Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone(/siˌɛrəliˈoʊn(i)/,alsoUK:/siˌɛərə-/,US:/ˌsɪərə-/;Krio:Salone),officially theRepublic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast ofWest Africa. It is bordered to the southeast byLiberiaand byGuineato the north. Its land area is 73,252 km(28,283 sq mi).It has atropical climateand environments ranging fromsavannastorainforests. As of the 2023 census, Sierra Leone has a population of 8,908,040.Freetownis both its capital and its largest city. The country is divided into five administrative regions, which are further subdivided into16 districts.
Sierra Leone is apresidential republic, with aunicameral parliamentand adirectly electedpresident. It is asecular state. Itsconstitutionprovides for theseparation of state and religionandfreedom of conscience(which encompasses bothfreedom of thoughtandreligion).Muslimsconstitute three-quarters of the population, and there is a significantChristianminority. Notably, religious tolerance is very high: it is both a social norm and part of the nation's cultural identity.
Sierra Leone's current territorial configuration was established in two phases: in 1808, the coastalSierra Leone Colonywas founded as a place to resettle returning Africans after theabolition of the slave trade; then in 1896, the inland Protectorate was created as a result of theBerlin Conference of 1884–1885. This led to the formal recognition of the territory as theSierra Leone Colony and Protectorate.Sierra Leone attained independence from theUnited Kingdomin 1961 under the leadership of Prime MinisterSir Milton Margaiof theSierra Leone People's Party(SLPP).In 1971, under Prime MinisterSiaka Stevensof theAll People's Congress(APC), the country adopted a new constitution, transforming Sierra Leone into a presidential republic, with Stevens as the inaugural president. In 1978, Stevens declared the APC to be thesole legally recognized party. In 1985, he was succeeded byJoseph Saidu Momoh. Momoh's enactment of a new constitution in 1991 reintroduced amulti-party system. That same year, a protractedcivil warbroke out between the government and theRevolutionary United Front(RUF) rebel group. The conflict, characterized by multiplecoups d'état, persisted for 11 years. Intervention byECOMOGforces and later by the United Kingdom resulted in the defeat of the RUF in 2002, ushering in a period of relative stability. The two major political parties that remain are the APC and the SLPP.
Sierra Leone is a culturally diverse country, home to approximately18 ethnic groups, with theTemneandMende peoplesbeing predominant. TheCreole people, descendants of freed African-American, Afro-Caribbean slaves and liberated Africans, constitute about 1.2% of the population. English is the official language, whileKriois thelingua franca, spoken by 97% of the population. The country is rich with natural resources, notably diamonds, gold,bauxiteand aluminium. As of the most recent survey in 2019, 59.2% of the population is affected bymultidimensional povertyand an additional 21.3% vulnerable to it.Sierra Leone maintains membership in several international organizations, including the United Nations, African Union,Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS), and the Commonwealth of Nations, among others.
Sierra Leone derives its name from theLion Mountainsnear its capital, Freetown. Originally namedSerra Leoa(Portuguesefor 'lioness mountains') by Portuguese explorerPedro de Sintrain 1462, the modern name is derived from theVenetianspelling, which was introduced byVenetianexplorerAlvise Cadamostoand subsequently adopted by other Europeanmapmakers.
Sierra Leone's history is marked by continuous human habitation for at least 2,500 years,influenced by migrations from across Africa.The adoption of iron technology by the 9th century and establishment of agriculture by 1000 AD along the coast.Climate shifts over centuries altered the ecological zones, influencing migration and conquest dynamics.
The region's densetropical rainforestand swamps, coupled with the presence of thetsetse flywhich carried a disease fatal to horses and thezebucattle used by theMandé people, provided natural defenses against invasions by theMandinka Empireand other African empires,and limited influence by theMali Empire, preserving its indigenous cultures from external dominions. The introduction ofIslambySusutraders, merchants and migrants in the 18th century further enriched the culture, eventually establishing a strong foothold in the north. The conquest bySamory Touréin the northeast solidified Islam among theYalunka,KurankoandLimbapeople.
The 15th century marked the beginning of European interaction with Sierra Leone, highlighted byPortuguese explorerPedro de Sintramapping the region in 1462 and naming it after the lioness mountains.This naming has been subject to historical reinterpretation, suggesting earlier European knowledge of the region. Following Sintra, European traders established fortified posts, engaging primarily in theslave trade, which shaped the socio-economic landscape significantly.
Traders from Europe, such as theDutch Republic,EnglandandFrancestarted to arrive in Sierra Leone and establish trading stations. These stations quickly began to primarily deal in slaves, who were brought to the coast by indigenous traders from interior areas, undergoing conflicts over territory. The Europeans made payments, calledCole, for rent, tribute, and trading rights, to the king of an area. Local Afro-European merchants often acted as middlemen, the Europeans advancing them goods to trade to indigenous merchants, most often for slaves and ivory.
Portuguese traders were particularly drawn to the local craftsmanship inivory, leading to a notable trade in ivory artifacts such as horns,Sapi Saltceller, and spoons. The Sapi people belonged to a cluster of people who spokeWest Atlantic languages, living in the region of modern day Sierra Leone. There had already been a carving culture established in the area prior to Portuguese contact and many travelers to Sierra Leone initially impressed with their carving skills took local ivory horns back to Europe.One notable description at the beginning of the 16th century, by Pacheco noted that: in this country [Sierra Leone] they make beautiful mats of palm-leaf and necklaces of ivory [...]: In this land they make ivory necklaces more delicately carved than in any other country, also very fine and beautiful mats of palm-leaf, which are call 'bicas' [which are] very beautiful and good.
In the late 18th century, some African Americans who had fought for theBritish Crownduring theAmerican Revolutionary Warwere resettled in Sierra Leone, forming a community namedBlack Loyalists. This resettlement scheme was partly motivated by social issues in London, with the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme offering a new beginning for theBlack Poor, though it was fraught with challenges.
In the late 18th century, many African Americans claimed the protection of the British Crown. There were thousands of these Black Loyalists, people of African ancestry who joined the British military forces during the American Revolutionary War.Many had been slaves who had escaped to join the British, lured by promises of freedom (emancipation). Official documentation known as theBook of Negroeslists thousands of freed slaves whom the British evacuated from the nascent United States and resettled in colonies elsewhere inBritish North America.
Pro-slavery advocates accused the Black Poor of being responsible for a large proportion of crime in 18th century London. While the broader community included some women, the Black Poor seems to have exclusively consisted of men, some of whom developed relationships with local women and often married them. Slave ownerEdward Longcriticized marriage between black men and white women.However, on the voyage betweenPlymouth, Englandand Sierra Leone, 70 European girlfriends and wives accompanied theBlack Poor settlers.
Many in London thought moving them to Sierra Leone would lift them out of poverty.The Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme was proposed by entomologistHenry Smeathmanand drew interest from humanitarians likeGranville Sharp, who saw it as a means of showing the pro-slavery lobby that black people could contribute towards the running of the new colony. Government officials soon became involved in the scheme as well, although their interest was spurred by the possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere.William Pitt the Younger, prime minister and leader of the Tory party, had an active interest in the Scheme because he saw it as a means to repatriate the Black Poor to Africa, since "it was necessary they should be sent somewhere, and be no longer suffered to infest the streets of London".
In January 1787, theAtlanticand theBelisariusset sail for Sierra Leone, but bad weather forced them to divert to Plymouth, during which time about 50 passengers died. Another 24 were discharged, and 23 ran away. Eventually, with more recruitment, 411 passengers sailed to Sierra Leone in April 1787. On the voyage between Plymouth and Sierra Leone, 96 passengers died.
In 1787 the British Crown founded a settlement in Sierra Leone in what was called the "Province of Freedom". About 400 black and 60 white colonists reached Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787. After they establishedGranville Town, most of the first group of colonists died, owing to disease and warfare with the indigenous African peoples (Temne), who resisted their encroachment. When the ships left them in September, they had been reduced to "276 persons, namely 212 black men, 30 black women, 5 white men and 29 white women".
The settlers that remained forcibly captured land from a local African chieftain, but he retaliated, attacking the settlement, which was reduced to a mere 64 settlers comprising 39 black men, 19 black women, and six white women. Black settlers were captured by unscrupulous traders and sold as slaves, and the remaining colonists were forced to arm themselves for their own protection.The 64 remaining colonists established a second Granville Town.
Following the American Revolution, some Black Loyalists fromNova Scotia, Canada, were relocated to Sierra Leone, founding Freetown and contributing significantly to theKrio peopleandKrio languagethat would come to define the region.
Following theAmerican Revolution, more than 3,000 Black Loyalists had also been settled inNova Scotia, where they were finally granted land. They foundedBirchtown, but faced harsh winters and racial discrimination from nearbyShelburne.Thomas Peterspressed British authorities for relief and more aid; together with British abolitionistJohn Clarkson, theSierra Leone Companywas established to relocate Black Loyalists who wanted to take their chances in West Africa. In 1792 nearly 1,200 persons from Nova Scotia crossed the Atlantic to build the second (and only permanent) Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement ofFreetownon 11 March 1792. In Sierra Leone they were called theNova Scotian Settlers, theNova Scotians, or theSettlers. Clarkson initially banned the survivors of Granville Town from joining the new settlement, blaming them for the demise of Granville Town.The Settlers built Freetown in the styles they knew from their lives in theAmerican South; they also continued American fashion and American manners. In addition, many continued to practiseMethodismin Freetown.
In the 1790s, the Settlers, including adult women, voted for the first time in elections.In 1792, in a move that foreshadowed the women's suffrage movements in Britain, the heads of all households, of which a third were women, were given the right to vote.Black settlers in Sierra Leone enjoyed much more autonomy than their white equivalent in European countries. Black migrants elected different levels of political representatives, 'tithingmen', who represented each dozen settlers and 'hundreders' who represented larger amounts. This sort of representation was not available in Nova Scotia.The initial process of society-building in Freetown was a harsh struggle. The Crown did not supply enough basic supplies and provisions and the Settlers were continually threatened by illegal slave trading and the risk of re-enslavement.
The Sierra Leone Company, controlled by London investors, refused to allow the settlers to takefreeholdof the land. In 1799 some of the settlers revolted. The Crown subdued the revolt by bringing in forces of more than 500Jamaican Maroons, whom they transported fromCudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town)via Nova Scotia in 1800. Led by ColonelMontague James, the Maroons helped the colonial forces to put down the revolt, and in the process theJamaican Maroons in Sierra Leonesecured the best houses and farms.
On 1 January 1808,Thomas Ludlam, the Governor of the Sierra Leone Company and a leading abolitionist, surrendered the company's charter. This ended its 16 years of running the Colony. The British Crown reorganised the Sierra Leone Company as theAfrican Institution; it was directed to improve the local economy. Its members represented both British who hoped to inspire local entrepreneurs and those with interest in the Macauley & Babington Company, which held the (British) monopoly on Sierra Leone trade.
