Monrovia

Monrovia(/mənˈroʊviə/)is the administrativecapitaland largest city ofLiberia. Founded in 1822, it is located onCape Mesuradoon theAtlantic coastand as of the 2022 census had 1,761,032 residents, home to 33.5% of Liberia’s total population.Its largely urbanized metro area, includingMontserradoandMargibicounties, was home to 2,225,911 inhabitants as of the 2022 census.
As the nation'sprimary city, Monrovia is the country's economic, financial and cultural center; its economy is primarily centered on its harbor and its role as the seat of Liberian government. The city's economy is largely based on its position as chiefAtlantic portof Liberia, with theFreeport of Monroviabased in the city being the largest and main port in the country.
The land in which the city resides was traditionally the land of theVai People, a West African ethnic group. It was founded on April 5, 1822, by members of theAmerican Colonization Society (ACS)as an organization to return former slaves born in the United States to Africa.
Monrovia is named in honor ofU.S. PresidentJames Monroe, a prominent supporter of the colonization of Liberia and the ACS. Along withWashington, D.C., it is one of two worldcapitalsto be named after a U.S. President. The original name of Monrovia was Christopolis before being changed to its current name in 1824, only two years after the city's founding. The "-via" suffix comes from either theWest AfricanEdoidi-Beninesereligious deity Ovia symbolizing peace and prosperity or the folk mythological character Ovia of the Uhen tribe, famed for her great beauty and unwavering principles, marryingthe King of the Oyo Empire.
Before 1816, the area aroundCape Mesuradoand the mouth of theMesurado Riverwas called Ducor. It had long been established as a crossroads and a place of trade inhabited by fishing, trading and farming communities of various ethnicities, including theDey,Kru,Bassa,Gola, andVai. The French cartographer and slave traderChevalier des Marchaisvisited Ducor and the Cape in 1723, conducted business there and later published a map of the area.
In 1816, with the aim of establishing a self-sufficient colony for emancipated American slaves, something that had already been accomplished inFreetown, the first group ofAfrican Americansettlers arrived in West Africa from the United States under the auspices of theAmerican Colonization Societyand with the support of the U.S. government.They landed onSherbro Island, part of modern-daySierra Leone.
On January 7, 1822, a ship took these settlers to Dazoe Island (now called Providence Island) at the mouth of the Mesurado River. They subsequently went ashore atCape Mesurado, and established a settlement they calledChristopolis.In 1824, the city was renamedMonroviaafterJames Monroe, president of the United States at the time. Monroe was a prominent supporter of developing the city as a place to relocate formerly enslaved Black people from theUnited States of AmericaandCaribbean islands, an idea put forth as an alternative toabolishing the institution of slavery in America.
In 1845 there was a constitutional convention in Monrovia, at this convention a document was drafted that would be adopted two years later as the constitution of the newly independent and sovereignRepublic of Liberia.
At the beginning of the 20th century 2,500 of Monrovia’s 4,000 residents wereAmerico-Liberian. At that time Monrovia consisted of two sectors: Monrovia proper and Krutown. The city's Americo-Liberian population resided in the former sector. Because of American settlers' influence the architectural style of its buildings was reminiscent of that of thesouthern United States. Krutown was inhabited mainly by ethnicKrus, but also byBassas,Grebosand members of other ethnic groups.By 1926 ethnic groups from Liberia's interior began to migrate outwards toward Monrovia in search of jobs.By 1937 Monrovia’s population had grown to 10,000. At this time the town had 30 police officers.
In 1979 theOrganisation of African Unity, chaired by the then president of Liberia,William Tolbert, held its conference near Monrovia. During his term, Tolbert improvedpublic housingin Monrovia and slashedtuition feesat theUniversity of Liberiain half. In 1980 a military coup led bySamuel Doeoverthrew the Tolbert government and executed many of its members. Tolbert, and others who were killed in the coup, were buried in a mass grave in Palm Grove Cemetery.
