Bon

BonorBön(Tibetan:བོན་,Wylie:bon,ZYPY:Pön,Lhasa dialect:[pʰø̃̀]), also known asYungdrung Bon(Tibetan:གཡུང་དྲུང་བོན་,Wylie:gyung drung bon,ZYPY:Yungchung Pön,lit.'eternal Bon'), is the indigenousTibetan religionwhich shares many similarities and influences withTibetan Buddhism.It initially developed in the tenth and eleventh centuriesbut retains elements from earlierTibetan religious traditions.Bon is a significantminority religionin Tibet, especially in the east, as well as in the surroundingHimalayan regions.
The relationship between Bon andTibetan Buddhismhas been a subject of debate. According to the modern scholarGeoffrey Samuel, while Bon is "essentially a variant of Tibetan Buddhism" with many resemblances toNyingma, it also preserves some genuinely ancient pre-Buddhist elements.David Snellgrovelikewise sees Bon as a form ofBuddhism, albeit aheterodoxkind.Similarly,John Powerswrites that "historical evidence indicates that Bön only developed as a self-conscious religious system under the influence of Buddhism".
Followers of Bon, known as "Bonpos" (Wylie:bon po), believe that the religion originated in a kingdom calledZhangzhung, located aroundMount Kailashin theHimalayas.Bonpos hold that Bon was brought first to Zhangzhung, and then to Tibet.Bonpos identify the BuddhaShenrab Miwo(Wylie:gshen rab mi bo) as Bon's founder, although no available sources establish this figure's historicity.
Western scholars have posited several origins for Bon, and have used the term "Bon" in many ways. A distinction is sometimes made between an ancient Bon (Wylie:bon rnying), dating back to thepre-dynastic erabefore 618 CE; a classical Bon tradition (also calledYungdrung Bon–Wylie:g.yung drung bon) which emerged in the 10th and 11th centuries;and "New Bon" or Bon Sar (Wylie:bon gsar), a late syncretic movement dating back to the 14th century and active in eastern Tibet.
Tibetan Buddhist scholarship tends to cast Bon in a negative, adversarial light, with derogatory stories about Bon appearing in a number of Buddhist histories.TheRimé movementwithin Tibetan Buddhism encouraged more ecumenical attitudes between Bonpos and Buddhists. Western scholars began to take Bon seriously as a religious tradition worthy of study in the 1960s, in large part inspired by the work of English scholarDavid Snellgrove.Following theChinese invasion of Tibetin 1950, Bonpo scholars began to arrive inEuropeandNorth America, encouraging interest in Bon inthe West.Today, a proportion of Tibetans – both in Tibet and in theTibetan diaspora– practise Bon, and there are Bonpo centers in cities around the world.
Early Western studies of Bon relied heavily on Buddhist sources, and used the word to refer to the pre-Buddhist religion over which it was thought Buddhism triumphed.Helmut Hoffmann's 1950 study of Bon characterised this religion as "animism" and "shamanism"; these characterisations have been controversial.Hoffmann contrasted this animistic-shamanisticfolk religionwith the organised priesthood of Bonpos which developed later,Shaivism, Buddhisttantras.Hoffman also argued thatGnosticismfrom the West influenced the systematised Bön religion.
Hoffmann's study was foundational for Western understandings of Bon, but was challenged by a later generation of scholars influenced by David Snellgrove, who collaborated with Bonpo masters and translated Bonpo canonical texts. These scholars tended to view Bon as a heterodox form of Buddhism, transmitted separately from the two transmissions from India to Tibet that formed the Tibetan Buddhist tradition.With the translation of Bonpo histories into Western languages as well as increased engagement between Bonpos and Western scholars, a shift took place in Bon studies towards engaging more thoroughly Bonpos' own histories and self-identification, recognising Bon as an independent religious tradition worthy of academic study.
The termBonhas been used to refer to several different phenomena. Drawing from Buddhist sources, early Western commentators on Bon used the term for the pre-Buddhist religious practices of Tibet. These include folk religious practices,cults surrounding royalty, anddivinationpractices. However, scholars have debated whether the termBonshould be used for all of these practices, and what their relationship is to the modern Bon religion. In an influential article, R. A. Stein used the term "the nameless religion" to refer to folk religious practices, distinguishing them from Bon.