At about the same time (following the Slave Trade Act 1807 which abolished the slave trade), Royal Navy crews delivered thousands of formerly enslaved Africans to Freetown, after liberating them from illegal slave ships. TheseLiberated Africansorrecaptiveswere sold for $20 a head as apprentices to the white settlers, Nova Scotian Settlers, and the Jamaican Maroons. Many Liberated Africans were treated poorly and even abused because some of the original settlers considered them their property. Cut off from their various homelands and traditions, the Liberated Africans were forced to assimilate to the Western styles of Settlers and Maroons. For example, some of the Liberated Africans were forced to change their name to a more Western sounding one.Though some people happily embraced these changes because they considered it as being part of the community, some were not happy with these changes and wanted to keep their own identity. Many Liberated Africans were so unhappy that they risked the possibility of being sold back into slavery by leaving Sierra Leone and going back to their original villages.The Liberated Africans eventually modified their customs to adopt those of the Nova Scotians, Maroons and Europeans, yet kept some of their ethnic traditions.As the Liberated Africans became successful tradersand spread Christianity throughout West Africa, they intermarried with the Nova Scotians and Maroons, and the two groups eventually became a fusion of African and Western societies.
TheseLiberated Africanswere from many areas of Africa, but principally the west coast. Between the 18th and 19th century, freed African Americans, someAmerico Liberian"refugees", and particularlyAfro-Caribbeans, mainly Jamaican Maroons, also immigrated and settled in Freetown. Together these peoples formed theCreole/Krio ethnicityand anEnglish-based creolelanguage (Krio), which is thelingua francaandde factonational languageused among many of the ethnicities in the country.
The colonial era saw Sierra Leone evolving under British rule, with a unique settlement pattern composed of displaced Africans following theabolition of the slave trade. Sierra Leone developed as an educational center in West Africa, with the establishment ofFourah Bay Collegein 1827, attracting English-speaking Africans from across the region.
The settlement of Sierra Leone in the 1800s was unique in that the population was composed of displaced Africans, brought to the colony after the British abolition of the slave trade in 1807. Upon arrival in Sierra Leone, eachrecaptivewas given a registration number, and information on their physical qualities would be entered into the Register of Liberated Africans. Often documentation would be subjective and result in inaccurate entries, making them difficult to track. Differences between the Register of Liberated Africans of 1808 and the List of Captured Negroes of 1812 (which emulated the 1808 document) revealed disparities in the entries, specifically in the names; many recaptives decided to change their given names toanglicisedversions which contributed to the difficulty in tracking them after they arrived.
The first missionaries,Peter Hartwig (missionary)andMelchior RennerfromtheChurch Missionary Society(CMS), arrived to Sierra Leone in 1804.The CMS missionaries were to introduce western ideals, including the introduction of western education and healthcare. One of their most significant contributions to the region was the establishment of schools for children in West Africa. The first CMS schools were built along the Rio Pongo, where slave traders and the Susu people resided. Gradually, the schools expanded and more were built closer to Freetown and the Bullom Shore. However, the integration of their western ideals also came with the imposition of their personal beliefs. European missionaries established these schools with an agenda to convert the native people to their religion. The ability to read the bible was the measure of progress and learning. Furthermore, the educational efforts did not relate to the local needs.
In the early 19th century, Freetown served as the residence of the British colonial governor of the region, who also administered theGold Coast(nowGhana) and theGambiasettlements. Sierra Leone developed as the educational centre ofBritish West Africa.The British establishedFourah Bay Collegein 1827, which became a magnet for English-speaking Africans on the West Coast. For more than a century, it was the only European-style university in westSub-Saharan Africa.Samuel Ajayi Crowtherwas the first student to be enrolled.Fourah Bay College soon drewCreoles/Krio peopleand other Africans seeking higher education in British West Africa. These included Nigerians, Ghanaians, Ivorians and others, especially in the fields oftheologyand education. Freetown was known as the "Athensof Africa" due to the number of excellent schools in Freetown and surrounding areas.
The British interacted mostly with the Krio people in Freetown, who did most of the trading with the indigenous peoples of the interior. Educated Krio people held numerous positions in the colonial government, giving them status and well-paying positions. Following theBerlin Conferenceof 1884–85, the British decided they needed to establish more dominion over the inland areas, to satisfy what was described by the European powers as "effective occupation". In 1896 it annexed these areas, declaring them the Sierra Leone Protectorate.With this change, the British began to expand their administration in the region, recruiting British citizens to posts and pushing Krio people out of positions in government and even the desirable residential areas in Freetown.
During the British annexation in Sierra Leone, chiefs in the north and south of the country resisted the "hut tax" imposed by the colonial administrators. In the north, there was a Limba chief named Almamy Suluku fighting to protect his territory, while using diplomacy to trick the protectorate administrators, and sending fighters to assistBai Bureh, a prominent Temne chief inKassehwho was fighting against the "hut tax". The war was later known as theHut Tax War of 1898.
Madam Yoko(c.1849–1906) was a woman of culture and ambition. She employed her capacity for friendly communications to persuade the British to give her control of the Kpaa Mende chiefdom. She used diplomacy to communicate with local chiefs who did not trust her friendship with the British. Because Madam Yoko supported the British, some sub-chiefs rebelled, causing Yoko to take refuge in the police barracks. For her loyalty, she was awarded a silver medal byQueen Victoria. Until 1906, Madam Yoko ruled as a paramount chief in the new British Protectorate.
The British annexation of the Protectorate interfered with the sovereignty of indigenous chiefs. They designated chiefs as units of local government, rather than dealing with them individually as had been the previous practice. They did not maintain relationships even with longstanding allies, such as Bai Bureh, who was later unfairly portrayed as a prime instigator of the Hut Tax War.
ColonelFrederic Cardew, military governor of the Protectorate, in 1898 established a new tax on dwellings and demanded that the chiefs use their people to maintain roads. The taxes were often higher than the value of the dwellings, and 24 chiefs signed a petition to Cardew, stating how destructive this was; their people could not afford to take time off from their subsistence agriculture. They resisted payment of taxes, tensions over the new colonial requirements and the administration's suspicions towards the chiefs, led to the Hut Tax War. The British fired first; the northern front of mainly Temne people was led by Bai Bureh. The southern front, consisting mostly ofMende people, entered the conflict somewhat later, for other reasons.
For several months, Bureh's fighters had the advantage over the vastly more powerful British forces but both sides suffered hundreds of fatalities.Bureh surrendered on 11 November 1898 to end the destruction of his people's territory and dwellings. Although the British government recommended leniency, Cardew insisted on sending the chief and two allies intoexilein the Gold Coast; his government hanged 96 of the chief's warriors. Bureh was allowed to return in 1905, when he resumed his chieftaincy of Kasseh.The defeat of the Temne and Mende in the Hut Tax War ended mass resistance to the Protectorate and colonial government, but intermittent rioting and labour unrest continued throughout the colonial period. Riots in 1955 and 1956 involved "tens of thousands" of Sierra Leoneans in the Protectorate.
Domesticslavery, which continued to be practised by local African elites, was abolished in 1928.A notable event in 1935 was the granting of a monopoly on mineral mining to theSierra Leone Selection Trust, run byDe Beers. The monopoly was scheduled to last 98 years. Mining of diamonds in the east and other minerals expanded, drawing labourers there from other parts of the country.
In 1924, the UK government divided the administration of Sierra Leone into Colony and Protectorate, with different political systems for each. The Colony was Freetown and its coastal area; the Protectorate was defined as thehinterlandareas dominated by local chiefs. Antagonism between the two entities escalated to a heated debate in 1947, when proposals were introduced to provide for a single political system for both the Colony and the Protectorate. Most proposals came from leaders of the Protectorate, whose population far outnumbered that in the colony. The Krios, led byIsaac Wallace-Johnson, opposed the proposals, as they would have resulted in reducing the political power of the Krios in the Colony.
In 1951,Lamina Sankoh(born:Etheldred Jones) collaborated with educated protectorate leaders from different groups, includingSirMilton Margai,Siaka Stevens, Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha,John Karefa-Smart, Kande Bureh, SirAlbert Margai,Amadu Wurieand SirBanja Tejan-Siejoined together with the powerfulparamount chiefsin the protectorate to form theSierra Leone People's Partyor SLPP as the party of the Protectorate. The SLPP leadership, led by Sir Milton Margai, negotiated with the British and the educated Krio-dominated colony based in Freetown to achieve independence.Owing to the astute politics of Milton Margai, the educated Protectorate elites were able to join forces with theparamount chiefsin the face of Krio intransigence. Later, Margai used the same skills to win over opposition leaders and moderate Krio elements to achieve independence from the UK.
In November 1951, Margai oversaw the drafting of a new constitution, which united the separate Colonial and Protectorate legislatures and provided a framework fordecolonisation.In 1953, Sierra Leone was granted local ministerial powers and Margai was electedChief Ministerof Sierra Leone.The new constitution ensured Sierra Leone had a parliamentary system within theCommonwealth of Nations.In May 1957, Sierra Leone held its first parliamentary election. The SLPP, which was then the most popular political party in the colony of Sierra Leone as well as being supported by the powerful paramount chiefs in the provinces, won the most seats in Parliament and Margai was re-elected as Chief Minister by a landslide.
Sierra Leone was granted independence by the United Kingdom in 1961, transitioning to a state with its own governance structures, though it faced significant political instability post-independence, including the establishment of a one-party state and periods of civil unrest.
On 20 April 1960, Milton Margai led a 24-member Sierra Leonean delegation at constitutional conferences that were held with the Government ofQueen Elizabeth IIand British Colonial SecretaryIain Macleodin negotiations for independence held in London.
On the conclusion of talks in London on 4 May 1960, the United Kingdom agreed to grant Sierra Leone independence on 27 April 1961.
On 27 April 1961, Sir Milton Margai led Sierra Leone to independence from Great Britain and became the country's first prime minister. Sierra Leone had its own parliament and its own prime minister, and had the ability to make 100% of its own laws, however, as with countries such as Canada and Australia, Sierra Leone remained a "Dominion" and Queen Elizabeth was Queen of the independentDominion of Sierra Leone.Thousands of Sierra Leoneans took to the streets in celebration. The Dominion of Sierra Leone retained a parliamentary system of government and was a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The leader of the main oppositionAll People's Congress(APC), Siaka Stevens, along with Isaac Wallace-Johnson, another outspoken critic of the SLPP government, were arrested and placed underhouse arrestin Freetown, along with sixteen others charged with disrupting the independence celebration.
In May 1962, Sierra Leone held itsfirst general electionas an independent state. TheSierra Leone People's Party(SLPP) won apluralityof seats in parliament, and Milton Margai was re-elected as prime minister.
Margai was popular among Sierra Leoneans during his time in power, mostly known for his self-effacement. He was neither corrupt nor did he make a lavish display of his power or status.He based the government on therule of lawand the separation of powers, with multiparty political institutions and fairly viable representative structures. Margai used his conservative ideology to lead Sierra Leone without much strife. He appointed government officials to represent various ethnic groups. Margai employed a brokerage style of politics, by sharing power among political parties and interest groups; especially the involvement of powerful paramount chiefs in the provinces, most of whom were key allies of his government.
Upon Milton Margai's unexpected death in 1964, his youngerhalf-brother, Sir Albert Margai, was appointed as prime minister by parliament. Sir Albert's leadership was briefly challenged by Foreign Minister John Karefa-Smart, who questioned Sir Albert's succession to the SLPP leadership position. Karefa-Smart led a prominent small minority faction within the SLPP party in opposition of Albert Margai as prime minister. However, Karefa-Smart failed to receive broad support within the SLPP in his attempt to oust Albert Margai as both the leader of the SLPP and prime minister. The large majority of SLPP members backed Albert Margai over Karefa-Smart. Soon after Albert Margai was sworn in as prime minister, he fired several senior government officials who had served in his elder brother Sir Milton's government, viewing them as a threat to his administration, including Karefa-Smart.
