Pope Benedict XVI

Pope BenedictXVI(Latin:Benedictus PP. XVI;Italian:Benedetto XVI;German:Benedikt XVI; bornJoseph Aloisius RatzingerGerman:[ˈjoːzɛfˈʔaːlɔɪ̯sˈʁat͡sɪŋɐ]; 16 April 1927 – 31 December 2022) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of theVatican City Statefrom 19 April 2005 untilhis resignationon 28 February 2013. Benedict's election aspopeoccurred in the2005 papal conclavethat followed thedeath of Pope John Paul II. Upon his resignation, Benedict chose to be known as "Pope emeritus", and he retained this title untilhis deathin 2022.
Ordained as apriestin 1951 in his nativeBavaria, Ratzinger embarked on an academic career and established himself as a highly regarded theologian by the late 1950s. He was appointed a full professor in 1958 at the age of 31. After a long career as a professor of theology at several German universities, he was appointedArchbishop of Munich and Freisingand created acardinalbyPope Paul VIin 1977, an unusual promotion for someone with little pastoral experience. In 1981, he was appointed Prefect of theCongregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, one of the most importantdicasteriesof theRoman Curia. From 2002 until he was elected pope, he was alsoDean of the College of Cardinals. Before becoming pope, he had been "a major figure on theVaticanstage for a quarter of a century"; he had had an influence "second to none when it came to setting church priorities and directions" as one ofJohn Paul II's closest confidants.
Benedict's writings were prolific and generally defended traditional Catholic doctrine, values, andliturgy.He was originally aliberal theologianbut adopted conservative views after 1968.During his papacy, Benedict advocated a return to fundamentalChristian valuesto counter the increasedsecularisationof manyWestern countries. He viewedrelativism's denial ofobjective truth, and the denial ofmoral truthsin particular, as the central problem of the 21st century. Benedict also revived several traditions and permitted greater use of theTridentine Mass.He strengthened the relationship between theCatholic Church and art, promoted the use ofLatin,and reintroduced traditionalpapal vestments, for which reason he was called "the pope of aesthetics".He also establishedpersonal ordinariatesfor formerAnglicansandMethodistsjoining the Catholic Church. Benedict's handling ofsexual abuse cases within the Catholic Churchand opposition to usage ofcondomsin areas ofhigh HIV transmissionwas substantially criticised by public health officials, anti-AIDS activists, and victim's rights organizations.
On 11 February 2013, Benedict announced his (effective 28 February 2013) resignation, citing a "lack of strength of mind and body" due to his advanced age. His resignation was the first by a pope sinceGregory XIIin 1415, and the first on a pope's initiative sinceCelestine Vin 1294. He was succeeded byFrancison 13 March 2013 and moved into the newly renovatedMater Ecclesiae Monasteryin Vatican City for his retirement. In addition to his native German language, Benedict had some level of proficiency in French, Italian, English, and Spanish. He also knewPortuguese, Latin,Biblical Hebrew, andBiblical Greek.He was a member of severalsocial scienceacademies, such as the FrenchAcadémie des Sciences Morales et Politiques.
Joseph Alois Ratzinger was born on 16 April,Holy Saturday, 1927 at Schulstraße 11 at 8:30 in the morning in his parents' home inMarktl, Bavaria, Germany. He wasbaptisedthe same day. He was the third and youngest child of Joseph Ratzinger Sr., a police officer, and Maria Ratzinger (néePeintner); his grand-uncle was the German priest-politicianGeorg Ratzinger. His mother's family was originally fromSouth Tyrol(now in Italy).Benedict's elder brother,Georg, became aCatholic priestand was the former director of theRegensburger Domspatzenchoir.His sister, Maria, who never married, managed her brother Joseph's household until she died in 1991.
At the age of five, Ratzinger was in a group of children who welcomed the visiting Cardinal Archbishop of Munich,Michael von Faulhaber, with flowers. Struck by the cardinal's distinctive garb, he announced later that day that he wanted to be acardinal. He attended the elementary school inAschau am Inn, which was renamed in his honour in 2009.In 1939, aged 12, he enrolled in aminor seminaryinTraunstein.This period lasted until the seminary was closed for military use in 1942, and the students were all sent home. Ratzinger returned to Traunstein.
Ratzinger's family, especially his father, bitterly resented theNazis, and his father's opposition to Nazism resulted in demotions and harassment of the family.Following his 14th birthday in 1941, Ratzinger was conscripted into theHitler Youth– as membership was required by law for all 14-year-old German boys after March 1939– but was an unenthusiastic member who refused to attend meetings, according to his brother.In 1941, one of Ratzinger's cousins, a 14-year-old boy withDown syndrome, was taken away by the Nazi regime and murdered during theAktion T4campaign ofNazi eugenics.In 1943, while still in seminary, he was drafted into the German anti-aircraft corps asLuftwaffenhelfer.Ratzinger then trained in the German infantry.As the Allied front drew closer to his post in 1945, he deserted back to his family's home in Traunstein after his unit had ceased to exist, just as American troops established a headquarters in the Ratzinger household.As a German soldier, he wasinternedin USprisoner of warcamps, first in Neu-Ulm, then at Fliegerhorst ("military airfield") Bad Aibling (shortly to be repurposed asBad Aibling Station) where he was at the time ofVictory in Europe Day, and released on 19 June 1945.
Ratzinger and his brother Georg entered Saint Michael Seminary in Traunstein in November 1945, later studying at theDucal Georgianum(Herzogliches Georgianum) of theLudwig Maximilian Universityin Munich. They were both ordained inFreisingon 29 June 1951 by Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber of Munich – the same man Ratzinger had met as a child. He recalled: "at the moment the elderly Archbishop laid his hands on me, a little bird – perhaps a lark – flew up from the altar in the high cathedral and trilled a little joyful song".He celebrated his first Mass later that summer in Traunstein, at St. Oswald's Church.
Ratzinger's 1953 dissertation was onAugustine of Hippoand was titledThe People and the House of God in Augustine's Doctrine of the Church. Hishabilitation(which qualified him for a professorship) was onBonaventure. It was completed in 1957 and he became a professor at Freising College in 1958.
In his early twenties, Ratzinger was deeply influenced by the thought of Italian German philosopherRomano Guardini,who taught inMunichfrom 1946 to 1951 when Ratzinger was studying in Freising and later at theUniversity of Munich. The intellectual affinity between these two thinkers, who would later become decisive figures for thetwentieth-century Catholic Church, was preoccupied with rediscovering the essentials of Christianity: Guardini wrote his 1938The Essence of Christianity, while Ratzinger pennedIntroduction to Christianity, three decades later in 1968. Guardini inspired many in the Catholic social-democratic tradition, particularly theCommunion and Liberationmovement in theNew Evangelizationencouraged under the papacy of the PolishPope John Paul II. Ratzinger wrote an introduction to a 1996 reissue of Guardini's 1954The Lord.
Ratzinger began as assistant pastor (curate) at the parishSt. Martin, Moosach, in Munich in 1951.Ratzinger became a professor at theUniversity of Bonnin 1959, with his inaugural lecture on "The God of Faith and the God of Philosophy". In 1963, he moved to theUniversity of Münster. During this period, he participated in theSecond Vatican Council(1962–1965) and served as aperitus(theological consultant) toCardinal Frings of Cologne. He was viewed during the time of the council as a reformer, cooperating with theologians likeHans KüngandEdward Schillebeeckx.Ratzinger became an admirer ofKarl Rahner, a well-known academic theologian of theNouvelle théologieand a proponent of Church reform.
In 1966, Ratzinger was appointed to a chair in dogmatic theology at theUniversity of Tübingen, where he was a colleague of Hans Küng. In his 1968 bookIntroduction to Christianity, he wrote that the pope has a duty to hear differing voices within the Church before making a decision, and he downplayed the centrality of the papacy. During this time, he distanced himself from the atmosphere of Tübingen and theMarxistleanings of the student movement of the 1960s that quickly radicalized, in the years 1967 and 1968, culminating in a series of disturbances and riots in April and May 1968. Ratzinger came increasingly to see these and associated developments (such as decreasing respect for authority among his students) as connected to a departure from traditional Catholic teachings.Despite his reformist bent, his views increasingly came to contrast with the liberal ideas gaining currency in theological circles.He was invited by Rev.Theodore Hesburghto join the theology faculty at theUniversity of Notre Dame, but declined on grounds that his English was not good enough.
