Ibadan

Ibadan(UK:/ɪˈbædən/,US:/ɪˈbɑːdən/;Yoruba:Ìbàdàn) is thecapitaland most populous city ofOyo State, inNigeria. It is thethird-largest city by populationinNigeriaafterLagosandKano, with a total population of 3,649,000 as of 2021, and nearly 4 million within itsmetropolitanarea. At 3,080 square kilometres it is the country's largest city bygeographical area(https://www.legit.ng/ask-legit/top/1175181-largest-city-nigeria-by-population-land-mass/). At the time of Nigeria's independence in 1960, Ibadan was the largest and most populous city in the country, and the second-most populous inAfricabehindCairo. Ibadan is ranked one of the fastest-growing cities in sub-Saharan Africa, according to the UN Human Settlements Program (2022).It is also ranked third inWest Africain the tech startups index. Ibadan joined theUNESCOGlobal Network of Learning Cities in 2016.
Ibadan is located in south-western Nigeria, 129 kilometres (80 mi) inland northeast of Lagos and 530 kilometres (330 mi) southwest ofAbuja, the federal capital. It is a prominenttransitpoint between the coastal region and areas in the hinterland of the country. Ibadan had been the administrative center of the oldWestern Regionsince the early days ofBritishcolonial rule, and parts of the city's ancient protective walls still stand to this day. The principal inhabitants of the city are theYoruba people, as well as various communities (notably Igbo,Hausa, Edo, andIbibio) from other parts of the country.
Ibadan, coined from the phrase "Eba-Odan",which literally means 'by the edge of the meadow', came into existence in 1829, during a period of turmoil that characterizedYorubalandat the time.It was in this period that many old Yoruba cities such as old Oyo (Oyo-ile), Ijaye and Owu disappeared, and newer ones such asAbeokuta, new Oyo (Oyo Atiba) and Ibadan sprang up to replace them.According to local historians,Lagelufounded the city, and was initially intended to be a war camp for warriors coming from Oyo,IfeandIjebu.As a forest site containing several ranges of hills, varying in elevation from 160 to 275 meters, the location of the camp offered strategic defense opportunities. Moreover, its location at the fringe of the forest (from which the city got its name) promoted its emergence as a marketing center for traders and goods from both the forest and grassland areas.
In 1852, theChurch Missionary Societysent David andAnna Hindererto found a mission. They decided to build the mission and a church in Ibadan when they arrived in 1853.
Ibadan thus had initially begun as a military state and remained so until the last decade of the 19th century. The city-state also succeeded in building a large empire from the 1860s to the 1890s which extended over much of northern and eastern Yorubaland. It was appropriately nicknamedidi-Ibonor "gun base", because of its unique military character.
In Ibadan, unlike other Yoruba cities with traditional kingship institutions, the warrior class became the rulers of the city as well as the most important economic group.
Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawlingurbancenter, such that by the end of 1829, Ibadan dominated the Yoruba region militarily,politicallyandeconomically.The militarysanctuaryexpanded even further whenrefugeesbegan arriving in large numbers from northern Oyo following raids byFulaniwarriors.After losing the northern portion of their region to the maraudingFulanis, many Oyo indigenes retreated deeper into the Ibadan environs. TheFulaniCaliphate attempted to expand further into the southern region of modern-day Nigeria, but was decisively defeated by thearmies of Ibadanin 1840, which eventually halted their progress. The colonial period reinforced the position of the city in the Yoruba urban network. After a small boom in rubber business (1901–1913), cocoa became the main produce of the region and attracted European andLevantinefirms, as well as southern and northern traders from Lagos, Ijebu-Ode andKanoamong others. The city became a major point of bulk trade.In 1893, the Ibadan area became aBritishProtectorateafter a treaty signed by Fijabi, the Baale of Ibadan with the British acting Governor ofLagos Colony,George C. Dentonon 15 August.
Its central location and accessibility from the capital city ofLagoswere major considerations in the choice of Ibadan as the headquarters of the Western Provinces (1939) which ranged from the northernmost areas ofOyo StatetoEkeremor,Bomadiand Patani, which were regions transferred from the old Delta province in the Old Western region and later Mid-west to the old Rivers state and later Bayelsa, in the redistricting of Nigeria carried out by theYakubu Gowonadministration shortly before theNigerian Civil War.
In 2024, Ibadan was the site of afailed coup attemptby Yorubaseparatists.
