Shanghai

Shanghaiis adirect-administered municipalityand the most populous urban area inChina. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southernestuaryof theYangtze River, with theHuangpu Riverflowing through it. The population of the city proper is thesecond largest in the world, with around 24.87 million inhabitants in 2023, while the urban area is themost populous in China, with 29.87 million residents. As of 2022, the Greater Shanghai metropolitan area was estimated to produce agross metropolitan product(nominal) of nearly 13 trillionRMB($1.9 trillion).Shanghai is one of the world's major centers for finance,business and economics, research, science and technology, manufacturing, transportation,tourism, andculture. ThePort of Shanghaiis theworld's busiest container port.
Originally a fishing village and market town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to both domestic and foreign trade and its favorable port location. The city was one of fivetreaty portsforced to open to European trade after theFirst Opium War. TheShanghai International Settlementand theFrench Concessionwere subsequently established. The city then flourished, becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of Asia in the 1930s. During theSecond Sino-Japanese War, the city was the site of the majorBattle of Shanghai. After the war, theChinese Civil Warsoon resumed between theKuomintang(KMT) and theChinese Communist Party(CCP), with the latter eventuallytaking over the cityand most of the mainland. From the 1950s to the 1970s, trade was mostly limited to other socialist countries in theEastern Bloc, causing the city's global influence to decline during theCold War.
Major changes of fortune for the city would occur wheneconomic reformsinitiated by paramount leaderDeng Xiaopingduring the 1980s resulted in an intense redevelopment and revitalization of the city by the 1990s, especially thePudongNew Area, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment. The city has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance. It is the home of theShanghai Stock Exchange,the largest stock exchange in the Asia-Pacificby market capitalization and theShanghai Free-Trade Zone, the firstfree-trade zonein mainland China. It is ranked 4th on theGlobal Financial Centres Index. Shanghai has been classified as an Alpha+ (global first-tier) city by theGlobalization and World Cities Research Network. As of 2024, it is home to 13 companies of theFortuneGlobal 500—the fourth-highest number of any city.The city is also a major global center forresearch and developmentand home to numerousDouble First-Class Universities, includingFudan UniversityandShanghai Jiaotong University. TheShanghai Metro, first opened in 1993, is thelargest metro networkin the world by route length.
Shanghai has been described as the "showpiece" of theeconomy of Chinaand it is one of the ten biggest economic hubs in the world. Featuring several architectural styles such asArt Decoandshikumen, the city is renowned for itsLujiazuiskyline, museums and historic buildings, including theCity God Temple,Yu Garden, theChina Pavilionand buildings alongthe Bund. TheOriental Pearl Towercan be seen from the Bund. Shanghai is known for itscuisine,local language, and cosmopolitan culture. It ranks sixth in thelist of cities with the most skyscrapers.
The twoChinese charactersin the city's name are上(shàng/zaon, "upon") and海(hǎi/hé, "sea"), together meaning "On the Sea." The earliest occurrence of this name dates from the 11th-centurySong dynasty, when there was already a river confluence and a town with this name in the area. Others contend that the city is referenced in historical records dating back 2150 years, and that its ancient name, "Hu", suggests it was previously a fishing village. In 1280 it was renamed "Shanghai", which translates to "Above the Sea".How the name should be understood has been disputed, but Chinese historians have concluded that during theTang dynasty, the area of modern-day Shanghai was under sea level, so the land appeared to be literally "on the sea."
Shanghai is officially abbreviated沪(Hù/wu) inChinese, a contraction of沪渎(Hù Dú/wu-doq, "HarpoonDitch"), a 4th- or5th-centuryJinname for the mouth ofSuzhou Creekwhen it was the main conduit into the ocean.This character appears on all motor vehicle license plates issued in the municipality today.
申(Shēn/sén) or申城(Shēnchéng/sén-zen, "Shen City") was an early name originating fromLord Chunshen, a 3rd-century BC nobleman and prime minister of thestate of Chu, whosefiefincluded modern Shanghai.Shanghai-based sports teams and newspapers often use Shen in their names, such asShanghai ShenhuaandShen Bao.
华亭(Huátíng/gho-din) was another early name for Shanghai. In AD 751 during the mid-Tang dynasty, Huating County was established byZhao Juzhen, the governor ofWu Commandery, at modern-day Songjiang, the firstcounty-level administrationwithin modern-day Shanghai. The first five-star hotel in the city was named after Huating.
魔都(Módū/mó-tu, "monster/fiend/magical city"),a contemporary nickname for Shanghai, is widely known among the youth.The name was first mentioned in Japanese novelistShōfu Muramatsu's 1924 novelMato, which portrayed Shanghai as a dichotomous city where both light and darkness existed.
The city has various nicknames in English, including the "New Yorkof China", in reference to its status as a cosmopolitanmegalopolisandfinancial hub,the "Pearl of the Orient", and the "Paris of the East."This is similar toHo Chi Minh City(also known as Saigon), in Vietnam, which has also been nicknamed as "Paris of the Orient," due to Vietnam's historical French status.
The western part of modern-day Shanghai was inhabited 6,000 years ago.During theSpring and Autumn period(approximately 771 to 476 BC), it belonged to theKingdom of Wu, which was conquered by theKingdom of Yue, which in turn was conquered by the Kingdom of Chu.During theWarring States period(475 BC), Shanghai was part of the fief ofLord Chunshenof Chu, one of theFour Lords of the Warring States. He ordered the excavation of theHuangpu River. Its former or poetic name, the Chunshen River, gave Shanghai its nickname of "Shēn."Fishermen living in the Shanghai area then created a fish tool called thehù, which lent its name to the outlet of Suzhou Creek north of theOld Cityand became a common nickname andabbreviationfor the city.
During the Tang and Song dynasties, Qinglong Town (青龙镇) in modernQingpu Districtwas a major trading port. Established in 746 (the fifth year of the TangTianbao era), it developed into what was historically called a "giant town of the Southeast," with thirteen temples and seven pagodas.Mi Fu, a scholar and artist of the Song dynasty, served as its mayor. The port experienced thriving trade with provinces along theYangtzeand the Chinese coast, as well as with foreign countries such as Japan andSilla.By the end of theSong dynasty, the center of trading had moved downstream of theWusong Riverto Shanghai.It was upgraded in status from a village to a market town in 1074, and in 1172, a second sea wall was built to stabilize the ocean coastline, supplementing an earlier dike.From theYuan dynastyin 1292 until Shanghai officially became amunicipalityin 1927, central Shanghai was administered as a county under Songjiang Prefecture, which had its seat in the present-daySongjiang District.
Two important events helped promote Shanghai's developments in theMing dynasty. Acity wallwas built for the first time in 1554 to protect the town from raids byJapanese pirates. It measured 10 m (33 ft) high and 5 km (3 mi) in circumference.ACity God Templewas built in 1602 during theWanlireign. This honor was usually reserved for prefectural capitals and not normally given to a mere county seat such as Shanghai. Scholars have theorized that this likely reflected the town's economic importance, as opposed to its low political status.
During theQing dynasty, Shanghai became one of the most important seaports in theYangtze Deltaregion as a result of two important central government policy changes: in 1684, theKangxi Emperorreversed the Ming dynasty prohibition on oceangoing vessels—a ban that had been in force since 1525; and in 1732, theQianlong Emperormoved the customs office forJiangsuprovince (江海关;seeCustoms House, Shanghai) from the prefectural capital ofSongjiangto Shanghai, and gave Shanghai exclusive control over customs collections for Jiangsu's foreign trade. As a result of these two critical decisions, Shanghai became the major trade port for all of the lower Yangtze region by 1735, despite still being at the lowest administrative level in the political hierarchy.
In the 19th century, international attention to Shanghai grew due toEuropeand recognition of its economic and trade potential at theYangtze. During theFirst Opium War(1839–1842), British forces occupied the city.The war ended in 1842 with theTreaty of Nanking, which opened Shanghai as one of the fivetreaty portsfor international trade.TheTreaty of the Bogue, theTreaty of Wanghia, and theTreaty of Whampoa(signed in 1843, 1844, and 1844, respectively) forced Chinese concession to European and American desires for visitation and trade on Chinese soil. Britain, France, and theUnited Statesall established a presence outside the walled city of Shanghai, which remained under the direct administration of the Chinese.
