Dog meat

Dog meat, also known asfragrant meator simplyfragrant,is themeatderived fromdogs. Historically human consumption of dog meat has been recorded in many parts of the world.
In the 21st century, dog meat is consumed to a limited extent inCambodia,China,India,Indonesia,Ghana,Laos,Nigeria,South Korea,Switzerland,andVietnam.In these areas, the legality of dog meat consumption varies with some nations permitting it or lacking a nationwide ban. It was estimated in 2014 that worldwide, 25 million dogs are eaten each year by humans.
Some cultures view the consumption of dog meat as part of their traditional, ritualistic, or day-to-daycuisine, and other cultures consider consumption of dog meat ataboo, even where it had been consumed in the past. Opinions also vary drastically across different regions within different countries.
In theAztec Empire,Mexican hairless dogswere bred for many purposes.Hernán Cortés, an enemy of the Aztec, claimed in a letter that when he arrived inTenochtitlanin 1519, "small gelded dogs which they breed for eating" were among the goods sold in the city markets.No other source corroborates this practice. These dogs,Xoloitzcuintles, were often depicted inpre-ColumbianMexican pottery. The breed was almost extinct in the 1940s, but the British military attaché in Mexico City, Norman Wright, developed a thriving breed from some of the dogs he found in remote villages.The genetic heritage of the breed has been almost erased through interbreeding with other dog breeds to keep its looks alive.
The traditional culture surrounding the consumption of dog meat varied fromtribeto tribe among the original inhabitants of North America, with some tribes relishing it as adelicacy, and others (such as theComanche) treating it as a forbidden food.Native peoples of theGreat Plains, such as theSiouxandCheyenne, consumed it, but there was a concurrent religioustabooagainst the meat of wild canines.
TheKickapoo peopleinclude puppy meat in many of their traditional festivals.This practice has been well documented in theWorks Progress Administration"Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma".
On 20 December 2018, the federalDog and Cat Meat Trade Prohibition Actwas signed into law as part of the2018 Farm Bill. It bans slaughtering dogs and cats for food in the United States, with exceptions for Native American rituals.
One of Ireland's mythological heroes,Cú Chulainn, had twogeasa, or vows, one of which was to avoid the meat of dogs and the other was not to refuse an offer ofhospitality. In the myth of his death, the breaking of this geis after being offered a meal of dog flesh removed his invulnerability, allowing him to be killed in battle the next day.
Ovid,Plutarch,Pliny, and other Latin authors, describe the sacrifice of puppies (catulina) to infernal deities, and for protection against grain-rust, the meat being subsequently prepared and consumed.
TheIndigenous Taiwaneseoriginally hadtaboosagainst eating dogs, which featured prominently in their cultural myths. The indigenousTaiwan Dogwas deeply valued as a hunting companion. However, they also started consuming dog meat after it was introduced by incomingwaishengren(mainlander)Han Chinesemigrants in the mid-20th century, leading to the near-extinction of the Taiwan Dog.
Domesticated dogs were carried into the Philippines by theNeolithicAustronesian migrationsfromTaiwan, whose dogs in turn were acquired from the pre-Austronesian cultures inNeolithic southeastern China. Dog meat were consumed in some pre-colonial Philippine ethnic groups during certainshamanicrituals and special occasions. However, dog bones are very rarely found inmiddensin archaeological sites, in contrast to pig and deer remains; and most complete dog remains in archaeological sites are of dog burials near or beside human graves. This indicates that while dogs were sometimes eaten, they were primarily kept as companions and hunting dogs, and not as food animals. The Spanish historianFrancisco Ignacio Alcinahave detailed descriptions of the affectionate treatment of dogs by nativeVisayansin the 17th century, during the earlySpanish colonial period. Alcina disapprovingly records that dogs were treated by locals like their own children. Thus, the rise in the consumption ofdog meat as food in the secular contextin some ethnic groups in the Philippines is likely to have only occurred some time after the arrival of the Spanish.
The tradition of eating dog meat for ritual purposes in some ethnic groups survived into the modern times in the Cordillera highlands of the Philippines. AmongCordillerans, dogs are sacrificed and eaten in a cleansing ritual known asdao-esordaw-es. The ritual is typically done after a person dies unexpectedly (through murder or an accident), gets severely ill, was released from prison, or witnessed death firsthand. Cordillerans believe that dogs have one of the purest souls among animals, comparable to humans, and thus they are the most appealing to the ancestor spirits (anito). The dog soul is sent as a messenger to the spirit world by a shaman (mambunong), which is believed to cleanse the minds of participants of images of death and evil spirits.These rituals are still legally permitted, though they are required to keep records and are overseen by the Committee on Animal Welfare.
Dogs lost their economic importance as hunting animals (usually for wild boar) among Austronesians that reached the smaller islands inMelanesiaandPolynesia. They became a competitor for limited food resources and thus were themselves eaten. The Austronesian domesticated dogs originally carried by theLapita Culturemigrations were eaten to extinction in many islands since ancient times. Dogs were reintroduced later on from surviving populations in other islands as well as dogs that descended from non-AustronesianMainland Southeast Asianpopulations. This caused a marked discontinuity in the genes of domesticated dogs, as well as the terms for dogs, among Austronesians in the Pacific Islands, in comparison to other Austronesian regions in Island Southeast Asia.
