Kraken

Thekraken(/ˈkrɑːkən/, fromNorwegian:kraken, "the crookie")is alegendarysea monsterof enormous size, per itsetymologysomething akin to acephalopod, said to appear in the sea betweenNorwayandIceland. It is believed that the legend of the Kraken may have originated from sightings ofgiant squid, which may grow to 12–15 m (40–50 ft) in length.
The kraken, as a subject ofsailors' superstitionsandmythos, was first described in the modern era in a travelogue byFrancesco Negriin 1700. This description was followed in 1734 by an account fromDano-Norwegianmissionary and explorerHans Egede, who described the kraken in detail and equated it with thehafgufaof medieval lore. However, the first description of the creature is usually credited to the Danish bishopPontoppidan(1753). Pontoppidan was the first to describe the kraken as anoctopus(polypus) of tremendous size,and wrote that it had a reputation for pulling down ships. The FrenchmalacologistDenys-Montfort, of the 19th century, is also known for his pioneering inquiries into the existence of gigantic octopuses (Octupi).
The great man-killing octopus entered French fiction when novelistVictor Hugo(1866) introduced thepieuvreoctopus ofGuernseylore, which he identified with the kraken of legend. This led toJules Verne's depiction of the kraken, although Verne did not distinguish between squid and octopus.
Linnaeusmay have indirectly written about the kraken. Linnaeus wrote about theMicrocosmusgenus (an animal with various other organisms or growths attached to it, comprising a colony). Subsequent authors have referred to Linnaeus's writing, and the writings ofBartholin'scetuscalledhafgufa, andPaullini'smonstrum marinumas "krakens".That said, the claim that Linnaeus used the word "kraken" in the margin of a later edition ofSystema Naturaehas not been confirmed.
The word "kraken" in English (in the sense of the sea monster) derives fromNorwegian:krakenorkrakjenof the same sense, which are thedefinite formsofkrake("the krake").
According to a Norwegian dictionary, the root meaning ofkrakeis "malformed or overgrown, crooked tree".It originates fromOld Norsekraki, which is etymologically related to Old Norsekrókr,lit.'hook',cognatewith "crook". This is backed up by theSwedishdictionarySAOB, published by theSwedish Academy, which gives essentially the exact same description for the word in Swedish and confirming the leadkrakas adiminutive formofkrok, Norwegian and Swedish for 'hook/crook';krakethus roughly translate to "crookie".With time, "krake" have come to mean any severed tree stem or trunk with crooked outgrowths, in turn giving name to objects and tools based on such, notably for the subject matter, primitiveanchorsanddrags(grapnel anchors) made from severed spruce tops or branchy bush trunks outfitted with a stone sinker,known askrake, but alsokrabbein Norwegian orkrabbain Swedish (lit.'crab').Old Norsekrakimostly corresponds to these uses in modernIcelandic, meaning, among other things, "twig" and "drag", but also "pole blockage-pole/stake" and "boat hook".Swedish SAOB gives the translations of Icelandickrakias "thin rod with hook on it", "wooden drag with stone sinker" and "dry spruce trunk with the crooked, stripped branches still attached".
Kraken is assumed to have been named figuratively after the meaning “crooked tree” or its derivate meaning “drag”, as trunks with crooked branches or outgrowths, and especially drags, wooden or not, readily conjure up the image of acephalopodor similar.This idea seems to first have been notably remarked by IcelandicphilologistFinnur Jónssonin 1920.A synonym for kraken has also beenkrabbe(see below), which further indicates a name-theme referencing drags.
Besideskraken, the monster went under a variety of names early on, the most common afterkrakenbeinghorven("the horv").IcelandicphilologistFinnur Jónssonexplained this name in 1920 as an alternative form ofharv(lit.'harrow') and conjectured that this name was suggested by the inkfish's action of seeming to plow the sea.
Some of the synonyms ofkrakegiven byErik Pontoppidanwere, inDanish:
Since the 19th century, the wordkrakehave, beyond the monster, given name to the cephalopod orderOctopodainSwedish(krakar)andGerman(Kraken), resulting in many species of octopuses partly named such, such as thecommon octopus(Octopus vulgaris), which is namedjättekrake("giant kraken") in Swedish andGewöhnlicher Krake("common kraken") in German.The familyOctopodidaeis also known asEchte Kraken("true krakens") in German. InIcelandic, octopoda is instead namedkolkrabbar("coal crabs") after the crab nickname, the common octopus simply namedkolkrabbi.
The Swedishdiminutive formkräkel, a word for a branchy/spiny piece of wood,have given name to a variety of sea dwelling plants in Swedish, most notablyfurcellaria lumbricalis, a species ofred algae.There is also themorphological derivationkräkla(dialectalNorwegian:krekle), meaning crooked piece of wood, which has given name to primitive forms ofwhisksand beaters (cooking), made from the tops of trees by keeping a row of twigs as the beating element, resembling the appearance of acephalopod, but alsocrosiersandshepherd's crooks.
Shetlandickrekinfor "whale", ataboo word, is listed as etymologically related.
In Norwegian sailor folklore,kraken("thekrake" or "the crookie"), also known ashorven(among others), is a legendarysea monstersaid to appear in the sea betweenNorwayandIceland.
It is said that when fishermen row out a few miles (Scandinavian miles) from the coast on a hot summer's day in a calm, and according to normal calculations should find a depth of 80–100fathoms(140–180 metres (460–590 ft) deep), it sometimes happens that theplummetbottoms at 20–30 fathoms (35–50 metres (115–164 ft) deep). But in this water stand the most abundant shoals ofcodandlings. Then you can assume that the kraken lurks down there; as it is he who forms the artificial elevation of the bottom and by his secretions attracts fish there. But if those fishing notice that the kraken is rising, it is necessary to row away for all the boat can take. After a few minutes, the beast can then be seen lifting the upper part of its body above the surface of the water, which for a quarter of a mile (ca 1.5 mi.) in circumference appears as a collection ofskerries, covered with swaying, seaweed-like growths. Finally, a few shining tentacles rise up in the air, increasingly thicker at the bottom, which can even appear as high as ship's masts. After a while, the kraken gives in to sinking again, bringing the ship down with it, and you then have to be careful not to run into thesuction vortexthat is formed.
One of the earliest possible descriptions of the kraken, based on its iconography, is found on Swedish writerOlaus Magnus' famous map of Scandinavia from 1539, theCarta marina, featuring various illustrated sea-monsters. Magnus did not use the term kraken, but do feature a sea monster in theNorwegian Seabetween Norway and Iceland, in the shape of a fish with tentacles growing out of its head, next to another sea monster in the shape of a fish with tusks.TheCarta marinadescribes the two monsters as follows:
What measurement Magnus referenced is unknown. It could be period Swedish feet: 296.9 mm (11.69 in), Norwegian (Danish) feet: 313.8 mm (12.35 in), or something else. At the time of the map's creation, Magnus had been living in exile inDanzig, Poland, since 1927, moving toVenicein 1939 before the map's publication. Applying an average foot-value of 300 mm (12 in), the eye-diameter given would be something akin to 1.5–1.9 m (4.9–6.2 ft).
Later on, in 1555, Magnus released a work expanding on the map, titledHistoria de Gentibus Septentrionalibus(English title:A Description of the Northern Peoples), a massive work describing Scandinavian customs, folklore and nature. In book 21, chapter 5, titledDe horrilibus Monstris littorum Norvegiæ(The Horrible Monsters of the Coasts of Norway), he describes theCarta marinacreature in detail, saying its part of a group of nameless monster fishes outside the Norwegian coast, which by extension are grouped with whales. The following description appears to intermix traits from both whales and squids; for one, he says it is black in color, with a square head the length of 10–12 cubits (roughly 6–7 m (20–23 ft), if assumed to be Swedishells: 0.594 m (1.95 ft)),with a body length of 14–15 cubits (roughly 8–9 m (26–30 ft)),giving a total length of 14–16 m (46–52 ft), which is consistent with sperm whales;but also, spiny and sharp,which can stem fromwhale barnacles; however, around the head, it is equipped with long rootlike horns akin to the base of an upprooted tree, and its eyes are big, with a circumference of 8–10 cubits (roughly 1.5–1.9 m (4.9–6.2 ft) in diameter, the same as onCarta marina), the pupils being one cubit (≈ 0.6 m (2.0 ft)) in width and flaming red,which is more consistent with squids than any whale. In the dark, fishermen can see the flaming eyes from far away, indicating that these descriptions stem from the evening hours.Lastly, it has a beard, the hairs thick as goose feathers.