Ibadan is located in south-western Nigeria in the southeastern part ofOyo Stateat about 119 kilometres (74 miles) northeast ofLagosand 120 kilometres (75 miles) east of the Nigerian international border with the Republic ofBenin. It lies completely within the tropical forest zone but close to the boundary between the forest and the derived savanna. The city ranges in elevation from 150 m in the valley area, to 275 m abovesea levelon the major north–south ridge which crosses the central part of the city. The city covers a total area of 3,080 square kilometres (1,190 sq mi), the largest in Nigeria.
The city of Ibadan is naturally drained by five rivers with many tributaries: Ona River in the North and West; Ogbere River towards the East;Ogunpa Riverflowing through the city and Kudeti River in the Central part of the metropolis.Ogunpa River, a third-orderstreamwith a channel length of 12.76 km and a catchment area of 54.92 km. Lake Eleyele is located at the northwestern part of the city, while theOsun River,Asejire Lakebounds the city to the east and the fifth rivers boundary Ibadan with other Oke-Oguns towns, witch callOdo-ogunRivers acrossLagos State,Ogun State,OsunState,Iseyin TownandEruwaTown boundary to Ibadan.
Ibadan has atropical wet and dry climate(Köppen climate classificationAw), with a lengthywet seasonand relatively constant temperatures throughout the year. Ibadan's wet season runs from March through October, though August sees somewhat of a lull in precipitation. This lull divides the wet season into two different wet seasons. November to February forms the city'sdry season, during which Ibadan experiences the typicalWest Africanharmattan. The mean total rainfall for Ibadan is approximately 1,230 millimetres or 48 inches, falling over about 123 days. There are two peaks for rainfall, June and September. The mean daily temperature is 26.46 °C or 79.63 °F, the mean minimum 21.42 °C or 70.56 °F, and the relative humidity 74.55%.
There are 11local governmentsin the Ibadan metropolitan area, consisting of five urban local governments in the city and six semi-urban local governments. Local governments at present are institutions created by the military government but recognised by the 1999 constitution, and they are the third tier of government in Nigeria. Local government councils consist of the Executive Arm made up of the Executive Chairman, the Vice Chairman, the Secretary and the Supervisory Councillors.
Ibadan Urban–LGA Chairman
Ibadan Semi-Urban–LGA Chairman
The former Executive Governor of Oyo State, SenatorIsiaka Abiola Ajimobi, created some Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) out of some of the existing local government areas in Oyo State. From the Ibadan Urban Local Government areas, the following LCDAs were created. Out of Ibadan North Local Government area, Aare Latosa LCDA and Irepodun LCDA were created.
Out of Ibadan North East Local Government area, Ibadan East LCDA was created.
Out of Ibadan North West Local Government area, Oke'Badan North LCDA was created. Out of Ibadan South East Local Government area, Ibadan South LCDA was created. Out of Ibadan South West Local Government area, Ibadan West LCDA was created.
From the Ibadan Semi-urban Local Government areas, the following LCDAs were created. Out of Akinyele Local Government area, Akinyele South LCDA and Akinyele East LCDA were created.
Until 1970, Ibadan was the largest city inSub-Saharan Africaby surface area.In 1952, it was estimated that the total area of the city was approximately 103.8 kmHowever, only 36.2 kmwas built up. This meant that the remaining 67 kmwere devoted to non-urban uses, such as farmlands, river floodplains, forest reserves and water bodies. These "non-urban land uses" disappeared in the 1960s: an aerial photograph in 1973 revealed that the urban landscape had completely spread over about 100 km. The land area increased from 136 kmin 1981 to 210–240 kmin 1988-89 (Areola, 1994: 101). By 2000, it is estimated that Ibadan covered 400 km.The growth of the built-up area during the second half of the 20th century (from 40 kmin the 1950s to 250 kmin the 1990s) shows clearly that there has been an underestimate of the total growth of the city. In the 1980s, the Ibadan-Lagos expressway generated the greatesturban sprawl(east and north of the city), followed by the Eleiyele expressway (west of the city). Since then, Ibadan city has spread further into the neighbouring local government areas of Akinyele and Egbeda in particular.