Per Kvaerne uses Bon solely to refer to a tradition he dates from tenth and eleventh centuries CE, the tradition which developed into the modern Bon religion.Kvaerne identifies this tradition as "an unorthodox form of Buddhism,"but other scholars such as Samten G. Karmay take seriously Bonpo narratives which define Bon as a separate tradition with an origin in the land of 'Olmo Lungring.The term Yungdrung Bon (Wylie:g.yung drung bon) is sometimes used to describe this tradition. "Yungdrung" refers to the left-facingswastika, a symbol which occupies in Bon a similar place as thevajra(Wylie:rdo rje) in Tibetan Buddhism, symbolising indestructibility and eternity.Yungdrung Bon is auniversal religion, although it is mainly limited to Tibetans, with some non-Tibetan converts.
There is also a kind of local village priests which are common throughout the Himalayas that are called "bon", "lhabon" or "aya" (and bombo in Nepal). These are not part of the Bon religion proper, but are lay ritual specialists, often on a part time basis. Samuel states that it is unclear if these "bon" priests go back to the ancient period or if the term developed after Yungdrung Bon.
Furthermore, theDongba(东巴) practices of theNakhi peopleand the Hangui (韩规) religion of thePumi peopleare both believed to have originated from Bon.
As noted by Dmitry Ermakov, "the word Bön is used to denote many diverse religious and cultural traditions." Bon sources acknowledge this and Bon authors like Shardza Rinpoche (1859–1935), Pelden Tsultrim (1902–1973) andLopön Tenzin Namdakuse a classification of three types of "Bon". Modern scholars also sometimes rely on this classification, which is as follows:
Dmitry Ermakov also adds an extra category which he terms "mixed Bon" and which he defines as:
From the traditional point of view of the Bon religion, Bon was the original religion of Tibet and Zhangzhung which was taught there by various Buddhas, includingTonpa Shenrab(whose name means “Supreme Holy Man”).
Tonpa Shenrab is believed to have received the teaching from the transcendent deityShenlha Okarin a pure realm before being reborn in the human realm with the purpose of teaching and liberating beings from the cycle of rebirth.He attainedBuddhahoodseveral hundred years beforeSakyamuni Buddha, in a country west of Tibet, called Olmo Lungring or Tazig (Tasi), which is difficult to identify and acts as a semi-mythical holy land in Bon (likeShambala).Various dates are given for his birth date, one of which corresponds to 1917 BCE.Some Bon texts also state that Sakyamuni was a later manifestation of Tonpa Shenrab.
Tonpa Shenrab is said to have been born to the Tazig royal family and to have eventually become the king of the realm. He is said to be the main Buddha of our era.He had numerous wives and children, constructed numerous temples and performed many rituals in order to spread Bon.Like Padmasambhava, he is also held to have defeated and subjugated many demons through his magical feats, and likeKing Gesar, he is also believed to have led numerous campaigns against evil forces.
Tonpa Shenrab is held to have visited the kingdom of Zhangzhung (an area in western Tibet aroundMount Kailash),where he found a people whose practice involved spiritual appeasement withanimal sacrifice. He taught them to substitute offerings with symbolic animal forms made from barley flour. He only taught according to the student's capability and thus he taught these people the lower vehicles to prepare them for the study ofsutra,tantraandDzogchenin later lives.It is only later in life that he became a celibate ascetic and it is during this time that he defeated his main enemy, the prince of the demons.
After Tonpa Shenrab'sparanirvana, his works were preserved in thelanguage of Zhangzhungby ancient Bon siddhas.Most of these teachings were said to have been lost in Tibet after the persecutions against Bon, such as during the time ofTrisong Detsen.Bon histories hold that some of Tonpa Shenrab's teachings were hidden away as termas and later re-discovered by Bon treasure revealers (tertons), the most important of which isShenchen Luga(c. early 11th century).
