Plovdiv

Plovdiv(Bulgarian:Пловдив,pronounced[ˈpɫɔvdif]is thesecond-largest cityinBulgaria, 93 miles (144 km) southeast of the capitalSofia. It had a population of 371,536 as of 2024and 675,000 in the greater metropolitan area. Plovdiv is a cultural hub in Bulgaria and was theEuropean Capital of Culturein 1999 and 2019. The city is an important economic, transport, cultural, and educational centre. Plovdiv joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.
Plovdiv is in a fertile region of south-central Bulgaria on the two banks of theMaritsa River. The city has historically developed on sevensyenitehills, some of which are 250 metres (820 feet) high. Because of these hills, Plovdiv is often referred to in Bulgaria as "The City of the Seven Hills". There is evidence of habitation in the area dating back to the 6th millennium BCE, when the firstNeolithicsettlements were established. The city was subsequently aThraciansettlement, later being conquered and ruled also byPersians,Ancient Macedonians,Celts,Romans,Byzantines,Goths,Huns,Bulgarians,Thraco-Romans,Bulgars,Slavic tribes,Crusaders, andOttoman Turks.
Philippopolis (Greek: Φιλιππούπολις) was founded as apolisby the father ofAlexander the Great,Philip the Great(r.359–336 BCE), the king of ancientMacedonia, settling there both Thracians and 2,000Macedonians(Greeks) in 342 BCE.Control of the city alternated between the Macedonian kingdom and the ThracianOdrysian kingdomduring theHellenistic period; the Macedonian kingPhilip V(r.221–179 BCE) reoccupied the city in 183 BCE and his successorPerseus(r.179–168 BCE) held the city with the Odrysians until theRoman Republicconquered the Macedonian kingdom in 168 BCE.Philippopolis became the capital of theRoman provinceofThracia.The city was at the centre of the road network of inland Thrace, and the strategicVia Militariswas crossed by several other roads at the site, leading to theDanube, theAegean Sea, and theBlack Sea. TheRoman emperorMarcus Aurelius(r.161–180 CE) built a newwallaround the city.
InLate Antiquity, Philippopolis was an important stronghold, but was sacked in 250 during theCrisis of the Third Century,after theSiege of Philippopolisby theGothsled byCniva. After this the settlement contracted, though it remained a major city, with the city walls rebuilt and new ChristianbasilicasandRoman bathsconstructed in the 4th century.The city was again sacked by theHunsin 441/442, and the walls were again rebuilt.Roman Philippopolis resisted another attack, by theAvarsin the 580s, after the walls were renewed yet again byJustinian the Great(r.527–565).
In theMiddle Ages, Philippopolis fell to theBulgarsof theFirst Bulgarian Empirein 863, during the reign ofBoris I(r.852–889), having been briefly abandoned by the Christian inhabitants in 813 during a dispute with thekhanKrum(r.c.803– 814).During theByzantine–Bulgarian wars, the emperorBasil the Bulgar-Slayer(r.960–1025) used Philippopolis as a major strategic fortification, governed by theprotospathariosNikephoros Xiphias.In the middle 11th century, the city was attacked by thePechenegs, who occupied it briefly around 1090.The city continued to prosper, with the walls restored in the 12th century, during which the historian and politicianNiketas Choniateswas its governor and the physicianMichael Italikoswas itsmetropolitan bishop.
According to the Latin historian of theFourth Crusade,Geoffrey of Villehardouin, Philippopolis was the third largest city in the Byzantine Empire, afterConstantinople(Istanbul) andThessalonica(Thessaloniki).It suffered damage from the armies passing through the city during theCrusadesas well as from sectarian violence between theEastern Orthodoxand theArmenian OrthodoxandPauliciandenominations.The city was destroyed byKaloyan of Bulgaria(r.1196–1207) in 1206 and rebuilt thereafter.In 1219, the city became the capital of the CrusaderDuchy of Philippopolis, part of theLatin Empire.TheSecond Bulgarian Empirerecovered the city in 1263, but lost it to Byzantine control before recapturing it in 1323.TheOttoman Empireconquered Philippopolis (Turkish:Filibe) in 1363 or 1364.During the 500 years of Ottoman rule, Filibe served as one of the important commercial and transportation nodes in the Ottoman Balkans. It also played a role as an administrative centre of varioussanjaksandeyalets.
On 4 January 1878, at the end of theRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878), Plovdiv was taken away from Ottoman rule by theRussianarmy. It remained within the borders of Bulgaria until July of the same year, when it became the capital of the autonomous Ottoman region ofEastern Rumelia. In 1885, Plovdiv and Eastern RumeliajoinedBulgaria.
There are many preserved ruins such as the ancientPlovdiv Roman theatre, a Romanodeon, aRoman aqueduct, thePlovdiv Roman Stadium, the archaeological complex Eirene, and others. Plovdiv is host to a huge variety of cultural events such as theInternational Fair Plovdiv, the international theatricalfestival"A stage on a crossroad", the TV festival "The golden chest", and many more novel festivals, such as Night/Plovdiv in September, Kapana Fest, and Opera Open. The oldest American educational institution outside theUnited States, theAmerican College of Sofia, was founded in Plovdiv in 1860 and later moved to Sofia.
Plovdiv has been given various names throughout its long history. TheOdrysiancapitalOdryssa(Greek:ΟΔΡΥΣΣΑ,Latin:ODRYSSA) is suggested to have been modern Plovdiv by numismatic researchorOdrin.The Greek historianTheopompusmentioned it in the 4th century BCE as a town namedPoneropolis(Greek:ΠΟΝΗΡΟΠΟΛΙΣ"town of villains") in pejorative relation to the conquest by kingPhilip II of Macedonwho is said to have settled the town with 2,000 men who were false-accusers, sycophants, lawyers, and other possible disreputables.According toPlutarch, the town was named by this king after he had populated it with a crew of rogues and vagabonds,but this is possibly a folk name that did not actually exist.The namesDulon polis(Greek:ΔΟΥΛΩΝ ΠΟΛΙΣ"slaves' town") and possiblyMoichopolis(Greek:ΜΟΙΧΟΠΟΛΙΣ"adulterer's town") likely have similar origins.
