Bee pollen

Bee pollen, also known asbee breadandambrosia,is a ball or pellet of field-gatheredflower pollenpacked by workerhoneybees, and used as the primary food source for the hive. It consists ofsimple sugars,protein,mineralsandvitamins,fatty acids, and a small percentage of other components. Bee pollen is stored inbrood cells, mixed with saliva, and sealed with a drop ofhoney.Bee pollen is harvested asfoodfor humans and marketed as having various, but yet unproven, health benefits.
In honeybees (Apisspecies) pollen is stored in the chambers of the hives. It differs from field-gathered pollen as honeybee secretions induce a fermentation process, where biochemical transformations break down the walls of flower pollen grains and render the nutrients more readily available.
Forager bees that gather pollen do not eat it themselves, since they stop producing the proteolytic enzymes necessary to digest it when they transition to foraging. The foragers unload the pollen they gather directly into open cells located at the interface between the brood and stored honey, creating a typical band of what is called bee bread – the substance which is the main food source for honeybee larvae and workers.
Foraging bees bring pollen back to the hive, where they pass it off to other worker bees, who pack the pollen into cells with their heads. During collection and possibly packing, the pollen is mixed with nectar and bee salivary secretions, signaling the start of the lactic fermentation process.Bee pollen is the primary source of protein for the hive.
Bees other thanApistypically form pollen into balls; these are primarily ground-nesting bees or twig-nesting bees, most of which are solitary, such asleafcutter bees.With the leafcutter bee, as in most such bees, when the pollen ball is complete, the female lays an egg on top of the pollen ball, and seals the brood cell. The egg hatches and the larva consumes the pollen directly; the pollen is not stored separately from the brood.This method of pollen usage can also be seen in the wood-nesting bee speciesXylocopa sulcatipesandXylocopa sonorina.
Likehoneyandpropolis, other well-known honeybee products that are gathered rather than secreted (i.e., in contrast toroyal jellyandbeeswax), the exact chemical composition depends on the plants from which theworker beesgather the pollen, and can vary from hour to hour, day to day, week to week, colony to colony, even in the sameapiary, with no two samples of bee pollen being exactly identical. Accordingly, chemical and nutritional analyses of bee pollen apply only to the specific samples being tested and cannot be extrapolated to samples gathered in other places or other times.
Although there is no specific chemical composition, the average composition is said to be 40–60% simple sugars (fructose and glucose), 20–60% proteins, 3% minerals and vitamins, 1–32% fatty acids, and 5% diverse other components.Bee bread is a niche for yeasts and bacteria, includinglactic acid bacteria,Bifidobacterium,Bacillusspp., and others.A study of bee pollen samples showed that they may contain 188 kinds offungiand 29 kinds ofbacteria.Despite this microbial diversity, stored pollen is a preservation environment similar to honey, and contains consistently low microbial biomass.
Bee pollen has been touted byherbalistsas a treatment for a variety of medical conditions. Bee bread is rich in micronutrients, minerals, and phenolic compounds.
Potential risks of consuming bee pollen include contamination by fungal mycotoxins, pesticides, or toxic metals.Bee pollen is safe for short term use, but for those with pollen allergies, allergic reactions may occur (shortness of breath,hives, swelling, andanaphylaxis).Bee pollen is not safe for pregnant people and should not be used during breastfeeding.TheFood and Drug Administrationhas warned against the use of some bee pollen products because they are adulterated with unapproved drugs includingsibutramineandphenolphthalein.
There are several artificial pollen diets available forhoneybeesthat incorporate a variety of ingredients likesoy,corn gluten,yeast,egg, or milk protein, but they often fail to provide the essentialmacronutrients(such as lipids and proteins),micronutrients(vitamins and minerals), andantioxidantsneeded by honeybees to thrive.