Whale shark

Thewhale shark(Rhincodon typus) is a slow-moving,filter-feedingcarpet sharkand the largest knownextantfishspecies. The largest confirmed individual had a length of 18.8 m (61.7 ft).The whale shark holds many records for size in the animal kingdom, most notably being by far the most massive living non-cetacean animal. It is the sole member of the genusRhincodonand the only extant member of the familyRhincodontidae, which belongs to the subclassElasmobranchiiin the classChondrichthyes. Before 1984 it was classified asRhiniodoninto Rhinodontidae.
Whale sharks inhabit the open waters of all tropical oceans. They are rarely found in water below 21 °C (70 °F).Whale sharks' lifespans are estimated to be between 80 and 130 years, based on studies of their vertebral growth bands and the growth rates of free-swimming sharks.Whale sharks have very large mouths and are filter feeders, which is a feeding mode that occurs in only two other sharks, themegamouth sharkand thebasking shark. They feed almost exclusively onplanktonand small fishes, and do not pose any threat to humans.
The species was distinguished in April 1828 after the harpooning of a 4.6 m (15 ft) specimen inTable Bay, South Africa.Andrew Smith, a military doctor associated with British troops stationed inCape Town, described it the following year.The name "whale shark" refers to the animal's appearance and large size; it is a fish, not amammal, and (like all sharks) is not closely related towhales.
Whale sharks possess a broad, flattened head with a large mouth and two small eyes located at the front corners.Unlike many other sharks, whale shark mouths are located at the front of the head rather than on the underside of the head.A 12.1 m (39.7 ft) whale shark was reported to have a mouth 1.55 m (5.1 ft) across.Whale shark mouths can contain over 300 rows of tiny teeth and 20 filter pads which it uses tofilter feed.Thespiraclesare located just behind the eyes. Whale sharks have five large pairs ofgills. Their skin is dark grey with a white belly marked with an arrangement of pale grey or white spots and stripes that is unique to each individual. The skin can be up to 15 cm (5.9 in) thick and is very hard and rough to the touch. The whale shark has three prominent ridges along its sides, which start above and behind the head and end at thecaudal peduncle.The shark has twodorsal finsset relatively far back on the body, a pair ofpectoral fins, a pair of pelvic fins and a single medialanal fin. Thecaudal finhas a larger upper lobe than the lower lobe (heterocercal).
Whale sharks have been found to possessdermal denticleson the surface of their eyeballs that are structured differently from their body denticles. The dermal denticles, as well as the whale shark's ability to retract its eyes deep into their sockets, serve to protect the eyes from damage.
Evidence suggests that whale sharks can recover from major injuries and may be able to regenerate small sections of their fins. Their spot markings have also been shown to reform over a previously wounded area.
The complete and annotated genome of the whale shark was published in 2017.
Rhodopsin, the light-sensing pigment in therod cellsof the retina, is normally sensitive to green and used to see in dim light, but in the whale shark (and the bottom-dwellingcloudy catshark) two amino acid substitutions make the pigment more sensitive to blue light instead, the light that dominates the deep ocean. One of these mutations also makes rhodopsin vulnerable to higher temperatures. In humans, a similar mutation leads tocongenital stationary night blindness, as the human body temperature makes the pigment decay.This pigment becomes unstable in shallow water, where the temperature is higher and the full spectrum of light is present. To protect from this instability, the whale shark deactivates the pigment when in shallow water (as otherwise the pigment would hinder full color vision). In the colder environment at 2,000 meters below the surface where the shark dives, it is activated again.The mutations thus allow the shark to see well at both ends of its great vertical range.The eyes have also lost allconeopsinsexcept LWS.
The whale shark is the largest non-cetaceananimal in the world. However, the maximum size and growth patterns of the species are not well understood.
Limited evidence, mostly from males, suggests thatsexual maturityoccurs around 8 to 9 meters (26 to 30 ft) in length, with the possibility of females sexually maturing at a similar size or larger.
Various studies have aimed to estimate the growth and longevity of whale sharks, either by analysing evidence from vertebral growth rings or measurements taken from re-sighted sharks over several years. This information is used to model growth curves, which can predict asymptotic length. The growth curves produced from these studies have estimated asymptotic lengths ranging from 15 to 21.9 meters (49 to 72 ft).
