Ài-ní-lân-gí

Ài-ní-lân-gí(Piau-chún Ài-ní-lân-gí:Gaeilge) sī chi̍t-khoán liû-thoân tīÀi-ní-lân-tó--êGael-gú(Gaelic), iā sīÀi-ní-lânêkoan-hong gí-giânchi it (Lēng-gōa chit ê sīEng-gí). Sī chit-ê kok-ka ū le̍k-sú í-lâi liû-thoân siōng kú mā bat sī Éire-tó siōng tōa--ê giân-gí. M̄-koh tùi 19 sè-kí í-lâi, Éire-tó tiō khai-sí í Eng-gí ûi chú-liû.Bó-gúsú-iōng-chiá ū 7 bān goā ê,tē-jī gí-giâniōng-chiá ū 100 bān gōa ê (tī 2016 nî).
"Gaeilge" tī Ài-ní-lân-gí, mā ū Gael-gí--ê ì-sù. Beh te̍k-pia̍t chí Ài-ní-lân-gí--ê sî, siá-chò "Gaeilge na hÉireann".
Gaeilge tī kok hong-giân--ê piàn-thé:
Ài-ní-lân-gí thang hun-chò:
Hiān-tāi chū-jiân hong-giân thang chiàu séng-hūn (cuige,province) hun-chò 3 khoán, ta̍k chióng hong-giân--ê hoat-im, sû-gí, sīm-chí sī bûn-hoat ū bô-kâng.
Leinster Séngka-tī--ê hong-giân í-keng bia̍t-bô.
Tī 20 sè-kí, Ài-ní-lân chèng-hú thui-chhut su-siá--ê piau-chún-gí "An Caighdeán Oifigiúil", sī kó͘-gí kap chē-chē hong-giân--ê bûn-hoat kap gí-sû--ê kán-hoà iah-sī sio-lām. Tī kàu-io̍k, chèng-hú bûn-su sú-iōng.
Ài-ní-lân-gí bô-kong-jīm--ê hoat-im piau-chún. Kok-tē--ê hoat-im hong-sek iā bô-kâng.
Ài-ní-lân-gí--ê chú-im chē-chē ū pun khoah-im (ngē-ngo̍k-hoà(硬顎化)) kap ē-im (nńg-ngo̍k-hoà(軟顎化)),im-ūi(音位) siōng chió ū:
Tī Connacht kap Munster--ê hong-giân, toaⁿ-bó-im ū 11--ê im-ūi, siang-bó-im siōng chió ū 4 ê im-ūi:
It-poaⁿ ē piàn-chò /ә/.
Chì-chió ū /əi/, /əu/, /iə/ kap /uə/.
Connacht hong-giân ū-huntāng-im, chhù-tāng-im kap kheng-im. Goân-chek-siōng tàng-im tī thâu im-cha̍t.
Chú-iāu ū: a b c d e f g h i l m n o p r s t u, kap piáu-sī tn̂g-bó-im--ê á é í ó ú. J, k, q, v, w, x, y, z iōng tī goā-lâi-gú.
Jī-ha̍p jī-bó(二合字母) ū: bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th. Í-chá siá-chò: ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ.
Tùi Kó͘ Ài-ní-lân-gí it-ti̍t kàu 20 sè-kí, thoân-thóng iōng La-teng-jī--êGael jī-thé(Cló Gaelach, Gaelic Type) siá.
Jī-bó tha̍k-hoat kok-tē bô-kâng, khah ho̍k-cha̍p, mā ū siá-hoat bô ha̍p kok-tē tha̍k-hoat--ê jī, jû: "deirfiúr" (a-chí).
Aì-ní-lân-gí kah kî-thaCeltic gí-cho̍kkâng-khoán, ūchú-im kau-thè(consonant mutation)--ê hiān-siōng. Sû-thâu--ê chú-im (ū-sî-á sī ho̍k-ha̍p-sû) ē siū-tio̍h gí-hoat tiâu-kiāⁿ piàn-chò pa̍t-khoán chú-im. Ài-ní-lân gí lāi-té ū nn̄g-chióng kau-thè: jio̍k-im-hòa (弱音化;lenition) kap si̍t-im-hòa (蝕音化;eclipsis).
