Mary Toft

Mary Toft(néeDenyer; baptised 21 February 1703 – January 1763), also spelledTofts, was an English woman fromGodalming, Surrey, who in 1726 became the subject of considerable controversy when she tricked doctors into believing that she had given birth torabbits.
In 1726, Toft becamepregnant, but following her reported fascination with the sighting of a rabbit, she miscarried.  Her claim to have given birth to various animal parts prompted the arrival of John Howard, a local surgeon, who investigated the matter.  He delivered several pieces of animal flesh and duly notified other prominent physicians, which brought the case to the attention ofNathaniel St. André, surgeon to theRoyal Householdof KingGeorge I. St. André concluded that Toft's case was genuine but the king also sent surgeon Cyriacus Ahlers, who remained sceptical.  By then quite famous, Toft was brought to London where she was studied in detail; under intense scrutiny and producing no more rabbits she confessed to the hoax, and was subsequently imprisoned as a fraud.
The resultant public mockery created panic within the medical profession and ruined the careers of several prominent surgeons. The affair was satirised on many occasions, not least by the pictorial satirist and social criticWilliam Hogarth, who was notably critical of the medical profession's gullibility. Toft was eventually released without charge and returned home. The scandal left a lasting impact on public trust in the medical field, contributing to widespread scepticism about the competence and ethics of physicians during that era.
The story first came to the public's attention in late October 1726, when reports began to reach London.An account appeared in theMist's Weekly Journal, on 19November 1726:
The 'poor Woman', Mary Toft, was twenty-four or twenty-five years old.  She was baptised Mary Denyer on 21 February 1703, the daughter of John and Jane Denyer.  In 1720 she married Joshua Toft, ajourneymanclothier and together the couple had three children, Mary, Anne and James.As an 18th-century English peasant, circumstances dictated that when in 1726 Toft again became pregnant, she continued working in the fields.She complained of painful complications early in the pregnancy and in early Augustegestedseveral pieces of flesh, one "as big as my arm".  This may have been the result of an abnormality of the developingplacenta, which would have caused the embryo to stop developing and blood clots and flesh to be ejected.Toft went intolabouron 27 September.  Her neighbour was called and watched as she produced several animal parts.  This neighbour then showed the pieces to her mother and to her mother-in-law, Ann Toft, who in contemporary accounts of the affair is named as a localmidwifedespite not being officially listed as one in the parish register or the list of women who received a Bishop’s licenseIt is possible that Ann, who had twelve children, unofficially assisted local poorer women with childbirth on the basis of her knowledge and experiences. Ann Toft sent the flesh to John Howard, aGuildford-based man-midwife of thirty years' experience.
Initially, Howard dismissed the notion that Toft had given birth to animal parts, but the next day, despite his reservations, he went to see her.  Ann Toft showed him more pieces of the previous night's exertions, but on examining Mary, he found nothing.  When Mary again went into labour, appearing to give birth to several more animal parts, Howard returned to continue his investigations.  According to a contemporary account of 9November, over the next few days hedelivered"three legs of a Cat of a Tabby Colour, and one leg of a Rabbet: the guts were as a Cat's and in them were three pieces of the Back-Bone of an Eel ... The cat's feet supposed were formed in her imagination from a cat she was fond of that slept on the bed at night."  Toft seemingly became ill once more and over the next few days delivered more pieces of rabbit.
As the story became more widely known, on 4November Henry Davenant, a member of the court of KingGeorge I, went to see for himself what was happening.  He examined the samples Howard had collected and returned to London, ostensibly a believer.  Howard had Toft moved toGuildford, where he offered to deliver rabbits in the presence of anyone who doubted her story.Some of the letters he wrote to Davenant to notify him of any progress in the case came to the attention ofNathaniel St. André, since 1723 aSwisssurgeon to theRoyal Household.St. André would ultimately detail the contents of one of these letters in his pamphlet,A short narrative of an extraordinary delivery of rabbets(1727):
By the middle of November theBritish Royal Familywere so interested in the story that they sent St. André andSamuel Molyneux, secretary to thePrince of Wales, to investigate.  Apparently, they were not disappointed; arriving on 15November they were taken by Howard to see Toft, who within hours delivered a rabbit's torso.St. André's account details his examination of the rabbit.  To check if it had breathed air, he placed a piece of its lung in water to see if it would float—which it did.  St. André then performed a medical examination on Toft, and concluded that the rabbits were bred in herfallopian tubes.
