Valencia

Valencia(/vəˈlɛnsiə/və-LEN-see-əor/vəˈlɛnʃ(i)ə/və-LEN-sh(ee-)ə,Spanish:[baˈlenθja]), officiallyValència(Valencian:[vaˈlensia]), is the capital of theprovinceandautonomous communityofthe same namein Spain. It is thethird-most populated municipalityin the country, with 825,948 inhabitants.The urban area of Valencia has 1.5 million peoplewhile the metropolitan region has 2.5 million.It is located on the banks of theTuria, on the east coast of theIberian Peninsulaon theMediterranean Sea.
Valencia was founded as aRomancolony in 138 BC asValentia Edetanorum[es]. As an autonomous city in late antiquity, its militarization followed the onset of the threat posed by theByzantine presence to the South, together with effective integration to theVisigothic Kingdom of Toledoin the late 6th century.Islamic ruleand acculturation ensued in the 8th century, together with the introduction of new irrigation systems and crops. With theAragoneseChristian conquest in 1238, the city became the capital of theKingdom of Valencia.
Due to trade with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, Italian ports, and other Mediterranean locations, the city thrived in the 15th century and Valencia had become one of the largest European cities by the end of the century.The emergence of theAtlantic Worldaffected Mediterranean trade in the global trade networks and, along with insecurity created byBarbary piracythroughout the 16th century. Although the 16th century had been notable for the large number of religious foundations which, according to one estimate, suggested that one third of its area had been occupied by religious buildings.the city's economic activity suffered a crisis following theexpulsion of the Moriscosin 1609.
The city became a majorsilkmanufacturing centre in the 18th century.
During theSpanish Civil War, the city served as the accidental seat of the Spanish Government from 1936 to 1937.
ThePort of Valenciais the4th-busiest container port in Europeand the second busiest container port on theMediterranean Sea. The city is ranked as a Gamma-levelglobal cityby theGlobalization and World Cities Research Network.Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain, spanning approximately 169 hectares (420 acres).Due to its long history, Valencia has numerous celebrations and traditions, such as theFalles(orFallas), which were declared aFiesta of National Tourist Interest of Spainin 1965and anintangible cultural heritagebyUNESCOin November 2016. In 2022, the city was voted the world's top destination forexpatriates, based on criteria such asquality of lifeand affordability.The city was selected as theEuropean Capital of Sport[Wikidata]2011, theWorld Design Capital2022 and theEuropean Green Capital2024.
TheLatinname of the city was Valentia (IPA:[waˈlɛntɪ.a]), meaning "strength" or "valour", due to the Roman practice of recognising the valour of former Roman soldiers after a war. The Roman historianLivyexplains that the founding of Valentia in the 2nd century BC was due to the settling of the Roman soldiers who fought against aLusitanianrebel,Viriatus, during the Third Raid of theLusitanian War.
During the period of Islamic rule, the city was calledMedina at-Tarab('City of Joy') according to one transliteration, orMedina at-Turab('City of Sands') according to another, since it was located on the banks of the River Turia. It is not clear if an Arabised variant of the Latin name (Balansiyya) referred to the greaterTaifa of Valencia, or just the city itself.
Via gradual phonetic changes,ValentiabecameValencia[baˈlenθja]inSpanishandValència[vaˈlensia]inValencian. In Valencian, anewith a grave accent (è) indicates[ɛ]in contrast to[e], but the wordValènciais an exception to this rule, sinceèis pronounced[e]. The spelling "València" was approved by theAcadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua(AVL) based on tradition after a debate on the matter. The name "València" has been the only official name of the city since 2017.In 2023, the Commission of Culture of the municipal corporation agreed in principle on a dual official denominationValencia/Valéncia, with thefar rightmanaging to imposea non-standard acute accent in theeof the Valencian-language name.
Valencia is one of the oldest cities in Spain, founded in the Roman periodc.138 BCasValentia Edetanorum.A few centuries later, with the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, theCatholic Churchassumed power in the city, coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples (Suebi,Vandals,Alans, and laterVisigoths).
After the fall of theWestern Roman Empire, Valencia became part of theVisigothic Kingdomfrom 546 to 711 AD.The city surrendered to the invadingMoorsabout 714 AD.Abd al-Rahman Ilaid waste to old Valencia by 788–789.From then on, the name of Valencia (Arabised asBalansiya) appears more related to the wider area than to the city, which is primarily cited asMadînat al-Turâb('city of earth' or 'sand') and presumably had diminished importance throughout the period.During the emiral period, the surrounding territory, under the ascendancy of Berber chieftains, was prone to unruliness.In the wake of the start of thefitna of al-Andalus, Valencia became the head of an independent emirate, theTaifa of Valencia.It was initially controlled byeunuchs,and then, after 1021, by Abd al-Azîz (a grandson ofAlmanzor).Valencia experienced notable urban development in this period.Many Jews lived in Valencia, including the accomplished Jewish poet and philosopherSolomon ibn Gabirol, who spent his last years in the city.After a damaging offensive by Castilian–Leonese forces towards 1065, the territory became a satellite of theTaifa of Toledo, and following the fall of the latter in 1085, a protectorate of "El Cid". A revolt erupted in 1092, handing the city to theAlmoravidsand forcing El Cid totake the city by forcein 1094, henceforth establishinghis own principality.