Sir Albert resorted to increasinglyauthoritarianactions in response to protests and enacted several laws against the opposition All People's Congress, while attempting to establish aone-party state.Sir Albert was opposed to the colonial legacy of allowing executive powers to the Paramount Chiefs, many of whom had been allies of his late brother Sir Milton. Accordingly, they began to consider Sir Albert a threat to the ruling houses across the country. Margai appointed many non-Creoles to the country'scivil servicein Freetown, in an overall diversification of the civil service in the capital, which had been dominated by members of the Creole ethnic group. As a result, Albert Margai became unpopular in the Creole community, many of whom had supported Sir Milton. Margai sought to make the army homogeneouslyMende,his own ethnic group, and was accused of favouring members of the Mende for prominent positions.
In 1967, riots broke out in Freetown against Margai's policies. In response, he declared astate of emergencyacross the country. Sir Albert was accused of corruption and of a policy ofaffirmative actionin favour of the Mende ethnic group.He also endeavoured to change Sierra Leone from a democracy to aone-party state.
The APC, with its leaderSiaka Stevens, narrowly won a small majority of seats in Parliament over the SLPP in a closely contested1967 general election. Stevens was sworn in as prime minister on 21 March 1967.
Within hours after taking office, Stevens was ousted in a bloodlessmilitary coupled byBrigadier GeneralDavid Lansana, the commander of theSierra Leone Armed Forces. He was a close ally of Albert Margai, who had appointed him to the position in 1964. Lansana placed Stevens underhouse arrestin Freetown and insisted that the determination of the Prime Minister should await the election of the tribal representatives to the House. Stevens was later freed and fled the country, going into exile in neighbouring Guinea. However, on 23 March 1967, a group of military officers in the Sierra Leone Army led by Brigadier GeneralAndrew Juxon-Smith, staged a counter-coup against Commander Lansana. They seized control of the government, arrested Lansana, and suspended the constitution. The group set up theNational Reformation Council(NRC), with Andrew Juxon-Smith as its chairman and Head of State of the country.
On 18 April 1968 a group of low-ranking soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army who called themselves the Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement (ACRM), led by Brigadier GeneralJohn Amadu Bangura,overthrewthe NRCjunta. The ACRM junta arrested many senior NRC members. They reinstated the constitution and returned power to Stevens, who at last assumed the office of prime minister.
Stevens had Bangura arrested in 1970 and charged with conspiracy and treason. He was found guilty and sentenced to death, despite the fact that it was Bangura whose actions led to Stevens' return to power.Brigadier Lansana andHinga Norman, the main army officers involved in the first coup (1967), were unceremoniously dismissed from the armed forces and made to serve time in prison. Norman was a guard toGovernor-generalSir Henry Lightfoot-Boston.Lansana was later tried and found guilty of treason and sentenced to death in 1975.
Stevens assumed power as prime minister again in 1968, following a series of coups, with a great deal of hope and ambition.Much trust was placed upon him as he championed multi-party politics. Stevens had campaigned on a platform of bringing the tribes together undersocialistprinciples. During his first decade or so in power, Stevens renegotiated some of what he called "useless prefinanced schemes" contracted by his predecessors, both Albert Margai of the SLPP and Juxon-Smith of the NRC. Some of these policies by the SLPP and the NRC were said to have left the country in an economically deprived state.Stevens had campaigned on a platform of socialist principles. However, when he became prime minister he abandoned his pre-election promises and employed an authoritarian model of governance.
Stevens reorganised the country's oil refinery, the government-owned Cape Sierra Hotel, and a cement factory.He cancelled Juxon-Smith's construction of a church and mosque on the grounds of Victoria Park (now known asFreetown Amusement Park– since 2017). Stevens began efforts that would later improve transportation and movements between the provinces and the city of Freetown. Roads and hospitals were constructed in the provinces, and Paramount Chiefs and provincial peoples became a prominent force in Freetown.
Under the pressure of several coup attempts, real or perceived, Stevens' rule grew more and moreauthoritarian, and his relationship with some of his ardent supporters deteriorated. He removed the SLPP party from competitive politics in general elections, some believed, through the use of violence and intimidation. To maintain the support of the military, Stevens retained the popular John Amadu Bangura as head of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces.
After the return to civilian rule,by-electionswere held (beginning in autumn 1968) and an all-APC cabinet was appointed. Calm was not completely restored. In November 1968, unrest in the provinces led Stevens to declare a state of emergency across the country. Many senior officers in the Sierra Leone Army were greatly disappointed with Stevens' policies and his handling of the Sierra Leone Military, but none could confront Stevens. Brigadier General Bangura, who had reinstated Stevens as prime minister, was widely considered the only person who could control Stevens. The army was devoted to Bangura, and this made him potentially dangerous to Stevens. In January 1970, Bangura was arrested and charged withconspiracyand plotting to commit a coup against the Stevens government. After a trial that lasted a few months, Bangura wasconvictedandsentenced to death. On 29 March 1970, Brigadier Bangura was executed by hanging in Freetown.
After the execution of Bangura, a group of soldiers loyal to the executed general held amutinyin Freetown and other parts of the country in opposition to Stevens' government. Dozens of soldiers were arrested and convicted by acourt martialin Freetown for their participation in the mutiny against the president. Among the soldiers arrested was a little-known armycorporal,Foday Sankoh, a strong Bangura supporter, who would later form theRevolutionary United Front (RUF). Corporal Sankoh was convicted and jailed for seven years at the Pademba Road Prison in Freetown.
In April 1971, a new republican constitution was adopted under which Stevens became president. In the 1972 by-elections, the opposition SLPP complained of intimidation and procedural obstruction by the APC and militia. These problems became so severe that the SLPP boycotted the1973 general election; as a result, the APC won 84 of the 85 elected seats.
These problems became so severe that it boycotted the1973 general election; as a result the APC won 84 of the 85 elected seats.
An alleged plot to overthrow President Stevens failed in 1974 and its leaders were executed. In mid-1974, Guinean soldiers, as requested by Stevens, were stationed in the country to help maintain his hold on power, as Stevens was a close ally of then-Guinean presidentAhmed Sékou Touré. In March 1976, Stevens was elected without opposition for a second five-year term as president. On 19 July 1975, 14 senior army and government officials, including David Lansana, former cabinet minister Mohamed Sorie Forna (father of writerAminatta Forna), Brigadier General Ibrahim Bash Taqi and Lieutenant Habib Lansana Kamara were executed after being convicted of attempting a coup to topple president Stevens' government.
In 1977, a nationwide student demonstration against the government disrupted Sierra Leone's politics. The demonstration was quickly put down by the army and Stevens' own personal Special Security Division (SSD), a heavily armed paramilitary force he had created to protect him and maintain his hold on power.SSD officers were loyal to Stevens and were deployed across the country to clamp down on any rebellion or protest against Stevens' government.A general electionwas called later that year in which corruption was again endemic; the APC won 74 seats and the SLPP 15. In 1978, the APC-dominant parliament approved a new constitution making the country a one-party state. The 1978 constitution made the APC the only legal political party in Sierra Leone.This move led to another major demonstration against the government in many parts of the country, but it was also put down by the army and Stevens' SSD force.
Stevens is generally criticised for dictatorial methods and government corruption, but he kept the country stable and from collapsing into civil war. He created government institutions still in use. Stevens reduced ethnic polarisation in government by incorporating members of various ethnic groups into his all-dominant APC government.
Siaka Stevens retired from politics in November 1985 after being in power for eighteen years. The APC named a new presidential candidate to succeed Stevens at the party's last delegate conference, held in Freetown in November 1985. The candidate wasMajor GeneralJoseph Saidu Momoh, head of the Sierra Leone Armed Forces and Stevens' own choice to succeed him. As head of the armed forces, General Momoh had been loyal to Stevens, who had appointed him to the position. Like Stevens, Momoh was also a member of the minorityLimbaethnic group.
As the sole candidate, Momoh was elected president without opposition and sworn in as Sierra Leone's second president on 28 November 1985 in Freetown. A one-party parliamentary election between APC members was held in May 1986. President Momoh appointed his former military colleague and key ally, Major General Mohamed Tarawalie to succeed him as the head of the Sierra Leone Military. General Tarawalie was also a strong loyalist and key Momoh supporter. President Momoh named James Bambay Kamara as the head of theSierra Leone Police. Bambay Kamara was also a strong Momoh loyalist and supporter. Momoh broke from former president Siaka Stevens by integrating the powerful SSD into the Sierra Leone Police as a specialparamilitary force. Under President Stevens, the SSD had been a powerful personal force used to maintain his hold on power, independent from the Sierra Leone Military and Sierra Leone Police Force. The Sierra Leone Police under Bambay Kamara's leadership was accused of physical violence, arrest, and intimidation against critics of President Momoh's government.
President Momoh's strong links with the army and his verbal attacks on corruption earned him much-needed initial support among Sierra Leoneans. With the lack of new faces in the new APC cabinet under President Momoh and the return of many of the old faces from Stevens' government, criticisms soon arose that Momoh was simply perpetuating the rule of Stevens.
The next few years under the Momoh administration were characterised by corruption, which Momoh defused by sacking several senior cabinet ministers. To formalise his war against corruption, President Momoh announced a "Code of Conductfor Political Leaders and Public Servants". After an alleged attempt to overthrow President Momoh in March 1987, more than 60 senior government officials were arrested, including Vice-PresidentFrancis Minah, who was removed from office, convicted of plotting the coup, and executed byhangingin 1989, along with five others.
The brutal civil war significantly impacted Sierra Leone, with internal and external factors contributing to widespread violence. International interventions, notably by the United Kingdom and the United Nations, were crucial in restoring peace.
In October 1990, owing to mounting pressure from both within and outside the country for political and economic reforms, president Momoh set up a constitutional review commission to assess the 1978 one-party constitution. Based on the commission's recommendations, a constitution re-establishing a multi-party system was approved by the exclusive APC Parliament by a 60% majority vote, becoming effective on 1 October 1991. There was great suspicion that President Momoh was not serious about his promise of political reform, as APC rule continued to be increasingly marked by abuses of power.
The brutal civil war that was going on in neighbouringLiberiaplayed a significant role in the outbreak of fighting in Sierra Leone.Charles Taylor– then leader of theNational Patriotic Front of Liberia– reportedly helped form theRevolutionary United Front (RUF)under the command of former Sierra Leonean armycorporalFoday Saybana Sankoh, an ethnic Temne fromTonkolili Districtin Northern Sierra Leone. Sankoh was a British trained former army corporal who had also undergone guerrilla training in Libya. Taylor's aim was for the RUF to attack the bases of Nigerian dominated peacekeeping troops in Sierra Leone who were opposed to his rebel movement in Liberia.
On 29 April 1992, a group of young soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army, led by seven army officers—Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, Captain Valentine Strasser,Lieutenant Solomon "SAJ" Musa, CaptainKomba Mondeh, LieutenantTom Nyuma, Captain Julius Maada Bio and Captain Komba Kambo—staged amilitary coupthat sent president Momoh intoexilein Guinea, and the young soldiers established the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC), with 25-year-old Captain Valentine Strasser as its chairman and Head of State of the country.The NPRC junta immediately suspended the constitution, banned all political parties, limitedfreedom of speechandfreedom of the pressand enacted a rule-by-decree policy, in which soldiers were granted unlimited powers of administrative detention without charge or trial, and challenges against such detentions in court were precluded.