TheFirst Liberian Civil War(1989 to 1997) andSecond Liberian Civil War(1999 to 2003) severely damaged the infrastructure of the city. Much of the damage occurred during thesiege of Monrovia. Major battles included clashes between Samuel Doe's government forces andPrince Johnson's forces in 1990 and theNational Patriotic Front of Liberia's assault on the city in 1992. During these wars young children and youth, deprived of resources and schooling, were forced to involve themselves in the fighting. Afterwards, many of them were left homeless.
In 2002Leymah Gboweeorganized theWomen of Liberia Mass Action for Peace, a group consisting of local Monrovian women, who gathered in a fish market to pray and sing.This movement helped to end the war the following year and to bring about the election ofEllen Johnson Sirleafas president of Liberia, which made it the first African nation to have afemale president.
In 2014 the city was affected by the2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak.TheEbola virus epidemic in Liberiawas declared to be over on 3 September 2015.
Monrovia lies along the Cape Mesurado peninsula, between the Atlantic Ocean and theMesurado River, whose mouth forms a large natural harbor. TheSaint Paul Riverlies directly north of the city and forms the northern boundary ofBushrod Island, which is reached by crossing the "New Bridge" from downtown Monrovia. Monrovia is located inMontserrado Countyand is Liberia's largest city as its administrative, commercial and financial center.
According to theKöppen climate classification, Monrovia's climate is classified as atropical monsoon climate(Am).It is the wettest capital city in the world, with annual rainfall averaging 182 in (4,600 mm).It has awet seasonand adry seasonbut gets precipitation even during the dry season. Temperatures are fairly constant throughout the year, averaging around 79.5 °F (26.4 °C). The only slight variations are in the high temperatures, which are around 81 °F (27 °C) in the winter and near 90 °F (32 °C) in the summer. Lows are usually between 72 and 75 °F (22 and 24 °C) year-round.
Monrovia comprises several districts spread across the Mesurado peninsula; the greater metropolitan area encircles the mouth of the marshy Mesurado River. The historic downtown area, centered on Broad Street, is at the very end of the peninsula; the major market district, Waterside, immediately to its north, faces the city's large natural harbor.
Northwest of Waterside is the large, low-incomeWest Pointcommunity. To the west and southwest of the downtown area is Mamba Point, traditionally the city's principal diplomatic quarter and home to the embassies of the United States and United Kingdom, as well as the European Union delegation. South of the city center is Capitol Hill, where the major institutions of the national government, including theTemple of Justiceand the Executive Mansion, are located.
Further east along the peninsula is theSinkorsection of Monrovia. Originally a suburban residential district, today Sinkor is the bustling midtown section of the city. It includes many diplomatic missions, major hotels, businesses, and residential neighborhoods, including informal communities such as Plumkor, Jorkpentown, Lakpazee and Fiamah.
Sinkor is also home to the city's secondary airport,Spriggs Payne, and the area immediately next to the airport, called Airfield, is a major nightlife district for the whole city. East of the Airfield is the Old Road section of Sinkor, which is predominantly residential, and includes informal settlements such asChugborandGaye Town.
At the southeastern base of the peninsula is the independent township of Congo Town, and to its east is the large suburb ofPaynesville. Other suburbs, such asChocolate City,Gardnersville,Barnesville,Kaba Town,Dandawailo, andNew Georgialie to the north, across the river. OnBushrod Island, north of Monrovia, are the neighborhoods ofClara Town,Logan TownandNew Kru Town. To the far east are the suburbs ofStockton Creek Bridge,Caldwell,Louisiana, andCassava Hill.
Monrovia's economy is dominated by its harbor - theFreeport of Monrovia- and as the location of Liberia's government offices. Monrovia's harbor was significantly expanded by U.S. forces during theSecond World Warand the main exports includelatexandiron ore.
Materials are also manufactured on-site, such ascement, refinedpetroleum, food products,brickandtile, furniture, andchemicals. Located onBushrod Islandbetween the mouths of theMesuradoandSaint Paulrivers, the harbor also has facilities for storing and repairing vessels.
Boats link the city's Freeport of Monrovia, the country's busiest port, withGreenvilleandHarper.The nearest airport isSpriggs Payne Airport, located less than four miles (6.4 km) from the city center.Roberts International Airport, the largest international airport in Liberia, is 37 miles (60 km) away inHarbel.
Monrovia is connected with the rest of the country via a network of roads and railways. Monrovia is listed as the home port by between ten and fifteen percent of the world's merchant shipping, registered in Liberia underFlag of Conveniencearrangements. Both private taxis and minibuses run in the city, and are supplemented by larger buses run by theMonrovia Transit Authority.
In recent years (2005–present) the roads on many streets in Monrovia have been rebuilt by the World Bank and the Liberian Government. Private and public infrastructures are being built or renovated as reconstruction takes place.
Monrovia is situated in thedistrictofGreater MonroviainMontserrado County. Instead of being divided intoclanslike other districts of Liberia, Greater Monrovia is divided into 16 "zones". Like clans, these zones aresubdivided into 161 communities.Greater Monrovia does not have an organized district administration like other districts, with all lower-level local authorities being directly supervised by the Montserrado County Superintendent.Municipally, Greater Monrovia District is subdivided into two city corporations and ten other local authorities (nine townships and one borough).Established by law in 1973and operational since 1976,the Monrovia City Corporation (MCC) is responsible for the city's administration. The MCC also provides services to the townships and borough through a revenue-sharing arrangement, but has no zoning or enforcement jurisdiction in them.
City corporations
Townships
Borough
Former mayors include:
Cultural attractions in Monrovia include theLiberian National Museum, theMasonic Temple, the Waterside Market, and several beaches. The city also housesAntoinette Tubman Stadiumand theSamuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex, withseatsfor 22,000.
The newspaper industry in Monrovia dates back to the 1820s, with the founding of theLiberia Herald, one of the first newspapers to be published in Africa. Today, numeroustabloid-style newspapers are printed daily or bi-weekly, most are 20 pages or less. TheDaily Talkis a compilation of news and Bible quotations written daily on a roadside blackboard in theSinkorsection of Monrovia.
Monrovia also has radio and TV stations. Radio is the dominant source of news, because problems with theelectric gridmake watching television more difficult.UNMILRadio has been broadcasting since October 1, 2003, and is the only radio station in Liberia that is on the air 24 hours a day. It reaches an estimated2⁄3of the population.The state-ownedLiberia Broadcasting Systembroadcasts nationwide from its headquarters in Monrovia.STAR radiobroadcasts at 104 FM.
Monrovia is home to theUniversity of Liberia, along withAfrican Methodist Episcopal University,United Methodist University,Stella Maris Polytechnic, and many other public and private schools. Medical education is offered at the A.M. Dogliotti College of Medicine, and there is a nursing and paramedical school at the Tubman National Institute of Medical Arts.
Kindergarten through twelfth gradeeducation is provided by theMonrovia Consolidated School System, which serves the greater Monrovia area. Schools include Monrovia Central High School, Bostwain High School, D. Twe High School, G. W. Gibson High School and William V. S. Tubman High School.
TheAmerican International School of Monroviais located inCongo Town.
Theplaces of worshipin Monrovia are predominantlyChristianchurches and temples. These include theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Monrovia(Catholic Church),the United Methodist Church in Liberia(World Methodist Council), the Liberia Baptist Missionary and Educational convention (Baptist World Alliance) and theAssemblies of God.In October 2021, TheChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saintsannounced plans to construct a temple in Monrovia.[1]The city also hasMuslimmosques.
Pollutionis a significant challenge in Monrovia.Piles of household and industrial rubbish tend to build up. TheWorld Bankpays sanitation companies to collect it, but collections are irregular.
In 2013, the problem of uncollected rubbish in thePaynesvillearea of Monrovia became so acute that traders and residents burnt "the huge garbage piles that seemed on the verge of cutting off the main road" out of Monrovia toKakata.
Flooding brings additional environmental problems to residents: flood water picks up the waste that has been deposited in swamps at the edge of residential areas, and spreads it around.
In 2009, only one-third of Monrovia's 1.5 million people had access to clean toilets.Those without their own toilets defecate in the narrow alleyways between their houses, or on the beach, or into plastic bags that they dump onto nearby piles of rubbish or into the sea.
Congested housing, a lack of any requirement that landlords provide working toilets, and virtually no urban planning "have combined to create lethal sanitation conditions in the capital".
Monrovia istwinnedwith:
General: