Flamethrower

Aflamethroweris a rangedincendiary devicedesigned to project a controllablejetoffire.First deployedby theByzantine Empirein the7th century AD, flamethrowers saw use in modern times duringWorld War I, and more widely inWorld War IIas a tactical weapon against fortifications.
Most military flamethrowers use liquid fuel, typically either heated oil ordiesel, but commercial flamethrowers are generallyblowtorchesusing gaseous fuels such aspropane. Gases are safer in peacetime applications because their flames have lessmass flow rateand dissipate faster, and often are easier to extinguish.
Apart from the military applications, flamethrowers have peacetime applications where there is a need forcontrolled burning, such as insugarcaneharvesting and other land-management tasks. Various forms are designed for an operator to carry, while others are mounted on vehicles.
Modern flamethrowers were first used during thetrench warfareconditions ofWorld War Iand their use greatly increased inWorld War II. They can be vehicle-mounted, as on a tank, or man-portable.
The man-portable flamethrower consists of two elements—the backpack and the gun. The backpack element usually consists of two or three cylinders. In a two-cylinder system, one cylinder holds compressed, inert propellant gas (usuallynitrogen), and the other holds flammable liquid, typically some form of petrochemical. A three-cylinder system often has two outer cylinders of flammable liquid and a central cylinder of propellant gas to maintain the balance of the soldier carrying it. The gas propels the liquid fuel out of the cylinder through a flexible pipe and then into the gun element of the flamethrower system. The gun consists of a small reservoir, a spring-loaded valve, and an ignition system; depressing a trigger opens the valve, allowing pressurized flammable liquid to flow and pass over theigniterand out of the gun nozzle. The igniter can be one of several ignition systems: A simple type is an electrically heated wire coil; another used a smallpilot flame, fueled with pressurized gas from the system.
Flamethrowers were primarily used against battlefield fortifications,bunkers, and other protected emplacements. A flamethrower projects a stream of flammable liquid, rather than flame, which allows bouncing the stream off walls and ceilings to project the fire into unseen spaces, such as inside bunkers orpillboxes. Typically, popular visual media depict the flamethrower as short-ranged and only effective for a few metres (due to the common use ofpropanegas as the fuel in flamethrowers in movies, for the safety of the actors). Contemporary flamethrowers can incinerate a target some 50–100 metres (160–330 ft) from the operator; moreover, an unignited stream of flammable liquid can be fired and afterwards ignited, possibly by a lamp or other flame inside the bunker.
Flamethrowers pose many risks to the operator. The first disadvantage is the weapon's weight and length, which impairs the soldier's mobility. The weapon is limited to only a few seconds of burn time, since it uses fuel very quickly, requiring the operator to be precise and conservative. Flamethrowers using afougasse-styleexplosive propellant system also have a limited number of shots. The weapon is very visible on the battlefield, which causes operators to become immediately singled out as prominent targets, especially forsnipersanddesignated marksmen. Flamethrower operators were rarely taken prisoner, especially when their target survived an attack by the weapon; captured flamethrower users were in some casessummarily executed.
The flamethrower's effective range is short in comparison with that of other battlefield weapons of similar size. To be effective, flamethrower soldiers must approach their target, risking exposure to enemy fire. Vehicular flamethrowers also have this problem; they may have considerably greater range than a man-portable flamethrower, but their range is still short compared with that of other infantry weapons.
The risk of a flamethrower operator being caught in the explosion of their weapon due to enemy hits on the tanks is exaggerated in films.In some cases, the pressure tanks have exploded and killed the operator when hit by bullets or grenade shrapnel.  In the documentaryVietnam in HD, platoon sergeant Charles Brown tells of how one of his men was killed when his flamethrower was hit by grenade shrapnel during the battle forHill 875.
The pressurizer is filled with a non-flammable gas that is under high pressure. If this tank ruptures, it might knock the operator forward as it was expended in the same way a pressurizedaerosol canbursts outward when punctured. The fuel mixture in the containers is difficult to light, which is why magnesium-filled igniters are required when the weapon is fired. When pierced by a bullet, a metal can filled with diesel or napalm will merely leak unless the round is an incendiary type that may ignite the mixture inside.