Dogs were historically eaten inTahitiand other islands ofPolynesia, including Hawaiiat the time of first European contact.James Cook, when first visiting Tahiti in 1769, recorded in his journal, "few were there of us but what allow'd that a South Sea Dog was next to an English Lamb, one thing in their favour is that they live entirely upon Vegetables".Calvin Schwabe reported in 1979 that dog was widely eaten in Hawaii and considered to be of higher quality than pork or chicken. When Hawaiians first encountered early British and American explorers, they were at a loss to explain the visitors' attitudes about dog meat. The Hawaiians raised both dogs and pigs as pets and for food. They could not understand why their British and American visitors only found the pig suitable for consumption.This practice seems to have died out, along with the native Hawaiian breed of dog, the uniqueHawaiian Poi Dog, which was primarily used for this purpose.
Although Hawaii has outlawed commercial sales of dog meat, until the federalDog and Cat Meat Trade Prohibition Actit was legal to slaughter an animal classified as a pet if it was "bred for human consumption" and done in a "humane" manner. This allowed dog meat trade to continue, mostly using stray, lost, or stolen dogs.
According tokashrut, Jewish dietary law, it is forbidden to consume the flesh of terrestrial mammals that do not chew their cud and have cloven hooves, which includes dogs.
InIslamic dietary laws, the consumption of the flesh of a dog, or any carnivorous animal, or any animal bearing fangs, claws, fingers or reptilian scales, is consideredharam("prohibited"),whereas the Maliki school deems itmakruh("disliked but not prohibited").
In most European countries, the consumption of dog meat is taboo. Exceptions occurred in times of scarcity, such as sieges or famines.
In Germany, dog meat has been eaten in every major crisis since at least the time ofFrederick the Great, and was commonly referred to as "blockade mutton".
During the 19th century westward movement in the United States,mountainmen,Native Americans, theU.S. Army, as well as theConfederacyduring theAmerican Civil Warfrequently had to sustain themselves on dog meat; the first to be consumed would be the horses, then the mules, and lastly the dogs.
During theSiege of Paris (1870–1871), food shortages caused by theGermanblockade of the city caused the citizens of Paris to turn to alternative sources for food, including dog meat. Dog meat was also reported as being sold by some butchers in Paris in 1910.
In the early 20th century, high meat prices led to widespread consumption of horse and dog meat in Germany.
In the early 20th century in the United States, dog meat was consumed during times of meat shortage.
A few meat shops sold dog meat during theGerman occupation of Belgium in World War I, when food was scarce.
In the latter part ofWorld War I, dog meat was being eaten inSaxonyby the poorer classes because of famine conditions.
In Germany, the consumption of dog meat continued in the 1920s.In 1937, a meat inspection law targeted againsttrichinellawas introduced for pigs, dogs,boars, foxes,badgers, and other carnivores.
During severe meat shortages coinciding with theGermanoccupation from 1940 to 1945, sausages found to have been made of dog meat were confiscated by Nazi authorities in the Netherlands.
Travelers sometimes have to eat their accompanying dogs to survive when stranded without other food. For example,Benedict Allenate his dog when lost in the Brazilian rainforest.A case in Canada was reported in 2013.
During theLewis and Clark Expedition(1803–1806),Meriwether Lewisand the other members of theCorps of Discoveryconsumed dog meat, either from their own animals or supplied by Native American tribes, including thePaiutesand Wah-clel-lah Indians, a branch of theWatlatas,theClatsop,theTeton Sioux(Lakota),theNez Perce Indians(who did not eat dog themselves),and theHidatsas.Lewis and the members of the expedition ate dog meat, exceptWilliam Clark, who reportedly could not bring himself to eat dogs.
British explorerErnest Shackletonand hisImperial Trans-Antarctic Expeditionbecame trapped, and ultimately killed their sled dogs for food.
Norwegian explorerRoald Amundsen's party famously planned to eat their sled dogs, as well as to feed weaker dogs to other dogs, during their expedition to the South Pole. This allowed the party to carry less food, thus lightening the load, and ultimately helped Amundsen to win his race to the South Pole againstRobert Scott's expedition, which used ponies.When comparing sled dogs to ponies as draught animals, Amundsen noted:
Douglas MawsonandXavier Mertzwere part of theFar Eastern Party, a three-man sledging team withLieutenant B. E. S. Ninnis, to survey King George V Land, Antarctica. On 14 December 1912 Ninnis fell through a snow-covered crevasse along with most of the party's rations, and was never seen again. Mawson and Mertz turned back immediately. They had one and a half weeks' food for themselves and nothing at all for the dogs. Their meagre provisions forced them to eat their remaining sled dogs on their 315-mile (507 km) return journey. Their meat was tough, stringy and without a vestige of fat. Each animal yielded very little, and the major part was fed to the surviving dogs, which ate the meat, skin and bones until nothing remained. The men also ate the dog's brains and livers. Unfortunately eating the liver of sled dogs produces the conditionhypervitaminosis Abecause canines have a much higher tolerance for vitamin A than humans do. Mertz suffered a quick deterioration. He developed stomach pains and became incapacitated and incoherent. On 7 January 1913, Mertz died. Mawson continued alone, eventually making it back to camp alive.
The slaughter, sale, purchase (including import), or consumption of dog meat is banned in some countries and legal in others, as listed in the table below and summed up in the map.
Dogs are eaten byVamepeople for certain religious rituals.
In 2011 it was reported that, due to high prices on other types of meat, the consumption of dog meat is common despite a longstanding taboo.
TheTallensi, the Akyims, the Kokis, and the Yaakuma, one of many cultures of Ghana, consider dog meat a delicacy. TheMamprusipeople generally avoid dog meat, and it is eaten in a "courtship stew" provided by a king to his royal lineage. Two Tribes in Ghana,FrafraandDagaabaare particularly known to be "tribal playmates" and consumption of dog meat is the common bond between the two tribes. Every year around September, games are organised between these two tribes and the Dog Head is the trophy at stake for the winning tribe.
