Bosnian mujahideen

Bosnian mujahideen(Bosnian:Bosanski mudžahedini), also calledEl Mudžahid(Arabic:مجاهد,mujāhid), were foreignMuslimvolunteers who fought on theBosnian Muslimside during theBosnian War(1992–95). They first arrived in centralBosniain the latter half of 1992 with the aim of helping their Bosnian Muslim co-religionists in fights againstSerbandCroatforces. Initially they mainly came fromArabcountries, later from other Muslim-majority countries.Estimates of their numbers vary from 500 to 5,000 with most estimates in the 1,000–2,000 range.
In thebreakup of Yugoslaviain 1991,SloveniaandCroatiadeclared independence. War broke out in Croatia between the Croatian Army and the breakawaySerb Krajina. Meanwhile, theBosnian Muslimsvoted for independence.Bosnian Serbsdeclared anautonomous province, independent of Bosnia, and Bosnian Croats took similar steps. The war broke out in April 1992.
Muslim foreign fighters came to support the Bosnian Muslims and an independent Bosnia and Herzegovina. There were also Islamist organizations and Muslim non-profit organizations and charitable trusts that supported the Bosnian Muslims.
Volunteer mujahideen arrived from all around the world,includingAfghanistan,Egypt,France,Indonesia,Iraq,Iran,Lebanon,Malaysia,Morocco,Pakistan,Russia(especially aroundChechnyaandDagestan),Saudi Arabia,Spain,Thailand,Turkey,theUnited Kingdom, theUnited States,SomaliaandYemen.The Bosnian mujahideen were primarily from Iran, Afghanistan and numerous Arab countries.
Foreign mujahideen arrived in central Bosnia in the second half of 1992 with the aim of helping their Bosnian Muslim co-religionists to defend themselves from the Serb and Croat forces. Some originally went as humanitarian workers,while some of them were considered criminals in their home countries for illegally travelling to Bosnia and becoming soldiers. On 13 August 1993, the Bosnian government officially organized foreign volunteers into the detachment known asEl Mudžahidin order to impose control and order. Initially, the foreign mujahideen gave food and other basic necessities to the local Muslim population, who were deprived of such by the Serb forces. Once hostilities broke out between the Bosnian government and the Croat forces (HVO), the mujahideen also participated in battles against the HVO alongside ARBiH units.
The foreign mujahideen sometimes recruited local young men into the foreign mujahideen units.Accordingly, theInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia(ICTY) noted that it was sometimes "difficult to distinguish between the two groups". For that reason, the ICTY has used the term "Mujahideen" (which they spellMujahedin) for both fighters fromArabcountries, and also local Muslims who joined the mujahideen units.
The first mujahideen training camp was located in Poljanice next to the village ofMehurici, in theBilavalley,Travnikmunicipality. The mujahideen group established there included mujahideen from Arab countries as well as some Bosniaks. The mujahideen from Poljanice camp were also established in the towns ofZenicaand Travnik and, from the second half of 1993 onwards, in the village ofOrasac, also located in the Bila valley.
The military effectiveness of the mujahideen is disputed. However, former U.S. Balkans peace negotiatorRichard Holbrookesaid in an interview that he thought "the Muslims wouldn't have survived without this" help, as at the time a U.N. arms embargo diminished the Bosnian government's fighting capabilities. In 2001, Holbrooke called the arrival of the mujahideen "a pact with the devil" from which Bosnia still is recovering.On the other hand, according to generalStjepan Šiber, the highest ranking ethnic Croat in the Bosnian Army, the key role in foreign volunteers arrival was played by Tuđman and Croatiancounter-intelligencewith the aim to justify the involvement of Croatia in the Bosnian War and the crimes committed by Croat forces. Although the Bosnian PresidentAlija Izetbegovićregarded them as symbolically valuable as a sign of the Muslim world's support for Bosnia, they appear to have made little military difference and became a major political liability.