SAJ Musa, a childhood friend of Strasser, became the deputy chairman and deputy leader of the NPRC government. Strasser became the world's youngest Head of State when he seized power just three days after his 25th birthday. The NPRC junta established the National Supreme Council of State as the military highest command and final authority in all matters and was exclusively made up of the highest-ranking NPRC soldiers, including Strasser himself and the original soldiers who toppled President Momoh.
One of the top-ranking soldiers in the NPRC junta, Lieutenant Sahr Sandy, a trusted ally of Strasser, was assassinated, allegedly by Major S.I.M. Turay, a key loyalist of ousted president Momoh. A heavily armed military manhunt was carried out across the country to find Lieutenant Sandy's killer. However, the main suspect, Major S.I.M. Turay, went into hiding and fled the country to Guinea, fearing for his life. Dozens of soldiers loyal to the ousted president Momoh were arrested, including Colonel Kahota M. Dumbuya and Major Yayah Turay. Lieutenant Sandy was given astate funeraland his funeral prayers service at thecathedralchurch in Freetown was attended by many high-ranking soldiers of the NPRC junta, including Strasser himself and NPRC deputy leader Sergeant Solomon Musa.
The NPRC junta maintained relations with ECOWAS and strengthened support for Sierra Leone-based ECOMOG troops fighting in the Liberian war. On 28 December 1992, an alleged coup attempt against the NPRC government of Strasser, aimed at freeing the detained Colonel Yahya Kanu, ColonelKahota M.S. Dumbuyaand former inspector general of police Bambay Kamara, was foiled. Several Junior army officers led by Sergeant Mohamed Lamin Bangura were identified as being behind the coup plot. The coup plot led to the execution of seventeen soldiers byfiring squad. Some of those executed include Colonel Kahota Dumbuya, Major Yayah Kanu and Sergeant Mohamed Lamin Bangura. Several prominent members of the Momoh government who had been in detention at the Pa Demba Road prison, including former inspector general of police Bambay Kamara, were also executed.
On 5 July 1994 SAJ Musa, who was popular among the general population, particularly in Freetown, was arrested and sent into exile after he was accused of planning a coup to topple Strasser, an accusation SAJ Musa denied. Strasser replaced Musa as deputy NPRC chairman with Captain Bio, who was instantly promoted by Strasser tobrigadier.
The NPRC's efforts proved to be nearly as ineffective as the ousted Momoh administration in repelling the RUF rebels. More and more of the country fell into the hands of RUF fighters, and by 1994 they had gained control of much of the diamond-rich Eastern Province and were getting close to the capital Freetown. In response, the NPRC hired the services ofSouth African-basedprivate military contractorExecutive Outcomesfor several hundred mercenary fighters in order to strengthen the response to the advances of the RUF rebels. Within a month they had driven RUF fighters back to enclaves along Sierra Leone's borders and cleared the RUF from the Kono diamond-producing areas of Sierra Leone.
With Strasser's two most senior NPRC allies and commanders Lieutenant Sahr Sandy and LieutenantSolomon Musano longer around to defend him, Strasser's leadership within the NPRC's Supreme Council of State became fragile. On 16 January 1996, after about four years in power, Strasser was arrested in a palace coup staged by his fellow NPRC soldiers led by Brigadier Bio at the Defence Headquarters in Freetown.Strasser was immediately flown into exile in amilitary helicoptertoConakry,Guinea. In his first public broadcast to the nation following the 1996 coup, Brigadier Bio stated that his support for returning Sierra Leone to a democratically elected civilian government and his commitment to ending the civil war were his motivations for the coup.
Promises of a return to civilian rule were fulfilled by Bio. Prior to conducting the election, Sierra Leoneans and international stakeholders were involved in a major debate on whether the country should focus on trying to end the long running civil war, or to conduct elections and hence returning governance back to a civilian-led administration with a multi-party system of parliament that would provide the foundation for long-lasting peace and national prosperity. Following the 1995 National Consultative Conference at the Bintumani Hotel in Freetown, dubbed "Bintumani I", which was a Strasser-led initiative, another National Consultative Conference at the same Bintumani Hotel in Freetown, dubbed "Bintumani II", was initiated by the Bio administration that involved both national and international stakeholders, in an effort to find a viable solution to the issues plaguing the country."Peace before Elections vs Elections before Peace" became a key debate topic and this quickly became a point of national discussion. The discussions eventually concluded with key stakeholders, including Bio's administration and the UN, agreeing that while efforts in finding a peaceful solution to ending the war should continue, a general election should be held as soon as possible.Bio handed power over to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of the SLPP, after the conclusion of elections in early 1996 which Kabbah won. President Kabbah took power with a great promise of ending the civil war. After taking over, President Kabbah immediately openeddialoguewith the RUF and invited their leader Foday Sankoh for peace negotiations.
On 25 May 1997, 17 soldiers in the Sierra Leone army led by Corporal Tamba Gborie, loyal to the detained MajorJohnny Paul Koroma, launched a military coup which sent President Kabbah into exile in Guinea and they established theArmed Forces Revolutionary Council(AFRC). Corporal Gborie quickly went to the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Services headquarters in New England, Freetown to announce the coup to a shocked nation and to alert all soldiers across the country to report for guard duty. The soldiers immediately released Koroma from prison and installed him as their chairman and Head of State.
Koroma suspended the constitution, banned demonstrations, shut down all private radio stations in the country and invited the RUF to join the new junta government, with its leader Foday Sankoh as the Vice-Chairman of the new AFRC-RUF coalition junta government. Within days, Freetown was overwhelmed by the presence of the RUF combatants who came to the city in thousands. The Kamajors, a group of traditional fighters mostly from the Mende ethnic group under the command of deputyDefence MinisterSamuel Hinga Norman, remained loyal to President Kabbah and defended the Southern part of Sierra Leone from the soldiers.
After nine months in office, the junta was overthrown by the Nigerian-ledECOMOGforces, and the democratically elected government of president Kabbah was reinstated in February 1998. On 19 October 1998, 24 soldiers in the Sierra Leone army—including Gborie, Brigadier Hassan Karim Conteh, Colonel Samuel Francis Koroma, Major Kula Samba and Colonel Abdul Karim Sesay—were executed by firing squad after they were convicted in acourt martialin Freetown, some for orchestrating the 1997 coup that overthrew President Kabbah and others for failure to reverse the mutiny.
In October 1999, the United Nations agreed to sendpeacekeepersto help restore order and disarm the rebels. The first of the 6,000-member force began arriving in December, and theUN Security Councilvoted in February 2000 to increase the force to 11,000, and later to 13,000. But in May, when nearly allNigerianforces had left and UN forces were trying to disarm the RUF in eastern Sierra Leone,Sankoh's forces clashed with the UN troops, and some 500 peacekeepers were takenhostageas the peace accord effectively collapsed. The hostage crisis resulted in more fighting between the RUF and the government as UN troops launchedOperation Khukrito end the siege. The Operation was successful with Indian being the main contingents.
The situation in the country deteriorated to such an extent that British troops were deployed inOperation Palliser, originally simply to evacuate foreign nationals. However, the British exceeded their original mandate and took full military action to finally defeat the rebels and restore order. The British were the catalyst for the ceasefire that ended the civil war. Elements of theBritish Army, together with administrators and politicians, remained after withdrawal to help train the armed forces, improve the infrastructure of the country and administer financial and material aid.Tony Blair, the Prime Minister of Britain at the time of the British intervention, is regarded as a hero by the people of Sierra Leone, many of whom are keen for more British involvement.
Between 1991 and 2001, about50,000 people were killedin Sierra Leone's civil war. Hundreds of thousands of people were forced from their homes and many became refugees inGuineaandLiberia. In 2001, UN forces moved into rebel-held areas and began to disarm rebel soldiers. By January 2002, the war was declared over. In May 2002,Kabbahwas re-elected president by a landslide. By 2004, the disarmament process was complete. Also in 2004, a UN-backedwar crimescourt began holding trials of senior leaders from both sides of the war. In December 2005, UN peacekeeping forces pulled out of Sierra Leone.
The elections in 2007 and 2012 marked a return tomulti-party democracy, withErnest Bai Koroma's election signaling a period of stability and recovery from the civil war.
TheEbola epidemicin 2014 posed a significant health crisis, leading to a national state of emergency and highlighting the ongoing challenges faced in public health and governance.
Sierra Leone is located on the southwest coast ofWest Africa, lying mostly between latitudes7°and10°N(a small area is south of 7°), and longitudes10°and14°W. The country is bordered byGuineato the north and east,Liberiato the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and southwest.
Sierra Leone has a total area of 73,252 km(28,283 sq mi), divided into a land area of 73,132 km(28,236 sq mi) and water of 120 km(46 sq mi).The country has four distinct geographical regions. In eastern Sierra Leone theplateauis interspersed with high mountains, whereMount Bintumanireaches 1,948 m (6,391 ft), the highest point in the country. The upper part of thedrainage basinof theMoa Riveris located in the south of this region.
The centre of the country is a region oflowlandplains, containing forests,bushandfarmland,that occupies about 43% of Sierra Leone's land area. The northern section of this has been categorised by theWorld Wildlife Fundas part of theGuinean forest-savanna mosaicecoregion, while the south is rain-forested plains and farmland.
In the west, Sierra Leone has some 400 km (249 mi) of Atlantic coastline, giving it both bountiful marine resources and attractive tourist potential. The coast has areas of low-lyingGuinean mangrovesswamp. The national capitalFreetownsits on a mountainous coastalpeninsula, situated next to the Sierra Leone Harbour.
The climate is tropical, with two seasons determining the agricultural cycle: therainy seasonfrom May to November, and adry seasonfrom December to May, which includesharmattan, when cool, dry winds blow in off theSahara Desertand the night-time temperature can be as low as 16 °C (60.8 °F). The average temperature is 26 °C (78.8 °F) and varies from around 26 to 36 °C (78.8 to 96.8 °F) during the year.
Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with adirectly electedpresident and aunicameral legislature. The current system of theGovernment of Sierra Leoneis based on the 1991Sierra Leone Constitution. Sierra Leone has a dominantunitarycentral governmentand a weaklocal government. Theexecutive branchof the Government of Sierra Leone, headed by thepresident of Sierra Leonehas extensive powers and influence. The president is the most powerful government official in Sierra Leone.
The president is thehead of state, thehead of government, and thecommander-in-chiefof theSierra Leone Armed Forces. The president appoints and heads a cabinet of ministers, which must be approved by the Parliament. The president is elected bypopular voteto a maximum of two five-year terms. The president is the highest and most influential position within the government of Sierra Leone.
To be elected president of Sierra Leone, a candidate must gain at least 55% of the vote. If no candidate gets 55%, there is asecond-round runoffbetween the top two candidates.
The current president of Sierra Leone is formermilitary juntaleaderJulius Maada Bio.Bio defeatedSamura Kamaraof the ruling All People's Congress (APC) in the country's tightly contested 2018 presidential election. Bio replaced outgoing PresidentErnest Bai Koromaafter Bio was sworn into office on 4 April 2018 by Chief JusticeAbdulai Cham. Bio is the leader of theSierra Leone People's Party, the current ruling party in Sierra Leone.
Next to the president is thevice-president, who is the second highest-ranking government official in the executive branch of the Sierra Leone Government. As designated by the Sierra Leone Constitution, the vice-president is to become the new president of Sierra Leone upon the death, resignation, or removal of the President.