It was reported in 2017 that increasing demand for dog meat (due to the belief it gives more energy) has led politicianAnthony Karboto propose dog meat factories in three northern regions of Ghana.
Dogs are eaten by various groups in some states of Nigeria, including Ondo State, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Plateau, Kalaba, Taraba and Gombe of Nigeria.They are believed to have medicinal powers. The meat is believed to improve one's sex life, provide immunity from diseases and poisoning, and offer protection fromjuju(charms).
In late 2014, the fear of contracting theEbolavirus disease frombushmeatled at least one major Nigerian newspaper to imply that eating dog meat was a healthy alternative.That paper documented a thriving trade in dog meat and slow sales of even well smoked bushmeat.
It is legal to eat dog meat in Canada. According to a writer for theNational Post, this is because it is not necessary to prevent people from eating dogs.While it is technically legal to serve dog meat in a restaurant in Canada if it has been inspected, it may not be possible to actually do so.In 2003, uninspected frozen canine meat was found at a Chinese restaurant named "Panda Garden" inEdmonton, Alberta.Provincial authorities determine if an animal species can be approved for slaughter; which would require dogs to be classified as a "food animal" and for individual animals to not be raised as pets. No license has ever been granted for this purpose. There is also no recognized way to import dog meat into the country.
In December 2018, Donald Trump signed theDog and Cat Meat Trade Prohibition Act of 2018into law. Previously, the dog and cat meat trade was legal in 44 states.
In July 2023, congresspeopleVern BuchananandJared Moskowitzintroduced a resolution that would call for banning dog and cat meat globally.
Animal welfare NGOFour Pawsestimates that 2–3 million dogs are slaughtered annually for their meat in Cambodia.According to a market research study in 2019 on the dog meat trade in Cambodia, overall a total of 53.6% of respondents indicated that they have eaten dog meat at some time in their lives (72.4% of males and 34.8% of females).A new campaign began in 2020 to end dog meat consumption.
In Hong Kong, theDogs and Cats Ordinancewas introduced by the British Hong Kong Government on 6 January 1950.It prohibits the slaughter of any dog or cat for use as food by fine and imprisonment.In February 1998, aHong Kongerwas sentenced to one month imprisonment and a fine of two thousand HK dollars for hunting street dogs for food.Four local men were sentenced to 30 days imprisonment in December 2006 for having slaughtered two dogs.
Consumption of dog meat is seen inNortheast Indiain the states ofMizoram,Nagaland,Manipur,Meghalaya,Tripura, andArunachal Pradesh.It is rare and usually consumed amongst tribalTibeto-Burmantribal communities.
In 2016, animal rights activistManeka Gandhi, thenMinister of Women and Child Developmentof India, raised a nation-wide petition to stop dog meat sale and consumption, specifically targeting Nagaland and Mizoram.The issue caught public attention when she posted on Twitter on 30 June 2022 a photograph of dog trade in Nagaland, commenting: "This is illegal according to the laws of India and it cannot be allowed under the guise of culture."InNagaland, pet lovers had launched a campaign to end Nagaland's dog meat trade.Following Gandhi's remarks, theFederation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations(FIAPO) formally requested theGovernment of Nagalandto ban the consumption and trading of dog meat.On 3 July 2020, the Nagaland cabinet meeting passed the legislation for banning the sale and consumption of dog meat in the state.The regulation was enacted the next day when the Chief Secretary of Nagaland, Temjen Toy, issued an order banning dog markets, the commercial import and trading of dogs, and commercial sale of dog meat.
In November 2020, dog meat traders challenged the Nagaland's legislation at the Nagaland High Court under the case fileNeizevolie Kuotsu Alias Toni Kuotsu and ors v. State of Nagaland and ors.The legislation was momentarily withheld but without final decision.In 2023, the case was put up at theGauhati High CourtKohima Bench, in which Justice Marli Vankung made a verdict on 2 June nullifying the government's legislation.The judgement reads: "The prohibition of sale and consumption of dog meat, by the Executive branch of the Government, without there being any law passed by the legislature in relation to trade and consumption of dog meat is liable thus to be set aside, even though it was passed in accordance with a Cabinet decision."The judgement further stated that the Chief Secretary is not an authority to make such legal matters,and that selling and eating dog meat do not violate any law in India,and the practice is "an accepted norm and food among people of Nagaland."
In Mizoram, dog meat is freely sold and eaten.According to the Mizoram Animal Slaughter Act 2013, dogs are classified alongside cattle as animals allowed for slaughter, meat trade and consumption.The State Animal Welfare Board of theGovernment of Mizoramhad challenged this classification. On 4 March 2020, the Mizoram State Assembly passed the Mizoram Animal Slaughter (Amendment) Bill, 2020, which removed dogs from animals permitted to be killed for meat.The news was taken as prohibition of slaughter of dogs in the state,but is not the case as it merely implied lack of legislation on dog meat.In 2023, there were pressures from pet lovers to enforce the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Dog Breeding and Marketing) Rule 2017 that would ban dog meat sale, but were received with stern criticisms from the public.
In Meghalaya, killing of stray or domesticated dogs is a punishable offence since 2021. On 9 September 2021, the Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Department of the Government of Meghalaya issued an order that prohibited slaughter of dogs for any purpose.
Indonesia is predominantlyMuslim, a faith which considers dog meat, along with pork, to beharam(ritually unclean).The New York Timeshas reported that in spite of this, dog meat consumption has been growing in popularity among Muslims and other ethnic groups in the country due to its cheap price and purported health or medicinal benefits.