The best way to minimize the disadvantages of flame weapons was to mount them on armoured vehicles. The Commonwealth and the United States were the most prolific users of vehicle-mounted flame weapons; the British and Canadians fielded "Wasps" (Universal Carriersfitted with flamethrowers) at infantry battalion level, beginning in mid-1944, and eventually incorporating them into infantry battalions. Early tank-mounted flamethrower vehicles included the "Badger" (a convertedRam tank) and the "Oke", used first atDieppe.
A propane-operated flamethrower is a straightforward device. The gas is expelled through the gun assembly by its own pressure and is ignited at the exit of the barrel throughpiezo ignition.
Liquid-operated flamethrowers use a smaller tank with a pressurized gas to expel the flammable liquid fuel. The propellant gas is fed to two tubes. The first opens in the fuel tanks providing the pressure necessary for expelling the liquid.The other tube leads to an ignition chamber behind the exit of the gun assembly, where it is mixed with air and ignited through piezo ignition. This pre-ignition line is the source of the flame seen in front of the gun assembly in movies and documentaries. As the fuel passes through the flame, it is ignited and propelled towards the target.
The concept of projecting fire as a weapon has existed since ancient times. During thePeloponnesian War,Boeotiansused some kind of a flamethrower trying to destroy the fortification walls of theAtheniansduring theBattle of Delium.
In 107 AD the Romans used a flamethrower against the Dacians; the device was similar to the one used at Delium.
Later, during theByzantineera, sailors used rudimentary hand-pumped flamethrowers on board their naval ships.Greek fire, extensively used by theByzantine Empire, is said to have been invented byKallinikosofHeliopolis, probably about 673 AD. Byzantine texts described weapons, used by Byzantine land forces, which were shooting Greek fire and called cheirosiphona (χειροσίφωνα, meaning hand-held siphons, singular χειροσίφωνο).The flamethrower found its origins in a device consisting of a hand-held pump that shot bursts of Greek fire via asiphon-hose and apistonwhich ignited it with a match, similar to modern versions, as it was ejected.An illustration inPoliorceticaofHero of Byzantiumdisplay a soldier with a portable flamethrower.Byzantines also used ceramic hand grenades filled with Greek fire.Greek fire, used primarily at sea, gave the Byzantines a substantial military advantage against enemies such as members of theArab Empire(who later adopted the use of Greek fire). An 11th-century illustration of its use survives in theJohn Skylitzesmanuscript.
ThePen Huo Qi("fire spraying device") was a Chinese piston flamethrower that used a substance similar to petrol ornaphtha, invented around 919 AD during theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The earliest reference to Greek fire in China was made in 917, written byWu Renchenin hisSpring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms.In 919, the siphon projector-pump was used to spread the 'fierce fire oil' that could not be doused with water, as recorded by Lin Yu (林禹) in hisWu-Yue Beishi(吳越備史), hence the first credible Chinese reference to the flamethrower employing the chemical solution of Greek fire.Lin Yu mentioned also that the 'fierce fire oil' derived ultimately from China's contact in the 'southern seas', withArabia(大食國Dashiguo).In theBattle of Langshan Jiang(Wolf Mountain River) in 919, the naval fleet of theWenmu KingofWuyuedefeated the fleet of theKingdom of Wubecause he had used 'fire oil' to burn his fleet; this signified the first Chinese use ofgunpowderin warfare, since a slow-burning match fuse was required to ignite the flames.The Chinese applied the use of double-pistonbellowsto pump petrol out of a single cylinder (with an upstroke and a downstroke), lit at the end by a slow-burning gunpowder match to fire a continuous stream of flame (as referred to in theWujing Zongyaomanuscript of 1044).In the suppression of theSouthern Tangstate by 976 AD, early Song naval forces confronted them on the Yangtze River in 975. Southern Tang forces attempted to use flamethrowers against the Song navy, but were accidentally consumed by their own fire when violent winds swept in their direction.Documented also in later Chinese publications, illustrations and descriptions of mobile flamethrowers on four-wheel push carts appear in theWujing Zongyao, written in 1044 (its illustration redrawn in 1601 as well).Advances in military technology aided theSong dynastyin its defense against hostile neighbours to the north, including theMongols.
Abū ʿAbdallāh al-Khwārazmī inMafātīḥ al-ʿUlūm(“Keys to the Sciences”) ca. 976 AD mentions thebāb al-midfaand thebāb al-mustaqwhich he said were parts of naphtha-throwers and projectors (al-naffātāt wa al-zarāqāt). Book of Ingenious Mechanical Device (Kitāb fī ma 'rifat al-ḥiyal al-handasiyya) of 1206 byIbn al-Razzaz al-Jazarimentioned about ejectors of naphtha (zarāqāt al-naft).
The book Hồ trường khu cơ  byDao Duy Tudescribes a flamethrowing weapon called the fire tiger "The fire-thrower is also called fire-tiger, has a large bulb about one meter long, when in battle it spits fire, the tube spits out pine resin, if it hits something, it immediately catches fire...". "Because the fire burns fiercely, it is called fire-tiger".  These weapons were later used by theTay SonArmy
In 1702, the Prussian Army tested P. Lange's "serpent-fire-spray'' (Schlangen-Brand-Spritze) who produced a jet of fire 4 metres (12 ft) wide and 40 m (120 ft) long; two years later it was rejected as useless.
Peter the Great'schief engineer Vasily Dmitrievich Korchmin designed various incendiary weapons.such as incendiary rockets and furnaces for heating cannonball; two Russian ships the “Svyatoy Yakov” and “Landsou” were armed with flamethrower tubes designed by him. He also developed instructions for their use together with the Tsar.
In the 1750s a French engineer named Dupre, developed a new flammable mixture; it was tested in LeHavre and set fire to a sloop. During the British shelling of LeHavre in 1759, the French War Minister tried to obtain authorization to use this fuel.
Although flamethrowers were never used in theAmerican Civil War, "Greek Fire" shells were produced and used by Union troops during theSecond Battle of Charleston Harbor.
During the 1871 siege of Paris, French chemistMarcellin Berthelotsuggested pumping flaming petroleum at Prussian troops.
In 1898 Russian captain Sigern-Korn experimented with burning jets of kerosene for defensive use; in theory in they would be fired from parapets of fortifications. The idea was abandoned due to technical issues
During the siege of Port Arthur, Japanese combat engineers used hand pumps to spray kerosene into Russian trenches. Once the Russians were covered with the flammable liquid, the Japanese would throw bundles of burning rags at them.
Before WW1 German pioneers used the Brandröhre M.95 a weapon consisting of a sheet metal tube (125 mm (4.9 in) wide and 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long) filled with an incendiary mixture, and a friction igniter activated by a lanyard. The Brandröhre was designed to be used against enemy casemates; a long pole was used to reach the target and the lanyard was pulled to ignite the fuel; producing a 2-metre (7 ft) long stream of fire. Those weapons were deployed in six-man teams and were limited by their short range. In theory the Brandröhre was replaced by the flamethrower in 1909 but it was still in use in WW1; it was used during the assaults on Fort du Camp-des-Romains in 1914 andFort Vauxin 1916.
Bernhard Reddeman, a German military officer and former fireman, converted steam powered fire engines into flamethrowers; his design was demonstrated in 1907.
