Televisión Nacional de Chile

Televisión Nacional de Chile(TVN) is a Chileanpublic service broadcaster. It was founded by order of PresidentEduardo Frei Montalvaand it was launched nationwide on 18 September 1969. Since then, the company has been reorganized on several occasions and its operations areas have increased over the years, becoming one of the leading television broadcasters in Chile and South America. Law 17 377 of 1970 established that TVN must be a public, autonomous, pluralistic, and representative public service.TVN's public mission determines the obligation to promote the national cultural identity, the values of democracy, human rights, care for the environment and respect for diversity.Furthermore, Televisión Nacional governs the programming of its services according to criteria established by theNational Television Council(CNTV).
Televisión Nacional has been a pioneer in introducing technological advances in Chile. It was the first television network to have national coverage, satellite broadcast, colour television, stereo sound, and high-definition television. Several of their soap operas have reached the highest ratings in the history of Chilean television, and are recognized both in that country and abroad for their social content, realism and settings, while its news programs have been crucial in catastrophes such as the2010 earthquake and aftermath, when TVN news teams arrived in the affected areas before theNational Armyand government authorities. Currently, TVN has higher pluralism in its programmes and is the second most credible television news brand in the country.
Its headquarters are located in Providencia,Santiago Metropolitan Regionand it employs 638 total staff.Furthermore, TVN has nine additional television centres in the country. The company is directed through a chairperson appointed by thePresident of the Republic, which has a duration of four years, synchronized with the presidential period. The other six members of the board of directors are appointed three times per period in an agreement between theSenateand the President of the Republic for eight years. To them, a seventh member is added who is chosen democratically by the staff. Currently, the chairperson of Televisión Nacional de Chile is Andrea Fresard, while the executive director and legal representative is Alfredo Ramírez.
Televisión Nacional is the only publicly-owned television company in Chile and competes with other private broadcasting networks, having a self-financing scheme based mainly on the advertising sales that it has preserved since its inception and later regulated by Act 19,132 of 1992.TVN, under Act 20,694 of 2013, can fulfill the tasks of the exploitation of television services and the production of audiovisual or broadcasting content, as well as acting as a concessionaire of telecommunications services.Additionally, it is affiliated with theAsociación Nacional de TelevisiónorAnatel(National Association of Television) and the Council of Self-Regulation and Advertising Ethics, among others.
The origins of television in Chile took ground after the promulgation of the Television Law 7,039 on 28 October 1958, which was the first legislation of its kind in that country. This regulation was decreed and implemented by the government of then PresidentJorge Alessandrigiven the need to regulate the only three existing channels in the national territory:Canal 13,Canal 9andUCV Television, which at that time were university property and therefore were private broadcasters.
The essential need to own a channel belonging to the Chilean State took relevance from the 1960s, as the great challenge that the government ofEduardo Frei Montalvawanted to face, believing ideally, the existence of a public television station with national coverage, capable of transmitting in a territory of large geographical features. To this end, a limited liability company was created whose original partners were the entrepreneurship agencyCORFO, the production company Chilefilms andEntel, all of which were public companies at the time, establishing Televisión Nacional de Chile on 31 January 1969 through the telecommunications trunk network of that country and a series of test transmissions that remained until several years later.
The first regional station established by Televisión Nacional de Chile wasArica'schannel 7, with the support of the Board of Advancement of Arica (Junta de Adelanto de Arica), initiating its broadcast on 12 December 1968 with provisional studios located in the Edificio Plaza and its transmitter located then in theMorro de Arica.It was officially inaugurated on the same day by PresidentEduardo Frei Montalva, counting only on programming relayed from Santiago. Subsequently, on 1 February 1969, the broadcast of channel 6 of Punta Arenas began with an inauguration attended by President Eduardo Frei Montalva, as well as theIntendantofMagallanes,Mateo Martinic.The day before, 31 January, was the day TVN was officially incorporated as a public enterprise, it is still marked as the birthday of the network.
On 21 May 1969, Talca began to receive TVN broadcasts on channel 10 directly from Santiago, although the Santiago channel would not be officially inaugurated until some months later. On 15 July 1969, the broadcast of channel 6 ofAntofagastawas officially inaugurated, making some local programs and receiving programming from Santiago with some days of delay. Finally, on 18 September of that year, on Independence Day, TVN in Santiago on channel 7 signed on to cover Independence Day celebrations, and is still the flagship station, providing network-produced live coverage of national events, which are occasionally simulcast by other stations nationwide. This channel had previously and experimentally broadcast Chile's matches in theDavis Cupthat year, the presidential message to Congress of 21 May (Navy Day) and the arrival of man on the Moon that July.