In the fourteenth century, Loden Nyingpo revealed a terma known asThe Brilliance(Wylie:gzi brjid), which contained the story of Tonpa Shenrab. He was not the first Bonpotertön, but his terma became one of the definitive scriptures of Bon.
Bon histories also discuss the lives of other important religious figures, such as the Zhangzhung Dzogchen masterTapihritsa.
Bon myth also includes other elements which are more obviously pre-Buddhist. According to Samuel, Bonpo texts include a creation narrative (in theSipe D zop ’ug) in which a creator deity, Trigyel Kugpa, also known asShenlha Okar, creates two eggs, a dark egg and a light egg.
According to Bon scriptures, in the beginning, these two forces, light and dark, created two persons. The black man, called Nyelwa Nakpo (“Black Suffering”), created the stars and all the demons, and is responsible for evil things like droughts. The white man, Öserden (“Radiant One”), is good and virtuous. He created the sun and moon, and taught humans religion. These two forces remain in the world in an ongoing struggle of good and evil which is also fought in the heart of every person.
Powers also writes that according to Bon scriptures, in the beginning, there was onlyemptiness, which is not a blank void but a pure potentiality. This produced five elements (earth, air, fire, water, and space) which came together into a vast "cosmic egg", from which a primordial being, Belchen Kékhö, was born.
Little is known about the pre-Buddhist religion of ancient Tibet and scholars of Bon disagree on its nature.Some think that Bon evolved fromZoroastrianismand others sayKashmiriBuddhism.
Bon may have referred to a kind of ritual, a type of priest, or a local religion.In ancient Tibet, there seem to have been a class of priests known askushen(sku gshen, “Priests of the Body”, i.e., the king's body). This religion was eventually marginalised with the coming of Buddhism and Buddhists wrote critiques and polemics of this religion, some of which survive in manuscripts found in Dunhuang (which refer to these practices as "Bon").
Likewise, Powers notes that early historical evidence indicates that the term "bon" originally referred to a type of priest who conducted various ceremonies, including priests of theYarlungkings. Their rituals included propitiating local spirits and guiding the dead through ceremonies to ensure a good afterlife. Their rituals may have involved animal sacrifice, making offerings with food and drink, and burying the dead with precious jewels. The most elaborate rituals involved the Tibetan kings which had special tombs made for them.
Robert Thurmandescribes at least one type of Bon as a "court religion" instituted "around 100 BCE" by King Pudegungyal, ninth king of theYarlung dynasty, "perhaps derived from Iranian models", mixed with existing native traditions. It was focused on "the support of the divine legitimacy of an organized state", still relatively new in Tibet. Prominent features were "great sacrificial rituals", especially around royal coronations and burials, and "oracular rites derived from the folk religion, especially magical possessions and healings that required the priests to exhibit shamanic powers". The king was symbolised by the mountain and the priest/shaman by the sky.  The religion was "somewhere between the previous "primitive animism", and the much changed later types of Bon.
According to David Snellgrove, the claim that Bon came from the West into Tibet is possible, since Buddhism had already been introduced to other areas surrounding Tibet (inCentral Asia) before its introduction into Tibet. As Powers writes, "since much ofCentral Asia at one time was Buddhist, it is very plausible that a form of Buddhism could have been transmitted to western Tibet prior to the arrival of Buddhist missionaries in the central provinces. Once established, it might then have absorbed elements of the local folk religion, eventually developing into a distinctive system incorporating features of Central Asian Buddhism and Tibetan folk religion."
According to Powers, ancient Bon was closely associated with the royal cult of the kings during the earlyTibetan Empireperiod and they performed "ceremonies to ensure the well-being of the country, guard against evil, protect the king, and enlist the help of spirits in Tibet's military ventures."As Buddhism began to become a more important part of Tibet's religious life, ancient Bon and Buddhism came into conflict and there is evidence of anti-Bon polemics.Some sources claim that a debate between Bonpos and Buddhists was held, and that a Tibetan king ruled Buddhism the winner, banishing Bon priests to border regions.However, Gorvine also mentions that in some cases, Bon priests and Buddhist monks would perform rituals together, and thus there was also some collaboration during the initial period of Buddhist dissemination in Tibet.