The city has been calledPhilippopolis(ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΠΟΛΙΣpronounced[pʰilipopolis];Greek:Φιλιππούπολη, in modern Greek,Philippoupolipronounced[filipupoli]) or "the city of Philip", fromGreekPhilippos"horse-lover", most likely in honor ofPhilip II of Macedonafter his death or in honor ofPhilip V,as this name was first mentioned in the 2nd century BCE byPolybiusin connection with the campaign of Philip V.Philippopoliswas identified later byPlutarchandPlinyas the formerPoneropolis.Straboidentified Philip II's settlement of most "evil, wicked" (Gr. πονηροτάτουςponerotatous) as Calybe (Kabyle),whereasPtolemyconsidered the location of Poneropolis different from the rest.
Kendrisia(Greek:ΚΕΝΔΡΕΙϹΕΙΑ) was an old name of the city.Its earliest recorded use is on an artifact mentioning that kingBeithys, priest of the Syrian goddess, brought gifts to KendrisoApollo;the deity is recorded to be named multiple times after different cities. Later Roman coins mentioned the name which is possibly derived from Thracian god Kendriso who is equated with Apollo,thecedarforests, or from the Thracian tribe artifacts known as the kendrisi.Another assumed name is the 1st century CETiberiasin honor of the Roman emperorTiberius, under whom theOdrysian Kingdomwas aclientof Rome.After the Romans had taken control of the area, the city was named inLatin:TRIMONTIUM, meaning "The Three Hills", and mentioned in the 1st century byPliny. At times the name wasUlpia,Flavia,Juliaafter the Roman families.
Ammianus Marcellinuswrote in the 4th century CE that the then city had been the oldEumolpias/Eumolpiada,(Latin:EVMOLPIAS, EVMOLPIADA),the oldest name chronologically.It was named after the mythical Thracian kingEumolpos, son ofPoseidonorJupiter,who may have founded the city around 1200 BCEor 1350 BCE.It is also possible that it was named after theVestal Virginsin the temples – evmolpeya.
In the 6th century CE,Jordaneswrote that the former name of the city wasPulpudeva(Latin:PVLPVDEVA) and thatPhilip the Arabnamed the city after himself. This name is most likely aThracianoral translationof the other as it kept all consonants of the name Philip +deva (city). Although the two names sound similar, they may not share the same origin asOdrinandAdrianopledo, andPulpudevamay have predated the other namesmeaning "lake city" inThracian.Since the 9th century CE the Slavic name began to appear asPapaldiv/n, Plo(v)div, Pladiv, Pladin, Plapdiv, Plovdin,which originate fromPulpudeva.As a result, the name has lost any meaning. In British English the Bulgarian variantPlòvdivhas become prevalent afterWorld War I.TheCrusadersmentioned the city asPrineople,SinopleandPhinepople.The Ottomans called the cityFilibe, a corruption of "Philip", in a document from 1448.
The history of the region spans more than eight millennia. Numerous nations have left their traces on the twelve-metre-thick (39-foot) cultural layers of the city. The earliest signs of habitation in the territory of Plovdiv date as far back as the 6th millennium BCE.Plovdiv has settlement traces including necropolises dating from the Neolithic era (roughly 6000–5000 BCE) like the mounds Yasa Tepe 1 in the Philipovo district and Yasa Tepe 2 in Lauta park.
Archaeologists have discovered fine potteryand objects of everyday life onNebet Tepefrom as early as theChalcolithicera, showing that at the end of the 4th millennium BCE, there was already an established settlement there which wascontinuously inhabitedsince then.Thracian necropolises dating back to the 2nd–3rd millennium BCE have been discovered, while the Thracian town was established between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BCE.
The town was a fort of the independent localThraciantribeBessi.In 516 BCE during the rule ofDarius the Great, Thrace was included in thePersian empire.In 492 BCE, the Persian generalMardoniussubjugated Thrace again, and it nominally became a vassal of Persia until 479 BCE and the early rule ofXerxes I.The town became part of theOdrysian kingdom(460 BCE – 46 CE), aThraciantribal union. The town was conquered byPhilip II of Macedon,and the Odrysian king was deposed in 342 BCE. Ten years after the Macedonian invasion, the Thracian kings started to exercise power again after the OdrysianSeuthes IIIhad re-established their kingdom under Macedonian suzerainty as a result of a successful revolt againstAlexander the Great's rule resulting in a stalemate.The Odrysian kingdom gradually overcame the Macedonian suzerainty, while the city was destroyed by theCeltsas part of theCeltic settlement of Eastern Europe, most likely in the 270s BCE.In 183 BCE,Philip V of Macedonconquered the city, but shortly after, the Thracians re-conquered it.
In 72 BCE, the city was seized by the Roman generalMarcus Lucullusbut was soon restored to Thracian control. In 46 CE, the city was finally incorporated into theRoman Empireby emperorClaudius;it served as the capital of the province ofThrace. Although it was not the capital of the Province of Thrace, the city was the largest and most important centre in the province.As such, the city was the seat of the Union of Thracians.In those times, theVia Militaris(or Via Diagonalis), the most important military road in theBalkans, passed through the city.The Roman times were a period of growth and cultural excellence.The ancient ruins tell a story of a vibrant, growing city with numerous public buildings, shrines, baths, theatres, a stadium, and the only developed ancient water supply system in Bulgaria. The city had an advanced water system andsewerage.In 179 a second wall was built to encompass Trimontium which had already extended out of the Three hills into the valley. Many of those are still preserved and can be seen by tourists. Today only a small part of the ancient city has been excavated.
In 250 the city was captured and looted after theBattle of Philippopolisby theGoths, led by their rulerCniva. Many of its citizens, 100,000 according toAmmianus Marcellinus, died or were taken captive.It took a century and hard work to recover the city. However, it was destroyed again byAttila'sHunsin 441–442 and by theGothsof Teodoric Strabo in 471.
An ancient Roman inscription written in Ancient Greek dated to 253 – 255 AD were discovered in theGreat Basilica. The inscription refers to theDionysian Mysteriesand also mentions Roman EmperorsValerianandGallienus. It has been found on a large stele which was used as construction material during the building of the Great Basilica.
