Salman of Saudi Arabia

Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud(Arabic:سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود; born 31 December 1935) has beenKing of Saudi Arabiasince 2015, and wasPrime Minister of Saudi Arabiafrom 2015 to 2022. He is the 25th son ofKing Abdulaziz, the founder ofSaudi Arabia. He assumed the throne on 23 January 2015. Prior to his accession, he wasCrown Prince of Saudi Arabiafrom 18 June 2012 to 23 January 2015. Salman is thethird oldest living head of state, the oldest living monarch, and Saudi Arabia's first head of state born after theunification of Saudi Arabia. He has a reported personal wealth of at least $18 billion, which makes him the third wealthiest royal in the world.
Salman is a son of King Abdulaziz andHassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, making him one of theSudairi Seven. He was the deputy governor ofRiyadhand later the governor of Riyadh for 48 years from 1963 to 2011. He was then appointedminister of defense. He was named crown prince in 2012. Salman became king in 2015 upon the death of his half-brother,King Abdullah. Since January 2024, he is the oldest surviving son of King Abdulaziz.
Salman's major initiatives as king include theSaudi interventionin theYemeni Civil War,Saudi Vision 2030, and a 2017 decree allowing Saudi women to drive. His seventh son, Crown PrinceMohammed bin Salman, is considered thede factoruler of Saudi Arabia due to the King's poor health and Mohammed's own political maneuvering.Mohammed replaced his father as prime minister in 2022, making him the first king sinceSaudin 1964 not to serve as head of government.
Salman was born on 31 December 1935, and is reported to be the 25th son ofKing Abdulaziz, the first monarch and founder of Saudi Arabia.Salman and his six full brothers make up theSudairi Seven.He was raised in theMurabba Palace.
Salman received his early education at thePrinces' Schoolin the capital city ofRiyadh, a school established by King Abdulaziz specifically to provide education for his children.He studied religion and modern science.
Salman was appointed Deputy Governor ofRiyadh Provinceon 17 March 1954, aged 18, and held the post until 19 April 1955.He was appointed the governor of the same province on 5 February 1963,and remained in that office until 5 November 2011, a period of almost half a century.
As governor, Salman contributed to the development ofRiyadhfrom a mid-sized town into a major urban metropolis. He served as an important liaison to attract tourism, capital projects, and foreign investment to his country. He favored political and economic relationships with the West.During his governorship, Salman recruited advisors fromKing Saud University.
During Salman's five decades as Riyadh governor, he became adept at managing the delicate balance of clerical, tribal, and princely interests that determine Saudi policy.He was also the chairman of the King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives (KAFRA),King Abdulaziz Museum,thePrince Salman Center for Disability Researchand the Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Society for the Care of Kidney Patients.
Salman also undertook several foreign tours while he was governor. In 1974, he visitedKuwait,BahrainandQatarto strengthen Saudi Arabia's relationship with those nations. During his visit toMontreal, Canada in 1991, he inaugurated a gallery. In 1996, he was received in theÉlysée Palacein Paris by the then-French presidentJacques Chirac. The same year he touredBosnia and Herzegovinato give donations to the Muslim citizens of the country. Being a part of an Asian tour in 1998, Salman visited Pakistan, Japan,Bruneiand China.
According toThe Washington Post, the late Saudi journalistJamal Khashoggi"criticized Prince Salman, then governor of Riyadh and head of the Saudi committee for support to theAfghan mujahideen, for unwisely fundingSalafistextremist groups that were undermining the war [in Afghanistan against the Soviets]."
Under Salman, Riyadh became one of the richest cities in the Middle East and an important place for trade and commerce.There were also infrastructural advances including schools, universities, and sports stadiums.About the province, he said:
On 5 November 2011, Salman was appointedMinister of Defense, replacing his full brother, the Crown Prince Sultan.Sattam bin Abdulazizwas named governor of Riyadh Province. Salman was also named a member of theNational Security Council (NSC)on the same day.
It is speculated that he was placed in the immediate line of succession due to his personal qualities. First, he has a conciliatory and diplomatic nature. He headed the family council, called The Descendants' Council (Majlis al Uthrain Arabic), that was established by King Fahd in 2000 to solve family matters, reach consensus and try to avoid any publicly embarrassing behaviour by some family members.Second, Salman belongs to the "middle generation" in the royal family; therefore, he could develop close ties with both generations socially and culturally. Last, due to his long-term governorship, he had developed a network of relationships within Arab and international circles.
Salman continued the policy ofmilitary intervention in Bahrain. In April 2012, Salman visited both the United States and the United Kingdom where he met with US PresidentBarack Obamaand British Prime MinisterDavid Cameron.2013 saw Saudi military spending climb to $67billion, overtaking that of the UK, France and Japan to place fourth globally.As defense minister, Salman was head of the military as Saudi Arabia joined the United States and other Arab countries in carrying out airstrikes against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria in 2014.
