Manu Chao

Manu Chao(Spanish pronunciation:[ˈmanuˈtʃao]; bornJosé Manuel Tomás Arturo Chao Ortegaon 21 June 1961) is a French-born Spanish musician. He sings inFrench,Spanish,English,Italian,Arabic,Catalan,Galician,Portuguese,Greek, and occasionally in other languages. Chao began his musical career inParis,buskingand playing with groups such asHot PantsandLos Carayos, which combined a variety of languages and musical styles. With friends and his brother Antoine Chao, he founded the bandMano Negrain 1987, achieving considerable success, particularly in Europe. He became a solo artist after its breakup in 1995 and since then has toured regularly with his live band, Radio Bemba Sound System.
Chao's mother, Felisa Ortega, is fromBilbao,Basque Country, and his father, writer and journalistRamón Chao, is fromVilalba,Galicia. They emigrated to Paris to avoidFrancisco Franco's dictatorship—Manu's grandfather had been sentenced to death.Shortly after Manu's birth, the Chao family moved to the outskirts of Paris, and Manu spent most of his childhood inBoulogne-BillancourtandSèvres. As he grew up he was surrounded by many artists and intellectuals, most of whom were acquaintances of his father.Chao cites much of his childhood experience as inspiration for some songs.As a child, he was a big fan of Cuban singer-pianistBola de Nieve.
Heavily influenced by the UK rock scene, particularlyThe ClashandThe Jam, andDr. Feelgood,Chao and other musicians formed the Spanish/EnglishrockabillygroupHot Pantsin the mid-1980s. The group released a demo entitled "Mala Vida" in 1984, which received plenty of local critical praise but otherwise gained them little attention. By the time the group released their first album in 1986 the Parisian alternative music scene had taken flight, and Manu, his brother Antoine Chao, and friends such as Alain fromLes WampasformedLos Carayosto incorporate this sound with the rockabilly and punk styles of Hot Pants. Los Carayos remained a side project of the artists for eight years, releasing three albums in the first two years followed by a final album in 1994.
In 1987, the Chao brothers and their cousin Santiago Casariego founded the bandMano Negra. Manu Chao said inAlt.Latinoin 2011, "Mano Negra started playing in a subway in Paris before the band started to be known and selling records. We started in a subway for a living. This is what made the musicians of Mano Negra. And so the people using the subway in Paris was very eclectic. There were people from a lot of different countries, different cultures. So we have to be able to play all kinds of music to please all the people in a subway. So that was a perfect school to learn a lot of different styles of music."Starting on a smaller label, the group released a reworked version of the Hot Pants single "Mala Vida" in 1988, which quickly became a hit in France. The group soon moved toVirgin Records, and their first albumPatchankawas released the following year. Though the group never gained much fame in the English-speaking market, popularity throughout the rest of the world soon followed, reaching the Top 5 in the Netherlands, Italy and Germany. The band achieved some fame in South America with 1992's Cargo Tour, where it played a series of shows in port cities, performing from a stage built into their tour ship's hold.Mano Negra also performed a tour through much of Colombia in a retired train, the "Ice Express".Still, rifts began to grow among band members during the port tour and the following year's train tour; many band members, including Manu's brother Antoine, had left the group by the end of 1994. Following that year's release of their final album,Casa Babylon,Manu Chao moved the band toMadrid, but legal problems with former bandmates led Chao to disband the group in 1995.
Mano Negra's sound is mostly characterized by energetic, lively rhythms, symbolized by the title of their first album,Patchanka, derived from the wordpachanga(which is a colloquial term for "party"), and a distinct informality which allows the audience to get involved and feel close to their sound. Mixed music genres are present throughout their albums. Manu Chao is friends withGogol Bordelloand that group has covered Mano Negra's song "Mala Vida" on their own and with Chao beginning in 2006.
After arriving inMadrid, Chao and other bandmates from Mano Negra formed a new group, Radio Bemba Sound System (named for the communication system used in theSierra Maestraby theCastro-and-Guevara-led rebels in theCuban Revolution), featuring groups from diverse backgrounds, such asMexicanTijuana No!, BrazilianSkank, andArgentinianTodos Tus Muertos.The goal was to replicate the sound of street music and bar scenes from a variety of cultures; to that end, Chao and the group spent several years travelling throughout South and Central America, recording new music as they went.The resulting music differed drastically from Mano Negra; the songs were primarily sung in Spanish with far fewer French tracks and the musical style had shifted from punk and alternative styles to the street vibe Chao was aiming for. The songs were collectively released asClandestinoin 1998, under Manu Chao's own name. Though not an instant success, the album gained a steady following in France with hits such as "Bongo Bong" and "Clandestino", and the album eventually earned the Best World Music Album award in 1999'sVictoires de la Musiqueawards. It sold in excess of 5 million copies.