Some voices, among them Küng, deemed this period in Ratzinger's life a turn towards conservatism, while Ratzinger himself said in a 1993 interview, "I see no break in my views as a theologian [over the years]".Ratzinger continued to defend the work of the Second Vatican Council, includingNostra aetate, the document on respect of other religions,ecumenism, and the declaration of the right tofreedom of religion. Later, as thePrefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Ratzinger most clearly spelled out the Catholic Church's position on other religions in the 2000 documentDominus Iesuswhich also talks about the Catholic way to engage in "ecumenicaldialogue". During his time at Tübingen University, Ratzinger published articles in the reformist theological journalConcilium, though he increasingly chose less reformist themes than other contributors such as Küng and Schillebeeckx.
In 1969, Ratzinger returned toBavaria, to theUniversity of Regensburgand co-founded the theological journalCommunio, withHans Urs von Balthasar,Henri de Lubac,Walter Kasper, and others, in 1972.Communio, now published in seventeen languages, including German, English, and Spanish, has become a prominent journal of contemporary Catholic theological thought. Until he was elected pope, he remained one of the journal's most prolific contributors. In 1976, he suggested that theAugsburg Confessionmight be recognised as a Catholic statement of faith.Several of Benedict's former students became his confidantes, notablyChristoph Schönborn, and a number of his former students sometimes meet for discussions.He served as vice-president of the University of Regensburg from 1976 to 1977.On 26 May 1976, he was appointed aPrelate of Honour of His Holiness.
On 24 March 1977, Ratzinger was appointedArchbishop of Munich and Freising, and was ordained abishopon 28 May. He took as his episcopal mottoCooperatores veritatis(Latinfor 'cooperators of the truth'),from theThird Epistle of John,a choice on which he commented in his autobiographical workMilestones.
In the consistory of 27 June 1977, he was named Cardinal Priest ofSanta Maria Consolatrice al TiburtinobyPope Paul VI. By the time of the2005 conclave, he was one of only fourteen remaining cardinals appointed by PaulVI, and one of only three of those under the age of 80. Of these, only he andWilliam Wakefield Baumtook part in the conclave.
On 25 November 1981, Pope John PaulII, upon the retirement ofFranjo Šeper, named Ratzinger as the Prefect of theSacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, formerly known as the "Sacred Congregation of theHoly Office", the historicalRoman Inquisition. Consequently, he resigned from his post in Munich in early 1982. He was promoted within the College of Cardinals to becomeCardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segniin 1993 and was made the college's vice-dean in 1998 anddeanin 2002. Just a year after its foundation in 1990, Ratzinger joined theEuropean Academy of Sciences and Artsin Salzburg.
Ratzinger defended and reaffirmed Catholic doctrine, including teaching on topics such asbirth control, homosexuality, and inter-religious dialogue. The theologianLeonardo Boff, for example, was suspended, while others such asMatthew Foxwere censured. Other issues also prompted condemnations or revocations of rights to teach: for instance, some posthumous writings ofJesuitpriestAnthony de Mellowere the subject of anotification. Ratzinger and the congregation viewed many of them, particularly the later works, as having an element ofreligious indifferentism(in other words, that Christ was "one master alongside others"). In particular,Dominus Iesus, published by the congregation in the jubilee year 2000, reaffirmed many recently "unpopular" ideas, including the Catholic Church's position that "salvation is found in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given to men by which we must be saved." The document angered many Protestant churches by claiming that they are not churches, but "ecclesial communities".
Ratzinger's 2001 letterDe delictis gravioribusclarified the confidentiality of internal church investigations, as defined in the 1962 documentCrimen sollicitationis, into accusations made against priests of certain crimes, includingsexual abuse. This became a subject of controversy during thesex abuse cases.For 20 years, Ratzinger had been the man in charge of enforcing the document.
While bishops hold the secrecy pertained only internally, and did not preclude investigation by civil law enforcement, the letter was often seen as promoting a coverup.Later, as pope, he was accused in a lawsuit of conspiring to cover up the molestation of three boys inTexas, but sought and obtaineddiplomatic immunityfrom liability.
On 12 March 1983, Ratzinger, as prefect, notified the lay faithful and the clergy that ArchbishopPierre Martin Ngô Đình Thụchad incurredexcommunicationlatae sententiaeforillicitepiscopal consecrations without the apostolic mandate. It is reported that in 1997, when he turned 70, Ratzinger asked Pope John PaulII for permission to leave the Congregation of the Doctrine of Faith and to become instead the head of theVatican Secret Archivesand of theVatican Library, but John Paul refused his assent.
Ratzinger engaged ina dialogue with critical theorist Jürgen Habermasin 2004, published three years later byIgnatius Press.
In April 2005, before his election as pope, Ratzinger was identified as one of the100 most influential people in the worldbyTime.While Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Ratzinger repeatedly stated he would like to retire to his house in the Bavarian village ofPentlingnearRegensburgand dedicate himself to writing books.
At thepapal conclave, "it was, if not Ratzinger, who? And as they came to know him, the question became, why not Ratzinger?"On 19 April 2005, he was elected on the second day after four ballots.CardinalCormac Murphy-O'Connordescribed the final vote, "It's very solemn when you go up one by one to put your vote in the urn and you're looking up at theLast JudgementofMichelangelo. And I still remember vividly the then Cardinal Ratzinger sitting on the edge of his chair."Ratzinger had hoped to retire peacefully and said that "At a certain point, I prayed to God 'please don't do this to me'...Evidently, this time He didn't listen to me."
The day following Ratzinger's election, the German newspaperBildran what would become one of its most iconic headlines in response to the announcement of the prior day,Wir Sind Papst(We are Pope).
At the balcony, Benedict's first words to the crowd, given in Italian before he gave the traditionalUrbi et Orbiblessing in Latin, were:
On 24 April, Benedict celebrated thePapal InaugurationMass inSt. Peter's Square, during which he was invested with thePalliumand theRing of the Fisherman.On 7 May, he took possession of his cathedral church, theArchbasilica of St. John Lateran.
BenedictXVI chose hispapal name, which comes from the Latin word meaning "the blessed", in honour of bothBenedict XVandBenedict of Nursia.BenedictXV was pope during the First World War, during which time he passionately pursued peace between the warring nations. St. Benedict of Nursia was the founder of theBenedictinemonasteries (most monasteries of the Middle Ages were of the Benedictine order) and the author of theRule of Saint Benedict, which is still the most influential writing regarding the monastic life ofWestern Christianity. The Pope explained his choice of name during his first general audience in St. Peter's Square, on 27 April 2005:
During Benedict's inaugural Mass, the previous custom of every cardinal submitting to the pope was replaced by being greeted by twelve people, including cardinals, clergy, religious, a married couple and their child, and some who were newlyconfirmedpeople; the cardinals had formally sworn their obedience upon the election of the new pontiff. He began using an open-toppedpapal car, saying that he wanted to be closer to the people. Benedict continued the tradition of his predecessor John PaulII and baptised several infants in theSistine Chapelat the beginning of each year, on theFeast of the Baptism of the Lord, in his pastoral role asBishop of Rome.
During his pontificate, BenedictXVI beatified 870 people. On 9 May 2005, BenedictXVI began thebeatificationprocess for his predecessor, Pope John PaulII. Normally, five years must pass after a person's death before the beatification process can begin. However, in an audience with Benedict,Camillo Ruini, vicar general of theDiocese of Romeand the official responsible for promoting thecause for canonizationof any person who dies within that diocese, cited "exceptional circumstances" which suggested that the waiting period could be waived. (This had happened before, when Pope PaulVI waived the five-year rule and announced beatification processes for two of his own predecessors,Pope Pius XIIandPope John XXIII. BenedictXVI followed this precedent when he waived the five-year rule for John PaulII.) The decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast ofOur Lady of Fátimaand the 24th anniversary of the attempt on John PaulII's life.John PaulII often credited Our Lady of Fátima for preserving him on that day. Cardinal Ruini inaugurated the diocesan phase of the cause for beatification in the Lateran Basilica on 28 June 2005.
The first beatification under the new pope was celebrated on 14 May 2005, byJosé Cardinal Saraiva Martins, Cardinal Prefect of theCongregation for the Causes of Saints. The new Blesseds wereMarianne CopeandAscensión Nicol Goñi. CardinalClemens August Graf von Galenwas beatified on 9 October 2005.Mariano de la Matawas beatified in November 2006 andRosa Eluvathingalwas beatified on 3 December of that year, andBasil Moreauwas beatified in September 2007.In October 2008, the following beatifications took place:Celestine of the Mother of God, Giuseppina Nicoli, Hendrina Stenmanns, Maria Rosa Flesch, Marta Anna Wiecka,Michael Sopocko,Petrus Kibe Kasui and 187 Companions,Susana Paz-Castillo Ramírez, and Maria Isbael Salvat Romero.