The Chinese-held Old City of Shanghai fell to rebels from theSmall Swords Societyin 1853, but control of the city was regained by the Qing government in February 1855.In 1854, theShanghai Municipal Councilwas created to manage the foreign settlements. Between 1860 and 1862, theTaiping rebelstwice attackedShanghai and destroyed the city's eastern and southern suburbs, but failed to take the city.In 1863, the British settlement to the south ofSuzhou Creek(northernHuangpu District) and the American settlement to the north (southernHongkou District) joined in order to form theShanghai International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council and maintainedits own concessionat the city's south and southwest.
TheFirst Sino-Japanese Warconcluded with the 1895Treaty of Shimonoseki, which elevated Japan to become another foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which was soon copied by other foreign powers. All this international activity gave Shanghai the nickname "the GreatAthensof China."
TheRepublic of Chinawas established in 1912. The same year, the Old City walls were dismantled as they blocked the city's expansion.In July 1921, theChinese Communist Partywas founded in theShanghai French Concession.On 30 May 1925, theMay Thirtieth Movementbroke out when a worker in a Japanese-ownedcotton millwas shot and killed by a Japanese foreman.Workers in the city then launchedgeneral strikesagainstimperialism, which became nationwide protests that gave rise toChinese nationalism.
The golden age of Shanghai began with its elevation to municipality after it was separated fromJiangsuon 7 July 1927.This new Chinese municipality covered an area of 494.69 km(191.0 sq mi), including the modern-day districts ofBaoshan,Yangpu,Zhabei,Nanshi, andPudong, but excluded the foreign concessions territories.Headed by a Chinese mayor and municipal council, the new city government's first task—theGreater Shanghai Plan—was to create a new city center in Jiangwan town of Yangpu district, outside the boundaries of the foreign concessions. The plan included a public museum, library, sports stadium, and city hall, which were partially constructed before being interrupted by the Japanese invasion.In the 1920s,shidaiqubecame a new form of entertainment and was popularised in Shanghai.
The city flourished, becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of theAsia-Pacificregion in the 1930s.During the ensuing decades, citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work; those who stayed for long periods⁠⁠—some for generations⁠—called themselves "Shanghailanders."In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000White Russiansfled the newly establishedSoviet Unionto reside in Shanghai.TheseShanghai Russiansconstituted the second-largest foreign community. By 1932, Shanghai had become the world's fifth-largest city and home to 70,000 foreigners.In the 1930s, some 30,000 Jewish refugees from Europe arrived in the city.
On28 January 1932, Japanese military forces invaded Shanghai while the Chinese resisted. More than 10,000 shops and hundreds of factories and public buildingswere destroyed, leaving Zhabei district ruined. About 18,000 civilians were either killed, injured, or declared missing.A ceasefire was brokered on 5 May.In 1937, theBattle of Shanghairesulted in the occupation of the Chinese-administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. People who stayed in the occupied city suffered on a daily basis, experiencing hunger, oppression, or death.The foreign concessions were ultimately occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945; multiplewar crimeswere committed during that time.
A side-effect of the Japanese invasion of Shanghai was theShanghai Ghetto. Japanese consul toKaunas,Lithuania,Chiune Sugiharaissued thousands of visas to Jewish refugees who were escaping the Nazi'sFinal Solution to the Jewish Question. They traveled fromKeidan, Lithuania across Russia by railroad toVladivostokfrom where they traveled by ship toKobe, Japan. Their stay in Kobe was short as the Japanese government transferred them to Shanghai by November 1941. Other Jewish refugees found haven in Shanghai, not through Sugihara, but came on ships from Italy. The refugees from Europe were interned into a cramped ghetto in the Hongkou District and after the Japaneseattack on Pearl Harbor, even the Iraqi Jews who had been living in Shanghai from before the outbreak of WWII were interned. Among the refugees in the Shanghai Ghetto was theMirrer Yeshiva, including its students and faculty. On 3 September 1945, the Chinese Army liberated the Ghetto and most of the Jews left over the next few years.
On 27 May 1949, thePeople's Liberation Armytook control of Shanghai through theShanghai Campaign. Under the new People's Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai was one of only three municipalities not merged into neighboring provinces (the others beingBeijingandTianjin).Most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai toHong Kong, as part of a foreigndivestmentdue to the PRC's victory.
After the war, Shanghai's economy was restored—from 1949 to 1952, the city's agricultural and industrial output increased by 51.5% and 94.2%, respectively.There were 20 urban districts and 10 suburbs at the time.On 17 January 1958,Jiading, Baoshan, andShanghai Countyin Jiangsu became part of Shanghai Municipality, which expanded to 863 km(333.2 sq mi). The following December, the land area of Shanghai was further expanded to 5,910 km(2,281.9 sq mi) after more surrounding suburban areas in Jiangsu were added:Chongming,Jinshan,Qingpu,Fengxian,Chuansha, andNanhui.In 1964, the city's administrative divisions were rearranged to 10 urban districts and 10 counties.
As the industrial center of China with the most skilled industrial workers, Shanghai became a center for radicalleftismduring the 1950s and 1960s. The radical leftistJiang Qingand her three allies, together theGang of Four, were based in the city.During theCultural Revolution(1966–1976), Shanghai's society was severely damaged. The majority of the workers in the Shanghai branch of thePeople's Bank of ChinawereRed Guardsand they formed a group called the Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters within the branch.The Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters dismantled economic organizations in Shanghai, investigated bank withdrawals, and disrupted regular bank service in the city.The Shanghai People's Commune was established in the city during theJanuary Stormof 1967. Despite the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai maintained economic production with a positive annual growth rate.
During theThird Frontcampaign to develop basic industry and heavy industry in China's hinterlands in case of invasion by the Soviet Union or the United States, 354,900 Shanghainese were sent to work on Third Front projects.The centrepiece of Shanghai's Small Third Front project was the "rear base" in Anhui rear base which served as "a multi-function manufacturing base for anti-aircraft and anti-tank weaponry.
Since 1949, Shanghai has been a comparatively heavy contributor of tax revenue to the central government; in 1983, the city's contribution in tax revenue was greater than the investment received in the past 33 years combined.Its importance to the fiscal well-being of the central government also denied it fromeconomic liberalizationsbegun in 1978.
In 1990,Deng Xiaopingpermitted Shanghai to initiate economic reforms, which reintroduced foreign capital to the city and developed the Pudong district, resulting in the birth ofLujiazui.That year, the China's central government designated Shanghai as the "Dragon Head" ofeconomic reform.As of 2020, Shanghai is classified as an Alpha+ city by theGlobalization and World Cities Research Network, making it one of the world's Top 10 major cities.
In early 2022, Shanghai experienced a large outbreak ofCOVID-19cases. After localized lockdowns failed to stem the rise in cases, theChinese government locked downthe entire city on 5 April. This resulted in widespread food shortages across the city emerged as food-supply chains were severely disrupted by the government's lockdown measures, which were not lifted until 1 June.
Shanghai is located on the YangtzeEstuaryof China's east coast, with the Yangtze River to the north andHangzhou Bayto the south, with theEast China Seato the east. The land is formed by the Yangtze's naturaldepositionand modernland reclamationprojects. As such, it hassandy soil, and skyscrapers have to be built with deep concrete piles to avoid sinking into the soft ground.The provincial-levelMunicipality of Shanghaiadministers both the estuary and many of itssurrounding islands. It borders the provinces ofZhejiangto the south andJiangsuto the west and north.The municipality's northernmost point is onChongming Island, which is the second-largestisland in mainland Chinaafter its expansion during the 20th century.It does not administratively include anexclaveof Jiangsu on northern Chongming or the two islands forming Shanghai'sYangshan Port, which are parts of Zhejiang'sShengsi County.
Shanghai is located on analluvial plain. As such, the vast majority of its 6,340.5 km(2,448.1 sq mi) land area is flat, with an average elevation of 4 m (13 ft).Tidal flat ecosystems exist around the estuary, however, they have long been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.The city's few hills, such asShe Shan, lie to the southwest, and its highest point is the peak ofDajinshan Island(103 m or 338 ft) in Hangzhou Bay.Shanghai has many rivers, canals, streams, and lakes, and it is known for its rich water resources as part of theLake Taidrainage basin.
Downtown Shanghai is bisected by the Huangpu River, a man-madetributaryof the Yangtze created by order of Lord Chunshen during the Warring States period.The historic center of the city was located on the west bank of the Huangpu (Puxi), near the mouth of Suzhou Creek, connecting it with Lake Tai and theGrand Canal. The central financial district, Lujiazui, has been established on the east bank of the Huangpu (Pudong). Along Shanghai's eastern shore, the destruction of localwetlandsdue to the construction ofPudong International Airporthas been partially offset by the protection and expansion of a nearby shoal,Jiuduansha, as a nature preserve.