Regular broadcasts of Televisión Nacional began officially in Santiago on Independence Day, on 18 September 1969, covering 6 of the 25 provinces of the national territory at the time, and having stable programming with more than twelve hours of daily broadcast, although unlike what was expected, operating under the model of subsidiaries or associated channels in the provinces. Initially, the first studios of the new network were concentrated in a house leased to the family of the poetVicente Huidobro, located at the intersections ofLibertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Avenue(Alameda) and San Martín Street, near theTorre Entel. They later moved to one side of theSantiago Metropolitan Cathedraland finally, the then-new permanent studios were inaugurated on 20 August 1970 in Providencia.
The expansion of the main signal was carried out inIquiqueon 23 May 1970 on channel 10, while on 2 July, TVN was launched inCalamaandChuquicamata, also on channel 10. In August of the same year, the expansion of the network includedValdiviaon channel 3,Osornoon channel 5,Puerto Montton channel 4, andAncudon channel 7. Subsequently, its expansion would reach new locations, such as Coyhaique on 21 May 1971, La Serena and Coquimbo on channel 4 in June 1972, andCastroon channel 10 in early 1973. TVN, already positioned as a means of information at the beginning of that decade, had to be ordered by Law 17,377 of 1970, which provided legal recognition to the station and made it "public", since Law 7039 of 1958 did not contemplate this.
Originally, the network's mission was to be a pluralistic and independent media of the current government, which was intended to "integrate, inform, entertain and give culture to the Chilean family", as proposed by theMinistry of Educationand the group of professionals who directed TVN. In later years, the governments of PresidentSalvador Allendeinitially and later dictator,Augusto Pinochet, used the channel as a means of spreading propaganda and political ideology to support their governments and ideologies.
On 11 September 1973, after thecoup d'étatin the morning, Televisión Nacional did not start broadcasting during the day and the studios were closed for three days. There was also an assault on the headquarters, where abundant amounts of audiovisual material were burned by the military, including a large part of the records of the first years of broadcast. During the three days it was closed, Canal 13 decided to occupy TVN's national network, because it was the only one authorized to broadcast after the coup d'état. After resuming the broadcast, it became the official television network of the new military dictatorship with informative management and strong control in the programming, granting an advantage in audiences toCanal 13news programmeTeletrece, which was considered "more liberal". In January 1975, it opened astationinEaster Island.
The first experimental colour broadcast in Chile was developed by Televisión Nacional in the final night of theViña del Mar International Song Festivalon 6 February 1978. However, Decree 480, which was in force since 10 September 1976, restricted the import of colour television sets. This regulation, promulgated by Augusto Pinochet, was abolished on 10 April 1978, with the promulgation of a new resolution, ending the restrictions and therefore officially beginning broadcasts in color, adopting theNTSCformat from theUnited Statesas the official system. At the time of the authorization and start-up, a large part of the network's programming was already in place, and programmes such asLa cafetera voladorawere fully developed with this technology. This allowed the use of innumerable special effects. It astonished the children of the time and could extend until 1982, setting a precedent in the production of programmes of this type in Chile.
Throughout the 1980s, Televisión Nacional grew with diverse programmes and technological advances. It became the first Chilean television network to broadcast its programming via satellite, released its second channel in 1987, and inaugurated its international service in 1989. However, despite all the technical achievements, the company is criticized for its newscast,60 Minutos, by misrepresenting the news and information that every day reverberated society during this period.
In addition to the loss of credibility, prestige, and audience, this led to the reorganization and rethinking the mission and identity of Televisión Nacional at times of political instability in Chile, as the last months of the regime were being developed, therefore, in democracy, the company seeks to be reformed and the new government authorities were prepared to make all kinds of changes.
With the arrival of the 1990s and thereturn to democracy, under the mandate of PresidentPatricio Aylwin, he decreed the second Law of Television 19,132 of 1992. This was debated widely between the government and opposition, consecrating the publicly-owned network like an autonomous company with legal personality in its own right and establishing that its assets must be managed by a board of directors, whose designation involved the President of the Republic and the Senate, as well as a representative of the staff.
This legislation sought to transform TVN into a media, autonomous, pluralistic, and representative, achieving the original objective proposed at the outset of programmatic content impartiality trying to have independence from the government. Another factor was the complementation of a self-financing system, not receiving public funds. Subsequently, the second channel, Canal 9, was acquired by businessman Ricardo Claro and converted intoRed Televisiva Megavisión(Mega).
With the new organisation model, TVN achieved major accomplishments, such as the creation of new regional television centres, the creation of the online service,TVN.cl, in 1998, the first experimental broadcast inhigh definitionin 1999, and a complete remodeling the Santiago headquarters in 2000, whose first stage was inaugurated in 2002 and the second stage in 2005.
TVN received the so-called "new millennium" with the special program2000 Hoy(2000 today) that was broadcast in various segments during the day of 31 December 1999 and featured the participation of various faces of the channel. The space broadcast live the arrival of the year 2000 from different parts of the world and during the night after the message on the national network by PresidentEduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, a musical show was broadcast from the center of Santiago to await the new year in Chile. Since then, the success of the channel continued at the end of the 1990s, and with the arrival of 2000, several programs became popular, such as the telenovelaRomané, which obtained 50 audience points in its final episode. Additionally, that year it also broadcast the2000 Sydney Olympics.
On the afternoon of 19 December 2000, the resignation ofRené Cortázarfrom his position as executive director was announced, after a controversy surrounding the episodeLa CIA en Chileof theInforme Especialprogram that detailed the intervention of theCentral Agency of USintelligence during the government ofPresident Salvador Allende.Before the broadcast, some board members asked the executive director to intervene. Cortázar requested modifications in the program to the press director, Jaime Moreno, but the latter refused and finally, the program was broadcast in its entirety in November of that year. This caused the abrupt departure of René Cortázar, despite the fact that during his tenure in his last year, TVN experienced a period of economic prosperity with profits in excess of three billionpesos.
With diverse programmes, Televisión Nacional de Chile has produced and created its own spaces, as well as in association with various production companies. In addition, it has broadcast information, fiction, foreign content, and sporting events since its inception. Every day the nationwide channel starts its broadcasts with the news programme24 AM, followed by a space that occupies a large part of the morning programming; During the afternoon two main news programmes are broadcast,24 Tardeat 1:00 pm and24 horas centralat 9:00 pm, where the last one is considered as the flagship evening news.
Thesoap operasand series of own production or foreign origin have usually occupied since the beginning of the channel, the afternoon schedule, however, also since 2004, TVN has broadcast soap operas at night. Additionally, in the afternoon, apart from the dramas, programmes such asRojoare broadcast. In the evening, after24 horas central, the weather forecast is broadcast onTV Tiempoand then programmes or soap operas. Next, the midnight newscastMedianocheis broadcast. During the weekends, cultural, children's, or political discussion programmes such asEl informanteandEstado nacionalare presented.
The news from Chile and the world is presented under the brand24 horassince 1990, with several daily editions, and all the news programmes are part of the 24-hours news channel Canal 24 horas that breaks into the national channel's usual programming in an emergency, delivering news bulletins, including live broadcast during earthquakes. Previously the news carried the name ofTelediario,Martini al instante,Noticiero, the controversial60 minutos,TVNoticias, and finallyNoticiasbefore its current name.
Some special programmes that TVN broadcasts on an annual basis or from time to time, are thepresidential debatesthat are organized by the National Television Association, general elections, special events, themessagesof the President of the Republic and also the televised fundraising eventTeletón, usually at the end of each year, along with other channels of Chilean television and has done so since the first edition of the event since 1978 for 27 hours like every other. Another activity that is covered annually is the pyrotechnic and musical show of the new year's celebrations inValparaíso. Previously, celebrations in Santiago were issued in past decades.
Televisión Nacional has been the official network of theViña del Mar International Song Festivalfrom 1971 to 1993, between 2007 and 2010, and again since 2019; theFestival del Huaso de Olmuéfrom 1989 to 1990, and again since 2014; the Fiesta de la Independencia de Talca since 2016 and also in past decades broadcast theOTI Festival. Some sporting events that are and have been displayed on TVN are theSummer Olympic Gamesand someWinter editions, theFIFA World Cup, theCopa América, theSantiago Marathon, and in the past until theFormula 1, among other events.
The network broadcasts theGreat Military Parade of Chile, a parade that takes place every year in Chile on 19 September inO'Higgins Parkin Santiago. The broadcast achieves high audience ratings in conjunction with other television channels, but especially in TVN because it is the channel that makes the television production of the event.
Among its signals is considered a main channel of free reception which transmits by satellite to several repeaters that are located inChilean territories, having a reach of 98% of the population. It also has nine regional channels with its own production centres, an international service called TV Chile; the news channelCanal 24 Horasand its internet counterpart 24Play; online presence with several sites and the music label TVN Records.
The official headquarters of Televisión Nacional de Chile is located inProvidencia,Santiago Metropolitan Region. The complex is the home of the national channel, the internet and worldwide services, music label, andFox Sports Chile. Inaugurated in 1970, the renovation of the building began in 1999 and was completed in 2005. On 1 December 2004, the station suffered a fire due to an electrical failure. The incident caused the interruption of the main channel for one hour. There were no injuries or deaths and four fire companies controlled the fire.
The centre is familiar to many Chilean citizens and is currently a site visited by tour guides. Within the enclosure is an esplanade known as "Patio de las Comunicaciones", occasionally used for corporate events and television programmes. The complex also includes 3 studios for the drama area, a center for domestic, global, and online news divisions and the sports area, a video editing room, an auditorium, warehouses of props, files of documentation, a cafeteria, dressing rooms for artists and technical staff, technical areas, office areas for the board of directors, general management, general secretary, administration and finance, press, as well as 2 levels of underground car parks.
Televisión Nacional de Chile has production centres with newsrooms and studios inAntofagasta,Copiapó,La Serena,Valparaíso,Rancagua,Talca,Concepción,TemucoandPunta Arenas. In addition, a commercial office inArica y Parinacota Region.
From 1970 to 1973, the network had a mascot namedTevito, accompanied by "Charagua" as characteristic music that was composed byVíctor Jaraand performed byInti-Illimani. After thecoup d'état on 11 September 1973,Tevitowas suddenly removed from the advertisements, several video tapes where it appeared were destroyed by the Chilean Army, and finally, it was replaced by other characters. However,Tevitowas again used symbolically on 11 March 1990, on the day of the presidential inauguration ofPatricio Aylwin. Currently, "Charagua" in Chile is usually related to Televisión Nacional asde factoinstitutional theme.
Tevitowas a smiling cartoon dog personified in various ways. Sometimes, he was aboxer, sometimes he wore reading glasses, and also disguised himself as avampire. He played thetrutruca, a typical instrument of theMapucheindigenous people of southern Chile. More often,Tevito, in the manner of achinchinero, carried on his back abass drumcarrying the first network logo with both long mallets hitting the drum, with a set ofsuspended cymbalssimilar to adrum kiton top of the drum. The character was created by Carlos González, a student of the Fine Arts Institute inSantiago, Chile, whose drawing won the competition among six other submissions. Since thenTevitobecome part of the Chilean popular culture.
Ito e Itawas the second mascot of TVN. It debuted in 1974 and remained on screen until 1978 with the arrival of color television, they were usually accompanied by music from the bandLos Huasos Quincheros.
In 1979 a third mascot designed for colour broadcast namedConejito TV, was presented.Conejito TVremained until 1984 and was usually accompanied byGabriela Velasco.
In 1987, it was presented a mascot that consisted of a green extraterrestrial without name. The extraterrestrial was finally baptized asClorofilo, in reference to the greenchlorophyll, after a contest. Finally,Clorofilowas removed from the screen in mid-1988 and since then they have not used characters of that type as mascots.
Televisión Nacional de Chile has a corporate identity based on the promotion and strengthening of theChilean culture. Since its inception, the colours of thenational flaghave been used mostly to identify the company in their logos, such as the current one where the red colour predominates.
The original logo, which made its debut on 18 September 1969, featured a "screen" with the borders corresponding with the colors of the Chilean flag. Inside the "screen", it has the TV Chile typograph (unrelated to theTV Chileinternational service), but the textsTandChilewere initially black before switching to blue on 6 February 1978, corresponding with the arrival of colour television. The colors on the "screen" border were modified and the gap between the colors became wider, along with theVgoing separate from theTandChile.
On 1 April 1984, the logo was replaced with an "N" with Chilean flag color ribbons, before a modified version of the 1978 logo returned 3 years later. It first appeared on TVN's news programs in 1987. The modified logo featured a different shade of blue along the "screen" border, andChilehad a more condensed font. The 1984 design continued to be the secondary logo until January 1988. When TV Chile launched in 1989, it had the same logo as TVN. The design continued to be used until 1990, but between 11 March and 21 November, the borders of the "screen" were changed to rainbow, and the textChilewas light blue. Prior to this, the modified logo's red and blue stripes were also swapped.
The 1990 design, launched on 23 November 1990, ditched the "screen" with the TV typograph in black text, andChilewas replaced with a stripe of the Chilean colors. A modified version, launched on 2 June 1993, replaced the text color from black to grey, along with a more italicised look and a lighter blue colour stripe, and on 1 September 1996, it added the letterN, and the white stripe was removed, leaving only the blue and red stripes. The aforementioned stripes were also changed to be lighter.
A transitional logo, still keeping the 1996 logo, was introduced in late 2003. This would be the predecessor of the 2004 logo, as it featured the white TVN logo inside a red square.
On 4 January 2004, the 1996 design was replaced with the "red square" logo, featuring the TVN typograph inside a red square. A modified version was introduced on 9 August 2016, with rounded edges. Prior to its debut as its corporate logo, the "cuadrado rojo" (red square) was a symbol that debuted in September 1994, and since then, it began to be used progressively in the advertising and in 2001, it was used for the first time on-screen to show thecontent rating system. Since then, it began to draw attention, and in January 2004, it ended up becoming the corporate logo.
Since its release, the "red square" has influenced the logos and graphics of all brands of Televisión Nacional. In October 2020, the red square was removed, leaving just the TVN typograph in a red colour. However, it also featured a separate blue-coloured logo.