Hard disk drive platter

Ahard disk drive platterorhard diskis the circularmagnetic diskon whichdigital datais stored in ahard disk drive.The rigid nature of the platters is what gives them their name (as opposed to the flexible materials which are used to makefloppy disks). Hard drives typically have several platters which are mounted on the samespindle. A platter can store information on both sides, typically requiring tworecording headsper platter, one per surface.
The magnetic surface of each platter is divided into small sub-micrometer-sized magnetic regions, each of which is used to represent a single binary unit of information. A typical magnetic region on a hard-disk platter (as of 2006) is about 200–250 nanometers wide (in the radial direction of the platter) and extends about 25–30 nanometers in the down-track direction (the circumferential direction on the platter),corresponding to about 100 billion bits per square inch of disk area (15.5Gbit/cm). The material of the mainmagnetic mediumlayer is usually acobalt-based alloy. In today's hard drives each of these magnetic regions is composed of a few hundred magnetic grains, which are the base material that gets magnetized. As a whole, each magnetic region will have a magnetization.
One reason magnetic grains are used as opposed to a continuous magnetic medium is that they reduce the space needed for a magnetic region. In continuous magnetic materials, formations calledNéel spikestend to appear. These are spikes of opposite magnetization, and form for the same reason that bar magnets will tend to align themselves in opposite directions. These cause problems because the spikes cancel each other'smagnetic fieldout, so that at region boundaries, the transition from one magnetization to the other will happen over the length of the Néel spikes. This is called the transition width.
Many hard drive platters have a layer of lubricant made of amorphous carbon such asdiamond-like carbon, called an overcoat, which is deposited onto the disk using sputtering, or using chemical vapor deposition.Silicon Nitride, PFPEand hydrogenated carbon have also been used as overcoats.Alternatively PFPE can be used as a lubricant on top of the overcoat.
Granular media is oriented based on whether longitudinal or perpendicular magnetic recording is used.Ordered granular media can allow for higher storage densities than conventional granular media, and bitpatterned mediacan succeed ordered granular media in storage density.
Grains help solve this problem because each grain is in theory a singlemagnetic domain(though not always in practice). This means that the magnetic domains cannot grow or shrink to form spikes, and therefore the transition width will be on the order of the diameter of the grains. Thus, much of the development in hard drives has been in reduction ofgrain size.
Platters are typically made using analuminium,glassor ceramic substrate.Laptop hard drive platters are made from glass while aluminum platters are often found in desktop computers.In disk manufacturing, a thin coating is deposited on both sides of the substrate, mostly by avacuum depositionprocess called magnetronsputtering. The coating has a complex layered structure consisting of various metallic (mostly non-magnetic) alloys as underlayers, optimized for the control of the crystallographic orientation and the grain size of the actual magnetic media layer on top of them, i.e. the film storing the bits of information. On top of it a protective carbon-based overcoat is deposited in the same sputtering process.  Platters typically contain several layers of materials such as a seed layer, soft magnetic under layers (SULs) that may contain Cobalt and Ironmade of materials such as , an antiferromagnetic (A-FM) layer made of Nickel oxide, Nickel-Manganese or Iron-Manganese alloy,intermediate layer made of Rutheniumand a layer of Cobalt-Chromium-Palladium alloy with oxide.In post-processing a nanometer thin polymeric lubricant layer gets deposited on top of the sputtered structure by dipping the disk into a solvent solution, after which the disk is buffed by various processesto eliminate small defects and verified by a special sensor on a flying head for absence of any remaining asperities or other defects (where the size of the bit given above roughly sets the scale for what constitutes a significant defect size). In the hard-disk drive thehard-drive headsfly and move radially over the surface of the spinning platters to read or write the data. Extreme smoothness, durability, and perfection of finish are required properties of a hard-disk platter.
In February 1991,Areal Technologyreleased the MD-2060, the first hard drive to use a glass substrate, replacing the aluminium alloys used in earlier hard drives. It was originally designed forlaptops, for which the greater shock resistance of glass substrates are more suitable.Toshibafollowed suit with the MK1122FC in April 1991; their factories were able to produce many more drives than Areal, which soon disappeared from the market.Around 2000, other hard drive manufacturers started transitioning from aluminum to glass platters because glass platters have several advantages over aluminum platters.
In 2005–06, a major shift in technology of hard-disk drives and of magnetic disks/media began. Originally, in-plane magnetized materials were used to store the bits, but this has now been replaced byperpendicular recording. The reason for this transition is the need to continue the trend of increasing storage densities, with perpendicularly oriented media offering a more stable solution for a decreasing bit size. Orienting the magnetization perpendicular to the disk surface has major implications for the disk's deposited structure and the choice of magnetic materials, as well as for some of the other components of the hard-disk drive (such as the head and the electronic channel).