Considering that sperm whales regularly huntgiant squids, and that these testimonies appear to be derrived from evening hours, it seems reasonable to think they derive from sperm whales hunting giant squids to the surface. In turn, if these eye dimensions are compared to a modern day giant squid, were a roughly 13 metres (43 ft) long squid has an eye up to 27 cm (11 in) in diameter,giving a rough "length to eye-diameter"-ratio of 1:48, then the theoretical squid Magnus described, given the same ratio, would be roughly 73–92 m (240–302 ft) long.
The first description of thekrakenby name, then as"sciu-crak"(compareNorwegian:sjø-krake,[ʂøː-²kɾɑː.kə], "sea-krake"), was given by Italian writerNegriinViaggio settentrionale(Padua, 1700), a travelogue about Scandinavia.The book describes thesciu-crakas a massive "fish" which was many-horned or many-armed. The author also distinguished this from asea serpent.
The kraken was described as a many-headed and clawed creature by Egede (1741)[1729], who stated it was equivalent to the Icelanders'hafgufa,but the latter is commonly treated as a fabulous whale.Erik Pontoppidan(1753), who popularized the kraken to the world, noted that it was multiple-armed according to lore, and conjectured it to be a giant sea-crab,starfishor apolypus(octopus).Still, the bishop is considered to have been instrumental in sparking interest for the kraken in the English-speaking world,as well as becoming regarded as the authority on sea-serpents and krakens.
Although it has been stated that the kraken (Norwegian:krake) was "described for the first time by that name" in the writings ofErik Pontoppidan,bishop of Bergen, in hisDet første Forsøg paa Norges naturlige Historie"The First Attempt at [a] Natural History of Norway" (1752–53),a German source qualified Pontoppidan to be the first source onkrakenavailable to be read in the German language.A description of the kraken had been anticipated byHans Egede.
Denys-Montfort(1801) published on two giants, the "colossal octopus" with the enduring image of it attacking a ship, and the  "kraken octopod", deemed to be the largest organism in zoology. Denys-Montfort matched his "colossal" with Pliny's tale of the giantpolypusthat attacked ships-wrecked people, while making correspondence between his kraken and Pliny's monster called thearbor marina.Finnur Jónsson (1920) also favored identifying the kraken as aninkfish(squid/octopus) onetymologicalgrounds.
Thekrake(English: kraken) was described byHans Egedein hisDet gamle Grønlands nye perlustration(1729; Ger. t. 1730; tr.Description of Greenland, 1745),drawing from the fables of his native region, theNordlandene len[no]of Norway, then under Danish rule.
According to his Norwegian informants, the kraken's body measured many miles in length, and when it surfaced it seemed to cover the whole sea, further described as "having many heads and a number of claws". With its claws it captured its prey, which included ships, men, fish, and animals, carrying its victims back into the depths.Egede conjectured that thekrakewas equatable to the monster that the Icelanders callhafgufa, but as he had not obtained anything related to him through an informant, he had difficulty describing the latter.
According to the lore of Norwegian fishermen, they could mount upon the fish-attracting kraken as if it were a sand-bank (Fiske-Grund'fishingshoal'), but if they ever had the misfortune to capture the kraken, getting it entangled on their hooks, the only way to avoid destruction was to pronounce its name to make it go back to its depths.Egede also wrote that the  krake fell under the general category of "sea spectre" (Danish:søe-trold og[søe]-spøgelse),adding that "the Draw" (Danish:Drauen, definite form) was another being within that sea spectre classification.
Egede also made the aforementioned identification ofkrakeas being the same as thehafgufaof the Icelanders,though he seemed to have obtained the information indirectly from the medieval Norwegian treatise, theSpeculum Regale(orKing's Mirror,c.1250).
Later,David Crantz[de]inHistorie von Grönland(History of Greenland, 1765) also reportedkrakenand thehafgufato be synonymous.
An English translator of theKing's Mirrorin 1917 opted to translatehafgufaaskraken.
The hafgufa (described as the largest of the sea monsters, inhabiting theGreenland Sea) from theKing's Mirrorcontinues to be identified with thekrakenin some scholarly writings,and if this equivalence were allowed, the kraken-hafgufa's range would extend, at least legendarily, to waters approaching Helluland (Baffin Island, Canada), as described inÖrvar-Odds saga.
The anonymously writtenHistoria Norwegiæalso states that thehafgufainhabited a deep fjord, accompanied by other sea beasts such as the‘hafstramb’ ,a gigantic creature with no head nor tail, the‘hrosshvalr’,depicted as ahippocampus(half horse, half fish) in imagery, as well as recognizable monstrosities like theCharybdisandScylla.
