ඕටමන් තුර්කි භාෂාව

Ottoman Turkish(ඕටමන් තුර්කි:لِسانِ عُثمانى,Turkish pronunciation:[li'saːnɯos'maːniː];තුර්කි:Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardizedregisterof theTurkish languageused by the citizens of theOttoman Empire(14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, fromArabicandPersian, and its speakers used theOttoman Turkish alphabetfor written communication. During the peak of Ottoman power (ආ.16th century CE), words of foreign origin inTurkish literaturein the Ottoman Empire heavily outnumbered native Turkish words,with Arabic and Persian vocabulary accounting for up to 88% of the Ottoman vocabulary in some texts.
Consequently, Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and to rural Turks, who continued to usekaba Türkçe("raw/vulgar Turkish"; compareVulgar Latin), which used far fewer foreignloanwordsand is the basis of the modern standard.TheTanzimâtera (1839–1876) saw the application of the term "Ottoman" when referring to the language(لسان عثمانیlisân-ı OsmânîorعثمانليجهOsmanlıca); Modern Turkish uses the same terms when referring to the language of that era (OsmanlıcaandOsmanlı Türkçesi). More generically, the Turkish language was calledتركچهTürkçeorتركیTürkî"Turkish".
The conjugation for the aorist tense is as follows:
Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary.As in most other Turkic and other foreign languages of Islamic communities, the Arabicborrowingswere borrowed through Persian, not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic, a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persianphonologicalmutation of the words of Arabic origin.
The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic-incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre-OttomanTurkicat an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the north-east ofPersia, prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares the Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such asTatar,Bashkir, andUyghur. From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire, borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find.In Ottoman, one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text.It was however not only extensive loaning of words, but along with them much of the grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic.
In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish:
A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes, with thefasihvariant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words andkabathe least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabicasel(عسل) to refer tohoneywhen writing a document but would use the native Turkish wordbalwhen buying it.
Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras:
In 1928, following thefall of the Ottoman EmpireafterWorld War Iand the establishment of theRepublic of Turkey, widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework ofAtatürk's Reforms) instituted byMustafa Kemal Atatürksaw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. One of the main supporters of the reform was the Turkish nationalistZiya Gökalp.It also saw the replacement of thePerso-Arabicscript with theextended Latin alphabet. The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's newnational identityas being a post-Ottomanstate.
See thelist of replaced loanwords in Turkishfor more examples of Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Two examples ofArabicand two ofPersianloanwords are found below.
Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentiallyTürkiye Türkçesi(Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance ofneologismsadded, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until the 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter's abandonment ofcompound wordformation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually inspecialist contexts; for example, the Persiangenitive constructiontakdîr-i ilâhî(which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction,ilâhî takdîr(literally, "divine preordaining").
In 2014, Turkey's Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools, a decision backed by PresidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğan, who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage.
Most Ottoman Turkish was written in theOttoman Turkish alphabet(ඕටමන් තුර්කි:الفبا), a variant of thePerso-Arabic script. TheArmenian,GreekandRashi scriptofHebrewwere sometimes used by Armenians, Greeks and Jews. (SeeKaramanli Turkish, a dialect of Ottoman written in the Greek script.)
The transliteration system of theİslâm Ansiklopedisihas become ade factostandard inOriental studiesfor the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts.Concerningtranscriptionthe New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald and Ferit Develioğlu dictionaries have become standard.Another transliteration system is theDeutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft(DMG), which provides a transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script.There are not many differences between the İA and the DMG transliteration systems.
සැකිල්ල:OldWikisource
සැකිල්ල:Turkic languagesසැකිල්ල:Turkish languageසැකිල්ල:Languages in Maghreb