Following the evacuation of the city in 1102, the Almoravids took control. As the Almoravid empire crumbled in the mid 12th-century,ibn Mardanīshtook control of eastern al-Andalus, creating a Murcia-centred independent emirate to which Valencia belonged, resisting theAlmohadsuntil 1172.During the Almohad rule, the city perhaps had a population of about 20,000.When the city fell toJames I of Aragon, the Jewish population constituted about 7 per cent of the total population.
In 1238,King James I of Aragon, with an army composed ofAragonese,Catalans, Navarrese, and crusaders from theOrder of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender.Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave.The Jews of Valencia were afforded a quarter for residence in 1239, which was surrounded by a high wall in 1390. The quarter had  three gates, all of which were closed at night; the Jewish cemetery was permitted just beyond 'the Jew's Gate', thePortal dels Jueues.
Valencia endured serious troubles in the mid-14th century, including the decimation of the population by theBlack Death of 1348and subsequent years of epidemics—as well as the series of wars and riots that followed.
In 1391, there was apogromon the Jewish Quarter of Valencia, which became known as theMassacre of 1391. The violence against Jews had begun by Catholic mobs in Seville, then spread to all of Castile and on to the Crown of Aragon, which included Valencia. Although the royal guards tried to protect the Jews, thousands were murdered and those who survived were forced to convert. The Jewish quarter was destroyed.
By the late 14th century,Genoesetraders promoted the expansion of the cultivation ofwhite mulberryin the area and later introduced innovativesilkmanufacturing techniques. Valencia became a centre of mulberry production and was, for a time, a major silk-producing centre.The Genoese community in Valencia—merchants, artisans and workers—became, along with Seville's, one of the most important in the Iberian Peninsula.
In 1407, following the model of the Barcelona institution created some years before, aTaula de canvi(a municipal public bank) was created in Valencia, although its first iteration yielded limited success.
The 15th century was a time of economic expansion, known as the Valencian Golden Age, during which culture and the arts flourished. Concurrent population growth made Valencia the most populous city in the Crown of Aragon.Some of the city's landmark buildings were built during the Late Middle Ages, including theSerranos Towers, theSilk Exchange, theMiguelete Tower, and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Sant Domènec. In painting and sculpture,Flemishand Italian trends had an influence on Valencian artists.
Valencia became a majorslave tradecentre in the 15th century, second only toLisbonin the West,prompting a Lisbon–Seville–Valencia axis by the second half of the century powered by the incipient Portuguese slave trade originating inWest Africa.By the end of the 15th century Valencia was one of the largest European cities, being the most populated city in the Hispanic Monarchy and second to Lisbon in the Iberian Peninsula.
Valencia also became one of the major ports of embarkation for Jews who left after theexpulsion from Spainin 1492,Isaac ben Yehudah Abrabaneland his family among them, by special permission granted to him by King Ferdinand.
Following the death ofFerdinand IIin 1516, the nobiliary estate challenged the Crown amid the relative void of power.In 1519, theTaula de Canviswas recreated again, known asNova Taula.The nobles earned the rejection from the people of Valencia, and the whole kingdom was plunged into theRevolt of the Brotherhoodsand full-blown civil war between 1521 and 1522.Muslim vassals were forced to convert in 1526 at the behest ofCharles V.
Urban and rural delinquency—linked to phenomena such asvagrancy,gambling,larceny,pimpingand false begging—as well as the nobiliary banditry consisting of the revenges and rivalries between the aristocratic families flourished in Valencia during the 16th century.Furthermore,North African piracytargeted the whole coastline of thekingdom of Valencia, forcing the fortification of sites.By the late 1520s, the intensification of Barbarycorsairactivity along with domestic conflicts and the emergence of the Atlantic Ocean in detriment of the Mediterranean in global trade networks put an end to the economic splendor of the city.This piracy also paved the way for the ensuing development of Christian piracy, that had Valencia as one of its main bases in the Iberian Mediterranean.The Berber threat—initially withOttomansupport—generated great insecurity on the coast, and it would not be substantially reduced until the 1580s.
The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the 1609 expulsion of theMoriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that had converted to Christianity. The Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the formerCrown of Aragon, and in theKingdom of Valenciaspecifically, and constituted roughly a third of the total population.The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the Valencian nobility and the bankruptcy of theTaula de canviin 1613.