The description of thehafgufain theKing's Mirrorsuggests a garbled eyewitness account of what was actually a whale, at least according to theGrönlands historiske Mindesmaerker.Halldór Hermannsson[sv]also reads the work as describing thehafgufaas a type of whale.
TheKing's Mirrordoes somewhat extensively reference maritime animal life, including: twenty-one whale species; six seal varieties; description of the walrus; ‘sea-hedges’; as well as the legendary likes of the merman, mermaid, and kraken. While the whales, specifically within the Icelandic oceans, are explained in fair amounts of detail — such: as those called ‘blubber-cutters’, the most numerous whales, growing to twenty ells in length, and noted as harmless to ships and men; theporpoise, which grows to a maximum of five ells; and the ‘caaing whale’, growing to lengths of seven ells — the tales of other, more dangerous and mythical ‘fish’ leave more room for ambiguity, and thus, interrogation.
Finnur Jónsson(1920) having arrived at the opinion that the kraken probably represented aninkfish(squid/octopus), as discussed earlier, expressed his skepticism towards the persistently accepted notion that the kraken originated from thehafgufa.
Erik Pontoppidan'sDet første Forsøg paa Norges naturlige Historie(1752, actually volume 2, 1753)made several claims regarding kraken, including the notion that the creature was sometimes mistaken for a group of small islands with fish swimming in-between,Norwegian fishermen often took the risk of trying to fish over kraken, since the catch was so plentiful(hence the saying "You must have fished on Kraken").
However, there was also the danger to seamen of being engulfed by thewhirlpoolwhen it submerged,and this whirlpool was compared to Norway's famedMoskstraumenoften known as "the Maelstrom".
Pontoppidan also described the destructive potential of the giant beast: "it is said that if [the creature's arms] were to lay hold of the largestman-of-war, they would pull it down to the bottom".
Kraken purportedly exclusively fed for several months, then spent the following few months emptying its excrement, and the thickened clouded water attracted fish.LaterHenry Leecommented that the supposed excreta may have been the discharge ofinkby a cephalopod.
Pontoppidan wrote of a possible specimen of the krake, "perhaps a young and careless one", which washed ashore and died in 1680 nearAlstahaug Churchon the island ofAlsta, Norway.He observed that it had long "arms", and guessed that it must have beencrawlinglike a snail/slug with the use of these "arms", but got lodged in the landscape during the process.20th-century malacologistPaul Bartschconjectured this to have been agiant squid,as did literary scholar Finnur Jónsson.
However, what Pontoppidan actually stated regarding what creatures he regarded as candidates for the kraken is quite complicated.
Pontoppidan did tentatively identify the kraken to be a sort of giant crab, stating that the aliaskrabbenbest describes its characteristics.
However, further down in his writing, compares the creature to some creature(s) from Pliny, Book IX, Ch. 4: the sea-monster calledarbor, with tree-branch like multiple arms,complicated by the fact that Pontoppidan adds another of Pliny's creature calledrotawith eight arms, and conflates them into one organism.Pontoppidan is suggesting this is an ancient example ofkraken, as a modern commentator analyzes.
Pontoppidan then declared the kraken to be a type ofpolypus(=octopus)or "starfish", particularly the kindGessnercalledStella Arborescens, later identifiable as one of the northerlyophiuridsor possibly more specifically as one of theGorgonocephalidsor even the genusGorgonocephalus(though no longer regarded as family/genus under orderOphiurida, but underPhrynophiuridain current taxonomy).
This ancientarbor(admixedrotaand thus made eight-armed) seems like an octopus at first blushbut with additional data, the ophiurid starfish now appears bishop's preferential choice.
The ophiurid starfish seems further fortified when he notes that "starfish" called "Medusa's heads" (caput medusæ; pl.capita medusæ) are considered to be "the young of the great sea-krake" by local lore. Pontoppidan ventured the 'young krakens' may rather be the eggs (ova) of the starfish.Pontopiddan was satisfied that "Medusa's heads" was the same as the foregoing starfish (Stella arborensisof old),but "Medusa's heads" were something found ashore aplenty across Norway according tovon Bergen, who thought it absurd these could be young "Kraken" since that would mean the seas would be full of (the adults).The "Medusa's heads" appear to be a Gorgonocephalid, withGorgonocephalusspp. being tentatively suggested.
