वस्तुनिष्ठता (पत्रकारिता)

साचा:Otheruses2
साचा:Journalism
'वस्तुनिष्ठताis a significant principle ofjournalistic professionalism. Journalistic objectivity can refer tofairness,disinterestedness,factuality, andnonpartisanship, but most often encompasses all of these qualities.
पत्रकारिय व्यावसायिकतेचे  'वस्तुनिष्ठताएक महत्त्वपूर्ण मूल्य आहे. पत्रकारीय वस्तुनिष्ठतेत   वस्तुस्थिती,  वाजवीपणा, निरपेक्षता,  निष्पक्षता, या पैकी  एक किंवा जास्त पण बहूधा सर्व गूण गृहीत धरले जातात
In the context of journalism,objectivityis understood as synonymous withneutrality.This must be distinguished fromobjectivityin philosophy, which describes a statement that is not dependent on one's approval.
SociologistMichael Schudsonargues that "the belief in objectivity is a faith in 'facts,' a distrust in 'values,' and a commitment to their segregation."It refers to the prevailing ideology of newsgathering and reporting that emphasizes eyewitness accounts of events, corroboration of facts with multiple sources and balance of viewpoints. It also implies an institutional role forjournalists as afourth estate, a body that exists apart from government and large interest groups.
Advocacy journalistsandcivic journalists criticize this last understanding of objectivity, arguing that it does a disservice to the public because it fails to attempt to find the truth.They also argue that such objectivity is nearly impossible to apply in practice — newspapers inevitably take a point of view in deciding what stories to cover, which to feature on the front page, and what sources they quote. Media critics such asEdward HermanandNoam Chomsky(1988) have described apropaganda modelthat they use to show how in practice such a notion of objectivity ends up heavily favoring the viewpoint of government and powerful corporations.
Another example of an objection to objectivity, according to communication scholarDavid Mindich, was the coverage that the major papers (most notably the [[न्यू यॉर्क टाइम्स) gave to thelynchingof thousands of African Americans during the 1890s.  News stories of the period often described with detachment the hanging, immolation  and mutilation of men, women and children by mobs.  Under the regimen of objectivity, news writers often attempted to balance these accounts by recounting the alleged transgressions of the victims that provoked the lynch mobs to fury. Mindich argues that this may have had the effect of normalizing the practice of lynching.
Online journalism enables highly accelerated news reporting and delivery, which sometimes is at tension with standards of objectivity. Someसाचा:Whohave proposed a certification system where web-based news would be granted a .newstop-level domain.
Tim Berners-Lee, credited with the creation of theWorld Wide Web, has stated that he is worried that the Web is being used to spread misinformation:
Objectivity in on-line journalism can suffer as a direct result of these 'cults of thinking'. Berners-Lee refers to the false rumours of the harmful effects of theMMR vaccinewhich spread across the Web in the United Kingdom, which led to many children remaining unvaccinated.
साचा:Unreferenced sectionSome argue that a more appropriate standard should befairness and accuracy(as enshrined in the names of groups likeFairness and Accuracy in Reporting). Under this standard, taking sides on an issue would be permitted as long as the side taken was accurate and the other side was given a fair chance to respond.  Many professionals believe that true objectivity in journalism is not possible and reporters must seek balance in their stories (giving all sides their respective points of view), which fosters fairness.
Notable departures from objective news work include themuckrakingofIda TarbellandLincoln Steffens, theNew JournalismofTom WolfeandHunter S. Thompson, theunderground pressof the 1960s, andpublic journalism.
The termobjectivitywas not applied to journalistic work until the 20th century, but it had fully emerged as a guiding principle by the 1890s.A number of communication scholars and historiansसाचा:Whoagree that the idea of "objectivity" has prevailed as a dominant discourse among journalists in the United States since the appearance of modern newspapers in theJacksonian Eraof the 1830s.  The rise of objectivity in journalistic method is also rooted in the scientificpositivismof the 19th century, as professional journalism of the late 19th century borrowed parts of its worldview from various scientific disciplines of the day.
Some historians, like Gerald Baldasty, have observed that "objectivity" went hand in hand with the need to make profits in the newspaper business by selling advertising.Publishers did not want to offend any potential advertising customers and therefore encouraged news editors and reporters to strive to present all sides of an issue.  In a similar vein, the rise ofwire servicesand other cooperative arrangements forced journalists to produce more "middle of the road" stories that would be acceptable to newspapers of a variety of political persuasions.
Ben H. Bagdikian writes critically about the consequences of the rise of "objective journalism."
Others have proposed a political explanation for the rise of objectivity, which occurred earlier in the United States than most other countries; scholars like Richard Kaplan have argued that political parties needed to lose their hold over the loyalties of voters and the institutions of government before the press could feel free to offer a nonpartisan, "impartial" account of news events. This change occurred following the critical election of 1896 and the subsequent Progressive reform era.
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Parent article:Journalism ethics and standards