The English wordflamethroweris aloan-translationofthe German wordFlammenwerfer, since the modern flamethrower was invented in Germany. The first flamethrower, in the modern sense, is usually credited toRichard Fiedler. He submitted evaluation models of hisFlammenwerferto theGerman Armyin 1901. The most significant model submitted was a portable device, consisting of a vertical single cylinder 1.2 metres (4 ft) long, horizontally divided in two, with pressurized gas in the lower section and flammable oil in the upper section. On depressing a lever the propellant gas forced the flammable oil into and through a rubber tube and over a simple igniting wick device in a steel nozzle. The weapon projected a jet of fire and enormous clouds of smoke some 18 metres (20 yd). It was a single-shot weapon—for burst firing, a new igniter section was attached each time. In 1905 Fiedler's flamethrower was demonstrated to the Prussian Committee of Engineers. In 1908 Fiedler started working with Reddeman and made some adjustments to the design; an experimental pioneer company was created to further test the weapon.
It was not until 1911 that the German Army accepted their first real flamethrowing device, creating a specialist regiment of twelve companies equipped with Flammenwerfer Apparent.Despite this, use of fire in a World War I battle predated flamethrower use, with a petrol spray being ignited by an incendiary bomb in the Argonne-Meuse sector in October 1914.
The flamethrower was first used in World War I on 26 February 1916 when it was briefly used against the French outside Verdun.On 30 July 1915 it was first used in a concerted action, against British trenches atHooge, where the lines were 4.5 m (4.9 yd) apart—even there, the casualties were caused mainly by soldiers being flushed into the open and then shot rather than from the fire itself.After two days of fighting the British had suffered casualties of 31 officers and 751 other ranks.
The success of the attack prompted the German Army to adopt the device on all fronts. Flamethrowers were used in squads of six during battles, at the start of an attack destroying the enemy and to the preceding the infantry advance.
The flamethrower was useful at short distancesbut had other limitations: it was cumbersome and difficult to operate and could only be safely fired from a trench, which limited its use to areas where the opposing trenches were less than the maximum range of the weapon, namely 18 m (20 yd) apart—which was not a common situation; the fuel would also only last for about a minute of continuous firing.
The German deployed flamethrowers during the war in more than 650 attacks.
The Ottoman Empire received 30 flamethrowers from Germany during the war.
German flamethrowers were also used by Bulgarian forces.
Austria-Hungaryadopted German designs; but also developed its own flamethrowers in 1915. These included the 50 litres (13 US gal) M.15 Flammenwerfer, which required a crew of three men and was too unwieldy for offensive use; a defensive 200 litres (53 US gal) model and a more portable 22 litres (5.8 US gal) model were also produced. Austro-Hungarian flamethrowers were unreliable and long hoses were used to prevent the shooter from igniting the fuel tank
The British experimented with flamethrowers in theBattle of the Somme, during which they used experimental weapons called "Livens Large Gallery Flame Projectors", named for their inventor,William Howard Livens, aRoyal Engineersofficer.This weapon was enormous and completely non-portable. The weapon had an effective range of 80 metres (90 yd), which proved effective at clearing trenches, but with no other benefit the project was abandoned.
Two Morriss static flamethrowers were mounted inHMSVindictiveand several Hay portable flamethrowers were deployed by the Royal Navy during theZeebrugge Raidon 23 April 1918. A British newspaper report of the action referred to the British flamethrowers only asflammenwerfer, using the German word.
TheFrench Armydeployed the Schilt family of flamethrowers, which were also used by the Italian Army.
In 1931 the São Paulo Public Force created an assault car section. The first vehicle to be incorporated was a tank built from aCaterpillar Twenty Twotractor, featuring a turret mounted flamethrower and four Hotchkiss machineguns on the hull. It was used in combat during theConstitutionalist Revolution, routing federal troop from a bridge in an engagement inCruzeiro.
In the interwar period, at least four flamethrowers were used in theChaco Warby theBolivian Army, during the unsuccessful assault on theParaguayanstronghold of Nanawain 1933.During thebattle of Kilometer 7 to Saavedra, Major Walther Kohn rode in a flamethrower equipped tankette; due to heat he exited the tank to fight on foot and was killed in combat.
The flamethrower was used extensively duringWorld War II. In 1939, theWehrmachtfirst deployed man-portable flamethrowersagainst the Polish Post Office in Danzig. Subsequently, in 1942, theU.S. Armyintroduced its own man-portable flamethrower. The vulnerability of infantry carrying backpack flamethrowers and the weapon's short range led to experiments withtank-mounted flamethrowers (flame tanks), which were used by many countries.
The Germans made considerable use of the weapon (Flammenwerfer35) during their invasion of the Netherlands and France, against fixed fortifications. World War II German army flamethrowers tended to have one large fuel tank with the pressurizer tank fastened to its back or side. Some German army flamethrowers occupied only the lower part of its wearer's back, leaving the upper part of his back free for an ordinary rucksack.
Flamethrowers soon fell into disfavour. Flamethrowers were extensively used by German units inurban fightsinPoland, both in 1943 in theWarsaw Ghetto Uprisingand in 1944 in theWarsaw Uprising(see theStroop Reportand the article on the 1943Warsaw Ghetto Uprising). With the contraction of the Third Reich during the latter half of World War II, a smaller, more compact flamethrower known as theEinstossflammenwerfer 46was produced.
Germany also used flamethrower vehicles, most of them based on the chassis of theSd.Kfz. 251half track and thePanzer IIandPanzer IIItanks, generally known asFlammpanzers.
The Germans also produced theAbwehrflammenwerfer 42, a flame-mine orflame fougasse, based on a Soviet version of the weapon.This was essentially a disposable, single use flamethrower that was buried alongside conventional land mines at key defensive points and triggered by either a trip-wire or a command wire. The weapon contained around 30 litres (8 US gal) of fuel, that was discharged within a second, to a second and a half, producing a flame with a 14-metre (15 yd) range.One defensive installation found in Italy included seven of the weapons, carefully concealed and wired to a central control point.
During theWinter WarFinland adopted the ItalianLanciafiamme Modello 35as the Liekinheitin M/40; 176 flamethrowers were ordered but only 28 arrived before the end of the war.
Those flamethrowers were not used in the Winter War; but were issued to engineers during theContinuation Waralong with capturedROKS-2 flamethrowers
OT-130andOT-133flame tanks were captured from the Soviet Union and issued at the start of the Continuation War; they were considered impratical and later retrofitted with cannons.
In 1944 they developed and adopted theLiekinheitin M/44.
Italy employed man-portable flamethrowers andL3 Lfflame tanksduring theSecond Italo-Abyssinian Warof 1935 to 1936, during theSpanish Civil War, and duringWorld War II. The L3 Lf flame tank was aCV-33orCV-35tankette with a flamethrower operating from the machine gun mount. In theNorthern Africa Theatre, the L3 Lf flame tank found little to no success.An L6 Lf flametank was also developed using theL6/40light tank platform.
Japan used man-portable flamethrowers to clear fortified positions, in theBattle of Wake Island,Corregidor,Battle of the TenaruonGuadalcanalandBattle of Milne Bay.
Flamethrowers were also used by theRoyal Romanian Army. They were also planned to become self-propelled; theMareșal tank destroyerwas planned to have a command vehicle version armed with machine guns and a flamethrower.
The British World War II army flamethrowers, "Ack Packs", had a doughnut-shaped fuel tank with a small spherical pressurizer gas tank in the middle. As a result, some troops nicknamed them "lifebuoys". It was officially known asFlamethrower, Portable, No 2.
Extensive plans were made in 1940–1941 by thePetroleum Warfare Departmentto useflame fougassestatic flame projectors in the event of an invasion, with around 50,000 barrel-based incendiary mines being deployed in 7,000 batteries throughout Southern England.
The British hardly used their man-portable systems, relying onChurchill Crocodiletanks in the European theatre. These tanks proved very effective against German defensive positions, and caused official Axis protests against their use.This flamethrower could produce a jet of flame exceeding 140 metres (150 yd). There are documented instances of German units summarily executing any captured British flame-tank crews.
In the Pacific theatre, Australian forces used convertedMatilda tanks, known as MatildaFrogs.
In the Pacific theatre, the U.S. Army used M-1 and M-2 flamethrowers to clear stubborn Japanese resistance from prepared defenses, caves, and trenches. Starting in New Guinea, through the closing stages on Guadalcanal and during the approach to and reconquest of the Philippines and then through the Okinawa campaign, the Army deployed hand-held, man-portable units.
Often flamethrower teams were made up of combat engineer units, later with troops of the chemical warfare service. The Army fielded more flamethrower units than the Marine Corps, and the Army's Chemical Warfare Service pioneered tank mounted flamethrowers on Sherman tanks (CWS-POA H-4). All the flamethrower tanks on Okinawa belonged to the 713th Provisional Tank Battalion, which was tasked with supporting all U.S. Army and Marine infantry. All Pacific mechanized flamethrower units were trained by Seabee specialists with Col. Unmacht'sCWS Flamethrower Groupin Hawaii.
The U.S. Army used flamethrowers in Europe in much smaller numbers, though they were available for special employments. Flamethrowers were deployed during theNormandy landingsin order to clearAxisfortifications.Also, most boat teams onOmaha Beachincluded a two-man flamethrower team.
The Marine Corps used the backpack-typeM2A1-7andM2-2flamethrowers, finding them useful in clearing Japanese trench and bunker complexes. The first known USMC use of the man portable flamethrower was against the formidable defenses at Tarawa in November 1943. The Marines pioneered the use of Ronson-equipped M-3 Stuart tanks in the Marianas. These were known as SATAN flame tanks. Though effective, they lacked the armour to safely engage fortifications and were phased out in favour of the better-armoured M4 Sherman tanks. USMC Flamethrower Shermans were produced atSchofield Barracksby Seabees attached to the Chemical Warfare Service under Col. Unmacht. CWS designatedM4swith "CWS-POA-H" for "Chemical Warfare Service Pacific Ocean Area, Hawaii" plus a flamethrower number. The Marines had previously deployed large Navy flamethrowers mounted on LVT-4 AMTRACs at Peleliu. Late in the war, both services operated LVT-4 and −5 amphibious flametanks in limited numbers. Both the Army and the Marines still used their infantry-portable systems, despite the arrival of adapted Sherman tanks with the Ronson system (cf.flame tanks).
In cases where the Japanese were entrenched in deep caves, the flames often consumed the available oxygen, suffocating the occupants. Many Japanese troops interviewed post war said they were terrified more by flamethrowers than any other American weapon. Flamethrower operators were often the first U.S. troops targeted.
The FOG-1 and −2 flamethrowers were stationary devices used in defense. They could also be categorized as a projecting incendiary mine. The FOG had only one cylinder of fuel, which was compressed using an explosive charge and projected through a nozzle. The November 1944 issue of the US War DepartmentIntelligence Bulletinrefers to these "Fougasseflame throwers" being used in the Soviet defense of Stalingrad. The FOG-1 was directly copied by the Germans as theAbwehrflammenwerfer 42.
Unlike the flamethrowers of the other powers during World War II, the Soviets were the only ones to consciously attempt tocamouflagetheir infantry flamethrowers. With theROKS-2 flamethrowerthis was done by disguising the flame projector as a standard-issue rifle, such as theMosin–Nagant, and the fuel tanks as a standard infantryman's rucksack. This was to try to stop the flamethrower operator from being specifically targeted by enemy fire.This "rifle" had a working action which was used to cycle blank igniter cartridges.
TheUnited States Marinesused flamethrowers in theKoreanandVietnam Wars. TheM132 armored flamethrower, anM113 armored personnel carrierwith a mounted flamethrower, was successfully used in the conflict.
Flamethrowers have not been in the U.S. arsenal since 1978, when theDepartment of Defenseunilaterally stopped using them ⁠— ⁠the last American infantry flamethrower was the Vietnam-era M9-7. They have been deemed of questionable effectiveness in modern combat, though some have made the case for their tactical employment.
U.S. army flamethrowers developed up to theM9model. In the M9 the propellant tank is a sphere below the left fuel tank and does not project backwards.
Crude homemade flamethrowers were built by Irgun in the late 1940s.
The PLA adopted the Type 74 flamethrower, a copy of the SovietLPO-50. It was later used in theSino-Vietnamese War.
LPO-50and Type 74 flamethrowers were used by NVA forces during theVietnam War.
The Iraqi army used LPO-50 flamethrowers during theIran-Iraq War.
Non-flamethrower incendiary weapons remain in modern military arsenals.Thermobaric weaponsmay have been fielded in Afghanistan by the United States (2008)and have been used by Russia in Ukraine (2022).The U.S. and U.S.S.R. both developed a rocket launcher specifically for the deployment of incendiary munitions, respectively theM202 FLASHand theRPO "Rys"ancestor of theRPO-A Shmel.
The Type 74 is still being used by the Vietnamese Army.
On 22 April 1988,Kanakrebels took 36 French hostages inOuvéaisland,New Caledonia, most of themgendarmsand military personnel. On 5 May, after weeks of fruitless negotiations, a team of gendarms andparatroopersfrom theFrench Armylaunched a rescue operation. During the assault, a rebel machine gun position was neutralized using a flamethrower. All hostages were eventually set free.
In 1981 theFBIfoiled an attempt by New York-basedgun runnerGeorge Harrisonto smuggle anM2 flamethrowerto Ireland for the IRA.In the last stages ofthe Troubles, during the mid-1980s, theIRAsmuggled in SovietLPO-50military flamethrowers (supplied to them by theLibyangovernment) intoNorthern Ireland.An IRA team riding on animprovised armoured truckused one of these flamethrowers, among other weapons, to storm aBritish Army permanent checkpoint in Derryard, nearRosslea, on 13 December 1989.Some months later, on 4 March 1990, the IRA attacked an RUC station inStewartstown,County Tyrone, using an improvised flamethrower consisting of amanure-spreadertowed by a tractor to spray 2,700 L (590 imp gal; 710 US gal) of a petrol/diesel mix to engulf the base in flames, and then opened fire with rifles and an anti-tank rocket launcher.Another IRA unit carried two attacks in less than a year with another improvised flamethrower towed by a tractor on a British Army watchtower, the Borucki sangar, inCrossmaglen,County Armagh, also in the early 1990s. The first incident occurred on 12 December 1992,when the bunker was manned byScots Guards, and the second on 12 November 1993. The device used as launcher was also a manure spreader, which doused the facility with fuel, ignited few seconds later by a small explosion. In the 1993 action, a nine-metre-high fireball engulfed the tower for seven minutes. The fourGrenadier Guardsinside the outpost were rescued by aSaxonarmoured vehicle.Incendiary improvised devices were also proven by the republican paramilitaries, such as an IRA grenade attack on a British Army patrol on 4 April 1993 inCarrickmore, County Tyrone; the device consisted of 0.9 kg (2 lb) ofsemtexand 22.5 litres (4.9 imp gal; 5.9 US gal) of petrol; the bomb exploded, but the fuel failed to ignite. A soldier was thrown several metres across the road by the blast.
As of 2003 the locally made Hydroar T1M1 flamethrower was still being used by the1º Batalhão de Forças Especiais.
The Chinese Army still issues the Type 74 flamethrower.
During an operation to hunt down the militant group responsible for the2015 Aksu colliery attack, after using tear gas and flash grenades to no avail, Chinese paramilitary forces resorted to flamethrowers to root out suspected militants who were hiding in a cave.
Captain Shannon Johnson requested colonelJohn A. Toolanto supply his company with flamethrowers during theBattle of Fallujah; however no flamethrowers were issued.
ThePeople's Mujahedin of Iranclaimed flamethrowers were used in the2013 Camp Ashraf massacre
As of 2012 the locally made T-148/B flamethrower was still being used by the Italian Army
Flamethrowers have been used by theTatmadawduring attacks onRohingyavillages during theRohingya genocide.