In the end though, Pontoppidan again appears ambivalent, stating "Polype, or Star-fish [belongs to] the whole genus of Kors-Trold ['cross troll'], ... some that are much larger, .. even the very largest ... of the ocean", and concluding that "this Krake must be of the Polypus kind".By "this Krake" here, he apparently meant in particular the giantpolypusoctopus ofCarteiafrom Pliny, Book IX, Ch. 30 (though he only used the general nickname "ozaena" 'stinkard' for the octopus kind).
In 1802, the FrenchmalacologistPierre Denys de Montfortrecognized the existence of two "species" of giant octopuses inHistoire Naturelle Générale et Particulière des Mollusques, an encyclopedic description of mollusks.
The "colossal giant" was supposedly the same asPliny's "monstrous polypus",which was a man-killer which ripped apart (Latin:distrahit) shipwrecked people and divers.Montfort accompanied his publication with anengravingrepresenting the giant octopus poised to destroy athree-mastedship.
Whereas the "kraken octopus", was the most gigantic animal on the planet in the writer's estimation, dwarfing Pliny's "colossal octopus"/"monstrous polypus",and identified here as the aforementioned Pliny's monster, called thearbor marinus.
Montfort also listed additional wondrous fauna as identifiable with the kraken.There wasPaullini'smonstrum marinumglossed as a sea crab (German:Seekrabbe),which a later biologist has suggested to be one of theHyas spp.It was also described as resembling Gessner'sCancer heracleoticuscrab alleged to appear off the Finnish coast.von Bergen's "belluamarinaomniumvastissima" (meaning 'vastest-of-all sea-beast'), namely thetrolwal('ogre whale', 'troll whale') of Northern Europe, and theTeufelwal('devil whale') of the Germans follow in the list.
It is in his chapter on the "colossal octopus" that Montfort provides the contemporary eyewitness example of a group of sailors who encounter the giant off the coast ofAngola, who afterwards deposited a pictorial commemoration of the event as a votive offering at St. Thomas's chapel inSaint-Malo, France.Based on that picture, Montfort drew a "colossal octopus" attacking a ship, and included the engraving in his book.However, an English author recapitulating Montfort's account of it attaches an illustration of it, which was captioned: "The Kraken supposed a sepia or cuttlefish", while attributing Montfort.
Hamilton's book was not alone in recontextualizing Montfort's ship-assaulting colossal octopus as a kraken; for instance, the piece on the "kraken" by American zoologistPackard.
The Frenchman Montfort used the obsolete scientific nameSepia octopodiabut called it apoulpe,which means "octopus" to this day; meanwhile the English-speaking naturalists had developed the convention of calling the octopus "eight-armed cuttle-fish", as did Packardand Hamilton,even though modern-day speakers are probably unfamiliar with that name.
Having accepted as fact that a colossal octopus was capable of dragging a ship down, Montfort made a more daring hypothesis. He attempted to blame colossal octopuses for the loss of ten warships under British control in 1782, including six captured French men-of-war. The disaster began with the distress signal fired by the capturedship of the lineVille de Pariswhich was then swallowed up by parting waves, and the other ships coming to aid shared the same fate. He proposed, by process of elimination, that such an event could only be accounted for as the work of many octopuses.
But it has been pointed out the sinkings have simply been explained by the presence of a storm,and there appeared a surviving witness that stated they ran into a hurricane.Montfort's involving octopuses as complicit has been characterized as "reckless falsity".
It has also been noted that Montfort once quipped to a friend,DeFrance: "If my entangled ship is accepted, I will make my 'colossal poulpe' overthrow a whole fleet".
The shipNiagaraon course from Lisbon to New York in 1813 logged a sighting of a marine animal spotted afloat at sea. It was claimed to be 60 m (200 feet) in length, covered in shells, and had many birds alighted upon it.
Samuel Latham Mitchillreported this, and referencing Montfort's kraken, reproduced an illustration of it as an octopus.
The famous Swedish 18th-century naturalistCarl Linnaeusin hisSystema Naturae(1735) described a fabulous genusMicrocosmusa "body covered with various heterogeneous [other bits]" (Latin:Corpusvariisheterogeneistectum).
Linnaeus cited four sources underMicrocosmus, namely:Thomas Bartholin'scetus(≈whale) typehafgufa;Paullin'smonstrum marinumaforementioned;andFrancesco Redi's gianttunicate(Ascidia) in Italian and Latin.
