ඩූ ෆූ

ඩූ ෆූ(චීන:杜甫;පින්යින්: ඩූ ෆූ;වේඩ්-ගයිල්ස්:ටූ ෆූ, 712–770) යනුතාං රාජවංශය පාලනය කල සමයෙහිජීවත්වූ ප්‍රසිද්ධචීන කවියෙකි.ලි බායි(ලි පො) සහ මොහු ශ්‍රේෂ්ටතම චීනකවීන්ලෙස හඳුන්වයි.සාර්ථක සමාජ සේවකයෙකු ලෙස තම රටට සේවය කිරීම ඔහුගේ විශිෂ්ටතම අභිලාෂය විය. නමුත් ඔහුට අවශ්‍ය ඉඩකඩ ලබා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය. මුළුමහත් දේශයම මෙන් ඔහුගේ ජිවිතය ද 755 වසරේ ලූෂන් කැරැල්ල මගින් විනාශයට පැමිණියේය. එමෙන්ම ඔහුගේ දිවියේ අවසන් වසර 15 නොවෙනස් වූ අසහනයකින් යුතුව ගතකළ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් විය.
මුලදී අනෙකුත් ලේඛකයන්ට ආගන්තුක වුවද, චීන සහ ජපන් සාහිත්‍ය කෙරෙහි ඔහුගේ කාර්යයන් ඉමහත් ලෙස බලපෑම් ඇති කරන ලදී. ඔහුගේ කාව්‍යමය රචනයන් අතුරින් එක්දහස් පන්සියයක් පමණ දිගු කලක් තිස්සේ සුරැකී තිබුණි.චීන විචාරකයන් විසින් ඔහුකිවි-ඉතිහාසඥසහකාව්‍ය-ප්‍රබුද්ධලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබිණි. "චීනවර්ජිල්,හොරස්,ඔවිඩ්,ශේක්ස්පියර්,මිල්ටන්,බර්න්ස්,වර්ඩ්ස්වර්ත්, බෙරේන්ජර්,හියුගෝහෝ බවුඩෙලයර්" ලෙස බටහිර සාහිත්‍යයට හඳුන්වා දෙනු ලැබීමට ඔහුගේ කාර්යයන් මංපෙත් විවර කර දුනි.
Traditionally, Chineseliterary criticismhas placed great emphasis on knowledge of the life of the author when interpreting a work, a practice which Watson attributes to "the close links that traditional Chinese thought posits between art and morality".This becomes all the more important in the case of a writer such as Du Fu, in whose poems morality and history are so prominent. Another reason, identified by the Chinese historian William Hung, is that Chinese poems are typically extremely concise, omitting circumstantial factors which may be relevant, but which could be reconstructed by an informed contemporary. For modernwesternreaders therefore, "The less accurately we know the time, the place and the circumstances in the background, the more liable we are to imagine it incorrectly, and the result will be that we either misunderstand the poem or fail to understand it altogether".
TheAn Lushan Rebellionbegan in December 755, and was not completely crushed for almost eight years. It caused enormous disruption to Chinese society: the census of 754 recorded 52.9 million people, but that of 764 just 16.9 million, the remainder having been killed or displaced.
During this time, Du Fu led a largely itinerant life, being kept unsettled bywars, associatedfaminesandimperialdispleasure. This period of unhappiness, however, was the making of Du Fu as a poet: Eva Shan Chou has written that, "What he saw around him– the lives of his family, neighbors, and strangers– what he heard, and what he hoped for or feared from the progress of various campaigns– these became the enduring themes of his poetry".Even when he learned of the death of his youngest child, he turned to the suffering of others in his poetry instead of dwelling upon his own misfortunes.Du Fu wrote:
In 756Emperor Xuanzongwas forced to flee the capital and abdicate. Du Fu, who had been away from the city, took his family to a place of safety and attempted to join up with thecourtof the new emperor (Suzong), but he was captured by the rebels and taken to Chang’an. In the autumn, his youngest son Du Zongwu (Baby Bear) was born. Around this time Du Fu is thought to have contractedmalaria.
He escaped from Chang'an the following year, and was appointed Reminder when he rejoined the court in May 757. This post gave access to the emperor, but was largely ceremonial. Du Fu's conscientiousness compelled him to try to make use of it: he soon caused trouble for himself by protesting against the removal of his friend and patronFang Guanon a petty charge; he was then himself arrested, but waspardonedin June. He was granted leave to visit his family in September, but he soon rejoined the court and on December 8, 757, he returned to Chang’an with the emperor following its recapture by government forces. However, his advice continued to be unappreciated, and in the summer of 758 he was demoted to a post as Commissioner of Education in Huazhou. The position was not to his taste: in one poem, he wrote:
He moved on again in the summer of 759; this has traditionally been ascribed to famine, but Hung believes that frustration is a more likely reason. He next spent around six weeks in Qinzhou (nowTianshui,Gansuprovince), where he wrote over sixty poems.
Luoyang, the region of his birthplace, was recovered by government forces in the winter of 762, and in the spring of 765 Du Fu and his family sailed down theYangtze, apparently with the intention of making their way back there. They travelled slowly, held up by his ill-health (by this time he was suffering from pooreyesight,deafnessand generalold agein addition to his previous ailments). They stayed in Kuizhou (nowBaidicheng,Chongqing) at the entrance to theThree Gorgesfor almost two years from late spring 766. This period was Du Fu's last great poetic flowering, and here he wrote 400 poems in his dense, late style.
In autumn 766 Bo Maolin became governor of the region: he supported Du Fu financially and employed him as his unofficial secretary.
In March 768 he began his journey again and got as far asHunanprovince, where he died in Tanzhou (nowChangsha) in November or December 770, in his 59th year. He was survived by his wife and two sons, who remained in the area for some years at least. His last known descendant is a grandson who requested a grave inscription for the poet fromYuan Zhenin 813.
Hung summarises his life by concluding that, "He appeared to be a filial son, an affectionate father, a generous brother, a faithful husband, a loyal friend, a dutiful official, and a patriotic subject."
Criticism of Du Fu's works has focused on his strong sense of history, his moral engagement, and his technical excellence.