Shanghai has ahumid subtropical climate(Köppen:Cfa), with an average annual temperature of 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) for downtown areas and 16.2–17.2 °C (61.2–63.0 °F) for suburbs.The city experiences four distinct seasons. Winters are temperate to cold and damp—northwesterly winds fromSiberiacan cause nighttime temperatures to drop below freezing. Each year, there are an average of 4.7 days with snowfall and 1.6 days with snow cover.Summers are hot and humid, and occasional downpours orthunderstormscan be expected. On average, 14.5 days exceed 35 °C (95 °F) annually. In summer and the beginning of autumn, the city is susceptible totyphoons.
The most pleasant seasons are generally spring, although changeable and often rainy, and autumn, which is usually sunny and dry. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 28% in June to 46% in August, the city receives 1,754 hours of bright sunshine annually. (All the mean values mentioned in this paragraph are data observed in Baoshan District） According to China's seasonal division standard, from 2001 to 2024, Shanghai enters spring on 9 March, summer on 16 May, autumn on 5 October, and winter on 4 December. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −10.1 °C (14 °F) on 31 January 1977 (unofficial record of −12.1 °C (10 °F) was set on 19 January 1893) to 40.9 °C (106 °F) on 21 July 2017and 13 July 2022at aweather stationinXujiahuiand 2 August 2024 in Minhang District following a record hot night set at 32.1 °C (90 °F) as the highest ever daily minimum temperature at Xujiahui.On 8 August 2013, the weather station atShanghai Pudong International Airportalso observed a high temperature of 41.0 °C (106 °F).
The Bund, located by the bank of the Huangpu River, is home to a row of early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from theneoclassicalHSBC Buildingto theArt DecoSassoon House (now part of thePeace Hotel). Many areas in the former foreign concessions are also well-preserved, the most notable being the French Concession.Shanghai is also home to many architecturally distinctive and even eccentric buildings, including theShanghai Museum, theShanghai Grand Theatre, theOriental Art Center, and theOriental Pearl Tower. Despite rampant redevelopment, the Old City still retains some traditional architecture and designs, such as theYu Garden, an elaborateJiangnanstyle garden.
As a result of its construction boom during the 1920s and 1930s, Shanghai has among the most Art Deco buildings in the world.One of the most famous architects working in Shanghai wasLászló Hudec, aHungarian-Slovakwho lived in the city between 1918 and 1947.His most notable Art Deco buildings include thePark Hotel, theGrand Cinema, and theParamount.Other prominent architects who contributed to the Art Deco style areClement Palmer and Arthur Turner, who together designed the Peace Hotel, theMetropole Hotel, and theBroadway Mansions;and Austrian architectC.H. Gonda, who designed theCapitol Theatre. The Bund has been revitalized several times. The first was in 1986, with a newpromenadeby the Dutch architect Paulus Snoeren.The second was before the2010 Expo, which includes restoration of the century-oldWaibaidu Bridgeand reconfiguration of traffic flow.
One distinctive cultural element is theshikumen(石库门, "stone storage door") residence, typically two- or three-story gray brick houses with the front yard protected by a heavy wooden door in a stylistic stone arch.Each residence is connected and arranged in straight alleys, known aslongtang(弄堂). The house is similar to western-styleterrace housesortownhouses, but distinguished by the tall, heavy brick wall and archway in front of each house.
The shikumen is a cultural blend of elements found in Western architecture with traditional Jiangnan Chinese architecture and social behavior.Like almost all traditional Chinese dwellings, it has acourtyard, which reduces outside noise. Vegetation can be grown in the courtyard, and it can also allow for sunlight and ventilation in the rooms.
Some of Shanghai's buildings featureSovietneoclassical architecture orStalinist architecture, though the city has fewer such structures than Beijing. These buildings were mostly erected between the founding of thePeople's Republicin 1949 and theSino-Soviet Splitin the late 1960s. During this time period, large numbers of Soviet experts, including architects, poured into China to aid the country in the construction of a communist state. An example of Soviet neoclassical architecture in Shanghai is the modern-dayShanghai Exhibition Center.
Shanghai—Lujiazui in particular—hasnumerous skyscrapers, making it the fifthcity in the world with the most skyscrapers.Among the most prominent examples are the 421 m (1,381 ft) highJin Mao Tower, the 492 m (1,614 ft) highShanghai World Financial Center, and the 632 m (2,073 ft) highShanghai Tower, which is the tallest building in China and thethird tallest in the world.Completed in 2015, the tower takes the form of nine twisted sections stacked atop each other, totaling 128 floors.It is featured in itsdouble-skin facadedesign, which eliminates the need for either layer to be opaqued for reflectivity as the double-layer structure has already reduced the heat absorption.The futuristic-looking Oriental Pearl Tower, at 468 m (1,535 ft), is located nearby at the northern tip of Lujiazui.Skyscrapers outside of Lujiazui include theWhite Magnolia Plazain Hongkou, theShimao International Plazain Huangpu, and theShanghai Wheelock SquareinJing'an.
Like allgoverning institutions in mainland China, Shanghai has a parallel party-government system,in which theCCP Committee Secretary, officially termed theChinese Communist PartyShanghai Municipal Committee Secretary, outranks theMayor.TheCCP committeeacts as the top policy-formulation body, and is typically composed of 12 members (including the secretary), and has control over theShanghai Municipal People's Government.
Political power in Shanghai has frequently been a stepping stone to higher positions in the central government. SinceJiang Zeminbecame theGeneral Secretary of the Chinese Communist Partyin June 1989, all former Shanghai party secretaries but one were elevated to thePolitburo Standing Committee, thede factohighest decision-making body in China,including Jiang himself (Party General Secretary),Zhu Rongji(Premier),Wu Bangguo(NPC Chairman),Huang Ju(Vice Premier),Xi Jinping(current General Secretary),Yu Zhengsheng(CPPCC Chairman),Han Zheng(Vice Premier and Vice President),andLi Qiang(Premier).Zeng Qinghong, a former deputy party secretary of Shanghai, also rose to the Politburo Standing Committee and became the Vice President and an influential power broker.Li Xi, another former deputy party secretary of Shanghai, has become the Politburo Standing Committee and Secretary ofCCDImember in 2022. The only exception isChen Liangyu, who was fired in 2006 and later convicted ofcorruption.
Officials with ties to the Shanghai administration collectively form a powerful faction in the central government known as theShanghai Clique, which has often been viewed as competing against the rivalYouth League Factionover personnel appointments and policy decisions.However, Xi Jinping, successor toHu Jintaoas General Secretary andPresident, was largely an independent leader and tookanti-corruption campaignson both factions.
Shanghai is one of the fourmunicipalitiesunder the direct administration of theCentral People's Government,and is divided into 16county-leveldistricts.
Although every district has its own urban core, the city hall and major administrative units are located in Huangpu District, which also serves as a commercial area, including the famousNanjing Road. Other major commercial areas includeXintiandiandHuaihai Roadin Huangpu District, and XujiahuiinXuhui District. Manyuniversities in Shanghaiare located in residential areas in Yangpu District andPutuo District.
Seven of the districts govern Puxi (lit."The West Bank," or "West of the River Pu"), the older part of urban Shanghai on the west bank of the Huangpu River. These seven districts are collectively referred to as Shanghai Proper (上海市区) or the core city (市中心), which comprise Huangpu, Xuhui,Changning, Jing'an, Putuo, Hongkou, and Yangpu.
Pudong (lit."The East Bank," or "East of the River Pu"), the newer part of urban and suburban Shanghai on the east bank of the Huangpu River, is governed byPudong New Area(浦东新区).
Seven of the districts govern suburbs, satellite towns, and rural areas farther away from the urban core: Baoshan,Minhang,Jiading,Jinshan,Songjiang,Qingpu,and Fengxian.
Chongming District comprises the islands of Changxing and Hengsha and most—but not all—of Chongming Island.
The former district of Nanhui was absorbed into Pudong District in 2009. In 2011, Luwan District merged with Huangpu District. As of 2015, these county-level divisions are further divided into the following 210township-level divisions: 109towns, 2townships, and 99subdistricts. Those are in turn divided into the followingvillage-level divisions: 3,661 neighborhood committees and 1,704 village committees.
There is a sizableKorean communityandJapanese communityin Shanghai, largely in theMinhang District.
Shanghai has been described as the "showpiece" of the boomingeconomy of China.The city is a global center forfinanceandinnovation,and a national center for commerce, trade, and transportation,with the world's busiest container port—thePort of Shanghai.As of 2018, the Greater Shanghai metropolitan area, which includesSuzhou,Wuxi,Nantong,Ningbo,Jiaxing,Zhoushan, andHuzhou, was estimated to produce agross metropolitan productof nearly 9.1 trillionRMB($1.33 trillion innominalor $2.08 trillion inPPP), exceeding that ofMexicowith GDP (nominal) of $1.22 trillion, the15th largestin the world.As of 2020, the economy of Shanghai was estimated to be $1 trillion (PPP), ranking the most productive metro area of China and among the top tenlargest metropolitan economiesin the world.Shanghai's six largest industries—retail, finance,IT,real estate,machine manufacturing, andautomotive manufacturing—comprise about half the city's GDP.As of 2024, Shanghai had a GDP ofCN¥5.39 trillion ($757 billion in nominal) that makes up 4% of China's GDP, and aGDP per capitaof CN¥216,791 (US$30,448in nominal).In 2022, the average annualdisposable incomeof Shanghai's residents was CN¥79,610 (US$11,836) per capita, while the average annual salary of people employed in urban units in Shanghai was CN¥212,476 (US$31,589),making it one of the wealthiest cities in China,but also the most expensive city inmainland Chinato live in according to a 2023 study by theEconomist Intelligence Unit.Since 2018, Shanghai has been hosting theChina International Import Expo(CIIE) annually, the world's first import-themed national-level expo.
In 2023, the city's imports and exports reached CN¥7.73 trillion (US$1.07 trillion), accounting for 18.5% of the national total.
According to Julius Baer's Global Wealth and Lifestyle Report, Shanghai was the most expensive city in the world for living a luxurious lifestyle in 2021.Shanghai was the 5th wealthiest city in the world, with a total wealth amounts to $1.8 trillion,and Shanghai was rankedfifth-highestin the number of billionaires by Forbes.Shanghai'snominal GDPwas projected to reach US$1.3 trillion in 2035 (ranking first in China), making it one of the world's Top 5 major cities in terms ofGRPaccording to a study by Oxford Economics.As of August 2024, Shanghai ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in China (after Beijing) by the largest number of theFortuneGlobal 500companies in the world.
Shanghai was the largest and most prosperous city inEast Asiaduring the 1930s, and its rapid redevelopment began in the 1990s.In the last two decades, Shanghai has been one of the fastest-developing cities in the world; it has recorded double-digit GDP growth in almost every year between 1992 and 2008, before the2007–2008 financial crisis.
Shanghai is a globalfinancial center, ranking first in the whole of Asia & Oceania region and third globally (after New York and London) in the 28th edition of theGlobal Financial Centres Index,published in September 2020 byZ/YenandChina Development Institute.Shanghai is also a large hub of the Chinese and global technology industry and home to a large startup ecosystem. As of 2021, the city was ranked as the 2ndFintechpowerhouse in the world after New York City.
As of 2019, theShanghai Stock Exchangehad amarket capitalizationofUS$4.02 trillion, making it the largeststock exchangein China and thefourth-largest stock exchangein the world.In 2009, the trading volume of six key commodities—including rubber, copper, and zinc—on theShanghai Futures Exchangeall ranked first globally.By the end of 2017, Shanghai had 1,491 financial institutions, of which 251 were foreign-invested.
In September 2013, with the backing of Chinese PremierLi Keqiang, the city launched theShanghai Free-Trade Zone—the firstfree-trade zonein mainland China. The zone introduced a number of pilot reforms designed to incentivize foreign investment. In April 2014,The Bankerreported that Shanghai "has attracted the highest volumes of financial sectorforeign direct investmentin the Asia-Pacific region in the 12 months to the end of January 2014."In August 2014,fDi magazinenamed Shanghai the "Chinese Province of the Future 2014/15" due to "particularly impressive performances in the Business Friendliness and Connectivity categories, as well as placing second in the Economic Potential and Human Capital and Lifestyle categories."
As one of the main industrial centers of China, Shanghai plays a key role in domestic manufacturing andheavy industry. Several industrial zones—including Shanghai Hongqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone, Jinqiao Export Economic Processing Zone, Minhang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and Shanghai Caohejing High-Tech Development Zone—are backbones of Shanghai'ssecondary sector. Shanghai is home to China's largest steelmakerBaosteel Group, China's largestshipbuildingbaseHudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding Group, and one of China's oldest shipbuilders, theJiangnan Shipyard.Auto manufacturing is another important industry. The Shanghai-basedSAIC Motoris one of the three largest automotive corporations in China, and has strategic partnerships withVolkswagenandGeneral Motors.The company ranked 84 on the Fortune Global 500 list in 2023.
During theMao era, Shanghai's economy primarily focused on light industry.
Tourism is a major industry of Shanghai. In 2017, the number of domestic tourists increased by 7.5% to 318 million, while the number of overseas tourists increased by 2.2% to 8.73 million.In 2017, Shanghai was the highest earning tourist city in the world.As of 2023, Shanghai had 57five-star hotels, 52four star hotels, 1,942travel agencies, 144rated tourist attractions, and 34red touristattractions.
In 2023, Shanghai's tourism industry generated an added value of CN¥177.12 billion (US$24.53 billion), marking a remarkable 98.5% increase compared to the previous year. The city welcomed a total of 3.64 million tourists, a 4.8-fold growth compared to 2022. The number of foreign tourists reached 2.41 million with a 5.2-fold increase.
The conference and meeting sector is also growing. According to theInternational Congress and Convention Association, Shanghai hosted 82 international meetings in 2018, a 34% increase from 61 in 2017.
Shanghai is home to China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone, the first free-trade zone in mainland China.As of October 2019, it is also the second largest free-trade zone in mainland China in terms of land area (behindHainan Free Trade Zone[zh], which covers the wholeHainanprovince) by covering an area of 240.22 km(92.75 sq mi) and integrating four existing bonded zones—Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park, Yangshan Free Trade Port Area, and Pudong Airport Comprehensive Free Trade Zone.The industrial chain of port logistics has shaped the future development direction of the free-trade zone in Shanghai. Currently, two port chain centers have been approved for construction in Waigaoqiao and Yangshan.Several preferential policies have been implemented to attract foreign investment in various industries to the zone. Because the zone is not technically considered Chinese territory for tax purposes, commodities entering the zone are exempt from duty and customs clearance.
As of 2023, Shanghai had a total population of 24,874,500, including 14,801,700 (59.5%)hukouholders (registered locally).As of 2022, 89.3% of Shanghai's population live in urban areas, and 10.7% live in rural areas.Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shanghai is the second largest of the four municipalities of China, behindChongqing, but is generally considered the largest Chinese city because the urban population of Chongqing is much smaller.According to theOECD, Shanghai'smetropolitan areahas an estimated population of 34 million.
According to the Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, about 157,900 residents in Shanghai are foreigners, including 28,900 Japanese, 21,900 Americans and 20,800 Koreans.The actual number of foreign citizens in the city is probably much higher.Shanghai is also a domestic immigration city—40.3% (9.8 million) of the city's residents are from other regions of China.
Shanghai has alife expectancyof 83.18 years for the city's registered population,the highest life expectancy ofall cities in mainland China. This has also caused the city toexperience population aging—in 2021, 17.4% (4.3 million) of the city's registered population was aged 65 or above.In 2017, the Chinese government implemented population controls for Shanghai, resulting in a population decline of 10,000 people by the end of the year.
Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a blend of religious heritage; religious buildings and institutions are scattered around the city. According to a 2012 survey, only 13.1% of the city's population belongs to organized religions, includingBuddhistswith 10.4%,Protestantswith 1.9%,Catholicswith 0.7%, and other faiths with 0.1% while the remaining 86.9% of the population could be eitheratheistsor involved inworship of nature deities and ancestorsorfolk religious sects.
Buddhism, in itsChinese varieties, has had a presence in Shanghai since theThree Kingdomsperiod, during which theLonghua Temple—the largest temple in Shanghai—and theJing'an Templewere founded.Another significant temple is theJade Buddha Temple, which was named after a large statue ofBuddhacarved out ofjadein the temple.As of 2014, Buddhism in Shanghai had 114 temples, 1,182clergical staff, and 453,300 registered followers.The religion also has its own college, theShanghai Buddhist College[zh], and its own press,Shanghai Buddhological Press[zh].