Chao's second album with Radio Bemba Sound System,Próxima Estación: Esperanza,was released in 2001. This album, named after one of theMadrid metro station stops(the title translates toNext Station: Hope), features similar sounds toClandestinobut with heavier Caribbean influences than the previous album. The album was an instant hit, leading to a successful tour that resulted in the 2002 live albumRadio Bemba Sound System.Two years later, Chao returned to his French roots with the French-only albumSibérie m'était contéee,which included a large book featuring lyrics to the album and illustrations by Jacek Woźniak.
Chao's next albumLa Radiolina(literally "little radio" in Italian, but also "pocket radio") was released on 17 September 2007. This was the first international release since 2001'sPróxima Estación: Esperanza.  "Rainin in Paradize" was the first single from the album, available for download on his website before the release of the album.Concert reviews indicate that music fromLa Radiolinawas already being performed live as early as April 2007'sCoachellashow.
Chao's most recent album,Viva Tu, was released on September 20, 2024. It was preceded by videos for two songs, "Viva Tu" and "Sao Paulo Motoboy", released May 29, 2024 and June 26, 2024, respectively.
In 2003 he approachedAmadou & Mariamand later produced their 2004 albumDimanche à Bamako("Sunday in Bamako"). His song "Me llaman Calle", written for the 2005 Spanish filmPrincesas, won aGoya AwardforBest Original Song. The song was later included on 2007'sLa Radiolina. Vocals from the song are included in the Go Lem System song "Calle Go Lem".Timemagazine named "Me Llaman Calle" one of The 10 Best Songs of 2007, ranking it at No. 8.  Writer Josh Tyrangiel observed:
Manu Chao was featured on the albumTrue LovebyToots and the Maytals, which won theGrammy Awardin 2004 for Best Reggae Album, and showcased many notable musicians includingWillie Nelson,Eric Clapton,Jeff Beck,Trey Anastasio,Gwen Stefani/No Doubt,Ben Harper,Bonnie Raitt,The Roots,Ryan Adams,Keith Richards,Toots Hibbert,Paul Douglas, Jackie Jackson,Ken Boothe, andThe Skatalites.
His song "La Vida Tómbola" was featured in the documentary filmMaradonabySerbianfilmmakerEmir Kusturica.The song "La Trampa", recorded withTonino Carotonefor thecompilation albumFuerza!was used as the theme song for the short-livedimprovisational comedyDrew Carey's Green Screen Show.
The songs "Bongo Bong" and "Je ne t'aime plus", which appear back-to-back onClandestino, were covered by British singersRobbie WilliamsandLily Allen, who recorded them as a single track, "Bongo Bong and Je Ne T'aime Plus" and released it as a single from the albumRudebox.
Manu Chao sings in Spanish, French, English,Portuguese,Galician,ArabicandWolof,often mixing several languages in the same song. His music has many influences, such aspunk,rock, Frenchchanson, Iberoamericansalsa,reggae,ska, and Algerianraï. These influences were obtained from immigrants in France, hisIberianconnections, and foremost his travels inMesoamericaas anomadfollowing the disbanding of Mano Negra. While Mano Negra called their stylepatchanka(literally "patchwork"), Manu Chao speaks ofmúsicamestiza(de:Mestizo-Musik), a musical style which may also incorporate elements ofrap,flamenco,Afro-Cuban music,sambaandcumbia.
In many of his pieces he layers lyrics, music, and sound recordings over each other.In the short documentary filmInfinita tristeza(essentially a video travelogue of Chao's 2001 tour ofSouth America), included within the bonus section of his 2002 live DVD releaseBabylonia en Guagua, Chao explained that his only recording tool is a small IBMThinkPadlaptop computer, which he carries with him wherever he goes; he has occasionally used conventional recording studios, such as Europa Sonor in Paris, tooverdubinstruments such as drums, electric guitars andbrass, but the vast majority of his material (including all sorts of spoken-word samples from radio stations, TV, films, oldvinyl recordsand, onPróxima Estación: Esperanza, announcements from theMadrid Metro) has been recorded by Chao himself exclusively on his laptop. The Spanish creditGrabado en el Estudio Clandestino("Recorded in Studio Clandestino/Clandestine Studio"), which appears on all of his solo album starting from 1998'sClandestino, actually refers to the laptop.
Chao also has a tendency to reuse music or lyrics from previous songs to form new songs. The contemporary hit single in France "Bongo Bong", takes its lyrics from the earlier Mano Negra hit "King of Bongo", which bears a similar style to that ofThe Clash. The musical backdrop for "Bongo Bong", in turn, was used in several other Chao songs, including "Je Ne T'Aime Plus" from the same album and "Mr. Bobby" and "Homens" fromPróxima Estación: Esperanza. (According to a statement by Chao himself in thePróxima EstaciónCD booklet, "Homens" is the song which the backdrop was originally written and recorded for, and all the others came later.) Also, the tune of "La Primavera", a track from that same album, is used in several other songs featured on the LP, while lyrics for a few songs onSibérie m'était contéeeare repeated several times with different music, leading the lyrics to be interpreted in various ways depending on the mood of the track. Several musical themes and clips from that album also appear on Amadou & Mariam's Chao-producedDimanche à Bamako, which were being produced at approximately the same time.
Though Chao is well known in Europe and Latin America, he has not had the same success in the United States and Australia. Tours in the United States with Mano Negra were not as successful as elsewhere. Though his live performances in the U.S. are infrequent, Chao played a handful of dates there in 2006, including a headlining show atLollapalooza 2006in Chicago.He was one of the headlining acts at the 2008Austin City Limits Music Festivaland the Outside Lands Music Festival inGolden Gate Park. In January 2012 he was the headline act at the opening night ofSydney Festival, marking his first concert in Australia.
Chao believes that our world lacks spaces for "collective therapy" and describes his concerts as small temporary spaces where people of different backgrounds can come together.
Chao's lyrics provoke his audience to think about immigration, love, living inghettos, drugs, and often carry aleft-wingmessage. This reflects Chao's own political leanings—he is very close to theZapatistasand their public spokesman,Subcomandante Marcos.He has many followers among the European left, the Latin American left and theanti-globalisationandanti-capitalistmovements.Chao is a founding member ofATTAC.Punk and reggae historianVivien Goldmancommented of his work, "I was writing aboutGood CharlotteandThe Police. They adopted the trappings of punk. They aren't bad groups, but the punk aspect is more manifested by somebody like Manu Chao. He's one of the punkiest artists out there I can think of. It's an inclusionary spirit that is punk."
Since 1991, Chao has been working with La Colifata, which is anNGOmade up of a group of patients and ex patients ofHospital Borda, a psychiatric hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Chao uses both a website and a Facebook account to show the work he does with these patients and ex patients. On their Facebook page he explains that the mission of this group is to diminish the stigma that people place on mental illness and to promote the use of services that are meant to help those with mental illnesses.
In an interview with the School for Communication and Journalism at the University of Southern California in 2010, Chao expressed his opinions about topics such as the effects ofeconomic globalizationon social inequality.He explained how he believes that the global market is causing social inequality, and how issues in education and immigration are connected to this. In this interview he expressed a worry that mafias are the greatest threat to democracy and that this is already evident in certain places, like Russia and Mexico. He stated that this is one reason that he is for the legalization of drugs such as marijuana - he explained that mafias are making capital off of the distribution of illegal drugs which gives them more economic power, thus making it easier for them to potentially overthrow governments.
In this interview he also expressed his belief that currently, the global market is the largest force shaping the lives of people throughout the world. For this reason, he believes that the most effective way to solve social problems in individual countries is to address them at a global level by changing the policies dictating the global market. He explained that since most people are not given the power to directly change these policies, the most effective way to bring about change would be to make a statement to those running the economy by becoming self-sufficient through boycotting corporations, growing one's own vegetables, and making one's own clothes.
He then added that he does not own a car or cell phone because he does not need either of these. He also talked about having weak leaders as a threat to democracy and explained that there are small movements in Spain that are fighting forblank votesto be recorded as legitimate votes. He explained this could be a solution because blank votes currently make up a majority of the votes in elections, which means that election results are inaccurate.
Another topic he discussed during this interview was education. He expressed his belief that education is important and should be free for everyone. He mentioned that Cuba is able to provide free education for all those living in Cuba despite being a small country and that he does not understand how the United States being such a powerful nation was not able to do the same. He then expressed frustration at the fact that one can enroll in the armed forces in the United States and "learn to kill" for free, but had to pay to learn to do anything else. He suggested that this is a sign that the United States is afraid of its future.
When asked about immigration during this interview, Chao mentioned that the West, particularly the United States, has a population with a lot of elderly people and that in order to excel in the future, the West needs the youth from "Third World" countries. He explains that providing legal status to immigrant young people would require the United States to honor the rights of these immigrants, and therefore it is cheaper and easier for the United States to deny so many young immigrants a legal status. He then said that the "Occident...needs to open the borders."
In an article published in 2010, Cornelia Gräbner mentioned Chao's lyrics in a discussion about how the work of four different authors who contribute to the alter-globalization movement. Gräbner discusses how Manu Chao,Eduardo Galeano, Subcomandante Marcos, andJosé Saramagopresent alternative practice of politics from different perspectives. Gräbner states that Chao's work emphasizes the connection of contemporary 'contentious Europe' with past struggles, particularly through his lyrics and combinations of musical styles. Gräbner believes that Chao's family history plays a crucial role in his political views and how that has shaped the way he creates his music. She explains that "Chao translates his family's anti-fascist political tradition into a politicized embrace of cultural difference and into a clear anti-racist and anticapitalist stance." She also states that Chao continues to use these messages in his music even after the dissolution of Mano Negra.