Jio̍k-im-hòa goân-chek-pió:
Si̍t-im-hòa--ê pió, hoat-seng tī jī-thâu:
Tû-liáu "ng" tha̍k /ŋ/, "n-bó-im" ke-tha̍k thâu-chêng--ê "n" , kî-tha lóng kan-ta tha̍k ke-tī thâu-chêng--ê jī-bó.
Koh ū jī-thâu ke t (t-prothesis) kap jī-thâu ke h (h-prothesis).
KapCeltic gí-cho̍k--ê kî-thaⁿ gí-giân kâng-khoán, gí-sū sīVSO(Tōng-sû - Chú-gí - Pin-gí)
Pí-lūn:
Celtic gí-cho̍k ūchú-im kau-thè--ê te̍k-teng, Ài-ní-lân-gí mā ū. ŪJio̍k-im hoà(弱音化， Lenition) kapÀm-im-hoà(暗音化, Eclipsis).
Thâu 1 jī sī bó-im--ê sû, ū jī-thâu ke h (H-prothesis), ke t (T-prothesis)--ê hiān-siōng. Jī-thâu ke n sǹg-sī àm-im-hoà.
Ài-ní-lân-gí--ê hē-sû "is" (hiān-chāi-sek) iōng-lâi liân 2 ê tāi-sû (代詞) iah-sī bêng-sû--ê sû-cho͘ (詞組) téng. Kap tōng-sû "bí" thang hoan-chò Eng-gí--ê "be" (sī), m̄-koh Iōng-hoat bô-kâng.
Le:
Tâi-sû ū hun toaⁿ-ho̍k-sò͘, tē 3 jîn-chheng ū hun im-iông, mā koh hun liân-chiap-hêng (conjunctive form) kap hun-lî-hêng (disjunctive form), koh hun ū-bô kiông-tiāu (emphatic)--ê hêng.
Bêng-sû ū hun chú-keh (kiam siū-keh), sio̍k-keh (só͘-iú-keh), ú-keh (與格, chiap tī chi̍t-koá kài-sû āu) , ho͘-keh (呼格, kho͘ lâng--ê sî iōng). Mā ū hun toaⁿ-sò͘ kapho̍k-sò͘(複數), Im-sèng (陰性) kap iông-sèng (陽性).
Thong-siông sio̍k-keh, ho͘-keh kap chú-keh sio-siâng. Ū 5 khoán piàn-keh (變格), mā ū bô kui-chek--ê bêng-sû. Bô-kâng hong-giân--ê piàn-keh ū lio̍k-á bô-kâng.
Lē:
Éire-gí chí ū 2 ê tēng-koàn-sû(定冠詞): "an" (toā-pō͘-hūn toaⁿ-sò͘) kap "na" (Ho̍k-sò͘ kap toaⁿ-sò͘ sio̍k-keh im-sèng bêng-sû). Lē:
Ài-ní-lân-gí sīkhut-chiat-gí(屈折語), tōng-sû--ê bóe-liu ū chē-chē--ê piàn-hoà. Ài-ní-lân-gí ū 11--êput-kui-chek tōng-sû, 2 khoán tōng-sû piàn-hoà. Bô-kâng hong-giân--ê tōng-sû piàn-hoà ū khó-lêng bô-kâng.
Hêng-iông-sû ū hun-choè goân-kip (原級) kap pí-kàu-kip. Hêng-iông-sû piàn-hoà siū-tio̍h bêng-sû--ê keh, toaⁿ-ho̍k-sò͘, im-iông-sèng, kiông/jio̍k-bêng-sû (strong/weak noun) téng éng-hióng.
Chi̍t-koá kài-sû ū jîn-chheng--ê piàn-hoà kap ū-bô kiông-tiāu (emphatic)--ê piàn-hoà.
Í-hā--ê té-kù iōng piau-chún Ài-ní-lân-gí siá: