Sarébu Hiji Peuting

Buku Sarébu Hiji Peuting(basa Pérsia:هزار افسانهHezār AfsanéhatawaHezār wa-Yek Shab,Basa Arab:كتاب ألف ليلة و ليلة‎Kitāb 'Alf Layla wa-Layla; atawa kasohor ogé minangkaThe Book of a Thousand Nights and a Night,One Thousand and One Nights,1001 Arabian Nights,Arabian Nights,The Nightly Entertainmentsatawa basajannaThe Nights) mangrupaépiksastraWétan Tengahabad pertengahan nu nyaritakeun kisahScheherazade(Shahrzad dina basa Pérsia), ratuSassanid, nu kudu ngahubungkeun rangkéan sajarah ka salakina nu dengki, RajaShahryar, pikeunnundaéksekusi. Kisah ieu dicaritakeun salila leuwih ti sarébu hiji peuting, sarta unggal peuting sang Ratu nungtungan carita ku kaayaan nu ngagantung, nu maksa Raja ngingkeun Ratu sina hirup nepi ka poé satuluyna. Kisah ieu dijieun leuwih ti mangabad-abad katukang, ku loba jelema tur loba gaya, sarta geus jadi kacida kasohorna. Conto nu kacatet kaasup di antaranaAladin,Ali Baba jeung Opat puluh Rampog, sartaTujuh Palayaran Sinbad si Palaut.
Inti sajarah diwangun ku bukubasa PérsiaSassanidPahlavinu disebutHazār Afsānah("Sarébu Mitos", dinabasa Pérsia:هزارافسانه). 
Salila kakawasaankhalifahAbbasiyahHarun al-Rashiddinaabad ka-8,Baghdadgeus jadi kota kosmopolitan penting.Sodagar-sodagartiPérsia,Cina,India,Afrika, jeungÉropasakabéhna bisa pinanggih di Baghdad. Hal ieu nu ngajadikeun salila mangsa ieu, loba carita, nu sabenerna mah carita kuno, kapikir pikeun dikumpulkeun tina biwir ka biwir salila mangtaun-taun sarta satuluyna dikumpulkeun jadi hiji buku. Panyusun jeung panarjamah kanabasa Arabpangahirna nyaéta tukang dongéng nu kasohorAbu abd-Allah Muhammed el-Gahshigardina abad ka-9.Sajarah karangkaShahrzad katingali ditambahkeun dina abad ka-14. Susunanbasa Arabmodéren munggaran, dijieun ku panulisMesir, diterbitkeun diKairotaun 1835.
Carita nyokot tempat nalika jamanSassanidsarta dimimitian ku rajaPérsiaShahryar. Raja maréntah pulo nu euweuh ngaranan "antara India jeung Cina" (dina édisi modéren dumasar naskah basa Arab, raja maréntah India jeung Cina). Nalika Shahryar nganyahoankeun yén istrina jeung kabogohna boga niat maéhan manéhna, éta pasangan téh ahirna diéksekusi. Alatan raja boga kayakinan yén kabéh awéwé bakal kawas kitu hianatna, raja nugaskeunvizier-na pikeun méré sang raja pamajikan anyar unggal peuting (dina sababaraha vérsi, unggal tilu peuting). Sanggeus méakkeun sapeuting jeung panganténna, éta pamajikan anyar téh diéksekusi nalika subuh. Prakték ieu nerus keur sababaraha lilana, nepikeun ka anak awéwéviziernu pinterSheherazade("Scheherazade" dinabasa Ingggris, atawa "Shahrastini", ngaranbasa Pérsia) ngarencanakeun sarta jadi sukarélawati pikeun jadi garwa raja satuluyna. Kalayan bantuan dulurnaDunyazad, unggal peuting sanggeus pernikahannana, ieu wanoja téh ngadongéng keur raja mangjam-jam lilana, tapi unggal nepi ka subuh, dongéng diahiran ku carita nu ngagantung, nu nyababkeun raja panasaran hayang ngadéngé kumaha sésa dongéng satuluyna. Ahirna, Sheherazade bisa nepikeun ka ngalahirkeun tilu budak lalaki. Raja yakin kana kasatiaannana sarta ahirna raja nyabut putusannana.
Dongéng ieu loba rupana; ngawengku dongéng sajarah, cinta, tragédi, komédi, sajak,burlesquejeung legenda rélijieus Muslim. Sababaraha carita nu kasohor dina tarjamah kulon nyaétaLampuAladin,Sindbad si PalauturangPérsia, jeung dongéngAli Baba jeung Opat puluh Rampog; Aladin jeung Ali Baba paktana diasupkeun ngan dina abad ka-18 kuAntoine Galland,oriéntalisPerancis, nu ngaku kungsi ngadéngé dongéng ieu liwat lisan titukang dongéngMaronitetiAleppodiSyria. Mangjumlah-jumlah carita ngagambarkeunjin, méjik, jeung tempat legendaris, nu mana sering nyampur jeung jalma beneran sarta géografina;kholifahHarun al-Rasyidmangrupa protagonis nu ilahar, saperti ogé tukang sajak pangadilananaAbu Nuwassartavizierna,Ja'far al-Barmaki. Kadang-kaadng karakter dina dongeng Scheherazade mimiti nyaritakeun karakter lianna minangka carita soranganana, sarta carita éta bisa jadi nu lian nyaritakeun oge, hasilna tekstur naratifna jadi manglapis-lapis lobana.
Dina peuting pamungkas (kasarebu hiji) Sheherazade ngahadiahan Sang Raja ku tilu urang anakna sarta mentaampunan. Raja ngabulkeun pamentana sarta maranéhannana hirup dina suka bungah jeung kagumbiraan.
The work is made up of a collection of stories thought to be from traditionalPersian,Arabic, andIndianstories. The core stories probably originated in an Iranic Empire and were brought together in a Persian work calledHazar Afsanah("A Thousand Legends"). The Arabic compilationAlf Layla(A Thousand Nights), originating about 850 AD, was in turn probably an abridged translation ofHezar Afsanéh. Some of its elements appéar in theOdyssey. The present nameAlf Layla wa-Layla(literally a "A Thousand Nights and a Night", i.e. "1001Nights") seems to have appéared at an unknown time in the Middle Ages, and expresses the idéa of atransfinite numbersince 1000 represented conceptual infinity within Arabic mathematical circles.
The firstEuropeanversion (and first printed edition) was a translation intoFrench(1704 - 1717) byAntoine Gallandfrom an éarlier compilation that was written in Arabic. This 12 volume book,Les Mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français("Thousand and one nights, Arab stories translated into French") probably included Arabic stories known to the translator but not included in the Arabic compilation.Aladdin's LampandAli Baba and the Forty Thievesappéared first in Galland's translation and cannot be found in the original writings. He wrote that he héard them from a Syrian Christian storyteller fromAleppo, a Maronite scholar,Youhenna Diab, whom he called 'Hanna'.
John Payne,Alaeddin and the Enchanted Lamp and Other Stories,(London 1901) gives details of Galland's encounter with 'Hanna' in 1709 and of the discovery in theBibliothéque Nationale, Paris of two Arabic manuscripts containingAladdinand two more of the 'interpolated' tales. He instances Galland's own experience to demonstrate the lack of regard for such entertainments in the mainstréam of Islamic scholarship, with the result that
Perhaps the best-known translation to English spéakers is that bySir Richard Francis Burton, entitledThe Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night(1885). Unlike previous editions, his ten volume translation was notbowdlerized. Though printed in theVictorian era, it contained all the erotic nuances of the source material, replete with sexual imagery andpederasticallusions added as appendices to the main stories by Burton. Burton circumvented strict Victorian laws on obscene material by printing an edition for subscribers only rather than formally publishing the book. The original ten volumes were followed by a further six entitledThe Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Nightwhich were printed between 1886 and 1888.
More recent versions are that of the French doctorJ. C. Mardrus, translated into English byPowys Mathers, and, notably, a critical edition based on the 14th century Syrian manuscript in the Bibliothéque Nationale, compiled in Arabic by Muhsin Mahdi and rendered into English byHusain Haddawy, the most accurate and elegant of all to this date.
The Book of One Thousand and One Nights has an estranged cousin:The Manuscript Found in Saragossa, byJan Potocki. APolishnoble of the late 18th century, he traveled the Orient looking for an original edition ofThe Book...but never found it. Upon returning to Europe, he wrote his masterpiece, a multi-leveled frame tale.
There have been many adaptations of theNights, for both television and the big screen, with varying degrees of faithfulness to the original stories.
The atmosphere of theNightsinfluenced such films asFritz Lang's 1921Der müde Tod, the1924HollywoodfilmThe Thief of BagdadstarringDouglas Fairbanks, and its1940Britishremake. It also influencedThe Adventures of Prince Achmed(1926), the first surviving féature-length animated film.
One of Hollywood's first féature films to be based on theNightswas in1942, with the movie namedArabian Nights. It starredMaria MontezasScheherazade,Sabu DastagirasAli Ben AliandJon HallasHarun al-Rashid. The storyline béars virtually no resemblance to the traditional version of theNights. In the film Scheherazade is a dancer, who attempts to overthrow Caliph Harun al-Rashid and marry his brother. Unfortunately Scheherazade’s initial coup attempt fails and she is sold into slavery, many adventures then ensue. Maria Montez and Jon Hall also starred in the1944filmAli Baba and the Forty Thieves.
The 1980s "1001 Erotic Nights", starringAnnette Havenas Scheherazade andJohn LeslieasShahryar, was supposedly the first X-rated movie with a million-dollar budget.
The most commercially successful movie based on theNightswasAladdin, the1992animatedmovie by theWalt Disney Company, which starredScott WeingerandRobin Williams. The film led to several sequels and atelevision seriesof the same name.
The Voyages of Sinbadhave been adapted for television and film several times, the most recent of which was in the2003animated féatureSinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas, which starredBrad PittandCatherine Zeta-Jones. Perhaps the most famous Sinbad film was the1958movieThe Seventh Voyage of Sinbad, produced by thestop-motionanimation pioneerRay Harryhausen.
A recent well-received television adaptation was theEmmy awardwinningminiseriesArabian Nights, directed bySteve Barronand starringMili AvitalasScheherazadeandDougray ScottasShahryar. It was originally shown over two nights onApril 30, andMay 1,2000onABCin theUnited StatesandBBC Onein theUnited Kingdom.
Other notable versions of theNightsinclude the famous1974ItalianmovieIl fiore delle mille e una nottebyPier Paolo Pasoliniand the1990FrenchmovieLes 1001 nuits, which starred Catherine Zeta-Jones asScheherazade. There are also numerousBollywoodmovies, such asAladdin and Sinbadin which the two named heroes get to meet and share in éach other's adventures; in this version, the lamp's djin is female and Aladdin marries her rather than the princess (she becomes a mortal woman for his sake).
In 1888, Russian composerNikolai Rimsky-Korsakovcompleted his Op. 35Scheherazade, in fourmovements, based upon four of the tales from theArabian Nights;The Sea and Sinbad's Ship,The Kalendar Prince,The Young Prince and The Young Princess, andFestival At Baghdad.
In 1975, the bandRenaissancereléased an album calledScheherazade and Other Stories. The second half of this album consists entirely of theSong Of Scheherazade, an orchestral-rock composition based on the Arabian Nights stories.
In 2003, Nordic experimentalindie popgroupWhenreléased an album called "Pearl Harvest" with lyrics from Arabian Nights. "Ebony Horse", "Goose poor Goose, "Prince Kamar" and "Keys" are all taken directly from Arabian Nights. The music is also an ironic reflection on it, combiningBeach Boysrock & roll withplunderphonics.