Among theplaces of worship, there areChristianchurches and temples: Christ Apostolic Church,Church of Nigeria(Anglican Communion), Dominion City Church,Presbyterian Church of Nigeria(World Communion of Reformed Churches),Nigerian Baptist Convention(Baptist World Alliance),Living Faith Church Worldwide,Redeemed Christian Church of God, HarvestHouse Christian Centre, The Covenant Nation,Assemblies of God,Seventh-day Adventist Church,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ibadan(Catholic Church),Ensign Church of Nations, The Deeper Life Bible Church,and some Pentecostal churches, andMuslimmosques.
The best method to move about the city is to use reference points and notable landmarks.
Dugbe district is the commercial nerve centre of Ibadan. This is where many banks have one or more branches. The south west regional office of theCentral Bank of Nigeriais at Dugbe. Also at Dugbe is theCocoa House,Nigeria's firstskyscraper.
It is one of the few skyscrapers in the city and is at the hub of Ibadan's commercial centre. The Cocoa house is the headquarters for the Oodua Investment Company co-owned by all south-western states.Other tall buildings around Dugbe axis include Femi Johnson glass house, CBN building, United Bank for Africa,Oxford building, Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria's Building, among others.
There is amuseumin the building of theInstitute of African Studies, which exhibits several remarkable pre-historic bronze carvings and statues. The city has several well stockedlibraries, and is home to the firsttelevision stationin Africa. The city has twozoological gardens, one located within theUniversity of Ibadanand another atAgodi Gardenswhich also contains abotanical garden.
TheBower's Tower, built in 1936, is to the east onOke Aàre(Aare's Hill) ("Aare" in Yoruba means commander-in-chief or generalissimo), which can be seen from practically any point in the city; it also provides an excellent view of the whole city from the top. It is named afterRobert Lister Bower,and is sometimes called"Láyípo"- a testament to the spiral staircase in the monument.
Other buildings includeMapo Hall– the colonial stylecity hall– perched on top of a hill, "Oke Mapo", Mapo Hill ("oke" is hill in Yoruba, theculturalcentre Mokola and theObafemi Awolowo Stadium(formerly Liberty Stadium). The first citadel of higher learning, University of Ibadan (formerly the University College of Ibadan),the Obafemi Awolowo Hall in the University of Ibadan is said to be one of the tallest and largest hostelin West Africa. The first teaching hospital in Nigeria, University College Hospital,were both built in this ancient city.
Ibadan is host to Nigeria's premier higher institution of learning, theUniversity of Ibadan. Established as a college of theUniversity of Londonin 1948, and later converted into anautonomousuniversity in 1962. Other higher educational institutions in the city includeThe Polytechnic, Ibadan,Lead City University, First Technical University, Kola Daisi University,Federal college of Animal health and Production Technology,Federal College of Forestry,Highland College of Technology,Samonda, Federal School of Statistics, Federal Cooperative College, Tower Polytechnic,Ibadan, Ibadan City Polytechnic,Citigate Polytechnic, NIIT University among others.
There are also numerous public and privateprimaryandsecondary schoolslocated in the city and its suburbs. Other noteworthy institutions in the city include theUniversity College Hospital, Ibadan(UCH), which is the firstteaching hospitalin Nigeria, and the internationally acclaimedInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture(IITA) headquartered in the city. Established in 1967, it focuses on the agricultural and developmental needs of tropical countries, with several research stations spread across Africa. The Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER),TheCocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, TheNational Root Crops Research Institute, and The Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), TheForestry Research Institute of Nigeria, the Nigerian Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), all under the auspices of The Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria.
In 1853, the first Europeans to settle in Ibadan, Reverend David andAnna Hinderer, started Ibadan's first Western schools.They built churches and Anna taught at the new school.They built the first two-storey building in Ibadan, which can still be found today at Kudeti. The first pupils to attend an elementary school in Ibadan were Yejide Olunloyo (female) and Akinyele Olunloyo (male) – the two children of an Ibadan high chief.
Ibadan is the capital city ofOyo State, the third  largest state economy in Nigeria, after Lagos State and Rivers State respectively,and the second largest non-oil state economy in Nigeria afterLagos state. With its strategic location on therailway lineconnectingLagostoKano,the city is a major centre for trade incassava,cocoa,cotton,timber,rubber, andpalm oil. The city and its environs is home to several industries such as Agro allied, Textile, Food processing, Health Care and Cosmetic, Tobacco processing and Cigarette manufacturing, Leatherworks and furniture making Etc. There is abundance ofclay,kaolinandaquamarinein the city environs, and there are severalcattleranches, adairy farmas well as a commercialabattoirin Ibadan. There are dozens of banks and Insurance firms spread out across the cityscape that service the city's millions of inhabitants.