A 2020 study looked at the growth of whale shark individuals over a 10-year period around theNingaloo Reefand concluded the species exhibitssexual dimorphismwith regard to size, with females growing larger than males. The study found that males on average reach 8 to 9 meters (26 to 30 ft) in length. The same study had less female data but estimated an average length of around 14.5 m (48 ft). However, this value dropped to 12.1 m (40 ft) if data from aquarium whale sharks was included. The authors noted that these estimates represent average asymptotic size and are not the maximum sizes possible. Additionally, they acknowledged the potential for regional size variation.
Most previous growth studies have had data predominately from males and none have data from sharks over ~10 m (33 ft). Not all previous studies created separate growth curves for males and females, instead combining data from both sexes. Those studies that made sex-specific growth curves have estimated large asymptotic length estimates for males, with lengths of 18 m (59 ft) or more. However, mostly immature males were available in these studies, with few adults to constrain the upper portion of the growth curves.
The largest total length for the species is uncertain due to a lack of detailed documentation of the largest reported individuals. Whale sharks as large as 18 to 20 meters (59 to 66 ft) in length have been reported in scientific literature. However, most whale sharks observed are smaller.
Large whale sharks are difficult to measure accurately, both on the land and in the water. When on land, the total length measurement can be affected by how the tail is positioned, either angled as it would be in life or stretched as far as possible. Historically, techniques such as comparisons to objects of known size and knotted ropes have been used for in-water measurements, but these techniques may be inaccurate.Various forms ofphotogrammetryhave been used to improve the accuracy of in-water measurements, including underwater and aerial techniques.
Since the 1800s, there have been accounts of very large whale sharks. Some of these are as follows:
In 1868, the Irish natural scientistEdward Perceval Wrightobtained several small whale shark specimens in theSeychelles. Wright was informed of one whale shark that was measured as exceeding 45 ft (14 m). Wright claimed to have observed specimens over 50 ft (15 m) and was told of specimens upwards of 70 ft (21 m).
Hugh M. Smithdescribed a huge animal caught in a bamboo fish trap inThailandin 1919. The shark was too heavy to pull ashore, and no measurements were taken. Smith learned through independent sources that it was at least 10wa(a Thai unit of length measuring between a person's outstretched arms). Smith noted that one wa could be interpreted as either 2 m (6.6 ft) or the approximate average of 1.7 to 1.8 m (5.6–5.9 ft), based on the local fishermen.Later sources have stated this whale shark as approximately 18 m (59 ft), but the accuracy of the estimate has been questioned.
In 1934, a ship named theMaunganuicame across a whale shark in the southern Pacific Ocean and rammed it. The shark became stuck on the prow of the ship, supposedly with 15 ft (4.6 m) on one side and 40 ft (12.2 m) on the other, suggesting a total length of about 55 ft (17 m).
Scott A. Eckert & Brent S. Stewart reported onsatellite trackingof whale sharks from 1994 to 1996. Out of the 15 individuals tracked, two females were reported as measuring 15 m (49 ft) and 18 m (59 ft).A 20.75 m (68.1 ft) long whale shark was reported as being stranded along theRatnagiricoast in 1995.A female individual with astandard lengthof 15 m (49.2 ft) and an estimated total length at 18.8 m (61.7 ft) was reported from the Arabian Sea in 2001.In a 2015 study reviewing the size of marinemegafauna, McClain and colleagues considered this female as being the most reliable and accurately measured.
On 7 February 2012, a large whale shark was found floating 150 kilometres (93 mi) off the coast ofKarachi, Pakistan. The length of the specimen was said to be between 11 and 12 m (36 and 39 ft), with a weight of around 15,000 kg (33,000 lb).