Estimates of the mujahideen forces size vary. In 2003, Charles R. Shrader reported thatHVOgeneralTihomir Blaškićhad estimated 3,000 to 4,000, but the actual figure would probably be closer to 2,000, based on testimonies given in theICTYtrial againstDario KordićandMario Čerkez[bs].In 2004,Evan Kohlmannstated that "the deployment of Arab fighters in Bosnia who were generally loyal to the jihadi leadership in Afghanistan exploded in the mid-1990s into numbers sometimes estimated even to exceed 5,000".Stephen Schwartzstated that "up to 6,000 “Arab Afghan” volunteers arrived in the country and enlisted in combat."In 2011, Thomas Hegghammer estimated the number of foreign Muslim fighters in Bosnia to be 1,000–2,000.In 2013, theInternational Crisis Groupestimated that "between 2,000 and 5,000 fought in BiH."In 2017, aCenter for Strategic and International Studiesreport stated that "figures range from 500–5,000 with a preponderance of estimates in the 1,000–2,000 range", citing Hegghammer for the later estimate.
ICTYfound that there was onebattalion-sized unit called El Mudžahid (El Mujahid). It was established on 13 August 1993, by the Bosnian Army, which decided to form a unit of foreign fighters in order to impose control over them as the number of the foreign volunteers started to increase.The El Mudžahid unit was initially attached to and supplied by the regularArmy of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina(ARBiH), even though they often operated independently as a special unit.
According to the ICTY indictment ofRasim Delić, Commander of Main Staff of the Bosnian army (ARBiH), after the formation of the7th Muslim Brigadeon 19 November 1992, the El Mudžahid were subordinated within its structure. According to a UN communiqué of 1995, the El Mudžahid battalion was "directly dependent on Bosnian staff for supplies" and for "directions" during combat with the Serb forces.The issue has formed part of two ICTY war crimes trials against two former senior officials in the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the basis of superior criminal responsibility. In its Trial Chamber judgement in the case of ICTY v.Enver Hadžihasanović, commander of theARBiH 3rd Corps(who was later made part of the joint command of the ARBiH and was the Chief of the Supreme Command Staff), andAmir Kubura, commander of the 7th Muslim Brigade of the 3rd Corps of the ARBiH, the Trial Chamber found that:
It also found that:
However, the ICTY Appeals Chamber in April 2008 concluded that the relationship between the 3rd Corps of the Bosnian Army headed by Hadžihasanović and the El Mudžahid detachment was not one of subordination but was instead close to overt hostility since the only way to control the detachment was to attack them as if they were a distinct enemy force.
In 1995, veterans of the Bosnian mujahideen established theActive Islamic Youth, regarded the most dangerous of the Islamist groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The foreign mujahideen were required to leave the Balkans under the terms of the 1995Dayton Agreement, but many stayed. Although the U.S. State Department report suggested that the number could be higher, an unnamedSFORofficial said allied military intelligence estimated that no more than 200 foreign-born militants actually lived in Bosnia in 2001, of whom around 30 represented a hard-core group with direct or indirect links to terrorism.
In September 2007, 50 of these individuals had their citizenship status revoked. Since then 100 more individuals have been prevented from claiming citizenship rights. 250 more were under investigation, while the body which is charged with reconsidering the citizenship status of the foreign volunteers in the Bosnian War, including Christian fighters fromRussiaandWestern Europe, states that 1,500 cases will eventually be examined.
It was alleged that Bosnian mujahideen participated inwar crimes, including the killing, torture and beheading of Serbian and Croat civilians and soldiers.However no indictment was issued by the ICTY against them, but a few Bosnian Army officers were indicted on the basis ofcommand responsibility. BothAmir Kuburaand Enver Hadžihasanović (the indicted Bosnian Army officers) were ultimately acquitted on all counts related to the incidents involving the mujahideen.In the judgment, the judges concluded that the Mujahideen were responsible for execution of 4 Croatian civilians in the village of Miletići in April 1993, inhumanely treating POWs and killing one at theOrašac campin October 1993.
The judgments in the cases of Hadžihasanović and Kabura concerned a number of events involving the mujahideen. On June 8, 1993, Bosnian Army units attacked Maljine, a Croat village. After the village was taken, a military police unit of the 306th Brigade of Bosnian Army arrived there. These policemen were tasked with evacuating and protecting the civilians in the villages taken by the Bosnian Army. The wounded were left on-site and around 200 people, including civilians and Croat soldiers, were taken by the police officers towards Mehurici. The commander of the 306th Brigade authorised the wounded be put onto a truck and transported to Mehurici. The 200 villagers who were being escorted to Mehurici by the 306th Brigade military police were intercepted by a group of mujahideens and a dozen Bosnian Army forces in Poljanice. They took prisoner at least 24 military-aged Croats and a 19 years old Croat girl who was wearing aRed Crossarmband. The prisoners were taken to Bikoši, between Maljine and Mehurici. All these prisoners including the 19 years old girl were executed in Bikoši while they were being held prisoner.
In theICTYjudgment during the trial ofRasim Delić, the judges concluded that the prosecution had proven that more than 50 Serbs captured during theBattle for Vozućahad been killed in theKamenica campby the Mujahideen. Though the judges agreed Delić had effective control over the El Mujahideen unit, he was acquitted from responsibility since ICTY concluded he did not possess enough information to stop them. He was also acquitted from the charge of not saving 24 imprisoned Croat POWs and 19 years old Croat girl Ana Pranješ from being executed by the Mujahideen since the prosecution could not prove he had already assumed the position of Chief of Staff of theARBiHto which he had been appointed on the same day. The judges concluded that the prosecution had proven that the Mujahideen from July to August 1995 had treated 12 Serbian POWs detained first in the village of Livada and then the Kamenica camp, inhumanely and had killed three of them. Delić was sentenced to three years in prison for not stopping it.
In 2015, former Human Rights Minister and Vice President of BiH Federation Mirsad Kebo talked about numerous war crimes committed against Serbs by mujahideen in Bosnia and their links with current and past Muslim officials including former and current presidents of federation and presidents of parliament based on war diaries and other documented evidence. He gave evidence to the BiH federal prosecutor. Kebo also accusedŠefik Džaferovićwho at that time was a police commander ofZenica, and others, of deliberately hiding the war crimes. TheSDAparty denounced his accusations as "lies and cheap fabrications."The prosecutors investigating Džaferović decided to drop the investigation after examining documents sent by Kebo.
An Iraqi mujahideen Abduladhim Maktouf was convicted of helping his compatriots to abduct Croat civilians of Travnik in 1993. He was ultimately given a prison term of three years.
In 2016, former Bosnian Army Third Corps commanderSakib Mahmuljinwas put on trial for having failed to prevent the murders and torture ofBosnian Serbsby members of the Mujahideen unit in theVozućaandZavidovićiareas.According to the indictment, 50 Serbprisoners of warwere killed and several were decapitated.He was sentenced to 10 years in first instance in January 2021.
US intelligence and phone calls intercepted by the Bosnian government show communication between Al-Qaeda commanders and Bosnian mujahideen.Several of the mujahideen were connected to Al-Qaeda.Osama Bin Laden sent resources to the Bosnian mujahideen.Two of the five9/11hijackers, childhood friendsKhalid al-MihdharandNawaf al-Hazmi, had been Bosnian mujahideen.Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi, a senior leader of theAl-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, had fought in Bosnia in 1995.Bosnian Salafi leader and mujahideen veteranBilal Bosnićwas in 2015 sentenced to seven years in prison for public incitement to terrorist activities, recruitment of terrorists to fight with ISIS in Syria.
In a 2005 interview with U.S. journalistJim Lehrer,Richard Holbrookesaid:
Evan Kohlmannwrote: "Some of the most important factors behind the contemporary radicalization of European Muslim youth can be found in Bosnia-Herzegovina, where the cream of the Arab mujahideen from Afghanistan tested their battle skills in the post-Soviet era and mobilized a new generation of pan-Islamic revolutionaries". He also noted that Serbian and Croatian sources about the subject are "pure propaganda" based on their historical hatred forBosniaks"as Muslim aliens in the heart of Christian lands".
According to the Radio Free Europe research "Al-Qaeda In Bosnia-Herzegovina: Myth Or Present Danger", Bosnia is no more related to the potential terrorism than any other European country.In 2007, Juan Carlos Antúnez in an analysis of the phenomenon ofWahhabismin Bosnia concluded that despite Bosnian Serb and Serbian media inflated and often fictitious reports on risk of terrorism and existence of terrorist cells, the risk of a terrorist attack in Bosnia and Herzegovina 'is not higher than in other parts of the world'.