ද පෝස්ට්-මොඩර්න් ප්‍රොමිතියස්

"ද පෝස්ට්-මොඩර්න් ප්‍රොමිතියස්" (සිංහල: "පශ්චාත්-නූතන ප්‍රොමිතියස්") යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඇමරිකානුවිද්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධරූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් වනද එක්ස්-ෆයිල්ස්හිපස්වන කථාවාරයේපස්වන කථාංගයයි. මෙහි මුල් විකාශය 1997 නොවැම්බර් 30 දිනෆොක්ස්රූපවාහිනී ජාලය ඔස්සේ සිදු විය. කතාමාලාවේ නිර්මාතෘක්‍රිස් කාටර්විසින් රචනා සහ අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ "ද පෝස්ට්-මොඩර්න් ප්‍රොමිතියස්" යනු  "සතියේ රාක්ෂයා" වර්ගයේ කථාංගයකි. එනම් ස්වාධීන කථපුවතක් වන මෙයද එක්ස්-ෆයිල්ස්හි පුරාණෝක්තිවේදයහා සම්බන්ධ නොවූවකි. මුල් විකාශයේදී ම මිලියන 18.68ක පිරිසක් නැරඹූ "ද පෝස්ට්-මොඩර්න් ප්‍රොමිතියස්" 11.5කනීල්සන් ගෘහස්ථ ප්‍රමාණනයක්හිමිකරගත්තේ ය.1998 එමීසම්මාන උළෙලේ දී සම්මාන හතක් සඳහා නිර්දේශ වූ මෙම කථාංගය එක් සම්මානයක් හිමිකරගත්තේ ය. මෙය සමස්තයක් ලෙස ධනාත්මක ප්‍රතිචාර ලැබී ය; ඇතැම් විචාරකයන් එය සම්භාව්‍ය කෘතියක් යැයි නම් කරද්දී තවකෙක් එය වැඩසටහනේ පස්වන කථාවාරයේ වඩාත්ම විස්මය දනවන තනි කථාංගය යැයි පැවසූහ.
කථාව ගෙතී ඇත්තේඑක්ස්-ෆයිල්නැමැති අස්වාභාවික සිද්ධීන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් විමර්ශනය කරනඑෆ්බීඅයිවිශේෂ නියෝජිතෆොක්ස් මෝල්ඩර්(ඩේවිඩ් ඩකෝව්නි) සහඩේනා ස්කලී(ගිලියන් ඇන්ඩර්සන්) වටා ය. මෝල්ඩර් මෙම පාරස්වාභාවික සිදුවීම් පිළිබඳ විශ්වාස කරන්නකු වන අතර සංශයවාදී ස්කලීව මුලින් පත්කොට තිබුණේ ඔහුගේ බොරු හෙළිදරව් කිරීමටයි. මෙම කථාංගයේ දී මෝල්ඩර් සහ ස්කලී මැදිවියේ කාන්තාවක ගැබ්ගැන්වූයේ යැයි පැවසෙන අද්භූත ජීවියකු පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනය කරති. එහිදී ඔවුන් අනාවරණය කරගන්නේ ද ග්‍රේට් මුටේටෝ යැයි නම්කළ එම "රාක්ෂයා" සැබැවින්මෆ්‍රැන්කන්ස්ටයින්-ආකාරයේ වෛද්‍යවරයකුගේ ජානමය නිර්මාණයක් බවයි. මුලින් ප්‍රතික්ෂේප වුව ද, පසුව ජනයා ද ග්‍රේට් මුටේටෝව පිළිගනිති.
Carter's story draws heavily onMary Shelley'sFrankensteinand particularly onJames Whale's 1931film versionof the story. The script had been written specifically with singerCherand actressRoseanne Barrin mind, but both were unavailable at the time of shooting. Talk-show hostJerry Springerappeared as himself, andChris Owens—who appeared in later episodes as FBI agentJeffrey Spender—played The Great Mutato. The episode was filmed in black-and-white, with a sky backdrop created to imitate the style of oldFrankensteinfilms. Owens wore makeup and prosthetics that took several hours to apply.
