Geoduck

ThePacific geoduck(/ˈɡuːiˌdʌk/GOO-ee-duk;Panopea generosa) is aspeciesof very large saltwaterclamin the familyHiatellidae.The common name is derived from theLushootseedname,gʷidəq.
The geoduck is native to the coastal waters of the eastern North Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Baja California.The shell of the clam ranges from 15 centimetres (6 in) to over 20 centimetres (8 in) in length, but the extremely longsiphonsmake the clam itself much longer than this: the "shaft" or siphons alone can be 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in length. The geoduck is the largest burrowing clam in the world.It is also one of the longest-living animals of any type, with a typical lifespan of 140 years;the oldest has been recorded at 179 years old.The precise longevity of geoducks can be determined from annual rings deposited in the shell which can be assigned to calendar years of formation throughcrossdating.These annual rings also serve as an archive of past marine variability.
The nameGeoduckis derived from theLushootseedname for the animal,gʷidəq.The etymology ofgʷidəqis disputed. The lexical suffix=əqmeans "many" in Lushootseed.The Oxford English Dictionary claims it is composed of a root word of unknown meaning and=əqinstead meaning "genitals" (referring to the shape of the clam),while other researchers claim it is a phrase meaning "dig deep".
It is sometimes known as amud duck,king clamor, whentranslated literallyfromChinese, anelephant-trunk clam(Chinese:象拔蚌;pinyin:xiàngbábàng;Jyutping:zoeng6 bat6 pong5).
Between 1983 and 2010, the scientific name of this clam was confused with that of an extinct clam,Panopea abrupta(Conrad, 1849), in scientific literature.
Native to thewest coastofCanadaand the northwest coast of theUnited States(primarilyWashingtonandBritish Columbia), thesemarinebivalvemollusksare the largest burrowing clams in the world, weighing in at an average of0.7 kilograms (1+1⁄2lb) at maturity, butspecimensweighing over 7 kilograms (15 lb) and as much as 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in length are not unheard of.
A related species,Panopea zelandica, is found in New Zealand and has been harvested commercially since 1989. The largest quantities have come from Golden Bay in the South Island where 100 tonnes (110 short tons) were harvested in one year. There is a growing concern over the increase of parasites in the Puget Sound population of geoduck. Whether thesemicrosporidium-like parasitic species were introduced by commercial farming is being studied by Sea Grant. Research to date does indicate their presence.
The oldest recorded specimen was 179 years old, but individuals usually live up to 140 years.A geoduck sucks water containingplanktondown through its long siphon, filters this for food and ejects its refuse out through a separate hole in the siphon. Adult geoducks have few naturalpredators, which may also contribute to their longevity. InAlaska,sea ottersanddogfishhave proved capable of dislodging geoducks;starfishalso attack and feed on the exposed geoduck siphon.
Geoducks are broadcast spawners. A female geoduck produces about 5billioneggs in her century-long lifespan. However, due to a low rate of recruitment and a high rate of mortality for geoduck eggs, larvae, and post-settled juveniles, populations are slow to rebound.In the Puget Sound, studies indicate that the recovery time for a harvested tract is 39 years.
Biomassdensities in Southeast Alaska are estimated by divers, then inflated by twenty percent to account for geoducks not visible at the time of survey.This estimate is used to predict the two percent allowed for commercial harvesting.
The world's first geoduck fishery was created in 1970, but demand for the half-forgotten clam was low at first due to its texture.As of 2011, these clams sell in China for over US$33 per kilogram or $15 per pound.
The geoduck's high market value has created an $80-million industry, with harvesting occurring in the US states ofAlaska,Washington, andOregonand theCanadian provinceofBritish Columbia. It is one of the most closely regulated fisheries in both countries. In Washington,Department of Natural Resourcesstaff are on the water continually monitoring harvests to ensure revenues are received, and the same is true in Canada where the Underwater Harvesters' Association manages the Canadian Fishery in conjunction with Canada's Department of Fisheries and Oceans. TheWashington State Department of Healthtests water and flesh to assure clams are not filtering and holding pollutants, an ongoing problem. With the rise in price has come the inevitable problem with poaching, and with it the possibility some could be harvested from unsafe areas.
As of 2007, advances in the testing system for contaminated clams have allowed geoduck harvesters to deliver live clams more consistently. The new testing system determines the viability of clams from tested beds before the harvesters fish the area. Previous methods tested clams after harvest. This advancement has meant that 90 percent of clams were delivered live to market in 2007. In 2001, only 10 percent were live.Because geoduck have a much higher market value live, an additional $4.4 to $6.6 per kilogram or $2 to $3 per pound, this development has helped to stimulate the burgeoning industry.
TheCOVID-19 pandemicdisrupted the geoduck industry. Given the near-shutdown of restaurants and seafood markets across the country, demand for live geoducks plummeted. Divers in Southeast Alaska who typically see prices of $11 to $22 per kilogram or $5 to $10 per pound for live geoducks reported prices as low as $2.2 per kilogram or $1 per pound, leading many to stop fishing temporarily.
Geoduck farming grow-out and harvest practices are controversial,and have created conflicts with shoreline property owners,and concerns from nongovernmental organizations.However, theEnvironmental Defense Fundhas found that bivalves (oysters, mussels, and clams) are beneficial to the marine environment.The water must be certifiably clean to plant geoducks commercially.Regulation was mandated in 2007.Studies have been funded to determine short- and long-term environmental and genetic impacts.In southern Puget Sound, the effect of geoduck farming on large mobile animals is ambiguous.A 2004 draft biological assessment, commissioned by three of the largest commercial shellfish companies in the Puget Sound region, identified no long-term effects of geoduck farming on threatened or endangered species.
The large, meaty siphon is prized for itssavoryflavor and crunchy texture. Geoduck is regarded by some as anaphrodisiacbecause of itsphallicshape.It is very popular inChina, where it is considered adelicacy,mostly eaten cooked in a fondue-style Chinese hot pot. InKorean cuisine, geoducks are eaten raw with spicy chili sauce, sautéed, or in soups and stews. InJapan, geoduck is prepared as rawsashimi, dipped insoy sauceandwasabi. OnJapanese menusin cheaper sushi restaurants, geoduck is sometimes substituted forTresus keenae, a species ofhorse clam, and labeledmirugaiormirukuigai. It is considered to have a texture similar to anark shell(known in Japanese asakagai).Mirugaiis sometimes translated into English as "giant clam", and it is distinguished fromhimejakosushi, which is made fromTridacna gigas.
Evergreen State CollegeinOlympia, Washington, has a geoduck as its mascot  named Speedy.
Geoducks have also earned some internet infamy due to the phallic appearance of their siphons.