Yugoslav People's Army

TheYugoslav People's Army(JNA/ЈНА;Macedonian,MontenegrinandSerbian:Југословенска народна армија,Jugoslovenska narodna armija;CroatianandBosnian:Jugoslavenska narodna armija;Slovene:Jugoslovanska ljudska armada,JLA), also called theYugoslav National Army,was the military of theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslaviaand its antecedents from 1945 to 1992.
The origins of the JNA started during theYugoslav Partisansof World War II. As a predecessor of the JNA, the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia (NOVJ) was formed as a part of theanti-fascistPeople's Liberation War of Yugoslaviain theBosniantown ofRudoon 22 December 1941. After the Yugoslav Partisans liberated the country from theAxis Powers, that date was officially celebrated as the "Day of the Army" in theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia(SFR Yugoslavia).
In March 1945, the NOVJ was renamed the "Yugoslav Army" ("Jugoslavenska/Jugoslovenska Armija") and, on its 10th anniversary, on 22 December 1951, "People's" ("Narodna") was added.
The support the Soviets had within JNA ranks during theInformbiro period, after 1948, is contested. Low-end estimates indicate that 10–15% of the army's personnel favoured the Soviet position. Yugoslav sources estimate the number of military members arrested ranged from 4,153 officers and soldiers  (estimated by Radonjić), to 7,000 imprisoned officers estimated byMilovan Đilas. The purge included 22 officers in the presidential guard regiment reporting directly toTito, including Momčilo Đurić, wartime commander of theYugoslav Partisan Supreme Headquartersescort battalion.During this period of Soviet blockade, the Yugoslav Army's development stagnated.
Forty-nine Yugoslav Army graduates of theGeneral Staff Academy, theFrunze Academy, and other Soviet military academies were deemed potential Soviet supporters. Many of those attending such academies in the USSR at the time of theTito–Stalin splitnever returned to Yugoslavia.
The split particularly affected theAir Force. Almost all Air Force officers had Soviet training, and some of them fled Yugoslavia in Air Force planes. The defectors includedMajor GeneralPero Popivoda, who was the head of the Air Force operational service. TheBatajnica,Zemun, andPančevoairbases nearBelgradesaw several attacks by groups of saboteurs. The Zemun airbase commander and his deputy fled to Romania.
Between 1948 and 1955, the United States gave YugoslaviaUS$600 million in direct military grants and an equal amount in economic aid, enabling Yugoslavia to devote more of its domestic resources to defence.After two visits to the United States by Colonel GeneralKoča Popovićand Colonel GeneralMilo Kilibardain May–June and August 1951, respectively, U.S. weaponry began arriving by late 1951.By 1952 the Armed Forces had grown to 500,000 troops, and defence expenditures consumed 22 percent of thegross national product. AMilitary Assistance Advisory Group(MAAG) of 30 officers commanded by Brigadier General John W. Harmonywas established by the United States in Belgrade in 1951. It operated for ten years, disbursing military grants and arranging another US$1 billion in arms sales on favorable terms. Among weapons transferred were 599M-4A3 tanks, 319 M-47 tanks, 715 M-7, M-18, and M-36 self-propelled guns, 565 M-3A1 and M-8 armored cars, and a total of total of 760 105mm, 155mm, and 203mm artillery pieces.The artillery pieces delivered were used to reequip artillery units within Yugoslavia's eight divisions.
Under the constitution and laws of SFR Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav People's Army was a part of the armed forces with theTerritorial Defenseas the joint armed forces of all working people and citizens of Yugoslavia. The main task of the Yugoslav People's Army was to protect the independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and social organization of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Though thePresidency of Yugoslaviawas the supreme commander of the armed forces and in command of Yugoslav People's Army, some duties from the presidency could be given to the Secretary of Defence.TheSecretary of Defencewas the officer with the highest military rank that could command the armed forces, including the Yugoslav People's Army andTerritorial Defense. ThePresident of Yugoslaviahad the power to promote members of the military to the highest military ranks such as general or admiral, and to relieve duty of the highest military officers.The Chief of Staff of the Yugoslav People's Army, in the case that the Secretary of Defense was prevented or absent to fulfill his function, was formally his deputy who could take command of the armed forces. In 1987, under decree of thePresidency of Yugoslavia, the General Staff of the JNA was renamed to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Yugoslavia, thus effectively giving command of JNA and the TO to one military body in order to more efficiently command the armed forces in case of war, according to the law of "All-people's defense" from 1982.