Although reliable data on the dog meat trade is scarce, various welfare groups estimate that at least 1 million dogs are killed every year to be eaten.On the resort island of Bali alone, between 60,000 and 70,000 dogs are slaughtered and eaten a year, in spite of lingering concerns about the spread of rabies following an outbreak of the disease there a few years ago, according to the Bali Animal Welfare Association.Marc Ching of the Animal Hope and Wellness Foundation claimed in 2017 that the treatment of dogs in Indonesia was the "most sadistic" out of anywhere they were killed for their meat.According toRapplerandThe Independent, the slaughter process for dogs inTomohon,Sulawesiresulted in some of them being blowtorched alive.
The consumption of dog meat is often associated with theMinahasaculture ofNorth Sulawesi,Maluku culture,Torajaculture, various ethnic fromEast Nusa Tenggara, and theBataksof northern Sumatra.The code for restaurants or vendors selling dog meat is "RW", an abbreviation forrintek wuuk(Minahasaneuphemism means "fine hair") or "B1" abbreviation forbiang(Bataklanguage for female dog or "bitch").
Popular Indonesian dog-meat dishes are Minahasan spicy meat dish calledrica-rica. Dog meatrica-ricaspecifically calledrica-rica"RW" which stands forRintek Wuukin the Minahasan language, which means "fine hair" as a euphemism referring for fine hair found in roasted dog meat.It is cooked asPatongdish by Toraja people, and asSaksang"B1" (stands forBiangwhich means "dog" or "bitch" in Batak dialect) by Batak people of North Sumatra. OnJava, there are several dishes made from dog meat, such assengsu(tongsengasu),satejamu(lit. "medicinal satay"), andkambing balap(lit. "racing goat").AsuisJavanesefor "dog".
Dog consumption in Indonesia gained attention during the2012 U.S. presidential electionwhen incumbentBarack Obamawas pointed out by his opponent to have eaten dog meat served by his Indonesian stepfatherLolo Soetorowhen Obama was living in the country.Obama wrote about his experience of eating dog in his bookDreams of My Father,and at the 2012White House Correspondents' Dinnerjoked about eating dog.
According to Lyn White ofAnimals Australia, the consumption of dog meat in Bali is not a long-held tradition. She said the meat first came from a Christian ethnic group coming to Bali, where a minority of the immigrants working in the hospitality industry have fuelled the trade.
In June 2017, an investigative report discovered that tourists inBaliare unknowingly eating dog meat sold by street vendors.
Although the vast majority of Japanese do not eat dog meat, it has been reported that more than 100 outlets in the country have been selling it imported, mainly to foreign customers.In 675 AD,Emperor Tenmudecreed a prohibition on its consumption during the 4th through 9th months of the year. According toMeisan Shojiki Ōrai(名産諸色往来) published in 1760, the meat of wild dog was sold along with boar,deer, fox,wolf,bear,raccoon dog,otter,weaselandcatin some regions ofEdo.
Estimates for total dog killings in China range from 10 to 20 million dogs annually, for purposes of human consumption.However, estimates such as these are not official and are derived from extrapolating industry reports on meat tonnage to an estimate of dogs killed.
Consuming dog meat is legal inmainland Chinaexcept for the city of Shenzhen,and the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture has never issued quarantine procedures for slaughtering dogs.
The eating of dog meat in China dates back to around 500BCE, and possibly even earlier. It has been suggested that wolves in southern China may have been domesticated as a source of meat.Mencius(372–289BCE) talked about dog meat as being an edible, dietary meat.It was reported in the early 2000s that the meat was thought to have medicinal properties, and had been popular in northern China during the winter, as it was believed to raise body temperature after consumption and promote warmth.Historical records have shown how in times of food scarcities (as in wartime situations), dogs could also be eaten as an emergency food source.
In modern times, the extent of dog consumption in China varies by region. Generally, it is most prevalent in some of the southern provinces, especially inCanton, Guangxi,Yunnan, Sichuan,HubeiandAnhui, as well as a few of the northern provinces such asHenan, Shandong andJilin.It was reportedly common in 2010 to find dog meat served in restaurants in Southern China, where dogs are reared on farms for consumption.In 2012, Chinesenetizensand the Chinese police intercepted trucks transporting caged dogs to be slaughtered in localities such asChongqingandKunming.
Since 2009,Yulin, Guangxi, has held an annualfestival of eating dog meatthat is reportedly a celebration of thesummer solstice. In 2014, the municipal government published a statement distancing itself from the festival, saying it was not a cultural tradition, but rather a commercial event held by restaurants and the public.The festival in 2011 spanned 10 days, during which 15,000 dogs were consumed.Estimates of the number of dogs eaten in 2015 for the festival ranged from as high as 10,000to lower than 1,000 amid growing pressure at home and abroad to end it.Festival organizers state that only dogs bred specifically for consumption are used, while objectors say that some of the dogs purchased for slaughter and consumption are strays or stolen pets.Some of the dogs at the festival are alleged to have been burnt or boiled aliveor beaten out of the belief that increasedadrenalinecirculating in the dog's body adds to the flavor of the meat.Other reports, however, state that there have been little evidence of those practices since 2015.
Prior to the 2014 festival, eight dogs (and their two cages) sold for 1,150 yuan ($185) and six puppies for 1,200 yuan.Prior to the 2015 festival, a protester bought 100 dogs for 7,000 yuan ($1,100; £710).The animal rights NGO Best Volunteer Centre commented that the city had more than 100 slaughterhouses, processing between 30 and 100 dogs a day. The Yulin Centre for Animal Disease Control and Prevention states the city has only eight dog slaughterhouses selling approximately 200 dogs, and this increases to about 2,000 dogs during the Yulin festival.There have been several campaigns to stop the festival, with the first one reportedly having started among locals in China.In 2016, a petition calling for an end to the festival garnered 11 million signatures in the country.More than 3 million people have also signed petitions against it onWeibo(China's equivalent of Twitter).Prior to the 2014 festival, doctors and nurses were ordered not to eat dog meat there, and local restaurants serving dog meat were ordered to cover the word "dog" on their signs and notices.Reports in 2014 and 2016 have also suggested that the majority of Chinese on and offline disapprove of the festival.