Bon sources place the blame of the decline of Bon on two persecutions by two Tibetan kings, Drigum Tsenpo and the Buddhist KingTri Songdetsen(r. 740–797).They also state that at this time, Bon terma texts were concealed all over Tibet.Bon sources generally see the arrival of Buddhism in Tibet and the subsequent period of Buddhist religious dominance as a catastrophe for the true doctrine of Bon. They see this as having been caused by demonic forces.However, other more conciliatory sources also state that Tonpa Shenrab and Sakyamuni were cousins and that their teachings are essentially the same.
The most influential historical figure of this period is the Bon lamaDrenpa Namkha. Buddhist sources mention this figure as well and there is little doubt he was a real historical figure.He is known for having ordained himself into Bon during a time when the religion was in decline and for having hidden away many Bon termas. Bon tradition holds that he was the father of another important figure, Tsewang Rigzin and some sources also claim he was the father ofPadmasambhava,which is unlikely as the great majority of sources say Padmasambhava was born inSwat, Pakistan.  A great cult developed around Drenpa Namkha and there is a vast literature about this figure.
Yungdrung Bon (Eternal Bon) is a living tradition that developed in Tibet in the 10th and 11th centuries during thelater dissemination of Buddhism(sometimes called the renaissance period) and contains many similarities to Tibetan Buddhism.According to Samuel, the origins of modern Yungdrung Bon have much in common with that of theNyingmaschool. Samuel traces both traditions to groups of "hereditary ritual practitioners" in Tibet which drew onBuddhist Tantraand "elements of earlier court and village-level ritual" during the 10th and 11th centuries.
These figures were threatened by the arrival of new Buddhist traditions from India which had greater prestige, new ritual repertoires and the full backing of Indian Buddhist scholarship. Both Nyingmapas and Bonpos used the concept of the terma to develop and expand their traditions in competition with theSarmaschools and also to defend their school as being grounded in an authentic ancient tradition.Thus, Bonpo tertons (treasure finders) like Shenchen Luga and Meuton Gongdzad Ritrod Chenpo revealed important Bon termas. An interesting figure of this era is the Dzogchen master and translatorVairotsana, who according to some sources also translated Bon texts into Tibetan and also hid some Bon termas before leaving Tibet.
While Yungdrung Bon and Nyingma originated in similar circles of pre-Sarma era ritual tantric practitioners, they adopted different approaches to legitimate their traditions. Nyingma looked back to theTibetan Empireperiod, and Indian Buddhist figures like Padmasambhava. Bonpos meanwhile looked further back, to Tibet's pre-Buddhist heritage, to another Buddha who was said to have lived before Sakyamuni, as well as to other masters from the kingdom of Zhangzhung.The main Bonpo figures of the Tibetan renaissance period were tertons (treasure revealers) who are said to have discovered Bon texts that had been hidden away during the era of persecution. These figures includeShenchen Luga(gShen chen Klu dga'), Khutsa Dawo (Khu tsha zla 'od, b. 1024), Gyermi Nyi O (Gyer mi nyi 'od), and Zhoton Ngodrup (bZhod ston d Ngos grub, c. 12th century). Most of these figures were also laymen. It was also during this era of Bonpo renewal that the Bon Kanjur and Tenjur were compiled.
Just like all forms of Tibetan Buddhism, Yungdrung Bon eventually developed a monastic tradition, with celibate monks living in various monasteries. Bon monks are calledtrangsong, a term that translates the Sanskritrishi(seer, or sage).A key figure in the establishment of Bon monasticism wasNyamme Sherab Gyaltsen(mNyam med Shes rab rgyal mtshan, c. 1356–1415).According to Jean Luc Achard, "his insistence onMadhyamaka, logic, gradual path (lamrim) and philosophical studies has modeled the now traditional approach of practice in most Bon po monasteries."His tradition emphasises the importance of combining the study of sutra, tantra and Dzogchen.The most important Bon monastery isMenri monastery, which was built in 1405 inTsang. Bon monks, like their Buddhist counterparts, study scripture, train in philosophical debate and perform rituals. However, Bon also has a strong tradition of lay yogis.
