Olmecs

TheOlmecs(/ˈɒlmɛks,ˈoʊl-/) orOlmecwere an early known majorMesoamericancivilization, flourishing in the modern-day Mexican states ofVeracruzandTabascofrom roughly 1200 to 400BCEduring Mesoamerica'sformative period. They were initially centered at the site of their development inSan Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, but moved toLa Ventain the10th century BCEfollowing the decline of San Lorenzo.The Olmecs disappeared mysteriously in the4th century BCE, leaving the region sparsely populated until the19th century.
Among other "firsts", the Olmec appeared to practiceritual bloodlettingand played theMesoamerican ballgame, hallmarks of nearly all subsequent Mesoamerican societies. The aspect of the Olmecs most familiar now is their artwork, particularly thecolossal heads.The Olmec civilization was first defined through artifacts which collectors purchased on thepre-Columbian artmarket in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Olmec artworks are considered among ancient America's most striking.
The name "Olmec" means "rubber people" inNahuatl, the language of theNahuas, and was theAztecterm for the people who lived in the Gulf Lowlands in the 15th and 16th centuries, some 2,000 years after the Olmec culture died out. The term "Rubber People" refers to the ancient practice, spanning from ancient Olmecs to Aztecs, of extractinglatexfromCastilla elastica, arubber treein the area. The juice of a local vine,Ipomoea alba,was then mixed with this latex to create rubber as early as 1600 BCE.TheNahuatlword for the Olmecs wasŌlmēcatl[oːlˈmeːkat͡ɬ](singular) orŌlmēcah[oːlˈmeːkaʔ](plural). This word is composed of the two wordsōlli[ˈoːlːi], meaning "natural rubber", andmēcatl[ˈmeːkat͡ɬ], meaning "people".
Early modern explorers and archaeologists, however, mistakenly applied the name "Olmec" to the rediscovered ruins and artifacts in the heartland decades before it was understood that these were not created by the people the Aztecs knew as the "Olmec" but rather a culture that was 2000 years older. Despite the mistaken identity, the name has stuck.
It is not known what name the ancient Olmec used for themselves; some later Mesoamerican accounts seem to refer to the ancient Olmec as "Tamoanchan".A contemporary term sometimes used for the Olmec culture istenocelome, meaning"mouth of thejaguar".
TheOlmec heartlandis the area in theGulflowlands where it expanded after early development inSoconusco, Veracruz. This area is characterized by swampy lowlands punctuated by low hills, ridges, and volcanoes. TheSierra de los Tuxtlasrises sharply in the north, along the Gulf of Mexico'sBay of Campeche. Here, the Olmec constructed permanent city-temple complexes atSan Lorenzo Tenochtitlán,La Venta,Tres Zapotes, andLaguna de los Cerros. In this region, the first Mesoamerican civilization emerged and reigned fromc.1400–400BCE.
Pre-Olmec cultures had flourished since about 2500 BCE, and it has been speculated that the Olmecs derived in part from the neighboringMokayaorMixe–Zoquecultures which developed during this time.The beginnings of Olmec civilization have traditionally been placed between1400 BCEand1200 BCE. Past finds of Olmec remains ritually deposited at the shrineEl Manatínear the triple archaeological sites known collectively asSan Lorenzo Tenochtitlánmoved this back to at least1600–1500 BCE.It seems that the Olmec had their roots in early farming cultures ofTabasco, which began between5100 BCEand4600 BCE. These shared the same basic food crops and technologies of the later Olmec civilization.
What is today called Olmec first appeared fully within San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, where distinctive Olmec features occurred around 1400 BCE. The rise of civilization was assisted by the local ecology of well-wateredalluvialsoil, as well as by the transportation network provided by theCoatzacoalcosriver basin. This environment may be compared to that of other ancient centers of civilization such as theNile,Indus,Yellow RiverandMesopotamia. This highly productive environment encouraged a densely concentrated population, which in turn triggered the rise of an elite class.The elite class created the demand for the production of the symbolic and sophisticated luxury artifacts that define Olmec culture.Many of these luxury artifacts were made from materials such asjade,obsidian, andmagnetite, which came from distant locations and suggest that early Olmec elites had access to an extensive trading network in Mesoamerica. The source of the most valued jade was theMotagua Rivervalley in easternGuatemala,and Olmec obsidian has been traced to sources in the Guatemala highlands, such as El Chayal andSan Martín Jilotepeque, or inPuebla,distances ranging from 200 to 400 km (120–250 miles) away, respectively.