The main economic activities engaged in by the Ibadan populace include Agriculture, Trade, Public service employment, Factory work, Service sector/Tertiary production, Etc. The headquarters of theInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture(IITA) have extensive grounds for crop and agricultural research into key tropical crops such as bananas, plantains, maize, cassava, soybean, cowpea and yam.According to a report, Ibadan is the 3rd cheapest Nigerian city to live in.
Ibadan is a busy city but also accommodates an adequate amount of entertainment and relaxation.
There are various sport centres and facilities within the city limits of Ibadan. The Ibadan recreational club established 1902 in the Sabo area of the city is one of the oldest of such clubs in the country.It offers a swimming pool, tennis courts, basketball courts, snooker, squash courts, darts corner, and a relaxation bar. The city is also host to dozens of football academies where soccer talents are groomed. The Agodi Gardens of Oyo State has been completely refurbished to contain a Botanical Garden, Zoo, Swimming pool, Guest house, Bar and Restaurants. In addition, there are the Ibadan Polo Club at Eleyele and the Ibadan Golf Clubin the Onireke reservation Area.
The city has the first standard Nigerian stadium, TheObafemi Awolowo Stadiumformerly Liberty Stadium as well as TheLekan Salami Stadiumwhich is the home of 3SC,Shooting stars football club, the team that won Nigeria's first international trophy, TheAfrican Cup Winners' Cupin 1976 by defeatingTonnerre Yaoundéof Cameroon 4 – 2 on aggregate points.
The city of Ibadan is a major Nigerian transport hub with freeways linking it withLagosin the South South West,Ijebu OdeandShagamuin the South,Abeokutain the West,Oyo,ogbomosho,OffaandIlorinin the North,Ife,Ado Ekiti,Osogbo,Ilesha,Akure,Okene,Auchiand other cities towards the East. The city is also served by an airport, theIbadan Airport, which operates daily flights to Abuja, Lagos, Kano, Ilorin etc. through major airlines in Nigeria. The city is a major terminusrailway stationon themain railway linelinkingLagoswithKanoin the North of the country. Nearly all the major roads are dualized (Double carriage roads), such roads include the Ojoo-Sango-Mokola road that passes in front of the University of Ibadan, others include Ring road-Orita-Challenge-New Garage ways and the recently completed Dugbe-Eleyele-Jerico Road. There are various roundabouts, intersections and flyovers within the city, the latest being the Mokola flyover built to reduce persistent traffic gridlock being experienced in the Mokola axis of the city.
Modes of transport include cabs & taxis, taxi-vans commonly calledDanfos, and in more recent times mass-transit buses have commenced operations to reduce the hardship of students and workers commuting from various suburban areas to the city centre, private/personal/family cars,scooterscommonly known asOkadas, Coach (bus) services, more commonly known locally as "luxurious busses", such asAlakowe Bus,ABC Transport,Cross Country ltdEtc., which operate To and Fro services linking Ibadan and all other major destinations in the country and beyond, as well as pedestrian walking.
Since 2021, there is a new railway connection (standard gauge), which brings passengers to Lagos in less than three hours. It leaves at 8:00 and 16:00 every day (on time).The new railway line came with a new railway station.
Phase 1 of the Ibadan circular road, a 110 km road that encircles Ibadan, as at April 2023 is under construction
The city hosted the first TV station in Africa, NTA Ibadan, which was established as Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) in 1959. The oldest surviving Nigerian newspaper is the Ibadan Tribune, which was founded by chiefObafemi Awolowo, the Premier of Western Nigeria. The first private TV station, Galaxy TV in Oyo State, also started in the city. As at 2014 the city is home to several media outlets including
Galaxy TV
Satellite channels are provided by
The radio stations in Ibadan are increasing in number compared to 5–10 years ago,when only 3 operated.
Today, there are:
There are also online communities of Ibadan residents such as CONNECTIBADAN, Ibadan247, IBpulse and WhatsupIbadan. They help the public connect with news, event and people in Ibadan and Oyo State as a whole.
Ibadan istwinnedwith:
https://oyoaffairs.net/un-research-ranks-ibadan-as-2nd-fastest-growing-city-in-2022/