According to the Swedish zoologistLovén, the common namekrakenwas added to the 6th edition ofSystema Naturae(1748),which was a Latin version augmented with Swedish names(inblackletter), but such Swedish text is wanting on this particular entry, e.g. in the copy held byNCSU.It is true that the 7th edition of 1748, which adds German vernacular names,identifies theMicrocosmusas  "sea-grape" (German:Meertrauben), referring to a cluster of cephalopod eggs.
Also, the FrenchmanLouis Figuierin 1860 misstated that Linnaeus included in his classification a cephalopod called  "Sepiamicrocosmus"in his first edition ofSystema Naturae(1735).Figuier's mistake has been pointed out, and Linnaeus never represented the kraken as such a cephalopod.Nevertheless, the error has been perpetuated by even modern-day writers.
Thomas Pennant, an Englishman, had written ofSepia octopodiaas "eight-armed cuttlefish" (we call it octopus today), and documented reported cases in the Indian isles where specimen grow to 2 fathoms [3.7 m; 12 ft] wide, "and each arms 9 fathoms [16 m; 54 ft] long".This was added as a speciesSepia octopusa[sic.] byWilliam Turtonin his English version of Linnaeus'sSystem of Nature, together with the account of the 9-fathom-long (16 m; 54 ft) armed octopuses.
The trail stemming from Linnaeus, eventually leading to such pieces on the kraken written in English by the naturalistJames Wilsonfor theBlackwood's Edinburgh Magazinein 1818 sparked an awareness of the kraken among 19th-century English, hence Tennyson's poem, "The Kraken".
As to theiconography, Denys-Montfort's engraving of the "colossal octopus" is often shown, though this differs from the kraken according to the French malacologist,and commentators are found characterizing the ship attack representing the "kraken octopod".
And after Denys-Monfort's illustration, various publishers produced similar illustrations depicting the kraken attacking a ship.
Whereas the kraken was described by Egede as having "many Heads and a Number of Claws", the creature is also depicted to have spikes or horns, at least in illustrations of creatures which commentators have conjectured to be krakens. The "bearded whale" shown on an early map (pictured above) is conjectured to be a kraken perhaps (cf.§Olaus Magnusbelow). Also, there was an alleged two-headed and horned monster that beached ashore inDingle, County Kerry, Ireland, thought to be a giant cephalopod, of which there was a picture/painting made by the discoverer.He made a travelling show of his work on canvas, as introduced in a book on the kraken.
Olaus gives description of a whale with two elongated teeth ("like a boar's or elephant's tusk") to protect its huge eyes, which "sprouts horns", and although these are as hard as horn, they can be made supple also.But the tusked form was named "swine-whale" (German:Schweinwal), and the horned form "bearded whale" (German:Bart-wal) by Swiss naturalistGessner, who observed it possessed a "starry beard" around the upper and lower jaws.At least one or two writers have suggested this might represent the kraken of Norwegian lore.
WhileSwedishwriterOlaus Magnusdid not use the termkraken, various sea-monsters were illustrated on his famous map, theCarta marina(1539). Modern writers have since tried to interpret various sea creatures illustrated as a portrayal of the kraken.
Ashton'sCurious Creatures(1890) drew significantly from Olaus' workand even quoted the Swede's description of the horned whale.But he identified the kraken as a cephalopod and devoted much space on Pliny's and Olaus' descriptions of the giant "polypus",noting that Olaus had represented the kraken-polypus as a crayfish or lobster in his illustrations,and even reproducing the images from both Olaus' bookand his map.In Olaus book, the giant lobster illustration is uncaptioned, but appears right above the words "De Polypis (on the octopus)", which is the chapter heading.Hery Lee was also of the opinion that the multi-legged lobster was a misrepresentation of a reported cephalopod attack on a  ship.
Thelegendin Olaus' map fails to clarify on the lobster-like monster "M",depicted off the island ofIona.However, the associated writing called theAuslegungadds that this section of the map extends from Ireland to the "Insula Fortunata".This "Fortunate Island" was a destination onSt. Brendan's Voyage, one of whose adventures was the landing of the crew on an island-sized monstrous fish,as depicted in a 17th-century engraving (cf. figure right);and this monstrous fish, according toBartholinwas the aforementionedhafgufa,which has already been discussed above as one of the creatures of lore equated with kraken.