The whale shark inhabits all tropical and warm-temperate seas. The fish is primarilypelagic, and can be found in both coastal and oceanic habitats.Tracking devices have shown that the whale shark displays dynamic patterns of habitat utilization, likely in response to availability of prey. Whale sharks observed off the northeast Yucatan Peninsula tend to engage in inshore surface swimming between sunrise and mid-afternoon, followed by regular vertical oscillations in oceanic waters during the afternoon and overnight. About 95% of the oscillating period was spent inepipelagicdepths (<200 metres (660 ft)), but whale sharks also took regular deep dives (>500 metres (1,600 ft)), often descending in brief "stutter steps", perhaps for foraging. The deepest recorded dive was 1,928 metres (6,325 ft). Whale sharks were also observed to remain continuously at depths of greater than 50 metres (160 ft) for three days or more.
The whale shark is migratoryand has two distinct subpopulations: an Atlantic subpopulation, fromMaineand theAzorestoCape Agulhas, South Africa, and an Indo-Pacific subpopulation which holds 75% of the entire whale shark population. It usually roams between 30°N and 35°S where water temperatures are higher than 21 °C (70 °F) but have been spotted as far north as theBay of Fundy, Canada and theSea of Okhotsknorth of Japan and as far south asVictoria, Australia.
Seasonal feeding aggregations occur at several coastal sites such as thePersian GulfandGulf of Oman,Ningaloo Reefin Western Australia,Darwin Islandin the Galápagos,Quintana Rooin Mexico,Mafia IslandofPwani Regionin Tanzania,Inhambaneprovince in Mozambique, thePhilippines, aroundMahein the Seychelles,theGujaratandKeralacoasts of India,Taiwan, southernChinaandQatar.
In 2011, more than 400 whale sharks gathered off theYucatanCoast. It was one of the largest gatherings of whale sharks recorded.Aggregations in that area are among the most reliable seasonal gatherings known for whale sharks, with large numbers occurring in most years between May and September. Associated ecotourism has grown rapidly to unsustainable levels.
Growth, longevity, and reproduction of the whale shark are poorly understood.
Vertebral growth bandshave been used to estimate the age, growth, and longevity of whale sharks. However, there was uncertainty as to whether vertebrae growth bands are formed annually or biannually.A 2020 study compared the ratio ofCarbon-14isotopes found in growth bands of whale shark vertebrae tonuclear testingevents in the 1950–60s, finding that growth bands are laid down annually. The study found an age of 50 years for a 10 m (33 ft) female and 35 years for a 9.9 m (32 ft) male.Various studies looking at vertebrae growth bands and measuring whale sharks in the wild have estimated their lifespans from ~80 years and up to ~130 years.
Evidence suggests that males grow faster than females in the earlier stages of life but ultimately reach a smaller maximum size.Whale sharks exhibit late sexual maturity.One study looking at free-swimming whale sharks estimated the age at maturity in males at ~25 years.
Pupping of whale sharks has not been observed, but mating has been witnessed twice inSt Helena.Mating in this species was filmed for the first time in whale sharks offNingaloo Reefvia airplane in Australia in 2019, when a larger male unsuccessfully attempted to mate with a smaller, immature female.
The capture of a ~10.6 m (35 ft) female in July 1996 that was pregnant with ~300 pups indicated that whale sharks areovoviviparous.The eggs remain in the body and the females give birth to live young which are 40 to 60 cm (16 to 24 in) long. Evidence indicates the pups are not all born at once, but rather the female retains sperm from one mating and produces a steady stream of pups over a prolonged period.
On 7 March 2009, marine scientists in the Philippines discovered what is believed to be the smallest living specimen of the whale shark. The young shark, measuring only 38 cm (15 in), was found with its tail tied to a stake at a beach inPilar, Sorsogon, Philippines, and was released into the wild. Based on this discovery, some scientists no longer believe this area is just a feeding ground; this site may be a birthing ground, as well. Both young whale sharks and pregnant females have been seen in the waters of St Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, where numerous whale sharks can be spotted during the summer.
In a report fromRapplerlast August 2019, whale sharks were sighted duringWWFPhilippines' photo identification activities in the first half of the year. There were a total 168 sightings – 64 of them "re-sightings" or reappearances of previously recorded whale sharks. WWF noted that "very young whale shark juveniles" were identified among the 168 individuals spotted in the first half of 2019. Their presence suggests that theTicao Passmay be a pupping ground for whale sharks, further increasing the ecological significance of the area.