"New Bon" (bonsar, or sarma Bon) is a more recent development in the Bon tradition, which is closely related to both Eternal Bon and the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism.It is centered on the figures ofDrenpa Namkha, Tsewang Rigdzin andPadmasambhava, which in this school are considered to have transmitted and written commentaries on the works of Tonpa Shenrab in around the 8th century.
According to Jean Luc Achard, the New Bon movement begins in Eastern Tibet with the works of Tulku Loden Nyingpo (1360–1385), a terton who discovered theZibji(gzi brjid), a famous Tonpa Shenrab biography.His reincarnation, Techen Mishik Dorje is also known for his terma revelations.
The movement continued to develop, with new Bon terma texts being revealed well into the 18th century by influential tertons like Tulku Sangye Lingpa (b. 1705) and the first Kundrol Drakpa (b. 1700).New Bon figures do not consider their revelations to be truly "new", in the sense that they do not see their revelations as being ultimately different from Yungdrung Bon. However, some followers of more orthodox Yundrung Bon lineages, like the Manri tradition, saw these termas as being influenced by Buddhism. Later New Bon figures like Shardza Rinpoche (1859–1934) responded to these critiques (see hisTreasury of Good Sayings,legs bshad mdzod).The work of these New Bon figures led to the flourishing of New Bon in Eastern Tibet.
Some Tibetan tertons likeDorje Lingpawere known to have revealed New Bon termas as well as Nyingma termas.
Lobsang Yeshe(1663–1737), recognised as the 5thPanchen Lamaby the5th Dalai Lama(1617–1682), was a member of the Dru family, an important Bon family. Samten Karmay sees this choice as a gesture of reconciliation with Bon by the Fifth Dalai Lama (who had previously converted some Bon monasteries to Gelug ones by force). Under the Fifth Dalai Lama, Bon was also officially recognised as a Tibetan religion.Bon suffered extensively during theDzungarinvasion of Tibet in 1717, when manyNyingmapasand Bonpos were executed.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bon tradition (both New Bon and Eternal Bon lineages) flourished in Eastern Tibet, led by charismatic Bonpo lamas like bDe ch en gling pa, d Bal gter sTag s lag can (bsTan 'dzin dbang rgyal), gSang sngags gling pa, and Shardza Rinpoche.
Shardza Tashi Gyaltsen(1859–1933) was a particularly important Bon master of this era, whose collected writings comprise up to eighteen volumes (or sometimes twenty).According to William M. Gorvine, this figure is "the Bon religion's most renowned and influential luminary of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."He was associated with the orthodox Eternal Bon Manri monastery tradition as well as with New Bon figures like the 5th and 6th Kun grol incarnations, gSang sngags gling pa (b. 1864) and bDe chen gling pa (1833–1893) as well as with dBal bon sTag lag ca n, bsTan ' d zin dbang rgyal (b. 1832). These figures maintained the orthodox Manri tradition of Eternal Bon, while also holding New Bon terma lineages.
Shardza Rinpoche is also known to have had connections with the non-sectarian Buddhist lamas of theRime movementand to have taught both Buddhists and Bonpos.
Shardza Rinpoche had many disciples, including his nephew Lodro Gyatso (1915–1954) who led the lineage and Shardza's hermitage and college, after Shardza's passing.His discipleKagya Khyungtrul Jigmey Namkhatrained many practitioners to be learned in not only the Bon religion, but in all Tibetan sciences.More than three hundred Bon monasteries had been established in Tibet before Chinese occupation. Of these,Menri MonasteryandShurishing Yungdrung Dungdrakling Monasterywere the two principal monastic universities for the study and practice of Bon.
In 2019, scholars estimate that there were 400,000 Bon followers in theTibetan plateau.WhenTibet was invaded by the People's Republic of China, there were approximately 300 Bon monasteries in Tibet and the rest ofwestern China. Bon suffered the same fate as Tibetan Buddhism did during the ChineseCultural revolution, though their monasteries were allowed to rebuild after 1980.
