New Mexico

New Mexicois a state in theSouthwesternregion of theUnited States. It is one of theMountain Statesof the southernRocky Mountains, sharing theFour Cornersregion withUtah,Colorado, andArizona. It also borders the state ofTexasto the east and southeast,Oklahomato the northeast, and sharesan international borderwith theMexican statesofChihuahuaandSonorato the south. New Mexico's largest city isAlbuquerque, and itsstate capitalisSanta Fe, the oldest state capital in the U.S., founded in 1610 as the government seat ofNuevo MéxicoinNew Spain, as well as the highest at 6,998 feet (2,133 m).
New Mexico is thefifth-largest of the fifty statesby area, but with just over 2.1 million residents, ranks36th in populationand45th in population density.Its climate and geography are highly varied, ranging from forested mountains to sparse deserts; thenorthernandeastern regionsexhibit a colderalpine climate, while the west and south are warmer andmore arid. TheRio Grandeandits fertile valleyruns from north-to-south, creating ariparianbiome through thecenter of the statethat supports abosquehabitat and distinctAlbuquerque Basinclimate. One-third of New Mexico's land is federally owned, and the state hosts many protected wilderness areas and 15national parksand monuments, includingthree UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the most of any U.S. state.
New Mexico's economyis highly diversified, includingcattle ranching, agriculture, lumber, scientific and technological research, tourism, and the arts; major sectors include mining, oil and gas, aerospace,media, andfilm.Its totalreal gross domestic product(GDP) in 2023 was over $105 billion, with a GDP per capita of $49,879.State tax policyis characterized by low to moderate taxation of resident personal income by national standards, with tax credits, exemptions, and special considerations for military personnel and favorable industries. New Mexico has a significantU.S. militarypresence,includingWhite Sands Missile Range,KUMMSC, and strategically valuable federal research centers, such as theSandiaandLos Alamos National Laboratories. The state hosted severalkey facilitiesof theManhattan Project, which developed the world's firstatomic bomb, and was the site of the first nuclear test,Trinity.
Inprehistoric times, New Mexico was home toAncestral Puebloans, theMogollonculture, andancestral Ute.NavajosandApachesarrived in the late 15th century and theComanchesin the early 18th century. ThePueblo peoplesoccupied several dozen villages, primarily in the Rio Grande valley of northern New Mexico.Spanish explorers and settlersarrived in the 16th century from present-day Mexico.Isolated by its rugged terrain, New Mexico was aperipheralpart of theviceroyaltyofNew Spaindominated byComancheria. FollowingMexican independencein 1821, it became anautonomous regionof Mexico, albeit increasingly threatened by the centralizing policies of the Mexican government, culminating in theRevolt of 1837; at the same time, New Mexico became more economically dependent on the U.S. Following theMexican–American Warin 1848, the U.S.annexed New Mexicoas part of the largerNew Mexico Territory. It played a central role inU.S. westward expansionand wasadmitted to the Unionas the 47th state on January 6, 1912.
New Mexico's history contributed to itsunique culture. It is one of only sevenmajority-minority states, with the nation's highest percentage ofHispanic and Latino Americansand second-highest percentage of Native Americans, afterAlaska.The state is home to one–third of theNavajo Nation, 19federally recognizedPueblo communities, and three federally recognizedApachetribes. Its large Latino population includesHispanosdescended from settlers during theSpanish era,and later groups ofMexican Americanssince the 19th century. TheNew Mexican flag, which is among the most recognizable in the U.S.,reflects the state's eclectic origins, featuring the ancient sun symbol of theZia, a Puebloan tribe, with the scarlet and gold coloration of theSpanish flag.The confluence of indigenous, Hispanic (Spanish and Mexican), andAmericaninfluences is also evident in New Mexico'sunique cuisine,Spanish dialect,folk music, andPueblo RevivalandTerritorial styles of architecture.
New Mexico received its name long before the present-day country of Mexico won independence from Spain and adopted that name in 1821. The name "Mexico" derives fromNahuatland originally referred to the heartland of theMexica, the rulers of theAztec Empire, in theValley of Mexico.Following theirconquest of the Aztecsin the early 16th century, the Spanish began exploring what is now the Southwestern United States calling itNuevo México. In 1581, theChamuscado and Rodríguez Expeditionnamed the region north of the Rio GrandeSan Felipe del Nuevo México.The Spaniards had hoped to find wealthy indigenous cultures similar to the Mexica. The indigenous cultures of New Mexico, however, proved to be unrelated to the Mexica and lacking in riches, but the name persisted.
Before statehood in 1912, the name "New Mexico" loosely applied to various configurations of territories in the same general area, whichevolved throughout the Spanish, Mexican, and U.S. periods, but typically encompassed most of present-day New Mexico along with sections of neighboring states.
The first known inhabitants of New Mexico were members of theClovis cultureofPaleo-Indians.Footprints discovered in 2017 suggest that humans may have been present in the region as long ago as 21,000–23,000 BC.Later inhabitants include theMogollonandAncestral Pueblocultures, which are characterized by sophisticated pottery work and urban development;pueblosor their remnants, like those atAcoma,Taos, andChaco Culture National Historical Park, indicate the scale ofAncestral Puebloan dwellingswithin the area. These cultures form part of the broaderOasisamericaregion of pre-Columbian North America.
The vast trade networks of the Ancestral Puebloans led to legends throughoutMesoamericaand theAztec Empire(Mexico) of an unseen northern empire that rivaled their own, which they calledYancuic Mexico, literally translated as "a new Mexico".
Aztec legends of a prosperous empire to their north became the primary basis for the mythicalSeven Cities of Gold, which spurred exploration by Spanishconquistadorsfollowing theirconquest of the Aztecsin the early 16th century; prominent explorers includedÁlvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca,Andrés Dorantes de Carranza,Alonso del Castillo Maldonado,Estevanico, andMarcos de Niza.
The settlement ofLa Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís— modern day Santa Fe – was established byPedro de Peraltaas a more permanent capital at the foot of theSangre de Cristo Mountainsin 1610.Towards the end of the 17th century, thePueblo Revoltdrove out the Spanish and occupied these early cities for over a decade.After the death of Pueblo leaderPopé,Diego de Vargasrestored the area to Spanish rule,with Puebloans offered greater cultural and religious liberties.Returning settlers foundedLa Villa de Alburquerquein 1706 atOld Town Albuquerqueas a trading center for existing surrounding communities such asBarelas,Isleta,Los Ranchos, andSandia;it was named for the viceroy of New Spain,Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque.GovernorFrancisco Cuervo y Valdésestablished the villa inTiguexto providefree tradeaccess and facilitate cultural exchange in the region.
Beyond forging better relations with the Pueblos, governors were forbearing in their approach to the indigenous peoples, such as was with governorTomás Vélez Cachupín;the comparatively large reservations in New Mexico andArizonaare partly a legacy of Spanish treaties recognizing indigenous land claims in Nuevo México.Nevertheless, relations between the various indigenous groups and Spanish settlers remained nebulous and complex, varying from trade and commerce to cultural assimilation and intermarriage to total warfare. During most of the 18th century, raids byNavajo,Apache, and especiallyComancheinhibited the growth and prosperity of the New Mexico. The region's harsh environment and remoteness, surrounded by hostile Native Americans, fostered a greater degree of self-reliance, as well as pragmatic cooperation, between thePueblo peoplesand colonists. Many indigenous communities enjoyed a large measure of autonomy well into the late 19th century due to the improved governance.
To encourage settlement in its vulnerable periphery, Spain awarded land grants to European settlers in Nuevo México; due to the scarcity of water throughout the region, the vast majority of colonists resided in the central valley of the Rio Grande and its tributaries. Most communities were walled enclaves consisting of adobe houses that opened onto a plaza, from which four streets ran outward to small, private agricultural plots and orchards; these were watered byacequias,community owned and operated irrigation canals. Just beyond the wall was theejido, communal land for grazing, firewood, or recreation. By 1800, the population of New Mexico had reached 25,000 (not including indigenous inhabitants), far exceeding the territories of California and Texas.
As part of New Spain, the province of New Mexico became part of theFirst Mexican Empirein 1821 following theMexican War of Independence.Upon its secession from Mexico in 1836, theRepublic of Texasclaimed the portion east of theRio Grande, based on the erroneous assumption that the older Hispanic settlements of the upper Rio Grande were the same as the newly established Mexican settlements of Texas. TheTexan Santa Fe Expeditionwas launched to seize the contested territory but failed with the capture and imprisonment of the entire army by the Hispanic New Mexico militia.
During the turn of the 19th century, the extreme northeastern part of New Mexico, north of the Canadian River and east of the spine of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, was still claimed by France, which sold it in 1803 as part of theLouisiana Purchase. In 1812, the U.S. reclassified the land as part of theMissouri Territory. This region of New Mexico (along with territory comprising present-day southeastern Colorado, theTexasandOklahoma Panhandles, and southwesternKansas) was ceded to Spain under theAdams-Onis Treatyin 1819.
When theFirst Mexican Republicbegan to transition into theCentralist Republic of Mexico, they began to centralize power ignoring the sovereignty of Santa Fe and disregarding Pueblo land rights. This led to theChimayó Rebellionin 1837, led bygenízaroJosé Gonzales.The death of then governorAlbino Pérezduring the revolt, was met with further hostility. Though José Gonzales was executed due to his involvement in the governor's death, subsequent governorsManuel ArmijoandJuan Bautista Vigil y Alaridagreed with some of the underlying sentiment. This led to New Mexico becoming financially and politically tied to the U.S., and preferring trade along theSanta Fe Trail.
Following the victory of the United States in the Mexican–American War (1846–48), Mexicoceded its northern territoriesto the U.S., including California, Texas, and New Mexico.The Americans were initially heavy-handed in their treatment of former Mexican citizens, triggering theTaos Revoltin 1847 by Hispanos and their Pueblo allies; the insurrection led to the death of territorial governorCharles Bentand the collapse of the civilian government established byStephen W. Kearny. In response, the U.S. government appointed localDonaciano Vigilas governor to better represent New Mexico,and also vowed to accept the land rights ofNuevomexicansand grant them citizenship. In 1864, PresidentAbraham Lincolnsymbolized the recognition of Native land rights with the Lincoln Canes,sceptresof officegifted to each of the Pueblos, a tradition dating back to Spanish and Mexican eras.
After theRepublic of Texaswas admitted as a state in 1846, it attempted to claim the eastern portion of New Mexico east of the Rio Grande, while theCalifornia RepublicandState of Desereteach claimed parts of western New Mexico. Under theCompromise of 1850, these regions were forced by the U.S. government to drop their claims, Texas received $10million in federal funds, California was granted statehood, and officially establishing theUtah Territory; therein recognizing most of New Mexico's historically established land claims.Pursuant to the compromise, Congress established theNew Mexico Territoryin September of that year;it included most of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, along with theLas VegasValleyand what would later becomeClark CountyinNevada.
In 1853 the U.S. acquired the mostly desert southwestern bootheel of the state, along with Arizona's land south of the Gila River, in theGadsden Purchase, which was needed for the right-of-way to encourage construction of atranscontinental railroad.
When theU.S. Civil Warbroke out in 1861, bothConfederateandUniongovernments claimed ownership and territorial rights over New Mexico Territory. The Confederacy claimed the southern tract as its ownArizona Territory, and as part of theTrans-Mississippi Theaterof the war, waged the ambitiousNew Mexico Campaignto control theAmerican Southwestand open up access to Union California. Confederate power in the New Mexico Territory was effectively broken after theBattle of Glorieta Passin 1862, though the Confederate territorial government continued to operate out of Texas. More than 8,000 soldiers from New Mexico Territory served in theUnion Army.
The end of the war sawrapid economic development and settlementin New Mexico, which attracted homesteaders, ranchers, cowboys, businessmen, and outlaws;many of thefolklorecharacters of theWestern genrehad their origins in New Mexico, most notably businesswomanMaria Gertrudis Barceló, outlawBilly the Kid, and lawmenPat GarrettandElfego Baca. The influx of "Anglo Americans" from the eastern U.S. (which include African Americans and recent European immigrants) reshaped the state's economy, culture, and politics. Into the late 19th century, the majority of New Mexicans remained ethnic mestizos of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry (primarily Pueblo, Navajo, Apache, Genízaro, and Comanche), many of whom had roots going back to Spanish settlement in the 16th century; this distinctly New Mexican ethnic group became known asHispanosand developed a more pronounced identity vis-a-vis the newer Anglo arrivals. Politically, they still controlled most town and county offices through local elections, and wealthy ranching families commanded considerable influence, preferring business,legislative, andjudicialrelations with fellow indigenous New Mexican groups. By contrast, Anglo Americans, who were "outnumbered, but well-organized and growing"tended to have more ties to the territorial government, whose officials were appointed by the U.S. federal government; subsequently, newer residents of New Mexico generally favored maintaining territorial status, which they saw as a check on Native and Hispano influence.
A consequence of the civil war was intensifying conflict with indigenous peoples, which was part of the broader AmericanIndian Warsalong the frontier. The withdrawal of troops and material for the war effort had prompted raids by hostile tribes, and the federal government moved to subdue the many native communities that had been effectively autonomous throughout the colonial period. Following the elimination of the Confederate threat, Brigadier GeneralJames Carleton, who had assumed command of the Military Department of New Mexico in 1862, led what he described as a "merciless war against all hostile tribes" that aimed to "force them to their knees, and then confine them to reservations where they could be Christianized and instructed in agriculture."With famed frontiersmanKit Carsonplaced in charge of troops in the field, powerful indigenous groups such as theNavajo,MescaleroApache,Kiowa, andComanchewere brutally pacified through a scorched earth policy, and thereafter forced into barren and remote reservations. Sporadic conflicts continued into the late 1880s, most notablythe guerilla campaignsled by Apachechiefs Victorioand his son-in-lawNana.
The political and cultural clashes between these competing ethnic groups sometimes culminated in mob violence, including lynchings of Native, Hispanic, and Mexican peoples, as was attempted at theFrisco shootoutin 1884. Nevertheless, prominent figures from across these communities, and from both theDemocraticandRepublican parties, attempted to fight this prejudice and forge a more cohesive, multiethnic New Mexican identity; they include lawmenBacaandGarrett, and governorsCurry,Hagerman, andOtero.Indeed, some territorial governors, likeLew Wallace, had served in both the Mexican and American militaries.
TheUnited States Congressadmitted New Mexico as the47th stateon January 6, 1912.It had been eligible for statehood 60 years earlier, but was delayed due to the perception that its majorityHispanicpopulation was "alien" to U.S. culture and political values.When the U.S. entered the First World War roughly five years later, New Mexicans volunteered in significant numbers, in part to prove their loyalty as full-fledged citizens of the U.S. The state ranked fifth in the nation for military service, enlisting more than 17,000 recruits from all 33 counties; over 500 New Mexicans were killed in the war.
Indigenous-Hispanic families had long been established since the Spanish and Mexican era,but most American settlers in the state had an uneasy relationship with the large Native American tribes.Most indigenous New Mexicans lived onreservationsand near oldplacitasandvillas. In 1924, Congress passed a law granting all Native Americans U.S. citizenship and the right to vote in federal and state elections. However, Anglo-American arrivals into New Mexico enactedJim Crow lawsagainst Hispanos, Hispanic Americans, and those who did not pay taxes, targeting indigenous affiliated individuals;because Hispanics often hadinterpersonal relationshipswith indigenous peoples, they were often subject tosegregation,social inequality, andemployment discrimination.
During the fight forwomen's suffrage in the United States, New Mexico's Hispano and Mexican women at the forefront included Trinidad Cabeza de Baca, Dolores "Lola" Armijo, Mrs. James Chavez, Aurora Lucero, Anita "Mrs. Secundino" Romero, Arabella "Mrs. Cleofas" Romero and her daughter, Marie.
A major oil discovery in 1928 near the town ofHobbsbrought greater wealth to the state, especially in surroundingLea County.The New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources called it "the most important single discovery of oil in New Mexico's history".Nevertheless, agriculture and cattle ranching remained the primary economic activities.
New Mexico wasgreatly transformedby the U.S. entry into theSecond World Warin December 1941. As in the First World War,patriotismran high among New Mexicans, including among marginalized Hispanic and indigenous communities; on a per capita basis, New Mexico produced more volunteers, and suffered more casualties, than any other state. The war also spurred economic development, particularly in extractive industries, with the state becoming a leading supplier of several strategic resources. New Mexico's rough terrain and geographic isolation made it an attractive location for several sensitive military and scientific installations; the most famous wasLos Alamos, one of the central facilities of theManhattan Project, where the firstatomic bombswere designed and manufactured. The first bomb was tested atTrinity sitein the desert betweenSocorroandAlamogordo, which is today part of theWhite Sands Missile Range.
As a legacy of the Second World War, New Mexico continues to receive large amounts of federal government spending on major military and research institutions. In addition to the White Sands Missile Range, the state hosts three U.S. Air Force bases that were established or expanded during the war. While the high military presence brought considerable investment, it has also been the center of controversy; on May 22, 1957, a B-36accidentally droppeda nuclear bomb 4.5 miles from the control tower while landing atKirtland Air Force Basein Albuquerque; only its conventional "trigger" detonated.TheLos Alamos National LaboratoryandSandia National Laboratories, two of the nation's leadingfederal scientific research facilities, originated from the Manhattan Project. The focus on high technology is still a top priority of the state, to the extent that it became a center forunidentified flying objects, especially following the 1947Roswell incident.
New Mexico saw its population nearly double from roughly 532,000 in 1940 to over 954,000 by 1960.In addition to federal personnel and agencies, many residents and businesses moved to the state, particularly from the northeast, often drawn by its warm climate and low taxes.The pattern continues into the 21st century, with New Mexico adding over 400,000 residents between 2000 and 2020.
Native Americans from New Mexico fought for the United States in both world wars. Returning veterans were disappointed to find their civil rights limited by state discrimination. In Arizona and New Mexico, veterans challenged state laws or practices prohibiting them from voting. In 1948, after veteran Miguel Trujillo Sr. ofIsleta Pueblowas told by the county registrar that he could not register to vote, he filed suit against the county in federal district court. A three-judge panel overturned as unconstitutional New Mexico's provisions that Native Americans who did not pay taxes (and could not document if they had paid taxes) could not vote.
In the early to mid-20th century, the art presence in Santa Fe grew, and it became known as one of the world's great art centers.The presence of artists such asGeorgia O'Keeffeattracted many others, including those alongCanyon Road.In the late 20th century, Native Americans were authorized by federal law to establish gaming casinos on their reservations under certain conditions, in states which had authorized such gaming. Such facilities have helped tribes close to population centers generate revenues for reinvestment in the economic development and welfare of their peoples. TheAlbuquerque metropolitan areais home to several casinos as a result.
In the 21st century, employment growth areas in New Mexico includeelectronic circuitry,scientific research, information technology,casinos,art of the American Southwest, food,film, andmedia, particularly in Albuquerque.The state was the founding location ofMicro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems, which led to the founding ofMicrosoftin Albuquerque.Intelmaintains their F11X inRio Rancho, which also hosts an IT center forHP Inc.New Mexico's culinary scenebecame recognized and is now a source of revenue for the state.Albuquerque Studioshas become a filming hub forNetflix, and it was brought international media production companies to the state likeNBCUniversal.
TheCOVID-19 pandemicwas confirmed to have reached the U.S. state of New Mexico on March 11, 2020.  On December 23, 2020, the New Mexico Department of Health reported 1,174 new COVID-19 cases and 40 deaths, bringing the cumulative statewide totals to 133,242 cases and 2,243 deaths since the start of the pandemic.
With a total area of 121,590 square miles (314,900 km),New Mexico is thefifth-largest state, after Alaska, Texas, California, and Montana. Its eastern border lies along 103°Wlongitudewith the state ofOklahoma, and 2.2 miles (3.5 kilometres) west of 103°W longitude withTexasdue to a 19th-century surveying error.On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states ofChihuahuaandSonoramake up the western third, with Chihuahua making up about 90% of that. The western border withArizonaruns along the109° 03'Wlongitude.The southwestern corner of the state is known as theBootheel. The37°Nparallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states of New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in New Mexico's northwestern corner. Its surface water area is about 292 square miles (760 km).
Despite its popular depiction as mostly arid desert, New Mexico has one of the most diverselandscapesof any U.S. state, ranging from wide, auburn-colored deserts andverdant grasslands, to brokenmesasand high, snow-capped peaks.Close to athird of the state is covered in timberland, with heavily forested mountain wildernesses dominating the north. TheSangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost part of theRocky Mountains, run roughly north–south along the east side of theRio Grande, in the rugged, pastoral north. TheGreat Plainsextend into the eastern third of the state, most notably theLlano Estacado("Staked Plain"), whose westernmost boundary is marked by theMescalero Ridgeescarpment. The northwestern quadrant of New Mexico is dominated by theColorado Plateau, characterized by unique volcanic formations, dry grasslands and shrublands, openpinyon-juniper woodland, and mountain forests.TheChihuahuan Desert, which is the largest in North America, extends through the south.
Over four–fifths of New Mexico is higher than 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) above sea level. The average elevation ranges from up to 8,000 feet (2,400 meters) above sea level in the northwest, to less than 4,000 feet in the southeast.The highest point isWheeler Peakat over 13,160 feet (4,010 meters) in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, while the lowest is theRed Bluff Reservoirat around 2,840 feet (870 meters), in the southeastern corner of the state.
In addition to the Rio Grande, which is tied for thefourth-longest river in the U.S., New Mexico has four other major river systems: thePecos,Canadian,San Juan, andGila.Nearly bisecting New Mexico from north to south, the Rio Grande has played an influential role in the region's history; its fertile floodplain has supported human habitation since prehistoric times, and European settlers initially lived exclusively in its valleys and along its tributaries.The Pecos, which flows roughly parallel to the Rio Grande at its east, was a popular route for explorers, as was the Canadian River, which rises in the mountainous north and flows east across the arid plains. The San Juan and Gila lie west of theContinental Divide, in the northwest and southwest, respectively. With the exception of the Gila, all major rivers are dammed in New Mexico and provide a major water source forirrigationand flood control.
New Mexico has long been known for its dry, temperate climate.Overall, the state is semi-arid to arid, with areas of continental and alpine climates at higher elevations. New Mexico's statewide average precipitation is 13.7 inches (350 mm) a year, with average monthly amounts peaking in the summer, particularly in the more rugged north-central area around Albuquerque and in the south. Generally, the eastern third of the state receives the most rainfall, while the western third receives the least. Higher altitudes receive around 40 inches (1,000 mm), while the lowest elevations see as little as 8 to 10 inches (200 to 250 millimetres).
Annual temperatures can range from 65 °F (18 °C) in the southeast to below 40 °F (4 °C) in the northern mountains,with the average being the mid-50s °F (12 °C). During the summer, daytime temperatures can often exceed 100 °F (38 °C) at elevations below 5,000 feet (1,500 m); the average high temperature in July ranges from 99 °F (37 °C) at the lower elevations down to 78°F (26°C) at the higher elevations. In the colder months of November to March, many cities in New Mexico can have nighttime temperature lows in the teens above zero, or lower. The highest temperature recorded in New Mexico was 122 °F (50 °C) at theWaste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)nearLovingon June 27, 1994; the lowest recorded temperature is −57 °F (−49 °C) atCiniza(nearJamestown) on January 13, 1963.
New Mexico's stable climate and sparse population provides for clearer skies and lesslight pollution, making it a popular site for several majorastronomical observatories, including theApache Point Observatory, theVery Large Array, and theMagdalena Ridge Observatory, among others.
Owing to its variedtopography, New Mexico has six distinctvegetation zonesthat provide diverse sets of habitats for many plants and animals.The Upper Sonoran Zone is by far the most prominent, constituting about three-fourths of the state; it includes most of the plains, foothills, and valleys above 4,500 feet, and is defined by prairie grasses, low piñon pines, and juniper shrubs. TheLlano Estacadoin the east featuresShortgrass Prairiewithblue grama, which sustainbison. TheChihuahuan Desertin the south is characterized by shrubbycreosote. TheColorado Plateauin the northwest corner of New Mexico is high desert with cold winters, featuringsagebrush,shadescale,greasewood, and other plants adapted to thesalineandseleniferoussoil.