Large adult females, often pregnant, are a seasonal presence around the Galapagos Islands, which may have reproductive significance.One study between 2011 and 2013 found that 91.5% of the whale sharks observed aroundDarwin Islandwere adult females.
The whale shark is afilter feeder– one of only three known filter-feeding shark species (along with thebasking sharkand themegamouth shark). It feeds onplanktonincludingcopepods,krill,fish eggs,Christmas Island red crablarvaeand smallnektoniclife, such as smallsquidorfish. It also feeds on clouds of eggs during mass spawning of fish and corals.The many rows of vestigial teeth play no role in feeding. Feeding occurs either by ram filtration, in which the animal opens its mouth and swims forward, pushing water and food into the mouth, or by active suction feeding, in which the animal opens and closes its mouth, sucking in volumes of water that are then expelled through the gills. In both cases, the filter pads serve to separate food from water. These unique, black sieve-like structures are presumed to be modifiedgill rakers. Food separation in whale sharks is bycross-flow filtration, in which the water travels nearly parallel to the filter pad surface, not perpendicularly through it, before passing to the outside, while denser food particles continue to the back of the throat.This is an extremely efficient filtration method that minimizes fouling of the filter pad surface. Whale sharks have been observed "coughing", presumably to clear a build-up of particles from the filter pads. Whale sharks migrate to feed and possibly to breed.
The whale shark is an active feeder, targeting concentrations of plankton or fish. It is able to ram filter feed or can gulp in a stationary position. This is in contrast to the passive feeding basking shark, which does not pump water. Instead, it swims to force water across its gills.
A juvenile whale shark is estimated to eat 21 kg (46 pounds) of plankton per day.
The BBC programPlanet Earthfilmed a whale shark feeding on a school of small fish. The same documentary showed footage of a whale shark timing its arrival to coincide with the mass spawning of fish shoals and feeding on the resultant clouds of eggs and sperm.
Whale sharks are known to prey on a range of planktonic and small nektonic organisms that are spatiotemporally patchy. These include krill, crab larvae, jellyfish, sardines, anchovies, mackerels, small tunas, and squid. In ram filter feeding, the fish swims forward at constant speed with its mouth fully open, straining prey particles from the water by forward propulsion. This is also called ‘passive feeding’, which usually occurs when prey is present at low density.
Due their mode of feeding, whale sharks are susceptible to the ingestion ofmicroplastics. As such, the presence of microplastics in whale shark scat was recently confirmed.
Despite its size, the whale shark does not pose any danger to humans. Younger whale sharks are gentle and can play with divers. Underwater photographers such asFiona Ayersthave photographed them swimming close to humans without any danger.Although whale sharks are docile fish, touching or riding the sharks is strictly forbidden and fineable in most countries,as it can cause serious harm to the animal.
The shark is seen by divers in many places, including theBay Islandsin Honduras, Thailand, Indonesia (Bone Bolango,Cendrawasih Bay), the Philippines, the Maldives close toMaamigili(South Ari Atoll), theRed Sea, Western Australia (Ningaloo Reef,Christmas Island), Taiwan, Panama (Coiba Island), Belize,Tofo Beachin Mozambique, Sodwana Bay (Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park) in South Africa,theGalapagosIslands,Saint Helena,Isla Mujeres(Caribbean Sea),La Paz, Baja California SurandBahía de los ÁngelesinMexico, theSeychelles,West Malaysia, islands off easternpeninsular Malaysia,India,Sri Lanka,Oman,Fujairah,Puerto Rico, and other parts of theCaribbean.Juveniles can be found near the shore in theGulf of Tadjoura, nearDjibouti, in theHorn of Africa.
There is currently no robust estimate of the global whale shark population. The species is consideredendangeredby theIUCNdue to the impacts of fisheries,by-catchlosses, and vessel strikes,combined with its long lifespan and late maturation.In June 2018 the New ZealandDepartment of Conservationclassified the whale shark as "Migrant" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under theNew Zealand Threat Classification System.
It is listed, along with six other species of sharks, under theCMSMemorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks.In 1998, the Philippines banned all fishing, selling, importing, and exporting of whale sharks for commercial purposes,followed by India in May 2001and Taiwan in May 2007.