The decline of the city reached its nadir with theWar of the Spanish Succession(1702–1709), marking the end of the political and legal independence of theKingdom of Valencia. During theWar of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with theHabsburgruler of theHoly Roman Empire,Charles of Austria. King Charles vowed to protect the laws (Furs) of theKingdom of Valencia, which gained him the sympathy of a wide sector of the Valencian population. On 24 January 1706, after having ridden south from Barcelona,Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city and captured the nearby fortress atSagunt, bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.
The English held the city for 16 months, defeating several attempts to expel them. After the victory of the Bourbons at theBattle of Almansaon 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia andPhilip Vordered the repeal of the Furs of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria.By theNueva Planta decrees, the ancientCharters of Valenciawere abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter, similarly to other places in the Crown of Aragon.
The Valencian economy recovered during the 18th century with the rising manufacture of woven silk and ceramic tiles. The silk industry boomed during this century, with Valencia replacingToledoas the centre of silk-manufacturing in Spain.The Palau de Justícia is an example of the affluence manifested in the most prosperous times of Bourbon rule (1758–1802) during the rule of Charles III. The 18th century was theAge of Enlightenmentin Europe and, in Valencia, its humanistic ideals influenced men such asGregorio MayansandFrancisco Pérez Bayer, who maintained correspondence with the leading French and German thinkers of the time.
The 19th century began with Spain embroiled in wars with France, Portugal, and England—but the Peninsular War (also known as the Spanish War of Independence) affected the Valencian territories and the capital city. The repercussions of the French Revolution were still being felt when Napoleon's armies invaded the Iberian Peninsula. The Valencian people rose up in arms against them on 23 May 1808, inspired by leaders such as Vicent Doménech el Palleter.
The mutineers seized the Citadel, theSupreme Juntagovernment took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's MarshalMonceyattacked the city with a column of 9,000 FrenchGrande Arméetroops at the firstBattle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. MarshalSuchetbegan a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when theBonapartistking,José I(Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the middle of 1812. The disaster of theBattle of Vitoriaon 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.
Ferdinand VIIreturned to the throne at end of the Peninsular War, which freed Spain from Napoleonic domination. On his return, on 24 March 1814 from exile in France, the Cortes requested that he respect the liberal Constitution of 1812, which significantly limited royal powers. Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid. Here, on 17 April,General Elioinvited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King's disposition. The king abolished theConstitution of 1812and dissolved the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May. Thus began six years (1814–1820) of absolutist rule, but the constitution was reinstated during theTrienio Liberal, a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820 to 1823.
On King Ferdinand VII's death in 1833,Baldomero Esparterobecame one of the most ardent defenders of the hereditary rights of the king's daughter, the futureIsabella II. During the regency ofMaria Cristina, Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th prime minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans.
The reign of Isabella II as an adult (1843–1868) was a period of relative stability and growth for Valencia. During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; landowners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of theValencianlanguage, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V.
Work to demolish the walls of the old city started on 20 February 1865.The demolition of the citadel ended after the1868 Glorious Revolution.
During theCantonal rebellionin 1873, Valencia was the capital of the short-livedValencian Canton.
Following the introduction ofuniversal manhood suffragein the late 19th century, the political landscape in Valencia—until then consisting of the bipartisanship characteristic of the earlyRestoration period—experienced a change, leading to a growth ofrepublican forces, gathered around the emerging figure ofVicente Blasco Ibáñez.Not unlike the equally republicanLerrouxism, the PopulistBlasquism[es]came to mobilize the Valencian masses by promotinganticlericalism.Meanwhile, in reaction, the right-wing coalesced around several initiatives such as the Catholic League or the reformulation of ValencianCarlism, andValencianismdid similarly with organizations such as Valencia Nova or the Unió Valencianista.
In the early 20th century, Valencia was an industrialised city. Although the silk industry had disappeared, there was a large production of hides and skins, wood, metals, and foodstuffs, the latter with substantial exports, particularly of wine and citrus. Small businesses predominated, but with the rapid mechanisation of the industry, larger companies were being formed. The best expression of this dynamic was in regional exhibitions, including that of 1909 held next to theL'Albereda(Paseo de la Alameda), which depicted the progress of agriculture and industry. Among the most architecturally successful buildings of the era were those designed in theArt Nouveaustyle, such as theEstació del Nordand the Central and Columbus markets.
World War I(1914–1918) greatly affected the Valencian economy, causing the collapse of its citrus exports. TheSecond Spanish Republic(1931–1939) opened the way for democratic participation and the increased politicisation of citizens, especially in response to the rise of Conservative Front power in 1933. The inevitable march toward civil war and combat in Madrid resulted in the relocation of the capital of the Republic to Valencia.
After the continuous unsuccessfulFrancoistoffensive on besieged Madrid during theSpanish Civil War, Valencia temporarily became the capital of Republican Spain on 6 November 1936. It hosted the government until 31 October 1937.