The state ofGuerrero, and in particular its earlyMezcala culture, seem to have played an important role in the early history of Olmec culture. Olmec-style artifacts tend to appear earlier in some parts of Guerrero than in the Veracruz-Tabasco area. In particular, the relevant objects from the Amuco-Abelino site in Guerrero reveal dates as early as1530 BCE.The city ofTeopantecuanitlanin Guerrero is also relevant in this regard.
The first Olmec center, San Lorenzo, was all but abandoned around900 BCEat about the same time that La Venta rose to prominence.Widespread destruction of many San Lorenzo monuments also occurred around the 950s BCE, which may indicate an internal uprising or, less likely, an invasion.The latest thinking, however, is that environmental changes may have been responsible for this shift in Olmec centers, with certain important rivers changing course.
Following the decline of San Lorenzo, La Venta became the most prominent Olmec center, lasting from 900 BCE until its abandonment around 400 BCE.La Venta sustained the Olmec cultural traditions with spectacular displays of power and wealth. TheGreat Pyramidwas the largest Mesoamerican structure of its time. Even today, after 2500 years of erosion, it rises 34 m (112 ft) above the naturally flat landscape.Buried deep within La Venta lay opulent, labor-intensive "offerings" – 1000 tons of smoothserpentineblocks, large mosaic pavements, and at least 48 separatevotive offeringsof polished jadecelts, pottery, figurines, andhematitemirrors.
Scholars have yet to determine the cause of the eventual extinction of the Olmec culture. Between400 and 350 BCE, the population in the eastern half of the Olmec heartland dropped precipitously, and the area was sparsely inhabited until the 19th century.According to archaeologists, this depopulation was probably the result of "very serious environmental changes that rendered the region unsuited for large groups of farmers", in particular changes to the riverine environment that the Olmec depended upon for agriculture, hunting and gathering, and transportation. These changes may have been triggered bytectonicupheavals or subsidence, or thesiltationof rivers due to agricultural practices.
One theory for the considerable population drop during the Terminal Formative period is suggested by Santley and colleagues (Santley et al. 1997), who propose the relocation of settlements due to volcanism, instead of extinction. Volcanic eruptions during the Early, Late and Terminal Formative periods would have blanketed the lands and forced the Olmec to move their settlements.
Whatever the cause, within a few hundred years of the abandonment of the last Olmec cities, successor cultures became firmly established. The Tres Zapotes site, on the western edge of the Olmec heartland, continued to be occupied well past400 BCE, but without the hallmarks of the Olmec culture. This post-Olmec culture, often labeled theEpi-Olmec, has features similar to those found atIzapa, some 550 kilometres (340 mi) to the southeast.
The Olmec culture was first defined as an art style, and this continues to be the hallmark of the culture.Wrought in a large number of media – jade, clay, basalt, and greenstone among others – much Olmec art, such asThe Wrestler, is naturalistic. Other art expresses fantasticanthropomorphiccreatures, often highly stylized, using an iconography reflective of a religious meaning.Commonmotifsinclude downturned mouths and a cleft head, both of which are seen in representations ofwerejaguars.In addition to making human and human-like subjects, Olmec artisans were adept at animal portrayals.
WhileOlmec figurinesare found abundantly in sites throughout theFormative Period, the stone monuments such as the colossal heads are the most recognizable feature of Olmec culture.These monuments can be divided into four classes:
The most recognized aspect of the Olmec civilization are the enormous helmeted heads.As no known pre-Columbian text explains them, these impressive monuments have been the subject of much speculation. Once theorized to be ballplayers, it is now generally accepted that these heads are portraits of rulers, perhaps dressed as ballplayers.Infused with individuality, no two heads are alike and the helmet-like headdresses are adorned with distinctive elements, suggesting personal or group symbols. Some have also speculated that Mesoamerican people believed that the soul, along with all of one's experiences and emotions, was contained inside the head.
Seventeen colossal heads have been unearthed to date.