The present spiritual head of the Bon isMenri Trizin Rinpoché, successor ofLungtok Tenpai Nyima(1929–2017), the thirty-fourth Abbot ofMenri Monastery(destroyed in theCultural Revolution, but now rebuilt), who now presides overPal Shen-ten Menri LinginDolanjiinHimachal Pradesh, India. The 33rd lineage holder ofMenri Monastery, Menri TrizinLungtog Tenpei NyimaandLopön Tenzin Namdakare important current lineage holders of Bon.
A number of Bon establishments also exist inNepal;Triten Norbutse Bonpo Monasteryis one on the western outskirts ofKathmandu. Bon's leading monastery in India is therefounded Menri MonasteryinDolanji,Himachal Pradesh.
Bonpos remained a stigmatised and marginalised group until 1979, when they sent representatives toDharamshalaand the14th Dalai Lama, who advised theParliament of the Central Tibetan Administrationto accept Bon members. Before this recognition, during the previous twenty years, the Bon community had received none of the financial support which was channelled through the Dalai Lama's office and were often neglected and treated dismissively in the Tibetan refugee community.
Since 1979, Bon has had official recognition of its status as a religious group, with the same rights as the Buddhist schools. This was re-stated in 1987 by the Dalai Lama, who also forbade discrimination against the Bonpos, stating that it was both undemocratic and self-defeating. He even donned Bon ritual paraphernalia, emphasising "the religious equality of the Bon faith".The Dalai Lama now sees Bon as the fifth Tibetan religion and has given Bonpos representation on the Council of Religious Affairs atDharamsala.
However, Tibetans still differentiate between Bon and Buddhism, referring to members of the Nyingma, Shakya, Kagyu and Gelug schools asnangpa, meaning "insiders", but to practitioners of Bon as "Bonpo", or evenchipa("outsiders").
According to Samuel, the teachings of Bon closely resemble those of Tibetan Buddhism, especially those of theNyingmaschool. Bon monasticism has also developed a philosophical and debate tradition which is modelled on the tradition of theGelugschool.Like Buddhism, Bon teachings see the world as a place of suffering and seek spiritual liberation. They teachkarmaandrebirthas well as thesix realms of existencefound in Buddhism.
Bon lamas and monks fill similar roles as those of Tibetan Buddhist lamas and the deities and rituals of Bon often resemble Buddhist ones, even if their names and iconography differ in other respects.For example, the Bon deity Phurba is almost the same deity asVajrakilaya, while Chamma closely resemblesTara.
Per Kværnewrites that, at first glance, Bon "appear to be nearly indistinguishable from Buddhism with respect to its doctrines, monastic life, rituals, and meditational practices."However, both religions agree that they are distinct, and a central distinction is that Bon's source of religious authority is not the Indian Buddhist tradition, but what it considers to be the eternal religion which it received from Zhangzhung (in Western Tibet) and ultimately derives from land called Tazik where Tonpa Shenrab lived, ruled as king and taught Bon.Bon also includes many rituals and concerns that are not as common in Tibetan Buddhism. Many of these are worldly and pragmatic, such as divination rituals, funerary rituals that are meant to guide a deceased person's consciousness to higher realms and appeasing local deities through ransom rituals.
In the Bon worldview, the term "Bon" means “truth,” “reality,” and “the true doctrine.” The Bon religion, which is revealed by enlightened beings, provides ways of dealing with the mundane world as well as a path to spiritual liberation.Bon doctrine is generally classified in various ways, including the "nine ways" and the four portals and the fifth, the treasury.
According to Bon, all of reality is pervaded by a transcendent principle, which has a male aspect called Kuntuzangpo (All-Good) and a female aspect called Kuntuzangmo. This principle is an empty dynamic potentiality. It is also identified with what is called the "bon body" (bon sku), which is the true nature of all phenomena and is similar to the Buddhist idea of theDharmakaya, as well as with the "bon nature" (bon nyid), which is similar to "Buddha nature". This ultimate principle is the source of all reality and to achieve spiritual liberation, one must have insight into this ultimate nature.
According to John Myrdhin Reynolds, Bonpo Dzogchen is said to reveal one's Primordial State (ye gzhi) or Natural State (gnas-lugs) which is described in terms of intrinsic primordial purity (ka-dag) and spontaneous perfection in manifestation (lhun-grub).