During theSpanish Civil War, Valencia was heavily bombarded by air and sea, mainly by theFascist Italianair force, as well as the Francoist air force withNazi Germansupport. By the end of the war, the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher. The Republican government moved to Barcelona on 31 October of that year. On 30 March 1939, Valencia surrendered and Nationalist Spanish troops entered the city.
The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime, speaking or teachingValencianwas prohibited; in a significant reversal, it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia. Franco's dictatorship forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes led by the Catholic Church. During Franco's regime some leading Valencian intellectuals, such asJuan Peset,rectorofUniversity of Valencia, were executed and many of them, includingJosep RenauandMax Aub, went into exile.
In 1943, Franco decreed the exclusivity of Valencia and Barcelona for the celebration of internationalfairsin Spain.These two cities would hold the monopoly on international fairs for more than three decades, until the rule's abolishment in 1979 by the government ofAdolfo Suárez.In October 1957,a floodfrom the Turia river resulted in 81 casualties and extensive property damage.The disaster led to the remodelling of the city and the creation of a new river bed for the Turia, with the old one becoming one of the city's "green lungs".The economy began to recover in the early 1960s, and the city experienced explosive population growth through immigration spurred by jobs created with the implementation of major urban projects and infrastructure improvements.
With theadvent of democracyin Spain, the ancient kingdom of Valencia was established as a new autonomous entity, theValencian Community, the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 designating Valencia as its capital. Valencia has since then experienced a surge in its cultural development, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as thePalau de la Música, thePalacio de Congresos, the Metro, theCity of Arts and Sciences(Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity(Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art(Institut Valencià d'Art Modern). The various productions ofSantiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architectFélix Candelahave contributed to Valencia's international reputation. In 1983 the statue of Francisco Franco inPlaza delCaudillowas torn down and the plaza renamedPlaza del Ayuntamiento. Some time after, the bronze statueLa Paz y la Concordanciaby José Puche was erected inPlaza de la Reinaand dedicated to victims of terrorism. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the "Old City"(Ciutat Vella)have helped improve the city's livability, and tourism is continually increasing.
On 3 July 2006, a major mass transit disaster, theValencia Metro derailment, left 43 dead and 47 wounded.Days later, on 9 July, the World Day of Families, during Mass at Valencia's Cathedral, Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica,Pope Benedict XVIused theSant Calze, a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is theHoly Grail.
Valencia was selected in 2003 to host the historicAmerica's Cupyacht race, the first European city ever to do so. The2007 America's Cup matchestook place from April to July. On 3 July 2007,AlinghidefeatedTeam New Zealandto retain the America's Cup. Twenty-two days later, on 25 July 2007, the leaders of the Alinghi syndicate, holder of the America's Cup, officially announced that Valencia would be the host city for the 33rd America's Cup, held in June 2009.
The results of theValencia municipal electionsfrom 1991 to 2011 delivered a 24-year uninterrupted rule (1991–2015) by thePeople's Party(PP) and MayorRita Barberá, with support from theValencian Union. Barberá's rule was ousted by left-leaning forces after the2015 municipal election, withJoan RibóofCompromísbecoming the new mayor.
Located on the eastern coast of theIberian Peninsulaand the western part of theMediterranean Sea, fronting theGulf of Valencia, Valencia lies on the highly fertile alluvial silts accumulated on the floodplain formed in the lower course of theTuria River.At its founding by the Romans in 138 BC, it stood on an alluvial plain of the Turia River several kilometers from the sea.
TheAlbuferalagoon, located about 12 km (7 mi) south of the city proper (and part of the municipality), was originally a saltwater lagoon, but since the severing of links to the sea, it has eventually become a freshwater lagoon, progressively decreasing in size.The lagoon and its environment are used for the cultivation ofriceinpaddy fields, and for hunting and fishing purposes.
The Valencia City Council bought the lake from theCrown of Spainfor 1,072,980pesetasin 1911,and today it forms the main portion of theParc Natural de l'Albufera(Albufera Nature Reserve), with a surface area of 21,120 hectares (52,200 acres). Because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, it was declared a natural park in 1976.
Valencia and its metropolitan area have aMediterranean climate(Köppen:Csa) bordering on asemi-arid climate(Köppen:BSh)with mild winters and hot, dry summers.According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Valencia has a subtropical climate.
The average annual temperature of Valencia is 18.6 °C (65.5 °F); 23 °C (73 °F) during the day and 14.2 °C (57.6 °F) at night. In the coldest month, January, the maximum daily temperature typically ranges from 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F), the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from 6 to 10 °C (43 to 50 °F). December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 8 °C (46 °F) at night. March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) during the day and 10 °C (50 °F) at night. During the warmest months – July and August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F), about 21 to 24 °C (70 to 75 °F) at night. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded in the city since 1937 were 44.7 °C (112.5 °F) on 10 August 2023 and −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) on 11 February 1956, respectively.Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe, owing to its southern location on theMediterranean Seaand theFoehnphenomenon, locally known asponentà.The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe.