The heads range in size from the Rancho La Cobata head, at 3.4 m (11 ft) high, to the pair at Tres Zapotes, at 1.47 m (4 ft 10 in). Scholars calculate that the largest heads weigh between 25 and 55 tonnes (28 and 61 short tons).
The heads were carved from single blocks or boulders of volcanicbasalt, found in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas. The Tres Zapotes heads, for example, were sculpted from basalt found at the summit of Cerro el Vigía, at the western end of the Tuxtlas. The San Lorenzo and La Venta heads, on the other hand, were probably carved from the basalt of Cerro Cintepec, on the southeastern side,perhaps at the nearbyLlano del Jicaroworkshop, and dragged or floated to their final destination dozens of miles away.It has been estimated that moving a colossal head required the efforts of 1,500 people for three to four months.
Some of the heads, and many other monuments, have been variously mutilated, buried and disinterred, reset in new locations and/or reburied. Some monuments, and at least two heads, were recycled or recarved, but it is not known whether this was simply due to the scarcity of stone or whether these actions had ritual or other connotations. Scholars believe that some mutilation had significance beyond mere destruction, but some scholars still do not rule out internal conflicts or, less likely, invasion as a factor.
The flat-faced, thick-lipped heads have caused some debate due to their resemblance to some African facial characteristics. Based on this comparison, some writers have said that the Olmecs were Africans who had emigrated to the New World.But the vast majority of archaeologists and other Mesoamerican scholars reject claims of pre-Columbian contacts with Africa.Explanations for the facial features of the colossal heads include the possibility that the heads were carved in this manner due to the shallow space allowed on the basalt boulders. Others note that in addition to the broad noses and thick lips, the eyes of the heads often show theepicanthic fold, and that all these characteristics can still be found in modern Mesoamerican Indians. For instance, in the 1940s, the artist/art historianMiguel Covarrubiaspublished a series of photos of Olmec artwork and of the faces of modernMexican Indianswith very similar facial characteristics.The African origin hypothesis assumes that Olmec carving was intended to be a representation of the inhabitants, an assumption that is hard to justify given the full corpus of representation in Olmec carving.
Ivan Van Sertimaclaimed that the seven braids on the Tres Zapotes head was an Ethiopian hair style, but he offered no evidence it was a contemporary style. TheEgyptologistFrank J. Yurcohas said that the Olmec braids do not resemble contemporary Egyptian or Nubian braids.
Richard Diehlwrote "There can be no doubt that the heads depict the American Indian physical type still seen on the streets of Soteapan, Acayucan, and other towns in the region."
Another type of artifact is much smaller;hardstone carvingsinjadeof a face in a mask form. Jade is a particularly precious material, and it was used as a mark of rank by the ruling classes.By 1500 BCE early Olmec sculptors mastered the human form.This can be determined by wooden Olmec sculptures discovered in the swampy bogs of El Manati.Before radiocarbon dating could tell the exact age of Olmec pieces, archaeologists and art historians noticed the unique "Olmec-style" in a variety of artifacts.
Curators and scholars refer to "Olmec-style" face masks but, to date, no example has been recovered in an archaeologically controlled Olmec context. They have been recovered from sites of other cultures, including one deliberately deposited in the ceremonialaltepetl(precinct) ofTenochtitlanin what is nowMexico City. The mask would presumably have been about 2000 years old when theAztecsburied it, suggesting such masks were valued and collected as were Romanantiquitiesin Europe.The 'Olmec-style' refers to the combination of deep-set eyes, nostrils, and strong, slightly asymmetrical mouth.The "Olmec-style" also very distinctly combines facial features of both humans and jaguars.Olmec arts are strongly tied to the Olmec religion, which prominently featured jaguars.The Olmec people believed that in the distant past a race of werejaguars was made between the union of a jaguar and a woman.One werejaguar quality that can be found is the sharp cleft in the forehead of many supernatural beings in Olmec art. This sharp cleft is associated with the natural indented head of jaguars.
The Kunz axes (also known as "votive axes") are figures that representwerejaguarsand were apparently used for rituals. In most cases, the head is half the total volume of the figure. All Kunz axes have flat noses and an open mouth. The name "Kunz" comes fromGeorge Frederick Kunz, an Americanmineralogist, who described a figure in 1890.
