Macadamia

Macadamiais agenusof fourspeciesof trees in theflowering plantfamilyProteaceae.They are indigenous to Australia, native to northeasternNew South Walesand central and southeasternQueenslandspecifically. Two species of thegenusare commercially important for their fruit, themacadamia nut/ˌmækəˈdeɪmiə/(or simplymacadamia). Global production in 2015 was 160,000 tonnes (180,000 short tons).Other names includeQueensland nut,bush nut,maroochi nut,bauple nutand, in the US, they are also known asHawaii nut.It was an important source ofbushfoodfor theAboriginal peoples.
The nut was first commercially produced on a wide scale inHawaii, where Australian seeds were introduced in the 1880s, and for more than a century they were the world's largest producer.South Africa has been the world's largest producer of the macadamia since the 2010s.
The macadamia is the only widely grown food plant that is native to Australia.
Macadamiais anevergreengenusthat grows 2–12 m (7–40 ft) tall.
The leaves are arranged inwhorlsof three to six,lanceolatetoobovateorellipticinshape,60–300 mm (2+1⁄2–12 in) long and30–130 mm (1+1⁄8–5+1⁄8in) broad, with an entire or spiny-serrated margin. The flowers are produced in a long, slender, and simpleraceme50–300 mm (2–12 in) long, the individual flowers10–15 mm (3⁄8–9⁄16in) long, white to pink or purple, with fourtepals. The fruit is a hard, woody, globosefolliclewith a pointed apex containing one or twoseeds. The nutshell ("coat") is particularly tough and requires around 2000Nto crack. The shell material is five times harder thanhazelnutshells and has mechanical properties similar toaluminum. It has aVickers hardnessof 35.
Nuts fromM. janseniiandM. ternifoliacontaincyanogenic glycosides.The other two species are cultivated for the commercial production of macadamia nuts for human consumption.
Previously, more species withdisjunct distributionswere named as members of this genusMacadamia.Genetics andmorphologicalstudies published in 2008 show they have separated from the genusMacadamia, correlating less closely than thought from earlier morphological studies.The species previously named in the genusMacadamiamay still be referred to overall by the descriptive, non-scientific name of macadamia.
The German-AustralianbotanistFerdinand von Muellergave the genus the nameMacadamiain 1857 in honour of the Scottish-Australianchemist, medical teacher, andpoliticianJohn Macadam, who was the honorary Secretary of thePhilosophical Institute of Victoriabeginning in 1857.
The macadamia tree is usually propagated bygrafting. It does not begin to produce commercial quantities of seeds until it is 7–10 years old, but once established, it may continue bearing for over 100 years. Macadamias prefer fertile, well-drained soils, a rainfall of 1,000–2,000 mm (40–80 in), and temperatures not falling below 10 °C (50 °F) (although once established, they can withstand light frosts), with an optimum temperature of 25 °C (80 °F). The roots are shallow, and trees can be blown down in storms; like mostProteaceae, they are also susceptible toPhytophthoraroot disease. As of 2019, the macadamia nut is the most expensive nut in the world, which is attributed to the slow harvesting process.
AMacadamia integrifolia/M. tetraphyllahybrid commercial variety is widely planted in Australia and New Zealand; Dr. J. H. Beaumont discovered it. It is high in oil but is not sweet. New leaves are reddish, and flowers are bright pink, borne on long racemes. It is one of the quickest varieties to come into bearing once planted in the garden, usually carrying a useful crop by the fourth year and improving from then on. It crops prodigiously when well pollinated. The impressive, grape-like clusters are sometimes so heavy they break the branchlets to which they are attached. Commercial orchards have reached 18 kg (40 lb) per tree by eight years old. On the downside, the macadamias do not drop from the tree when ripe, and the leaves are a bit prickly when one reaches into the tree's interior during harvest. Its shell is easier to open than that of most commercial varieties.
A pureM. tetraphyllavariety from Australia, this strain is cultivated for its productive crop yield, flavour, and suitability for pollinating 'Beaumont.'
A South AfricanM. integrifolia/M. tetraphyllahybrid cultivar, it has a sweet seed, which means it must be cooked carefully so that the sugars do not caramelise. The sweet seed is usually not fully processed, as it generally does not taste as good, but many people enjoy eating it uncooked. It has an open micropyle (hole in the shell), which may let in fungal spores. The crack-out percentage (ratio of nut meat to the whole nut by weight) is high. Ten-year-old trees average  22 kg (50 lb) per tree. It is a popular variety because of its pollination of 'Beaumont,' and the yields are almost comparable.
AM. integrifolia/M. tetraphyllahybrid, this is a rather spreading tree. On the plus side, it is high-yielding commercially; 17 kg (37 lb) from a 9-year-old tree has been recorded, and the nuts drop to the ground. However, they are thick-shelled, with not much flavour.
In 2024,South Africawas the leading producer of macadamia nuts, with 77,000 tonnes,up from 54,000 tonnes out of global production of 211,000 tonnes in 2018.Macadamia is commercially produced in many countries of Southeast Asia, South America, Australia, and North America havingMediterranean,temperateortropical climates.
The first commercial orchard of macadamia trees was planted in the early 1880s by Rous Mill, 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast ofLismore, New South Wales, consisting ofM. tetraphylla.Besides the development of a small boutique industry in Australia during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, macadamia was extensively planted as a commercial crop inHawaiifrom the 1920s onward. Macadamia seeds were first imported into Hawaii in 1882 byWilliam H. Purvis, who planted seeds that year atKapulena.The Hawaiian-produced macadamia established the well-known seed internationally, and in 2017, Hawaii produced over 22,000 tonnes.
In 2019, researchers collected samples from hundreds of trees inQueenslandand compared their genetic profiles to samples from Hawaiian orchards. They determined that essentially all the Hawaiian trees must have descended from a small population of Australian trees fromGympie, possibly just a single tree.This lack of genetic diversity in the commercial crop puts it at risk of succumbing to pathogens (as has happened in the past tobananacultivars). Growers may seek to diversify the cultivated population by hybridizing with wild specimens.
Macadamias are the world's hardest edible nut to crack.Since ordinarynutcrackersapply insufficient force,various types of specialist macadamia nut crackers are available, many of which apply force to themicropyle(white dot) to fracture the shell.
For commercial scale deshelling, rotating steel rollers are used.In South Africa, the average crack-out rate, meaning the ratio of usable nut to discarded shell, is 27.6% nut to 72.4% waste.
Nuts fromM. janseniiandM. ternifoliacontain cyanogenic glycosides.
Macadamia allergy is a type offood allergyto macadamia nuts which is relatively rare, affecting less than 5% of people withtree nut allergyin the United States.Macadamia allergy can cause mild to severe allergic reactions, such asoral allergy syndrome,urticaria,angioedema, vomiting, abdominal pain,asthma, andanaphylaxis.Macadamia allergy can also cross-react with other tree nuts or foods that have similar allergenic proteins, such ascoconut,walnut,hazelnut, andcashew.The diagnosis and management of macadamia allergy involves avoiding macadamia nuts and their derivatives, reading food labels carefully, carrying anepinephrine auto-injectorin case of severe reactions, and consulting a doctor for further testing and advice.
Macadamias aretoxicto dogs.Ingestionmay result in macadamia toxicity marked byweaknessand hind limb paralysis with the inability to stand, occurring within 12 hours of ingestion.It is not known what makes macadamia nuts toxic in dogs.Depending on the quantity ingested and the size of the dog, symptoms may also include muscle tremors, joint pain, and severe abdominal pain. In high doses of toxin, opiate medication may be required for symptom relief until the toxic effects diminish, with full recovery usually within 24 to 48 hours.
Macadamias are also toxic to cats, causing tremors, paralysis, joint stiffness, and high fever.
Raw macadamia nuts are 1% water, 14%carbohydrates, 76%fat, and 8%protein. A 100-gram reference amount of macadamia nuts provides 740kilocaloriesand are a rich source (20% or more of theDaily Value(DV)) of numerousessential nutrients, includingthiamine(104% DV),vitamin B6(21% DV), otherB vitamins,manganese(195% DV),iron(28% DV),magnesium(37% DV) andphosphorus(27% DV).
Compared with other common edible nuts, such asalmondsandcashews, macadamias are high in total fat and relatively low in protein. They have a high amount ofmonounsaturated fats(59% of total content) and contain, as 17% of total fat, themonounsaturated fat,omega-7palmitoleic acid.
The trees are also grown asornamental plantsin subtropical regions for their glossy foliage and attractive flowers. The flowers produce a well-regarded honey. The wood is used decoratively for small items.Macadamiaspecies are used as food plants by thelarvaeof someLepidopteraspecies, includingBatrachedra arenosella.
Macadamia seeds are often fed tohyacinth macawsin captivity. These largeparrotsare among the few animals, other than humans, capable of cracking the shell and removing the seed.