On 8 February 2017, separatist leaderMikhail 'Givi' Tolstykhwas killed when anRPO-A Shmelrocket-assisted flamethrower was fired at his office inDonetsk.
On 21 November 2022, nine months into theRussian invasion of Ukraine, Russian sources claim that artillery and "heavy flamethrowers" were employed against a Ukrainian concentration of troops nearKupyansk,Kharkiv Oblast.Russian sources use the term "heavy flamethrowers" to describeTOS-1multiplethermobaricrocket launchers.
Despite some assertions, flamethrowers are not generally banned. However the United NationsProtocol on Incendiary Weaponsforbids the use of incendiary weapons (including flamethrowers) against civilians. It also forbids their use against forests unless they are used to conceal combatants or other military objectives.
In the United States, private ownership of a flamethrower is not restricted byfederal law, because a flamethrower is a tool, not afirearm. Flamethrowers are legal in 48 states and restricted inCaliforniaandMaryland.
In California, unlicensed possession of a flame-throwing device—statutorily defined as "any non-stationary and transportable device designed or intended to emit or propel a burning stream of combustible or flammable liquid a distance of at least 10 feet (3.0 m)" H&W 12750 (a)—is amisdemeanorpunishable with a county jail term not exceeding one yearorwith a fine not exceeding $10,000 (CA H&W 12761). Licenses to use flamethrowers are issued by the state fire marshal, and they may use any criteria for issuing or not issuing that license which is deemed fit, but must publish those criteria in the California Code of Regulations, Title 11, Section 970 et seq.
In the United Kingdom, flamethrowers are "prohibited weapons" under section 5(1)(b) of theFirearms Act 1968and article 45(1)(f) of the Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 and possession of a flamethrower would carry a sentence of up to ten years' imprisonment.On 16 June 1994, a man attacked school pupils atSullivan Upper School, just outsideBelfast, with a home-made flamethrower.
A South African inventor brought theBlastercar-mounted flamethrower to market in 1998 as a security device to defend against carjackers.It has since been discontinued, with the inventor moving on to pocket-sized self-defence flamethrowers.
Elon Musk, CEO ofTesla, Inc.and owner ofSpaceX, developed a "not a flamethrower" for public sale through his business,The Boring Company, selling 20,000 units. This device uses liquid propane gas rather than a stream of gasoline, making it more akin to a torch, like those commonly available at home and garden centers.
Flamethrowers are occasionally used for ignitingcontrolled burnsforland managementandagriculture. For example, in the production ofsugar cane, wherecanebrakesare burned to get rid of the dry dead leaves which clogharvesters, and incidentally kill any lurking venomoussnakes. More commonly, adriptorchor aflare(fusee) is used.
U.S. troops allegedly used flamethrowers on the streets of Washington, D.C. (mentioned in a December 1998 article in theSan Francisco Flier), as one of several clearance methods used for the surprisingly large amount of snow that fell before the presidential inauguration ofJohn F. Kennedy.A history article on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers notes, "In the end, the task force employed hundreds ofdump trucks,front-end loaders,sanders,plows, rotaries, and allegedly flamethrowers to clear the way".
Flamethrowers were employed by U.S. combat engineers during theIraq War; they were used to clear brush and eliminate hiding spots for insurgents
A squad armed with backpack flamethrowers had an important part in the2012 Summer Paralympics closing ceremony. They had one big tank each. They could make a flame about 4 metres (12 ft) long.
In April 2014 it was reported by South Korea'sChosun Ilbonewspaper without confirmation that a North Korean government official, O Sang-Hon, Deputy Minister at theMinistry of Public Security, was executed by flamethrower.
In August 2016 it was reported that theIslamic Stateused flamethrowers to execute six of its commanders inTal Afaras punishment for their attempt to escape to Syria
It has been known for police to fill a "flamethrower", not with flammable liquid, but rather with tear gas dissolved in water as a riot-control device; seeConverted Flamethrower 40.