Catholicism was brought into Shanghai in 1608 by Italian missionaryLazzaro Cattaneo.TheApostolic Vicariateof Shanghai was erected in 1933, and was further elevated to theDiocese of Shanghaiin 1946.Notable Catholic sites include theSt. Ignatius Cathedralin Xujiahui—the largest Catholic church in the city,theSt. Francis Xavier Church, and theShe Shan Basilica.Other forms ofChristianity in ShanghaiincludeEastern Orthodoxminorities and, since 1996, registered Christian Protestant churches. The ProtestantAll Saints ChurchinHuangpuwas built in 1925 and features aNeo-Romanesquetower. Shanghai has long had the highest concentration of urbanCatholics in China.
Although currently making up a fraction of the religious population in Shanghai, Jewish people have played an influential role in the city's history. After theTreaty of Nankingended theFirst Opium Warin 1842, the city was opened up to western populations and merchants traveled to Shanghai for its rich business potential, including many prominent Jewish families. TheSassoonsamassed great wealth in the opium and textile trades, cementing their status by funding many of the buildings that have become iconic in Shanghai's skyline, such as the Cathay Hotel in 1929.TheHardoonswere another prominent Baghdadi Jewish family that used their business success to define Shanghai in the 20th century. The head of the family, Silas Hardoon, one of the richest people in the world during the 1800s, financedNanjing Road, which then housed departmental stores in the International Settlement, that is now one of the busiest shopping centers in the world.
DuringWorld War II, thousands of Jews emigrated to Shanghai in an effort to fleeNazi Germany. They lived in a designated area called the Shanghai Ghetto and formed a community centered on the Ohel Moishe Synagogue, which is now theShanghai Jewish Refugees Museum.In 1939, HoraceKadoorie, the head of the powerful philanthropic Sephardic Jewish family in Shanghai, founded the Shanghai Jewish Youth Association to support Jewish refugees through English education so they would be prepared to emigrate from Shanghai when the time came.
Islamcame into Shanghai during the Yuan dynasty. The city's first mosque,Songjiang Mosque, was built during the Zhizheng (至正) era underEmperor Huizong(reigned 1333 – 1368). Shanghai'sMuslimpopulation increased in the 19th and early 20th centuries (when the city was a treaty port), during which time many mosques—including theXiaotaoyuan Mosque, theHuxi Mosque, and thePudong Mosque—were built. The Shanghai Islamic Association is located in the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque in Huangpu.According to the sixthcensus of Chinain 2010, there are an estimated 85,000 Muslims in Shanghai, compared from 20,000 in 1949 and 7,000 in 1936.
Shanghai has several folk religious temples, including the City God Temple at the heart of the Old City, theDajing Ge Paviliondedicated to the Three Kingdoms generalGuan Yu, theConfucian Temple of Shanghai, and a major Taoist centerShanghai White Cloud Temple[zh]where the Shanghai Taoist Association locates.
Thevernacularlanguage spoken in the city is Shanghainese, part of theTaihu Wusubgroup of theWu Chineselanguage family. This is different from the national language,Mandarin, which is mutually unintelligible with Wu Chinese.Modern Shanghainese derives from the indigenous Wu spoken in the former Songjiang prefecture but has been influenced by other dialects of Taihu Wu, most notablySuzhounese, andNingbonese
Prior to its expansion, the language spoken in Shanghai was not as prominent as those spoken aroundJiaxingand laterSuzhou,and was known as "the local tongue" (本地閑話), a name which is now used in suburbs only.In the late 19th century, downtown Shanghainese (市區閑話or simply上海閑話) appeared, undergoing rapid changes and quickly replacing Suzhounese as theprestige dialectof theYangtze River Deltaregion. At the time, most of the immigration into the city came from the two adjacent provinces, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the local dialects of which had the greatest influence on Shanghainese. After 1949, Putonghua (Standard Mandarin) has also had a great impact on Shanghainese as a result of being rigorously promoted by the government.Since the 1990s, many migrants outside of the Wu-speaking region have come to Shanghai for education and jobs. They often cannot speak the local language and therefore use Putonghua (Mandarin) as alingua franca. Because Putonghua and English were more favored, Shanghainese began to decline, and fluency among young speakers weakened. In recent years, there have been movements within the city to promote the local language and protect it from fading out.
Shanghai is an international center of research and development and as of 2024, it was rankedsecond globally(afterBeijing) by scientific research outputs, as tracked by theNature Index.It is also a major center ofhigher education in China. As of 2023, Shanghai had 68 universities and colleges, ranking first inEast Chinaregion as a city with most higher education institutions.
Shanghai has many highly ranked educational institutions,with 15 universities listed in147 Double First-Class Universitiesranking second nationwide among all cities in China (after Beijing). A number ofChina's most prestigious universitiesappearing in the global university rankings are based in Shanghai, includingFudan University,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Tongji University,East China Normal University,Shanghai University,East China University of Science and Technology,Donghua University,Shanghai University of Finance and Economics,ShanghaiTech University,Shanghai International Studies University,University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai University of Electric Power,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai Maritime University,Second Military Medical University,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai University of Engineering Science,Shanghai Institute of Technology,Shanghai Conservatory of Music, andShanghai University of Sport.Some of these universities were selected as "985 universities" or "211 universities" since the 90s by the Chinese government in order to build world-class universities.
Shanghai is a seat of two members (Fudan UniversityandShanghai Jiao Tong University) of theC9 League, an alliance of elite Chinese universities offering comprehensive and leading education,and these two universities are ranked consistently in the Asia top 10,and in the global top 100research comprehensive universitiesaccording to the most influential university rankings in the world such asQS Rankings,Shanghai Rankings,Times Higher Education RankingsandU.S. News & World ReportBest Global Universities Ranking.Fudan University established a jointEMBAprogram withWashington University in St. Louisin 2002 which has since consistently been ranked as one of the best in the world.
The other two members of the "Project 985,"Tongji UniversityandEast China Normal University, are also based in Shanghai and internationally; they are regarded as one of the most reputableChinese universitiesby theTimes Higher Education World Reputation Rankingswhere they ranked 150–175th globally.The city is also home to theShanghai University of Sport, which consistently ranks the best in China among universities specialized in sports.As of 2024, Shanghai University of Sport ranks #1 in Asia and #29 globally according to the "Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments" released byShanghai Ranking.
The city has manyChinese–foreign joint education institutes[zh], such as theShanghai University–University of Technology SydneyBusiness School since 1994, theUniversity of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute since 2006, andNew York University Shanghai—the first China–U.S. joint venture university—since 2012.In 2013, the Shanghai Municipality and theChinese Academy of Sciencesfounded theShanghaiTech Universityin theZhangjiang Hi-Tech Parkin Pudong.Shanghai is also home to the cadre schoolChina Executive Leadership Academy in Pudongand theChina Europe International Business School. The city government's education agency is theShanghai Municipal Education Commission.
The city is also a seat of theShanghai Academy of Social Sciences,China's oldestthink tankfor thehumanitiesandsocial sciences. It is the largest one outside the capital of Beijing after theChinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS).
By the end of 2023, the city also had a total of 49 institutions for postgraduate education, 68 institutions for higher education, 900 secondary schools, 70 vocational schools, 664 primary schools, and 31 special education schools.In Shanghai, the nine years ofcompulsory education—including five years ofprimary educationand four years ofjunior secondaryeducation—are free, with agross enrollment ratioof over 99.9%.The city's compulsory education system is among the best in the world: in 2009 and 2012, 15-year-old students from Shanghai ranked first in every subject (math, reading, and science) in theProgram for International Student Assessment, a worldwide study of academic performance conducted by the OECD.The consecutive three-yearsenior secondary educationis priced and uses theSenior High School Entrance Examination(Zhongkao) as a selection process, with a gross enrollment ratio of 98%.Among all senior high schools, the four with the best teaching quality—Shanghai High School,No. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University,High School Affiliated to Fudan University, andHigh School Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University—are termed "The Four Schools" ("四校") of Shanghai.As of October 2019, the city'sNational College Entrance Examination(Gaokao) is structured under the "3+3" system, in which all general senior high school students study three compulsory subjects (Chinese, English, and math) and three subjects chosen from six options (physics, chemistry, biology, history, geography, and politics).
Shanghai has an extensive public transportation system comprising metros, buses, ferries, and taxis, all of which can be accessed using aShanghai Public Transport Card.