The Parliament of Sierra Leone isunicameral, with 149 seats. Each of the country's 16 districts is represented in parliament. 135 members are elected concurrently with the presidential elections; the other 14 seats are filled byparamount chiefsfrom the country'sadministrative districts.The Sierra Leone parliament is led by the Speaker of Parliament, who is the overall leader of Parliament and is directly elected by sitting members of parliament. The current speaker of the Sierra Leone parliament isAbass Bundu, who was elected by members of parliament on 21 January 2014.
The current members of the Parliament of Sierra Leone were elected in the2023 Sierra Leonean general election. The APC currently has 54 of the 135 elected parliamentary seats, and theSierra Leone People's Party(SLPP) has 81 of the seats. Sierra Leone's two most dominantparties, the APC and the SLPP, collectively won every elected seat in Parliament in the 2023 Sierra Leone parliamentary election. Members of parliament must be a citizen of Sierra Leone over the age of twenty-one, be a registered elector, and be proficient in the English language.
Since independence in 1961, Sierra Leone's politics has been dominated by two major political parties: the SLPP and the APC. Other minor political parties have also existed but with no significant support.
The judicial power of Sierra Leone is vested in thejudiciary, headed by theChief Justice of Sierra Leoneand comprising the Supreme Court of Sierra Leone, which is the highest court in the country, meaning that its rulings, therefore, cannot be appealed against. Other courts are the High Court of Justice, the Court of Appeal, the magistrate courts, and traditional courts in rural villages led by a paramount chiefs and village elders that handle family and community dispute in civil cases. The president appoints and parliament approves Justices for the three courts. The Judiciary has jurisdiction in all civil and criminal matters throughout the country. The current actingchief justiceof Sierra Leone is Desmond Babatunde Edwards. The Sierra Leone Judiciary is constitutionally independent from outside influences. However, in practice, the president of Sierra Leone has large unofficial power and influences over the Judiciary, including the influence to remove a sitting judge.
The Sierra Leonean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation is responsible for foreign policy of Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone has diplomatic relations that include China, Russia,Libya, Iran, and Cuba.
Sierra Leone has good relations with the West, including the United States, and has maintained historical ties with the United Kingdom and other formerBritish coloniesthrough its membership of theCommonwealth of Nations.The United Kingdom has played a major role in providing aid to the former colony, together with administrative help and military training since intervening to end the Civil War in 2000.
Former presidentSiaka Stevens' government had sought closer relations with otherWest Africancountries under theEconomic Community of West African States(ECOWAS), a policy continued by the current government. Sierra Leone, along withLiberia,Ivory CoastandGuinea, form theMano River Union(MRU). It is primarily designed to implement development projects and promote regionaleconomic integrationbetween the four countries.
Sierra Leone is also a member of theUnited Nationsand its specialised agencies, theAfrican Union, theAfrican Development Bank(AFDB), theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation(OIC), and theNon-Aligned Movement(NAM).Sierra Leone is a member of theInternational Criminal Courtwith aBilateral Immunity Agreementof protection for theUS military(as covered under Article 98).
Sierra Leone is the 66th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024Global Peace Index.
The Military of Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF), are the unified armed forces of Sierra Leone responsible for the territorial security of Sierra Leone's border and defending the national interests of Sierra Leone within the framework of its international obligations. The armed forces were formed after independence in 1961, based on elements of the former BritishRoyal West African Frontier Forcepresent in the country. The Sierra Leone Armed Forces consist of around 15,500 personnel, comprising the largest Sierra Leone Army,the Sierra Leone Navy and the Sierra Leone Air Wing.
Thepresident of Sierra Leoneis theCommander in Chiefof the military and the Minister of Defence responsible for defence policy and the formulation of the armed forces.
When Sierra Leone gained independence in 1961, the Royal Sierra Leone Military Force was created from the Sierra Leone Battalion of the West African Frontier Force.The military seized control in 1968, bringing theNational Reformation Councilinto power. On 19 April 1971, when Sierra Leone became a republic, the Royal Sierra Leone Military Forces were renamed the Republic of Sierra Leone Military Force (RSLMF).The RSLMF remained a single-service organisation until 1979 when the Sierra Leone Navy was established. In 1995 Defence Headquarters was established, and the Sierra Leone Air Wing was formed. The RSLMF was renamed as the Armed Forces of the Republic of Sierra Leone (AFRSL).
Law enforcement in Sierra Leone is primarily the responsibility of theSierra Leone Police(SLP), which is accountable to the Minister of Internal Affairs (appointed by the president). Sierra Leone Police was established by theBritish colonyin 1894; it is one of the oldest police forces in West Africa. It works to prevent crime, protect life and property, detect and prosecute offenders, maintainpublic order, ensure safety and security, and enhance access to justice. The Sierra Leone Police is headed by theInspector General of Police, the professional head of the Sierra Leone Police force, who is appointed by thepresident of Sierra Leone.
Each one ofSierra Leone's 14 districtsis headed by a district police commissioner who is the professional head of their respective district. These Police Commissioners report directly to the Inspector General of Police at the Sierra Leone Police headquarters in Freetown. The current Inspector General of Police isWilliam Fayia Sellu, who was appointed to the position by Presidentpresident Julius Madda Bioon 27 July 2022 to replace Ambrose Sovula, who had been in the post since March 2020.
According to a 2015 US Department of State report, "the most significant human rights problems included a lack of universal access to justice; widespread official corruption in all branches of government; and trafficking in persons, including forced child labor."
Excessivepolice brutalityis also a frequent problem. Protesters have been killed by security forces, as have prison rioters (in one incident atPademba Road Prison, 30 inmates and onecorrection officerwere killed). Multiple allegations were made during the COVID-19 lockdown period of police attacking people trying to obtain basic necessities.
While discrimination on the basis of sex, colour, religion and political opinion is prohibited by the constitution, there is neither constitutional nor legal prohibition of discrimination based that is based on sexual orientation, HIV-positive status or trans identity.Indeed, malesame-sex sexual activityis illegal under Section 61 of theOffences against the Person Act 1861, and imprisonment for life is possible.
Sierra Leone has been one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting aworld constitution.As a result, in 1968, for the first time in human history, aWorld Constituent Assemblyconvened to draft and adopt theConstitution for the Federation of Earth.Milton Margai, thenpresident of Sierra Leone, signed the agreement to convene a World Constituent Assembly.
The Republic of Sierra Leone is composed of five regions: theNorthern Province,North West Province,Southern Province, theEastern Province, and theWestern Area. Four provinces are further divided into 14 districts; the Western Area is divided into two districts.
The provincial districts are divided into 186 chiefdoms, which have traditionally been led byparamount chiefs, recognised by the British administration in 1896 at the time of organising the Protectorate of Sierra Leone. The Paramount Chiefs are influential, particularly invillagesand small rural towns.Each chiefdom has ruling families that were recognised at that time; the Tribal Authority, made up of local notables, elects the paramount chief from the ruling families.Typically, chiefs have the power to "raise taxes, control the judicial system, and allocate land, the most important resource in rural areas".
Within the context of local governance, the districts are governed aslocalities. Each has a directly elected local district council to exercise authority and carry out functions at a local level.In total, there are 19 local councils: 13 district councils, one for each of the 12 districts and one for the Western Area Rural, and six municipalities also have elected local councils. The six municipalities include Freetown, which functions as the local government for the Western Area Urban District, andBo,Bonthe,Kenema,Koidu, andMakeni.
While the district councils are under the oversight of their respective provincial administrations, the municipalities are directly overseen by the Ministry of Local Government & Community Development and thus administratively independent of district and provincial administrations.
By the 1990s, economic activity was declining and economic infrastructure had become seriously degraded. Over the next decade, much of the formal economy was destroyed in the country's civil war. Since the end of hostilities in January 2002, massive infusions of outside assistance have helped Sierra Leone begin to recover.
Much of the recovery will depend on the success of the government's efforts to limit corruption by officials, which many feel was the chief cause of the civil war. A key indicator of success will be the effectiveness of government management of its diamond sector.
There is high unemployment, particularly among the youth and ex-combatants. Authorities have been slow to implement reforms in the civil service, and the pace of the privatisation programme is also slackening and donors have urged its advancement. As of the most recent survey in 2019, 59.2% of the population continues to be affected bymultidimensional povertyand an additional 21.3% vulnerable to it.
The currency is theleone. Thecentral bankis theBank of Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone operates a floatingexchange ratesystem, and foreign currencies can be exchanged at any of the commercial banks, recognised foreign exchangebureauxand most hotels. Credit card use is limited in Sierra Leone, though they may be used at some hotels and restaurants. There are a few internationally linkedautomated teller machinesthat acceptVisa cardsin Freetown operated by ProCredit Bank.
Two-thirds of the population of Sierra Leone are directly involved insubsistence agriculture.Agriculture accounted for 58 per cent ofgross domestic product(GDP) in 2007.
Agriculture is the largest employer with 80 per cent of the population working in the sector.Riceis the most important staple crop in Sierra Leone with 85 per cent of farmers cultivating rice during the rainy seasonand an annual consumption of 76 kg (167.5 lbs) per person.
Rich in minerals, Sierra Leone has relied on mining, especially diamonds, for its economic base. The country is among the top ten diamond producing countries. Mineral exports remain the maincurrencyearner. Sierra Leone is a major producer of gem-quality diamonds. Though rich in diamonds, it has historically struggled to manage their exploitation and export.
Sierra Leone is known for itsblood diamondsthat were mined and sold to diamond conglomerates during thecivil war, to buy the weapons that fuelled its atrocities.In the 1970s and early 1980s, economic growth rate slowed because of a decline in the mining sector and increasing corruption among government officials.
Annual production of Sierra Leone's diamond estimates a range between US$250 million–$300 million. Some of that issmuggled, where it is possibly used formoney launderingor financing illicit activities. Formal exports have dramatically improved since the civil war, with efforts to improve the management of them having some success. In October 2000, a UN-approved certification system for exporting diamonds from the country was put in place which led to a dramatic increase in legal exports. In 2001, the government created a mining community development fund (DACDF), which returns a portion of diamond export taxes to diamond mining communities. The fund was created to raise local communities' stakes in the legal diamond trade.
Sierra Leone has one of the world's largest deposits ofrutile, atitaniumore used aspaintpigment andweldingrod coatings.
There are several systems of transport in Sierra Leone, which has a road, air and water infrastructure, including a network of highways and several airports. There are 11,300 kilometres (7,000 miles) of highways in Sierra Leone, of which 904 km (562 mi)are paved (about 8% of the roads). Sierra Leone's highways are linked toConakry, Guinea, andMonrovia, Liberia.
Sierra Leone has the largestnatural harbouron the African continent, allowing international shipping through theQueen Elizabeth II Quayin theCline Townarea of eastern Freetown or through Government Wharf in central Freetown. There are 800 km (497 mi) of waterways in Sierra Leone, of which 600 km (373 mi) are navigable year-round. Major port cities areBonthe,Freetown,Sherbro IslandandPepel.
There are tenregional airportsin Sierra Leone, and oneinternational airport. TheFreetown International Airportlocated in the coastal town ofLungiin Northern Sierra Leone is the primary airport for domestic and international travel to or from Sierra Leone. Passengers cross the river to Aberdeen or Kissy in Freetown by passenger ferry. Abridgeis planned to cross the esuary with completion expected by the end of 2027.  The airport has apavedrunway of 3,200 metres (10,500 feet). The other airports have unpaved runways, and seven have runways from 914 to 1,523 metres (2,999 to 4,997 feet) long; the remaining two have shorter runways.
