वाष्पशील कार्बनिक यौगिक

वाष्पशील कार्बनिक यौगिक(Volatile organic compounds)या
(VOCs) वे कार्बनिक रसायन है जिनमे कमरे के समान्य ताप पर भी उच्च वाष्प दाब होता है। इनका उच्च वाष्प दाब, उनके कम क्वथनांक की वजह से garmi  अधिक अणुओं के ठोस या द्रव वाष्पीकृत या ऊर्ध्वपतित होकर यौगिक बनाने व आस पास की वायु में मिलने के कारण होता है। निम्न क्वथनांक के कारण इनमे उच्च वाष्प दाब होता है, अधिक अणुओ का जल या ठोस अवस्था से वाष्पीकरण या ऊर्ध्वपातन होता है तथा यौगिक बनकर वायुमंडल में मिश्रित हो जाता है। जैसे कि निम्न क्वथनांक के paint- 19 °C (–2 °F) से formaldehyde का वाष्पीकरण।
VOCs, कई अलग अलग, और सर्वव्यापी हैं। इनमे दोनों मानव निर्मित और स्वाभाविक रूप से होने वाली रासायनिक यौगिक शामिल है। अधिकतर सुगंधिया VOCs है। VOCs पौधों के मध्य सम्प्रेषण में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं,तथा पौधों से जीवो को संदेश भेजते हैं। कुछ VOCs मानव स्वास्थ्य के लिए खतरनाक होते हैं व वातावरण को हानी पहुंचाते हैं।AnthropogenicVOCs are regulated by law, especially indoors, where concentrations are the highest. Harmful VOCs typically are not acutelytoxic, but have compounding long-term health effects. Because the concentrations are usually low and the symptoms slow to develop, research into VOCs and their effects is difficult.
Diverse definitions of the term VOCare in use.
The definitions of VOCs used for control of precursors of photochemical smog used by the EPA, and states in the US with independent outdoor air pollution regulations include exemptions for VOCs that are determined to be non-reactive, or of low-reactivity in the smog formation process. EPA formerly defined these compounds as reactive organic gases (ROG) but changed the terminology to VOC.
In the USA, different regulations vary between states - most prominent is the VOC regulation bySCAQMDand by theCalifornia Air Resources Board.However, this specific use of the term VOCs can be misleading, especially when applied toindoor air qualitybecause many chemicals that are not regulated as outdoor air pollution can still be important for indoor air pollution.
Health Canadaclasses VOCs as organic compounds that have boiling points roughly in the range of 50 से 250 °से. (122 से 482 °फ़ै). The emphasis is placed on commonly encountered VOCs that would have an effect on air quality.
A VOC is any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 °से. (482 °फ़ै) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa
VOCs (or specific subsets of the VOCs) are legally defined in the various laws and codes under which they are regulated. Other definitions may be found from government agencies investigating or advising about VOCs.TheUnited States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) regulates VOCs in the air, water, and land. TheSafe Drinking Water Actimplementation includes a list labeled "VOCs in connection with contaminants that are organic and volatile."The EPA also publishes testing methods for chemical compounds, some of which refer to VOCs.
In addition to drinking water, VOCs are regulated in discharges to waters (sewage treatment and stormwater disposal), as hazardous waste,but not in non industrial indoor air.TheUnited States Department of Laborand its Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulate VOC exposure in the workplace. Volatile organic compounds that arehazardous materialwould be regulated by thePipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administrationwhile being transported.
Not countingmethane, biological sources emit an estimated 1150teragramsofcarbonper year in the form of VOCs.The majority of VOCs are produced by plants, the main compound beingisoprene. The remainder are produced by animals, microbes, andfungi, such asmolds.
The strong odor emitted by many plants consists ofgreen leaf volatiles, a subset of VOCs. Emissions are affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, which determines rates of volatilization and growth, and sunlight, which determines rates ofbiosynthesis. Emission occurs almost exclusively from the leaves, thestomatain particular. A major class of VOCs isterpenes, such asmyrcene.Providing a sense of scale, a forest 62,000 kmin area (the U.S. state of Pennsylvania) is estimated to emit 3,400,000 kilograms of terpenes on a typical August day during the growing season.VOCs should be a factor in choosing which trees to plant in urban areas.Induction of genes producing volatile organic compounds, and subsequent increase in volatile terpenes has been achieved in maize using (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol and other plant hormones.
Anthropogenicsources emit about 142teragramsofcarbonper year in the form of VOCs.