In 2010, theGulf of Mexico oil spillresulted in 4,900,000 barrels (780,000 m) of oil flowing into an area south of theMississippi River Delta, where one-third of all whale shark sightings in the northern part of the gulf have occurred in recent years. Sightings confirmed that the whale sharks were unable to avoid the oil slick, which was situated on the surface of the sea where the whale sharks feed for several hours at a time. No dead whale sharks were found.
This species was also added toAppendix IIof the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 2003 to regulate the international trade of live specimens and its parts.
It was reported in 2014 that hundreds of whale sharks were illegally killed every year in China for their fins, skins, and oil.
The whale shark is popular in the fewpublic aquariumsthat keep it, but its large size means that a very large tank is required and it has specialized feeding requirements.Their large size and iconic status have also fueled an opposition to keeping the species in captivity, especially after the early death of some whale sharks in captivity and certain Chinese aquariums keeping the species in relatively small tanks.
The first attempt at keeping whale sharks in captivity was in 1934 when an individual was kept for about four months in a netted-off natural bay inIzu, Japan.The first attempt of keeping whale sharks in an aquarium was initiated in 1980 by theOkinawa Churaumi Aquarium(then known as Okinawa Ocean Expo Aquarium) in Japan.Since 1980, several have been kept at Okinawa, mostly obtained from incidental catches in coastal nets set by fishers (none after 2009), but two were strandings. Several of these were already weak from the capture/stranding and some were released,but initial captive survival rates were low.After the initial difficulties in maintaining the species had been resolved, some have survived long-term in captivity.The record for a whale shark in captivity is an individual that, as of 2021, has lived for more than 26 years in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium from Okinawa Ocean Expo Aquarium.Following Okinawa,Osaka Aquariumstarted keeping whale sharks and most of the basic research on the keeping of the species was made at these two institutions.
Since the mid-1990s, several other aquariums have kept the species in Japan (Kagoshima Aquarium,KinosakiMarine World,Notojima Aquarium,Oita Marine Palace Aquarium, andYokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise), South Korea (Aqua Planet Jeju), China (Chimelong Ocean Kingdom,DalianAquarium,GuangzhouAquarium in Guangzhou Zoo,QingdaoPolar Ocean World andYantaiAquarium), Taiwan (National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium), India (Thiruvananthapuram Aquarium) and Dubai (Atlantis, The Palm), with some maintaining whale sharks for years and others only for a very short period.The whale shark kept at Dubai's Atlantis, The Palm was rescued from shallow waters in 2008 with extensive abrasions to the fins and after rehabilitation it was released in 2010, having lived 19 months in captivity.Marine Life Parkin Singapore had planned on keeping whale sharks but scrapped this idea in 2009.
Outside Asia, the first and so far only place to keep whale sharks isGeorgia AquariuminAtlanta, United States.This is unusual because of the comparatively long transport time and complex logistics required to bring the sharks to the aquarium, ranging between 28 and 36 hours.Georgia keeps two whale sharks: two males, Taroko and Yushan, who both arrived in 2007.Two earlier males at Georgia Aquarium, Ralph and Norton, both died in 2007.Trixie died in 2020. Alice died in 2021. Georgia's whale sharks were all imported from Taiwan and were taken from the commercial fishing quota for the species, usually used locally for food.Taiwan closed this fishery entirely in 2008.
InMadagascar, whale sharks are calledmarokintanainMalagasy, meaning "many stars", after the appearance of the markings on the shark's back.
In the Philippines, it is calledbutandingandbalilan.The whale shark is featured on the reverse of thePhilippine 100-peso bill. By law snorkelers must maintain a distance of 4 ft (1.2 m) from the sharks and there is a fine and possible prison sentence for anyone who touches the animals.
Whale sharks are also known asjinbei-zameinJapan(because the markings resemble patterns typically seen onjinbei);gurano bintang(roughly "star from the East") inIndonesia; andca ong(literally "sir fish") inVietnam.
The whale shark is also featured on the latest 2015–2017 edition of the Maldivian 1000rufiyaabanknote, along with thegreen turtle.