Embargo against Northern Cyprus

An internationalembargo against Northern Cyprusis currently in place in several areas. The embargo is supported by the policy of theUnited Nationsand its application by theEuropean Unionis in line with aEuropean Court of Justice(ECJ) decision taken in 1994.
Northern Cyprus, a statesolely recognised by Turkeyhas been under severe embargoes since itsunilateral declaration of independencein 1983,and the embargoes are actively promoted by aGreek Cypriotcampaign. Among the institutions that refuse to deal with the Turkish Cypriot community are theUniversal Postal Union, theInternational Civil Aviation Organizationand theInternational Air Transport Association. The economic embargo was greatly exacerbated upon the ruling of the ECJ in 1994, when the food certificates issued by Northern Cyprus were deemed unacceptable for the European Union.Exports and flights from Northern Cyprus take place through Turkey, with direct flights being banned internationally. Turkish Cypriots face embargoes in the areas of sports and culture as well; Turkish Cypriot teams cannot play international matches, Turkish Cypriot athletes may not compete internationally unless they represent another country and some concerts by international musicians or bands in Northern Cyprus have been blocked.
After the economic destruction of theTurkish invasion of Cyprusin 1974, the southern part of the island received heavy subsidies from the international community to develop its economy. Northern Cyprus, meanwhile, only received aid from Turkey and very little international aid. This caused less economic development compared to the south, and an economic dependence on Turkey.The economic embargo prevents foreign cash flow as the external demand is stifled and the use of foreign savings through borrowing and capital inflows is rendered impossible.The embargo has also restricted the tourism sector.
Until 1994, theUnited Kingdom,Germany, and some other European Countries accepted Turkish Cypriot food products, including citrus, being directly imported. While a 1972 agreement granted access to the European market to goods regulated by the Republic of Cyprus, the agreement was interpreted as applying to the whole island and theTurkish Cypriot Chamber of Commercegave certificates that bore the old stamps of Cyprus, rather than that of theTurkish Federated State of Cyprusor the TRNC. In 1983, upon the declaration of the TRNC, the Republic of Cyprus changed its stamps and notified the European Union and its member states that only certificates with its new stamps, originating from territory under the control of the Republic, should be accepted. However, the Council of Europe reiterated that both sides should benefit equally from such an agreement, and Turkish Cypriot goods continued to be imported directly.The British Ministry of Agriculture issued a statement that "the Turkish-Cypriot certificates were just as good as the Greek-Cypriot ones."
In 1992, a group of Greek Cypriot citrus producers sued the UK Ministry of Agriculture, and the case was referred to the European Court of Justice. The ECJ ruled against the acceptance of Turkish Cypriot goods, and thus in effect instituted an embargo against Northern Cyprus. The decision has been criticized as the ECJ stepping beyond its scope and precipitating an embargo that should only be imposed by political bodies.The decision also exposed Turkish Cypriot goods to an additional duty of at least 14%, and cargoes were immediately turned back from European countries, resulting in profound damage to the Turkish Cypriot economy.
After theAnnan Planfor Cyprus, there were promises by the European Union that sanctions on Northern Cyprus would be eased, including an opening of the ports, but these were blocked by the Republic of Cyprus. Turkish Cypriots can technically export to the world through theGreen Line, but this requires the approval of the Republic of Cyprus and heavy bureaucracy, which is perceived as impractical by Turkish Cypriot business people.
In the 2000s and 2010s, global enterprises and companies have opened up to Northern Cyprus through Turkey, which has been perceived as a form of normalization by Turkish Cypriots. However, Turkish Cypriots can access the global market only as consumers, but not as producers, and this access is still dependent on Turkey.
Northern Cyprus is accessible to international communications, postal services and transport only through Turkey.