On 18 June 2012, Salman was appointed asCrown Prince of Saudi Arabiashortly after the death of his brother, Crown PrinceNayef bin Abdulaziz.Prince Salman was also made First Deputy Prime minister.His nomination as crown prince and deputy prime minister was seen by some as a signal that King Abdullah's cautious reforms were likely to continue.On the other hand, Saudi reformists stated that while Prince Salman, in contrast to other Saudi royals, took a more diplomatic approach towards them, he could not be considered a political reformer.They also argued that, like King Abdullah, Salman focused mainly on economic improvement rather than political change.
On 27 August 2012, the Royal Court announced that Salman was in charge of state affairs whilst King Abdullah was out of the country.Prince Salman launched a Twitter account on 23 February 2013.In September 2012, Salman was named as the deputy chairman of the military service council.He is a strong advocate for philanthropy in poor Muslim nations such asSomalia,Sudan, andAfghanistan.
On 23 January 2015, Salman, aged 79, inherited the throne after his half-brother Abdullah died ofpneumoniaat the age of 90. The new king issued a statement which read "His Highness Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and all members of the family and the nation mournCustodian of the Two Holy MosquesKing Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, who passed away at exactly 1 am this morning." He appointed his younger half-brother,Muqrin bin Abdulaziz, as Crown Prince.
After coming to power, Salman reshuffled the cabinet on 30 January 2015.Khalid bin Ali bin Abdullah al-Humaidanwas made theintelligence chief.Prince Bandar bin Sultanwas removed from his post in thesecurity counciland the adviser to the monarch was also removed as were the former monarch's sonsTurkias governor of Riyadh andMishaalas governor ofMecca.Ali al-Naimiremained the minister ofpetroleum and mineral resources, as didSaud al-Faisalof theMinistry of Foreign AffairsandIbrahim Al-Assafasfinance minister. Salman also "gave a bonus of two months' salary to all Saudi state employees and military personnel", including pensioners and students, while also asking citizens to "not forget me in your prayers".
In February 2015, Prince Salman receivedCharles, Prince of Wales, during his six-day tour in the Middle East. They "exchanged cordial talks and reviewed bilateral relations" between the countries.
In April 2021, PrinceMishaal bin Majid Al Saud, who has been the governor of Jeddah since 1997, was appointed as adviser to King Salman with the rank of minister.
One of the first things the King and his son, Mohammed bin Salman, did was to streamline the government bureaucracy. On the death of King Abdullah, there were as many as eleven government secretariats, and all of these were abolished and reconstituted as only two, theCouncil of Political and Security Affairs(CPSA), headed by Deputy Crown princeMohammed bin Nayef, and theCouncil for Economic and Development Affairs(CEDA), headed by the Secretary-General of theRoyal Court, Prince Mohammed bin Salman, who was given free rein to completely reorganize the governmentand cementing the power of the Sudairi faction, to which both princes belong.
In March 2015, the king ordered the bombing of Yemen andmilitary interventionagainst theShiaHouthisand forces loyal to former PresidentAli Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.He first put together a coalition of tenSunni Muslimcountries. Code-named Operation Decisive Storm, this was the first time theSaudi Air Forcehad launched airstrikes against another country since the 1990–91 Gulf War.
According toFarea Al-Muslim, directwar crimeshave been committed during the conflict; for example, anIDPcamp was hit by a Saudi airstrike.Human Rights Watch(HRW) wrote that the Saudi-led air campaign had conducted airstrikes in apparent violation of thelaws of war.Human rights groups have also criticized Saudi Arabia for the alleged use of cluster bombs against Yemeni civilians.In 2022, Saudi airstrikes at a prison in Northern Yemen killed at least 70 people and knocked out the country's internet access.The UN estimated that by the end of the year 2021, the death toll of the war on Yemen had reached 377,000 people and could reach 1.3 million people by 2030.
In April 2015, three months after becoming king, Salman appointed a full nephew,Muhammad bin Nayef, as the new Crown Prince to replace his youngest brotherPrince Muqrin. Furthermore, he made his son, Mohammed bin Salman, the Deputy Crown Prince. Almost all powers under the king were concentrated in the hands of the crown prince and deputy crown prince, both of whom held the portfolio determining all security and economic development issues in Saudi Arabia.
King Salman then removed Muhammad bin Nayef from the line of succession to the Saudi throne on 21 June 2017 and designated his son Mohammed bin Salman as the new crown prince.At the same time, King Salman removed Muhammad bin Nayef from his other positions in the Saudi government.Mohammad bin Salman has been described as thepower behind the throne.