The piece of squid recovered by the French shipAlectonin 1861, discussed byHenry Leein his chapter on the "Kraken",would later be identified as agiant squid,ArchiteuthisbyA. E. Verrill.
After a specimen of the giant squid,Architeuthis, was discovered by Rev.Moses Harveyand published in science by Professor A. E. Verrill, commentators have remarked on this cephalopod as possibly explaining the legendary kraken.
A similar discovery was made in 1873 by Theophilus Piccot and his assistant while fishing for herring in Newfoundland’sConception Bay. As they fished, they saw some large mass floating before them, and upon further investigation, they discovered that the creature had a beak the size of a “six gallon keg”, tentacles greater in height than the two men, and the ability to spew ink when threatened. Although this beast was able to escape the two men, Piccot did manage to hack two of the creature's tentacles off with a hatchet he had on board. After bringing the biological evidence to light, it was later concluded that squids of the giant variety do exist in our seas. Moreover, it was uncovered that these squid were not only larger than whales, but preyed upon them.
HistorianOtto Latva, who has studied the historical relationship between humans andgiant squid, has pointed out that giant squid did not become widely associated with the myth of the kraken in Western culture until the late 19th century. In his bookThe Giant Squid in Transatlantic Culture, he suggests that the kraken may not even have originated from an animal sighting. Influenced by Enlightenment ideals and theLinnean classification system, however, natural historians and others interested in the study of nature began to look for an explanation for it among marine animals in the 18th century. Among other species,starfish,whales,crustaceansand shelled marine molluscs were suggested as models for the kraken. It was not untilPierre Denys de Montfort'sresearch on molluscs in the early 19th century that theoctopusbecame established in Western culture as an archetype for the kraken. As the kraken became understood as a giant octopus, it was also easy to start interpreting the large squid as the model for kraken stories. However, it was not until the late 19th century that such interpretations became widespread. As Latva points out, the giant squid is not the archetype of the mythical kraken, but was made into one just over 100 years ago in the late 19th century.
PaleontologistMark McMenaminand his spouse Dianna Schulte McMenamin claimed that an ancient, giant cephalopod resembling the legendary kraken caused the deaths of ichthyosaurs during theTriassicPeriod.However, this theory has been met with criticisms by multiple researchers.
The French novelistVictor Hugo'sLes Travailleurs de la mer(1866, "Toilers of the Sea") discusses the man-eating octopus, the kraken of legend, calledpieuvreby the locals of theChannel Islands(in theGuernsey dialect, etc.).Hugo's octopus later influencedJules Verne's depiction of the kraken inTwenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas,though Verne also drew on the real-life encounter the French shipAlectonhad with what was probably agiant squid.It has been noted that Verne indiscriminately interchangedkrakenwithcalmar(squid) andpoulpe(octopus).
In the English-speaking world, examples in fine literature areAlfred Tennyson's 1830 irregularsonnetThe Kraken,references inHerman Melville's 1851 novelMoby-Dick(Chapter 59 "Squid"),
Although fictional and the subject of myth, the legend of the Kraken continues to the present day, with numerous references in film, literature, television, and other popular culture topics.
Examples include:John Wyndham's novelThe Kraken Wakes(1953), theKrakenofMarvel Comics, the 1981 filmClash of the Titansand its2010 remake of the same name, and theSeattle Krakenprofessional ice hockey team. Krakens also appear in video games such asSea of Thieves,God of War II,Return of the Obra DinnandDredge.The kraken was also featured in two of thePirates of the Caribbeanmovies, as the pet of the fearsome Davy Jones in the 2006 film,Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chestand appears in the film's sequel,At World's End.InGeorge R.R. Martin's fantasy novel series,A Song of Ice and Fireand itsHBOseries adaptations,Game of ThronesandHouse of the Dragon, the mythical kraken is thesigilofHouse Greyjoyof the Iron Islands.
The character of Cthulhu, created byH.P. Lovecraftin 1928, also serves as a modern depiction of the kraken, as this giant, squid-like humanoid creature embodies the horror originating with the idea of the mythologicalserpent, often denoting apocalypse, death, or sin, as well as the more contemporary concept of bodilyhorror.
Two features on the surfaces of other celestial objects have been named after the Kraken.Kraken Mare, a major sea of liquid ethane and methane, is the largest known body of liquid onSaturn's moonTitan.Kraken Catenais acrater chainand possible tectonic fault onNeptune's moonTriton.