Pre-ferment

Aferment(also known asbread starter) is afermentation starterused inindirect‍methods ofbreadmaking. It may also be calledmother dough.
A ferment and a longer fermentation in thebread-makingprocess have several benefits: there is more time for yeast, enzyme and, ifsourdough, bacterial actions on the starch and proteins in the dough; this in turn improves the keeping time of the baked bread, and it creates greater complexities of flavor. Though ferments have declined in popularity asdirectadditions of yeast in bread recipes have streamlined the process on a commercial level, ferments of various forms are widely used in artisanal bread recipes and formulas.
In general, there are two ferment varieties:sponges, based onbaker's yeast, and the starters ofsourdough, based onwild yeastsandlactic acid bacteria.There are several kinds of pre-ferment commonly named and used in bread baking. They all fall on a varying process and time spectrum, from a maturemother doughof many generations of age to a first-generation sponge based on a fresh batch of baker's yeast:
There is no credible explanation for the origin of the termpoolish. The common, but undocumented, origin given is that it was first used by Polish bakers around 1840, hence its name, and as a method was brought to France in the beginning of the 1920s. "Poolish" however is an old English version of "Polish", whereas the term seems to be most used in France (where "polonais" is the word for "Polish"). Some nineteenth-century sources use the homophone "pouliche", a French word that typically means a filly.With either spelling, the term only appears in French sources towards the last part of the nineteenth century.
A ferment is easy to make and usually consists of a simple mixture ofwheat flour,water, and a leavening agent (typicallyyeast). Two schools of thought exist regarding the inclusion of salt or sugar. They both act to inhibit or slow yeast growth, as determined by time to proof or rise,so they are not usually included and instead are added to the final dough. Ultimately, the amounts of each ingredient, and when they are added, depend on pre-ferment and final-dough formulas.
In some countries (mainly Eastern Europe, Baltic and Nordic countries) rye flour is also used to make a starter. Traditional Finnish rye starter consists of only rye flour and water, no sugar or yeast. Some might also use yogurt to help hasten the starter to rise.
A flour-to-water ratio of 1-to-1 results in a relatively fluid ferment. Stiffer doughs, such as 2-to-1, may also be used. After mixing it is allowed to ferment for a period of time, and then is added to the finaldoughas a substitute for or in addition to more yeast. There are distinctly differentbrewtypes of pre-ferments designed for computer-controlled bakeries that use a rather different series of ingredients, including oxidizers, needed for continuous dough-production processes.
Fermentation is sometimes performed in a warm place, or a humidity- and temperature-controlled environment. Cooler-than-room or refrigeration temperatures decelerate growth and increase the time interval,while slightly warmer temperatures accelerate growth and decrease the time interval. Too warm a temperature slows growth, while even higher temperatures will kill the yeast. Death of the yeast cells occur in the range of 50–60 °C (122–140 °F).When cooling a levain or sourdough pre-ferment, if the dough temperature drops below 10 °C (50 °F) it affects the culture and leads to the loss of a particular aroma in the baked bread.
To allow room for the pre-ferment to rise, the ingredients are mixed in a container at least four or five times their volume. This is about the point in time when some process similarities of yeast pre-ferments to sourdough or levain starters begins to diverge. The typical amounts of time allotted for the yeast pre-ferment period may range from 2–16 hours, depending on the dough's temperature and the added amount of viable yeast, often expressed as a bakers' percentage. Spontaneous sourdough starters take, at a minimum, several days, and are subject to many variables.
To make a sourdough starter from scratch, the minimum-needed ingredients are flour, water, and time.  This starter is maintained with daily feedings or refreshments of fresh flour and water or, new dough. It ferments at room temperature until the desired age or minimal number of refreshments, following a refreshment schedule that may include acceleration of time intervals leading into the final dough, then is added to the final dough. When maintaining a starter's existing weight, it is advised to discard 60% (or more) of the starter, replacing that discarded dough with new dough.  If an increased amount of starter is required, simply add new dough. 40-parts-to-60-parts of old-dough-to-new-dough by weight, or 2-to-3, is known as the back-slopping ratio, and changes to that ratio change the pH of the just-refreshed dough.To make aprimary-culture levain,Raymond Calvelused salt, but less of it than would be typical for many final-dough formulas.