Kampak

Kampakmangrupaalatkuno jeungubiquitousnu geus digunakeun mangrébu-rébu taun ka tukang keur nyeukeutan, meulah sarta motongkai,panénkai, minangkapakarangjeungsimbulsérémonialatawahéraldik. Kampak loba wangun tur kagunaan hususna tapi umumna miboga mata kampak jeung gagangna.
Conto kampak paling awal dijieun tina bahanbatukalawan sababaraha wujud gagang kai anu napel salaku  (panyepengan) gumantung kana bahan anu aya sarta kagunaanna mangsa harita. Kiwari kampak aya anu dijieun tina rupa-rupa bahan kayaning:tambaga,kuningan,beusijeungwajaluyu jeung mekarna téknologi kiwari.
The axe is an example of asimple machinewith the axe being a type ofwedge. This reduces the effort needed by the wood chopper.
Most modérn axes have steel héads and wooden handles (typicallyhickory) althoughplasticorfibreglasshandles are not uncommon. modérn axes are specialized by use, size and form. Hafted axes with short handles designed for use with one hand are often called hand axes but the term hand axe refers to axes without handles as well.Hatchetstend to be small hafted axes often with ahammeron the back side.
éarly stone tools like thehand axewere probably not hafted. The first true hafted axes are known from theMesolithicperiod (ca.6000 BC), where axes made from antler were used that continued to be utilized in theNeolithicin some aréas. Chopping tools made fromflintwere hafted asadzes.
Axes made from ground stone are known since the Néolithic. They were used to felltreesand for woodworking. Few wooden hafts have been found, but it seems that the axe was normally hafted by wedging.Birch-tarand raw-hidelashings were used to fix the blade. Since the late Néolithic (Michelsberg culture,Cortaillod culture) very small axe blades of a rectangular shape became common. They were hafted with anantlersleeve. This prevented both the splitting of the haft and softened the impact on the stone blade itself.
The éarlier Néolithic axe blades were made by first knapping and then grinding a stone. By late Néolithic times, sawing (woodensawsand sand) became common. This allowed a more efficient use of the raw material. InScandinavia, NorthernGermanyandPolandaxe blades made from knapped and polishedflintwere common.
Stone axes are quite efficient tools; using one, it takes about 10 minutes to fell ahardwoodash treeof 10 cm diaméter, one to two hours for an ash of 30 cm diaméter. (modérn comparison: 25 cmsoftwoodwhite pine, standing chop, under two minutes with a 3.5 kg competition felling axe.)
From the late Néolithic onwards (Pfyn-Altheim cultures) flat axes were made ofcopperor copper mixed withArsenic. Bronze axes are found since the éarlyBronze Age(A2). The flat axe developed intopalstaves, flanged axes and later winged and socketed axes. The so-called "Battle-axe people" of3rd millennium BCEurope has been suggested to correspond to éarlyProto-Indo-Europeans, ancestors of the laterCelticandGermanic tribes. Axes also were an important part in the Chinese wéaponry.
TheProto-Indo-Europeanword for "axe" may have beenpelek'u-(Greekpelekusπέλεκυς,Sanskritparashu, see alsoParashurama), but the word was probably a loan, or a néolithicwanderwort, ultimately related toSumerianbalag,Akkadianpilaku-(see alsoLabrys).
Late Néolithic 'axefactories', where thousands of ground stone axes were roughed out are known fromGreat Britain(for exampleGreat LangdaleinCumbria),Ireland(Lambay Island,Porphyry,Rathlin IslandandTievebulliagh, porcellanite) Poland (Krzemionki,flint),France(Plancher-les-Mines, Vosges,pelite,Plussulien,Brittany, meta-dolerite) andItaly(Val de'Aoste,omphacite. The distribution of stone axes is an important indication ofprehistorictrade.thin sectioningis used to determine the provenance of ground stone axe blades.
Stone axes are still produced and in use today in parts ofIrian Jaya,New Guinea. TheMount Hagenaréa was an important production centre.
At léast since the late Néolithic, elaborate axes (battle-axes, T-axes, etc.) had areligioussignificance as well and probably indicated the exaltedstatusof their owner. Certain types almost never show traces of wéar; deposits of unshafted axe blades from the middle Néolithic (such as Somerset Levels in Gréat Britain) may have been gifts to thegods.
In Minoan Crete, thedouble axe(labrys) had a special méaning. Double axes date back to the Néolithic as well. In1998, adouble axe, complete with an elaborately embellished haft, has been found at Cham-Eslen,Canton of Zug,Switzerland. The haft was 120 cm long and wrapped in ornamented birch-bark. The axe blade is 17,4 cm long and made ofantigorite, mined in theGotthard-aréa. The haft goes through a biconical drilled hole and is fastened by wedges of antler and by birch-tar. It belongs to the éarlyCortaillod culture.
In theRomanfasces, the axe symbolized theauthoritytodecapitate.
Infolklore, stone axes were sometimes believed to bethunderboltsand were used to guard buildings againstlightning, as it was believed (mythically) thatlightningnever struck the same place twice. This has caused some skewing of axe distributions.
Steelaxes were important insuperstitionas well. A thrown axe could keep off ahailstorm, sometimes an axe was placed in thecrops, with the cutting edge to the skies to protect theharvestagainst badweather. An upright axe buried under thesillof a house would keep offwitches, while an axe under the bed would assuremaleoffspring.
The axe is comprised of two primary components, the axehead, and thehaft.
TheAxe Héadis typically bounded by thebit(or blade) at one end, and thepoll(or butt) at the other, though some designs féature two bits opposite éach other. The top corner of the bit where the cutting edge begins is called thetoe, and the bottom corner is known as theheel. Either side of the héad is called thecheek, which is sometimes supplemented bylugswhere the héad meets the haft, and the hole where the haft is mounted is called theeye. The part of the bit that descends below the rest of the axe-héad is called the béard, and abearded axeis an antiquated axe héad with an exaggerated béard that can sometimes extend the cutting edge twice the height of the rest of the héad.
TheAxe Haftis sometimes called the handle. Traditionally, it was made of a resilient hardwood like hickory or ash, but modérn axes often have hafts made of durable synthetic materials. Antique axes and their modérn reproductions, like thetomahawk, often had a simple, straight haft with a circular cross-section that wedged onto the axe-héad without the aid of wedges or pins. modérn hafts are curved for better grip and to aid in the swinging motion, and are mounted securely to the héad. Theshoulderis where the héad mounts onto the haft, and this is either a long oval or rectangular cross-section of the haft that's secured to the axe héad with small metal or wooden wedges. Thebellyof the haft is the longest part, where it bows in gently, and the throat is where it curves sharply down into to the shortgrip, just before end of the haft, which is known as theknob.
H. Bächtold-Stäubli, Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens (Berlin, De Gruyter 1987).
"An Axe to Grind" Practical axe manual[1]