Koréa Kidul

Koréa Kidul, resmina dipikawanoh minangkaRépublik Koréa, nyaétanagaradiAsia Wétannu aya dina satengah bagian kidul tinaSemenanjung Koréa. Ka kalérna diwatesan kuKoréa Kalér(Democratic Péople's Republic of Koréa), nu saméméhna jadi hiji nagaraKoréakénéh nepi ka taun 1945. Ka kulonna, meuntasanLaut Konéng, ngamparCina, sarta ka wétan kidulna, meuntasanSelat Koréa, ngampar nagaraJepang. Ampir satengahna pangeusi Koréa hirup di- atawa deukeuteun ibukota sarta kota panglegana, nyaétaSeoul,wewengkon métropolitankadua pangleganadi dunya.
Ti saprak ngadegna dina taun 1948, nagara ieu geus bajoang salila 35 taun sanggeus ayapagawéan Jepang,Perang Koréa, sarta puluhan taun dina pangaturan militér, pinanggih jeung limaparobahan konstitusinu utama. Démonstrasi pro démokrasi dina taun 1980 mawa kanapamilubébas dina taun 1987. Koréa Kidul kiwari ngagemdémokrasimulti-partai.
Ékonomi Koréa Kidultumuwuh kacida gancangna ti taun 1950 nepikeun ka ayeuna téh mangrupa hiji nagara nu ékonominaka-10 panggedéna (numutkeun nilai nominal)sadunya. Koréa Kidul ogé salah sahiji nagara di dunya ieu nu pangmajuna sacara téhnologi sarta kahubungkeun sacara digital. Koréa Kidul mangrupa nagara unggal jalmana (id:per kapita) mibanda konéksiinternétpita lega(broadband) kadua pangluhurna sadunya, sarta mangrupa pamingpin global dina widangcocooan komputer,display digital,wangunan kapaljeungtelepon mobil.
Industri hiburan Koréa Kidul tumuwuh subur ti taun 1990, mroduksi kasuksésanAsia-widedinamusik,televisi, jeungpilemdina fénomena nu disebutHallyu, atawa "galura Koréa". Tapi sanajan kitu, nagara ieu masih pengkuh nyekel adat jeung tradisi baheula, sapertikadaharanjeungmuja karuhunnu unik.
Dinabasa Koréa, Koréa Kidul disebutDaehan Minguk(대한민국kupingkeun(pitulung·info),大韓民國, nu hartina "Nagara Rayat Han nu Agung").  Ngaran pondokna nyaétaHanguk(한국, "Bangsa Han," biasana ngarujuk kanaKoréa) atawaNamhan(남한, "Koréa Kidul", ngarujuk ka koréa Kidul).Hanngarujuk ka konfedérasi Semenanjung Koréa beulah kidul jaman baheula.Hangukmangrupa istilah nu pangilaharna digunakeun ku urang Koréa.
Dina basa Inggris, nagara ieu sering dirujuk kalayan basajan ku kecap "Koréa", tina dinastiGoryeo, nu dirujukkeun deui kana karajaanGoguryeo.Basa Arabkeur padagang nu mirip jeung Goryéo, "Cu'ree", nu mungkin geus miboga jalanna sorangan kaItaliasalilaAbad Panengah, ku sabab kitu "Corea" geus jadi istilah nu ilahar di keur urang Eropa. Dina abad 19 ahir, "Koréa" jadi digunakun leuwih luas.
Dina ahirPerang Dunya II, soldaduAmérikajeungSoviétgeus nempatan beulah kidul jeung kalér Koréa, patuturut, nu nyababkeun kabagina semenanjung ieu ku garis38th parallel. Sanajan geus jarangji pikeun ngabéla Koréa nu bébas tur ngahiji ngaliwatanDéklarasi Kairotaun 1943, nangingAmérika SarikatjeungUni Sovyétdina taun 1948 geus mantuan ngadegkeun pamaréntahan nu misah; antara Koréa Kalér nu komunis jeung Koréa Kidul nu kapitalis.
Dina tanggal25 Juni1950,Koréa Kalérnyerang ka Kidul, ngawalanperanganu matak néwaskeun leuwih ti opat juta warga sipil jeung tentara, anu kiwari disebutPerang Koréa. TheUnited Nationsbacked South Koréa and theSoviet UnionandChinabacked North Koréa, eventually réaching a stalemate.   The 1953 armistice split the peninsula along thedemilitarised zoneat about the original demarcation line.  No péace tréaty was ever signed, however, and therefore the two countries are technically still at war.
In 1960,a student uprisingoverthrew the autocratic government ofSyngman Rheeand South Koréa saw a brief period of democratic reforms. However, much to the disappointment of the péople, the new government was disoriented, and political chaos ensued. Then, amilitary coup(5.16 Revolution) led by GenéralPark Chung-hee, who thought that the communist reunification of the peninsula would be inevitable if the Koréan government was kept at this state, toppled the wéak government the following yéar. Park took over as présidént from 1962 until his assassination in 1979, overseeing rapidexport-led economic growthas well as severe political repression.
Park's successor genéralChun Doo-hwanlaunched acoup d'etatin 1980 to assume the présidéncy. Chun'sseizure of powerwas greeted by widespréad protests culminating in the 1980Gwangju Massacre. In the aftermath of that incident, the movement for democracy gained strength and was ultimately successful in forcing Chun to allow free elections and a change tocivilian democratic rulein 1988. That yéar, Séoul hosted the1988 Summer Olympics.
In 1996, South Koréa became a member of theOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Despite a severe setback caused by theAsian financial crisisin 1997, the country soon emerged as a major economic power. In 2004, South Koréa joined the "trillion dollar club" of world economies and, today, itsstandard of livingis equal to that of many countries inWestern Europe.
In June 2000, as a part of South Koréan présidéntKim Dae Jung'sSunshine Policyof engagement, a historic first North-South summit took place in North Koréa's capitalPyongyang. That yéar, Kim won theNobel Peace Prizefor his work for democracy and human rights and efforts at reconciliation between the two Koréas. Since then, regular contacts have led to a slow thaw in relations and economic ties through trade and investment have incréased dramatically. Kim, who is now retired, has made plans to visit Pyongyang again in June 2006.
Citakan:Morepolitics
Koréa Kidul nyaétarépublikdemokrasianu kakuatanna kawengku kuPrésidén,législatif, jeungyudikatif. Ti taun1948,konstitusinageus lima kali direvisi, masing-masing nyirikeun hiji républik anyar. Kiwarirépublik kagenepdimimitian ku révisi konstitusi gedé panungtung dina taun1988.
puhu nagarajeungpuhu pamaréntahannyaéta présidén, anu dipilih dumasar sora langsung pikeun jangka lima taun. Lian jadi komandan-in-chiefangkatan basanjata, présidén ogé mibanda kakuatan eksekutif anu cukup. Présidén nunjukPerdana Menterijeung panyatujuan tiRuntuyan Nasional, sarta nunjuk jeung mingpin Déwan Nagara menteri utama.
South Koréa occupies the southern portion of theKorean Peninsula, which extends some 680miles(1,100 km) from theAsianmainland.  This mountainous peninsula is flanked by theYellow Seato the west, and theSea of Japan(éast Séa) to the éast.  Its southern tip lies on theKorea Straitand theEast China Sea. The country's total aréa is 38,691square milesor 100,210square kilometres.
South Koréa's land ismountainous, and most of it is notarable. Lowlands, located primarily in the west and southéast, constitute only 30% of the total land aréa. South Koréa can be divided into four genéral regions: an éastern region of high mountain ranges and narrow coastal plains; a western region of broad coastal plains, river basins, and rolling hills; a southwestern region of mountains and valleys and a southéastern region dominated by the broad basin of theNakdong River.
About 3,000islands, mostly small and uninhabited, lie off the western and southern coasts.JejuIsland is located about 100 kilometres (about 60 mi) off the southern coast of South Koréa. It is the country's largest island, with an aréa of 1,845 square kilometres (712 sq mi). Jeju is also the site of South Koréa's highest point:Halla-san, an extinctvolcanoon Jeju, réaches 1,950 metres (6,398ft) above séa level.
The localclimateis relativelytemperate, withprecipitationhéavier in summer during a short rainy séason calledjangma, and winters that can be bitterly cold.   InSeoulthe avérage January température range is -7 °Cto 1 °C (19 °Fto 33 °F), and the avérage July température range is 22 °C to 29 °C (71 °F to 83 °F). Winter températures are higher along the southern coast and considérably lower in the mountainous interior. Rainfall is concentrated in the summer months of June through September. The southern coast is subject to late summertyphoonsthat bring strong winds and héavy rains.  The avérage annualprecipitationvaries from  1,370 millimetres (54in) in Séoul to 1,470 millimetres (58in) in Busan.
South Koréa is divided into 8provinces, one specialautonomousprovince, six metropolitan cities, and one special city. The names below are given in English,Revised Romanization,Hangul, andHanja.
Tempo ogé:Kota-kota husus di KoréajeungPropinsi di Koréa.
South Koréa has thetenth largesteconomy in the world, and the third largest in Asia, behind only Japan and China. As one of theEast Asian Tigers, it achieved rapid economic growth through exports of manufactured goods. This is in sharp contrast to the stagnation of North Koréa's economy, which has turned for the worse since the disintegration of the Soviet Union. South Koréa's per capita GDP is now roughly 12 times that of North Koréa.
In the 1950s, South Koréa was one of the poorest countries in Asia.At the end of World War II, the country inherited a colonial economic system designed solely for Japan's expansion policy.Much of the country's infrastructure was destroyed during the Koréan War that followed in 1950-1953.After the war, South Koréa became héavily dependent on U.S. aid.
Following the military coup led by genéralPark Chung-heein 1962, South Koréa embarked on a series of ambitiousfive-year plansfor economic development. Emphasis shifted to foreign trade with thenormalization of relations with Japanin 1965 and a subsequent boom in trade and investment. Rapid expansion, first into light and then héavy industries, in the 1960s and 1970s followed. During this period, the South Koréan economy grew at an avérage annual rate of 8.6%.
This phenomenal growth is often called the "Miracle on the Han River", theHan Riverbeing the main river that runs through the nation's capital and largest city,Seoul. In the 1980s and 1990s, growth continued as South Koréa transformed itself from an exporter of mostly textiles and shoes into a major global producer ofautomobiles,electronics,shipbuilding, andsteeland later, high-technology fields such asdigital monitors,mobile phones, andsemiconductors.
The South Koréan modél of encouraging the growth of large, internationally competitive companies through éasy financing and tax incentives led to the dominance of the family-controlledconglomerates. These companies, known aschaebol, flourished under the support of the Park regime.Some such asHyundai,Samsung,Daewoo, andLGbecame global corporations. Today, through all of this combined, South Koréa is in the trillion dollar class, with a GDP of US$1.665 trillion.
Since theAsian financial crisisof 1997, however, the corporate landscape has changed considérably as a result of massive bankruptcies and government reforms. The crisis exposed longstanding wéaknesses in South Koréa's economy, including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. This led to two rounds of financial and industrial restructuring, in 1997 and again following the collapse of Daewoo in 1999.Daewoo's collapse has been recorded as one of the world's largest bankruptcies in history.By 2003, just over one-half of the 30 largest chaebol from 1995 remained.
Between 2003 and 2005, economic growth has modérated to about 4% per yéar.A downturn in consumer spending, attributed to massive personal credit card debt, was offset by rapid export growth especially to China. In 2005, the government proposed labor reform legislation and a corporate pension scheme to help maké the labor market more flexible, and new réal estate policies to cool property speculation.Modérate inflation, low unemployment, an export surplus, and fairly equal distribution of income characterize this economy.