The movement against the consumption of cat and dog meat was given added impetus by the formation of the Chinese Companion Animal Protection Network (CCAPN). Having expanded to more than 40 member societies, CCAPN began organizing protests against eating dog and cat meat in 2006, starting in Guangzhou and continuing in more than ten other cities following a positive response from the public.Before the2008 Beijing Olympics, officials ordered dog meat to be taken off the menu at its 112 official Olympic restaurants to avoid offending visitors from various nations where the consumption of dog meat is taboo.In 2010, draft legislation was proposed to prohibit the consumption of dog meat.In 2010, the first draft proposal of it was introduced, with the rationale to protect animals from maltreatment. The legislation included a measure to jail people for up to 15 days for eating dog meat,but there were few expectations for it to be enforced.
As of the early 21st century, dog meat consumption in China is declining.In 2014, dog meat sales decreased by a third compared to 2013.It was reported that in 2015, one of the most popular restaurants in Guangzhou serving dog meat was closed after the local government tightened regulations; the restaurant had served dog meat dishes since 1963. Other restaurants that served dog and cat meat in the Yuancun and Panyu districts also stopped serving these dishes in 2015.8.6 million Chinese in 2016 also voted online for proposed legislation to end the consumption of dog and cat meat, but the legislation was not taken forward.
In April 2020, Shenzhen became the first Chinese city to ban consumption and production of dog and cat meat.This came as part of a wider clampdown on the wildlife trade which was thought to be linked toCOVID-19 outbreak. Citing examples of Hong Kong and Taiwan, the Shenzhen city government said, "Banning the consumption of dogs and cats and other pets is a common practice in developed countries ... This ban also responds to the demand and spirit of human civilization".The city ofZhuhaifollowed suit in the same month with a similar ban.These decisions were applauded by animal welfare groups such asHumane Society International.
In the same month, the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture said it considers dogs as "companion animals", not as livestock.
The consumption of dog meat is legal in Malaysia. The issue was brought to light in 2013 after the Malaysian Independent Animal Rescue group received a report alleging that a restaurant in Kampung Melayu,Subanghad dogs caged and tortured before slaughtering them for their meat.
Dangogi(단고기), or sweet meat, refers to dog meat that is traditionally consumed during the hottest days of the year in North Korea, as it is believed to provide stamina. In 2023, the primary consumption dates coincide with the "sambok," or three hottest days, which are July 17, July 27, and August 16.
A wall painting in theGoguryeo tombscomplex inSouth Hwanghaeprovince, aWorld Heritage Sitewhich dates from the 4th century AD, depicts a slaughtered dog in a storehouse. TheBalhaepeople also enjoyed dog meat, and the modern-day tradition of canine cuisine seems to have come from that era.
Daily NKreported that in early 2010, theNorth Korean governmentincluded dog meat in its list of one hundred fixed prices, setting a fixed price of 500wonper kilogram.
In September 2023, North Korea announced the construction of a luxury dog meat restaurant, the ‘Dog Meat Delicacy House,’ in Pyongyang. This initiative, approved by Kim Jong-un, is part of a state effort to promote "healthier eating."
Dog meat is considered a national dish in North Korea, with numerous restaurants dedicated to it. Cooking contests that utilize all parts of the animal are also featured on state television.
Gaegogi(개고기) literally means "dog meat" in Korean. The term itself is often mistaken as the term forKoreansoupmade from dog meat, which is actually calledbosintang(보신탕; 補身湯,Body nourishing soup) (sometimes spelled "bo-shintang").
Estimates of the number of animals consumed vary widely. TheHumane Society Internationalhas estimated that 2 millionor possibly more than 2.5 million dogs are reared on "dog meat farms" in South Korea (though, this number includes puppy mills for the pet industry).According to theKorea Animal Rights Advocates(KARA), approximately 780,000 to 1 million dogs are consumed per year in South Korea.However, these numbers have been critiqued as not being based on actual data and having no scientific basis.
Estimates of dog meat consumption is much lower when accounting for actual sales. In 2017 the Moran Market, which occupied 30–40% of dog meat market in the nation,reported sales of about 20,000 dogs per year.Numbers have further declined from these 2017 estimates and all the major markets have shutdown, including Moran Market.According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, approximately 200 dog farms have been reported to be operating; though, the supply to the dog meat market is unclear as these farms also supply the pet industry.
In 2022, theMinistry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheriesof South Korea published a first official report called "Edible dog breeding and distribution survey". According to the report, as of February 2022, 521,121 dogs are reared in 1,156 dog meat farms and 388,000 dogs are consumed in 1,666 restaurants per year.
Over the past 50 years, dog meat consumption has been declining as more people have been adopting dogs as pets. In a 2020 survey, 84% of the Korean population reported never having consumed dog meat nor having plans to ever do so.
The most popular dish is the soup "boshingtang", a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Eating hot soups during the summer is thought to ensure good health by balancing one's "qi", the believed vital energy of the body. Dog meat is believed by some to increase the body temperature, to induce sweating to keep one cool during the summer (the way of dealing with heat is calledheal heat with heat(이열치열, 以熱治熱,i-yeol-chi-yeol)). A 19th-century version ofgaejang-gukexplains the preparation of the dish by boiling dog meat with vegetables such asgreen onionsandchili pepper powder. Variations of the dish containchickenandbamboo shoots.