Flights to theErcan International Airportof Northern Cyprus are banned internationally.Non-stop flights only take place from Turkey, which is the only country to recognise Northern Cyprus, and all planes that fly to Northern Cyprus from other countries have to stop over in Turkey.In 2005, a non-stop, chartered flight betweenAzerbaijanand Northern Cyprus, the first one ever from a country other than Turkey,was hailed as a landmark and Azerbaijan started accepting Turkish Cypriot passports.
In the congress of theUniversal Postal UnioninRio de Janeiroin 1979, the Republic of Cyprus obtained a declaration that stated that Turkish Cypriot stamps were illegal and invalid.
Turkish Cypriots have partly overcome restrictions on personal travel by obtainingpassports issued by the Republic of Cyprus. According to Rebecca Bryant, a specialist on Cyprus, with the development ofTurkish Airlinesand the bankruptcy ofCyprus Airways, Ercan was busier thanLarnaca International Airportas of 2015, but it was still dependent on Turkey.
However, in 2017 Larnaca airport saw a more than 400% increase in customers,as a result of new tight security measures imposed by the UKDepartment for Transportquestioning the status of the airport and forcing passengers travelling between Britain and Northern Cyprus to disembark with their luggage and go through a fresh security check in Turkey in order to board a new aircraft for their final destination.According to Turkish Cypriot tour operators "travellers are now drifting to Larnaca and it will be very hard to bring them back".
Turkish Cypriots cannot participate in international sports competitions.TheInternational Olympic Committeebans Turkish Cypriots from participating in the Olympic Games as independent athletes under the Olympic flag, and requires them to compete under the flag of a recognized country.Meliz Redif, the first Turkish Cypriot to participate in the Olympics, thus had to obtain Turkish citizenship, while some athletes refuse to compete for another country.
Turkish Cypriot teams cannot play international matches.In the first years after the Turkish invasion in 1974, Turkish Cypriot football teams were able to play international matches against teams from countries such as Turkey,Saudi Arabia,Malaysia,Libya. This was due to the tolerance shown byFIFAupon the initiative of its secretary,Helmut Kaiser. However, after the declaration of independence in 1983, Turkish Cypriot teams and the national team lost the ability to play international matches.The national team of Northern Cyprus wanted to play a match with the Turkey national team in 1984, but this was rejected by FIFA and the Turkish Football Federation was informed that it would face sanctions by FIFA andUEFAif it were to play with the Turkish Cypriot team. In June 1987, the FIFA Executive Board expressly forbade all contact between FIFA members and Northern Cyprus.
A Turkish team,Fenerbahçe SK, had a camp in Northern Cyprus in 1990 and planned to play with a local team, but the match was not allowed by FIFA, who refused to accept theCyprus Turkish Football Federationas a member. In theELF Cupthat took place in Northern Cyprus in 2006, FIFA successfully pressured the Afghanistan national team not to play in the tournament, and FIFA membersKyrgyzstanandTajikistansent theirfutsalteams instead.A Turkish Cypriot bid to join FIFA was rejected again in 2004, after the Annan Plan referendums.In 2007, a friendly football match betweenÇetinkaya Türk S.K.andLuton Town F.C.was cancelled after Greek Cypriot pressure. In 2014, the Cyprus Turkish Football Federation applied to join theCyprus Football Association, but the talks reached a deadlock.
The sports isolation encountered by Northern Cyprus is not shared with all other unrecognized states, for example,Transnistriahas a team that participates in international competitions. Northern Cyprus has participated inNF Boardto ease the effect of international isolation in football.
The Republic of Cyprus deems business conducted in the north as illegal, which has hampered concerts by international bands or singers.In 2010, a concert byJennifer Lopez, scheduled to take place in Northern Cyprus, was cancelled after extensive campaigning by Greek Cypriot groups.Rihannaalso cancelled a concert after a similar campaign. In 2012,Julio Iglesiascancelled a concert and then sued the hotel and Turkish Cypriot authorities, claiming that he had been misled with regards to the legitimacy of the concert. Nevertheless, international concerts continue taking place.
Northern Cyprus cannot participate or apply to participate in theEurovision Song Contest.