Shanghai's rapid transit system, theShanghai Metro, incorporates both subway and light metro lines and extends to every core urban district as well as neighboring suburban districts. As of 2021, there are 19 metro lines (excluding theShanghai maglev trainandJinshan railway), 515stations, and 803 km (499 mi) of lines in operation, making it thelongest network in the world.On 8 March 2019, it set the city's daily metro ridership record with 13.3 million.The average fare ranges from CN¥3 (US$0.48) to CN¥9 (US$1.28), depending on the travel distance.
Opened in 2004, the Shanghai maglev train is the first and the fastest commercial high-speedmaglevin the world, with a maximum operation speed of 430 km/h (267 mph).The train can complete the 30-kilometer (19 mi) journey betweenLongyang Road stationand Pudong International Airport in 7 minutes 20 seconds,comparing to 32 minutes byMetro Line 2and 30 minutes by car.A one-way ticket costs CN¥50 (US$8), or CN¥40 (US$6.40) for those with airline tickets or public transportation cards. A round-trip ticket costs CN¥80 (US$12.80), and VIP tickets cost double the standard fare.
With the first tram line been in service in 1908, trams were once popularin Shanghaiin the early 20th century. By 1925, there were 328 tramcars and 14 routes operated by Chinese, French, and British companies collaboratively,all of which werenationalizedafter the PRC's victory in 1949. Since the 1960s, many tram lines were either dismantled or replaced bytrolleybusormotorbuslines;the last tram line was demolished in 1975.Shanghai reintroduced trams in 2010, as a modern rubber-tireTranslohrsystem in Zhangjiang area of East Shanghai asZhangjiang Tram.In 2018, the steel wheeledSongjiang Tramstarted operating in Songjiang District.Additional tram lines are under planning inHongqiao Subdistrictand Jiading District as of 2019.
Shanghai also has the world's most extensivebus network, including the world's oldest continuously operatingtrolleybus system, with 1,575 lines covering a total length of 8,997 km (5,590 mi) by 2019.The system is operated by multiple companies.Bus fares generally cost CN¥2 (US$0.32).Shanghai also has three bus rapid transit systems, namely theYan'an Road Medium Capacity Bus Transit System,Fengpu Expressand Nantuan Express.
As of 2019, a total of 40,000 taxis were in operation in Shanghai.The base fare for taxis is CN¥14 (US$2.24), which covers the first 3 km (2 mi) and includes a CN¥1 (US$0.14) fuel surcharge. The base fare is CN¥18 (US$2.55) between 11:00 pm and 5:00 am. Each additional kilometer costs CN¥2.7 (US$0.45), or CN¥4.05 (US$0.67) between 11:00 pm and 5:00 am.TaxicabsandDiDiplay major roles in urban transportation and DiDi is often cheaper than taxis.
As of January 2021, Shanghai Metro has 459 stations and 772 km. The scale of operation is the first in the world. in 2017, the average daily passenger traffic of the Shanghai metro was 9.693 million, and the total passenger traffic reached 3.538 billion. It is one of the busiest metro cities in the world. The metro lines cover the central city densely and connect most districts and counties.
Shanghai is a major hub ofChina's expressway network. Many national expressways (prefixed with the letter G) pass through or end in Shanghai, includingJinghu Expressway(overlaps withHurong Expressway),Shenhai Expressway,Hushaan Expressway,Huyu Expressway,Hukun Expressway(overlaps withHangzhou Bay Ring Expressway), andShanghai Ring Expressway.There are also numerous municipal expressways prefixed with the letter S.As of 2019, Shanghai has a total of 12 bridges and 14 tunnels crossing the Huangpu River.TheShanghai Yangtze River Bridgeis the city's onlybridge–tunnel complex across Yangtze River.
The expressway network within the city center consists ofNorth–South Elevated Road,Yan'an Elevated Road, andInner Ring Road. Other ring roads in Shanghai includeMiddle Ring Road,Outer Ring Expressway, and Shanghai Ring Expressway.
Bicycle lanes are common in Shanghai, separating non-motorized traffic from car traffic on most surface streets. However, on some main roads, including all expressways, bicycles and motorcycles are banned. In recent years, cycling has seen a resurgence in popularity due to the emergence of a large number of dockless app-basedbicycle-sharing systems, such asMobike,Hello, andDiDi Bike[zh].As of December 2018, bicycle-sharing systems had an average of 1.15 million daily riders within the city.
Private car ownership in Shanghai is rapidly increasing: in 2019, there were 3.40 million private cars in the city, a 12.5% increase from 2018.New private cars cannot be driven without alicense plate, which are sold in monthly license plate auctions. Around 9,500 license plates are auctioned each month, and the average price is about CN¥89,600 (US$12,739) in 2019.According to the city's vehicle regulations introduced in June 2016, only locally registered residents and those who have paid social insurance or individual income taxes for over three years are eligible to be in the auction. The purpose of this policy is to limit the growth of automobile traffic and alleviate congestion.Public transport, biking infrastructure, walkability, generally permits to live in the city without a car.
License plates for fully electric cars or plug-in hybrid vehicles are free.
Shanghai has four major railway stations:Shanghai railway station,Shanghai South railway station,Shanghai West railway station, andShanghai Hongqiao railway station.All are connected to the metro network and serve as hubs in therailway network of China. And now Shanghai has around twenty railway lines running under this city, which largely facilitate people's life in Shanghai.
Built in 1876, theWoosung railwaywas the first railway in Shanghai and the first railway in operation in ChinaBy 1909,Shanghai–Nanjing railwayandShanghai–Hangzhou railwaywere in service.As of October 2019, the two railways have been integrated into two main railways in China:Beijing–Shanghai railwayandShanghai–Kunming railway, respectively.
Shanghai has four high-speed railways (HSRs):Beijing–Shanghai HSR(overlaps withShanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger railway),Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway,Shanghai–Kunming HSR, andShanghai–Nantong railway. One HSR is under construction:Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou HSR.
Shanghai also has fourcommuter railways:Pudong railway(passenger service is currently suspended) andJinshan railwayoperated byChina Railway, andLine 16andLine 17operated by Shanghai Metro.As of January 2022, four additional lines—Chongming line,Jiamin line,Airport link lineandLianggang Express line—are under construction.
Shanghai is one of the largest air transportation hubs in Asia.The city has two commercial airports:Shanghai Pudong International AirportandShanghai Hongqiao International Airport.Pudong International Airport is the primary international airport, while Hongqiao International Airport mainly operates domestic flights with limited short-haul international flights. In 2018, Pudong International Airport served 74.0 million passengers and handled 3.8 million tons of cargo, making it the ninth-busiest airport by passenger volume and third-busiest airport by cargo volume.The same year, Hongqiao International Airport served 43.6 million passengers, making it the 19th-busiest airport by passenger volume.
Since its opening, the Port of Shanghai has rapidly grown to become the largest port in China.Yangshan Port was built in 2005 because the river was unsuitable for docking largecontainer ships. The port is connected with the mainland through the 32-kilometer (20 mi) longDonghai Bridge. Although the port is run by theShanghai International Port Groupunder the government of Shanghai, it administratively belongs to Shengsi County, Zhejiang.
Overtaking thePort of Singaporein 2010,the Port of Shanghai has becomeworld's busiest container portwith an annualTEUtransportation of 42 million in 2018.Besides cargo, the Port of Shanghai handled 259 cruises and 1.89 million passengers in 2019.
Shanghai is part of the21st Century Maritime Silk Roadthat runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip ofIndiatoMombasa, from there to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub ofTriestewith its rail connections toCentraland theEastern Europe.
Urban Plan and infrastructure
After the opening of the port, Shanghai carried out a large number of municipal constructions by the Public Concession Municipal Council, including power plants and water plants. The "Greater Shanghai Plan" formulated in 1927 was the earliest urban master plan for Shanghai. Now, Shanghai's urban planning is carried out in accordance with the "Shanghai Urban Master Plan" (1999–2020) approved by the State Council in May 2001, with the construction of an international economic, financial, trade and shipping center as the core. In the Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall, you can see the corresponding urban planning model within the scope of more than 100 square kilometers of the inner ring road made at a scale of 1:500.
Yangshupu Water Plant
In the decades after 1949, municipal construction remained at the stage of building new workers' housing and replacing electricity and water pipes. Since the 1990s, Shanghai has started large-scale municipal construction, widely promoting flat-to-slope projects (converting the flat roofs of old houses into sloped roofs) and roof water tank renovation projects. Illegal buildings and dirty roads are also rectified every year. Taking the opportunity of hosting the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, the Shanghai municipal government has carried out large-scale renovations on the city landscape, roads, and residential buildings. Shanghai has a large area of shantytowns in history. In the 1990s, 3.65 million square meters of dilapidated shanties were renovated, but the shantytowns in Caojia Village and Guangfu Road have never been started due to cost issues. The urban village landscape, which is in sharp contrast with the surrounding high-rise buildings, remains to this day.
