Phuket province

Phuket/ˌpuːˈkɛt/;Thai:ภูเก็ต,[pʰūː.kèt],Malay:BukitorTongkahis one of thesouthernprovinces (changwat) of Thailand. It consists of the island of Phuket,the country's largest island, and another 32 smaller islands off its coast.Phuket lies off the west coast of mainlandThailandin theAndaman Sea. Phuket Island is connected by theSarasin BridgetoPhang Nga provinceto the north. The next nearest province isKrabi, to the east across Phang Nga Bay.
Phuket province, encompassing an area of 576 km(222 sq mi), ranks as the second-smallest province in Thailand. Its size is about two-thirds the size ofSingapore. Historically, Phuket Island was situated on a major trading route between India and China. This strategic location led to its frequent mention in thelogsof foreign ships, including those from Portugal, France, the Netherlands, and England. Despite this attention from various European powers, Phuket was never colonized by any European nation.
Economically, the province's wealth was initially derived fromtinandrubberproduction. In more recent times, Phuket has transitioned totourismas its primary source of income. More than 100,000 foreigners are estimated to have settled in Phuket.
The name "Phuket" (of which the digraphphrepresents anaspirated/pʰ/) is derived from the corruption of the wordBukit(Jawi:بوکيت‎) inMalaywhich means "hill", as this is what the island appears like from a distance. With its geographical location in theMalay Peninsula, Phuket was historically inhabited by theAustronesianMalays, before it was settled by theThaisdue to southward expansions of Siamese kingdoms, most recently theRattanakosin Kingdom.
Phuket was formerly known asThalang(ถลางTha-Laang), which is also derived from the old MalayTelong(Jawi:تلوڠ‎) which means "cape". The northern district of the province, which was the location of the old capital, still uses this name. In Western sources and navigation charts, it was known asJunk Ceylon(a corruption of the MalayTanjung Salang;Jawi:تنجوڠ سالڠ‎; i.e., "Cape Salang").
Fernão Mendes Pinto, aPortugueseexplorer, arrived in Siam in 1545. His travel accounts provide insights into various parts of the country, including a detailed description of ports in the southern part of theKingdom. Pinto's records are among the earliest European accounts to mention Phuket, which he referred to asJunk Ceylon, a name used by the Portuguese in their maps. This designation appears seven times in his writings. According to Pinto, Junk Ceylon was a significant port of call fortrading vessels, where they often stopped for supplies and provisions.
However, Pinto noted that during the mid-16th century, the island's prominence was in decline. This downturn was attributed to the presence of pirates and the challenging sea conditions, which made the area less favorable for merchant vessels. In addition to Phuket, Pinto's accounts also include references to other important port cities of the time, such as Patani and Ligor, the latter being the present-day Nakhon Si Thammarat.
During the 17th century, Junk Ceylon (now known as Phuket) was a focal point of international trade, particularly for its tin resources. TheDutchandEnglish, and later theFrenchafter the 1680s, competed for trading opportunities on the island. In September 1680, theFrench East India Company's ship arrived at the island and departed with a cargo full oftin.
In an effort to diminish Dutch and English influence in the region, the Siamese KingNaraiappointed a French medical missionary, BrotherRené Charbonneauof theSociété des Missions Étrangères, as the governor of Junk Ceylon. Charbonneau held this position until 1685.
King Narai, in 1685, granted the French a tin monopoly in Phuket, formalized through an agreement with the French ambassador, theChevalier de Chaumont.Subsequently, Sieur de Billy, previously themaître d'hôtelfor Chaumont, was appointed as the governor of the island.However, following theSiamese revolutionin 1688, the French presence in Siam was significantly reduced. On 10 April 1689,Desfargesled a military expedition to recapture Thalang in an attempt to re-establish French control in the region.This occupation was short-lived, with Desfarges returning toPuducherryin January 1690.