Olmec-style artifacts, designs, figurines, monuments and iconography have been found in the archaeological records of sites hundreds of kilometres outside the Olmec heartland. These sites include:
TlatilcoandTlapacoya, major centers of theTlatilco culturein theValley of Mexico, where artifacts include hollowbaby-face motiffigurines and Olmec designs on ceramics.
Chalcatzingo, in Valley ofMorelos, central Mexico, which features Olmec-style monumental art and rock art with Olmec-style figures.
Also, in 2007, archaeologists unearthedZazacatla, an Olmec-influenced city in Morelos. Located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Mexico City, Zazacatla covered about 2.5 square kilometres (1 sq mi) between 800 and 500 BCE.
Teopantecuanitlan, inGuerrero, which features Olmec-style monumental art as well as city plans with distinctive Olmec features.
Also, theJuxtlahuacaandOxtotitláncave paintings feature Olmec designs and motifs.
Olmec influence is also seen at several sites in theSouthern Maya area.
In Guatemala, sites showing probable Olmec influence includeSan Bartolo,Takalik AbajandLa Democracia.
Many theories have been advanced to account for the occurrence of Olmec influence far outside the heartland, including long-range trade by Olmec merchants, Olmec colonization of other regions, Olmec artisans travelling to other cities, conscious imitation of Olmec artistic styles by developing towns – some even suggest the prospect of Olmec military domination or that the Olmec iconography was actually developed outside the heartland.
The generally accepted, but by no means unanimous, interpretation is that the Olmec-style artifacts, in all sizes, became associated with elite status and were adopted by non-Olmec Formative Period chieftains in an effort to bolster their status.
In addition to their influence with contemporaneousMesoamerican cultures, as the first civilization in Mesoamerica, the Olmecs are credited, or speculatively credited, with many "firsts", including thebloodlettingand perhapshuman sacrifice, writing andepigraphy, and the invention ofpopcorn,zeroand theMesoamerican calendar, and theMesoamerican ballgame, as well as perhaps thecompass.Some researchers, including artist andart historianMiguel Covarrubias, even postulate that the Olmecs formulated the forerunners of many of the later Mesoamericandeities.
Although the archaeological record does not include explicit representation of Olmecbloodletting,researchers have found other evidence that the Olmec ritually practiced it. For example, numerous natural and ceramicstingrayspikes andmaguey thornshave been found at Olmec sites,and certain artifacts have been identified as bloodletters.
The argument that the Olmec instituted human sacrifice is significantly more speculative. No Olmec or Olmec-influenced sacrificial artifacts have yet been discovered; no Olmec or Olmec-influenced artwork unambiguously shows sacrificial victims (as do thedanzantefigures ofMonte Albán) or scenes of human sacrifice (such as can be seen inthe famous ballcourt muralfromEl Tajín).
At El Manatí, disarticulated skulls and femurs, as well as the complete skeletons of newborns or fetuses, have been discovered amidst the other offerings, leading to speculation concerning infant sacrifice. Scholars have not determined how the infants met their deaths.Some authors have associated infant sacrifice with Olmec ritual art showing limp werejaguar babies, most famously in La Venta'sAltar 5(on the right) orLas Limas figure.Any definitive answer requires further findings.
The Olmec may have been the first civilization in the Western Hemisphere to develop a writing system. Symbols found in 2002 and 2006 date from 650 BCEand 900 BCErespectively, preceding the oldestZapotec writingfound so far, which dates from about 500 BCE.
The 2002 find at theSan Andréssite shows a bird, speech scrolls, and glyphs that are similar to the laterMaya script.Known as theCascajal Block, and dated between 1100 and 900 BCE, the 2006 find from a site near San Lorenzo shows a set of 62 symbols, 28 of which are unique, carved on a serpentine block. A large number of prominent archaeologists have hailed this find as the "earliest pre-Columbian writing".Others are skeptical because of the stone's singularity, the fact that it had been removed from any archaeological context, and because it bears no apparent resemblance to any other Mesoamerican writing system.
There are also well-documented later hieroglyphs known as theIsthmian script, and while there are some who believe that the Isthmian may represent a transitional script between an earlier Olmec writing system and the Maya script, the matter remains unsettled.
TheLong Count calendarused by many subsequent Mesoamerican civilizations, as well as the concept ofzero, may have been devised by the Olmecs. Because the six artifacts with the earliest Long Count calendar dates were all discovered outside the immediate Maya homeland, it is likely that this calendar predated the Maya and was possibly the invention of the Olmecs. Indeed, three of these six artifacts were found within the Olmec heartland. But an argument against an Olmec origin is the fact that the Olmec civilization had ended by the 4th century BCE, several centuries before the earliest known Long Count date artifact.
The Long Count calendar required the use of zero as a place-holder within itsvigesimal(base-20) positional numeral system. A shell glyph –– was used as a zero symbol for these Long Count dates, the second oldest of which, on Stela C atTres Zapotes, has a date of 32 BCE. This is one of the earliest uses of the zero concept in history.
The Olmec are strong candidates for originating theMesoamerican ballgameso prevalent among later cultures of the region and used for recreational and religious purposes.A dozen rubber balls dating to 1600 BCE or earlier have been found inEl Manatí, abog10 km (6 mi) east of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan.These balls predate the earliest ballcourt yet discovered atPaso de la Amada, c. 1400 BCE, although there is no certainty that they were used in the ballgame.
While the actual ethno-linguistic affiliation of the Olmec remains unknown, various hypotheses have been put forward. For example, in 1968Michael D. Coespeculated that the Olmec were Maya predecessors.
In 1976, linguistsLyle CampbellandTerrence Kaufmanpublished a paper in which they argued a core number of loanwords had apparently spread from aMixe–Zoquean languageinto many otherMesoamerican languages.Campbell and Kaufman proposed that the presence of these core loanwords indicated that the Olmec – generally regarded as the first "highly civilized" Mesoamerican society – spoke a language ancestral to Mixe–Zoquean. The spread of this vocabulary particular to their culture accompanied the diffusion of other Olmec cultural and artistic traits that appears in the archaeological record of other Mesoamerican societies.
Mixe–Zoque specialistSøren Wichmannfirst critiqued this theory on the basis that most of the Mixe–Zoquean loans seemed to originate only from the Zoquean branch of the family. This implied the loanword transmission occurred in the periodafterthe two branches of the language family split, placing the time of the borrowings outside of the Olmec period.However, new evidence has pushed back the proposed date for the split of Mixean and Zoquean languages to a period within the Olmec era.Based on this dating, the architectural and archaeological patterns and the particulars of the vocabulary loaned to other Mesoamerican languages from Mixe–Zoquean, Wichmann now suggests that the Olmecs of San Lorenzo spoke proto-Mixe and the Olmecs of La Venta spoke proto-Zoque.
At least the fact that the Mixe–Zoquean languages are still spoken in an area corresponding roughly to theOlmec heartland, and are historically known to have been spoken there, leads most scholars to assume that the Olmec spoke one or more Mixe–Zoquean languages.
Olmec religious activities were performed by a combination of rulers, full-time priests, andshamans. The rulers seem to have been the most important religious figures, with their links to the Olmec deities or supernaturals providing legitimacy for their rule.There is also considerable evidence for shamans in the Olmec archaeological record, particularly in the so-called "transformation figures".
As no documentations of Olmec religious narratives and figures comparable to thePopol Vuhhas been left or found, any interpretation of Olmec religious narratives and figures must be based on interpretations of surviving monumental and portable art (such as theSeñor de Las Limasstatue at the Xalapa Museum), and comparisons with other seemingly similar elements found throughout nearby Mesoamerican cultures. Olmec art shows that such deities asFeathered Serpentand a supernatural rain were already in the Mesoamerican pantheon in Olmec times.
Little is directly known about the societal or political structure of Olmec society. Although it is assumed by most researchers that the colossal heads and several other sculptures represent rulers, nothing has been found like the Maya stelae which name specific rulers and provide the dates of their rule.
Instead, archaeologists relied on the data that they had, such as large- and small-scale site surveys. These provided evidence of considerable centralization within the Olmec region, first at San Lorenzo and then at La Venta – no other Olmec sites come close to these in terms of area or in the quantity and quality of architecture and sculpture.
This evidence of geographic and demographic centralization leads archaeologists to propose that Olmec society itself was hierarchical, concentrated first at San Lorenzo and then at La Venta, with an elite that was able to use their control over materials such as water and monumental stone to exert command and legitimize their regime.
Nonetheless, Olmec society is thought to lack many of the institutions of later civilizations, such as a standing army or priestly caste.And there is no evidence that San Lorenzo or La Venta controlled, even during their heyday, all of the Olmec heartland.There is some doubt, for example, that La Venta controlled even Arroyo Sonso, only some 35 km (22 mi) away.Studies of the Sierra de los Tuxtlas settlements, some 60 km (35 mi) away, indicate that this area was composed of more or less egalitarian communities outside the control of lowland centers.
The wide diffusion of Olmec artifacts and "Olmecoid" iconography throughout much of Mesoamerica indicates the existence of extensive long-distance trade networks. Exotic, prestigious and high-value materials such asgreenstoneand marine shell were moved in significant quantities across large distances. Some of the reasons for trade revolve around the lack ofobsidianin the heartland. The Olmec used obsidian in many tools because worked edges were very sharp and durable. Most of the obsidian found has been traced back to Guatemala showing the extensive trade.While the Olmec were not the first in Mesoamerica to organize long-distance exchanges of goods, the Olmec period saw a significant expansion in interregional trade routes, more variety in material goods exchanged and a greater diversity in the sources from which the base materials were obtained.
Despite their size and deliberate urban design, which was copied by other centers,San Lorenzo and La Venta were largely ceremonial centers, and the majority of the Olmec lived in villages similar to present-day villages and hamlets in Tabasco and Veracruz.
These villages were located on higher ground and consisted of several scattered houses. A modest temple may have been associated with the larger villages. The individual dwellings would consist of a house, an associated lean-to, and one or more storage pits (similar in function to aroot cellar). A nearby garden was used for medicinal and cooking herbs and for smaller crops, such as the domesticatedsunflower. Fruit trees, such asavocadoorcacao, were probably available nearby.
Although the river banks were used to plant crops between flooding periods, the Olmecs probably also practicedslash-and-burnagriculture to clear the forests and shrubs, and to provide new fields once the old fields were exhausted.Fields were located outside the village, and were used for maize, beans,squash,cassava, and sweet potato. Based on archaeological studies of two villages in the Tuxtlas Mountains, it is known that maize cultivation became increasingly important to the Olmec over time, although the diet remained fairly diverse.
The fruits and vegetables were supplemented with fish, turtle, snake, and mollusks from the nearby rivers, and crabs and shellfish in the coastal areas. Birds were available as food sources, as were game includingpeccary,opossum,raccoon, rabbit, and in particular,deer.Despite the wide range of hunting and fishing available,middensurveys in San Lorenzo have found that the domesticated dog was the single most plentiful source of animal protein.
Olmec culture was unknown to historians until the mid-19th century. In 1869, the Mexican antiquarian travellerJosé Melgar y Serranopublished a description of the first Olmec monument to have been foundin situ. This monument – the colossal head now labelledTres Zapotes Monument A– had been discovered in the late 1850s by a farm worker clearing forested land on ahaciendain Veracruz. Hearing about the curious find while travelling through the region, Melgar y Serrano first visited the site in 1862 to see for himself and complete the partially exposed sculpture's excavation. His description of the object, published several years later after further visits to the site, represents the earliest documented report of an artifact of what is now known as the Olmec culture.
In the latter half of the 19th century, Olmec artifacts such as the Kunz Axe (right) came to light and were subsequently recognized as belonging to a unique artistic tradition.
Frans BlomandOliver La Fargemade the first detailed descriptions ofLa VentaandSan Martin Pajapan Monument 1during their 1925 expedition. However, at this time, most archaeologists assumed the Olmec were contemporaneous with the Maya – even Blom and La Farge were, in their own words, "inclined to ascribe them to the Maya culture".
Matthew Stirlingof theSmithsonian Institutionconducted the first detailed scientific excavations of Olmec sites in the 1930s and 1940s. Stirling, along with art historianMiguel Covarrubias, became convinced that the Olmec predated most other known Mesoamerican civilizations.
In counterpoint to Stirling,Covarrubias, andAlfonso Caso, however, MayanistsJ. Eric ThompsonandSylvanus Morleyargued for Classic-era dates for the Olmec artifacts. The question of Olmec chronology came to a head at a 1942Tuxtla Gutierrezconference, where Alfonso Caso declared that the Olmecs were the "mother culture" ("cultura madre") of Mesoamerica.