Sierra Leone appears on the EU list of prohibited countries with regard to the certification of airlines. This means that no airline registered in Sierra Leone may operate services of any kind within the European Union. This is due to substandard safety standards.
As of December 2024, the country's onlyinternational airporthad regularly scheduled direct flights to Istanbul, Brussels and many major cities in Africa.
In September 2014 there were many Districts with travel restrictions including Kailahun, Kenema, Bombali, Tonkolili, and Port Loko because ofEbola.
As of 2016, about 12% of the population of Sierra Leone had access to electricity. Of that 12%, 10% was in the capital Freetown, and the remaining 90% of the country used 2% of the nation's electricity.The majority of the population relies on biomass fuels for their daily survival, with firewood and coal used most prevalently.The burning of these sources has been reported to have adverse health effects on women and children.A 2012 study was done on the correlation between Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), and burning biomass fuels in the home. The results were that 64% of children were diagnosed with ARI where firewood stoves were used, and 44% where charcoal stoves were used.The use of coal and firewood has also posed environmental concerns as they are both in conflict with the push for more sustainable sources of energy.As a result, the commercialisation of firewood and coal has been a point of contention with aid donors and government agencies such as the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources and the Forestry Division.There have been strong pushes for both solar and hydropower to become the dominant sources of energy in Sierra Leone because of the UN'sSustainable Development Goals, particularly goal number seven (affordable and clean energy). Sierra Leone's tropical climate, heavy annual rainfall, and abundance of rivers give it the potential to realistically pursue more solar and hydropower alternatives.
In conjunction with the UK'sDepartment for International Development(DFID), Sierra Leone has set the goal to provide solar power to all of its citizens by 2025.This overarching goal has been broken down into smaller goals as well. The first of these goals is to provide solar power to at least 50,000 homes in 2016, the second is 250,000 homes by 2017, and finally to provide power to 1,000,000 people by 2020.This initiative falls under theEnergy Africaaccess campaign which seeks to provide electricity to 14 different African countries by 2030.Previous to this compact agreement, Sierra Leone's private sector for solar energy was weak, as it provided energy to less than 5% of the target population.Part of the reason for this was due to the import duties and taxes and the lack of quality control.To ensure that the Energy Africa goal is met, Sierra Leone has agreed to remove its import duties and Value Added Tax (VAT) on certified solar products.This change will attempt to encourage foreign investment while providing affordable, quality solar products to its citizens. It is estimated that there will be a 30% to 40% cost reduction on solar products with the lack of duties and taxes.
As of 2012, Sierra Leone has 3 main hydroelectric plants. The first is the Guma plant which was decommissioned in 1982, the second is the Dodo Plant which is located in the Eastern Province, and finally theBumbuna plant.There is also potential for several new hydroelectric plants to be opened on the Sewa River, Pampana River, Seli River, Moa River, and Little Scarcies.Amongst all these projects, both finished and potential, the Bumbuna dam still remains the largest of the hydroelectric projects in Sierra Leone.It is located near the Seli River and Freetown and was estimated to produce about 50 megawatts of electricity.There were plans to increase its capacity 400 megawatts by 2017 which would cost around $750 million.It has been projected that the Bumbuna dam could potentially reduce the amount of spending on foreign fuel and save the country at least $2 million a month.In the past this project received its funding of over $200 million from a combination of theWorld Bank, theAfrican Development Bank, and the Italian companySalini Impregilo.
In 2019 Sierra Leone had a population of 7,813,215and a growth rate of 2.216% a year.The country's population is mostly young, with an estimated 41.7% under 15, and rural, with an estimated 62% of people living outside the cities.As a result of migration to cities, the population is becoming more urban with an estimated rate of urbanisation growth of 2.9% a year.
Population density varies greatly within Sierra Leone. TheWestern Area Urban District, including Freetown, the capital and largest city, has a population density of 1,224 persons per square km. The largest district geographically,Koinadugu, has a much lower density of 21.4 persons per square km.
English is theofficial language,spoken at schools, government administration and in the media.Krio(derived from English and several indigenous African languages, and the language of theSierra Leone Creole people) is the most widely spoken language in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone. As the Krio language is spoken by 96% of the country's population,it unites all the differentethnic groups, especially in their trade and interaction with each other.Krio is the primary language of communication among Sierra Leoneans at home and abroad,and has also heavily influencedSierra Leonean English.
After the contribution made by theBangladesh UN Peacekeeping Forcein theSierra Leone Civil Warunder theUnited Nations Mission in Sierra Leone, the government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declaredBengalian honorary official language in December 2002.
According to theWorld Refugee Survey 2008, published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Sierra Leone had a population of 8,700refugeesand asylum seekers at the end of 2007. Nearly 20,000 Liberian refugees voluntarily returned toLiberiaover the course of 2007. Of the refugees remaining in Sierra Leone, nearly all were Liberian.
The populations quoted above for the five largest cities are from the 2004 census. The figure for Freetown is for the Western Urban Area (Greater Freetown). Other figures are estimates from the source cited. Different sources give different estimates. Some claim thatMagburakashould be included in the above list, but there is considerable difference among sources. One source estimates the population at 14,915,whilst another puts it as high as 85,313."Pandebu-Tokpombu" is presumably the extended town of Torgbonbu, which had a population of 10,716 in the 2004 census. "Gbendembu" had a larger population of 12,139 in that census. In the 2004 census, Waterloo had a population of 34,079.
Sierra Leone is officially asecular state.IslamandChristianityare the two main religions in the country. The constitution of Sierra Leone provides forfreedom of religionand the Sierra Leone Government generally protects it. The Sierra Leonean Government is constitutionally forbidden from establishing astate religion, though Muslim and Christian prayers are usually held in the country at the beginning of major political occasions, including presidential inaugurations and the official opening of the new session of Parliament.
Surveys of the religious make up of Sierra Leone vary widely, thoughMuslimsmake up the majority of the population. Based on 2015 estimates of the population of Sierra Leone, 77% of the population are Muslims, 22% areChristians, and 1% practiseAfrican traditional religion.
According to 2020 estimates by thePew Research Center78.5% of Sierra Leone's population are Muslims (mostlySunni), 20.4% are Christians (mostlyProtestants) and 1.1% belong to a traditional African religion or other beliefs. The Inter-Religious Council of Sierra Leone estimated that 77% of Sierra Leone's population are Muslims, 21% are Christians, and 2% are followers of traditional African religions.Most of Sierra Leone's ethnic groups are Muslim majority, including the country's two largest ethnic groups: the Mende and Temne.
Sierra Leone is regarded as one of the most religiously tolerant countries in the world.Most of the major Muslim and Christian holidays are officiallynational holidaysin the country, and religious conflict is rare.
The country is home to the Sierra Leone Inter-Religious Council, which is made up of both Christian and Muslim religious leaders to promote peace and tolerance throughout the country.The Islamic holidays ofEid al-Fitr,Eid al-AdhaandMaulid-un-Nabi(Birthday of theIslamic prophetMuhammad) are observed asnational holidays in Sierra Leone. The Christian holidays ofChristmas,Boxing Day,Good FridayandEasterare also national holidays in Sierra Leone. In politics, the overwhelming majority of Sierra Leoneans vote for a candidate without regard of the candidate being a Muslim or a Christian.All of Sierra Leone's Heads of State have been Christians except Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, who was a Muslim.
The overwhelming majority of Sierra Leonean Muslims are adherent to the Sunni tradition of Islam in practice. Most of the Mosques and Islamic schools across Sierra Leone are based on Sunni Islam.Ahmadiyya Muslimsmake up about 10% of the country's Muslim population. Sierra Leone has a vibrant Ahmaddiya Muslim population, especially in the southern city ofBo, which is home to a large Ahmadiyya Muslim population. There are five hundred Ahmadiyya Mosques across Sierra Leone.Shia Islamdoes not have a strong presence in Sierra Leone, and there are virtually noShia Muslimsin the country. Most Sierra Leonean Muslims of the Sunni and Ahmadiyya sect generally pray together in the samemosque.The vast majority of Sierra Leonean Muslims are adherent to theMaliki schoolof Sunni Islam. The Maliki school is by far the largest and most dominant Islamic school of jurisprudence across Sierra Leone. Many Ahmadiyya Muslims in Sierra Leone also follow the Maliki Jurisprudence.
The Sierra Leone Islamic Supreme Council is the highest Islamic religious organisation in Sierra Leone and is made up of the country's Imams, Islamic scholars, and other Islamic clerics across the country. Sheikh Muhammad Taha Jalloh is the president of the Sierra Leone Supreme Islamic Council.The United Council of Imams is an influential Islamic religious body in Sierra Leone that is made up of allimamsof mosques throughout Sierra Leone. The president of the United Council of Imam is SheikhAlhajiMuhammad Habib Sheriff.The two largest mosques in Sierra Leone are theFreetown Central Mosqueand theGhadafi Central Mosque(built by formerLibyandictatorMuammar Gaddafi), both located in the capitalFreetown.
The large majority of Sierra Leonean Christians are Protestant, of which the largest groups are theWesleyan–Methodists.Other Christian Protestantdenominationswith significant presence in the country includePresbyterians,Baptists,Seventh-day Adventists,Anglicans,Lutherans,andPentecostals.The Council of Churches is the Christian religious organisation that is made up of Protestant churches across Sierra Leone. Recently there has been an increase of Pentecostal churches, especially in Freetown.
In September 2017, a Sierra Leone-based Nigerian Pentecostal Christian pastor name Victor Ajisafe was arrested by theSierra Leone Policeand held injailafter he made controversial remarks against Islam and Sierra Leonean Muslims in particular at his churchsermonin the capital Freetown. Ajisafe was apparently angry after aZimbabweanMuslimclericMufti Menkhad visited Sierra Leone and preached to large crowds.Many Christian organisations in Sierra Leone, including the Council of Churches, condemned Ajisafe's sermon against Islam and Muslims. Ajisafe's church was temporarily shut down by the Sierra Leone government and his church licence was temporarily suspended too. The incident brought religious tension in Sierra Leone, in a country known for its high level of religious tolerance, as many Sierra Leonean Muslims at home and abroad called for Ajisafe to bedeportedback to his home country ofNigeria. The pastor while in Sierra Leonepolice custodyapologised to Sierra Leonean Muslims and to the government of Sierra Leone. After several days in jail, Ajisafe was released, his church licence was given back to him, and his church was later reopened under strict government conditions during several months ofprobation.
Non-denominational Protestantsform a significant minority of Sierra Leone's Christian population.Catholicsare the largest group of non-Protestant Christians in Sierra Leone, forming about 8% of Sierra Leone's population and 26% of the Christian population in Sierra Leone.TheJehovah's Witnessesandthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saintsare the two most prominentnon-TrinitarianChristians in Sierra Leone, and they form a small but significant minority of the Christian population in Sierra Leone. A small community ofOrthodox Christiansresides in the capital Freetown.
Sierra Leone is home to about sixteenethnic groups, each with its own language. The largest and most influential are the Temne at about 35.5% and the Mende at about 33.2%. The Temne predominate in theNorthern Sierra Leoneandsome areas around the capital of Sierra Leone. The Mende predominate inSouth-Eastern Sierra Leone (with the exception ofKono District).
The vast majority of Temne are Muslims at over 85%, with a significant Christian minority at about 10%. The Mende are also Muslim majority at about 70%, though with a large Christian minority at about 30%. Sierra Leone's national politics centres on the competition between the north-west, dominated by the Temne, and the south-east dominated by the Mende. The vast majority of the Mende support the Sierra Leone People's Party; while the majority of the Temne support the All People's Congress.
The Mende, who are believed to be descendants of theMane,originally occupied the Liberian hinterland. They began moving into Sierra Leone slowly and peacefully in the eighteenth century. The Temne are said to have migrated fromFuta Jallon, which is in present-dayGuinea.
The third-largest ethnic group is theLimbaat about 8.4% of the population. The Limba arenativepeople of Sierra Leone. They have no tradition of origin, and it is believed that they have lived in Sierra Leone since before the European encounter. The Limba are primarily found in Northern Sierra Leone, particularly inBombali,KambiaandKoinadugu District. The Limba are about 60% Christian and 40% Muslim. The Limba are close political allies of the neighbouring Temne.
Since independence, the Limba have traditionally been influential in Sierra Leone's politics, along with the Mende. The vast majority of Limba support the All People's Congress (APC) political party. Sierra Leone's first and second presidents,Siaka StevensandJoseph Saidu Momoh, respectively, were both ethnic Limba. Sierra Leone's formerdefense ministerAlfred Paolo Contehis an ethnic Limba.
One of the biggest minority ethnic groups are theFulaat around 3.8% of the population. Descendants of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Fula migrant settlers from theFouta Djalonregion of Guinea, they live primarily in the northeast and the western area of Sierra Leone. The Fula are virtually all Muslims at over 99%. The Fula are primarilytraders, and many live in middle-class homes.Because of their trading, the Fulas are found in nearly all parts of the country.
The other ethnic groups are theMandingo(also known asMandinka). They are descendants of traders from Guinea who migrated to Sierra Leone during the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. The Mandinka are predominantly found in the east and the northern part of the country. They predominate in the large towns, most notablyKarina, in Bombali District in the north;KabalaandFalabain Koinadugu District in the north; andYengema,Kono Districtin the east of the country. Like the Fula, the Mandinka are virtually all Muslims at over 99%. Sierra Leone's third president, Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, and Sierra Leone's first Vice-President,Sorie Ibrahim Koroma, were both ethnic Mandingo.
Next in proportion are theKono, who live primarily in Kono District in Eastern Sierra Leone. The Kono are descendants of migrants from Guinea; today their workers are known primarily as diamond miners. The majority of the Kono ethnic group are Christians, though with an influential Muslim minority. Sierra Leone's former Vice-PresidentAlhaji Samuel Sam-Sumanais an ethnic Kono.
The small but significant Creole orKrio people(descendants of freed African American,West Indianand Liberated African slaves who settled in Freetown between 1787 and about 1885) make up about 3% of the population. They primarily occupy the capital city ofFreetownand its surroundingWestern Area. Creole or Krio culture reflects the Western culture and ideals within which many of their ancestors originated – they also had close ties with British officials and colonial administration during years of development.
The Creoles or Krio have traditionally dominated Sierra Leone's judiciary and Freetown's elected city council. One of the first ethnic groups to become educated according to Western traditions, they have traditionally been appointed to positions in the civil service, beginning during the colonial years. They continue to be influential in the civil service. The Creoles or Krios are virtually all Christians at about 99%.
TheOku peopleare the descendants of liberated MuslimYorubasfrom SouthwestNigeria, who were released from slave ships and resettled in Sierra Leone asLiberated Africansor came assettlersin the mid-19th century. The Oku people primarily reside in the communities of Fourah Bay, Fula Town, and Aberdeen in Freetown. The Oku are virtually all Muslims at about 99%.
Other minority ethnic groups are theKuranko, who are related to the Mandingo and are largely Muslims. The Kuranko are believed to have begun arriving in Sierra Leone from Guinea in about 1600 and settled in the north, particularly inKoinadugu District. The Kuranko are primarily farmers; leaders among them have traditionally held several senior positions in the Military. The current Governor of theBank of Sierra LeoneKaifala Marahis an ethnic Kuranko. The Kuranko are largely Muslim majority.
TheLokoin the north are native people of Sierra Leone, believed to have lived in Sierra Leone since the time of European encounter. Like the neighbouring Temne, the Loko are Muslim majority. TheSusuand their relatedYalunkaare traders; both groups are primarily found in the far north in Kambia and Koinadugu District close to the border with Guinea. The Susu and Yalunka kingdom was established in the early fifth seventh centurybefore the Mali empire, which was extended from Mali, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Guinea Conakry to the northern part of Sierra Leone. They are the original owners of the Futa Djallon region covered by a vars land area both the Susu and Yalunka people are descendants of the Mande people. They are virtually all Muslims. The Yalunka also spelled Jallonke, Yalonga, Djallonké, Djallonka or Dialonké, are Mande people who have lived in the Djallon, a mountainous region in Sierra Leone, Mali, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, and Guinea Conakry West Africa over 520 years ago. The name Yalunka literally means "inhabitants of the Jallon (mountains)". Manga Sewa was born in Falaba, Solima chiefdom, in the Northern Province of British Sierra Leone to Yalunka parents. His father was a Yalunka paramount chief of Solima, a prosperous chieftaincy. Its capital, Falaba, was on the rich trading routes leading to the coast. Manga Sewa's father had several wives and dozens of children. are traders; both groups are primarily found in the far north inKambiaand Koinadugu District close to the border with Guinea. The Susu and Yalunka are both descendants of migrants from Guinea; they both are virtually all Muslims at over 99%.
TheKissilive further inland in South-Eastern Sierra Leone. They predominate in the large town ofKoinduand its surrounding areas in Kailahun District. The vast majority of Kissi are Christians. The much smallerVaiandKrupeoples are primarily found inKailahunand Pujehun Districts near the border with Liberia. The Kru predominate in the Kroubay neighbourhood in the capital of Freetown. The Vai are largely Muslim majority at about 90%, while the Kru are virtually all Christians at over 99%.
On the coast inBonthe Districtin the south are theSherbro. Native to Sierra Leone, they have occupiedSherbro Islandsince it was founded. The Sherbro are primarilyfishermanandfarmers, and they are predominantly found in Bonthe District. The Sherbro are virtually all Christians, and their paramount chiefs had a history of intermarriage with British colonists and traders.
A small number of Sierra Leoneans are of partial or fullLebaneseancestry, descendants of traders who first came to the territory in the 19th century. They are locally known as Sierra Leonean-Lebanese. The Sierra Leonean-Lebanese community are primarily traders and they mostly live in middle-class households in the urban areas, primarily in Freetown,Bo,Kenema,Koidu TownandMakeni.
Although women account for about 50 percent of the population in Sierra Leone, only 28 percent are household heads.As in the rest of the countries, education is a key factor in succeeding in aspects such as a well-paid job and covering the needs of a house. Rural areas are the most common to lack access to education having only male-headed four percent ahead of females with basic education and 1.2 percent more at the post-graduate level.
In Sierra Leone, normally, men are automatically positioned as household heads; and their status does not change if their marital status changes over time.However, a female household does change depending on their marital status. A woman can be the head of the house only if she remains single for the rest of her life. But if a woman gets married, she will not be entitled to be the head of the house anymore.Females can take over the household head if they become widowed or divorced.
In the labour field, it is expected that the household will financially provide for the needs of the family. However, females face gender discrimination making them the target of lower incomes and financial struggles.In numbers, females present a lower percentage (6.3) versus males (15.2) when it comes to being paid employees.
Children who have been forced to be part of a war have experienced severe mental and emotional damage in Sierra Leone. However, the damage and way to deal with the effects of war depends on the gender of the kids. Both genders experienced and were involved in high levels of violence. Females, experiencing higher levels of rapes, presented greater signs of depression and anxiety.Males, on the other hand, presented higher levels of anxiety and hostility.Males also showed to be more vulnerable to depression after losing a caregiver.
Women face discrimination when it comes to obtaining financial, social, and cultural help to start a business.It is difficult to avoid the economic paralysis in Sierra Leone given that more than half of the population in the country is women.Due to the lack of access to basic education, women are the least prepared when it comes to processing business licences, registering names or contracting.Not having the capital to start a new business is the biggest barrier for women.With the lack of technology, mostly in all Sierra Leone, it is hard to help a business to function.
Education in Sierra Leone is legally required for all children for six years atprimary level(Class P1-P6) and three years in junior secondary education,but a shortage of schools and teachers has made implementation impossible.Two thirds of the adult population of the country are illiterate.
TheSierra Leone Civil Warresulted in the destruction of 1,270 primary schools, and in 2001, 67% of all school-age children were out of school.The situation has improved considerably since then with primary school enrolment doubling between 2001 and 2005 and the reconstruction of many schools since the end of the war.Students at primary schools are usually 6 to 12 years old, and in secondary schools 13 to 18. Primary education is free andcompulsoryin government-sponsoredpublic schools.
The country has three universities:Fourah Bay College, founded in 1827 (the oldest university in West Africa),University of Makeni (established initially in September 2005 as The Fatima Institute, the college was granted university status in August 2009, and assumed the name University of Makeni, or UNIMAK), andNjala University, primarily located inBo District. Njala University was established as the Njala Agricultural Experimental Station in 1910 and became a university in 2005.Teacher training colleges and religious seminaries are found in many parts of the country.
TheCIAestimated that the average life expectancy in Sierra Leone was 57.39 years.
The prevalence ofHIV/AIDSin the population is 1.6%, higher than the world average of 1% but lower than the average of 6.1% acrossSub-Saharan Africa.
Medical care is not readily accessible, with doctors and hospitals out of reach for many villagers. While free health care may be provided in some villages, the medical staff is poorly paid and sometimes charge for their services, taking advantage of the fact that the villagers are not aware of their right to free medical care.
A dialysis machine, the first of its kind in the country, was donated by Israel.
According to anOverseas Development Institutereport, private health expenditure accounts for 85.7% of total spending on health.
Having had no formalemergency medical servicespreviously, theFirst Responder Coalition of Sierra Leone(FRCSL) was formed in June 2019 inMakenito facilitate the development ofemergency first responderprograms nationwide.The founding members of the Coalition included theSierra Leone Red Cross Society(the first chairing organisation),LFR International(proposed the formation), theUniversity of Makeni,Agency for Rural Community Transformation, and theHoly Spirit Hospital.The establishment of the Coalition was concurrent with the declaration by the 72nd World Health Assembly that emergency care systems are essential to universal health coverage.Between June and July 2019, the FRCSL trained 1,000 community members from Makeni to be first responders and equipped each trainee with a first aid kit.
Sierra Leone suffers fromepidemicoutbreaks of diseases, includingyellow fever,cholera,Ebola,lassa feverandmeningitis.Yellow feverandmalariaare endemic to Sierra Leone.
According to 2017 estimates, Sierra Leone has the third highestmaternal mortalityrate in the world.For every 100 liveborn children, one mother dies due to complications of giving birth.
In the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted by UNICEF in 2012, the prevalence offemale genital mutilation in Sierra Leonewas 94%.As of 2014, Sierra Leone was estimated as having the 11th highestinfant mortalityrate in the world.
One of the consequences women in Sierra Leone face after a prolonged and obstructed labour that would have required a c-section isobstetric fistula. This condition often drives women into poverty and isolation.
The AWC- Aberdeen Women's Centre inFreetown, the second busiest hospital in Sierra Leone, delivering up to 3000 babies each year.The centre provides free surgery for women suffering from this condition.