Before Shanghai opened its port, all gardens were private gardens, the most famous of which were Yuyuan, Luxiang Garden, Guyi Garden, Qiuxia Garden, Zuibaichi, etc. After the opening of the port, public gardens began to appear, and the public garden born in 1868 was the first park. But before 1928, Chinese people were not allowed to enter the parks built by the Municipal Council and the Municipal Council. At present, except for individual parks such as Shanghai Zoo and Shanghai Wild Animal Park, park tickets have been cancelled in Shanghai. Since 2000, in order to purify the city's air and beautify the environment, Shanghai has begun to build a number of open green spaces in the city center and suburbs. By 2008, the total green area of Shanghai was 34,256 hectares, the public green area was 14,777 hectares, and the urban green coverage rate was 38%. The total forest area of the city reached nearly 100,000 hectares, and the forest coverage rate was 11.6%.
In order to solve the huge demand for funds for large-scale municipal construction since the 1990s, some officials of the Shanghai Municipal Government led a major reform of Shanghai's investment and financing system, first using the land resources in the hands of the government and introducing the financing method of land lease. During this period, Shanghai raised more than 100 billion yuan through land lease. In 1997, affected by the Asian financial crisis, Shanghai's land lease was greatly reduced, but the scale of the domestic securities market expanded rapidly, residents' savings deposits continued to grow, and social surplus funds increased. Faced with this situation, the Shanghai Municipal Government formulated policies to push profitable infrastructure projects to the market and implement social financing, and at the same time formulated a number of measures to reduce the risk of enterprises participating in financing. In the 1990s, Shanghai raised more than 200 billion yuan through social channels. At the same time, Shanghai actively draws on international experience, and through further improving development mechanisms; expanding the participation of capital markets and social insurance funds in financing; exploring the use of internationally accepted financing methods such as BOT and BOO; and increasing public financial support, further expanding the scope and capacity of financing to meet the needs of municipal construction.
The culture of Shanghai was formed by a combination of the nearbyWuyue cultureand the "East Meets West"Haipaiculture. Wuyue culture's influence is manifested in Shanghainese language—which comprises dialectal elements from nearby Jiaxing, Suzhou, and Ningbo—andShanghai cuisine, which was influenced byJiangsu cuisineandZhejiang cuisine.Haipai culture emerged after Shanghai became a prosperous port in the early 20th century, with numerous foreigners from Europe, America, Japan, and India moving into the city.The culture fuses elements ofWestern cultureswith the local Wuyue culture, and its influence extends to the city's literature, fashion, architecture, music, and cuisine.The term Haipai—originally referring to a painting school in Shanghai—was coined by a group of Beijing writers in 1920 to criticize some Shanghai scholars for admiringcapitalismand Western culture.In the early 21st century, Shanghai has been recognized as a new influence and inspiration forcyberpunkculture.
Cultural curation in Shanghai has seen significant growth since 2013, with several new museums having been opened in the city.This is in part due to the city's 2018 development plans, which aim to make Shanghai "an excellent global city."As such, Shanghai has several museums of regional and national importance.The Shanghai Museum has one of the largest collections of Chinese artifacts in the world, including a large collection ofancient Chinese bronzesandceramics.TheChina Art Museum, located in the formerChina pavilion at Expo 2010, is one of the largest museums in Asia and displays an animated replica of the 12th century paintingAlong the River During the Qingming Festival.TheShanghai Natural History Museumand theShanghai Science and Technology Museumare notable natural history and science museums. In addition, there are numerous smaller, specialist museums housed in important archeological and historical sites, such as theSongzeMuseum,theSite of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, the site of the formerProvisional Government of the Republic of Korea,the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum, and the Shanghai Post Office Museum (located in theGeneral Post Office Building).
Benbang cuisine (本帮菜)is cooking style that originated in the 1600s, with influences from surrounding provinces. It emphasizes the use of condiments while retaining the original flavors of the raw ingredients. Sugar is an important ingredient in Benbang cuisine, especially when used in combination with soy sauce. Signature dishes of Benbang cuisine includeXiaolongbao,Red braised pork belly, andShanghai hairy crab.Haipai cuisine, on the other hand, is a Western-influenced cooking style that originated in Shanghai. It absorbed elements from French, British, Russian, German, and Italian cuisines and adapted them to suit the local taste according to the features of local ingredients.Famous dishes of Haipai cuisine include Shanghai-styleborscht(罗宋汤, "Russian soup"), crispy pork cutlets, andShanghai saladderived fromOlivier salad.Both Benbang and Haipai cuisine make use of a variety of seafood, includingfreshwater fish,shrimps, and crabs.
The Songjiang School (淞江派), containing the Huating School (华亭派) founded byGu Zhengyi,was a small painting school in Shanghai during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.It was represented byDong Qichang.The school was considered an expansion of theWu Schoolin Suzhou, the cultural center of the Jiangnan region at the time.In the mid 19th century, theShanghai Schoolmovement commenced, focusing less on the symbolism emphasized by theLiterati stylebut more on the visual content of painting through the use of bright colors. Secular objects like flowers and birds were often selected as themes.Western artwas introduced to Shanghai in 1847 by Spanish missionary Joannes Ferrer (范廷佐), and the city's first Western atelier was established in 1864 inside theTushanwan orphanage(土山湾孤儿院).During the Republic of China, many famous artists includingZhang Daqian,Liu Haisu,Xu Beihong,Feng Zikai, andYan Wenliangsettled in Shanghai, allowing it to gradually become the art center of China. Various art forms—includingphotography,wood carving,sculpture,comics(Manhua), andLianhuanhua—thrived.Sanmaowas created to dramatize the chaos created by the Second Sino-Japanese War.Today, the most comprehensive art and cultural facility in Shanghai is the China Art Museum. In addition, the Chinese Painting Academy features traditionalChinese painting,while thePower Station of Artdisplayscontemporary art.The city also has many art galleries, many of which are located in theM50 Art DistrictandTianzifang. First held in 1996, theShanghai Biennalehas become an important place for Chinese and foreign arts to interact.
TraditionalChinese opera(Xiqu) became a popular source of public entertainment in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century,monologueandburlesquein Shanghainese appeared, absorbing elements from traditional dramas. TheGreat Worldopened in 1912 and was a significant stage at the time.In the 1920s,Pingtanexpanded from Suzhou to Shanghai.Pingtan art developed rapidly to 103 programs every day by the 1930s because of the abundant commercial radio stations in the city. Around the same time, a Shanghai-style Beijing Opera was formed. Led byZhou XinfangandGai Jiaotian[zh], it attracted many Xiqu masters, likeMei Lanfang, to the city.A small troupe from Shengxian (nowShengzhou) also began to promoteYue operaon the Shanghainese stage.A unique style of opera,Shanghai opera, was formed when local folksongs were fused with modern operas.As of 2012, prominent troupes in Shanghai includeShanghai Jingju Theatre Company,Shanghai Kunqu Opera Troupe[zh],Shanghai Yue Opera House, and Shanghai Huju Opera House.
Dramaappeared inmissionary schoolsin Shanghai in the late 19th century. At the time, it was mainly performed in English.Scandals in Officialdom(官场丑史), staged in 1899, was one of the earliest-recorded plays.In 1907,Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly(黑奴吁天录) was performed at theLyceum Theatre[zh].After theNew Culture Movement, drama became a popular way for students and intellectuals to express their views. The city has several major institutes of theater training, including theShanghai Conservatory of Music, the Shanghai Dramatic Arts Centre, theShanghai Opera House, and theShanghai Theatre Academy. Notable theaters in Shanghai include the Shanghai Grand Theatre, theOriental Art Center, and the People's Theatre.
Shanghai is considered to be the birthplace ofChinese cinema.China's first short film,The Difficult Couple(1913), and the country's first fictional feature film,An Orphan Rescues His Grandfather(孤儿救祖记, 1923)were both produced in Shanghai. Shanghai's film industry grew during the early 1930s, generating stars such asHu Die,Ruan Lingyu,Zhou Xuan,Jin Yan, andZhao Dan. Another film star, Jiang Qing, went on to become MadameMao Zedong. The exile of Shanghainese filmmakers and actors as a result of the Second Sino-Japanese War and theCommunist revolutioncontributed enormously to the development of theHong Kong film industry.The movieIn the Mood for Lovedirected byWong Kar-wai, a Shanghai native, depicts a slice of the displaced Shanghainese community in Hong Kong and the nostalgia for that era, featuring 1940s music by Zhou Xuan.
Shanghai's cultural festivals include Shanghai International Television Festival, Shanghai International Film Festival, Shanghai International Art Festival, Shanghai International Tourism Festival, Shanghai Spring International Music Festival, etc. Shanghai TV Festival is the earliest international TV festival founded in China. It was founded in 1986. The Shanghai International Film Festival was founded in 1993 and is one of the nine major international film festivals in the A category. The highest award is the "Golden Goblet Award"
Since 2001, Shanghai has held its ownfashion weekcalledShanghai Fashion Weektwice every year in April and October. The main venue is inFuxing Park, and the opening and closing ceremonies are held in the Shanghai Fashion Center. The April session is also part of the one-monthShanghai International Fashion Culture Festival.Shanghai Fashion Week is considered to be an event of national significance featuring both international and Chinese designers. The international presence has included many promising young British fashion designers.The event is hosted by the Shanghai Municipal Government and supported by the People's Republic Ministry of Commerce.
Shanghai is home to severalfootballteams, including two in theChinese Super League:Shanghai ShenhuaandShanghai Port.Shanghai's top-tierbasketballteam, theShanghai Sharksof theChinese Basketball Association, developedYao Mingbefore he entered theNBA.Shanghai's baseball team, theShanghai Golden Eagles, plays in theChina Baseball League.
TheShanghai Cricket Clubdates back to 1858 when the first recorded cricket match was played between a team ofBritish Navalofficers and a Shanghai 11. Following a 45-year dormancy after the founding of the PRC in 1949, the club was re-established in 1994 by expatriates living in the city and has since grown to over 300 members. TheShanghai cricket teamplayed various international matches between 1866 and 1948. With cricket in the rest of China almost non-existent, for that period they were the de factoChina national cricket team.
Shanghai is home to many prominent Chinese professional athletes, such as basketball player Yao Ming,110 metres hurdlesLiu Xiang,table tennisplayerWang Liqin,andbadmintonplayerWang Yihan.
In 2023, athletes from Shanghai collectively won 19 gold medals at world championships and 38 gold medals at the highest-level national competitions.
Shanghai is the host of several international sports events. Since 2004, it has hosted theChinese Grand Prix, a round of theFormula One World Championship. The race is staged annually at theShanghai International Circuit.It hosted the1000th Formula One raceon 14 April 2019. In 2010, Shanghai became the host city ofDeutsche Tourenwagen Masters, which raced in a street circuit in Pudong. In 2012, Shanghai began hosting4 Hours of Shanghaias one round from the inaugural season of theFIA World Endurance Championship. The city also hosts theShanghai Masterstennis tournament, which is part ofATP World Tour Masters 1000, as well as golf tournaments including theBMW MastersandWGC-HSBC Champions.
On 21 September 2017, Shanghai hosted aNational Hockey League(NHL)ice hockeyexhibition game in an effort to increase fan interest for the2017–18 NHL season.
Shanghai is solidifying its status as a global hub for premier professional sports events. In 2023, Shanghai hosted a total of 118 sports events, with 190,000 participants and 1.29 million spectators, driving a consumption of CN¥3.713 billion (US$510.83 million).
In 2024, the city is set to host nearly 175 domestic and international tournaments.Notable events on the calendar include the Olympic Qualifier Series, the Formula 1 Chinese Grand Prix, the 2024 FIA Formula E World Championship (Shanghai), the 2024 Archery World Cup, the WDSF Grand Slam Final, and the ISU Four Continents Figure Skating Championships 2024, among others.
Shanghai has an extensive public park system; by 2022, the city had 670 parks, of which 281 had free admission, and the per capita park area was 9 m(97 sq ft).Some of the parks also have become popular tourist attractions due to their unique location, history, or architecture.
ThePeople's Squarepark, located in the heart of downtown Shanghai, is especially well known for its proximity to other major landmarks in the city. Fuxing Park, located in the former French Concession, features formal French-style gardens and is surrounded by high-end bars and cafes.
Zhongshan Park, in western central Shanghai, is famous for its monument ofChopin, the tallest statue dedicated to the composer in the world.Built in 1914 as Jessfield Park, it once contained the campus ofSt. John's University, Shanghai's first international college; today, the park featuressakuraandpeonygardens and a 150-year-oldplatanus,and it also serves as an interchange hub in the metro system.
One of Shanghai's newer parks is theXujiahui Park, which was built in 1999, on the former grounds of the Great Chinese Rubber Works Factory and the EMI Recording Studio (now La Villa Rouge restaurant). The park has an artificial lake with a sky bridge running across the park.Shanghai Botanical Gardenis located 12 km (7 mi) southwest of the city center and was established in 1978. In 2011, the largest botanical garden in Shanghai—Shanghai Chen Shan Botanical Garden—opened in Songjiang District.
Other notable parks in Shanghai includeLu Xun Park,Century Park,Gucun Park,Gongqing Forest Park, andJing'an Park.
TheShanghai Disney ResortProject was approved by the government on 4 November 2009and opened in 2016.The $4.4 billion theme park and resort in Pudong features a castle that is the biggest among Disney's resorts.More than 11 million people visited the resort in its first year of operation.
Air pollutionin Shanghai is not as severe as in many other Chinese cities, but is still considered substantial by world standards.During the December2013 Eastern China smog, air pollution rates reached between 23 and 31 times the international standard.On 6 December 2013, levels of PM2.5particulate matterin Shanghai rose above 600 micrograms per cubic meter and in the surrounding area, above 700 micrograms per cubic meter.Levels of PM2.5in Putuo District reached 726 micrograms per cubic meter.As a result, the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission received orders to suspend students' outdoor activities. Authorities pulled nearly one-third of government vehicles from the roads, while much construction work was halted. Most inbound flights were canceled, and more than 50 flights at Pudong International Airport were diverted.
On 23 January 2014,Yang Xiong, themayor of Shanghai, announced that three main measures would be taken to manage the air pollution in Shanghai, along with surrounding Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces.The measures involved implementing the 2013 air-cleaning program, establishing a linkage mechanism with the three surrounding provinces, and improving the city's early-warning systems.On 12 February 2014, China's cabinet announced that a CN¥10 billion (US$1.7 billion) fund will be set up to help companies meet the new environmental standards.The effect of the policy was significant. From 2013 to 2018, more than 3,000 treatment facilities for industrial waste gases were installed, and the city's annualsmoke,nitrogen oxide, andsulfur dioxideemission decreased by 65%, 54%, and 95%, respectively.
In 2023, the Air Quality Index (AQI) of Shanghai reached a rate of 87.7%, a 0.6% increase compared to the previous year. The annual average concentration of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) was 48 microgrammes per cubic meter, while the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter was 28 microgrammes per cubic meter.
Public awareness of the environment is growing, and the city is investing in a number of environmental protection projects. A 16-year rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek, which runs through the city, was finished in 2012, clearing the creek of barges and factories and removing 1.3 million cubic meters of sludge.Additionally, the government has moved almost all the factories within the city center to either the outskirts or other provinces,and provided incentives for transportation companies to invest inLPGbuses and taxis.
On 1 July 2019, Shanghai adopted a new garbage-classification system that sorts out waste into residual waste, kitchen waste, recyclable waste, and hazardous waste.The wastes are collected by separate vehicles and sent toincinerationplants,landfills,recyclingcenters, and hazardous-waste-disposal facilities, respectively.
Media in Shanghai[zh]covers newspapers, publisher, broadcast, television, and Internet, with some media having influence over the country. In regard to foreign publications in Shanghai, Hartmut Walravens of theIFLANewspapers Section said that when the Japanese controlled Shanghai in the 1940s "it was very difficult to publish good papers – one either had to concentrate on emigration problems, or cooperate like theChronicle."
As of March 2020, newspapers publishing in Shanghai include:
Newspapers formerly published in Shanghai include:
The city's main broadcaster isShanghai Media Group.
The city is the seat of theNew Development Bank, amultilateral development bankestablished by theBRICSstates.
Shanghai istwinnedwith 68 cities from the following 57 countries:
As of September 2020, Shanghai hosts 71 consulates general and 5 consulates, excluding Hong Kong and Macao trade office.