricultural damage is estimated at₱4.45 billion ($89 million), and it rose up to₱5.41 billion ($108 million) from the Department of Agriculture and Department of Public Works and Highways.
At least 332,000 people were evacuated from their homes. The storm affected areas that were still rebuilding from storms late last year.At least 140,000 people were severely affected, with theUnited Nationsestimating 13 million were affected in some way.Military-released aerial photos showedGeneral Lunawas destroyed by the typhoon.As the ravaged areas were examined, the death toll rose to 75, the majority of which were from Bohol. 12 were further reported by December 19, making the casualty toll at 87 as of that day.A landslide also caused the deaths of five people and left six missing, out of 11, further raising the toll to 92.TheAssociated Press, however indicated that over 112 were killed during the storm.78 marine vessels in Cebu also experienced sea mishaps, according to the PCG, while over 4,000 houses in Southern Leyte were destroyed due to the storm-induced storm surge.In northernPalawan, where Rai made its last landfall before clearing the country, many houses were downed and trees obstructed several roadways. Many locations in the province, including the major cityPuerto Princesawere left without electricity, water supply and communication signals.630,000 people were displaced, 438,000 were in 2,841 evacuation centers.At least 41 areas were flooded, 227 municipalities experienced power outages, and 135 saw telecommunication issues. Three days after the storm, 9% were estimated to have their outages fixed, and 70% communication restored.139,000 houses were damaged, with 54,000 being totally damaged and 82,000 partially.
OnPag-asa Islandof theSpratly Islands, some residential houses, schools, and government facilities including the new coast guard station were severely damaged by the typhoon.
Rai wreaked havoc across Vietnamese-held isles in the Spratly Islands. An observation tower inSouthwest Cayrecorded sustained winds up to 180 km/h (110 mph) and a gust of 200 km/h (120 mph) during the afternoon of December 18 before being knocked down. The storm destroyed 500 square meters (5,400 sq ft) of civilian house tiles, 27 solar batteries, 400 square meters (4,300 sq ft) of farmland, and knocked down 90% of the trees on the island; no casualties were reported there.Rai began to batter the Central Vietnamese coast at night, with winds in several provinces averaging 65–90 km/h (40–56 mph). Heavy rainfall was unleashed on Thừa Thiên – Huế to Khánh Hòa, with reports showing an average of 100–200 mm (3.9–7.9 in) of rainfall; some places recorded up to 300 mm (12 in) of rain.InNghệ An province, two crew members of a fishing vessel were reported missing in the waters offBạch Long Vĩ Island.
On December 19, one person (fisherman) was reported dead in Tuy Phong, five ships were capsized and three others were damaged off the coast of Bình Thuận.Rough storm waves damaged and destroyed 90 lobster herds on Bình Hưng Island,Cam Ranh, where losses was estimated to be more than 384 billionđồng(US$16.7 million).
Social media coverage of the typhoon was much less than expected the day after Rai.Possible effects from the newly emerged COVID-19Omicron variantwere feared to be worsened by the typhoon's effects.The DSWD further elaborated that over ₱900 million (US$18 million) worth of standby funds were already prepared for the people affected by Odette.Food and water was sparse for those impacted by the storm.The storage of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine kits were also feared to be disrupted due to power outages.While there were reports of vaccine wastage due to the typhoon, the Department of Health assured that the impact of the typhoon was minimal.Immediately after the storm, presidential aspirants for the2022 electionsset up relief and recovery operations for the victims of the storm, particularly inSamarandLeyteprovinces.Major telecommunication networks in the country reported communication disruptions in Visayas and Mindanao but assured that their respective teams are trying to restore services.Otherlocal government unitssent aid to the areas severely affected by the typhoon.
On December 17, the provinces of Cebu and Bohol were placed into astate of calamitydue to widespread damages.Philippine presidentRodrigo Duterteannounced that he will tour Leyte, Surigao, Bohol and Cebu to check the situation there.Recovery funds up to ₱2 billion (US$40 million) were promised by the national government for the affected areas of the storm. Duterte started to tour Surigao City, Siargao, Maasin, and Dinagat Islands on December 18.Aid teams were not able to enter into certain affected areas due to waterlogging, debris, and other obstacles.Thousands of emergency personnel were deployed.2 people died of dehydration after Rai passed.Catholic Bishops in the country declaredChristmas Dayand December 26 as national days of prayer and mourning for Rai's victims.The government's promise for 35,000 food packs took longer than expected to arrive, and was found to not be enough for people affected. Days later in Bohol, power outages still ranged in the millions. The provinces governor,Arthur Yap, feared the situation could worsen due to a lack of a contingency fund, with supplies of necessities running dry.Lootingas a potential problem also rose among affected populations.
News coverage regarding the impacts of Rai was limited in the days after the typhoon struck, a fact partly attributed to the shutdown of theregional news stations of media network ABS-CBN,which had earlier beendenied a renewal of its congressional franchise.With internet service knocked out and mobile phone networks brought down in the wake of the typhoon,news from the typhoon-hit areas was very limited in the critical first days after the disaster.
After Rai hit the Philippines, the governments ofCanada,China, theUnited Kingdom,European Union,South Korea,Singapore,Japanand theUnited Nationshad so far announced their intention to assist the country.
AppleCEOTim Cookhas pledged to commit itself to rebuilding communities in bothMalaysiaand thePhilippineswhile also providing short term relief and recovery efforts.
Due to the extensive damage and high death toll in Visayas and Mindanao, the PAGASA announced thatOdettewill bestrickenfrom the rotating list of typhoon names, and will never again be used for another typhoon name within thePhilippine Area of Responsibility (PAR). On March 21, 2022, the PAGASA chose the nameOpongas its replacement for the 2025 season.
In early 2023, the Typhoon Committee announced that the nameRai, along with two others will be removed from the naming lists.In the spring of 2024, the name was replaced withSarbulwhich refers to "monsoon" in theYapese language.