Navajo-Churro

TheNavajo-Churro, orChurrofor short,(alsoAmericanorNavajo Four-Horned) is abreedofdomesticsheeporiginating with theSpanishChurrasheep obtained by theDinéaround the 16th century during theSpanish Conquest.Itswoolconsists of a protective topcoat and soft undercoat. Some rams have four fully developed horns, a trait shared with few other breeds in the world.The breed is highly resistant to disease.Ewes often birthtwins, and they have good mothering instincts.This breed is raised primarily for wool, although some also eat their meat.
The commonDinéword for the breed,Dibé dits’ozí, means "long fleeced sheep."T’áá Dibéis also occasionally used, meaning "first sheep."The churro is important to Diné subsistence and culture.
The SpanishChurra(renamed Churro byAmericanfrontiersmen) was first imported toNorth Americain 1598 byJuan de Oñateand used to feed Spanish armies and settlers.By the 17th century, Churros were popular with the Spanish settlers in the upper Rio Grande Valley. The Diné acquired Churro flocks by trading. The Churro soon became an important part of the Diné economy and culture.The Navajo bred sheep to adapt to a pastoral lifestyle in a harsh desert environment.
During theNavajo Wars, American soldierKit Carsoninstructed his troops to destroy Navajo crops and kill their livestock, including the Churro sheep, in 1863. They killed thousands of sheep. Some small clusters in remote canyons survived the attack. The entire Navajo nation was thenforced to marchto a reservation. The Navajo nation and the US government signedTreaty of Bosque Redondoin 1868, allowing the Navajo to return to their homeland. As part of the agreement, the US government provided sheep to the Navajo; however, these breeds were unfamiliar and contaminated the Churro sheep line.
In the 1930s, the US government implemented theNavajo Livestock Reduction, intended to reduce the amount of sheep and horses on Diné lands. Tens of thousands of Churro sheep were slaughtered, and their numbers dwindled.The Livestock Conservancyestimated that less than 450 Churros remained by the 1970s. This reduction of the flocks drove many Diné ranchers into poverty. Many Diné who had traditionally lived off of the land and agriculture turned to wage work.
Restoration of the breed began in the 1970s when breeders began acquiring Churrophenotypeswith the purpose of preserving the breed and revitalizing Diné and Hispanic flocks.The Navajo Sheep Project, headed by Lyle McNeal, was the first organization to start a breeding program.
While the Navajo-Churro breed is no longer in danger ofextinction, it is still considered a rare breed.There were over 8,000 head of Navajo-Churro sheep in 2022.
Diné weavers have used Churro wool to make rugs, wall hangings, and other products since the late 1600s.The sheep naturally produce wool in fourteen colors, so weavers can produce complex colorwork without needing to dye the wool. The yarn produced from the wool is durable, coarse, and non-pilling.Many Diné through the early 20th century made their livelihood in farming and ranching. Woven products, such as rugs and blankets, were and continue to be important exports.
Carding wool, spinning yarn, and weaving are traditionally women's work among the Diné. As such, flocks of sheep traditionally belonged to women and were passed from a mother to her children. Children learned to tend the sheep at a young age.
The specific Churro breed, as opposed to sheep in general, is an important part of Diné cultural identity. Elders in particular remembered the Churro flocks from the early 20th century. Some were overjoyed to see the revitalization from the 1970s onward:
Churros are small sheep with long, thin tails, horizontal ears,and a double coat. Ewes are 40–60 kg (88–132 lb), while rams are 55–85 kg (121–187 lb). The sheep are long-lived and can be productive for up to 15 years.An ideal Churro, according to the breed standard, has a bare face, bare legs, and a mostly bare belly.The sheep are hardy with light bones, narrow bodies, and long legs. They do not reach their full-grown size until well into their second year.
Most rams have horns, either two or four. Rams may also havescursor bepolled. Ewes are more likely to have scurs or be polled; however, they may also have two or four horns. Sheep with more than two horns arepolycerate. Although this is more common in rams, the polycerate trait appears in ewes as well.This is because they possess a mutation on theHOXD1gene, a mutation also found in old heritage breeds like theJacob Sheep.
Churros come in a variety of colors, including reds, browns, black, white, and mixes, and color may change with age. The color is separated into thefleececolor and the points color (legs and head). The sheep may also have different color patterns, such as eye patches and hip spots.
The Navajo-Churros possess a dual coat, which has an inner and an outer layer.The fleece is composed of an inner coat (80% of fleece), and outer coat that is hair fibers (10-20% of fleece) and kemp (a coarse, opaque fiber, less than 5% of fleece).
The fleece color is separated from the points color. The fleece can often change from lamb to adulthood. Blacks, for instance, often white out with age.
The meat is lean with a low fat content. Meat may be eaten for sustenance, or it may be used in traditional medicine.
Navajo-Churros are listed byThe Livestock Conservancyas critical.They are also part of theArk of Taste, a list of endangered heritage foods catalogued bySlow Food.