Before theBurmese assault on Thalang in 1785, during what is known as the "Nine Armies' Wars",Francis Light, a captain with theBritish East India Company, alerted the authorities in Phuket of the impending Burmese attack.Light's warning came at a time when the island's military governor had recently passed away, leading the Burmese to believe that Phuket could be easily conquered. However,Than Phu YingChan, the widow of the deceased governor, along with her sister Mook (คุณมุก), devised a strategic defense. They instructed the women of the island to dress as soldiers and position themselves along the walls of Thalang city. This ruse led the Burmese to overestimate the strength of the island's defenses, prompting them to abort their attack and eventually retreat after a month-long siege, which ended on 13 March 1785. In recognition of their bravery and ingenuity,King Rama Ibestowed the titlesThao Thep Kasattri and Thao Si Sunthonupon the two sisters, celebrating them as heroines of Phuket.
The officialsealof Phuket features a depiction of the Two Heroines Monument, located along Highway 402 inPhuket, in honor of the sisters.Encircled by a traditional Thaikranok pattern,this seal has been in use since 1985.
During the reign ofKing Chulalongkorn, also known as Rama V, from 1 October 1868 to 23 October 1910, Phuket was designated as the administrative center for the tin-producing southern provinces of Siam (now Thailand). King Chulalongkorn's tenure is noted for the modernization of the nation, encompassing governmental and social reforms, as well as negotiations involving territorial concessions to the British and French. Amid the pressures of Western expansionism during this period, King Chulalongkorn's leadership is credited with maintaining Siam's sovereignty, averting colonization.
In 1876, there was a significant uprising among Chinese laborers working in the tin mines of Phuket and its neighboring provinces. The unrest was reportedly influenced by the declining prices of tin and the government's stringent fiscal policies at the time.
Phuket underwent another administrative change in 1933 whenMonthonPhuket(มณฑลภูเก็ต) was dissolved, leading to Phuket's establishment as a separate province.
On26 December2004, Phuket, along with other areas on Thailand's west coast, experienced significant devastation due to atsunamitriggered by anearthquakeoff the coast ofSumatra,Indonesia. This natural disaster had far-reaching impacts, resulting in approximately 5,300 fatalities in Thailand, and causing extensive damage and loss of life across South and Southeast Asia, totaling around two hundred thousand deaths.In Phuket, around 250 individuals, including foreign tourists, were reported deceased. Major beaches on Phuket's west coast, including Kamala,Patong, Karon, and Kata, suffered substantial damage, as did some resorts and communities along the island's southern shores. Notably, theTakua Pa DistrictinPhang Nga province, north of Phuket, was among Thailand's most severely affected areas, with significant casualties, including a considerable number of Burmese laborers.In response to the tsunami disaster, Thailand initiated the installation of a series of tsunami-detection buoys in December 2006. These buoys, part of a regional warning system in theIndian Ocean, are located approximately 1,000 km (620 mi) offshore, positioned betweenThailandandSri Lanka.
In early 2020, theCOVID-19 pandemicreached Phuket. By March of that year, Phuket and other regions inSouthern Thailandimplemented lockdown measures, includingstay-at-home orders, a mandate formask-wearing, andsocial distancingprotocols. While these measures were relatively effective in controlling the spread of the virus, they had a significant impact on Phuket's tourism-dependent economy. By 2022, Thailand transitioned towards thepost-pandemic phase, marking the end of the country's intensive COVID-19 response measures.
Themurder of Nicole Sauvain-Weisskopf, a Swiss national on holiday, occurred in Phuket in August 2021.
The provincial slogan is "Pearl of the Andaman. Heavenly City of the South. Golden beaches. Two heroines. Virtue of Luang Pho Chaem." The provincial seal and flag shows the monument of the heroine sistersThao Thep Krasattri and Thao Si Sunthon.
The provincial treeisPterocarpus indicus, and the provincial flower isBougainvilleasp. Phuket is an importantpearlcultivation area, and is also nicknamed Pearl of the Andaman, on the ground, thepearl oysterPinctada maximais the provincial aquatic animal.
Phuket Island (Ko Phuket), the largest island in Thailand, is situated in the southern part of the country, within theAndaman Sea. The island is characterized by its mountainous terrain, with a mountain range extending from the north to the south along its western side. This range is part of the largerPhuket mountain range, which spans approximately 440 km (270 mi) from theKra Isthmus.
The island's highest point is traditionally cited as Khao Mai Thao Sip Song, with an altitude of 529 m (1,736 ft) above sea level. However, there are reportssuggesting the presence of an unnamed peak in the Kamala hills, behind Kathu waterfall, which may reach an elevation of 542 meters above sea level.
As per the 2000 census, Phuket's population was 249,446, which increased to 525,709 by the 2010 census.This marked the highest growth rate of all provinces in Thailand, averaging 7.4 percent annually. The current population of Phuket is estimated to be around 600,000,comprising a diverse mix of migrants, international expatriates, Thais registered in other provinces, and local inhabitants. However, the official registered population, which counts only those included in athabian banor house registration book, was reported as 360,905 at the end of 2012. It's important to note that this figure does not encompass all residents, as many are not registered in the house registration system.
Phuket Island, situated approximately 863 kilometres (536 mi) south ofBangkok, spans an area of 543 square kilometres (210 sq mi), not accounting for its smaller islets. It is accompanied by several other islands includingKo Lone(4.77 square kilometres (1.84 sq mi)),Ko Maprao(3.7 square kilometres (1.4 sq mi)),Ko Naka Yai(2.08 square kilometres (0.80 sq mi)),Ko Racha Noi(3.06 square kilometres (1.18 sq mi)),Ko Racha Yai(4.5 square kilometres (1.7 sq mi)), andKo Sire, the second largest, covering 8.8 square kilometres (3.4 sq mi).
The island measures 48 kilometres (30 mi) in length from north to south, and its width extends to 21 kilometres (13 mi).Around 60 percent of Phuket Island is covered with forests, rubber, and palm oil plantations. Its west coast is adorned with several sandy beaches, while the east coast features predominantly muddy beaches. The southernmost tip of the island is marked by Laem Phromthep (Thai:แหลมพรหมเทพ"Brahma's Cape"), known for being a popular viewpoint.
In the northern, more mountainous part of the island, the Khao Phra Thaeo No-Hunting Area spans over 20 km(7.7 sq mi), dedicated to preservingrainforestecosystems. This reserve's three highest peaks include Khao Prathiu (384 metres (1,260 ft)),Khao Bang Pae(388 metres (1,273 ft)), andKhao Phara(422 metres (1,385 ft)). Additionally, theSirinat National Parkon the northwest coast, established in 1981, encompasses an area of 90 km(35 sq mi), including 68 km(26 sq mi) of marine area. This park is significant for encompassing the Nai Yang Beach, a nesting site forsea turtles.The total forested area of Phuket is approximately 113 km(44 sq mi), accounting for 20.6 percent of the province's total area.
Phuket, characterized by atropical monsoon climateunder theKöppen climate classification, experiences relatively uniform temperatures throughout the year due to its equatorial location. The region typically observes an average annual high temperature around 32 °C (90 °F) and an average annual low around 25 °C (77 °F). The climate of Phuket is divided into two distinct seasons: a dry season extending from December through March, and a wet season that spans the remaining eight months of the year. Notably, even during the dry season, Phuket is subject to occasional rainfall.On average, the city receives approximately 2,200 millimetres (87 in) of rainfall annually.
In Thailand,Buddhismis the predominant religion, with a notable presence in Phuket. Approximately 20% of Phuket's population adheres toIslam, primarily descendants of the island's originalAustronesian inhabitants. ThisMuslimcommunity includes a substantial number of individuals ofMalaydescent.The ethnic composition of Phuket also includes a significant proportion of people ofChinese ancestry, many of whom are descendants of tin miners who migrated to the island during the 19th century.ThePeranakancommunity, locally referred to as "Phuket Babas", forms a distinct part of this Chinese demographic, with historical links to the Peranakans ofPenangandMalacca.
According to the preliminary results of the 2010 census, Phuket had a population of 525,018, including approximately 115,881 expatriates, accounting for 21.1% of the total population. However, these figures may not be entirely accurate, as the Phuket Provincial Employment Office has recorded over 64,000 legally residing workers from Burma (Myanmar), Laos, and Cambodia, suggesting a higher actual population.The Thai census of 2015 reported a population of 386,605 for Phuket.
During peak tourist seasons, Phuket experiences a significant influx of visitors, with the population increasing to over one million.Tourists, predominantly from Western Europe, China, Russia, and the United States, are drawn to the island around Christmas, contributing to this seasonal population increase.
Phuket is divided into three districts (amphoe), which are further divided into 17 subdistricts (tambon), and 103 villages (muban).
As of 26 November 2019 there are:one Phuket Provincial Administration Organisation (ongkan borihan suan changwat) and 12 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Phuket has city (thesaban nakhon) status. Kathu and Patong have town (thesaban mueang) status.  Further 9 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 6 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon).
Tin mininghistorically played a pivotal role in the economy of Phuket from the 16th century until its decline in the 20th century. In contemporary times, the economy of Phuket is primarily supported by two sectors:rubber treeplantations, contributing significantly to Thailand's status as the world's leading rubber producer,and thetourismindustry.
The development of Phuket's tourism sector began in earnest in the 1980s, with the west coast beaches, notably Patong, Karon, and Kata, emerging as key tourist destinations. Following the2004 tsunami, efforts were made to restore all affected buildings and attractions. The island has since undergone extensive development, evidenced by the construction of new hotels, apartments, and houses.
In a 2005 report by Fortune Magazine, Phuket was listed among the top five global retirement destinations. The island's appeal as a retirement location is attributed to various factors, including its climate, lifestyle, and amenities.
The year 2017 marked a significant influx of tourists to Phuket, with the island welcoming approximately 10 million visitors, predominantly from overseas. China was noted as the primary source of these foreign tourists. The tourism sector in Phuket played a crucial role in Thailand's economy, generating about 385 billionbahtin revenue, which constituted nearly 14% of the nation's total earnings of 2.77 trillion baht in that year.
In the first half of 2019, Phuket experienced a decrease in tourist arrivals, which impacted the local hospitality industry. This trend was marked by reduced hotel occupancy rates and intensified price competition among accommodations. Consequently, there was a noted decrease in revenue per available room (RevPAR). Analysts attribute this downturn to a combination of fewer tourists and an oversupply of hotel rooms. However, despite the decline in tourist numbers, theTourism Authority of Thailand(TAT) reported a 3.1% increase in tourism revenues for the same period.
Estimates of the total number of hotel rooms in Phuket vary. According to Oxfam, Phuket has approximately 60,000 hotel rooms to cater to its 9.1 million annual visitors.Contrasting figures were presented in reports by the Bangkok Post in September 2019. One report indicated that Phuket has around 600 hotels comprising 40,000 rooms.A separate report from three weeks earlier estimated 93,941 available hotel rooms, excluding villas and hostels, with an expectation of an additional 15,000 rooms by 2024. These varying figures highlight the difficulty in accurately quantifying the total number of hotel accommodations in the region.
In 2023, Phuket experienced a 15% increase in property prices with demand driven by an influx of Russian and Ukrainian nationals.The number of luxury villas launched in Phuket during the first six months of 2023 surged 12 times to 541 units worth a total 29.6 billion baht, from 45 units valued at 886 million baht the previous year.
Phuket International Airport (HKT)initiated an expansion project in September 2012, with an allocated budget of 5.7 billion baht (approximately US$185.7 million). This expansion, which was scheduled for completion by 14 February 2016, aimed to increase the airport's annual passenger handling capacity from 6.5 million to 12.5 million and included the construction of a new international terminal.
Phuket does not have a direct rail line. The nearest train stations are inSurat ThaniandKhiri Rat Nikhom, approximately 230 km (140 mi) away.
Thesongthaewsis a prevalent mode in Phuket, they provide an economical means of transport between towns and various beaches. There are also conventional bus services, and motorcycle taxis are numerous in the main town and Patong Beach area. Traditionaltuk-tukshave largely been replaced by small vans, predominantly red, with some in yellow or green. Taxi services in Phuket generally operate with fixed rates. For travel from the airport to Phuket Town and major beaches, privately operated buses are available. Additionally, the ride-share serviceGrabis frequently recommended by locals as a convenient transportation option.
Phuket's Bus Station 2 BKS Terminal serves as the main link for transportation to and from Bangkok, as well as other major cities and provinces in Thailand, and is approximately four kilometers north of Phuket's town center and port area. It provides connections to various local transport options, including tuk-tuks, metered taxis, motorcycle taxis, songthaews, and local buses, facilitating access to the island's numerous beaches and resorts. Daily scheduled bus services by private  and government companies originate from Bangkok's Mo Chit and Southern Terminal stations.
In 2018, theMass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand(MRTA) announced plans for the development of a tram network in Phuket, with bidding set to begin in 2020. This project, estimated at 39 billion baht, forms part of the government's Private-Public-Partnership (PPP) initiative, aimed at accelerating its implementation. The proposed tram network, spanning approximately 60 km (37 mi) with 23 stations, is designed to extend fromTakua Thung DistrictinPhang Nga provincetoChalongin Phuket. The initial phase of the project plans to connect Phuket International Airport with Chalong, covering a distance of around 40 km (25 mi), with a projected completion timeline of three years.
Ferry services serve neighboring islands, such asPhi PhiandKoh Lanta. They operate daily from Rassada Pier and Tonsai Pier.
6 hospitals exist in Phuket. The main hospital in Phuket operated by theMinistry of Public HealthisVachira Phuket Hospital, with smaller hospitals at Thalang and Patong. 3 Private hospitals exist which arePhuket International Hospital,Bangkok Hospital Phuket, andMission Hospital Phuket.
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at the sub-national level using theHuman Achievement Index(HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. The National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.
Phuket F.C., also known as The Southern Sea Kirins, was established in 2009 and subsequently joined the Regional League South Division. The team designatedSurakul Stadiumas their home ground for matches. Sirirak Konthong took the helm as the inaugural coach of the team. In their formative year, Phuket F.C. demonstrated significant progress in the league.
The 2010 season marked a notable achievement for Phuket F.C., as the team clinched the title in the Southern Regional Division 2. Despite a loss to Buriram FC in the final, Phuket F.C. secured second place in the Division 2 Champions League. This performance facilitated their promotion to theThai Division 1 Leaguefor the 2011 season.
In 2017, Phuket F.C. was officially dissolved. This decision was influenced by financial difficulties, particularly issues surrounding the termination of contracts.
The following year, in 2018, Phuket F.C. underwent significant changes. The club merged withBanbueng F.C.,a move that resulted in a substantial reorganization. By 2019, this merged entity adopted the name Phuket City.However, this renaming was short-lived. Subsequent changes in the club's management, particularly a takeover by the board members of Banbueng F.C., led to a reversion to the name Banbueng F.C.Along with this change in nomenclature, the club relocated its home ground to theIPE Chonburi Stadiumin Chonburi.
In a separate development, Patong City, another football club, marked a notable milestone in 2020. The club participated in the2020–21 Thai League 3 Southern Region, marking its first appearance in this league. This participation signified a new chapter in the club's history and its evolving presence in regional football.
Phuket province has a number ofsister cities. They are:
7°53′24″N98°23′54″E﻿ / ﻿7.89000°N 98.39833°E﻿ /7.89000; 98.39833