A major source of man-made VOCs are coatings, especially paints and protective coatings. Solvents are required to spread a protective or decorative film. Approximately 12 billion litres of paints are produced annually. Typical solvents are aliphatic hydrocarbons,ethyl acetate, glycol ethers, andacetone. Motivated by cost, environmental concerns, and regulation, the paint and coating industries are increasingly shifting towardaqueous solvents.
Chlorofluorocarbons, which are banned or highly regulated, were widely used cleaning products and refrigerants. Tetrachloroethene is used widely in dry cleaning and by industry.
The use offossil fuelsproduces VOCs either directly as products (e.g.,gasoline) or indirectly as byproducts (e.g., automobileexhaust gas).
One VOC that is a known human carcinogen is benzene, which is a chemical found in environmental tobacco smoke, stored fuels, and exhaust from cars. Benzene also has natural sources such as volcanoes and forest fires. It is frequently used to make other chemicals in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic fibers. Benzene evaporates into the air quickly and the vapor of benzene is heavier than air allowing the compound to sink into low-lying areas. Benzene has also been known to contaminate food and water and if digested can lead to vomiting, dizziness, sleepiness, rapid heartbeat, and at high levels, even death may occur.
Methylene chlorideis another VOC that is highly dangerous to human health. It can be found in adhesive removers and aerosol spray paints and the chemical has been proven to cause cancer in animals. In the human body, methylene chloride is converted to carbon monoxide and a person will suffer the same symptoms as exposure to carbon monoxide. If a product that contains methylene chloride needs to be used the best way to protect human health is to use the product outdoors. If it must be used indoors, proper ventilation is essential to keeping exposure levels down.
Perchloroethyleneis a volatile organic compound that has been linked to causing cancer in animals. It is also suspected to cause many of the breathing related symptoms of exposure to VOCs.Perchloroethylene is used mostly in dry cleaning. While dry cleaners recapture perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning process to reuse it, some environmental release is unavoidable. Studies show that people breathe in low levels of this VOC in homes where dry-cleaned clothes are stored and while wearing dry-cleaned clothing.
MTBEwas banned in the US around 2004 in order to limit further contamination of drinking wateraquifers(groundwater) primarily from leaking underground gasoline storage tanks where MTBE was used as an octane booster and oxygenated-additive.
Since many people spend much of their time indoors, long-term exposure to VOCs in the indoor environment can contribute tosick building syndrome.In offices, VOC results from new furnishings, wall coverings, and office equipment such as photocopy machines, which canoff-gasVOCs into the air.Good ventilation and air-conditioning systems are helpful at reducing VOCs in the indoor environment.Studies also show that relativeleukemiaandlymphomacan increase through prolonged exposure of VOCs in the indoor environment.
In the United States, there are two standardized methods for measuring VOCs, one by theNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) and another byOccupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA). Each method uses a single component solvent;butanolandhexanecannot be sampled, however, on the same sample matrix using the NIOSH or OSHA method.
The aromatic VOC compoundbenzene, emitted from exhaled cigarette smoke is labeled as carcinogenic, and is ten times higher in smokers than in nonsmokers.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found concentrations of VOCs in indoor air to be 2 to 5 times greater than in outdoor air and sometimes far greater. During certain activities indoor levels of VOCs may reach 1,000 times that of the outside air.Studies have shown that individual VOC emissions by themselves are not that high in an indoor environment, but the indoor total VOC (TVOC) concentrations can be up to five times higher than the VOC outdoor levels.New buildings especially, contribute to the highest level of VOC off-gassing in an indoor environment because of the abundant new materials generating VOC particles at the same time in such a short time period.In addition to new buildings, we also use many consumer products that emit VOC compounds, therefore the total concentration of VOC levels is much greater within the indoor environment.
VOC concentration in an indoor environment during winter is three to four times higher than the VOC concentrations during the summer.High indoor VOC levels are attributed to the low rates of air exchange between the indoor and outdoor environment as a result of tight-shut windows and the increasing use of humidifiers.
In most countries, a separate definition of VOCs is used with regard to indoor air quality that comprises each organic chemical compound that can be measured as follows: Adsorption from air on Tenax TA, thermal desorption, gas chromatographic separation over a 100% nonpolar column (dimethylpolysiloxane). VOC (volatile organic compounds) are all compounds that appear in the gas chromatogram between and including n-hexane and n-hexadecane. Compounds appearing earlier are called VVOC (very volatile organic compounds) compounds appearing later are called SVOC (semi-volatile organic compounds). See also these standards: ISO 16000-6, ISO 13999-2, VDI 4300-6, GermanAgBB evaluating scheme, GermanDIBt approval scheme, GEV testing method for theEMICODE.
Some overviews over VOC emissions rating schemeshave beencollected and compared.
France,GermanyandBelgiumhave enacted regulations to limit VOC emissions from commercial products, and industry has developed numerous voluntary ecolabels and rating systems, such as EMICODE,M1,Blue Angeland Indoor Air ComfortIn theUnited States, several standards exist; California Standard CDPH Section 01350is the most popular one. Over the last few decades, these regulations and standards changed the marketplace, leading to an increasing number of low-emitting products: The leading voluntary labels report that licenses to several hundreds of low-emitting products have been issued (see the respective webpages such asMAS Certified Green.- Certified Products).
Many building materials such as paints, adhesives, wall boards, and ceiling tiles slowly emitformaldehyde, which irritates the mucous membranes and can make a person irritated and uncomfortable.Formaldehyde emissions from wood are in the range of 0.02 – 0.04 ppm. Relative humidity within an indoor environment can also affect the emissions of formaldehyde. High relative humidity and high temperatures allow more vaporization of formaldehyde from wood-materials.
Respiratory, allergic, or immune effects in infants or children are associated with man-made VOCs and other indoor or outdoor air pollutants.
Some VOCs, such asstyreneandlimonene, can react withnitrogen oxidesor with ozone to produce new oxidation products and secondary aerosols, which can cause sensory irritation symptoms.Unspecified VOCs are important in the creation ofsmog.
Health effects include eye, nose, andthroat irritation; headaches, loss of coordination, nausea; damage to liver, kidney, and central nervous system. Some organics can cause cancer in animals; some are suspected or known to cause cancer in humans. Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include conjunctival irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction,dyspnea, declines in serumcholinesteraselevels, nausea, vomiting, nose bleeding, fatigue, dizziness.
The ability of organic chemicals to cause health effects varies greatly from those that are highly toxic, to those with no known health effects. As with other pollutants, the extent and nature of the health effect will depend on many factors including level of exposure and length of time exposed. Eye and respiratory tract irritation, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, and memory impairment are among the immediate symptoms that some people have experienced soon after exposure to some organics. At present, not much is known about what health effects occur from the levels of organics usually found in homes. Many organic compounds are known to cause cancer in animals; some are suspected of causing, or are known to cause, cancer in humans.
To reduce exposure to these toxins, one should buy products that contain Low-VOCs or No VOCs. Only the quantity which will soon be needed should be purchased, eliminating stockpiling of these chemicals. Use products with VOCs in well ventilated areas. When designing homes and buildings, design teams can implement the best possible ventilation plans, call for the best mechanical systems available, and design assemblies to reduce the amount of infiltration into the building. These methods will help improve indoor air quality, but by themselves they cannot keep a building from becoming an unhealthy place to breathe.
Limit values for VOC emissions into indoor airare published by e.g. AgBB, AFSSET, California Department of Public Health, and others. These regulations have prompted several companies to adapt with VOC level reductions in products that have VOCs in their formula, suchBenjamin Moore & Co.in the paint industry andWeld-Onin the adhesive industry.
The exhaled human breath contains a few hundred volatile organic compounds and is used in breath analysis to serve as a VOCbiomarkerto test for diseases such aslung cancer.One study has shown that "volatile organic compounds ... are mainly blood borne and therefore enable monitoring of different processes in the body."And it appears that VOC compounds in the body "may be either produced by metabolic processes or inhaled/absorbed from exogenous sources" such asenvironmental tobacco smoke.Research is still in the process to determine whether VOCs in the body are contributed by cellular processes or by the cancerous tumors in the lung or other organs.
VOCs in the environment or certain atmospheres can be detected based on different principles and interactions between the organic compounds and the sensor components. There are electronic devices that can detect ppm concentrations despite the non-selectivity. Others can predict with reasonable accuracy the molecular structure of the volatile organic compounds in the environment or enclosed atmospheresand could be used as accurate monitors of the Chemical Fingerprint and further as health monitoring devices.
Solid-phase microextraction(SPME) techniques are used to collect VOCs at low concentrations for analysis.
Direct injectionmass spectrometrytechniques are frequently utilized for the rapid detection and accurate quantification of VOCs.PTR-MSis among the methods that have been used most extensively for the on-line analysis of biogenic and antropogenic VOCs.Recent PTR-MS instruments based ontime-of-flight mass spectrometryhave been reported to reachdetection limitsof 20 pptv after 100 ms and 750 ppqv after 1 min measurement (signal integration) time. Themass resolutionof these devices is between 7000 and 10,500 m/Δm, thus it is possible to separate most common isobaric VOCs and quantify them independently.