The episode begins in the guise of acomic book;FBIspecial agentFox Mulder(David Duchovny) receives a letter from Shaineh Berkowitz (Pattie Tierce), a single mother who claims to have been mysteriously impregnated, while unconscious, by an unknown presence 18 years ago, resulting in the birth of her son, Izzy (Stewart Gale). Now, following a similarly unexplained attack, she is pregnant again. She has heard about Mulder's expertise in the paranormal fromThe Jerry Springer Showand wants him to investigate. Mulder and his partner, special agentDana Scully(Gillian Anderson), travel to ruralAlbion, Indiana. They meet Shaineh and her son Izzy and learn that the description of the creature that attacked her, with a lumpy head and two mouths, is very similar to a comic book character invented by Izzy. His monstrous creation, called The Great Mutato, is inspired by a mysterious creature that has been seen by many of the locals. Izzy and his friends take the agents to a wooded area where they see Mutato (Chris Owens) from a distance.
They meet an old man who angrily tells them that there are no monsters and sends them to see his son, a geneticist named Francis Pollidori (John O'Hurley). Dr. Pollidori shows them his experiments studying theHox geneusing the fruit flyDrosophila. This presentation includes images of a fly with legs growing out of its mouth. He tells the agents that the same kind of experiment could, in theory, be performed on humans. Afterward, Mulder tells Scully that he believes that Dr. Pollidori, acting as a modern-dayVictor Frankenstein, has created The Great Mutato. Later, Dr. Pollidori's wife Elizabeth (Miriam Smith) is knocked unconscious and is attacked in the same manner as Shaineh. At the crime scene, Mulder and Scully find a chemical residue from an agricultural agent used to anesthetize animals, which leads them to suspect Dr. Pollidori's father, who is a farmer. Dr. Pollidori comes to his father's house, angrily confronts him, and murders him. Later, Mutato, who lives with Pollidori Sr., finds his dead body and tearfully buries it in a barn.
Mulder and Scully go looking for Pollidori Sr. and find a shallow grave and photographs of the dead man with Mutato. Meanwhile, Dr. Pollidori leads an angry mob of townspeople to his father's house, demanding that Mulder and Scully turn the alleged murderer over to them. The agents find Mutato hiding in the basement as the crowd gathers upstairs. Someone accidentally sets the barn alight and in the ensuing confusion, the mob realize that the agents are protecting the monster in the basement. Mutato speaks to the crowd and explains that he was created 25 years before, and that he is the result of a genetic experiment by Dr. Pollidori. Unbeknownst to his son, Pollidori Sr. rescued Mutato and cared for him, but was unable to provide a friend or a mate for the boy. The old man attempted to emulate his scientist son's experiments, and tried to create hybrids from his farm animals. Mutato asks Dr. Pollidori to create a female companion for him, but the scientist says that he cannot—that Mutato was a mistake. The townspeople realize that The Great Mutato is not a monster after all and Dr. Pollidori is arrested for the murder of his father. Mulder feels that it is unjust for Mutato not to get a mate and so he demands to see the writer: Izzy. In a fanciful,if not imagined,scene, Mulder and Scully take matters into their own hands and take Mutato, along with the townspeople, to aCherconcert. The episode ends with a shot of Mulder and Scully dancing, which slowly turns back into the comic book seen at the beginning of the episode.
Going into the fifth season ofThe X-Files, series creatorChris Carternoted, "we knew we were going to be hitting these very dramatic marks which were the mythology episodes, and we wanted to lighten, or leaven, the season with quirky episodes."Carter wanted to write aFrankenstein-inspired episode, but found it difficult to reconcileMary Shelley's unbelievable tale with the style of the show. To achieve his vision, he wrote a script that blurred the real world with theX-Filesreality and that had a distinct fantasy element.Carter combined elements of the original story with fairy tales and elements of folk tales.In order to make the episode "as moving" as possible, Carter sought to echo elements ofJames Whale's1931 film versionofFrankenstein.He later noted that, by "using modern science, I took an old style, which is black and white, and an old approach, which is a kind of James Whale approach to science fiction, and came up with a story about a love-lorn monster".
The idea for the genetic engineering story was developed with the help of the series' science adviser,Anne Simon. Carter visited a friend of Simon, a scientist atIndiana UniversityinBloomington, who had been able to genetically manipulate flies so that they grew legs from their eyes.After Carter had created the character of The Great Mutato, he discovered that cartoonistMatt Groeninghad already created a character with the same name—although with different pronunciation—fora comic bookentry ofThe Simpsons. Carter contacted Groening, who gave Carter permission to use the name.Like two-thirds of the episodes of the series, "The Post-Modern Prometheus" is a "Monster-of-the-Week" episode, a stand-alone plot which is unconnected to theoverarching mythologyofThe X-Files.
Cher's music plays a role in "The Post-Modern Prometheus", Chris Carter having written the episode after spending a summer listening to Cher records and developing a fixation on the singer. Carter knew that Cher's half-sisterGeorganne LaPierewas a majorX-Filesfan, and Carter learned through LaPiere that Cher herself was intrigued by the show and would be interested in making anX-Filesguest appearance.SitcomstarRoseanne Barralso expressed an interest in guesting onThe X-Files, and Carter wrote the part of Shaineh Berkowitz specifically for her. Barr, however, was unavailable at the time of shooting—her projected role was filled byPattie Tierce—while Cher passed on the profferedcameo appearanceperforming as herself, a decision for which she later expressed regret: "I wanted them to ask me to come on and act—then they just wanted me to come on and sing ... Just to come on and be myself wasn't anything I'd want to do until I saw [the finished episode]" — "Had I [foreseen] the quality of [it] I would have done it in a heartbeat." Cher did authorize the use of three of her tracks on the episode's soundtrack including "Walking in Memphis" heard at the episode's conclusion while ostensibly performed onstage by celebrity impersonatorTracey Bell—filmed in longshot or from the back or overheard—as Cher.Although Bell was credited for the role, Cher's fans responded to the episode's premiere with online speculation as to whether the singer hadpseudonymouslyappeared in the episode.Tabloid talk show hostJerry Springerappeared as himself. These casting choices went against a long-standing tradition onThe X-Filesof only casting actors who were not well-known.
SeinfeldregularJohn O'Hurleyhad auditioned for several roles on the show but Carter had not previously thought of him as "anX-Filesactor". For the part of Dr. Pollidori, however, Carter considered him "the absolute perfect casting choice".Stewart Gale, who played Izzy Berkowitz, was a non-actor who was sitting on the back of a truck when Carter passed. Carter convinced Gale's father—who was initially suspicious of the director's credentials—to let Gale travel to Vancouver to take part in the episode.The characters of Izzy's friends were also played by inexperienced actors. One was a snake handler on the set ofThe X-Filesfeature film—the shooting of which overlapped that of season five—and the other worked at a Vancouver coffee shop that Carter frequented.
The Great Mutato was played by Chris Owens, unrecognizable in heavy makeup. Owens had played a younger version ofThe Smoking Manin two episodes ofseason fourand was later cast as the recurring character of FBI special agentJeffrey Spender.During his audition, Owens noted, "Chris said, 'Okay, did you ever seeElephant Man? ... What I'm looking for is dignity. He's got dignity. But he's definitely mutated'".After Owens heeded Carter's instructions and attempted to bring dignity to the audition, Carter requested that he try it again "with less autism".
The first five seasons ofThe X-Files, including "The Post-Modern Prometheus", were filmed in Vancouver.It was the third episode of the program that Carter directed;He decided to film the episode in black-and-white—in homage to James Whale—which brought more challenges than he expected. The director of photography, Joel Ransom, had to spend longer than usual lighting each scene because of thegrayscale. The stormy skies in the episode, added to emulate the atmosphere of oldFrankensteinmovies, were avisual effect. Carter also used awide-anglecamera lens throughout the episode, which forced the actors to act directly to the camera, rather than to each other. According to Carter, it also enabled him to give scenes in the episode a more surreal staging than was usual for the show.
The makeup for the character of The Great Mutato was designed and created by special effects supervisor Tony Lindala. The Mutato mask went through several design iterations on paper, including 10–15 drawings and a color rendition.Constructed from latex, and containing an articulated second mouth, it cost $40,000 and took between five and seven hours to apply. In addition to the mask, Chris Owens wore contact lenses and dentures.Owens later recalled that "the makeup had taken seven hours, and then I had sat around for three or four. And now I was going to sit in the dark, and I could only see out of one eye. They put a big contact lens in."Initial versions of the costume were deemed "too human looking" and so a newer design was chosen.
Lindala also created "Baby Mutato" costumes for the twin infants featured inThe Jerry Springer Showscene, but the production crew had difficulty keeping the costumes on the children. Lindala later said, "[t]he little babies kept tearing their hair off, we kept gluing it back on".Lindala was happy that the episode was filmed in black and white because it helped "the prosthetic [because] it is difficult to work in a foam piece that long and not recognize it as a painted, opaque, false translucency."Lindala later called the filming technique the "saving grace" of the episode. In addition, he later submitted his makeup for the episode to theAcademy of Television Arts & Sciencesin an attempt to be nominated for anEmmy Award.
The episode was scored by series composerMark Snow, and was, according to him, his best episode score of the fifth season. He described the main theme as "a very dark, macabre, insidious sort of nasty waltz".The episode's main theme is also greatly inspired byThe Elephant Man's theme song byJohn Morris. Three songs are heard in the versions sung by Cher during the episode: "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore", "Gypsies, Tramps & Thieves" and "Walking in Memphis". The latter is played at the end of the episode when the agents take The Great Mutato to a Cher concert.In the episode, the character watches Cher's 1985 movieMask, and derives comfort from the loving relationship between Cher's character and her son, who has a disfiguring genetic bone disorder.At the end of the episode, Mulder and Scully take The Great Mutato from his small town to a Cher concert, where she picks him out of the crowd to dance.
The episode contains several cultural references. First, the episode's title is a reference to both the subtitle for Shelley's original novel,The Modern Prometheus, and to thepostmodernistschool of thought.Postmodernism has been described as a "style and concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism, [that] is characterized by the self-conscious use of earlier styles and conventions, a mixing of different artistic styles and media, and a general distrust of theories."Furthermore, the Frankenstein-like doctor shares the name—albeit with a slightly different spelling—of Shelley's contemporary,John William Polidori, who was present at the conception of her novel.Several lines in the episode come directly from James Whale's 1931 movieFrankenstein.
"The Post-Modern Prometheus" is the most obvious reference toFrankensteinmade by the series, although traces of the story are seen elsewhere in thefirst seasonepisode "Young at Heart" and thesixth seasonepisode "The Beginning". In addition, the series' overarching mythology revolves around shadowySyndicateleaders who salvage alien spacecraft for their own technological use and create human-alien hybrids.The episode contains themes relating to motherhood and sexuality. According to film studies writer Linda Badley, this episode, and season four's "Home", foreshadow Scully's impending motherhood and her realization, in following episodes "Christmas Carol" and "Emily", that she has been used to create a human-alien hybrid, Emily.Diane Negra, in her bookOff-White Hollywood: American Culture and Ethnic Female Stardom, points out that while The Great Mutato impregnates both Shaineh Berkowitz and Elizabeth Pollidori without their consent or knowledge, it is "an oversimplification" to label the monster as a rapist, because both Berkowitz and Pollidori "desire for children through unconventional means".Thus, Mutato's acts allow for the two women to get what they desperately desire in a moment of "magical resolution".
Eric Bumpus and Tim Moranville, in their bookCease Fire, the War Is Over!, propose that the episode—and by extension, the series as a whole—is a rejection of "modernity's naturalism" and an acceptance of "post-modernity's mystic supernaturalism".The two argue that, while in stereotypical "great science fiction" the monster created usually runs amok, in "The Post-Modern Prometheus", the creature is "a lovable success".Furthermore, the Indiana townspeople represent "the religious nuts [who] in the end ... turn out to be right".Bumpus and Moranville consider them the "secondary heroes" of the episode, right after The Great Mutato himself.
Despite her physical absence from the entry, Cher's presence can be felt throughout the narrative.Negra argues that Cher's "flamboyant and self-authored body" is used as a metaphor for "the possibility of self-transformation".In addition, her voice, heard via songs like "Walking in Memphis", is associated with the idea of "circumvent[ing] patriarchy."Negra notes that Cher's music is used in scenes during The Great Mutato's sexual encounters with women. Negra asserts that "this juxtaposition of sound and image cues our perception that we have entered the realm of carnival where the normal order of things is inverted."Todd VanDerWerff ofThe A.V. Clubreasons that the ending was not the actual conclusion of the episode, but rather the fanciful and elaborate happy ending that was concocted by Izzy Berkowitz, the writer of the comic book, after talking to Mulder. In this manner, VanDerWeff notes, "the episode abandons logic and reality and, for lack of a better word, transcends."Meghan Deans fromTor.compostulates that the entire episode never happened "[f]rom a canonical perspective" due to the entry's comic book setting, the various meta-references and the "happy ending".
"The Post-Modern Prometheus" was first broadcast in the United States on November 30, 1997, on theFoxnetwork, and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on March 29, 1998, onSky One.The episode earned aNielsen ratingof 11.5, with a 16 share, meaning that roughly 11.5 percent of all television-equipped households and 16 percent of households watching television were tuned in. Nielsen ratings areaudience measurementsystems that determine the audience size and composition oftelevision programmingin the United States. It was viewed by 18.68 million viewers."The Post-Modern Prometheus" was the eleventh most watched television program for the week ending November 30.