In May 2015, the King Salman Center for Relief and Humanitarian Aid (KSRelief) was established to deliver aid internationally to victims of civil war and natural disaster, working with the UN and other agencies. As of June 2018, KSRelief has implemented more than 400 individual projects in 40 countries at a cost of $1.8 billion.Moreover, in 2018, KSRelief assisted 180,555 Syrian patients living inZataariSyrian refugees camp inJordan.In 2019, KSRelief signed a memorandum of cooperation withUNICEFthat aims at enhancing cooperation in the humanitarian field, exchanging knowledge, sharing experiences, promoting voluntary work and boosting capacity building programs.Until 2019, the center provided 1,839 Yemeni civilians wounded during the war with prosthetic limbs for a total amount of $2.3 million.
In its ongoing efforts to support the people of Yemen, KSRelief organized a vocational training program to train women inYemento enable them to earn money for themselves and their families.In a similar context, under the umbrella of the UN, KSRelief has led an international team to implement a rehabilitation project for the children affected by war in Yemen.Moreover, as part of the 40th session of the UNHuman Rights Council, KSRelief organized an event entitled: Children and the Humanitarian Crisis in Yemen where it presented a number of facts and figures related to the amount of assistance provided by the center to the people of Yemen. This includes the implementation of 328 projects for an amount of $2 billion.Furthermore, in 2018 alone, KSRelief provided medical services to 2,501,897 Yemenis.
In 2019, KSRelief signed a number of agreements with different civil society organizations to implement relief projects for the benefit of Palestinian andSyrian refugeesas well as the host Lebanese community. KSRelief signed an agreement with the UNHCR to support the families affected by war for an amount of $5 million. Another agreement with IOM was signed to help Syrian refugees under the poverty line for an amount of $3.8 million.
In 2020, KSRelief confirmed that it will be rebuilding the camp of Syrian refugees that had been destroyed during the fighting of local youth and camp residents. They also covered the needs of the refugees.
In 2021, KSRelief and UNESCO planned to launch the Kodrat project which aims to support Lebanon teachers through the creation of an online self-learning platform. At an estimated cost of $887,000, the one-year project will directly train about 1,000 teachers and 50 trainers from 100 Lebanese public schools affected by the Beirut explosion.
In 2022, KSRelief continued its relief efforts to ensure food security for refugees in Lebanon, Sudan, Bangladesh, and Yemen.
In 2023, KSRelief provided treatment services to people of Yemen.In 2024, KSRelief continued its food security project in Sudan to aid more than 4,000 individuals.It also carried out humanitarian projects in Lebanon and Indonesia.
In February 2012,Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimrwas arrested for participating in, and encouraging, pro-democracy protests, when he was 16 or 17 years old. In May 2014, Ali Al-Nimr was sentenced to be executed, despite the minimum age for execution being 18 when a crime is committed.Ali Al-Nimr has reported being tortured in detention. As of 23 September 2015, the sentence awaited ratification by King Salman.
In February 2015, a man fromHafar al-Batinwas sentenced to death for rejecting the religion of Islam.In June 2015, Saudi Arabia's Supreme Court upheld the sentence of 1,000 lashes and 10 years in prison forRaif Badawi, a Saudi Arabian blogger who was imprisoned in 2012 after being charged for 'insulting Islam'.
In April 2020, the Saudi Supreme Court stated under a royal decree made by King Salman that minors who commit crimes will no longer face execution, but would be sentenced to imprisonment in a juvenile detention facility for a maximum of 10 years.
In 2015, US Defense SecretaryAshton Cartermet with King Salman and his Arabian military counterpart, Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, at Jeddah to answer regional security concerns in the Kingdom and the Gulf states over lifting Iranian economic and conventional military sanctions as theJoint Comprehensive Plan of Actionoutlines. The King has misgivings over the deal since it would increase the regional power of Iran especially in the proxy conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and elsewhere.In January 2016, Saudi Arabia executed the prominentSaudi ShiaclericSheikh Nimr.Iran warned that the House of Saud would pay a high price for the execution of Sheikh Nimr by God's will.
Saudi Arabia has emerged as the main group to finance and arm the rebels fighting against the Syrian government.Saudi Arabia openly backed theArmy of Conquest, an umbrella rebel group that reportedly included anal-Qaedalinkedal-Nusra Frontand anotherSalaficoalition known asAhrar al-Sham.
In May 2019, leaders of Gulf and Arab states held two emergency summits in Mecca to present a united front to Iran.Salman accused Iran of threatening global oil supplies and shipping at a meeting of Arab leaders that called on the international community to confront Tehran following attacks on shipping and rising tensions in the oil-rich region.Salman said "what the Iranian regime is doing, from intervening in regional countries' affairs and developing its nuclear program, threatening global maritime traffic and global oil supplies, is a blatant violation of the treaties and principles of the United Nations." He urged the international community should "use all means to deter this regime."
In the late 2010s and early 2020s under King Salman, Saudi Arabia engaged in attempts to normalize relations with Israel. Saudi Arabia engaged in such efforts in order to forge a defensive alliance against Iranian threats against Saudi Arabia, either directly or indirectly throughIranian proxiessuch as theHouthisin Yemen.
King Salman has been implicated in thePanama Papersleaks, with two companies originating in theBritish Virgin Islandstaking mortgages in excess of US$34 million to purchase property incentral London. His role has not been specified.The then-Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef has also beennamedin association with the Papers.
Further government reforms took place in June 2018, when Salman replaced the labor and Islamic affairs ministers.The appointment of businessman Ahmed al-Rajhi as labor minister signalled a growing role for private sector expertise in the Saudi government.The new minister for Islamic affairs, Abdullatif al-Alsheikh, had previously been credited with reining in the power of the religious police.At the same time Salman ordered the establishment of the Ministry of Culture, with responsibility for delivering Saudi Vision 2030's cultural goals; and the Council of Royal Reserves, tasked with environmental protection.
In September 2022, the King resigned from the post of prime minister, handing this role to his son Mohammed.
Salman was often a mediator in settling royal conflicts among the extended Al Saud family – estimated at 4,000 princes. He was a prominent figure of the royal council, which allowed him to select which princes would be delegated which responsibilities of the Kingdom.
Salman and his family own a media group, including pan-Arab dailyAsharq Al-AwsatandAl Eqtisadiah.Though he owns only ten percent of theSaudi Research and Marketing Group(SRMG), he is often referred by auditors as its owner.He reportedly controlled the organization through his son Prince Faisal,who is a former chairman of the concern.  The SRMG publishes such daily papers asArab News,Asharq Al-AwsatandAl Eqtisadiahthrough its subsidiary Saudi Research and Publishing Company (SRPC).
In a similar vein, Salman is reported to have some strong alliances with significant journalists. He is said to be close toAl ArabiyaTV director andAsharq Al-Awsatjournalist Abdelrahman Al Rashid and toOthman Al Omeir, who launched and is the owner of the liberal e-newspaperElaph. King Salman is thought to have connections with theElaphwebsite.
Salman holds traditional views with regard to political reforms and social change.In November 2002, in reference to charitable organizations accused of terrorism (e.g.al-Haramain Foundation,Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina), he stated that he had personally taken part in the activities of such organizations,but added "I know the assistance goes to doing good. But if there are those who change some work of charity into evil activities, then it is not the Kingdom's responsibility, nor its people, which helps its Arab and Muslim brothers around the world."
Salman bin Abdulaziz has been married thriceand has at least thirteen children, including twelve sons.
Salman's first wife was his first cousinSultana bint Turki Al Sudairi,daughter of his maternal uncle Turki bin Ahmad Al Sudairi,a former governor ofAsir Province.They were married in 1954, when Salman was 18 years old and Sultana was 13 or 14.She bore him six children, including his only known daughter. Two adult sons died during the couple's lifetimes. Sultana died on 30 July 2011.Their children were:
Salman's second wife was Sarah bint Faisal Al Subai'ai, whom he divorced. The relatively brief marriage produced one son:
Salman's third wife isFahda bint Falah Al Hithlain, granddaughter ofRakan bin Hithlainand great-granddaughter ofDhaydan bin Hithlain, leaders of theAl Ajmantribe.She has six sons with Salman:
Salman was the closest brother to Crown Prince Sultan, having remained at his side during his constant illness and recovery in New York City andMorocco, from 2008 to 2011.Prince Sultan described him as "the prince of loyalty" in a letter sent to him.Salman was also King Fahd's most trusted adviser during his reign.
His legal counsel was William Jeffress Jr., of U.S.-based firmBaker Botts LLP, in a lawsuit filed by families of victims of theSeptember 11 attacksfrom 2002 to 2010.
In August 2010, Salman underwentspinal surgeryin the United States and remained out of the kingdom for recovery.He has had one stroke and, despite receiving physiotherapy, his left arm does not work as well as his right.It has been reported that Salman has mildvascular dementia,in addition to reports ofAlzheimer's dementia.
U.S. intelligence officials believe that King Salman has been kept apart from his wife PrincessFahda bint Falah Al Hithlainfor several years, on the orders of their son Prince Mohammed bin Salman.
Salman received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Al-Turath Charity Foundation in the field of urban heritage in 2013.In 2017, Salman pledged US$15,000,000 forRohingya Muslimrefugees inBangladesh.
In July 2020, King Salman underwent successfulgallbladdersurgery.
In May 2024, it was reported that King Salman had alung infectionand would be taking antibiotics.