In the mid-1980s, plans were made under a formal top-secret strategic and operational plan named "Jedinstvo" for a structural change from republic armies and divisions to military districts and brigades to allow for easier federal consolidation of the republics' territorial armies, particularly in the case of a crisis.Because of internal and external security changes during that time, "Jedinstvo" was later modeled in three parts: "Jedinstvo 1", "Jedinstvo 2", and "Jedinstvo 3", starting from 1987 (with a planned completion date of 1995) for the JNA to start major reform.
The first part of JNA major overhaul under "Jedinstvo 1" had its basic force structure nearly completed in 1989. Manpower was planned to be reduced to about 1 million in wartime, while in peacetime it would be 299,057 personnel including officers, soldiers and the civilian workforce, including civil service. Equipment purchase was not realized in full.
The JNA's organization and structure after "Jedinstvo 1" consisted of theGround Forces,Air ForceandNavy. Under reforms through the "Jedinstvo" plan it was planned to reorganize the army's structure into four major army areas called "Vojna Oblast" under command of theFederal Secretariat of People's Defence(SSNO) – "Vojna oblast" ormilitary regionswere further divided into corps, brigades, garrisons and smaller districts and sectors that were responsible for administrative tasks such asdraft registration,mobilization, and construction and maintenance of military facilities. The regions were:
Directly under SSNO were the Guard's motorized brigade, school centers, three SIGNAL regiments, a light anti-aircraft artillery regiment, and a few independent battalions and divisions.
In the "Jedinstvo 1" reforms, JNA eliminated most of its olddivisionalinfantry organization and established thebrigadeandcorpsstructure with some independent units under direct command of SSNO. Territorial defense was also changed and laws and the constitution were amended to address those changes.  The Ground Forces "converted ten of twelveinfantrydivisions into twenty-ninetank, mechanized and mountain infantrybrigadeswith integralartillery,air defenseandanti-tankregiments under corps structure.Oneairbornebrigade was organized before 1990. The shift to brigade-level organization provided greater operational flexibility, maneuverability, and tactical initiative and reduced the possibility that large army units would be destroyed in set piece engagements with an aggressor. The change created many senior field command positions that would develop relatively young and talented officers." In 1989, five independent divisions under general staff command and 25 partisan (reserve) divisions under corps command were formed including many other battalions, regiments and batteries under different commands.
The 1989 plan "Jedinstvo 2" commenced and border battalions were transferred under corps command including some divisions that have remained before under others commands. Brigades got some artillery and antiaircraft batteries under their direct command that helped them to gain independence in wartime from higher levels. Defense of all major cities was previously planned with separate units but under "Jedinstvo 2" only Belgrade and Zagreb retained separated units for defense of their cities.
There were usually three classes of brigades, regiments and battalions:
A. class brigades and battalions were more than 60 to up to 100% manned, and B. class units had 15–60% manpower. R. class units were reserved with about 15–20% and was manned mostly in their logistic units and commands. Battalions with A. class status were 100% manned and equipped. A. class brigades had a brigade HQ and 4 battalions and B class brigade had 2–3 battalions with HQ.
The "Jedinstvo 3" plan started in 1990. To the military leadership of the JNA, it was obvious thatUSSRwas moving to defend its internal borders and the only global superpower left was the USA. It was then agreed in JNA that potential for aggression from theWarsaw Pacthad diminished but potential aggression fromNATOhad increased. The new plan "Jedinstvo 3" included changes to organize better defenses from new perceived external threats. The plan required the building of smaller but more modernized forces with highly mobile units. Corps closer to the border would have two A. class brigades including an artillery regiment of A. class, an anti-armor regiment of B. class and an engineering battalion of A class. Corps deeper inside country would have one brigade of A. or B. class.
Under "Jedinstvo 3" every corps in theAir Forceshould have one support aviation brigade, one fighter wing, one Air Surveillance, Early Warning and Guidance regiment, 1–2 rocket brigades or regiments and rest up to possibilities to equip.
Under "Jedinstvo 2", the JNA on 1 January 1990 had:
and many others, including 19 military police battalions and riverflotillagiving in total 28 divisions, 307 brigades and regiments and 137 independent battalions/divisions.
Under "Jedinstvo 3" until 1995, the structure of the JNA was:
There were other units that had smaller but more modern and mobile forces with more mobile A class units with a total of 19 divisions, 234. brigades and 104 independent battalions/regiments in 1995. Total manpower at the end of 1995 was about 222.151 in peace and 834.891 in war.
Internal changes in Yugoslavia prevented the total realization of the "Jedinstvo 3" plan. While many changes under it were done during 1990, not all were finished completely. While most commands and units were formed and manned, equipping was not finished according to plan because of dissolution of Yugoslavia and stopping of deliveries from most of domestic factories to units of JNA. As part of the armed forces, there was also theTerritorial Defense, based on each republic's territory that formed Yugoslavia that would fall under command of JNA during wartime.
The Ground Forces had the greatest number of personnel. In 1991 there were about 140,000 active-duty soldiers (including 90,000 conscripts), and over a million trainedreserviststhat could be mobilized in wartime. Each of the Yugoslav constituent six republics had its ownTerritorial Defence forceswhich were similar to the USnational guardand were subordinate to supreme command as an integral part of the defence system in wartime. The territorial defence (reserve force) was made up of former conscripts; they were occasionally called up for war exercises.
In accordance with the1974 Yugoslav Constitutionthe Land Forces were divided into six armies allocated to the five republics. The ground forces were organised into infantry,armour, artillery, and air defence, as well as signal, engineering and chemical defence corps.
The Yugoslav Air Force had about 32,000 personnel including 4,000conscripts,and operated over 400 aircraft and 200helicopters. It was responsible for transport,reconnaissanceandrotary-wing aircraftas well as the national air defence system. The primary air force missions were to contest enemy efforts to establishair supremacyover Yugoslavia and to support the defensive operations of the ground forces and navy. Most aircraft were produced in Yugoslavia.Missileswere produced domestically and supplied by the Soviet Union.
The Yugoslav Air Force had twelve squadrons of domestically produced ground attack fighters. The ground attack squadrons provided close air support to ground force operations. They were equipped with 165 newSoko J-22 Orao,Super GalebandJ-21 Jastreb, and olderSoko J-20 Kragujfighters. Many ground attack fighters were armed withAGM-65 Maverickair-to-surface missilespurchased from the United States. Others were armed with SovietKh-23andKh-28missiles. The air force also had about ninety armedMi-8helicopter gunships to provide added mobility and fire support for small ground units. A large number of reconnaissance aircraft were available to support ground forces operations. Four squadrons of seventy Galeb, Jastreb, and Orao-1 fighters were configured for reconnaissance missions.
The Yugoslav Air Force had nine squadrons of 130 Soviet-madeMiG-21interceptors for air defence. First produced in the late 1950s, the MiG-21 design was largely obsolete in 1990 and represented a potential weakness in Yugoslavia's air defence. However, the bulk of the MiG-21 fleet consisted mainly of thebisvariant, the latest production MiG-21 model, and was armed with the SovietVympel K-13(NATO reporting name: AA-2 "Atoll") missile, air-to-air missiles and someMolniya R-60(NATO reporting name: AA-8 "Aphid") missiles as well as twin 23 mm cannons. By 1989, Yugoslavia started developing a new domestic multirole fighter plane calledNovi Avion, which was supposed to replace the MiG-21 and J-21 Jastreb fleets entirely. The design of the new aircraft was influenced by theMirage 2000andDassault Rafalefighter types and it was to enter service by the early 2000s. As an interim solution, a modernization package was planned for the MiG-21 and it is speculated that India's MiG-21 Bison upgrade was actually intended for Yugoslav aircraft. In 1987, Yugoslavia acquired 16MiG-29s.
Although not officially known at the time, Yugoslavia was rumoured to have been interested in the purchase ofSu-25attack-aircraft andMi-24gunships.Instead of developing its own fighter plane, theNovi Avion, the country made a request to licence-build theF-20, but due to unstable relations with the US, the request was rejected. By the late 1980s, the licensed production ofAérospatiale SA 330 Pumahelicopters was also planned, but due to the dissolution of the country, it was not continued.
One of the structures operated by theYugoslav Air Forcewas the undergroundŽeljava Air Basenear the town ofBihaćin northwestBosnia and Herzegovina. The structure was made to withstand a nuclear explosion and was destroyed by the JNA in 1992 to prevent its capture. Željava was home to the 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment, which was composed of the 124th and 125th Fighter Squadrons, equipped with MiG-21Bis fighters, and the 352nd Reconnaissance Squadron, equipped with MiG-21R aircraft.
The Air and Air Defence Forces were headquartered atZemunand hadfighterandbomberaircraft, helicopters, and air defence artillery units atair basesthroughout the former Yugoslavia:Batajnica Air Base(Belgrade),Niš Constantine the Great Airport,Slatina Air Base(Priština),Golubovci Airbase(Titograd),Skopski Petrovec,Sarajevo,Mostar, Željava Air Base (Bihać),Pleso(Zagreb),Split Airport,Pula,Zemunik(Zadar),Cerklje ob Krkiand many other smaller air bases.
Minor surface combatantsoperated by theYugoslav Navyincluded nearly eightyfrigates,corvettes,submarines,minesweepers, and missile, torpedo, and patrol boats in theAdriaticFleet. The entire coast of Yugoslavia was part of the naval region headquartered atSplit, Croatia.
The Partisans had operated many small boats in raids harassing Italian convoys in the Adriatic Sea during World War II. After the war, the navy operated numerous German and Italian submarines, destroyers, minesweepers, and tank-landing craft captured during the war or received aswar reparations. The United States provided eight torpedo boats in the late 1940s, but most of them were soon obsolete. The navy was upgraded in the 1960s when it acquired tenOsa-I-class missile boats and fourShershen-class torpedo boatsfrom the Soviet Union. The Soviets granted a license to build eleven additional Shershen units in Yugoslav shipyards developed for this purpose.
In 1980 and 1982, the Yugoslav navy took the delivery of two SovietKoni-class frigates. In 1988 it completed two additional units under license. The Koni frigates were armed with four SovietP-15 Termitsurface-to-surface missile launchers, twin9K33 Osa(NATO reporting name: SA-8 "Gecko") surface-to-air missiles, and anti-submarine rocket launchers.
The Yugoslav navy developed its own submarine-building capability during the 1960s. In 1990, the main combat units of the submarine service were threeHeroj-class submarinesarmed with 533 mm torpedoes. Two smallerSava-class submarinesentered service in the late 1970s. TwoSutjeska-class submarines had been relegated mainly to training missions by 1990. At that time the navy had apparently shifted to construction of versatile midget submarines. Four Una-class midgets and four Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicles were in service in the late 1980s. They were built for use by underwater demolition teams and special forces. The Una-class boats carried five crewmen, eight combat swimmers, four Mala vehicles, andlimpet mines. The Mala vehicles carried two swimmers and 250 kilograms (550 lb) of mines.
The Yugoslav navy operated ten Osa-class missile boats and sixKončar-classmissile boats. The Osa I boats were armed with four P-15 Termit surface-to-surface missile launchers. In 1990, ten domesticKobramissile boats were scheduled to begin replacing the Osa I class. TheKobraclass was to be armed with eight SwedishRBS-15anti-ship missiles, and fifteen of them were ordered in late 1989. Armed with two P-15 Termit launchers, theKončar-class boats were modeled after theSpicaclass, and there were plans to upgrade them with Swedish-built missiles. TwoKobramissile boats were built byCroatiaas theKralj-classfast attack craftand both are still in service. The navy's fifteen Topčider-class torpedo boats included four former Soviet Shershen class and eleven Yugoslav built units.
The Yugoslav navy's mine warfare and countermeasures capabilities were considered adequate in 1990. It operated fourVukov Klanac-class coastal minesweepers built on a French design, four BritishHam-class minesweepers, and six 117-class inshore minesweepers built in domestic shipyards. Larger numbers of older and less capable minesweepers were mainly used in riverine operations. Other older units were used as dedicated minelayers. The navy usedamphibiouslanding craft in support of army operations in the area of theDanube,Sava, andDravarivers. They included both tank and assault landing craft. In 1990, there were four 501-class, ten 211-class, and twenty-five 601-class landing craft in service. Most of them were also capable of laying mines in rivers and coastal areas.
The Yugoslav Navy had 10,000 sailors (including 4,400 conscripts and 900 marines).They were essentially a coastal defence force with the mission of preventing enemyamphibious landingsalong the country's rugged 4,000-kilometer shoreline and coastal islands, and contesting enemyblockadeor control of the strategicStrait of Otranto. The entire coast of Yugoslavia was part of the naval region headquartered atSplit. The naval region was divided into three smallernaval districtsand a riverine flotilla with majornaval baseslocated at Split,Šibenik,Pula,PločeandKotoron the Adriatic Sea, andNovi Sadon the River Danube. The strategic islands ofVisandLastovowere heavilyfortifiedand unauthorised entry was prohibited. Thefleetwas organized into missile, torpedo, and patrol boat brigades, a submarine division, and minesweeper flotillas. The navalorder of battleincluded four frigates, three corvettes, five patrol submarines, fifty-eight missile, torpedo, and patrol boats, and twenty-eight minesweepers. One antisubmarine warfare helicopter squadron was based at Split on the Adriatic coast. It employed SovietKa-25,Ka-28, andMi-14helicopters, and domestic Partisan helicopters. Some air force fighter and reconnaissance squadrons supported naval operations.
The Yugoslav Constitution of 1974 principally tried to have the most proportional representation of Yugoslavia's republics and autonomous provinces in the high army ranks. It is defined in article 242 of the constitution, which says that, "Regarding the composition of staff and the employment in the high command and leadership functions in the Yugoslav People's Army the principle is applied of as proportional representation as possible of republics and autonomous provinces".
Serbs, Montenegrins, and Yugoslavs were by someopinions over-represented in the officer corps, but that was still in accordance with cited constitution. JNA's high-ranking positions in 1980 was dominated by ethnic Serbs, including the chief of the armed forces, minister of defense and secretary of theLCYin the JNA.Nobody was preventing anyone in Yugoslavia to become JNA officer in accordance to the law "Zakon o vojnim školama i naučnoistraživačkim ustanovama Jugoslovenske narodne armije" that had no exclusions clause. Proportional presentations was to be between republics and autonomous provinces according to cited part of constitution and not between nations. Military schools in Yugoslavia in accordance with law about military schools were built in all Yugoslavia Republics. In Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, military schools possessed 38,391 annual capacity or 50.54% of the total compared to Serbia, which had 30,843 capacity for educating military personnel that constituted about 40.62% of total capacity and rest was among other republics.
Representation of the main nations and nationalities of Yugoslavia in the general population and the armed forces:
Ethnic distribution among higher ranks of the JNA:
22 December was established as the Yugoslav People's Army Day. On that day all units and organizations within JNA including other Yugoslavia states bodies celebrated the day the JNA was founded. Prestigious awards were given on that day: they were calleddvadesetdrugi decembar.Rewards were given to anyone who had contributed to the defence of Yugoslavia in some way including military, scientific, economic or another contribution.  Winners of such awards were highly praised in media and among the populace. Every ten years, special medals were awarded on 22 December. It was last promoted by the JNA general, the winner of the 22 December reward and JNA silver star medal. Major general Ener Taso died on 12 December 2018.
The arms industry was dominant in the Yugoslav economy. With annual exports of $3 billion,it was twice as large as the second largest industry, tourism.
Several companies in Yugoslavia produced airplanes and combat aircraft, most notablySOKOofMostar, with theSoko J-22 Oraobeing its best known product. There was alsoZastava Armsfor firearms and artillery. Another important manufacturer wasUtvain Serbia. The Yugoslavmilitary–industrial complexproduced tanks (most notably, theM-84), armored vehicles (BOV APC,BVP M-80), various artillery pieces (mortars,multiple rocket launchers,howitzers), anti-aircraft weapons, as well as various types of infantry weapons and other equipment.
JNA had modern infrastructure with many air bases including underground shelters and command and control centers in many locations including several mountains. The biggest and best known installation was theŽeljava Air Base, also known as the Bihać Underground Integrated Radar Control and Surveillance Centre and Air Base, inBosnia and Herzegovina.
The oath of the JNA was:
The JNA adopted the concept oftotal defence(as did a number of other small European and neutral countries). Yugoslavia based its defence doctrine upon thetotal warconcept of "Total People's Defence" (sh. Opštenarodna odbrana / Općenarodna obrana) which drew upon Yugoslavia's successful partisan history during theYugoslav People's Liberation Warduring the Second World War. "TND prepared the entire population to contest the occupation of the country and finally to liberate it. TheTerritorial Defence Forceswould mobilize the population for this purpose. The combat readiness of the TDF meant that the steps of organization and training could be bypassed after the start of hostilities. The TDF would supplement the YPA, giving it greater defensive depth and an armed local population ready to support combat actions."The entire Yugoslav population was to be engaged in armed resistance, armaments production, and civil defence under this concept. It was believed by the Yugoslav planners to be the best method by which a smaller nation could properly defend itself against a much stronger invader, specifically,NATOor theWarsaw Pact.
In January 1990, theLeague of Communists of Yugoslaviawas effectively dissolved as a national organization following its14th Congresswhere the Serbian and Slovene delegations engaged in a public confrontation.The Yugoslav People's Army was left without an ideological support mechanism. 99% of the officers of the Army were members of thecommunistparty.