"The Post-Modern Prometheus" received generally positive reviews from critics. Mike Duffy, aKnight Riddercorrespondent, wrote a largely positive article on the episode, noting that although the episode was special, this did not make it feel like a gimmick. He wrote, "when most shows blow promotional smoke about 'a very special episode,' it's best to check the Hollywood Hype-O-Meter for wretched, excessive buzzing [but] what sounds like a gimmick—'a very special black-and-white episode' loosely based on the horror movie classicFrankensteinactually turns out to be a ripping good ride on 'X-Files' creator Chris Carter's wigged-out storytelling train."A review from theMobile Registerwrote that "Like the very bestX-Filesepisodes, this one combines a generous amount of humor with its horror."In a review of the entire fifth season, Michael Sauter ofEntertainment Weeklysaid that "The Post-Modern Prometheus" was the "most striking" of the season's stand-alone episodes.Todd VanDerWerff awarded the episode with an "A" grade,and, despite noting the silliness of the story and the fact that most of the characters function as stereotypes, wrote that "'Prometheus' just works".In a 2000 review of season five for theNew Straits Times, Francis Dass called "The Post-Modern Prometheus" a "fun episode".
Lionel Green of theSand Mountain Reporternamed the entry the greatest episode of the series and called the ending "one of the most uplifting finales in the series."Writing for theDaily News, Eric Mink gave the episode a rating of four stars and praised it as an outstanding episode in a weak early fifth season of the show. He said that the two leads acted flawlessly and that Chris Owens' performance as The Great Mutato was especially touching. He concluded that, "[w]ith Shelley's classic as inspiration, Carter and company have created a classic of their own."Elaine Linere from theCorpus Christi Caller-Timescalled the episode "brilliantly written" and named it "a classic among many for this always-intriguing, ever-inventive series." She particularly praised the "heart-tugging, romantic" ending.Matthew Gilbert ofThe Boston Globecalled the episode "a memorableX-Filesfrom start to finish", due in part to its "extraordinary visual flair" and "atmospheric black and white" footage.Furthermore, Gilbert positively critiqued Carter's writing and directing, saying he "keeps his balance between drama, low-key humor, [and] allusive wit".Margaret Lyons ofNew Yorkcalled the entry "one of the great TV episodes of all time".Nick De Semlyen and James White ofEmpirenamed it the fifth "greatest" episode of the series and wrote that "[Chris Carter] plays with style and form, turning the entire episode into a loving homage to Universal monster movies in general and James Whale's 1931 Frankenstein in particular".In the 1999FXThanksgivingMarathon, containing fan-selected episodes, "The Post-Modern Prometheus" was presented as the "Best Stand-Alone Episode".Connie Ogle fromThe Miami Heraldnamed The Great Mutato one of "the greatest monsters" that were featured onThe X-Files.
Robert ShearmanandLars Pearson, in their bookWanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, rated the episode two stars out of five and criticized various elements of the episode's direction. They wrote, "Chris Carter the writer has come up with something playful and light and charming. And Chris Carter the director has stamped all over it and made it so arch and obvious and dull that it kills it stone dead."Shearman and Pearson praised the idea of "a town which feels like anX-Filesaudience", but derided the episode's comic book setting and wrote that "this play on post-modernism just doesn't make any sense [in that format, because] a comic has action, a way of jumping from frame to frame ... this is languorous and self-indulgent."Paula Vitaris fromCinefantastiquegave the episode a moderately negative review and awarded it one-and-a-half stars out of four.She wrote that the episode "falls flatter than the chemical pancakes used to anesthetize the victims of this episode" due to its "collection of situations and observances that bear little relation to each other."Vitaris also criticized the scene wherein various characters are compared to animals, and commented, "the mean spiritedness of [the plot] is mind-boggling".Finally, she called the episode's conclusion a "false ending".
The episode was nominated for seven awards at the1998 Emmysby theAcademy of Television Arts & Sciences, including Outstanding Directing and Outstanding Writing for Chris Carter.Graeme Murray, Greg Loewen and Shirley Inget won the award for Outstanding Art Direction.Carter was also nominated for an award for Outstanding Directing by theDirectors Guild of America.