The centre provides a variety of maternal and child health services and is supported by not-for-profit organisations such as Freedom from Fistula,The Aminata Maternal Foundation,and UNFPA.
Mental healthcarein Sierra Leone is almost non-existent. Many sufferers try to cure themselves with the help of traditional healers.During theCivil War (1991–2002), many soldiers took part in atrocities and many children were forced to fight. This left them traumatised, with an estimated 400,000 people (by 2009) being mentally ill. Thousands of former child soldiers have fallen into substance abuse as they try to blunt their memories.
The water supply in Sierra Leone is characterised by limited access to safe drinking water. Despite efforts by the government and numerous non-governmental organisations, access has not much improved since the end of the Sierra Leone Civil War in 2002, stagnating at about 50% and even declining in rural areas.It is hoped that a new dam in Orugu, for which China committed financing in 2009, will alleviatewater scarcity.
According to a national survey carried out in 2006, 84% of the urban population and 32% of the rural population had access to animproved water source. Those with access in rural areas were served almost exclusively by protected wells. The 68% of the rural population without access to an improved water source relied on surface water (50%), unprotected wells (9%) and unprotected springs (9%). Only 20% of the urban population and 1% of the rural population had access to piped drinking water in their home. Compared to the 2000 survey access has increased in urban areas, but has declined in rural areas, possibly because facilities have broken down because of a lack of maintenance.
With a new decentralisation policy, embodied in the Local Government Act of 2004, responsibility for water supply in areas outside the capital was passed from the central government to local councils. In Freetown, the Guma Valley Water Company remains in charge of the water supply.
Ebola is prevalent in Africa where social and economic inequalities are common. The central African countries are the most prevalent of EVD, like the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, and Gabon.
In 2014 there was an outbreak of the Ebola virus in West Africa. As of 19 October 2014, there had been 3,706 cases of Ebola in Sierra Leone, and 1,259 deaths, including that of the leading physician trying to control the outbreak,Sheik Umar Khan.In early August 2014Guineaclosed its borders to Sierra Leone to help contain the spreading of the virus, which originated in Guinea, as more new cases of the disease were being reported in Sierra Leone than in Guinea. Aside from the human cost, the outbreak was severely eroding the economy. By September 2014, with the closure of borders, the cancellation of airline flights, the evacuation of foreign workers and a collapse of cross-border trade, the national deficit of Sierra Leone and other affected countries was widening to the point where the IMF was considering expanding its financial support.
As of 2019, 30% of women and 14% of men were in a polygamous unions in Sierra Leone. "The percentage of women with one or more co-wives has decreased gradually over time, from 37% in 2008 and 35% in 2013 to 30% in 2019."
Rice is thestaple foodof Sierra Leone and is consumed at virtually every meal daily. The rice is prepared in numerous ways, and topped with a variety of sauces made from some of Sierra Leone's favourite toppings, includingpotatoleaves,cassavaleaves,crain crain,okrasoup,fried fishandgroundnutstew.
Along the streets of towns and cities across Sierra Leone, one can find foods consisting of fruit, vegetables and snacks such as freshmangoes, oranges, pineapple, friedplantains,ginger beer, fried potato, fried cassava with pepper sauce; small bags of popcorn or peanuts, bread, roasted corn, or skewers of grilled meat or shrimp.
Poyo is a popular Sierra Leonean drink. It is a sweet, lightly fermentedpalm wine,and is found in bars in towns and villages across the country. Poyo bars are areas of lively informal debate about politics,football, basketball, entertainment and other issues.
Media in Sierra Leone began with the introduction of the firstprinting pressin Africa at the start of the 19th century. A strong free journalistic tradition developed with the creation of several newspapers. In the 1860s, the country became a journalist hub for Africa, with professionals travelling to the country from across the continent. At the end of the 19th century, the industry went into decline, and when radio was introduced in the 1930s, it became the primary communication medium in the country.
TheSierra Leone Broadcasting Service(SLBS) was created by the colonial government in 1934 making it the earliest English-language radio broadcaster service in West Africa. The service began broadcasting television in 1963, with coverage extended to all the districts in the country in 1978. In April 2010, the SLBS merged with theUnited Nationspeacekeeping radio station in Sierra Leone to form theSierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation,the government-owned current national broadcaster in Sierra Leone.
The Sierra Leone constitution guaranteesfreedom of speech, andfreedom of the press; however, the government maintains strong control of media, and at times restricts these rights in practice.Some subjects are seen as taboo by society and members of the political elite; imprisonment and violence have been used by the political establishment against journalists.
Under legislation enacted in 1980, all newspapers must register with the Ministry of Information and pay sizeable registration fees. The CriminalLibelLaw, including Seditious Libel Law of 1965, is used to control what is published in the media.
In 2006, President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah committed to reforming the laws governing the press and media to create a freer system for journalists to work in.As of 2013Sierra Leone is ranked 61st (up two slots from 63rd in 2012) out of 179 countries on Reporters Without Borders'Press Freedom Index.
Print mediais not widely read in Sierra Leone, especially outside Freetown and other major cities, partially due to the low levels ofliteracyin the country.In 2007 there were 15 daily newspapers in the country, as well as those published weekly.Among newspaper readership, young people are likely to read newspapers weekly and older people daily. The majority of newspapers are privately run and are often critical of the government. The standard of print journalism tends to be low owing to lack of training, and people trust the information published in newspapers less than that found on the radio.
Radio is the most popular and most-trusted media in Sierra Leone, with 85% of people having access to a radio and 72% of people in the country listening to the radio daily.These levels do vary between areas of the country, with theWestern Areahaving the highest levels andKailahunthe lowest. Stations mainly consist of local commercial stations with a limited broadcast range, combined with a few stations with national coverage –Capital Radio Sierra Leonebeing the largest of the commercial stations.
The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) ran one of the most popular stations in the country, broadcasting programs in a range of languages. The UN mission was restructured in 2008 and it was decided that theUN Radiowould be merged with SLBS to form the new Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC). This merger eventually happened in 2011 after the necessary legislation was enacted. SLBC transmits radio onFMand has two television services, one of which is uplinked by satellite for international consumption. FM relays of theBBC World Service(in Freetown, Bo, Kenema and Makeni),Radio France Internationale(Freetown only) andVoice of America(Freetown only) are also broadcast.
Outside the capital Freetown and other major cities, television is not watched by a great many people, although Bo, Kenema and Makeni are served by their own relays of the main SLBC service. There are three free terrestrial television stations in Sierra Leone, one run by the government SLBC and the other two are private stations in Freetown, Star TV which is run by the owner of theStandard-Timesnewspaper and AYV – Africa Young Voices. Several religious funded TV stations operate intermittently. Two other commercial TV operators (ABC and AIT) closed after they were not profitable. In 2007, a pay-per-view service was also introduced by GTV as part of a pan-African television service in addition to the nine-year-old sub-Saharan Digital satellite television service (DStv) originating from Multichoice Africa in South Africa. GTV subsequently went out of business, leaving DStv as the only provider of subscription satellite television in the country. Several organisations planned to operate digital terrestrial subscription TV services, with Multichoice's Go TV having built infrastructure ahead of getting a licence and ultimately failing to get a licence. ITV and SATCON are currently operational.
Internet access in Sierra Leone has been sparse but is on the increase, especially since the introduction of 3G/4G cellular phone services across the country. There are several maininternet service providers(ISPs) operating in the country. Freetown hasinternet cafésand other businesses offering internet access. Problems experienced with access to the Internet include an intermittent electricity supply and a slow connection speed in the country outside Freetown.
The arts in Sierra Leone are a mixture of tradition and hybrid African and western styles.
Association footballis by far the most popular sport in Sierra Leone. Children, youth and adult are frequently seen playingstreet footballacross Sierra Leone. There are organised youth and adult football tournaments across the country, and there are various primary and secondary schools with football teams across Sierra Leone.
The Sierra Leone national football team, popularly known as theLeone Stars, represents the country in international competitions. It has never qualified for theFIFA World Cupbut participated in the1994and1996 African Cup of Nations. When the national football team, the Leone Stars, have a match, Sierra Leoneans across the country come together united in support of the national team and people rush to their local radio and television stations to follow the live match. The country's national television network, The Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC) broadcasts the national football team live match, along with many local radio stations across the country.
When the Leone Stars win an important match, many youth across the county rush to the street to celebrate. Many of the Sierra Leone national team footballers play for teams based in Europe although virtually all of them started professional football in theSierra Leone National Premier League. Many of the national team footballers are celebrities across Sierra Leone and they are often well known by the general population. Some of Sierra Leonean international footballers includeMohamed Kallon,Mohamed Bangura,Rodney Strasser,Kei Kamara,Ibrahim Teteh Bangura,Mustapha Dumbuya,Christian Caulker,Alhassan Bangura,Sheriff Suma,Osman Kakay,Medo Kamara,Umaru BanguraandJulius Gibrilla Woobay.
TheSierra Leone National Premier Leagueis the top professional football league in Sierra Leone and is controlled by theSierra Leone Football Association. Fourteen clubs from across the country compete in the Sierra Leone Premier League. The two biggest and most successful football clubs areEast End LionsandMighty Blackpool. East End Lions and Mighty Blackpool have an intense rivalry and when they play each other the national stadium in Freetown is often sold out and supporters of both clubs often clash with each other before and after the game. There is a huge police presence inside and outside the national stadium during a match between the two great rivals to prevent a clash. Many Sierra Leonean youth follow the local football league.
Many Sierra Leonean youth, children and adults follow the major football leagues in Europe, particularly the EnglishPremier League, ItalianSerie A, SpanishLa Liga, GermanBundesligaand FrenchLigue 1.
TheSierra Leone cricket teamrepresents Sierra Leone in international cricket competitions and is among the best in West Africa. It became an affiliate member of theInternational Cricket Councilin 2002. It made its international debut at the 2004 African Affiliates Championship, where it finished last of eight teams. But at the equivalent tournament in 2006, Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League, it finished as runner-up toMozambique, and just missed promotion to Division Two.
In 2009, the Sierra Leone Under-19 team finished second in the African Under-19 Championship in Zambia, thus qualifying for the Under-19 World Cup qualifying tournament with nine other teams.However, the team was unable to obtain Canadian visas to play in the tournament, which was held in Toronto.
Sierra Leone is the first African country to join theInternational Floorball Federation.
Sierra Leone's Freetown is a favourite destination for tourists. Although the sector was seriously affected during the Civil War, there has been a steady improvement in recent years.There is a vast expanse of beaches stretching along the Freetown Peninsula. The Lumley-Aberdeen beach stretches all the way from Cape Sierra Leone down to Lumley. There are also other popular beaches like the world renowned River Number 2 Beach, Laka Beach, Tokeh Beach, Bureh Beach, and Mama Beach. The Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, which is located within the peninsula's vast rainforest reserve, just a few kilometres from the centre of Freetown, has a collection of rare and endangered chimpanzees. Other popular destinations for tourists include the Freetown Cotton Tree, located in Central Freetown, a significant national monument and integral to the founding of the city; Bunce Island, which is a boat ride from the city, is home to the ruins of the slave fortress that was being used during the Transatlantic slave trade; the Sierra Leone Museum, which has a collection of both precolonial as well as colonial artifacts and other items of historical significance; the National Railway Museum; or take a journey around the city's coastline with the popular Sea Coach Express. The Aberdenn-Lumley area is a favourite destination for those venturing into the city's nightlife.