In the doctors' absence, Toft later that day reportedly delivered the torso of another rabbit, which the two also examined.They again returned that evening to find Toft again displaying violentcontractions.  A further medical examination followed, and St. André delivered some rabbit skin, followed a few minutes later by a rabbit's head.  Both men inspected the egested pieces of flesh, noting that some resembled the body parts of a cat.
Fascinated, the king then sent surgeonCyriacus Ahlersto Guildford.  Ahlers arrived on 20November and found Toft exhibiting no signs of pregnancy.  He may have already suspected the affair was a hoax and observed that Toft seemed to press her knees and thighs together, as if to prevent something from "dropping down".  He thought Howard's behaviour just as suspicious, as the man-midwife would not let him help deliver the rabbits—although Ahlers was not a man-midwife and in an earlier attempt had apparently put Toft through considerable pain.Convinced the affair was a hoax, he lied, telling those involved that he believed Toft's story, before making his excuses and returning to London, taking specimens of the rabbits with him.  Upon closer study, he reportedly found evidence of them having been cut with a man-made instrument, and noted pieces of straw and grain in their droppings.
On 21November Ahlers reported his findings to the king and later to "several Persons of Note and Distinction".Howard wrote to Ahlers the next day, asking for the return of his specimens.Ahlers' suspicions began to worry both Howard and St. André, and apparently the king, as two days later St. André and a colleague were ordered back to Guildford.Upon their arrival they met Howard, who told St. André that Toft had given birth to two more rabbits.  She delivered several portions of what was presumed to be a placenta but she was by then quite ill, and suffering from a constant pain in the right side of her abdomen.
In a pre-emptive move against Ahlers, St. André collectedaffidavitsfrom several witnesses, which in effect cast doubt on Ahlers' honesty, and on 26November gave an anatomical demonstration before the king to support Toft's story.According to his pamphlet, neither St. André nor Molyneux suspected any fraudulent activity.
St. André was ordered by the king to travel back to Guildford and to bring Toft to London, so that further investigations could be carried out.  He was accompanied byRichard Manningham, a well-knownobstetricianwho wasknightedin 1721, and the second son ofThomas Manningham,Bishop of Chichester.He examined Toft and found the right side of her abdomen slightly enlarged.  Manningham also delivered what he thought was a hog's bladder—although St. André and Howard disagreed with his identification—but became suspicious as it smelled ofurine.  Nevertheless, those involved agreed to say nothing in public and on their return to London on 29November lodged Toft in Lacey'sBagnio, in Leicester Fields.
Printed in the early days of newspapers, the story became a national sensation, although some publications were sceptical, theNorwich Gazetteviewing the affair simply as female gossip.Rabbit stew andjuggedhare disappeared from the dinner table, while as unlikely as the story sounded, many physicians felt compelled to see Toft for themselves.  The political writerJohn Herveylater told his friend Henry Fox that:
Under St. André's strict control, Toft was studied by a number of eminent physicians and surgeons, includingJohn Maubray.  InThe Female PhysicianMaubray had proposed women could give birth to a creature he named asooterkin.  He was a proponent ofmaternal impression, a widely held belief that conception and pregnancy could be influenced by what the mother dreamt, or saw,and warned pregnant women that over-familiarity with household pets could cause their children to resemble those pets.  He was reportedly happy to attend Toft, pleased that her case appeared to vindicate his theories,but man-midwifeJames Douglas, like Manningham, presumed that the affair was a hoax and despite St. André's repeated invitations, kept his distance.
Douglas was one of the country's most respected anatomists and a well-known man-midwife, whereas St. André was often considered to be a member of the court only because of his ability to speak the king's native German.St. André therefore desperately wanted the two to attend Toft; afterGeorge I's accession to the throne theWhigshad become the dominant political faction, and Manningham and Douglas's Whig affiliations and medical knowledge might have elevated his status as both doctor and philosopher.Douglas thought that a woman giving birth to rabbits was as likely as a rabbit giving birth to a human child, but despite his scepticism he went to see her.  When Manningham informed him of the suspected hog's bladder, and after he examined Toft, he refused to engage St. André on the matter:
Under constant supervision, Toft went into labour several times, to no avail.