The sale of dog meat is illegal, but slaughter and consumption is legal.However, 'brutal' slaughters of any animals is prohibited by the Animal Protection Law (동물보호법), and some people were fined for slaughter of dogs by this law.The sale is disallowed because South Korean Food Sanitary Law (식품위생법) does not include dog meat as a legal food ingredient. TheMinistry of Food and Drug Safetyrecognizes any edible product other than drugs as food.In the capital city ofSeoul, the sale of dog meat was outlawed by regulation on 21 February 1984, by classifying dog meat as "repugnant food" (혐오식품, 嫌惡食品,hyeom-o sigpum), but the regulation was not rigorously enforced except during the1988 Seoul Olympics. In 2001, the Mayor of Seoul announced there would be no extra enforcement efforts to control the sale of dog meat during the2002 FIFA World Cup, which was partially hosted in Seoul. On 21 November 2018, the South Korean government closed the Taepyeong-dong complex inSeongnam, which served as the country's main dog slaughterhouse.
The primary dog breed raised for meat is a non-specific landrace, whose dogs are commonly named asNureongi(누렁이) orHwangu(황구).Nureongi are not the only type of dog currently slaughtered for their meat in South Korea. In 2015,The Korea Observerreported that many different pet breeds of dog are eaten in South Korea, includingLabrador retrievers,golden retrieversandcocker spaniels, and that the dogs slaughtered for their meat often include former pets.Some of them have reportedly been stolen from family homes.
There is some vocal group of Koreans (consisting of a number of animal welfare groups) who oppose the practice of eating dog meat. Some Koreans do not eat the meat, but feel that it is the right of others to do so.A group of activists attempted to promote and publicize the consumption of dog meat worldwide during the run-up to the2002 FIFA World Cup, co-hosted by Japan and South Korea, which prompted retaliation from animal rights campaigners and prominent figures such asBrigitte Bardotto denounce the practice.Opponents of dog meat consumption in South Korea are critical of the eating of dog meat, as some dogs are beaten, burnt or hanged to make their meat more tender.In more recent decades, such practices are being prosecuted by law.
Amidst the decline in dog meat consumption in contemporary Korea, a vocal group in Korea has critiqued the international outcry toward dog meat consumption as being hypocritical.International animal rights activists have noted the hypocrisy, as well, given the horrific conditions under which factory farmed animals are raised in the West.Some Korean citizens, as well as members of the international community, have pointed out that the nations from which most of the outcry has emerged have the highest per capita meat consumption on the planet, several-fold higher than that of South Korea.
On January 9, 2024, the South Korean National Assembly passed a bill banning the breeding and slaughter of dogs for consumption, which will be starting in 2027 after a three-year grace period.
The killing of dogs as livestock has been banned in the Philippines since 1998 viaRepublic Act No. 8485, known as theAnimal Welfare Act of 1998, with exemptions for dogs killed and eaten as part of indigenous rituals.This was strengthened further byRepublic Act No. 10631in 2013, which amended the 1998 law by criminalizing the abuse, maltreatment, cruelty, exploitation, abandonment, and killing of pet animals; while also mandating the creation of animal welfare enforcement officers in law enforcement agencies like thePhilippine National Policeand theNational Bureau of Investigation.Republic Act No. 9842, known as the Anti-Rabies Act of 2007, also includes specific provisions for the punishment of anyone found guilty of trading in dog meat, with a punishment of 1 to 4 years in prison and fines.Local laws banning the dog meat trade have also existed prior to the 1998 national ban.The illegal consumption of dog meat still continues in some regions in the Philippines, notably in theCordillera highlandsin northernLuzonwhere it is traditional.Nevertheless, the introduction and strengthening of laws against dog meat trade, changing public attitudes, and strict enforcement has significantly decreased the number of the dogs slaughtered for meat. As of 2020, less than 1% of the population of the Philippines have eaten dog meat.
Dog meat consumption was formerly widespread, particularly in the northern Philippines where dog meat stew, in general, acquired theeuphemisticname "azucena"(or "asocena") in the 1980s. It originates from aplay-on-wordson the Spanish termazucena, "lily", and its resemblance to aportmanteau"asocena", fromaso("dog") +cena, ("dinner"/"meal"). They were commonly eaten aspulutan(appetizers eaten with alcohol) by men, mainly due to the superstition that dog meat "warms the body" and functions as anaphrodisiac. At the height of the dog meat trade prior to the 1990s, an estimated 500,000 dogs were killed every year.
In 1981, thediplomatic relations between the Philippines and the United Kingdomwere strained when theSunday Mirrornewspaper of London published front page photos of dogs tied up for slaughter in the Philippines. This invokedMargaret Thatcherand theBritish parliamentto express their disapproval, which was informally conveyed to thePhilippine Foreign Ministryvia the British Embassy. Though initially considered an internal affair, their communications became public, eliciting a response fromAssemblymanEddie Ilardeof theNational Capital Region, taking affront at suggestion that all Filipinos are cruel to dogs and eat dog meat. He clarified that while the dog meat trade does still happen, it is uncommon and prohibited by local laws in most parts of the country, includingManila.The issue sparked national interest on the dog meat trade and the inadequacy of the then existing laws against animal cruelty passed during theAmerican colonial period of the Philippines. Then presidentFerdinand Marcosordered a study on the necessity of issuing a presidential decree prohibiting the sale and slaughter of household pets for commercial culinary purposes in 1982.In the capital city ofManila, Metro Manila Commission Ordinance 82-05 specifically prohibits the killing and selling of dogs for food.
In 1998, the Animal Welfare Act was passed, which prohibits the killing of any animal other than cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, poultry, rabbits,carabaos, horses, deer, and crocodiles – with exemptions for religious, cultural, research, public safety, and/or animal health reasons. It also specifically bansdog fightingandhorse fighting.
The consumption of dog meat still continues in some areas illegally, especially in theCordillera highlandsof Luzon where indigenous tribes have legal exemptions for the consumption of dog meat during customary rituals. Thisloopholehas been taken advantage of by some restaurants which still sell dog meat outside of the customary ritual exemption.
According to theAnimal Welfare Institute, the illegal dog meat trade largely captures stray dogs from elsewhere in the country, with many of them having been people's pets. They are rounded up off the street for the dog meat trade and shipped to theBenguetprovince without food or water while steel cans are forced onto their noses and their legs are tied behind their backs. Nearly half the dogs reportedly die before reaching their final destination. They are usually then killed via clubbing or having their throats cut, after which their fur is scorched off with a blow-torch and their bodies are dismembered.According to a 2007 book co-authored byTemple Grandin, dogs and other animals in some rural Philippine areas could risk getting beaten before slaughter, out of the belief it would create better meat.The province ofBenguetspecifically allows cultural use of dog meat by indigenous people and acknowledges this might lead to limited commercial use.InBaguioand surrounding municipalities, it is regarded as an "open secret" tolerated by local law enforcement.Philippine news outletsABS-CBNandSunStarstated in 2012 and 2017 that Korean nationals inBaguiohad been playing a role in the city's dog meat trade.
In 2012, theCriminal Investigation and Detection Group(CIDG) of thePhilippine National Policeestimated that there were still around 290,000 dogs illegally butchered for food annually.In 2013, 250 raids were carried out on restaurants suspected of serving dog meat in the Cordilleras by the Philippine National Police and the Animal Welfare Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, in conjunction with the NGOAnimal Kingdom Foundation. Dog meat trade has decreased substantially since then.
The sale of dog meat is banned in Singapore.
In 2001, the Taiwanese government imposed a ban on the sale of dog meat, due to both pressure from domestic animal welfare groups and a desire to improve international perceptions, and there were some protests.In 2007, another law was passed, significantly increasing the fines to sellers of the meat.According toThe Daily Mealin 2014, dog meat remained popular in Taiwan despite the laws, especially at smaller towns and villages.Animal rights activists have accused the Taiwanese government of not prosecuting those who continue to slaughter and serve dog meat at restaurants.
In April 2017, Taiwan became the first country in East Asia to officially ban the consumption of dog and cat meat as well as jail time for those who torture and kill animals. The Animal Protection Act amendments approved by the Legislative Yuan aims to punish the sale, purchase or consumption of dog or cat meat with fines ranging from NT$50,000 to NT$2 million. The amendments also stiffen punishment for those who intentionally harm animals to a maximum two years' imprisonment and fines of NT$200,000 to NT$2 million.
In October 2017, Taiwan's national legislature, known as Legislative Yuan, passed amendments to the country's Animal Protection Act which "bans the sale and consumption of dog and cat meat and of any food products that contain the meat or other parts of these animals."
Dog meat is a delicacy popular inTimor-Leste.
There used to be a small regional culture of eating dog meat, as well as a trade of dogs for consumption and transporting them to nearby Vietnam where dog meat consumption was more common.In 2014, Thailand passed thePrevention of Animal Cruelty and Provision of Animal Welfare Actwhich, among other provisions, made it illegal to trade in or consume dog meat.As of 2016, the trade to Vietnam has continued, withCNNreporting that broken bones and crushed skulls have been a common injury for the smuggled dogs.
Dog meat has sometimes been used in Uzbekistan in the belief that it has medicinal properties.
Around five million dogs are slaughtered in Vietnam every year, making the country the second-biggest consumer of dog meat in the world after China.The consumption has been criticized by many in Vietnam and around the world as most of the dogs are pets stolen and killed in brutal ways, usually by being bludgeoned, stabbed, burned alive, or having their throat slit.Vietnam does not have strong regulations to stop the practice. Dog meat is particularly popular in the urban areas of the north, and can be found in special restaurants which specifically serve dog meat.
A 2013 survey on VietNamNet, with a participation of more than 3,000 readers, showed that the majority of people, at 80%, supported eating dog meat. Up to 66 percent of the readers said that dog meat is nutritious and has been a traditional food for a very long time. Some 13% said eating dog meat is okay but dog slaughtering must be strictly controlled to avoid embarrassing images.
Dog meat is believed to bring good fortune in Vietnamese culture.It is seen as being comparable in consumption to chicken or pork.In urban areas, there are neighbourhoods that contain many dog meat restaurants. For example, on Nhat Tan Street,Tây HồDistrict,Hanoi, many restaurants serve dog meat. Groups of customers, usually male, seated on mats, will spend their evenings sharing plates of dog meat and drinking alcohol. The consumption of dog meat can be part of a ritual usually occurring toward the end of thelunar monthfor reasons ofastrologyand luck. Restaurants which mainly exist to serve dog meat may only open for the last half of the lunar month.Dog meat is also believed to raise men'slibido.There used to be a large smuggling trade from Thailand to export dogs to Vietnam for human consumption.A concerted campaign between 2007 and 2014 by animal activists in Thailand, led by theSoi Dog Foundation, convinced authorities in both Thailand and Vietnam that the dog meat trade was a hindrance to efforts to tackle rabies in Southeast Asia. In 2014, Thailand introduced a new law against animal cruelty, which greatly increased penalties faced by dog smugglers. The trade had significantly diminished.
In 2009, dog meat was found to be a main carrier of theVibrio choleraebacterium, which caused the summer epidemic ofcholerain northern Vietnam.
Prior to 2014, more than 5 million dogs were killed for meat every year in Vietnam according to the Asia Canine Protection Alliance. There are indications that the desire to eat dog meat in Vietnam is waning.Part of the decline is thought to be due to an increased number of Vietnamese people keeping dogs as pets, as their incomes have risen in the past few decades.
In 2018, officials in the city of Hanoi urged citizens to stop eating dog and cat meat, citing concerns about the cruel methods with which the animals are slaughtered and the diseases this practice propagates, includingrabiesandleptospirosis. The primary reason for this exhortation seems to be a fear that the practice of dog and cat consumption, most of which are stolen household pets, could tarnish the city's image as a "civilised and modern capital".
Section 6, Paragraph 2 of the law for the protection of animals prohibits the killing of dogs and cats for purposes of consumption as food or for other products.
In 2012, the Swiss newspaperTages-Anzeigerreported that dogs, as well as cats, are eaten regularly by a few farmers in rural areas.Commercial slaughter and sale of dog meat is banned, but farmers are allowed to slaughter dogs for personal consumption.
In his 1979 bookUnmentionable Cuisine, Calvin Schwabe described a Swiss dog meat recipe,gedörrtes Hundefleisch, served as paper-thin slices, as well as smoked dog ham,Hundeschinken, which is prepared by salting and drying raw dog meat.
It is illegal in Switzerland to commercially produce food made from dog meat.
Although the commercial trade of dog meat is illegal, it is still currently legal in the United Kingdom to consume dog meat.
In France, butcher shops selling dog meat were open all around the country untilc.1910.
In his poem "Alcools",Guillaume Apollinairementions a butcher who sells dog meat.
Each Australian state or territory has its own regulation, but all have laws either making it illegal to eat dog meat or to kill a dog for consumption. It is also prohibited to sell dog meat based on meat processing standards and codes.
The consumption of domestic dog meat is commonplace in Tonga, and has also been noted in expatriate Tongan communities in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States.
According toEurasianet, dog fat is seen as a well-established would-be treatment for tuberculosis in parts of Central Asia.The fat has reportedly been used as a folk remedy forCOVID-19in Uzbekistanand Kyrgyzstan.
Eating dog meat is taboo in Polish culture. However, since the 16th century, fat from various animals, including dogs, was used as part offolk medicine, and since the 18th century dog fat has had a reputation as being beneficial for the lungs. While making lard, orsmalec, out of dogs' fat is currently discouraged in the country,this practice continues in some rural areas, especiallyLesser Poland.
In 2009, Polish prosecutors reportedly found that a farm nearCzęstochowawas overfeeding dogs to be rendered down into lard.According to Grażyna Zawada, fromGazeta Wyborcza, there were farms in Częstochowa, Kłobuck, and in the Radom area, and in the decade from 2000 to 2010 six people producing dog lard were found guilty of breaching animal welfare laws and sentenced to jail.However, theKrakow Postreported that a man who had admitted to stealing and killing dogs for lard in 2009 atWieliczkawas found not guilty of any crimes by the court, who ruled that the dogs had been slaughtered humanely for culinary purposes.As of 2014, there have been new cases prosecuted.
Gaesoju (개소주; 개燒酒) also known as dog wine, is a mixed drink containing dog meat and other Chinese medicine ingredients such as ginger, chestnut, and jujube to act primarily as a powerful sex drive booster for men, though it is also used to get rid of colds.
It is produced by putting a slaughtered dog into a chicken plucker to remove the fur before being placed into a pressure cooker for 6–19 hours with herbs until it is a dark liquid and bottled as a drink. Women in South Korea produce homemade gaesoju for their husbands as a bedroom gift, or they purchase commercial gaesoju from special markets.
In terms of popularity, there is a South Korean song which mentions a wife turning a dog into gaesoju for her husbandand popularity of Gaesoju as a sex tonic is rising compared to dog meat sales.
TheNureongiin Korea is most often used as a livestock dog, raised for its meat, and not commonly kept as pets.
TheTosa, or Japanese Fighting Dog is replacing older breeds or mutts in South Korea. The Tosa is not commonly a pet and is banned in multiple countries; it is also very lean with a little bit of fat, making it perfect for meat production. Currently only Government-Approved dog farms in Korea raise Tosa for meat.
The Dabengou translated as "Big Dumb Dog" is the most used dog in dog meat farms in China. They are mutts produced by breedingSt. Bernarddogs from Russia or Kazakhstan with local Chinese dogs. This produces a "beef" like texture of fat and lean, allowing the dog meat to be made into more tender dishes like burgers, sausages or steaks. They also produce larger amounts of pups, weigh over 90 Kg, grow up faster and are immune to most dog diseases. A single St. Bernard from a premium Chinese breeding farm can range from $3000–4000 since it is desired so much to produce larger mutts.
Tang Dogsare prized as a companion and watch dog but are also occasionally used for hunting and as meat dogs.
TheChow Chowwas also known as "Chinese Edible-Dog" because after the Han dynasty collapsed, they were fattened and bred with Chinese breeds for meat. Today, Chinese dog farms still raise Chow Chow for the purpose of eating; black coated ones are valued due to their taste when fried, while the rest are typically turned into stews.
TheXoloitzcuintli, or Mexican hairless dog, is one of several breeds ofhairless dogand has been used as a historical source of food for theAztec Empire.
The extinctHawaiian Poi DogandPolynesian Dogwere breeds ofpariah dogused byNative Hawaiiansas a spiritual protector of children and as a source of food.
The extinctTahitian Dogwas a food source, and served by high ranking chiefs to the early European explorers who visited the islands. CaptainJames Cookand his crew developed a taste for the dog, with Cook noting, "For tame Animals they have Hogs, Fowls, and Dogs, the latter of which we learned to Eat from them, and few were there of us but what allow'd that a South Sea dog was next to an English Lamb."