On 19 September 2010, during hisvisit to the United Kingdom, Benedict personally proclaimed the beatification ofJohn Henry Newman.
Unlike his predecessor, Benedict delegated the beatification liturgical service to a cardinal. On 29 September 2005, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued a communiqué announcing that henceforth beatifications would be celebrated by a representative of the pope, usually the prefect of that Congregation.
During his pontificate, BenedictXVI canonized 45 people.He celebrated his first canonizations on 23 October 2005 in St. Peter's Square when he canonizedJosef Bilczewski,Alberto Hurtado,Zygmunt Gorazdowski,Gaetano Catanoso, andFelice da Nicosia. The canonizations were part of a mass that marked the conclusion of theGeneral Assembly of the Synod of Bishopsand theYear of the Eucharist.Benedict canonized BishopRafael Guízar y Valencia,Théodore Guérin,Filippo Smaldone, andRosa Venerinion 15 October 2006.
During his visit to Brazil in 2007, Benedict presided over the canonization ofFrei Galvãoon 11 May, whileGeorge Preca, founder of the Malta-basedMUSEUM,Szymon of Lipnica,Charles of Mount Argus, andMarie-Eugénie de Jésuswere canonized in a ceremony held at theVaticanon 3 June 2007.Preca is the first Maltese saint since the country's conversion to Christianity in A.D. 60 when St. Paul converted the inhabitants.In October 2008, the following canonizations took place:Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conceptionof India,Gaetano Errico,Narcisa de Jesus Martillo Moran, andMaria Bernarda Bütler. In April 2009, the Pope canonizedArcangelo Tadini,Bernardo Tolomei,Nuno Álvares Pereira,Geltrude Comensoli, andCaterina Volpicelli.In October of the same year he canonizedJeanne Jugan,Damien de Veuster,Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński,Francisco Coll Guitart, andRafael Arnáiz Barón.
On 17 October 2010, Benedict canonizedAndré Bessette, a French-Canadian;Stanisław Sołtys, a 15th-century Polish priest; Italian nunsGiulia SalzanoandCamilla Battista da Varano; Spanish nunCandida Maria de Jesus Cipitria y Barriola; and the first Australian saint,Mary MacKillop.On 23 October 2011, he canonized three saints: a Spanish nunBonifacia Rodríguez y Castro, Italian archbishopGuido Maria Conforti, and Italian priestLuigi Guanella.In December 2011, the Pope formally recognized the validity of the miracles necessary to proceed with the canonizations ofKateri Tekakwitha, who would be the first Native American saint; Marianne Cope, a nun working withlepersin what is now the state of Hawaii;Giovanni Battista Piamarta, an Italian priest;Jacques Berthieu, a French Jesuit priest and Africanmartyr;Carmen Salles y Barangueras, a Spanish nun and founder of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception;Peter Calungsod, a laycatechistand martyr from the Philippines; andAnna Schäffer, whose desire to be a missionary was unfulfilled on account of her illness.They were canonized on 21 October 2012.
On 7 October 2012, Benedict namedHildegard of BingenandJohn of ÁvilaasDoctors of the Church, the 34th and 35th individuals so recognized in the history of Christianity.
Benedict made only modest changes to the structure of the Roman Curia. In March 2006, he placed both thePontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant Peoplesand thePontifical Council for Justice and Peaceunder a single president, CardinalRenato Martino. When Martino retired in 2009, each council received its own president once again. Also in March 2006, thePontifical Council for Interreligious Dialoguewas briefly merged into thePontifical Council for Cultureunder CardinalPaul Poupard. Those Councils maintained their separate officials and staffs while their status and competencies continued unchanged, and in May 2007, Interreligious Dialogue was restored to its separate status again with its own president.In June 2010, Benedict created thePontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization, appointing ArchbishopRino Fisichellaits first president.On 16 January 2013, the Pope transferred responsibility forcatechesisfrom theCongregation for the Clergyto the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization.
As pope, one of Benedict's main roles was to teach about the Catholic faith and the solutions to the problems of discerning and living the faith,a role that he could play well as a former head of the Church's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.(The main points of emphasis of his teachings are stated in more detail inTheology of Pope Benedict XVI.)
After his firsthomilyas pope, Benedict referred to both Jesus Christ and John PaulII. Citing John PaulII's well-known words, "Do not be afraid! Open wide the doors for Christ!", Benedict said:
"Friendship with Jesus Christ" was a frequent theme of Benedict's preaching.He stressed that on this intimate friendship, "everything depends".He also said: "We are all called to open ourselves to this friendship with God ... speaking to Him as to a friend, the only One who can make the world both good and happy ... That is all we have to do is put ourselves at His disposal ... is an extremely important message. It is a message that helps to overcome what can be considered the great temptation of our time: the claim, that after theBig Bang, God withdrew from history."Thus, in his bookJesus of Nazareth, his main purpose was "to help foster [in the reader] the growth of a living relationship" with Jesus Christ.He took up this theme in his first encyclicalDeus caritas est. In his explanation and summary of the encyclical, he stated: "If friendship with God becomes for us something ever more important and decisive, then we will begin to love those whom God loves and who are in need of us. God wants us to be friends of His friends and we can be so, if we are interiorly close to them."Thus, he said that prayer is "urgently needed ... It is time to reaffirm the importance of prayer in the face of the activism and the growing secularism of many Christians engaged in charitable work."
Continuing what he said in the pre-conclave Mass about what he often referred to as the "central problem of our faith today",on 6 June 2005, Benedict also said:
Benedict said that "a dictatorship of relativism"was the core challenge facing the Church and humanity. At the root of this problem, he said, isImmanuel Kant's "self-limitation of reason". This, he said, is contradictory to the modern acclamation of science whose excellence is based on the power of reason to know the truth. He said that this self-amputation of reason leads to pathologies of religion such as terrorism and pathologies of science such asecological disasters.Benedict traced the failed revolutions and violent ideologies of the 20th century to a conversion of partial points of view into absolute guides. He said "Absolutizing what is not absolute but relative is called totalitarianism."
In the discussion withsecularismandrationalism, one of Benedict's basic ideas can be found in his address on the "Crisis of Culture" in the West, a day before Pope John PaulII died, when he referred to Christianity as the "religion of theLogos" (the Greek for "word", "reason", "meaning", or "intelligence"). He said:
Benedict also emphasised that "Only creative reason, which in the crucified God is manifested as love, can really show us the way."
Benedict wrote threeencyclicals:Deus caritas est(Latin for "God is Love"),Spe salvi("Saved by Hope"), andCaritas in veritate("Love in Truth").
In his first encyclical,Deus caritas est, he said that a human being, created in the image of God who is love, can practise love: to give himself to God and others (agape) by receiving and experiencing God's love in contemplation. This life of love, according to him, is the life of the saints such asTeresa of Calcuttaand theBlessed Virgin Mary, and is the direction Christians take when they believe that God loves them in Jesus Christ.The encyclical contains almost 16,000 words in 42 paragraphs. The first half is said to have been written by Benedict in German, his first language, in the summer of 2005; the second half is derived from uncompleted writings left by his predecessor, Pope John PaulII.The document was signed by Benedict on Christmas Day, 25 December 2005.The encyclical was promulgated a month later in Latin and was translated into English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, and Spanish. It is the first encyclical to be published since the Vatican decided to assertcopyrightin the official writings of the pope.
Benedict's second encyclical titledSpe Salvi("Saved by Hope"), about the virtue ofhope, was released on 30 November 2007.
His third encyclical titledCaritas in veritate("Love in Truth" or "Charity in Truth"), was signed on 29 June 2009 (the Feast of Sts. Peter and Paul) and released on 7 July 2009.In it, the Pope continued the Church's teachings on social justice. He condemned the prevalent economic system "where the pernicious effects of sin are evident," and called on people to rediscover ethics in business and economic relations.
At the time of his resignation, Benedict had completed a draft of a fourth encyclical entitledLumen fidei("The Light of Faith"),intended to accompany his first two encyclicals to complete a trilogy on the threetheological virtuesoffaith,hope, andlove. Benedict's successor,Francis, completed and publishedLumen Fideiin June 2013, four months after Benedict's retirement and Francis's succession. Although the encyclical is officially the work of Francis, paragraph 7 of the encyclical explicitly expresses Francis's debt to Benedict: "These considerations on faith – in continuity with all that the Church'smagisteriumhas pronounced on this theological virtue – are meant to supplement what BenedictXVI had written in his encyclical letters on charity and hope. He himself had almost completed a first draft of an encyclical on faith. For this I am deeply grateful to him, and as his brother in Christ I have taken up his fine work and added a few contributions of my own."
Sacramentum caritatis(The Sacrament of Charity), signed 22 February 2007, was released in Latin, Italian, English, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, and Polish. It was made available in various languages on 13 March 2007 in Rome. The English edition ofLibera Editrice Vaticanais 158 pages. Thisapostolic exhortation"seeks to take up the richness and variety of the reflections and proposals which emerged from the Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops" which was held in 2006.
On 7 July 2007, Benedict issued themotu proprioSummorum Pontificum, declaring that upon "the request of the faithful", the celebration ofMassaccording to theMissal of 1962(of theTridentine Mass), was to be more easily permitted. Stable groups who previously had to petition their bishop to have a Tridentine Mass may now merely request permission from their local priest.WhileSummorum Pontificumdirects that pastors should provide the Tridentine Mass upon the requests of the faithful, it also allows for any qualified priest to offer private celebrations of the Tridentine Mass, to which the faithful may be admitted if they wish.For regularly scheduled public celebrations of the Tridentine Mass, the permission of the priest in charge of the church is required.
In an accompanying letter, the Pope outlined his position concerning questions about the new guidelines.As there were fears that the move would entail a reversal of the Second Vatican Council,Benedict emphasised that the Tridentine Mass would not detract from the council and that theMass of Paul VIwould still be the norm and priests were not permitted to refuse to say the Mass in that form. He pointed out that the use of Tridentine Mass "was never juridically abrogated and, consequently, in principle, was always permitted."The letter also decried "deformations of theliturgy... because in many places celebrations were not faithful to the prescriptions of the new Missal" as the Second Vatican Council was wrongly seen "as authorising or even requiring creativity", mentioning his own experience.
The Pope considered that allowing the Tridentine Mass to those who request it was a means to prevent or healschism, stating that, on occasions in history, "not enough was done by the Church's leaders to maintain or regain reconciliation and unity" and that this "imposes an obligation on us today: to make every effort to enable for all those who truly desire unity to remain in that unity or to attain it anew."CardinalDarío Castrillón Hoyos, the president of thePontifical Commission established to facilitate full ecclesial communion of those associated with that Society,stated that the decree "opened the door for their return". BishopBernard Fellay, superior general of the SSPX, expressed "deep gratitude to the Sovereign Pontiff for this great spiritual benefit".
In July 2021, Pope Francis issued theapostolic lettertitledTraditionis custodes, which substantially reversed the decision of BenedictXVI inSummorum Pontificumand imposed new and broad restrictions on the use of theTraditional Latin Mass. The decision was controversial and widely criticized by conservative andtraditionalist Catholicsas lacking in charity and an attack on those attached to the liturgical patrimony of the Church.
Near the end of June 2007, theCongregation for the Doctrine of the Faithissued a document approved by BenedictXVI "because some contemporary theological interpretations ofVatican II's ecumenical intent had been 'erroneous or ambiguous' and had prompted confusion and doubt." The document has been seen as restating "key sections of a 2000 text the pope wrote when he was prefect of the congregation,Dominus Iesus."
Benedict condemned excessiveconsumerism, especially among youth. He stated in December 2007 that "[A]dolescents, youths and even children are easy victims of the corruption of love, deceived by unscrupulous adults who, lying to themselves and to them, draw them into the dead-end streets of consumerism."In June 2009, he blamed outsourcing for the greater availability of consumer goods which lead to the downsizing ofsocial securitysystems.
Speaking at his weekly audience in St. Peter's Square on 7 June 2006, Benedict asserted that Jesus himself had entrusted the leadership of the Church to his apostlePeter. "Peter's responsibility thus consists of guaranteeing the communion with Christ. Let us pray so that theprimacy of Peter, entrusted to poor human beings, may always be exercised in this original sense desired by the Lord, so that it will be increasingly recognised in its true meaning by brothers who are still not incommunionwith us."
Also in 2006, Benedict met theAnglicanArchbishop of Canterbury,Rowan Williams. In their Common Declaration, they highlighted the previous 40 years of dialogue between Catholics and Anglicans while also acknowledging "serious obstacles to our ecumenical progress".
On 4 November 2009, in response to a 2007 petition by theTraditional Anglican Church, Benedict issued theapostolic constitutionAnglicanorum coetibus, which authorized the creation of "Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans entering into full communion."Between 2011 and 2012, three ordinariates were erected, currently totalling 9090 members, 194 priests, and 94 parishes.
When Benedict ascended to the papacy, his election was welcomed by theAnti-Defamation Leaguewho noted "his great sensitivity to Jewish history and theHolocaust".However, his election received a more reserved response fromBritish Chief RabbiJonathan Sacks, who hoped that Benedict would "continue along the path of Pope JohnXXIII and Pope John PaulII in working to enhance relations with the Jewish people and theState of Israel."Israeli foreign ministerSilvan Shalomalso offered tentative praise, though Shalom believed that "this Pope, considering his historical experience, will be especially committed to an uncompromising fight againstanti-Semitism."
Critics have accused Benedict's papacy of insensitivity towards Judaism. The two most prominent instances were the expansion of the use of the Tridentine Mass and the lifting of theexcommunicationon four bishops from theSociety of St. Pius X(SSPX). In theGood Fridayservice, the Tridentine Massrubricsinclude a prayer that asks God to lift the veil sothey [Jews] may be delivered from their darkness. This prayer has historically been contentious inJudaic-Catholic relationsand several groups saw therestoration of the Tridentine Mass as problematic.Among those whose excommunications were lifted was BishopRichard Williamson, an outspokenhistorical revisionistsometimes interpreted as aHolocaust denier.The lifting of his excommunication led critics to charge that the Pope was condoning his historical revisionist views.
Benedict's relations with Islam were strained at times. On 12 September 2006, he delivereda lecture which touched on Islam at the University of Regensburgin Germany. He had served there as a professor of theology before becoming Pope, and his lecture was entitled "Faith, Reason and the University – Memories and Reflections". The lecture received much attention from political and religious authorities. ManyIslamic politicians and religious leadersregistered their protest against what they labelled an insulting mischaracterization of Islam, although his focus was aimed towards the rationality of religious violence, and its effect on the religion.Muslims were particularly offended by a passage that the Pope quoted in his speech: "Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached."
The passage originally appeared in theDialogue Held with a Certain Persian, the Worthy Mouterizes, in Anakara of Galatiawritten in 1391 as an expression of the views of theByzantineemperorManuel II Palaeologus, one of the last Christian rulers before theFall of Constantinopleto the MuslimOttoman Empire, on such issues asforced conversion,holy war, and the relationship betweenfaithandreason. According to the German text, the Pope's original comment was that the emperor "addresses his interlocutor in an astoundingly harsh – to us surprisingly harsh – way"(wendet er sich in erstaunlich schroffer, uns überraschend schroffer Form).Benedict apologized for any offence he had caused and made a point of visitingTurkey, a predominantly Muslim country, and praying in itsBlue Mosque. Benedict planned on 5 March 2008, to meet with Muslim scholars and religious leaders autumn 2008 at a Catholic-Muslim seminar in Rome.That meeting, the "First Meeting of theCatholic-Muslim Forum," was held from 4–6 November 2008.On 9 May 2009, Benedict visited the King Hussein Mosque inAmman, Jordan where he was addressed byPrince Ghazi bin Muhammad.
TheDalai Lamacongratulated BenedictXVI upon his election,and visited him in October 2006 in Vatican City. In 2007, the People's Republic of China was accused of using its political influence to stop a meeting between the Pope and the Dalai Lama.
While visiting Brazil in May 2007, "the pope sparked controversy by saying that native populations had been 'silently longing' for the Christian faith brought to South America by colonizers."The Pope continued, stating that "the proclamation of Jesus and of his Gospel did not at any point involve an alienation of thepre-Columbuscultures, nor was it the imposition of a foreign culture."Venezuelan presidentHugo Chávezdemanded an apology, and an indigenous organization in Ecuador issued a response which stated that "representatives of the Catholic Church of those times, with honourable exceptions, were accomplices, deceivers and beneficiaries of one of the most horrific genocides of all humanity."Later, the Pope, speaking Italian, said at a weekly audience that it was "not possible to forget the suffering and the injustices inflicted by colonizers against the indigenous population, whose fundamental human rights were often trampled" but made no apology.
While visiting the United States on 17 April 2008, Benedict met withInternational Society for Krishna ConsciousnessrepresentativeRadhika Ramana Dasa,a notedHinduscholarand disciple of Hanumatpreshaka Swami.On behalf of the Hindu American community, Radhika Ramana Dasa presented a gift of anOmsymbol to Benedict.
As pontiff, Benedict carried out numerous Apostolic activities, including journeys in Italy and across the world.
Benedict travelled extensively during the first three years of his papacy. In addition to his travels within Italy, he made two visits to his homeland, Germany, one forWorld Youth Dayand another to visit the towns of his childhood. He also visited Poland and Spain, where he was enthusiastically received.His visit to Turkey, an overwhelmingly Muslim nation, was initially overshadowed by the controversy about a lecture he had given at Regensburg. His visit was met by nationalist and Islamic protestersand was placed under unprecedented security measures.Benedict made a joint declaration withEcumenical Patriarch Bartholomew Iin an attempt to begin to heal the rift between the Catholic andEastern Orthodoxchurches.
In 2007, Benedict visited Brazil to address the Bishops' Conference there and canonize Friar Antônio Galvão, an 18th-centuryFranciscan. In June 2007, Benedict made a personalpilgrimageand pastoral visit toAssisi, the birthplace ofSt. Francis. In September, Benedict undertook a three-day visit to Austria,during which he joined Vienna'schief rabbi, Paul Chaim Eisenberg, in a memorial to the 65,000Viennese Jewswho perished in Nazi death camps.During his stay in Austria, he also celebrated Mass at the Marian shrineMariazelland visitedHeiligenkreuz Abbey.
In April 2008, Benedict made hisfirst visit to the United Statessince becoming pope.He arrived in Washington, D.C., where he was formally received at theWhite Houseandmet privatelywith US presidentGeorge W. Bush.While in Washington, the pope addressed representatives of US Catholic universities, met with leaders of other world religions, and celebrated Mass at the Washington Nationals'baseball stadiumwith 47,000 people.The Pope also met privately with victims of sexual abuse by priests. The Pope travelled to New York City where he addressed theUnited Nations General Assembly.Also while in New York, the Pope celebrated Mass atSt. Patrick's Cathedral, met with disabled children and their families, and attended an event for Catholic youth, where he addressed some 25,000 young people in attendance.On the final day of the Pope's visit, he visited theWorld Trade Center siteand later celebrated Mass atYankee Stadium.
In July 2008, the Pope travelled to Australia to attendWorld Youth Day 2008inSydney. On 19 July, inSt. Mary's Cathedral, he made an apology for child sex abuse perpetrated by the clergy in Australia.On 13 September 2008, at an outdoor Paris Mass attended by 250,000 people, Benedict condemned the modernmaterialism– the world's love of power, possessions, and money as a modern-day plague, comparing it topaganism.In 2009, he visited Africa (CameroonandAngola) for the first time as pope. During his visit, he suggested that altering sexual behaviour was the answer toAfrica's AIDS crisisand urged Catholics to reach out and convert believers insorcery.He visited the Middle East (Jordan, Israel, andPalestine) in May 2009.
Benedict's main arena for pastoral activity was the Vatican itself, his Christmas and Easter homilies and Urbi et Orbi were delivered fromSt. Peter's Basilica. The Vatican is also the only regular place where Benedict travelled via motor without the protective bulletproof case common to most popemobiles. Despite the more secure setting, Benedict was victim to security risks several times inside Vatican City. On Wednesday, 6 June 2007, during his General Audience, a man leapt across a barrier, evaded guards, and nearly mounted the Pope's vehicle, although he was stopped and Benedict seemed to be unaware of the event. On Thursday, 24 December 2009, while Benedict was proceeding to the altar to celebrate Christmas Eve Mass at St. Peter's Basilica, a woman later identified as 25-year-oldSusanna Maiolo, who holds Italian and Swiss citizenship, jumped the barrier and grabbed the Pope by hisvestmentsand pulled him to the ground. The 82-year-old Benedict fell but was assisted to his feet and he continued to proceed toward the altar to celebrate Mass.Roger Etchegaray, the vice-dean of the College of Cardinals, fell as well and suffered a hip fracture. Italian police reported that Maiolo had in a prior action attempted to accost Benedict at the previous Christmas Eve Mass, but was prevented from doing so.
In his homily, Benedict forgave Susanna Maioloand urged the world to "wake up" from selfishness and petty affairs, and find time for God and spiritual matters.
Between 17 and 18 April 2010, Benedict made an Apostolic Journey to the Republic of Malta. Following meetings with various dignitaries on his first day on the island, 50,000 people gathered in adrizzlefor Papal Mass on the granaries inFloriana. The Pope also met with theMalteseyouth at theVallettaWaterfront, where an estimated 10,000 young people turned up to greet him.
Prior to 2001, the primary responsibility for investigating allegations of sexual abuse and disciplining perpetrators rested with the individual dioceses. In 2001, Ratzinger convinced John PaulII to put the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in charge of all sexual abuse investigations.According toJohn L. Allen Jr., Ratzinger in the following years "acquired a familiarity with the contours of the problem that virtually no other figure in the Catholic Church can claim. Driven by that encounter with what he would later refer to as 'filth' in the Church, Ratzinger seems to have undergone something of a 'conversion experience' throughout 2003–04. From that point forward, he and his staff seemed driven by a convert's zeal to clean up the mess."
CardinalVincent Nicholswrote that in his role as head of the CDF "[Ratzinger] led important changes made in church law: the inclusion in canon law of internet offences against children, the extension of child abuse offences to include the sexual abuse of all under 18, the case by case waiving of thestatute of limitationand the establishment of a fast-track dismissal from the clerical state for offenders."According toCharles J. Scicluna, a former prosecutor handling sexual abuse cases, "Cardinal Ratzinger displayed great wisdom and firmness in handling those cases, also demonstrating great courage in facing some of the most difficult and thorny cases,sine acceptione personarum[without respect of persons]".According to Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, Ratzinger "made entirely clear efforts not to cover things up but to tackle and investigate them. This was not always met with approval in the Vatican".Ratzinger had pressed John PaulII to investigateHans Hermann Groër, an Austrian cardinal and friend of John Paul accused of sexual abuse, which resulted in Groër's resignation.
In March 2010, Benedict sent a pastoral letter to the Catholic Church in Ireland addressing cases of sexual abuse by priests of minors, expressing sorrow and promising changes in the way in which accusations of abuse were addressed.Victims' groups claimed the letter failed to clarify if secular law enforcement had priority over canon law confidentiality regarding internal investigation of abuse allegations.The Pope then promised to introduce measures that would "safeguard young people in the future" and "bring to justice" priests who were responsible for abuse and the next month the Vatican issued guidelines on how existing church law should be implemented. The guidelines asserted that "Civil law concerning reporting of crimes ... should always be followed."
Despite being more proactive than his predecessor in addressing sexual abuse, Benedict was nonetheless cited as failing to do so on more than one occasion. In January 2022, a report written by German law firm Westpfahl Spilker Wastl and commissioned by the Catholic Church concluded that Cardinal Ratzinger failed to adequately take action against clerics in four cases of alleged abuse while he was Archbishop of Munich and Freising from 1977 to 1982. The pope emeritus denied the accusations.Benedict corrected his former statement that he had not been at a meeting of the ordinariate of theArchdiocese of Munich and Freisingin January 1980, saying he mistakenly told German investigators he was not there. However, the error was "not done out of bad faith", but "the result of an error in the editorial processing" of his statement. According toReuters, lawyer Martin Pusch said that "in a total of four cases, we have come to the conclusion that the then Archbishop Cardinal Ratzinger can be accused of misconduct in cases of sexual abuse."
In February 2022, Benedict admitted that errors were made in the treating of sexual abuse cases when he was Archbishop of Munich. According to the letter released by the Vatican, he asked forgiveness for any "grievous fault" but denied personal wrongdoing. Benedict stated: "I have had great responsibilities in the Catholic Church. All the greater is my pain for the abuses and the errors that occurred in those different places during the time of my mandate."Public prosecutor's office in Munich had begun investigations as a result of the 2022 report against both Benedict andCardinal Friedrich Wetter. The investigation was "discontinued" in March 2023 after it "did not reveal sufficient suspicion of criminal activity". The case of the investigation "was not acts of abuse committed by the Church personnel managers themselves, but possible acts of aiding and abetting by active action or omission".
One of the cases Ratzinger pursued involvedMarcial Maciel, a Mexican priest and founder of theLegionaries of Christwho had been accused repeatedly of sexual abuse. Biographer Andrea Tornielli suggested that Cardinal Ratzinger had wanted to take action against Maciel but that John PaulII and other high-ranking officials, including several cardinals and the Pope's influential secretaryStanisław Dziwisz, prevented him from doing so.
According toJason Berry, CardinalAngelo Sodano"pressured" Ratzinger, who was "operating on the assumption that the charges were not justified", to halt the proceedings against Maciel in 1999.When Maciel was honoured by the Pope in 2004, new accusers came forwardand Cardinal Ratzinger "took it on himself to authorize an investigation of Maciel".After Ratzinger became pope, he began proceedings against Maciel and the Legion of Christ that forced Maciel out of active service in the Church.On 1 May 2010, the Vatican issued a statement denouncing "the most serious and objectively immoral behaviour of Father Maciel, confirmed by incontrovertible witnesses, which amount to true crimes and show a life deprived of scruples and authentic religious feeling."
In November 2020, the Vatican published a report blaming Popes John PaulII and BenedictXVI for allowing defrocked former cardinalTheodore McCarrickto rise in power despite the fact that they both knew of sex abuse allegations against him.Despite the fact that Benedict pressured McCarrick to resign as Archbishop of Washington D.C. in 2006, McCarrick remained very active in ministry throughout Benedict's papacy and even made a very public appearance when he presided over US senatorTed Kennedy's burial service at Arlington National Cemetery in 2009.
In 2019, Benedict released a 6,000-word letter that attributed the Church's sexual abuse crisis to an erosion of morality driven bysecularizationand thesexual revolution of the 1960s.The letter was in sharp contrast to the viewpoint of his successor, Francis, who saw the issue as a byproduct of abuses of power within the Church's hierarchical structure.The New York Timeslater reported that "given his frail health at the time, however, many church watchers questioned whether Benedict had indeed written the letter or had been manipulated to issue it as a way to undercut Francis."
Upon Benedict's death, his efforts to combat sexual abuse in the Church were remembered with mixed reactions, in particular by victims' groups. Francesco Zanardi, founder of the Italian victims' groupRete l'Abusostated that "Ratzinger was less communicative than Francis but he moved" in the right direction, and that he was the first pontiff to effectively do so.Anne Barrett Doyle, a co-director of BishopAccountability.org, an advocacy and research group, said that Benedict would be "remembered chiefly for his failure to achieve what should have been his job one: to rectify the incalculable harm done to the hundreds of thousands of children sexually abused by Catholic priests."She stated that his tenure had "left hundreds of culpable bishops in power and a culture of secrecy intact," while theSurvivors Network of those Abused by Priestssaid in a statement that "Benedict was more concerned about the church's deteriorating image and financial flow to the hierarchy versus grasping the concept of true apologies followed by true amends to victims of abuse".
Benedict re-introduced severalpapal garmentswhich had fallen into disuse. He resumed the use of the traditional redpapal shoes, which had been used since Roman times by popes but which had fallen into disuse during the pontificate of John PaulII. Contrary to the initial speculation of the press that the shoes had been made by the Italian fashion housePrada, theVaticanannounced that the shoes were provided by the Pope's personal shoemaker.
The journalist Charlotte Allen described Benedict as "the pope of aesthetics": "He has reminded a world that looks increasingly ugly and debased that there is such a thing as the beautiful – whether it's embodied in a sonata or an altarpiece or an embroidered cope or the cut of a cassock – and that earthly beauty ultimately communicates a beauty that is beyond earthly things."
Prior to his election as pope in 2005, Ratzinger had hoped to retire – on account of age-related health problems, a long-held desire to have free time to write, and the retirement age for bishops (75) – and submitted his resignation as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith three times, but continued at his post in obedience to the wishes of John PaulII. In September 1991, Ratzinger suffered a haemorrhagic stroke, which slightly impaired his eyesight temporarily but from which he recovered completely.This was never officially made public – the official news was that he had fallen and struck his head against a radiator – but was an open secret known to the conclave that elected him pope.
Following his election in April 2005 there were several rumours about the Pope's health, but none of them were confirmed. Early in his pontificate Benedict predicted a short reign, which led to concerns about his health.In May 2005 the Vatican announced that he had suffered another mild stroke. French cardinalPhilippe Barbarinsaid that since the first stroke Ratzinger had been suffering from an age-related heart condition, for which he was on medication. In late November 2006 Vatican insiders told the international press that the Pope had had a routine examination of the heart.A few days later an unconfirmed rumour emerged that Benedict had undergone an operation in preparation for an eventual bypass operation, but this rumour was only published by a small left-wing Italian newspaper and was never confirmed by any Vatican insider.
On 17 July 2009, Benedict was hospitalized after falling and breaking his right wrist while on vacation in the Alps; his injuries were reported to be minor.
Following the announcement of his resignation, the Vatican revealed that Benedict had been fitted with apacemakerwhile he was still a cardinal, before his election as pope in 2005. The battery in the pacemaker had been replaced three months earlier, a routine procedure, but that did not influence his decision.
On 11 February 2013, the Vatican confirmed that Benedict wouldresign the papacyon 28 February 2013, as a result of his advanced age,becoming the first pope to resign sinceGregory XIIin 1415.At the age of 85 years and 318 days on the effective date of his retirement, he was the fourth-oldest person to hold the office of pope. The move was unexpected,as all popes in modern times had held office until death. Benedict was the first pope to resign without external pressure sinceCelestine Vin 1294.
In his declaration of 10 February 2013, Benedict resigned as "Bishop of Rome, Successor of Saint Peter".In a statement, he cited his deteriorating strength and the physical and mental demands of the papacy;addressing his cardinals in Latin, he gave a brief statement announcing his resignation. He also declared that he would continue to serve the Church "through a life dedicated to prayer".
According to a statement from the Vatican, the timing of the resignation was not caused by any specific illness but was to "avoid that exhausting rush of Easter engagements".After two weeks of ceremonial farewells, the Pope left office at the appointed time andsede vacantewas declared. Benedict was succeeded by CardinalJorge Mario Bergoglio, who took the papal name of Francis on 13 March 2013.
On the eve of the first anniversary of Benedict's resignation he wrote toLa Stampato deny speculation he hadbeen forced to step down. "There isn't the slightest doubt about the validity of my resignation from the Petrine ministry," he wrote in a letter to the newspaper. "The only condition for the validity is the full freedom of the decision. Speculation about its invalidity is simply absurd," he wrote.In an interview on 28 February 2021, Benedict again repeated the legitimacy of his resignation.
On the morning of 28 February 2013, Benedict met with the full College of Cardinals and in the early afternoon flew by helicopter to the papal summer residence ofCastel Gandolfo. He stayed there until refurbishment was completed on his retirement home, theMater Ecclesiae Monasteryin theVatican Gardensnear St. Peter's, former home of twelve nuns, where he moved on 2 May 2013.
After his resignation, Benedict retained his papal name rather than reverting to his birth name.He continued to wear the white cassock but without thepellegrinaor thefascia. He ceased wearing red papal shoes.Benedict returned his officialFisherman's Ring, which was rendered unusable by two large cuts across its face.
According to a Vatican spokesman, Benedict spent his first day asPope emerituswith ArchbishopGeorg Gänswein,Prefect of the Papal Household.In the monastery, the pope emeritus did not live a cloistered life, but studied and wrote.He joined Pope Francis several months later at the unveiling of a new statue ofSaint Michael the Archangel. The inscription on the statue, according to CardinalGiovanni Lajolo, has the coat of arms of the two popes to symbolize the fact that the statue was commissioned by Benedict and consecrated by Francis.
In 2013 it was reported that Benedict had multiple health problems includinghigh blood pressureand had fallen out of bed more than once, but the Holy See denied any specific illnesses.The former pope made his first public appearance after his resignation at St. Peter's Basilica on 22 February 2014 to attend the firstpapal consistoryof his successor Francis. Benedict entered the basilica through a discreet entrance and was seated in a row with several other cardinals. He doffed hiszucchettowhen Francis came down the nave of St. Peter's Basilica to greet him.He then made an appearance at thecanonization mass of Popes JohnXXIII and John PaulII, greeting the cardinals and Francis.
In August 2014, Benedict celebrated Mass at the Vatican and met with his former doctoral students, an annual tradition he had kept since the 1970s.He attended thebeatification of Pope Paul VIin October 2014.Weeks before this, he joined Francis in Saint Peter's Square for an audience with grandparents to honour their importance in society.
