Kazakh diaspora

Kazakh diaspora(Kazakh:Қазақтар диаспорасы,romanized:Qazaqtar diasporasy) is a term used to collectively to describe theethnic or people of Kazakh descentwho reside in outside ofKazakhstanacross the world in various countries as a result of annexed territories and diasporic migration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is estimated that more than four million Kazakhs live abroad.Although the Kazakh diaspora is usually a sparse one, particularly in Western Europe and United States, it retainsethnic enclaveswithin the countries of Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan.
The Kazakh diaspora originates from forced migrations which originally began since the foundation of theKazakh Khanateand its national identity of Kazakhs beginning in the 15th century. During that time, a series of Kazakh exodus took place in result of conflicts and wars that took place in the territory of Kazakhstan to neighbouring territories. However, it wasn't until in the beginning of the 20th century where a modern Kazakh diaspora began forming as by that time, Kazakhstan was under control of theRussian Empireand later eventually theSoviet Unionwhere larger waves of migration, with most notably being China, occurred in result ofCentral Asian revolt of 1916and theKazakh famine of 1930–1933. Since 1960s, the Kazakh migration has been viewed to be more voluntary with Turkey, Western Europe, and the United States being primary spots of emigration and following thedissolution of the Soviet Unionin 1991, a new massive departure occurred from Kazakhstan, although most of the emigrees being overwhelminglyRussians,Germans, andUkrainianswhen taking to account of Kazakhstan's large multiethnic population in which the latter groups have been interchangeably classified as Kazakh emigrants.
In general, there are three possible causes for the emergence of the Kazakh diaspora in which are highlighted:
The Kazakh diaspora was formed on the basis of infection in several countries: first from Kazakhstan to China, then, including to the countries of Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan, and eventually the rest of the world following the second half of the 20th century. The conservative minded older generation of the Kazakh diaspora is considered to be less welcome towardsinterethnic marriages, with the exception for marriages only being with otherTurkic peoples.
The instances of Kazakh migration first dates back to 1723, when during theKazakh–Dzungar Wars, various Kazakh villages were pillaged and attacked by the Dzungars, resulting in many civilian deaths. As a result, the remaining surviving Kazakh tribes were forced to flee their homes and settle in theKhanate of Bukhara,Khanate of KhivaandBadakhshan, an event that become known as theAqtaban Shubirindi(Great Retreat).In the 18–19th centuries, as theKazakh Khanatewas in the process of being absorbed by theRussian Empire, several failed uprisings took places by the Kazakhs against the Tsarist government's policies in auctioning fertile land to the ethnic Russians which led to another migration to China, Bukhara, Khiva, Afghanistan, and Persia.
It wasn't until in the beginning of the 20th century when the Kazakh diaspora began developing with theCentral Asian revolt of 1916over the Tsarist government's policies inconscriptingKazakhs along with other Central Asian peoples forlabour battalionsinWorld War I. The armed revolt eventually led to the massacre of several hundred thousand Kazakhs and caused a mass exodus throughTian Shanof 300,000 Kazakhs and Kyrgyz to neighbouring China.After the Bolsheviks established control of Kazakhstan following theRussian Civil War, many Kazakhs had also emigrated towards South and East with the countries being Afghanistan, Iran, China, as well as abroad in Turkey and France.
UnderJoseph Stalin's enactment of thefirst five-year planin 1928, a policy which formedcollectivizationin Kazakhstan, resulted in nomadic Kazakhs to be forcefully settled incollective farmsthat led to the decline of livestock populations due to a lack of adequate grazing, mandatory confiscations, and slaughtering to fulfill required grain quotas.As a result of the consequences, it eventually led to theKazakh famine of 1930–1933, a catastrophic event which caused massive deaths of approximately 1.5 million people from starvation with the majority victims being ethnic Kazakhs.An estimated 665,000 to 1.1 million Kazakhs, risking punishment, fled to China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Soviet republics of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Russia in search for food and work.
FollowingGerman invasion of the Soviet UnionduringWorld War IIin 1941, various Kazakhs serving in the ranks ofRed Armysubsequently became captured POWs where they were transferred tointernment campswithin German occupied territories served withinTurkestan Legionor joined theFrench Resistance.After the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1941, majority of Kazakhs captured by the Allieswere sent back to the Soviet Unionwhile others who refused to return eventually settled in theWestern Blocnations such as Turkey and the United States.
InXinjiang Provinceunder theRepublic of Chinawhere an estimated half million Kazakhs lived since beginning with the defeat and collapse of theDzungar Khanatein the 18th century, experiencedan exodus of Kazakhsbeginning in the 1930s due to provincial governorSheng Shicai's anti-Turkist purges which sought to populate the region with ethnic Han Chinese people.A second wave of Kazakh migration from Xinjiang occurred following the incorporation of theSecond East Turkestan Republicto thePeople's Republic of Chinain 1949 with desired place for settlement being Pakistan and India.