Agriculture in Kenya

Agriculture in KenyadominatesKenya's economy.15–17 percent of Kenya's total land area has sufficient fertility and rainfall to be farmed, and 7–8 percent can be classified as first-class land.In 2006, almost 75 percent of working Kenyans made their living by farming, compared with 80 percent in 1980.About one-half of Kenya's total agricultural output is non-marketed subsistence production.
Agriculture is also the largest contributor toKenya’s gross domestic product(GDP).In 2005, agriculture, includingforestryand fishing, accounted for about 24 percent of the GDP, as well as 18 percent of wage employment and 50 percent of revenue from exports.
Farming is the most important economic sector in Kenya,although less than 8 percent of the land is used for crop and feed production, and less than 20 percent is suitable for cultivation. Kenya is a leading producer of teaand coffee,as well as the third-leading exporter of fresh produce, such as cabbages, onions and mangoes. Small farms grow most of the corn and also produce potatoes,bananas, beans, peas and chillies.
Kenya produced in 2018:
In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, likepapaya(131 thousand tons),coconut(92 thousand tons) andcoffee(41 thousand tons).
Sugarcaneproduction suffers from stem borers here.Chilo partellusis aninvasive stem boreroriginally from Pakistan which has displaced the native stem borer pest,C.orichalcociliellusin some parts of the country but not entirely.Ofomataet al., 2000 findC. orichalcociliellusis able to go through alldevelopmentstages on two native grasses here which do not hostC. partellus, which may be one reason for the native insect's persistence.
Cotesiaflavipesis aparasitoidalso fromC. partellus's native home of Pakistan which has been released here by Overholtet al.to serve as abiocontrol.In the season after release, Overholtet al., 1994 found only one parasitized stem borer despite much surveying.The 1995 and 1996 surveys found only a few more successes.Suddenly Overholtet al., 1997 found dramatically increased parasitism and Zhouet al.,  2001 found continued increase through 1999.
Sesamia calamistisis another stem borer of sugarcane here.Cotesia sesamiaeis present in the country.It is a parasitoid ofS. calamistisoflarvae.
The most common varieties that Kenyansweet potatofarmers grow are white, red and purple. The yellow-fleshed sweet potato's popularity has increased, due to nutritionists promoting it as a source ofvitamin A, which is lacking in the Kenyan diet.Thevitamin A deficiencyis not fatal, but it leaves the immune system depleted and susceptible tomeasles,malariaanddiarrhoea. The deficiency also may cause blindness.
Despite efforts to develop completely resistant plants, little has been achieved so far. Therefore, attention is turning to pseudo-resistance, which includes mitigating weevil damage through deeper storage roots formation and short-season varieties, which are exposed to weevil infestation for less time.Where farmers piecemeal their sweet potato harvest, there can be up to a 10 percent crop loss due to disease and weevils. Beetle pests can completely destroy sweet potato plantations.
Kenya is the world's 3rd largest exporter ofcut flowers.Roughly half of Kenya's 127 flower farms are concentrated aroundLake Naivasha, 90 kilometers northwest of Nairobi.To speed their export, Nairobi airport has a terminal dedicated to the transport of flowers and vegetables.
TheKenya Flower Council(KFC) says that the flower industry directly employs 90,000 and a further 500,000 indirectly in auxiliary services.Kenyan flowers make up 30 to 35% of flowers auctioned inEurope.Kenya's roses, carnations and summer flowers are also popular in Russia and the U.S.
Small growers are able to increase crop yields significantly by following simple guidelines, such as proper pruning. Many do not at first, because the methods seems counterintuitive, but the practices spread when neighbors that follow the guidelines have better yields.
Because of pests, disease and decreasedsoil nutrients, farmers are rotating their sweet potato plants as much as possible, which means using a field for sweet potato plants only once every 5 years, and not having the crop in the same field for two consecutive years.  "Planting rice between two sweet potato crops have long been suggested." When sweet potatoes and rice crops were planted in fields adjacent to each other, thesweet potatoweevilinfestation level dropped. "Reduced weevil damage was observed when sweet potato was intercropped with proso millet and sesame, but sweet potato yield was also considerably reduced. The sweet potato has been found to inhibit germination of proso millet." Thiscrop rotationand growing pattern is very common in Africa.
Weed control requires many hours of manual labour. Uncontrolled weed growth reduces crop yield by as much as 60 percent. "Some farmers solve this problem by cultivating a smaller area, but this also reduces total yields.Herbicidesare too expensive for most smallholders."When the sweet potato plant is propagated a number of consecutive times, the yield decreases and virus build-up increases. "Viruses can be removed by heat treatment.
Kenya’sirrigationsector is categorized into three organizational types: smallholder schemes, centrally-managed public schemes and private/commercial irrigation schemes.
The smallholder schemes are owned, developed and managed by individuals or groups of farmers operating as water users or self-help groups. Irrigation is carried out on individual or on group farms averaging 0.1-0.4 ha. There are about 3,000 smallholder irrigation schemes covering a total area of 47,000 ha, which is equivalent to 42% of the total area under irrigation. They produce the bulk of horticultural produce consumed in urban centres in Kenya.
The country has seven large, centrally managed irrigation schemes, namelyMwea,Bura,Hola,Perkera, West Kano, Bunyala andAherocovering a total commanded area of 18,200 ha and averaging 2,600 ha per scheme. These schemes are managed by the National Irrigation Board and account for 18% of irrigated land area in Kenya. Initially, the government developed and managed national schemes with farmers participating as tenants. However, with effect from 2003, NIB handed over to stakeholders responsibility for most services, except for the development, O & M and rehabilitation of the major irrigation facilities.
Large-scale private commercial farms cover 45,000 hectares accounting for 40% of irrigated land. They utilize high technology and produce high-value crops for the export market, especially flowers and vegetables. The farms employ a workforce of about 70,000 persons which is 41% of the population directly active in irrigated agriculture.
Sweet potato is typically grown organically in Africa. To decrease labour for weeding, farmers interviewed by Macharia (2004) expressed preference for planting on mounds after trying ridges. Farmers found mound methods yielded largertubers, and easier to use without new fertilizers or chemicals.Organic farmingincludescrop rotation, andmulchesto control pests andsoil fertility.
According, to theFood and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations, Kenya had no percentage of certified organic cropland in 2003, yet farmers use organic methods.
Many farmers in Kenya refer togenetically modified(GM) maize delivered by the US as the Trojan horse.GMs are currently illegal in Kenya, although the US continues to send modified maize to Kenya in the form of aid.
Kenyans and other Africans, like Malawians and Zimbabweans, grind maize into flour before distributing it. Some activists have said that the US is purposefully sending GM food as aid to undercut the organic export market and cause Europe to start buying from the US. Other farmers may not be aware of GMs, and others are, as Hollie said, simply too poor.
To increase production and boost profits, many small-scale farmers in Kenya are adoptinggreenhouse farming. Some of the popular products being grown in greenhouses includewatermelons,capsicum, and tomatoes.
Greenhouse farming in Kenya enables farmers to use less agricultural inputs (including labor and fertilizers) andcontrol pestsand diseases. The East African country is classified as awater-scarcecountryand most of the land is not optimal for agriculture. Most Kenyan greenhouses utilizedrip irrigationto maximize the use of the available water and efficiently deliver nutrients to their crops.
David Gordon Hineswas seconded by the UK 1954–1962 to advise the Kenya minister of agriculture about the "Million-acre scheme" to buy expatriate farms mostly in the Kenya Highlands.
The Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)is mandated with relevant research. KARI is the national institution bringing together research programmes in food crops, horticultural and industrial crops, livestock and range management, land and water management, and socio-economics. KARI promotes sound agricultural research, technology generation and dissemination to ensure food security through improved productivity and environmental conservation.
KARI was established in 1979 as a semi-autonomous government institution. The new institute continued research activities from the East African Agricultural and Forestry Research Organisation (EAAFRO), East African Veterinary Research Organisation (EAAVRO) and, finally, the Ministries of Agriculture and Livestock Development. In 1986, the Kenyan government recognised the challenge to meet long-term food production constraints in the country. The Kenya Veterinary Vaccines Production Institute (KEVEVAPI) and the Kenya Tripanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI) have been integrated into KARI more recently. This was due to the recognition of the need by the government to further strengthen its agricultural research system to create an institutional framework to effectively manage, reorganise and consolidate agricultural research within the country.
By act of parliament the Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO) was established in 2013. It merged with KARI, Coffee Research Foundation, Tea Research Foundation and the Kenya Sugar Research Foundation and has oversight of 18 research institutes.The new institution has an asset and equity base ofKSh28,000,000,000 andKSh27,900,000,000 respectively, and 3,294 staff.Likewise, the government has set up some study institutions to aid in research projects in order to alleviate poverty, reduce unemployment and fight malnutrition.Such institutions are likeEgerton Universityset mainly for agricultural research purposes.
Coastal fisheries have seen reduced fish stocks. In response, the community of Kuruwitu village inKilifi Countyset up their ownno-take areain 2003, referred to as atengefu. This received formal backing from the national government in 2007-2008. The idea has been replicated, with there now being 22tengefualong the Kenyan coastline. This practice is inspired by traditional resource management, which before the 1920s sometimes saw seasonal closures to protect fish stocks. While there have been a range of effects, sometengefuhave seen a marked revival of coral reefs and fish stocks.
State corporations of Kenyan agriculturefromthe Kenyan government main site