The maximum of precipitation occurs inautumn, coinciding with the time of the year whencold drop(gota fría) episodes of heavy rainfall—associated tocut-off low pressure systems at high altitude—are common along the Western mediterranean coast.The year-on-year variability in precipitation may be, however, considerable,as exemplified by large floods in1957and2024, which both occurred in the month of October. Snowfall almost does not occur at all; the most recent occasion snow accumulated on the ground was on 11 January 1960.
Valencia, on average, has around 2,733 sunshine hours per year, from 152 in December (average of 5 hours of sunshine duration a day) to 308 in July (average around 10 hours of sunshine duration a day). The average temperature of the sea is 14–15 °C (57–59 °F) in winter and 25–26 °C (77–79 °F) in summer.Average annualrelative humidityis around 66%.
The third largest city in Spain and the24th most populous municipalityin theEuropean Union, Valencia had a population of 809,267within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km(52 sq mi) in 2009. Theurban areaof Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,564,145and 1,595,000.
According to theValencia city halland SpanishMinistry of Development, the metropolis within theHorta of Valenciahas a population of 1,567,118 in an area of 628.81 km(242.78 sq mi).From 2001 to 2011, there was a population increase of 14.1%, amounting to 191,842 people.
The metropolitan area had a population of 1,770,742 in 2010 according to citypopulation.de,2,300,000 in 2015 according to theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development,2,513,965 in 2017 according to theWorld Gazetteer,and 2,522,383 in 2017 according toEurostat.
Between 2007 and 2008, there was a 14% increase in theforeign-bornpopulation, with the largest numeric increases by country being fromBolivia,Romania, andItaly. This growth in the foreign born population, which rose from 1.5% in 2000to 9.1% in 2009,has also occurred in the two larger cities ofMadridandBarcelona.The main countries of origin in those cases were Romania, theUnited Kingdom, andBulgaria.
Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth before theGreat Recession of 2008, much of it spurred by tourism andconstruction,with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport. The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations.However, the city still maintains an important industrial base, with 8.5% of the population employed in this sector. Growth has recently improved in the manufacturing sector, mainly automobile assembly;Ford Valencia Body and Assemblylies in the municipality ofAlmussafes.Agricultural activity still occurs but is of relatively minor importance, with only 1.9% of the working population working in agriculture and 3,973 ha (9,820 acres) of farmland (mostly orchards and citrus groves).
Since the onset of the Great Recession, Valencia had experienced a growing unemployment rate, increased government debt, and other issues, and severe spending cuts were introduced by the city government. However, in 2009, Valencia was designated "the 29th fastest-improving European city".Its influence in commerce, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science and the arts contributes to its status as one of the world's "Gamma" rankglobal cities.
The city is the seat of one of the fourstock exchangesin Spain, theBolsa de Valencia[es], part ofBolsas y Mercados Españoles(BME), owned bySIX Group.
The Valencia metropolitan area had aGDP amounting to $52.7 billion, and $28,141 per capita.
In 2021, theEuropean Investment Bank(EIB) provided a €27 million loan to Sociedad Anónima Municipal Actuaciones Urbanas de Valencia (AUMSA) to support affordable public rental housing projects, which included building 323 new units and renovating four existing ones, expanding AUMSA's housing stock by more than 50%.
Valencia's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast,the first in Spain in container traffic as of 2008and the second in Spainin total traffic, handling 20% of Spain's exports.The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia'smanufacturing sectorfocuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium-sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis,unemployment was lower than the Spanish average.
Valencia's port underwent radical changes to accommodate the 32ndAmerica's Cupin 2007. It was divided into two parts—one was unchanged while the other section was modified for America's Cup festivities. The two sections remain divided by a wall that projects far into the water to maintain clean water for America's Cup events.
Public transport is provided byFerrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana(FGV), which operates theMetrovalencia(rapid transit, tram) and other rail and bus services. TheEstació del Nord(North Station) is the major railway terminus in Valencia. A second station, theEstació de València-Joaquín Sorolla, has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speedAVEtrains to and from Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and Alicante.Valencia Airportis situated 9 km (5.6 mi) west of the city centre, andAlicante–Elche Airportis approximately 133 km (83 mi) south of the city centre.
Abicycle-sharing systemnamedValenbisiis available to both visitors and residents. As of 13 October 2012, the system had 2750 bikes distributed over 250 stations throughout the city.
The average amount of time people spend on public transit in Valencia on a weekday is 44 minutes. 6% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 minutes, while 9% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 5.9 km (3.7 mi), while 8% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.
Starting in the mid-1990s, Valencia, formerly an industrial centre, saw rapid development that expanded its cultural and tourism possibilities, and transformed it into a newly vibrant city. Many local landmarks were restored, including the medievalTorres de Serranosand Quart Towers and theMonasterio de San Miguel de los Reyes, which now holds a conservation library. Whole sections of the old city, for example the Carmen Quarter, have been extensively renovated. ThePasseig Marítim, a 4 km (2 mi) long palm tree-lined beach promenade, was constructed along thebeachesof the north side of the port(Platja de Les Arenes, Platja del Cabanyal and Platja de la Malva-rosa).
Valencia boasts a highly active and diversenightlife, withbars, dance bars,beach barsandnightclubsstaying open well past midnight.The city has numerousconvention centresand venues for trade events, among them the Institución Ferial de Valencia and the Palau de Congressos (Conference Palace), and several five-star hotels to accommodate business travelers.
In its long history, Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals, among them theFalles, which was declared a Celebration of International Tourist Interest(Festes d'Interés Turístic Internacional)on 25 January 1965 and anintangible cultural heritageby UNESCO on 30 November 2016, and the Water Tribunal of Valencia(Tribunal de les Aigües de València), which was declared an intangible cultural heritage in 2009. In addition to these, Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city's reputation and put it in the international spotlight, such as the Regional Exhibition of 1909, the 32nd and the 33rdAmerica's Cupcompetitions, theEuropean Grand PrixofFormula Oneauto racing, the formerValencia Opentennis tournament, and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports. The final round of theMotoGPChampionship is held annually at theCircuit de la Comunitat Valenciana.
The2007 America's Cupyachting races were held at Valencia in June and July 2007 and attracted huge crowds. The Louis Vuitton stage drew 1,044,373 visitors and the America's Cup match drew 466,010 visitors to the event.
In October 2021, Valencia was shortlisted for theEuropean Commission's 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award, along withBordeaux,Copenhagen,Dublin,Florence,Ljubljana, andPalma de Mallorca.
Valencia boasts aMuseu Obert|Open Air Museum, as a walking tour.
Valencia is amunicipality, the basic local administrative division in Spain. Theayuntamiento(AjuntamentinValencian language) is formally known as theConsell Municipal de València, and it is the body charged with the municipal government and administration,and is formed by 33 elected municipal councillors. In 2015,Joan Ribóbecame the first mayor who did not belong to thePeople's Party(PP) since 1991, renewing his term for a second mandate following the 2019 election.Thelast municipal electiontook place on 28 May 2023.María José Cataláof the PP replaced Ribó.
Valencia is known internationally for theFalles(Les Falles), a local festival held in March, as well as forpaellavalenciana, traditional Valencianceramics, craftsmanship in traditional dress, and the architecture of theCity of Arts and Sciences, designed bySantiago CalatravaandFélix Candela.
There are also a number of well-preserved traditional Catholic festivities throughout the year, like those of theHoly Week, which are considered some of the most colourful in Spain.
Valencia used to be the place of theFormula OneEuropean Grand Prix, first hosting the event on 24 August 2008, but was dropped later at the beginning of the2013Formula 1 season. However, Valencia still holds the annual Moto GP race at theCircuit Ricardo Tormo, usually the last race of the season, in November.
TheUniversity of Valencia(officiallyUniversitat de València Estudi General), founded in 1499, is one of the oldest surviving universities in Spain and the oldest in the Valencian Community. It was listed as one of the four leading Spanish universities in the 2011 Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities.
In 2012, Boston'sBerklee College of Musicopened a satellite campus at thePalau de les Arts Reina Sofia, their first and only international campus outside the U.S.Since 2003, Valencia has also hosted the music courses ofMusikeon, the leading musical institution in the Spanish-speaking world.
Valencia is known for its gastronomic culture. Thepaella, a simmered rice dish with meat (usually chicken or rabbit) or seafood, was born in Valencia. Other traditional dishes of Valencian gastronomy includefideuà,arròs a banda,arròs negre(black rice),fartons,bunyols,Spanish omelette,pinchosortapasandcalamares(squid).
Valencia was also the birthplace of the coldxufabeverage known asorxata, popular in many parts of the world, including the Americas.
ValencianandSpanishare theofficial languages. Spanish is currently the predominant language in the city proper.Valencia proper and its surrounding metropolitan area are—along with theAlicantearea—the traditionally Valencian-speaking territories of the Valencian Community where the Valencian language is less spoken and read.According to a 2019 survey commissioned by the local government, 76% of the population use only Spanish in their daily life, 1.3% use only the Valencian language, while 17.6% of the population use both languages.However, vis-à-vis the education system and according to the 1983 regional Law on the Use and Teaching of the Valencian Language, the municipality of Valencia is included within the territory of Valencian linguistic predominance.In 1993, the municipal government agreed to use exclusively Valencian for the plaques that serve as street signs.The variety of Valencian spoken in and around the city of Valencia is known asapitxat.
Every year, the five days and nights from 15 to 19 March, calledFalles, are a continual festival in Valencia; beginning on 1 March, the popular pyrotechnic events calledmascletàesstart every day at 2:00 pm. TheFalles(Fallasin Spanish) is an enduring tradition in Valencia and other towns in theValencian Community,where it has become an important tourist attraction. The festival started being celebrated in the 18th century,and came to be celebrated on the night of the feast day ofSaint Joseph, the patron saint of carpenters, with the burning of waste planks of wood from their workshops, as well as worn-out wooden objects brought by people in the neighborhood.
This tradition continued to evolve, and eventually theparotswere dressed with clothing to look like people—these were the firstninots, with features identifiable as being those of a well-known person from the neighborhood often added as well. In 1901 the city inaugurated the awarding of prizes for the best Falles monuments,and neighborhood groups still rival with each other to make the most impressive creations.Their intricate assemblages, on top of pedestals for better visibility, depict famous personalities and topical subjects of the past year, presenting humorous and often satirical commentary on them.
On the night of 19 March, Valencians burn all the Falles in an event called "La Cremà".
TheSetmanaorSemana Santa Marinera[es], as theHoly Weekis known in the city, was declared "Festival of National Tourist Interest" by 2012.
Major monuments includeValencia Cathedral, theTorres de Serrans, theTorres de Quart(ca:Torres de Quart), theLonja de la Seda(declared aWorld Heritage SitebyUNESCOin 1996), and theCiutat de les Arts i les Ciències(City of Arts and Sciences), an entertainment-based cultural and architectural complex designed bySantiago CalatravaandFélix Candela.TheMuseu de Belles Arts de Valènciahouses a large collection of paintings from the 14th to the 18th centuries, including works byVelázquez,El Greco, andGoya, as well as an important series of engravings byPiranesi.TheInstitut Valencià d'Art Modern(Valencian Institute of Modern Art) houses both permanent collections and temporary exhibitions of contemporary art and photography.
The ancient winding streets of the Barrio del Carmen contain buildings dating toRomanandArabtimes. TheCathedraland its bell towerEl Miguelete, built between the 13th and 15th centuries, are primarily ofValencian Gothicstyle but contains elements ofBaroqueandRomanesque architecture. Beside the cathedral is the GothicBasilicaof the Virgin(Basílica De La Mare de Déu dels Desamparats). The 15th-centurySerransandQuarttowers are part of what was once the wall surrounding the city.
UNESCOhas recognised the Silk Exchange market(La Llotja de la Seda), erected in early Valencian Gothic style, as aWorld Heritage Site.The Central Market (Mercat Central) inValencian Art Nouveaustyle, is one of the largest in Europe. The main railway stationEstació Del Nordis built inValencian Art Nouveau(a Spanish version ofArt Nouveau) style.
World-renowned (and city-born) architectSantiago Calatravaproduced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences(Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), which contains an opera house/performingarts centre, ascience museum, anIMAXcinema/planetarium, an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants. Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city. ThePalau de la Música de València(Music Palace) is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia.
TheValencia Cathedralwas calledIglesia Majorin the early days of theReconquista, thenIglesia de la Seu(Seuis from the Latinsedes, i.e., (archiepiscopal) See), and by virtue of the papal concession of 16 October 1866, it was called theBasílica Metropolitana. It is situated in the centre of the ancient Roman city where some believe the temple of Diana stood.In Gothic times, it seems to have been dedicated to the Holy Saviour;the Ciddedicated it to the Blessed Virgin; KingJames I of Aragondid likewise, leaving in the main chapel the image of the Blessed Virgin, which he carried with him and is reputed to be the one now preserved in the sacristy. The Moorish mosque, which had been converted into aChristian Churchby the conqueror, was deemed unworthy of the title of the cathedral of Valencia, and in 1262 Bishop Andrés de Albalat laid the cornerstone of the new Gothic building, with three naves; these reach only to the choir of the present building. Bishop Vidal de Blanes built the chapter hall, and James I added the tower, calledEl MigueleteinCastilian Spanishor Torre del Micalet in theValencian languagebecause it was blessed on St. Michael's day in 1418.The tower is about 58 metres (190 feet) high and is topped with abelfry(1660–1736).
In the 15th century the dome was added and the naves extended back of the choir, uniting the building to the tower and forming a main entrance. Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros began the building of the main chapel in 1674; the walls were decorated with marbles and bronzes in theBaroquestyle of that period. At the beginning of the 18th century, the German Conrad Rudolphus built the façade of the main entrance. The other two doors lead into the transept; one, that of the Apostles in pure pointed Gothic, dates from the 14th century, the other is that of the Palau. The additions made to the back of the cathedral detract from its height. The 18th-century restoration rounded the pointed arches, covered the Gothic columns withCorinthianpillars, and redecorated the walls.
The dome has no lantern, its plain ceiling being pierced by two large side windows. There are four chapels on either side, besides that at the end and those that open into the choir, the transept, and the sanctuary. It contains many paintings by eminent artists. A silverreredos, which was behind the altar, was carried away in the war of 1808, and converted into coin to meet the expenses of the campaign. There are two paintings byFrancisco de Goyain the San Francesco chapel. Behind the Chapel of theBlessed Sacramentis a smallRenaissancechapel built byCalixtus III. Beside the cathedral is the chapel dedicated to the Our Lady of the Forsaken(Mare de Déu dels Desemparats).
TheTribunal de les Aigües(Water Court), a court dating from Moorish times that hears and mediates in matters relating to irrigation water, sits at noon every Thursday outside thePorta dels Apostols(Portal of the Apostles).
In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under thepatronageofSanta Maria dels Innocents; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of 5 km (3.1 mi) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital, and continued its work under the name of "Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados". KingPhilip IV of Spainand theDuke of Arcossuggested the building of the new chapel, and in 1647 theViceroy,Conde de Oropesa, who had been preserved fromthe bubonic plague, insisted on carrying out their project. The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title ofVirgen de los desamparados(Virgin of the Forsaken), and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina, on 31 June 1652, laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name. The archiepiscopal palace, agrain marketin the time of the Moors, is simple in design, with an inside cloister and achapel. In 1357, the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built. Inside the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia.
El Temple(the Temple), the ancient church of theKnights Templar, which passed into the hands of theOrder of Montesaand was rebuilt in the reigns ofFerdinand VIandCharles III; the former convent of theDominicans, at one time the headquarters of theCapitan General, the cloister of which has a Gothic wing and chapter room, large columns imitatingpalm trees; theColegio del Corpus Christi, which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, and in whichperpetual adorationis carried on; theJesuitcollege, which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front, but later rebuilt; and theColegio de San Juan(also of the Society), the former college of the nobles, now a provincial institute for secondary instruction.
Thelargest plazain Valencia is thePlaça del Ajuntament; it is home to theCity Hall(Ajuntament)on its western side and the central post office(Edifici de Correus)on its eastern side, a cinema that shows classic movies, and many restaurants and bars. The plaza is triangular in shape, with a large cement lot at the southern end, normally surrounded by flower vendors. It serves as ground zero during theLes Falleswhen the fireworks of theMascletàcan be heard every afternoon. There is a large fountain at the northern end.
ThePlaça de la Mare de Déucontains the Basilica of the Virgin and the Turia fountain, and is a popular spot for locals and tourists. Around the corner is thePlaza de la Reina, with the cathedral, orange trees, and many bars and restaurants.
TheTuria Riverwas diverted in the 1960s, aftersevere flooding, and the old riverbed is now the Turia gardens, which contain a children's playground, a fountain, and sports fields. ThePalau de la Músicais adjacent to the Turia gardens and the City of Arts and Sciences lies at one end. TheValencia Bioparcis a zoo, also located in the Turia riverbed.
Other gardens in Valencia include:
Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club,Valencia CF, one of the most successful clubs in Europe and La Liga, winning theSpanish leaguea total of six times including in 2002 and 2004 (the year it also won theUEFA Cup), and was aUEFA Champions Leaguerunner-upin 2000 and 2001. The club is currently owned byPeter Lim, a Singaporean businessman who bought the club in 2014. The team's stadium is theMestalla, which can host up to 49,000 fans. The club's city rival,Levante UD, plays its home games atEstadi Ciutat de València.
Valencia is the only city in Spain with two American football teams inLNFA Serie A, the national first division:Valencia FirebatsandValencia Giants. The Firebats have been national champions four times and have represented Valencia and Spain in the European playoffs since 2005. Both teams share the Jardín del Turia stadium.
Once a year between 2008 and 2012 the EuropeanFormula OneGrand Prix took place in theValencia Street Circuit. Valencia is among (withBarcelona,PortoandMonte Carlo) the only European cities ever to host Formula One World Championship Grands Prix on public roads in the middle of cities. The final race in2012 European Grand Prixsaw home driverFernando Alonsowin forFerrari, in spite of starting halfway down the field. TheValencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix(Gran Premi de la Comunitat Valenciana de motociclisme)is part of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing season at theCircuit Ricardo Tormo(also known asCircuit de València), held in November in the nearby town ofCheste. Periodically the Spanish round of theDeutsche Tourenwagen Masterstouring car racing Championship (DTM) is held in Valencia.
Valencia is also the home of theAsociación Española de Rugby League, who are the governing body forRugby leaguein Spain. The city plays host to a number of clubs playing the sport and to date has hosted all of the country's international home matches.In 2015, Valencia hosted their first match in theRugby league European FederationC competition, which was a qualifier for the2017 Rugby League World Cup. Spain won the fixture 40–30.
These towns administratively are within districts of Valencia.
Valencia istwinnedwith:
Valencia also has friendly relations with: