1918 Liechtenstein putsch

TheNovember 1918 Liechtenstein putsch(German:Novemberputsch 1918),also known as theBeck putschwas ade factocoup d'étatby the leaders of theChristian-Social People's Party(Christlich-Soziale Volksparteior VP) against the government ofGovernor of Liechtenstein,Leopold Freiherr von Imhof. The coup forced Imhof's government to resign and established aProvisional Executive Committeein his place until 7 December.
Following the outbreak ofWorld War Iin August 1914, Liechtenstein remained neutral. The government and general population were supportive of theCentral Powers, particularlyAustria-Hungary, as the two countries had been in acustoms unionsince 1852. The majority of the Liechtenstein government did not expect the war to last long, thus no food or economic preparations were made for it.In addition, due to this belief, no official declaration of neutrality was made andFrance,Russia, and theUnited Kingdominterned Liechtensteiners and partially confiscated their assets.As a result, the Liechtenstein government made various declarations that the country was neutral and a separate entity from Austria-Hungary.
From September, food deliveries from Austria-Hungary, which Liechtenstein relied on, began to decrease. This quickly reduced the initial level of support for the war. In addition, Switzerland was pressured by Britain and France to end its food exports to Liechtenstein due to the latter's close ties to Austria-Hungary.In response, the Liechtenstein government, led byLeopold Freiherr von Imhof, issued emergency commissions throughout the country on 14 December 1914. These commissions aimed to manage the procurement of food and raw materials, now in short supply, and to distribute them to the population.
Despite this, food shortages increased as the war continued, and by 1916 all food deliveries from Austria-Hungary had ceased, which forced Liechtenstein to seek closer ties with Switzerland in order to ensure food deliveries continued.As a result, smuggling of food and raw materials increased significantly.From 1916, Liechtenstein was embargoed by theEntente countries.
As the war continued, the population grew increasingly dissatisfied with Imhof's leadership.This allowed for politicians such asWilhelm Beckto gain prominence and growing support. Beck formed asocial liberal-minded opposition group against Imhof in 1914. This movement was supported by theOberrheinische Nachrichtennewspaper. This primarily advocated for the expansion of welfare, broader voting rights, and a Liechtensteiner head of government (Imhof was Austrian).Imhof soon faced accusations that the measures he took to address the economic crisis were inadequate and that he was incompetent.Fierce debates between Beck and Imhof took place in theLandtag of Liechtenstein.TheChristian-Social People's Partywas formed in February 1918 and in the1918 Liechtenstein general electionit won five out of twelve seats in the Landtag.
In November 1918, Beck, who wanted a Liechtensteiner head of government, joined with Landtag membersMartin RitterandFritz Walserto plot to overthrow Imhof.On 7 November 1918, they proposed amotion of no confidencein the Landtag against him.Imhof asked for a vote of confidence and at the same time agreed to submit his resignation due to pressure from members of the Landtag.While the Landtag unanimously expressed its confidence in him, it was decided by the elected members, against theconstitutionand the prince-appointed Landtag members, to transfer the power of governor to a Provisional Executive Committee led by Martin Ritter.
Other figures who opposed Beck's ideals, such asAlbert Schädler, resigned in protest.Prince Johann IIaccepted Imhof's resignation on 13 November.Schädler met with Johann II for talks inVienna, where it was agreed that the committee would only last one month and thatPrince Karl Aloys of Liechtensteinwould be appointed governor upon the committee's dissolution. This was a compromise due to the popular demand for a Liechtensteiner head of government.
Within the general population of Liechtenstein the coup was popular, as Imhof was largely seen as the reason for the country's economic crisis. However, in the Landtag it was far more controversial.Martin Ritter in particular was a controversial figure due to the unconstitutional means by which he came into power, despite only serving for one month, from 7 November to 7 December 1918.In response to the coup, all three members of the Landtag appointed by Johann II resigned in protest.
Johann II reportedly responded with reservation in response to the coup. He remained in Vienna throughout the committee's duration but did not make any efforts to act against it, primarily due to its popularity within the country. The committee did not intend to break with the monarchy; its proclamation ended with the phrase "May the prince and the country live long." An expression of his involvement in state affairs was a telegram sent by his office toAlbert Schädler:
The coup directly undermined the1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein. With the economic devastation of World War I, it built a large base of support for constitutional revision in the country.Soon afterwards, a constitutional committee was elected, which would begin a three-year period where both theProgressive Citizens' Partyand Christian-Social People's Party, with assistance fromJosef Peer,  worked together to create a newconstitution, as a continuation of Beck's ideals.
The constitution was signed into law by Prince Karl Aloys on behalf of Johann II, withJosef Ospeltrepresenting the government, on 5 October 1921.It established the rule of partialparliamentary democracymixed with that ofconstitutional monarchy, as well as providing for referendums on decisions of the Landtag.It also abolished the three seats in the Landtag appointed by the Prince and lowered the voting age from 24 to 21 withuniversal male suffrage.