The Bon Dzogchen understanding of reality is explained by Powers as follows:
According toJohn Myrdhin Reynolds, the main Bon teachings are classified into three main schemas:
Samuel notes that Bon tends to be more accepting and explicit in their embrace of the practical side of life (and the importance of life rituals and worldly activities) which falls under the "Bon of cause" division of "the Nine Ways of Bon" (bon theg pa rim dgu). This schema includes all the teachings of Bon and divides them into nine main classes, which are as follows:
Traditionally, the Nine Ways are taught in three versions: in the Central, Northern and Southern treasures. The Central treasure is closest to NyingmaNine Yānasteaching and the Northern treasure is lost.Tenzin Wangyal Rinpocheelaborated the Southern treasure with shamanism.
The nine ways are classified into two main divisions in the "Southern Treasure" terma tradition:
This classification, called The Four Portals and the Fifth, the Treasury (sgo bzhi mdzod lnga), is a different and independent system of classification.The main sets of teachings here are divided up as follows:
The Three Cycles of Precepts that are Outer, Inner, and Secret (bka' phyi nang gsang skor gsum) are:
There are three main Bon Dzogchen traditions:
Donnatella Rossi also mentions two more important cycles of Bon Dzogchen teachings:
Bon deities share some similarities to BuddhistMahayanadeities and some are also called "Buddhas" (sanggye), but they also have unique names, iconography and mantras.As in Tibetan Buddhism, Bon deities can be "peaceful" or "wrathful".
The most important of the peaceful deities are the "Four Transcendent Lords, Deshek Tsozhi (bDer gshegs gtso bzhi)."Each of these four beings has many different forms and manifestations.These are:
BonYidams(meditation or tutelary deities) are those deities which are often used in meditative tantric practice and are the mainly fierce or wrathful forms. These class of deities resemble Buddhist yidams likeChakrasamvaraandHevajra. It includes figures like Magyu Sangchog Tartug ('Supreme Secret of Mother Tantras, Attaining the Limit'), Trowo Tsochog Khagying ('Wrathful One, Supreme Lord Towering in the Sky'), Welse Ngampa ('Fierce Piercing Deity'), and Meri ('Mountain of Fire').The Bonpos also have a tantric tradition of a deity called Purpa, which is very similar to the Nyingma deityVajrakilaya.
Like the Buddhists, the Bon pantheon also includes various protector deities, siddhas (perfected ones), lamas (teachers) anddakinis. Some key figures areDrenpa Namkha(a major 8th century Bon lama whose name is also mentioned in Buddhist sources), the sage Takla Mebar (a disciple of Tonpa Shenrab), Sangwa Dupa (a sage from Tazik), Zangsa Ringtsun (Auspicious Lady of Long Life).
The Bon cosmos contains numerous other deities, including Shangpo and Chucham (a goddess of water) who produced nine gods and goddesses. There is also the 360 Kékhö, who live on the mount Tisé (Kailash) and the 360 Werma deities. These are associated with the 360 days of the year.
Another set of deities are the White Old Man, a sky god, and his consort. They are known by a few different names, such as theGyalpo Peharcalled “King Pehar” (Wylie:pe har rgyal po). Pehar is featured as a protecting deity of Zhangzhung, the center of the Bon religion. Reportedly, Pehar is related to celestial heavens and the sky in general. In early Buddhist times, Pehar transmogrified into a shamanic bird to adapt to the bird motifs of shamanism. Pehar's consort is a female deity known by one of her names as Düza Minkar (Wylie:bdud gza smin dkar).
Bonpos cultivate household gods in addition to other deities and the layout of their homes may include various seats for protector deities.
Chinese influence is also seen is some of the deities worshiped in Bon. For example,Confuciusis worshipped in Bon as a holy king and master of magic, divination and astrology. He is also seen as being a reincarnation ofTonpa Shenrab Miwoche, the legendary founder of Bon.
In the Balti version of Bon inBaltistan, deities such aslha(gods),klu(serpents or dragons) andlhamo(goddesses) are worshipped, and many legends about these deities still exist among the local population.