Shortly after the conference,radiocarbon datingproved the antiquity of the Olmec civilization, although the "mother culture" question generated considerable debate even 60 years later.
The Olmecs could have had direct influence on the societies around them. Olmec iconography and artwork uses imagery of animals such as the jaguar and the serpent, as well as large heads to depict their leaders. This same artwork and imagery can be seen in later civilizations' art and creations. Many Olmec artifacts have been found beyond their original territory. Despite the evidence, the hypothesis of a "mother culture" is uncertain as the diversity of cultures in Mesoamerica is great enough that the cultural strides made by the Olmec could have been made by other civilizations independently. In some cases, the motifs seen in Olmec archaeology might have been adopted from even earlier civilizations. Examples of these civilizations include the site of Zohapilco, the center forTlatilcoculture, theZapotecs, andSan Jose Mogote. Discoveries of older agriculture, writing, and ceramic creation show that cultures surrounding the Olmecs could have been more advanced, meaning that the Olmecs are not necessarily the "mother culture" that has been hypothesized.
At the site ofZohapilco, some of the oldest ceramics in Mesoamerica have been found dating back to almost 5,000 years ago. The area was known to have had a high population and was a clay-rich source for brickmaking.The ceramic figurines that have been found there represent pregnant women and could have influenced later Olmec civilization. Olmec art shows that they could have adopted very similar styles of art.These connections show the complexity of Mesoamerican culture through the discovery of more and more ceramics throughout the region.
San Jose Mogoteis another site that has elements of cultural strides that the Olmecs could have adopted as the site can be dated back to 1500-500 BCE. San Jose Mogote is a site that dates to the earlyZapotecs,a civilization that situated well outside the Olmec heartland. The site shows some of the earlier signs of a working irrigation system by diverting water from streams over cropland.This irrigation system created by the Zapotecs existed well before the Olmecs existed as a society. The Olmecs also used various irrigation methods, but because of the difference in dating it is safe to infer that they most likely obtained some of these methods and ideas from the Zapotecs.
Despite evidence existing that at one time pointed in the direction that the Olmecs could have been a "mother culture" in Mesoamerica, these new discoveries largely refute that idea. The older evidence of the Zapotecs and other civilizations show that what was once considered Olmec technological and social evolutions were in fact much more widespread throughout the region before the Olmecs had even arrived at their strongest point. Mesoamerica is filled with many different civilizations that all contributed to the overall development of the region as time went on.
In the investigations of the San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán Archaeological Project at the sites of San Lorenzo and Loma del Zapote, several human burials from the Olmec period were found. The bone consistency in two of them allowed the study of their mitochondrial DNA to be carried out successfully, as part of an investigation that proposes the comparative analysis of the genetic information of the Olmecs with that obtained from subjects from other Mesoamerican societies under the advice of the specialists Dr. María de Lourdes Muñoz Moreno and Miguel Moreno Galeana, both at CINVESTAV in Mexico.
This pioneering study of mitochondrial DNA in 2018 was carried out on two Olmec individuals, one from San Lorenzo and the other from Loma del Zapote, resulted, in both cases, in the unequivocal presence of the distinctive mutations of the haplogroup A maternal lineage. They share the most abundant of the five mitochondrial haplogroups characteristic of the indigenous populations of the Americas: A, B, C, D and X.
Partly because the Olmecs developed the first Mesoamerican civilization, and partly because little is known of them compared to later Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Maya or Aztec, a number of Olmec alternative origin speculations have been put forth. Although several of these speculations, particularly the theory that the Olmecs were of African origin popularized by Ivan Van Sertima's bookThey Came Before Columbus, have become well known within popular culture, they are not considered credible by the vast majority of Mesoamerican researchers and scientists, who discard them as pop-culture pseudo-science.
As of 2018, mitochondrial DNA studies carried out on Olmec remains, one from San Lorenzo and the other from Loma del Zapote, resulted, in both cases, in the “unequivocal presence of the distinctive mutations of the “A” maternal lineage. That is, the maternal ancestry of the Olmecs is not in Africa but in America, since they share the most abundant of the five mitochondrial haplogroups characteristic of the indigenous populations of the continent: A, B, C, D and X.