The hoax was uncovered less than a week later on 4 December.Thomas Onslow, 2nd Baron Onslow, had begun an investigation of his own and discovered that for the past month Toft's husband, Joshua, had been buying young rabbits.  Convinced he had enough evidence to proceed, in a letter to physician SirHans Sloanehe wrote that the affair had "almost alarmed England" and that he would soon publish his findings.The same day, Thomas Howard, aporterat the bagnio, confessed toJustice of the PeaceSirThomas Clargesthat he had been bribed by Toft's sister-in-law, Margaret, to sneak a rabbit into Toft's chamber.  When arrested and questioned Mary denied the accusation, while Margaret, under Douglas's interrogation, claimed that she had obtained the rabbit for eating only.
Manningham examined Toft and thought something remained in the cavity of her uterus, and so he successfully persuaded Clarges to allow her to remain at the bagnio.Douglas, who had by then visited Toft, questioned her on three or four occasions, each time for several hours.  After several days of this Manningham threatened to perform a painful operation on her, and on 7December, in the presence of Manningham, Douglas,John MontaguandFrederick Calvert, Toft finally confessed.Following her miscarriage and while hercervixpermitted access, an accomplice had inserted into her womb the claws and body of a cat, and the head of a rabbit.  They had also invented a story in which Toft claimed that during her pregnancy and while working in a field, she had been startled by a rabbit, and had since become obsessed with rabbits.  For laterparturitions, animal parts had been inserted into her vagina.
Pressured again by Manningham and Douglas (it was the latter who took her confession), she made a further admission on 8 December and another on 9 December, before being sent toTothill Fields Bridewell, charged on a statute ofEdward IIIas a "vile cheat and impostor".In her earlier, unpublished confessions, she blamed the entire affair on a range of other participants, from her mother-in-law to John Howard.  She also claimed that a travelling woman told her how to insert the rabbits into her body, and how such a scheme would ensure that she would "never want as long as I liv'd".TheBritish Journalreported that on 7 January 1727 she appeared at theCourts of Quarter SessionsatWestminster, charged "for being an abominable cheat and imposter in pretending to be delivered of several monstrous births".Margaret Toft had remained staunch, and refused to comment further.Mist's Weekly Journalof 24 December 1726 reported that "the nurse has been examined as to the person's concerned with her, but either was kept in the dark as to the imposition, or is not willing to disclose what she knows; for nothing can be got from her; so that her resolution shocks others."
On 7January 1727 John Howard and Mary Toft appeared before thebench, where Howard was fined £800 (£150,302 today).He returned to Surrey and continued his practice, and died in 1755.
Crowds reportedly mobbed Tothill Fields Bridewell for months, hoping to catch a glimpse of the now infamous Toft.  By this time she had become quite ill, and while incarcerated had her portrait drawn by John Laguerre. She was ultimately discharged on 8April 1727, as it was unclear as to what charge should have been made against her.The Toft family made no profit from the affair, and Mary Toft returned to Surrey.  In February 1728 (recorded as 1727Old Style), she gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, noted in the Godalming parish register as her "first child after her pretended Rabett-breeding."Little is known of Toft's later life. She briefly reappeared in 1740 when she was imprisoned for receiving stolen goods. She died in 1763, and her obituary ran in London newspapers alongside those of aristocrats.She was buried in Godalming on 13January 1763.
Following the hoax, the medical profession's gullibility became the target of a great deal of public mockery.William HogarthpublishedCunicularii, or The Wise Men of Godliman in Consultation(1726), which portrays Toft in the throes oflabour, surrounded by the tale's chief participants.  Figure "F" is Toft, "E" is her husband.  "A" is St. André, and "D" is Howard.In Dennis Todd'sThree Characters in Hogarth's Cunicularii and Some Implicationsthe author concludes that figure "G" is Mary Toft's sister-in-law, Margaret Toft.  Toft's confession of 7December demonstrates her insistence that her sister-in-law played no part in the hoax, but Manningham's 1726An Exact Diary of what was observ'd during a Close Attendance upon Mary Toft, the pretended Rabbet-Breeder of Godalming in Surreyoffers eyewitness testimony of her complicity.Hogarth's print was not the only image that ridiculed the affair—George VertuepublishedThe Surrey-Wonder, andThe Doctors in Labour, or a New Wim-Wam in Guildford (12 plates), a broadsheet published in 1727 which satirises St. André, was also popular at the time.
The timing of Toft's confession proved awkward (and unfortunate) for St. André, who on 3December had published his forty-page pamphletA Short Narrative of an Extraordinary Delivery of Rabbets.On this document the surgeon had staked his reputation, and although it offers a more empirical account of the Toft case than earlier more fanciful publications about reproduction in general, ultimately it was derided.Ahlers, his scepticism justified, publishedSome observations concerning the woman of Godlyman in Surrey, which details his account of events and his suspicion of the complicity of both St. André and Howard.
St. André recanted his views on 9December 1726.  In 1729, following the death of Samuel Molyneux, he married Molyneux's widow, Elizabeth.  This did little to impress his peers.Molyneux's cousin accused him of the poisoning, a charge that St. André defended by suing fordefamation, but the careers of St. André and his wife were permanently damaged.  Elizabeth lost her attendance onQueen Caroline, and St. André was publicly humiliated at court.  Living on Elizabeth's considerable wealth, they retired to the country, where St. André died in 1776, aged 96.Manningham, desperate to exculpate himself, published a diary of his observations of Mary Toft, together with an account of her confession of the fraud, on 12December.  In it he suggested that Douglas had been fooled by Toft, and concerned with his image Douglas replied by publishing his own account.Using the pseudonym 'Lover of Truth and Learning', in 1727 Douglas also publishedThe Sooterkin Dissected.  A letter to Maubray, Douglas was scathingly critical of his sooterkin theory, calling it "a mere fiction of your [Maubray's] brain".The damage done to the medical profession was such that several doctors not connected with the tale felt compelled to print statements that they had not believed Toft's story.
The case was cited byRobert Walpole's opponents as symbolising the age, which they perceived as greedy, corrupt and deceitful.  One author, writing to the Prince of Wales's mistress, suggested the story was a political portent of the approaching death of the prince's father.  On 7January 1727Mist's Weekly Journalsatirised the matter, making several allusions to political change, and comparing the affair to the events of 1641 when Parliament began its revolution againstKing Charles I.The scandal provided the writers ofGrub Streetwith enough material to produce pamphlets,squibs, broadsides and ballads for several months.With publications such asSt. André's Miscarriage(1727) andThe anatomist dissected: or the man-midwife finely brought to bed(1727) satirists scorned the objectivity of men-midwives, and critics of Toft's attendants questioned their integrity, undermining their profession with sexual puns and allusions.The case raised questions about England's status as an "enlightened" nation—Voltaireused the case in his brief essaySingularités de la natureto describe how the Protestant English were still influenced by an ignorant Church.
Toft did not escape the ire of the satirists, who concentrated mainly onsexual innuendo. Some took advantage of a common 18th-century word for a rabbit track—prick—and others werescatologicalin nature.  However,Much Ado about Nothing; or, A Plain Refutation of All that Has Been Written or Said Concerning the Rabbit-Woman of Godalming(1727) is one of the more cutting satires on Toft.  The document supposes to be the confession of 'Merry Tuft', "... in her own Stile and Spelling".  Poking fun at her illiteracy, it makes a number of obscene suggestions hinting at her promiscuity—"I wos a Wuman as had grate nattural parts, and a large Capassiti, and kapible of being kunserned in depe Kuntrivansis."The document also ridicules several of the physicians involved in the affair, and reflects the general view portrayed by the satirists that Toft was a weak woman and the least complicit of "the offenders" (regardless of her guilt).  The notion contrasts with that expressed of her before the hoax was revealed and may indicate an overall strategy to disempower Toft completely.  This is reflected in one of the most notable satires of the affair,Alexander PopeandWilliam Pulteney's anonymous satirical balladThe Discovery; or, The Squire Turn'd Ferret.Published in 1726 and aimed at Samuel Molyneux, it rhymes "hare" with "hair", and "money" with "conney".  The ballad opens with the following verse:
In 2019,Mary Toft; or the Rabbit Queenwas written by Dexter Palmer. In the novel, Toft is abused by her husband.Another novel,Mary and the Rabbit Dreamby Noémi Kiss-Deáki, was published in 2024. This book also features a fictionalized account of Toft's life.Toft is portrayed sympathetically as a desperate woman dealing with hardship. A writer forThe Spectatordescribed these books as demonstrating that "Toft's grotesque story still captivates us".
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