Bon texts can be divided into translations of teachings (the words of Buddha Shenrab, found in the Bon Kanjur) and translations of treatises (philosophical and commentarial texts, the Bon Tenjur).The Bon Kanjur comprises four main categories: theSutras(mdo), thePerfection of Wisdom Teachings('bum), theTantras(rgyud) and Higher Knowledge (mdzod,'Treasure-house'), which deals with the supreme forms of meditation.The Tenjur material is classified into three main categories according to Kvaerne: "'External', including commentaries on canonical texts dealing with monastic discipline, morality; metaphysics and the biographies of Tonpa Shenrap; 'Internal', comprising the commentaries on the Tantras including rituals focusing on the tantric deities and the cult of dakinis, goddesses whose task it is to protect the Doctrine, and worldly rituals of magic and divination; and finally 'Secret', a section that deals with meditational practices."
Besides these, the Bon canon includes material onrituals,artsandcrafts,logic,medicine,poetryandnarrative. According to Powers, Bon literature includes numerous ritual and liturgical treatises, which share some similarities to Tibetan Buddhist ritual.According to Per Kvaerne, "while no precise date for the formation of the Bonpo Kanjur can be ascertained at present...it does not seem to contain texts which have come to light later than 1386. A reasonable surmise would be that the Bonpo Kanjur was assembled by 1450."
According to Samuel, Bon texts are similar to Buddhist texts and thus suggest "a considerable amount of borrowing between the two traditions in the tenth and eleventh centuries. While it has generally been assumed that this borrowing proceeds from Buddhist to Bonpo, and this seems to have been the case for the Phurba practice, some of it may well have been in the opposite direction."Powers similarly notes that "many Bön scriptures are nearly identical to texts in the Buddhist canon, but often have different titles and Bön technical terms" and "only a few Bön texts that seem to predate Buddhism."While Western scholars initially assumed that this similarity with Buddhist texts was mereplagiarism, the work of Snellgrove and others have reassessed this view and now most scholars of Bon hold that in many cases, Buddhist texts borrow and reproduce Bon texts.Per Kværnewrites that "this does not mean that Bon was not at some stage powerfully influenced by Buddhism; but once the two religions, Bon and Buddhism, were established as rival traditions in Tibet, their relationship was a complicated one of mutual influence.
Regarding the current status of the Bon canon, Powers writes that:
The largest part of the Bon canon is made up of numeroustermas(treasure texts), which were believed to have been hidden away during the period of persecution and to have begun to be discovered during the 10th century.Bonpos hold that their termas were hidden by masters likeDrenpa Namkhaduring the period of decline and persecution underKing Trisong Detsen, and then were rediscovered by later Bon tertons (treasure discoverers).
The three principal terma of Yungdrung Bon are:
Three Bon scriptures—mdo 'dus,gzer mig, andgzi brjid—relate the mythos ofTonpa Shenrab Miwoche. The Bonpos regard the first two asgter marediscovered around the tenth and eleventh centuries and the last asnyan brgyud(oral transmission) dictated by Loden Nyingpo, who lived in the fourteenth century.
A Cavern of Treasures(Tibetan:མཛོད་ཕུག,Wylie:mdzod phug) is a Bontermauncovered by Shenchen Luga (Tibetan:གཤེན་ཆེན་ཀླུ་དགའ,Wylie:gshen chen klu dga') in the early 11th century which is an important source for the study of theZhang-Zhung language.
The main Bon great perfection teachings are found in terma texts calledThe Three Cycles of Revelation. The primary Bon Dzogchen text isThe Golden Tortoise, which was revealed by Ngödrup Drakpa (c. 11th century). According to Samten Karmay, these teachings are similar to those of theSemdeclass in Nyingma.According to Jean Luc Achard, the main Dzogchen cycle studied and practised in contemporary Bon isThe Oral Transmission of the Great Perfection in Zhangzhung(rDzogs pa chen po zhang zhung snyan rgyud),a cycle which includes teachings on the Dzogchen practices oftrekchoandthogal(though it uses different terms to refer to these practices) and is attributed to the Zhangzhung sageTapihritsa.