Benedict wrote the text of a speech, delivered by Archbishop Georg Gänswein, on the occasion of the dedication of the Aula Magna at thePontifical Urbaniana Universityto the pope emeritus, "a gesture of gratitude for what he has done for the Church as a conciliar expert, with his teaching as professor, as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and, finally, the Magisterium." The ceremony took place on Tuesday, 21 October 2014, during the opening of the academic year.
Benedict attended the consistory for new cardinals in February 2015, greeting Francis at the beginning of the celebration.In the summer of 2015, Benedict spent two weeks at Castel Gandolfo, at the invitation of Pope Francis. While at Castel Gandolfo, Benedict participated in two public events. He received two honorary doctorates given to him by CardinalStanislaw Dziwisz, Pope John PaulII's longtime aide, from thePontifical University of John Paul IIand the Kraków Academy of Music.In his reception address, Benedict paid homage to his predecessor, John PaulII.
The Joseph Ratzinger–Benedict XVI Roman Library at thePontifical Teutonic Collegewas announced in April 2015 and was scheduled to open to scholars in November 2015.The library section dedicated to his life and thought is being catalogued. It includes books by or about him and his studies, many donated by Benedict himself.
Benedict, in August 2015, submitted a handwritten card to act as a testimony to the cause of canonization ofPope John Paul I.
In March 2016, Benedict gave an interview expressing his views onmercyand endorsing Francis's stress on mercy in his pastoral practice.Also that month, a Vatican spokesman stated that Benedict was "slowly, serenely fading" in his physical health, although his mental capacity remained "perfectly lucid".
The pope emeritus was honoured by the Roman Curia and Francis in 2016 at a special audience, honouring the65th anniversaryof his ordination to the priesthood. That November, he did not attend the consistory for new cardinals, rather meeting with them and Francis at his residence afterward.Following the death of CardinalPaulo Evaristo Arnsin December 2016, Benedict became the last living person appointed cardinal by Pope PaulVI.
In June 2017, Benedict received newly created cardinals in his chapel and spoke with each of them in their native language.In July 2017, he sent a message through his private secretary for the funeral of CardinalJoachim Meisner, who had suddenly died while on vacation in Germany.
In November 2017, images emerged on the Facebook page of theBishop of Passau, Stefan Oster, of Benedict with a black eye; the bishop and authorPeter Seewaldvisited the former pope on 26 October since the pair were presenting Benedict with the new bookBenedict XVI – The German Popewhich the Passau diocese created. The former pope suffered thehematomaearlier after having slipped.
In late 2019, Benedict collaborated on a book expressing that the Catholic Church must maintain its discipline ofclerical celibacy, in light of ongoing debate on the issue, though later requested his name to be removed from the book as co-author.
In June 2020, Benedict visited his dying brother Georg in Germany for the last time.Georg died on 1 July, aged 96.
On 3 August 2020, Benedict's aides disclosed that he had aninflammation of the trigeminal nerve.On 2 December of the same year, Maltese cardinalMario Grechannounced toVatican Newsthat Benedict had difficulty speaking and that he had told the new cardinals after the consistory that "the Lord has taken away my speech in order to let me appreciate silence".
Benedict became the longest-lived pope, whose age can be verified, on 4 September 2020 at 93 years, 141 days, surpassing the age ofPope Leo XIII.There are two popes that are claimed to have lived longer than Benedict:Pope St Agatho(574–681), who died at the age of 107;andPope Gregory IX(1145–1241), who died at the age of 96.However, although there is some contemporary documentation attesting to their ages, there is not sufficient evidence for them to be verified with complete certainty.
In January 2021, Benedict and Francis each received doses of aCOVID-19 vaccine.On 29 June 2021, the pope emeritus celebrated hisplatinum jubilee(70th anniversary) as a priest.
Following theconsistory of 27 August 2022, Francis and the newly created cardinals paid a brief visit to Benedict at Mater Ecclesiae Monastery.
On 28 December 2022, Pope Francis said at the end of his audience that Benedict was "very sick" and asked God to "comfort him and support him in this testimony of love for the Church until the end".The same day,Matteo Bruni, the director of the Holy See Press Office, stated that "in the last few hours there has been an aggravation of Benedict's health due to advancing age" and that he was under medical care. Bruni also stated that Francis visited Benedict at the Mater Ecclesiae Monastery after the audience.
Benedict died on 31 December 2022 at 9:34amCentral European Timeat the Mater Ecclesiae Monastery at the age of 95, due to cardiogenic shock, resulting from respiratory failure that evolved from a parenchymal insufficiency.His long-time secretary, Georg Gänswein, reported that his last words were"Signore ti amo"(Italian for 'Lord, I love you').
From 2 to 4 January 2023, Benedict's bodylay in statein St. Peter's Basilica, during which around 195,000 people paid their respects.His funeral took place on 5 January 2023 in St. Peter's Square at 9:30am, presided over by Pope Francis and celebrated by CardinalGiovanni Battista Re.This was the first time since 1802 that a pope had attended a funeral for his predecessor.The funeral was attended by an estimated 50,000 people.Some attendees held signs reading or shouted "Santo subito", calling for his elevation tosainthood, a cry heard previously at thefuneral of John Paul II.Benedict was interred in the crypt beneath St. Peter's Basilica, in the same tomb originally occupied by John PaulII and JohnXXIII.The tomb was opened to the public on 8 January 2023.
As Pope, Benedict's rarely used full title was:
The best-known title, that of "Pope", did not appear in the official list of titles, but is commonly used in the titles of documents, and appears, in abbreviated form, in their signatures as "PP." standing for "Papa" ("Pope").
Before 1 March 2006, the list of titles also used to contain that of a "Patriarch of the West", which traditionally appeared in that list of titles before "Primate of Italy". The title of "Patriarch of the West" was removed in the 2006 edition ofAnnuario Pontificio. According toAchille Silvestrini, Benedict chose to remove the title at a time as a "sign of ecumenical sensitivity" on the issue ofpapal primacy.
After his resignation, the officialstyleof the former pope in English wasHis Holiness BenedictXVI, Supreme Pontiff emeritusorPope emeritus.Less formally he was referred to as emeritus pope or Roman pontifex emeritus.Moreover, according to the1983Code of Canon Law, he was alsobishop emeritus of Rome, retaining the sacred character received at his ordination as a bishop and receiving the title of emeritus of his diocese; although he did not use this style.The pope emeritus had personally preferred to be simply known as "Father".
In 2005, the Pope listed several ways to combat the spread of HIV, including chastity, fidelity in marriage, and anti-poverty efforts; he also rejected the use of condoms.The alleged Vatican investigation of whether there are any cases when married persons may use condoms to protect against the spread of infections surprised many Catholics in the wake of John PaulII's consistent refusal to consider condom use in response to AIDS.However, the Vatican has since stated that no such change in the Church's teaching can occur.TIMEalso reported in its edition of 30 April 2006 that the Vatican's position remains what it always has been with Vatican officials "flatly dismiss[ing] reports that the Vatican is about to release a document that will condone any condom use."
In March 2009, the Pope stated:
In November 2010, in a book-length interview, Benedict, using the example of male prostitutes, stated that the use of condoms, with the intention of reducing the risk of HIV infection, may be an indication that the prostitute is intending to reduce the evil connected with his immoral activity.In the same interview, the Pope also reiterated the traditional teaching of the Church that condoms are not seen as a "real or moral solution" to theHIV/AIDS pandemic. Further, in December 2010, theCongregation of the Doctrine of the Faithexplained that Benedict's statement did not constitute a legitimization of either contraception or prostitution, which remains gravely immoral.
During his time as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF), Cardinal Ratzinger made several efforts to tackle the issue of homosexuality within the Catholic Church and the wider world. In 1986 the CDF sent a letter to all bishops entitled:On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons. The letter condemned a liberal interpretation of the earlier CDF documentDeclaration on Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics, which had led to a "benign" attitude "to the homosexual condition itself".On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Personsclarified that the Church's position on homosexuality was that "although the particular inclination of the homosexual person is not a sin, it is a more or less strong tendency ordered toward an intrinsic moral evil; and thus the inclination itself must be seen as an objective disorder."However, the document also condemned homophobic attacks and violence, stating that "It is deplorable that homosexual persons have been and are the object of violent malice in speech or in action. Such treatment deserves condemnation from the Church's pastors wherever it occurs."
In 1992, Ratzinger again approved CDF documents declaring that homosexual "inclination itself must be seen as an objective disorder" and extended this principle to civil law. "Sexual orientation", the document said, was not equivalent to race or ethnicity, and it declared that it was "not unjust discrimination to take sexual orientation into account."
On 22 December 2008, Benedict gave an end-of-year message to the Roman Curia in which he talked about gender and the important distinction between men and women. He said that the Church viewed the distinction as central to human nature, and "asks that this order of creation be respected". In his words, the Church must "protect man from self-destruction". He said "something like a human ecology" was needed, and added: "Rain forests deserve indeed to be protected, but no less so does man." He attacked "gender theories", which he described as "man's attempt at self-emancipation from creation and the Creator."
LGBTgroups, such as the ItalianArcigayand GermanLSVD, announced that they found Benedict's comments homophobic.Aurelio Mancuso, head of Arcigay, said "A divine programme for men and women is out of line with nature, where the roles are not so clear."Canadian authorDaniel Gawthrop, in a critical biography,The Trial of Pope Benedict, said that the Pope blamed homosexuality "for a problem the church had willingly enabled for hundreds of years".
Vatican spokesmanFederico Lombardiclaimed the Pope had not wished specifically to attack people with homosexual inclinations, and had not mentioned gays or lesbians in his text. Lombardi insisted that there had been an overreaction to the pope's remarks, saying: "He was speaking more generally about gender theories which overlook the fundamental difference in creation between men and women and focus instead on cultural conditioning." Nevertheless, the remarks were interpreted as a call to save mankind from homosexuals and transsexuals.
In an address to a conference of the Diocese of Rome held at the basilica ofSt. John Lateran6 June 2005, Benedict remarked on the issues ofsame-sex marriageand abortion:
During a 2012 Christmas speech,Benedict made remarks about the present-day interpretation of the notion ofgender. He stated that a new philosophy of sexuality, which he rejects, suggests that "sex is no longer a given element of nature, that man has to accept and personally make sense of: it is a social role that we choose for ourselves", and "The words of the creation account: 'male and female he created them' (Gen 1:27) no longer apply". Although he did not mention the topic, his words were interpreted by news media as denunciations of same-sex marriage,with some outlets adding that Benedict would have called it a threat to world peace similar to abortion and euthanasia.In March 2012, he stated that heterosexual marriages should be defended from "every possible misrepresentation of their true nature".
In a message released 14 November 2006, during a Vatican press conference for the 2007 annual observance ofWorld Day for Migrants and Refugees, the Pope urged the ratification of international conventions and policies that defend all migrants, including refugees, exiles,evacueesandinternally displaced persons. "The church encourages the ratification of the international legal instruments that aim to defend the rights of migrants, refugees and their families," the Pope said. "Much is already being done for the integration of the families of immigrants, although much still remains to be done."
Benedict also promoted various UN events, such asWorld Refugee Day, on which he offered up special prayers for refugees and called for the international community to do more to secure refugees' human rights. He also called on Catholic communities and organizations to offer them concrete help.
In 2015, it was reported that Benedict was "praying for migrants and refugees" from Syria.
In 2007, Benedict sent a letter at Easter to Catholics in China that could have wide-ranging implications for the Church's relationship with China's leadership. The letter provides long-requested guidance to Chinese bishops on how to respond to illicitly ordained bishops, as well as how to strengthen ties with thePatriotic Associationand the Communist government.Benedict wrote that despite the twoCatholic communities in China(i.e. the "Patriotic" Church and the"Underground" Church) there is noschismbetween them.Benedict stated that sacraments performed by the priests not in unity with the Vatican werevalid but also illicit.He stated that the Catholic Church accepts the legitimacy of the civil authorities in secular matters and that the Pope has authority in ecclesial matters, and therefore the involvement of the Catholic Patriotic Association in the appointment of bishops (and its bishops conference) violated Catholic doctrine.The letter also removed the permission granted by the Vatican in 1978 to the Underground church to appoint bishops without Vatican approval.
On 13 November 2006, Benedict said that the dispute over theNorth Korea nuclear weapons programshould be resolved through negotiations, in his first public comment on the security issue, a news report said. "The Holy See encourages bilateral or multilateral negotiations, convinced that the solution must be sought through peaceful means and in respect for agreements taken by all sides to obtain the denuclearisation of theKorean Peninsula." Benedict was talking to the new Japanese ambassador to the Vatican.
In a 2004Le Figarointerview, Ratzinger said that Turkey, which is demographically Muslim but governmentallysecular by virtue of its state constitution, should seek its future in an association ofMuslim nationsrather than the European Union, which Ratzinger stated has Christian roots. He said Turkey had always been "in permanent contrast to Europe and that linking it to Europe would be a mistake".
Later visiting the country to "reiterate the solidarity between the cultures," it was reported that Benedict made a counter-statement backingTurkey's bid to join the EU. Turkish prime ministerRecep Tayyip Erdoğansaid that the Pope told him in their meeting that while the Vatican seeks to stay out of politics, it desires Turkey's membership in the EU.However, the Common Declaration of Pope BenedictXVI andPatriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinopleimplied that support for Turkey's membership in the European Union would be contingent on the establishment of religious freedom in Turkey:"In every step towards unification, minorities must be protected, with their cultural traditions and the distinguishing features of their religion."
In May 2009, Benedict visited Israel.This was the third Papal visit to the Holy Land, the previous ones being made by PaulVI in 1964 and John PaulII in 2000.
Vietnamese prime ministerNguyễn Tấn Dũngmet with Benedict at the Vatican on 25 January 2007 in a "new and important step towards establishing diplomatic ties".The Pope met with Vietnamese presidentNguyễn Minh Triếton 11 December 2009. Vatican officials called the meeting "a significant stage in the progress of bilateral relations with Vietnam."
In July 2009, Benedict published his third encyclical,Caritas in veritate(Charity in truth), setting out the philosophical and moral foundations for human development, individually and collectively, in striving for thecommon good. This was the last encyclical of BenedictXVI's papacy.
Caritas in veritatemakes a case for the charitable distribution of wealth in considerable detail and discusses the environment, migration, terrorism, sexual tourism, bioethics, energy and population.The Financial Timesreported that Benedict's advocacy for a fairer redistribution of wealth helped set the agenda for the 2009 July G8 summit.
Also included inCharity in Truthis advocacy fortax choice:
Benedict supported the peaceful use ofnuclear energyas a tool for development and the fight against poverty. In his message for the 50th anniversary of the founding of theInternational Atomic Energy Agency, he confirmed: "The Holy See, fully approving of the IAEA's goal, has been a member from the organisation's foundation and continues to support its activity."
Benedict was known to be deeply interested in classical music,and was an accomplished pianist.His favourite composer wasWolfgang Amadeus Mozart, of whose music he said: "His music is by no means just entertainment; it contains the whole tragedy of human existence."Benedict also stated that Mozart's music affected him greatly as a young man and "deeply penetrated his soul".Benedict's favourite works of music were Mozart'sClarinet ConcertoandClarinet Quintet.He recordedan albumof contemporary classical music in which he sings and recites prayers to theBlessed Virgin Mary.The album was set for release on 30 November 2009.
Benedict was also known to be fond of cats.As Cardinal Ratzinger, he was known (according to former neighbours) to look afterstray catsin his neighbourhood,Borgo. A book calledJoseph and Chico: A Cat Recounts the Life of Pope Benedict XVIwas published in 2007 which told the story of the Pope's life from the feline Chico's perspective. This story was inspired by an orange tabby Pentling cat, which belonged to the family next door.During his trip to Australia for World Youth Day in 2008, the media reported that festival organizers lent the Pope a grey cat called Bellato keep him company during his stay.
In December 2012, the Vatican announced that BenedictXVI had joined social networking website Twitter, under the handle @Pontifex.His first tweet was made on 12 December and was "Dear friends, I am pleased to get in touch with you through Twitter. Thank you for your generous response. I bless all of you from my heart."On 28 February 2013, the day he retired, the tweets were archived, and @Pontifex read "Sede Vacante".Pope Francis took control of the @Pontifex account upon his election.
A variety of awards and honours were given to Benedict including the following:
BenedictXVI wrote 66 books, three encyclicals, and four apostolic exhortations.
At his death, prior criticism of BenedictXVI received renewed attention, particularly that from public health officials, anti-AIDS activists, and victim's rights organizations over his handling ofsexual abuse cases within the Catholic Churchand position on usage ofcondomsin areas of highHIV transmission.
Both Archbishop of CanterburyJustin WelbyandPatriarch Kirill of Moscowexpressed their condolences at Benedict's death. Welby referred to the former pope as "one of the greatest theologians of his age", while Kirill praised conciliatory efforts undertaken between the Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches during Benedict's pontificate.
Some Catholics have called for Benedict's recognition as aDoctor of the Church,with CardinalGerhard Müllerdescribing him as a "true doctor of the Church for today."