In August 2024, archaeologists from the Regional Archaeological Museum announced the discovery of a well-preserved Thracian temple dated to the third century BCE. The 10-metre-long temple is made of dry joints and clay-sand mortar and has two rooms.
TheSlavshad fully settled in the area by the middle of the 6th century. This was done peacefully as there are no records for their attacks.With the establishment ofBulgariain 681, Philippoupolis, the name of the city then, became an important border fortress of theByzantine Empire. It was captured by KhanKrumin 812, but the region was fully incorporated into theBulgarian Empirein 834 during the reign of KhanMalamir.It was reconquered by theByzantine Empirein 855–856 for a short time until it was returned toBoris I of Bulgaria.From Philippopolis, the influence ofdualisticdoctrines spread to Bulgaria forming the basis of theBogomilheresy. The city remained in Bulgarian hands until 970.However, the city is described at the time ofConstantine VIIin the 10th century as being within the Byzantine province (themeofMacedonia).Philippopolis was captured by the Byzantines in 969, shortly before it was sacked by the ruler ofRus'Sviatoslav I of Kievwho impaled 20,000 citizens.Before and after the Rus' massacre, the city was settled byPaulicianheretics transported from Syria and Armenia to serve as military settlers on the European frontier with Bulgaria. Aime de Varennes in 1180 encountered the singing of Byzantine songs in the city that recounted the deeds of Alexander the Great and his predecessors over 1300 years before.
Byzantine rule was interrupted by theThird Crusade(1189–1192) when the army of theHoly RomanemperorFrederick Barbarossaconquered Philippopolis.Ivankowas appointed as the governor of the Byzantine Theme of Philippopolis in 1196, but between 1198 and 1200 separated it from Byzantium in a union withBulgaria.TheLatin Empireconquered Philippopolis in 1204, and there were two short interregnum periods as the city was twice occupied byKaloyan of Bulgariabefore his death in 1207.In 1208, Kaloyan's successorBorilwas defeated by the Latins in theBattle of Philippopolis.Under Latin rule, Philippopolis was the capital of theDuchy of Philippopolis, which was governed byRenier de Tritand later on by Gerard de Strem. The city was possibly at times a vassal of Bulgaria orVenice.Ivan Asen IIconquered the duchy finally in 1230 but the city had possibly been conquered earlier.Afterwards, Philippopolis was conquered by Byzantium. According to some information, by 1300 Philippopolis was a possession ofTheodore Svetoslavof Bulgaria. It was conquered from Byzantium byGeorge Terter IIof Bulgaria in 1322.Andronikos III Palaiologosunsuccessfully besieged the city, but a treaty restored Byzantine rule once again in 1323. In 1344 the city and eight other cities were surrendered to Bulgaria by the regency forJohn V Palaiologosas the price forIvan Alexander of Bulgaria's support in theByzantine civil war of 1341–47.
In 1364 theOttoman TurksunderLala Shahin Pashaseized Plovdiv.According to other data, Plovdiv was not an Ottoman possession until theBattle of Maritsain 1371, after which, the citizens and the Bulgarian army fled leaving the city without resistance. Refugees settled inStanimaka. During theOttoman Interregnumin 1410,Musa Çelebiconquered the city killing and displacing inhabitants.The city was the centre of theRumelia Eyaletfrom 1364 until 1443, when it was replaced bySofiaas the capital ofRumelia. Plovdiv served as a sanjak centre within Rumelia between 1443 and 1593, the sanjak centre inSilistra Eyaletbetween 1593 and 1826, the sanjak centre inEyalet of Adrianoplebetween 1826 and 1867, and the sanjak centre ofEdirne Vilayetbetween 1867 and 1878. During that period, Plovdiv was one of the major economic centers in the Balkans, along withIstanbul(Constantinople),Edirne,Thessaloniki, and Sofia. The richer citizens constructed beautiful houses, many of which can still be seen in the architectural reserve of Old Plovdiv. From the early 15th century till the end of 17th century the city was predominantly inhabited by Muslims.
Under the rule of theOttoman Empire, Filibe (as the city was known at that time) was a focal point for the Bulgarian national movement and survived as one of the major cultural centers for Bulgarian culture and tradition.
Filibe was described as consisting of Turks, Bulgarians, Hellenized Bulgarians, Armenians, Jews, Vlachs, Arvanites, Greeks, and Roma people. In the 16–17 century a significant number ofSephardic Jewssettled along with a smaller Armenian community fromGalicia. ThePauliciansadopted Catholicism or lost their identity. The abolition ofSlavonicas the language of theBulgarian Churchas well as the complete abolition of the church in 1767 and the introduction of theMillet Systemled to ethnic division among people of different religions. Christian and Muslim Bulgarians were subjected toHellenizationandTurkificationrespectively. A major part of the inhabitants was fully or partly Hellenized due to the Greek patriarchate. The "Langeris" are described as Greeks from the area of the nearbyStenimachos. The process of Hellenization flourished until the 1830s but declined with theTanzimatas the idea of theHellenic nationof Christians grew and was associated with ethnic Greeks.
The re-establishment of the Bulgarian Church in 1870 was a sign of ethnic and national consciousness. Thus, although there is a little doubt about the Bulgarian origin of the Gulidas, the city could be considered of Greek or Bulgarian majority in the 19th century.Raymond Detrez has suggested that when the Gudilas and Langeris claimed to be Greek it was more in the sense of "Romeithan Ellines, in a cultural rather than an ethnic sense".According to the statistics by the Bulgarian and Greek authors, there were no Turks in the city; according to an alternative estimate the city was of Turkish majority.
Filibe had an important role in the struggle for Church independence which was, according to some historians, a peaceful bourgeois revolution. Filibe became the center of that struggle with leaders such asNayden Gerov, Dr Valkovich,Joakim Gruev, and whole families. In 1836 the first Bulgarian school was inaugurated, and in 1850, modern secular education began when the "St Cyrill and Methodius" school was opened. On 11 May 1858, the day ofSaints Cyril and Methodiuswas celebrated for the first time; this later became a National holiday which is still celebrated today (but on 24 May due to Bulgaria's 1916 transition from theOld Style(Julian) to theNew Style(Gregorian) calendar). In 1858 in theChurch of Virgin Mary, the Christmas liturgy was served for the first time in theBulgarian languagesince the beginning of the Ottoman occupation. Until 1906 there were Bulgarian and Greek bishops in the city. In 1868 the school expanded into the first grammar school. Some of the intellectuals, politicians, and spiritual leaders of the nation graduated that school.
The city was conquered by the Russians underAleksandr Buragofor several hours during theBattle of Philippopolison 17 January 1878.It was the capital of theProvisional Russian Administration in Bulgariabetween May and October. According to the Russian census of the same year, Filibe had a population of 24,000 citizens, of which ethnicBulgarianscomprised 45.4%,Turks23.1% andGreeks19.9%.
According to theTreaty of San Stefanoon 3 March 1878, the Principality of Bulgaria included the lands with predominantly Bulgarian population. Plovdiv which was the biggest and most vibrant Bulgarian city was selected as a capital of the restored country and for a seat of the Temporary Russian Government.Great Britain andAustria-Hungary, however, did not approve that treaty and the final result of the war was concluded in theCongress of Berlinwhich divided the newly liberated country into several parts. It separated the autonomous region ofEastern Rumeliafrom Bulgaria, and Plovdiv became its capital. The Ottoman Empire created a constitution and appointed a governor.
In the spring of 1885,Zahari Stoyanovformed the Secret Bulgarian Central Revolutionary Committee in the city which actively conducted propaganda for the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. On 5 September, several hundred armed rebels from Golyamo Konare (nowSaedinenie) marched to Plovdiv. In the night of 5–6 September, these men, led by Danail Nikolaev, took control of the city and removed from office the General-GovernorGavril Krastevich. A provisional government was formed led byGeorgi Stranski, and universal mobilization was announced.After the Serbs were defeated in theSerbo-Bulgarian War, Bulgaria and Turkey reached an agreement that the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia had a common government, Parliament, administration, and army. Today, 6 September is celebrated as the Unification Day and the Day of Plovdiv.
After the unification, Plovdiv remained the second most populous city in Bulgaria after the capitalSofia. The first railway in the city was built in 1874 connecting it with the Ottoman capital, and in 1888, it was linked with Sofia. In 1892 Plovdiv became the host of the First Bulgarian Fair with international participation which was succeeded by theInternational Fair Plovdiv. After the liberation, the first brewery was inaugurated in the city.
The noteworthy English travel writer Patrick Leigh Fermor visited Plovdiv in the late summer of 1934 and he was charmed by the town and a local woman name Nadjeda.
In the beginning of the 20th century, Plovdiv grew as a significant industrial and commercial center with well-developed light and food industry. In 1927 the electrification of Plovdiv has started. German, French, andBelgiancapital was invested in the city in the development of modern trade, banking, and industry. In 1939, there were 16,000 craftsmen and 17,000 workers in manufacturing factories, mainly for food and tobacco processing.During the Second World War, the tobacco industry expanded as well as the export of fruit and vegetables. In 1943, 1,500 Jews were saved from deportation inconcentration campsby the archbishop of Plovdiv,Cyril, who later became the Bulgarian Patriarch. In 1944, the city was bombed by the British-American coalition.
Tobacco Depot workerswent on strike on 4 May 1953.
On 6 April 1956, the first trolleybus line was opened and in the 1950s the Trimontsium Hotel was constructed. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was a construction boom and many of the modern neighborhoods took shape. In the 1970s and 1980s, antique remains were excavated and the Old Town was fully restored. In 1990 the sports complex "Plovdiv" was finished. It included the largest stadium and rowing canal in the country. In that period, Plovdiv became the birthplace of Bulgaria's movement for democratic reform, which by 1989 had garnered enough support to enter government.
Plovdiv has hosted specialized exhibitions of theWorld's Fairin 1981, 1985, and 1991.
Plovdiv is located on the banks of theMaritsariver, southeast of the Bulgarian capitalSofia. The city is in the southern part of thePlain of Plovdiv, analluvial plainthat forms the western portion of theUpper Thracian Plain. From there, the peaks of theSredna Goramountain range rise to the northwest, the Chirpan Heights to the east, and theRhodope mountainsto the south.Originally, Plovdiv's development occurred south of Maritsa, with expansion across the river taking place only within the last 100 years. Modern Plovdiv covers an area of 101 km(39 sq mi), less than 0.1% of Bulgaria's total area. It is the most densely populated city in Bulgaria, with 3,769 inhabitants per km.
Inside the city proper are sixsyenitehills. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were seven syenite hills, but one (Markovo tepe) was destroyed. Three of them are called the Three Hills (Bulgarian:ТрихълмиеTrihalmie), the others are called the Hill of the Youth (Bulgarian:Младежки хълм,Mladezhki halm), the Hill of the Liberators (Bulgarian:Хълм на освободителите,Halm na osvoboditelite), and the Hill ofDanov(Bulgarian:Данов хълм,Danov halm).
Plovdiv has ahumid subtropical climate(Köppen climate classificationCfa) with considerablehumid continentalinfluences. There are four distinct seasons with large temperature jumps between seasons.
Summer (mid-May to late September) is hot, moderately dry and sunny, with July and August having an average high of 33 °C (91 °F). Plovdiv sometimes experiences very hot days which are typical in the interior of the country. Summer nights are mild.
Autumn starts in late September; days are long and relatively warm in early autumn. The nights become chilly by September. The first frost usually occurs by November.
Winter is normally cold and snow is common. The average number of days with snow coverage in Plovdiv is 15. The average depth of snow coverage is 2 to 4 cm (1 to 2 in), and the maximum is normally 6 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in), but some winters coverage can reach 70 cm (28 in) or more. The average January temperature is −0.4 °C (31 °F).
Spring begins in March and is cooler than autumn. The frost season ends in March. The days are mild and relatively warm in mid-spring.
The average relative humidity is 73% and is highest in December at 86% and the lowest in August at 62%. The total precipitation is 540 mm (21.26 in) and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. The wettest months of the year are May and June, with an average precipitation of 66.2 mm (2.61 in), and the driest month is August, with an average precipitation of 31 mm (1.22 in).
Gentle winds (0 to 5 m/s) are predominant in the city with wind speeds of up to 1 m/s, representing 95% of all winds during the year. Mists are common in the cooler months, especially along the banks of the Maritsa. On average there are 33 days withmistduring the year.
The population by permanent address for the municipality of Plovdiv in 2007 was 380,682,which makes it the second most populated in the nation. According to data from the National Institute of Statistics (NSI), the population of people who actually live in Plovdiv is 346,790.According to the 2012 census, 339,077 live within the city limits and 403,153 in the municipal triangle of Plovdiv, includingMaritsa municipalityandRodopi municipality.
Population of Plovdiv:
At the first census after theLiberation of Bulgariain 1880 with 24,053 citizens,Plovdiv was the third largest city behindStara Zagora, which had 25,460 citizens prior to being burnt to the groundas well asRuse, which had 26,163 citizens then,and ahead of the capitalSofia, which had 20,501 citizens then. As of the 1887 census, Plovdiv was the largest city in the country for several years with 33,032 inhabitants compared to 30,428 for Sofia. According to the 1946 census, Plovdiv was the second largest city with 126,563 inhabitants compared to 487,000 for the capital.
In its ethnic character Plovdiv is the second or the third-largest cosmopolitan city inhabited byBulgarians, afterSofiaand possiblyVarna. According to the 2001 census, out of a population of 338,224 inhabitants, the Bulgarians numbered 302,858 (90%).Stolipinovoin Plovdiv is the largest Roma neighbourhood in theBalkans, having a population of around 20,000 alone; further Roma ghettos areHadji Hassan MahalaandSheker Mahala. Therefore, the census number is a deflation of the number of Roma people, and they are most likely the second-largest group after the Bulgarians, most of all because the Muslim Roma in Plovdiv claim to be of Turkish ethnicity and Turkish-speaking at the census ("XoraxaneRoma").For further information see the articleRoma people in Plovdiv. Like elsewhere in the country, Roma people are subjected to discrimination and segregation (See the Bulgaria section of the articleAntiziganism).
After the Wars for National Union (Balkan Warsand World War I), the city became home for thousands of refugees from the former Bulgarian lands inMacedonia,WesternandEastern Thrace. Many of the old neighbourhoods are still referred to asBelomorski,Vardarski. Most of the Jews left the city after the foundation ofIsraelin 1948, as well as most of the Turks and Greeks. Prior to the population exchange, as of 1 January 1885, the city of Plovdiv had a population of 33,442, of which 16,752 wereBulgarians(50%), 7,144Turks(21%), 5,497Greeks(16%), 2,168 Jews (6%), 1,061Armenians(3%), 151Italians, 112Germans, 112Romani people, 80French people, 61Russiansand 304 people of other nationalities.
The vast majority of the inhabitants are Christians, mostlyEastern Orthodox, Catholics,Eastern Catholics, and Protestant trends (Adventists,Baptistsand others). There are also someMuslimsand Jews. In Plovdiv, there are many churches, two mosques and one synagogue (seePlovdiv Synagogue).
SomeAromaniansalso inhabit Plovdiv.
Plovdiv is the administrative center ofPlovdiv Provincewhich consists of the Municipality of Plovdiv, theMaritsa municipality, and theRodopi municipality. The mayor of the Municipality of Plovdiv,Kostadin Dimitrov,with the six district mayors represent the local executive authorities. The Municipal Council which consists of 51 municipal counsellors, represents the legislative power, and is elected according to the proportional system by parties' lists.The executive government of the Municipality of Plovdiv consists of a mayor who is elected by majority representation, five deputy mayors, and one administrative secretary. All the deputy mayors and the secretary control their administrative structured units.
According to theLaw for the territorial subdivision of the Capital municipality and the large cities,the territory of Plovdiv Municipality is subdivided into six district administrations with their mayors being appointed following approval by the Municipal Council.
In 1969 the villages ofProslavandKomatevowere incorporated into the city. In 1987 the municipalities of Maritsa and Rodopi were separated from Plovdiv which remained their administrative center. In the last several years, the inhabitants from those villages had taken steps to rejoin the "urban" municipality.
The city has more than 200 archaeological sites,30 of which are of national importance. There are many remains from antiquity. Plovdiv is among the few cities with two ancient theatres; remains of the medieval walls and towers; Ottoman baths and mosques; a well-preserved old quarter from the National Revival period with beautiful houses; churches; and narrow paved streets. There are numerous museums, art, galleries and cultural institutions. Plovdiv is host to musical, theatrical, and film events. TheKnyaz Alexander I Streetis the main street in Plovdiv.
The city is a starting point for trips to places in the region, such as theBachkovo Monasteryat 30 km (19 mi) to the south, the ski-resortPamporovoat 90 km (56 mi) to the south or thespa resortsto the northHisarya,Banya, Krasnovo, andStrelcha.
TheAncient theatre (Antichen teatur)is probably the best-known monument fromantiquityin Bulgaria.During recent archaeological survey, an inscription was found on a postament of a statue at the theatre. It revealed that the site was constructed at the 90s of the 1st century CE. The inscription itself refers to Titus Flavius Cotis, the ruler of the ancient city during the reign of Emperor Domitian.
The Ancient theatre is situated in the natural saddle between two of the Three Hills. It is divided into two parts with 14 rows each divided with a horizontal lane. The theatre could accommodate up to 7,000 people.The three-story scene is on the southern part and is decorated withfriezes, cornices, and statues. The theatre was studied, conserved, and restored between 1968 and 1984. Many events are still held on the sceneincluding the Opera Festival Opera Open, the Rock Festival Sounds of the Ages, and the International Folklore festival. The Roman Odeon was restored in 2004.It was built in the 2nd–5th centuries and is the second (and smaller) antiquetheatre of Philipopoliswith 350 seats. It was initially built as a bulevterion, an edifice of the city council, and was later reconstructed as a theatre.
TheAncient Stadiumis another important monument of the ancient city. It was built in the 2nd century during the reign of theRomanEmperorHadrian. It is situated between Danov Hill and one of the Three Hills, beneath the main street from Dzhumaya Square to Kamenitsa Square. It was modelled after the stadium inDelphi. It was approximately 240 metres (790 feet) long and 50 metres (160 feet) wide, and could seat up to 30,000 spectators. The athletic games at the stadium were organised by the General Assembly of the province of Thrace. In their honour, the royal mint of Philippopolis coined money featuring the face of the ruling emperor as well as the types of athletic events held in the stadium. Only a small part of the northern section with 14 seat rows can be seen today; the larger part lies under the main street and a number of buildings.
The Roman forumdates from the reign ofVespasianin the 1st century and was finished in the 2nd century. It is near the modern post office next to the Odeon. It has an area of 11 hectares and was surrounded by shops and public buildings. The forum was a focal point of the streets of the ancient city.
TheEirene Residenceis in the southern part of the Three Hills on the northern part of an ancient street in the Archeological underpass. It includes remains of a public building from the 3rd–4th centuries which belonged to a noble citizen. Eirene is the Christian name for Penelopa, a maiden from Megadon, who was converted to Christianity in the 2nd century. There are colourful mosaics which have geometrical forms and figures.
OnNebet hillare the remains of the first settlement which in 12th century BCE grew to theThraciancity of Eumolpias, one of the first cities in Southeastern Europe. Massive walls surrounding a temple and a palace have been excavated. The oldest part of the fortress was constructed from large syenite blocks, the so-called "cyclopean construction".
The Archaeological Museum was established in 1882 as the People's Museum ofEastern Rumelia.In 1928 the museum was moved to a 19th-century edifice on Saedinenie Square built by Plovdiv architectJosef Schnitter. The museum contains a rich collection of Thracian art. The three sections "Prehistory","Antiquity",and "Middle Ages"contain precious artifacts from thePaleolithicto the early Ottoman period (15th–16th centuries).The famousPanagyurishte treasureis part of the museum's collection.
ThePlovdiv Regional Historical Museumwas founded in 1951 as a scientific and cultural institute for collecting, saving, and researching historical evidence about Plovdiv and the surrounding region from 16th to 20th centuries. The exhibition is situated in three buildings.
ThePlovdiv Regional Ethnographic Museumwas inaugurated in 1917. On 14 October 1943, it was moved to a house in the Old Town. In 1949 the Municipal House-museum was reorganized as a People's Ethnographic Museum and in 1962 it was renovated. There are more than 40,000 objects.
The Museum of Natural Science was inaugurated in 1955 in the old edifice of the Plovdiv Municipality built in 1880. It is among the most important museums in the country with rich collections in itsPaleontology,Mineralogy, andBotanicsections. There are several rooms for wildlife and it contains Bulgaria's largest freshwater aquarium with 40 fish species.It has a collection of minerals from theRhodope mountains.
The Museum of Aviation was established on 21 September 1991 on the territory of the Krumovo airbase12 km (7 mi) to the southeast of the city. The museum possesses 59 aircraft and indoor and outdoor exhibitions.
The Old Town of Plovdiv is a historic preservation site known for its Bulgarian Renaissance architectural style. The Old Town covers the area of the three central hills (Трихълмие,Trihalmie). Almost every house in the Old Town has its characteristic exterior and interior decoration.
There are a number of 19th-century churches, most of which follow the distinctiveEastern Orthodoxconstruction style. They are the Saint Constantine and Saint Helena, the Saint Marina, the Saint Nedelya, the Saint Petka, and the Holy Mother of God Churches. As the city has been a gathering center for Orthodox Christians for a long period of time, Plovdiv is surrounded by several monasteries located at the foot of the Rhodope Mountains such as "St. George", "St. Kozma and Damian", St. Kirik, and Yulita (Ulita). They remain good examples of the late Middle Age Orthodox architecture and iconography masterpieces typical for the region. There are also Roman Catholic cathedrals in Plovdiv, theCathedral of St Louisbeing the largest. There are several more modern Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches, as well as older styleApostolicchurches.
Two mosques remain in Plovdiv from the time of Ottoman rule. TheDjumaya Mosqueis considered the oldest European mosque outside Moorish Spain.
TheSephardicPlovdiv Synagogueis at Tsar Kaloyan Street 13 in the remnants of a small courtyard in what was once a large Jewish quarter. Dating to the 19th century, it is one of the best-preserved examples of the so-called "Ottoman-style" synagogues in the Balkans. According to author Ruth E. Gruber, the interior of thePlovdiv Synagogueis a "hidden treasure...a glorious, if run-down, burst of color." An exquisite Venetian glass chandelier hangs from the center of the ceiling, which has a richly painted dome. All surfaces are covered in elaborate, Moorish-style, geometric designs in once-bright greens and blues. Torah scrolls are kept in the gilded Aron-ha-Kodesh.
The Plovdiv Drama Theatreis a successor of the first professional theatre group in Bulgaria founded in 1881. The Plovdiv Puppet Theatre, founded in 1948, remains one of the leading institutions in this genre. The Plovdiv Opera was established in 1953.
Another pillar of Plovdiv's culture is the Philharmonic, founded in 1945.Soloists such asDmitri Shostakovich,Sviatoslav Richter,Mstislav Rostropovich, Yuri Boukov, and Mincho Minchev have worked with the Plovdiv Philharmonic. The orchestra has toured in almost all of the European countries.
The Trakiya Folklore Ensemble, founded in 1974, has performed thousands of concerts in Bulgaria and more than 42 countries.The Trakiya Traditional Choir was nominated for aGrammy Award. TheDetska Kitka Choiris one of the oldest and best-known youth choirs in Bulgaria and the winner of numerous awards from international choral competitions.The Evmolpeya choiris another girls' choir from Plovdiv, whose establishing patron,Ivan Chomakov, became the then mayor in 2006. The choir was appointed aGoodwill Ambassadorand a municipal choir.
Plovdiv is among the nation's primary literary centres. In 1855Hristo G. Danovcreated the first Bulgarian publishing company and printing-press.The city's traditions as a literary centre are preserved by the first public library in Bulgaria, theIvan Vazov National Library, the 19chitalishta(cultural centres), and by numerous booksellers and publishers. The library was founded in 1879and named after the famous Bulgarian writer and poetIvan Vazovwho worked in Plovdiv for five years creating some of his best works.Today the Ivan Vazov National Library is the second largest national library institution with more than 1.5 million books,owning rare Bulgarian and European publications.
The city has traditions iniconographysince the Middle Ages. During the Period of National Revival, a number of notable icon-painters (called in Bulgarianzografi,зографи) from all regions of the country worked in Plovdiv such as –Dimitar Zograf, his son Zafir Zograf,Zahari Zograf, Georgi Danchov, and others.After the Liberation, the Bulgarian painter ofCzechoriginIvan Mrkvičkacame to work in the city. The Painters' Society was established there by artists from southern Bulgaria in 1912 whose members included paintersZlatyu Boyadzhiev,Tsanko LavrenovandSirak Skitnik.
Today the city has more than 40 art galleries with most of them being privately owned. The Art Gallery of Plovdiv was founded in the late 19th century.It possesses 5,000 pieces of art in four buildings. Since 1981, it has had a section forMexicanart donated by Mexican painters in honour of the 1,300-year anniversary of the Bulgarian State.
On 5 September 2014, Plovdiv was selected as the Bulgarian host ofEuropean Capital of Culturein 2019.The city will co-host the event withMateraand another city (yet to be decided).
After Plovdiv was elected as European Capital of Culture in 2019, an ambitious cultural program has started its realisation. According to this program, there will be an Island of Arts in the middle of the Maritsa River in Plovdiv. The "Kapana" area (the "Trap") will become a quarter of the arts where the creative industries are going to be developed and presented. This famous area, Kapana, was renovated in 2014, restoring its authentic outlook.It has been used for a number of festivals and art events.
For 2019 the City Under the Hills is planning a number of concerts, including "Balkan Music in Plovdiv".The city will host the Plovdiv Biennale and a number of international forums, such as a meeting of collectors from Europe, a summer art school, dance projects, etc.
Although it is located in the middle of a rich agricultural region, Plovdiv's economy has shifted from agriculture to industry since the beginning of the 20th century.Food processing,tobacco,brewing, andtextilesformed the pillars of the industrial economic shift.DuringCommunistrule, the city's economy expanded and was dominated by heavy industry. After the fall of Communism in 1989 and the collapse of Bulgaria'splanned economy, a number of industrial complexes were closed; production of lead andzinc,machinery,electronics,motor trucks,chemicals, and cosmetics have continued.
Plovdiv is the economic capital of Bulgaria as it has the country's largest economy and contributes 7.5% of Bulgaria's GDP as of 2014.In 2014, more than 35 thousand companies operate in the region which create jobs for 285,000 people.The advantages of Plovdiv include the central geographic location, good infrastructure, and large population. Plovdiv has an international airport, terminal for intermodal transport, several connections withTrakia motorway(connectingSofiaandBurgas), proximity toMaritsa motorway(the main corridor toTurkey), and well-developed road and rail infrastructure which all led to the development of the city as the leading city in terms of industrial output in Bulgaria. Established in 1970, theToplofikatsiya Plovdivcompany provides generation of electric power and heat and heat distribution for Plovdiv.
The economy of Plovdiv has long tradition inmanufacturing,commerce,transport,communications, andtourism. Apart from the industrial development of Plovdiv, there has been a significant surge in the IT and outsourcing service sector in the recent years, as well as a double-digit increase in the tourism growth in the city every year for the past 5 years.
Source: The National Statistical Institute
Industry has been the sole leader in attracting investment. Industry has been expanding since the late 1990s, with manufacturing plants being built in the city or in its outskirts mainly the municipality of Maritsa. In this period, some €500,000,000 has been invested in the construction of new factories.Trakia Economic Zonewhich is one of the largest industrial zones in Eastern Europe, is located around Plovdiv. Some of the biggest companies in the region include the Austrian utility companyEVN, PIMK  (transport), Insa Oil (fuels),Liebherr(refrigerator plant),Magna International(automotive industry), Bella Bulgaria (food manufacturing), Socotab (tobacco processing),ABB Group,Schneider Electric,Osram, Sensata Technologies, etc.
The commercial sector is developing quickly. Shopping centers have been built mainly in the Central district and the district of Trakiya. Those include Shopping Center Grand,Market Center,and two more all on the Kapitan Raycho Street,Forum in Trakiya, Excelsior, and others. Plovdiv has three large shopping centers: the €40 million Mall of Plovdiv (opened 2009) with a shopping area of 22,000 m(236,806.03 sq ft), 11 cinema halls, and parking for 700 cars;Markovo tepe Mall (opened 2016);and Plovdiv Plaza Mall which is 6 stories high with 127 000 marea, half of which is the parking lot and the rest is shopping area.
Due to the high demand for business office space, new office and commercial buildings have been built. Several hypermarkets have been built mainly on the outskirts of the city:Metro,Kaufland,Triumf,Praktiker,Billa,Mr. Bricolage,Baumax, Technopolis, Technomarket Europa, and others. The main shopping area is the central street with its shops, cafés, and restaurants. A number of cafés, craftsmen workshops, and souvenir shops are in the Old Town and the small streets in the centre, known among the locals as "The Trap" (Bulgarian:Капана).
ThePlovdiv International Fair, held annually since 1892, is the largest and oldest fair in the country and all of southeastern Europe, gathering companies from all over the world in an exhibition area of 138,000 m(1,485,419.64 sq ft) located on a territory of 352,000 m(3,788,896.47 sq ft) on the northern banks of the Maristsa river.It attracts more than 600,000 visitors from many countries.
The city has had a duty-free zone since 1987. It has a customs terminal handling cargo from trucks and trains.
Plovdiv's geographical position makes it an international transport hub. Three of the tenPan-European corridorsrun into or near the city: Corridor IV (Dresden–Bucharest–Sofia-Plovdiv-Istanbul), Corridor VIII (Durrës-Sofia-Plovdiv-Varna/Burgas), andCorridor X(Salzburg–Belgrade-Plovdiv-Istanbul).A major tourist centre, Plovdiv lies at the foot of theRhodope Mountains, and most people wishing to explore the mountains choose it as their trip's starting point.
The city is a major road and railway hub in southern Bulgaria withtheTrakia motorway(A1) only 5 km (3 mi) to the north. It lies on the important national route from Sofia to Burgas via Stara Zagora. First-class roads lead to Sofia to the west,Karlovoto the north,Asenovgrad,Kardzhalito the south, andStara ZagoraandHaskovoto the east. There areintercity buseswhich link Plovdiv with cities and towns all over the country and many European countries. They are based in threebus stations: South, Rodopi, and North.
Railway transport in the city dates back to 1872 when it became a station on theLyubimets–Belovorailway line. There are railway lines to Sofia,Panagyurishte, Karlovo,Peshtera, Stara Zagora,Dimitrovgrad, and Asenovgrad. There are threerailway stations: –Plovdiv Central, Trakia, and Filipovo –  as well as a freight station.
Plovdiv has a large public transport systemincluding around 30 main and 2 extra bus lines. However, there are notramsin the city, and thePlovdiv trolleybus systemwas closed in autumn 2012.Six bridges span theMaritsariver including a railway bridge and acovered bridge. There are important road junctions to the south, southwest, and north.
Plovdiv has a well-developed cycling infrastructure which covers almost all districts of the city. The total length of the cycling roads is 60 kilometres (37 miles) (48 kilometres (30 miles) are completed and 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) are under construction). The city has a total of 690 bike parkings.
The number of registered private automobiles in the city increased from 178,104 in 2005 to 234,298 in 2009.There are around 658 cars per 1,000 inhabitants
Plovdiv International Airportis near the village ofKrumovo, 5 km (3 mi) southeast of the city. It takes charter flights from Europe and has scheduled services with Ryanair to London Stansted and Dublin and S7 to Moscow. Wizz Air have services to London Luton, Dortmund, and Munich West.Many small airports are in the city's surroundings, including theGraf Ignatievo Air BaseinGraf Ignatievoto the north of Plovdiv.
TheBIAF Airshowis held every two years on theKrumovoairbase and is one of the biggest airshows in the Balkans.
Around two thirds of the citizens (62,38%) have secondary, specialized, or higher education. That percentage increased from 1992 to 2001.
Plovdiv has 78 schools including elementary, high, foreign language, mathematics, technical, and art schools. There are also 10 private schools and aseminary. The number of pupils in 2005 was 36,964 and has been constantly decreasing since the mid-1990 due to lower birth rate.Among the most prestigious schools are thePlovdiv Language School, the High School of Mathematics, the Ivan Vazov Language School, theSts. Cyril and Methodius High School of Humanities, the National School of Commerce, and the French High School.
The city has six universities and a number of state and private colleges and branches of other universities. Those includePlovdiv University,with 900 lecturers and employees and 13,000 students; thePlovdiv Medical University, with 2,600 students;the Medical College; the Technical University of Sofia – Branch Plovdiv;the Agricultural University –  Plovdiv;the University of Food Technologies;the Academy for Music, Dance and Fine Arts;and others.
The 2009International Olympiad in Informatics(IOI) was held at theUniversity of Plovdiv "Paisiy Hilendarski", between 8 and 15 August 2009. The 2009 IOI Honorary Patron wasBulgarian PresidentGeorgi Parvanov.
Between 1875 and 1906, theZariphios Schoolwas one of the local Greek educational institutions that provided elementary and secondary education.
Plovdiv Sports Complexconsists ofPlovdiv Stadiumwith several additional football fields, tennis courts,swimming pools, arowing basewith a 2 km-long channel, restaurants, and cafés in a spacious park in the western part of the city just south of theMaritsariver. There are also playgrounds for children. It is popular among the citizens and guests of Plovdiv who use it for jogging, walking, and relaxation. Plovdiv Stadium (55,000 seats) is the largest football venue in Bulgaria.
Other stadiums includeStadion Botev(19,000 seats),Lokomotiv(10,000 seats),Maritsa Stadium(5,000 seats), andTodor Diev Stadium(7,000 seats). There are seven indoorsports halls:Kolodruma, University Hall, Olimpia, Lokomotiv, Dunav, Stroitel, Chaika, Akademik, and Total Sport. In 2006,Aqualand, a water park, was opened near the city centre.Several smaller water parks are in the city as well.
Footballis the most popular sport in the city; Plovdiv has four professional teams. The city hasPFC Botev Plovdiv, founded in 1912 andPFC Lokomotiv, founded in 1926.Both teams are a regular fixture in thetop Bulgarian league. The rivalry between them is considered to be even more fierce than the one betweenLevskiandCSKAofSofia. There are two other football clubs in the city –Maritsa FC(founded in 1921) andSpartak Plovdiv(1947).
Plovdiv is host of the internationalboxingtournament "Strandzha" which has taken place since 1949.In 2007, 96 boxers from 20 countries participated in the tournament. There is ahorse racingclub and a horse base near the city. Plovdiv has several volleyball and basketball teams.
Three of the city's seven hills are protected natural territories since 1995. Two of the first parks in Bulgaria are located in the city center  –Tsar Simeon garden – city garden, where the very first work of the Italian sculptorArnoldo Zocchicould be seen, andDondukov garden – old city garden. Some of the larger parks include theBotanical garden,Beli Brezi,Ribnitsa, andLauta.
Plovdiv istwinnedwith:
Theasteroid(minor planet)3860 Plovdivis named after the city. It was discovered by theBelgianastronomerEric W. Elstand theBulgarianastronomerVioleta G. Ivanovaon 8 August 1986.Plovdiv Peak(1,040 m or 3,412 ft) onLivingston Islandin theSouth Shetland Islands,Antarctica, is also named after Plovdiv.
42°9′N24°45′E﻿ / ﻿42.150°N 24.750°E﻿ /42.150; 24.750