Thedissolution of Yugoslaviabegan when independent, non-communist governments were established in the Yugoslav republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia. In 1990, theSocialist Republic of Sloveniachanged its name toRepublic of Sloveniaand ceased contributing funds to the federal government for a sustained military budget.Soon afterward the Slovene government began a re-organization of its territorial defense, bringing the former constituent republic'sTerritorial Defensereserve forces under its control as theSlovenian Territorial Defence.
In March 1991, Yugoslav defense minister GeneralVeljko Kadijevićorganized a meeting at the military complex inTopčider,Belgrade. Present at this meeting were all 6 presidents of the Yugoslav republics, presidents of the autonomous republics, the Yugoslav president and all top military officers. Kadijević claimed that there were numerous paramilitary organizations in Yugoslavia sponsored by foreign and domestic enemies of the state. He stated that if federal and republic officials "failed to ensure peace, the Yugoslav armed forces could efficiently do so themselves."He also stated that the Yugoslav People's Army was dealing withUstaše,Chetniks, and other "enemies of socialism" stemming fromWorld War IIconflicts. Kadijević proposed a declaration of martial law. A subsequent vote was held on Kadijević's recommendation of martial law, and the suggestion was vetoed.
In April 1991, the government of Croatia formed theCroatian National Guard(ZNG), which the Yugoslav People's Army considered to be a paramilitary organization.On 25 June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence from Yugoslavia. On the same day,Slovenian Territorial Defenceunits captured Yugoslav control posts on the borders with Italy, Hungary and Austria. Slovene forces also established border control posts on their border with Croatia.
As a result of these actions, on 27 June 1991 the JNA attacked Slovenia, with its top commanders citing the constitutional obligation to defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Yugoslavia. Yugoslav forces attacked the Slovene units on the border and in all other areas under Slovene control. The Slovenian Territorial Defence blockaded all ten Yugoslav bases in Slovenia and kept them under siege in theTen-Day Warwhich ended on 6 July 1991.Yugoslav forces had 44 killed and 146 wounded, with many Yugoslav officers being wounded or captured.After theBrioni Agreementwas signed, the JNA agreed to withdraw from Slovenia by 10 October 1991, leaving large amounts of equipment behind.
On 27 June 1991, war in Croatia began. The JNA and the Serbians were on one side and Croatian military units on the other. On 14–15 September, Croatia launched theBattle of the Barracks, besieging over 20 Yugoslav People's Army barracks and depots, leaving Yugoslav soldiers without food, water or electricity for weeks.Some Croatian citizens deserted from the JNA and began joining Croatian military forces. Senior Yugoslav officers also defected to Croatia, including Air Force Commander-in-ChiefColonel generalAnton Tus. In August 1991, theBattle of Vukovarbegan. It was the biggest battle in Croatia beforeOperation StormandOperation Flash. In the battle, 90% of the city was destroyed.The Yugoslav People's Army used fighter and attack aircraft, rocket launchers, a large number of tanks and other equipment.
Macedoniadeclared independenceon 8 September 1991, but the Yugoslav People's Army did not militarily respond. In November, Vukovar was captured and 80% of Croatian forces were destroyed or captured. Many atrocities were committed in the city by the Yugoslav People's Army and local Serb guerrillas and regulars, including theVelepromet concentration camp,Vukovar massacre, etc.
In mid-October 1991, Yugoslav ground forces, supported by naval and air forces, attacked the city of Dubrovnik and the Konavle area where the Croats had strongholds, starting theSiege of Dubrovnik.By 6 December, Yugoslav forces had neutralized all Croat formations in the Konavle area, but Dubrovnik had not been captured. After these two operations, the JNA signed theSarajevo Agreementwith Croatia and began to withdraw. In January 1992, Veljko Kadijević resigned after the1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing.
The JNA left Macedonia in March 1992. Around the same time, Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence following areferendumand theBosnian Warstarted soon thereafter between the country's Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs. The JNA officially withdrew from Bosnia and Herzegovina in May 1992. In January of 1992, Bosnian Serb state was declared.Later renamedRepublika Srpska,it developed its own military as the JNA withdrew and handed over its weapons, equipment and 55,000 troops to the newly createdBosnian Serb army.On 20 May 1992 the JNA was formally dissolved, the remnants of which reformed into themilitaryof the newly foundedFederal Republic of Yugoslavia.