The mountainous north hosts a wide array of vegetation types corresponding to elevation gradients, such aspiñon-juniper woodlandsnear the base, throughevergreenconifers,spruce-firandaspenforests in the transitionary zone, andKrummholz, andalpine tundraat the very top.TheApachian zonetucked into the southwestern bootheel of the state has high-calcium soil,oak woodlands,Arizona cypress, and other plants that are not found in other parts of the state.The southern sections of the Rio Grande and Pecos valleys have 20,000 square miles (52,000 square kilometres) of New Mexico's best grazing land and irrigated farmland.
New Mexico's varied climate and vegetation zones consequently support diverse wildlife.Black bears,bighorn sheep,bobcats,cougars,deer, andelklive in habitats above 7,000 feet, whilecoyotes,jackrabbits,kangaroo rats,javelina,porcupines,pronghorn antelope,western diamondbacks, andwild turkeyslive in less mountainous and elevated regions.The iconicroadrunner, which is the state bird, is abundant in the southeast. Endangered species include theMexican gray wolf, which is being gradually reintroduced in the world, andRio Grande silvery minnow.Over 500 species of birds live or migrate through New Mexico, third only to California and Mexico.
New Mexico and 12 other western states together account for 93% of all federally owned land in the U.S. Roughly one–third of the state, or 24.7 million of 77.8 million acres, is held by the U.S. government, the tenth-highest percentage in the country. More than half this land is under theBureau of Land Managementas eitherpublic domain landorNational Conservation Lands, while another third is managed by theU.S. Forest Serviceasnational forests.
New Mexico was central to the early–20th centuryconservation movement, withGila Wildernessbeing designated the world's firstwilderness areain 1924.The state also hosts nine of the country's 84national monuments, the most of any state after Arizona; these include the second oldest monument,El Morro, which was created in 1906, and theGila Cliff Dwellings, proclaimed in 1907.
New Mexico'snational parks, together withnational monumentsandtrailsmanaged by theNational Park Service, are listed as follows:
New Mexico's national monuments, conservation areas, and other units of theNational Landscape Conservation Systemare managed by theBureau of Land Management. Units include but are not limited to:
New Mexico'sNational Wildlife Refugesare managed by theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.  Units include:
Areas managed by the New Mexico State Parks Division:
Examples of locally administered nature reserves include:
In January 2016, New Mexico sued theUnited States Environmental Protection Agencyover negligence after the2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill. The spill had caused heavy metals such as cadmium and lead and toxins such as arsenic to flow into theAnimas River, polluting water basins of several states.The state has since implemented or considered stricter regulations and harsher penalties for spills associated with resource extraction.
New Mexico is a major producer ofgreenhouse gases.A study by Colorado State University showed that the state's oil and gas industry generated 60 million metric tons of greenhouse gases in 2018, over four times greater than previously estimated.The fossil fuels sector accounted for over half the state's overall emissions, which totaled 113.6 million metric tons, about 1.8% of the country's total and more than twice the national average per capita.The New Mexico government has responded with efforts to regulate industrial emissions, promote renewable energy, and incentivize the use of electric vehicles.
With just 17 people per square mile (6.6 people/km), New Mexico is one of theleast densely populated states, ranking 45th out of 50; by contrast, the overall population density of the U.S. is 90 people per square mile (35 people/km). The state is divided into 33 counties and 106 municipalities, which include cities, towns, villages, and aconsolidated city-county,Los Alamos. Only three cities have at least 100,000 residents: Albuquerque, Rio Rancho, and Las Cruces, whose respective metropolitan areas together account for the majority of New Mexico's population.
Residents are concentrated in the north-central region of New Mexico, anchored by the state's largest city, Albuquerque. Centered inBernalillo County, theAlbuquerque metropolitan areaincludes New Mexico's third-largest city,Rio Rancho, and has a population of over 918,000, accounting for one-third of all New Mexicans. It is adjacent toSanta Fe, the capital and fourth-largest city. Altogether, theAlbuquerque–Santa Fe–Los Alamos combined statistical areaincludes more than 1.17 million people, or nearly 60% of the state population.
New Mexico's other major center of population is in south-central area aroundLas Cruces, its second-largest city and the largest city in the southern region of the state. The Las Cruces metropolitan area includes roughly 214,000 residents, but with neighboringEl Paso, Texasforms acombined statistical areanumbering over 1 million.
New Mexico hosts 23 federally recognized tribal reservations, including part of the Navajo Nation, the largest and most populous tribe; of these, 11 holdoff-reservation trust landselsewhere in the state. The vast majority of federally recognized tribes are concentrated in the northwest, followed by the north-central region.
Like several other southwestern states, New Mexico hosts numerouscolonias,unincorporated, low-incomeslumscharacterized by abject poverty, the absence of basic services (such as water and sewage), and scarce housing and infrastructure.The University of New Mexico estimates there are 118 colonias in the state, though theU.S. Department of Housing and Urban Developmentidentifies roughly 150.The majority are located along theMexico-U.S. border.
The2020 censusrecorded a population of 2,117,522, an increase of 2.8% from 2,059,179 in the2010 census.This was the lowest rate of growth in the western U.S. after Wyoming, and among the slowest nationwide.By comparison, between2000and 2010, New Mexico's population increased by 11.7% from 1,819,046—among the fastest growth rates in the country.A report commissioned in 2021 by the New Mexico Legislature attributed the state's slow growth to anegative net migration rate, particularly among those 18 or younger, and to a 19% decline in the birth rate.However, growth among Hispanics and Native Americans remained healthy.
The U.S. Census Bureau estimated a slight decrease in population, with 3,333 fewer people from July 2021 to July 2022.This was attributed to deaths exceeding births by roughly 5,000, withnet migrationmitigating the loss by 1,389.
More than half of New Mexicans (51.4%) were born in the state; 37.9% were born in another state; 1.1% were born in either Puerto Rico, anisland territory, or abroad to at least one American parent; and 9.4% were foreign born (compared to a national average of roughly 12%).Almost a quarter of the population (22.7%) was under the age of 18, and the state's median age of 38.4 isslightly above the national averageof 38.2. New Mexico's somewhat older population is partly reflective of its popularity among retirees: It ranked as the most popular retirement destination in 2018,with an estimated 42% of new residents being retired.
Hispanics and Latinos constitute nearly half of all residents (49.3%), giving New Mexico the highest proportion of Hispanic ancestry among the fifty states. This broad classification includesdescendantsof Spanishcolonistswho settled between the 16th and 18th centuries as well as recent immigrants from Latin America (particularly Mexico and Central America).
From 2000 to 2010, the number of persons in poverty increased to 400,779, or approximately one-fifth of the population.The 2020 census recorded a slightly reduced poverty rate of 18.2%, albeit thethird highestamong U.S. states, compared to a national average of 10.5%. Poverty disproportionately affects minorities, with about one-third of African Americans and Native Americans living in poverty, compared with less than a fifth of whites and roughly a tenth of Asians; likewise, New Mexico ranks 49th among states for education equality by race and 32nd for its racial gap in income.
New Mexico's population is among the most difficult to count, according to the Center for Urban Research at theCity University of New York, due to the state's size, sparse population, and numerous isolated communities.Likewise, the Census Bureau estimated that roughly 43% of the state's population (about 900,000 people) live in such "hard-to-count" areas.In response, the New Mexico government invested heavily in public outreach to increase census participation, resulting in a final tally that exceeded earlier estimates and outperformed several neighboring states.
According toHUD's 2022Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 2,560homelesspeople in New Mexico.
New Mexico is one of seven"majority-minority"states wherenon-Hispanic whitesconstitute less than half the population.As early as 1940, roughly half the population was estimated to be nonwhite.Before becoming a state in 1912, New Mexico was among the few U.S. territories that was predominately nonwhite, which contributed to its delayed admission into the Union.
The largest ethnic group isHispanic and Latino Americans; according to the2020 censusthey account for nearly half the state's population, at 47.7%; they includeHispanosdescended from pre-United States settlers and more recent successions ofMexican Americans.
Some 200,000 residents, about one-tenth of the population, are ofIndigenousdescent,ranking third in size,and second proportionally,nationwide. There are 23 federally recognized tribal nations, each with its distinct culture, history, and identity. Both theNavajoandApacheshareAthabaskanorigin, with the latter living on three federalreservationsin the state.TheNavajo Nation, which spans over 16 million acres (6.5 millionha), mostly in neighboringArizona, is the largest reservation in the U.S., with one-third of its members living in New Mexico.Pueblo Indians, who share a similar lifestyle but are culturally and linguistically distinct, live in 19pueblosscattered throughout the state, which collectively span over 2 million acres (800,000 ha).Many indigenous New Mexicans have moved to urban areas throughout the state, and some cities such as Gallup are major hubs of Native American culture.New Mexico is also a hub for indigenous communities beyond its borders: the annualGathering of Nations, which began in 1983, has been described as the largestpow wowin the U.S., drawing hundreds of native tribes from across North America.
Almost half of New Mexicans claim Hispanic origin; many are descendants of colonial settlers calledHispanosorNeomexicanos, who settled mostly in the north of the state between the 16th and 18th centuries; by contrast, the majority of Mexican immigrants reside in the south. Some Hispanos claimJewish ancestrythrough descendance fromconversosorCrypto-Jewsamong early Spanish colonists.Many New Mexicans speak a unique dialect known asNew Mexican Spanish, which was shaped by the region's historical isolation and various cultural influences; New Mexican Spanish lacks certain vocabulary from other Spanish dialects and uses numerous Native American words for local features, as well as anglicized words that express American concepts and modern inventions.
New Mexico has the fourth largest Native American community in the U.S., at over 200,000; comprising roughly one-tenth of all residents, this is the second largest population by percentage after Alaska.New Mexico is also the only state besides Alaska where indigenous people have maintained a stable proportion of the population for over a century: In 1890, Native Americans made up 9.4% of New Mexico's population, almost the same percentage as in 2020.By contrast, during that same period, neighboring Arizona went from one-third indigenous to less than 5%.
New Mexico's population consists of manymestizoIndo-Hispano groups, including Hispanos ofOasisamericandescent andIndigenous Mexican AmericanwithMesoamericanancestry.
According to the 2022American Community Survey,the most commonly claimed ancestry groups in New Mexico were:
Census data from 2020 found that 19.9% of the population identifies as multiracial/mixed-race, a population larger than the Native American, Black, Asian and NHPI population groups.Almost 90% of the multiracial population in New Mexico identifies as Hispanic or Latino.
A little over 9% of New Mexican residents are foreign-born, and an additional 6.0% of U.S.-born residents live with at least one immigrant parent.The proportion of foreign-born residents is below the national average of 13.7%, and New Mexico was the only state to see a decline in its immigrant population between 2012 and 2022.
In 2018, the top countries of origin for New Mexico's immigrants were Mexico, thePhilippines, India, Germany andCuba.As of 2021, the vast majority of immigrants in the state came from Mexico (67.6%), followed by the Philippines (3.1%) and Germany (2.4%).
Notwithstanding their relatively small population, immigrants play a disproportionately large role in New Mexico's economy, accounting for almost one-eighth (12.5%) of the labor force,15% of entrepreneurs, and 19.1% of personal care aides, as well as 9.1% of workers in STEM fields.
New Mexico ranks third after California and Texas in the number of multilingual residents.According to the2010 U.S. census, 28.5% of the population age5 and older speak Spanish at home, while 3.5% speakNavajo.Some speakers ofNew Mexican Spanishare descendants of pre-18th century Spanishsettlers.Contrary to popular belief, New Mexican Spanish is not an archaic form of 17th-centuryCastilian Spanish; though some archaic elements exist, linguistic research has determined that the dialect "is neither more Iberian nor more archaic" than other varieties spoken in the Americas.Nevertheless, centuries of isolation during the colonial period insulated the New Mexican dialect from "standard" Spanish, leading to the preservation of older vocabulary as well as its own innovations.
Besides Navajo, which is also spoken in Arizona, several otherNative American languagesare spoken by smaller groups in New Mexico, most of which are endemic to the state. Native New Mexican languages includeMescalero Apache,Jicarilla Apache,Tewa,Southern Tiwa,Northern Tiwa,Towa,Keres(Eastern and Western), andZuni. Mescalero and Jicarilla Apache are closely relatedSouthern Athabaskan languages, and both are also related to Navajo. Tewa, the Tiwa languages, and Towa belong to theKiowa-Tanoanlanguage family, and thus all descend from acommon ancestor. Keres and Zuni arelanguage isolateswith no relatives outside of New Mexico.
New Mexico's original state constitution of 1911 required all laws be published in both English and Spanish for twenty years after ratification;this requirement was renewed in 1931 and 1943,with some sources stating the state was officially bilingual until 1953.Nonetheless, the current constitution does not declare any language "official".While Spanish was permitted in the legislature until 1935, all state officials are required to have a good knowledge of English; consequently, some analysts argue that New Mexico cannot be considered a bilingual state, since not all laws are published in both languages.
However, the state legislature remains constitutionally empowered to publish laws in English and Spanish and to appropriate funds for translation. Whenever areferendumto approve an amendment to the New Mexican constitution is held, the ballots must be printed in both English and Spanish.Certain legal notices must be published in both English and Spanish as well, and the state maintains a list of newspapers for Spanish publication.
With regard to the judiciary, witnesses and defendants have the right to testify in either of the two languages, and monolingual speakers of Spanish have the same right to be considered for jury duty as do speakers of English.In public education, the state has the constitutional obligation to provide bilingual education and Spanish-speaking instructors in school districts where the majority of students areHispanophone.The constitution also provides that all state citizens who speak neither English nor Spanish have a right to vote, hold public office, and serve on juries.
In 1989, New Mexico became the first of only four states to officially adopt theEnglish Plusresolution, which supports acceptance of non-English languages.In 1995, the state adopted an official bilingual song, "New Mexico – Mi Lindo Nuevo México".In 2008, New Mexico was the first state to officially adopt aNavajotextbook for use in public schools.
Like most U.S. states, New Mexico is predominantlyChristian, withRoman CatholicismandProtestantismeach constituting roughly a third of the population. According toAssociation of Religion Data Archives(ARDA), the largest denominations in 2010 were theCatholic Church(684,941 members); theSouthern Baptist Convention(113,452);The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints(67,637), and theUnited Methodist Church(36,424).Approximately one-fifth of residents areunaffiliated with any religion, which includes atheists, agnostics, deists. A 2020 study by thePublic Religion Research Institute(PRRI) determined 67% of the population were Christian, with Roman Catholics constituting the largest denominational group.In 2022, the PRRI estimated 63% of the population were Christian.
Roman Catholicism is deeply rooted in New Mexico's history and culture, going back to its settlement by the Spanish in the early 17th century. The oldest Christian church in the continental U.S., and the third oldest in any U.S. state or territory, is theSan Miguel Missionin Santa Fe, which was built in 1610. Within the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, New Mexico belongs to theecclesiastical provinceof Santa Fe. The state has threeecclesiastical districts:theArchdiocese of Santa Fe, theDiocese of Gallup, and theDiocese of Las Cruces.Evangelicalismandnondenominational Christianityhave seen growth in the state since the late 20th century: TheBilly Graham Evangelistic Associationhas hosted numerous events in New Mexico,and Albuquerque has severalmegachurches, which have numerous satellite locations in the state, including Calvary of Albuquerque, Legacy Church, and Sagebrush Church.
New Mexico has been a leading center of theNew Age movementsince at least the 1960s, attracting adherents from across the country.The state's "thriving New Age network" encompasses various schools ofalternative medicine,Holistic Health,psychic healing, andnew religions, as well as festivals, pilgrimage sites, spiritual retreats, and communes.New Mexico'sJapanese Americancommunity has influenced the state's religious heritage, withShintoandZenrepresented byKagyu Shenpen Kunchab,Kōbun Chino Otogawa,Upaya Institute and Zen Center.Likewise,Holismis represented in New Mexico, as are associated faiths such asBuddhismandSeventh-day Adventism;aTibetan Buddhisttemple is located atZuni Mountain StupainGrants.
Religious education, art,broadcasting,mediaexist across religions and faiths in New Mexico, includingKHAC,KXXQ,Dar al-Islam, andIntermountain Jewish News. Christian schools in New Mexico are encouraged to receiveeducational accreditation, and among them are theUniversity of the Southwest,St. Pius High School,Hope Christian,Sandia View Academy,St. Michael's High School,Las Cruces Catholic School,St. Bonaventure Indian School, andRehoboth Christian School.Albuquerque's growing media sectorhas made it a popular hub for several nationalChristian mediainstitutions, such asTrinity Broadcasting Network'sKNAT-TV.Christian artisticexpression includes thegospeltradition withinNew Mexico music,andcontemporary Christian musicsuch asKLYTradio station.Several indigenous and Christian religious sites are registered and protected as part of regional and global cultural heritage.
Reflecting centuries of successive migrations and settlements, New Mexico has developed a distinctsyncreticfolk religionthat is centered onPuebloantraditions andHispanofolk Catholicism, with some elements ofDiné Bahaneʼ,Apache,Protestant, andEvangelicalfaiths.This unique religious tradition is sometimes referred to as "Pueblo Christianity" or "Placita Christianity", referring to both thePueblosand Hispanictown squares.Customs and practices include the maintenance ofacequias,PuebloandTerritorial Stylechurches,ceremonial dances such as thematachines,religious artisticexpression ofkachinasandsantos,religious holidays celebratingsaintssuch as Pueblo Feast Days,Christmas traditions ofbizcochitosandfarolitos or luminarias,and pilgrimages like that ofEl Santuario de Chimayo.The luminaria tradition is a cultural hallmark of thePueblosandHispanos of New Mexicoand a part of the state's distinct heritage. The luminaria custom has spreadnationwide, both as a Christmas tradition as well as for other events. New Mexico's distinctive faith tradition is believed to reflect thereligious naturalismof the state's indigenous and Hispano peoples, who constitute a pseudoethnoreligious group.
New Mexico's leadership within otherwise disparate traditions such as Christianity, theNative American Church, and New Age movements has been linked to its remote and ancient indigenous spirituality, which emphasized sacred connections to nature, and its over 300 years of syncretized Pueblo and Hispano religious and folk customs.The state's remoteness has likewise been cited as attracting and fostering communities seeking the freedom to practice or cultivate new beliefs.Global spiritual leaders includingBilly GrahamandDalai Lama, along with community leaders ofHispanic and Latino Americansandindigenous peoples of the North American Southwest, have remarked on New Mexico being asacred space.
According to a 2017 survey by thePew Research Center, New Mexico ranks 18th among the 50 U.S. states inreligiosity, 63% of respondents stating they believe in God with certainty, with an additional 20% being fairly certain of the existence of God, while 59% considering religion to be important in their lives and another 20% believe it to be somewhat important.Among its population in 2022, 31% were unaffiliated.
Oil and gas production, the entertainment industry,high techscientific research, tourism, and government spending are important drivers of the state economy.The state government has an elaborate system of tax credits and technical assistance to promote job growth and business investment, especially in new technologies.
As of 2021, New Mexico's gross domestic product was over $95 billion,compared to roughly $80 billion in 2010.State GDP peaked in 2019 at nearly $99 billion but declined in the face of theCOVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, theper capita personal incomewas slightly over $45,800, compared to $31,474 in 2007;it was the third lowest in the country after West Virginia and Mississippi.The percentage of persons below thepoverty levelhas largely plateaued in the 21st century, from 18.4% in 2005 to 18.2% in 2021.
Traditionally dependent on resource extraction, ranching, and railroad transportation, New Mexico has increasingly shifted towards services, high-end manufacturing, and tourism.Since 2017, the state has seen a steady rise in the number of annual visitors, culminating in a record-breaking 39.2 million tourists in 2021, which had a total economic income of $10 billion.New Mexico has also seen greater investment in media and scientific research.
New Mexico is the second largestcrude oiland ninth largest natural gas producer in the United States;it overtook North Dakota in oil production in July 2021 and is expected to continue expanding.ThePermianandSan JuanBasins, which are located partly in New Mexico, account for some of these natural resources. In 2000 the value of oil and gas produced was $8.2 billion,and in 2006, New Mexico accounted for 3.4% of the crude oil, 8.5% of the dry natural gas, and 10.2% of thenatural gas liquidsproduced in the United States.However, the boom inhydraulic fracturingandhorizontal drillingsince the mid-2010s led to a large increase in the production of crude oil from the Permian Basin and other U.S. sources; these developments allowed the United States to again become the world's largest producer of crude oil by 2018.New Mexico's oil and gas operations contribute to the state's above-average release of the greenhouse gasmethane, including from a nationalmethane hot spotin theFour Cornersarea.
In common with otherstates in the Western U.S., New Mexico receives royalties from the sale of federally owned land to oil and gas companies.It has the highest proportion of federal land with oil and gas, as well as the most lucrative: since the last amendment to theU.S. Mineral Leasing Actin 1987, New Mexico had by far the lowest percent of land sold for the minimum statutory amount of $2 per acre, at just 3%; by contrast, all of Arizona's federal land was sold at the lowest rate, followed by Oregon at 98% and Nevada at 84%.The state had the fourth-highest total acreage sold to the oil and gas industry, at about 1.1 million acres, and the second-highest number of acres currently leased fossil fuel production, at 4.3 million acres, after Wyoming's 9.2 million acres; only 11 percent of these lands, or 474,121 acres, are idle, which is the lowest among Western states.Nevertheless, New Mexico has had recurring disputes and discussions with the U.S. government concerning management and revenue rights over federal land.
Reflecting theartistic traditions of the American Southwest, New Mexican art has its origins in the folk arts of the indigenous and Hispanic peoples in the region. Pueblo pottery, Navajo rugs, and Hispano religious icons likekachinasandsantosare recognized in the global art world.Georgia O'Keeffe's presence brought international attention to the Santa Fe art scene, and today the city has several notable art establishments and many commercial art galleries alongCanyon Road.As the birthplace ofWilliam Hanna, and the residence ofChuck Jones, the state also connections to the animation industry.
New Mexico provides financial incentives for film production, including tax credits valued at 25–40% of eligible in-state spending.A program enacted in 2019 provides benefits to media companies that commit to investing in the state for at least a decade and that use local talent, crew, and businesses.According to the New Mexico Film Office, in 2022, film and television expenditures reached the highest recorded level at over $855 million, compared to $624 million the previous year.During fiscal years 2020–2023, the total direct economic impact from the film tax credit was $2.36 million. In 2018,Netflixchose New Mexico for its first U.S. production hub, pledging to spend over $1 billion over the next decade to create one of the largest film studios in North America atAlbuquerque Studios.NBCUniversalfollowed suit in 2021 with the opening of its own television film studio in the city, committing to spend $500 million in direct production and employ 330 full-time equivalent local jobs over the next decade.Albuquerque is consistently recognized byMovieMakermagazine as one of the top "big cities" in North America to live and work as a filmmaker, and the only city to earn No. 1 for four consecutive years (2019–2022); in 2024, it placed second, after Toronto.
Country musicrecord labels have a presence in the state, following the former success ofWarner Western.During the 1950s to 1960s,Glen Campbell,The Champs,Johnny Duncan,Carolyn Hester,Al Hurricane,Waylon Jennings,Eddie Reeves, andJD Southerrecorded on equipment byNorman PettyatClovis. Norman Petty's recording studio was a part of therock and rollandrockabillymovement of the 1950s, with the distinctive "Route 66 Rockabilly" stylings ofBuddy HollyandThe Fireballs.Albuquerque has been referred to as the "ChicanoNashville" due to the popularity ofregional MexicanandWestern musicartists fromthe region.A heritage style of country music, calledNew Mexico music, is widely popular throughout thesouthwestern U.S.; outlets for these artists include the radio stationKANW,Los 15 Grandes de Nuevo Méxicomusic awards, andAl Hurricane Jr.hostsHurricane Festto honor his father's music legacy.
New Mexico is part of the larger Rio Grande Technology Corridor, an emerging alternative toSilicon Valleyconsisting of clusters of science and technology institutions stretching fromsouthwesternColorado to the Gulf of Mexico.The constituent New Mexico Technology Corridor, centered primarily around Albuquerque, hosts a constellation of high technology andscientific researchentities, which include federal facilities such asSandia National Laboratories,Los Alamos National Laboratory, and theVery Large Array; private companies such asIntel,HP, and Facebook; and academic institutions such as theUniversity of New Mexico(UNM),New Mexico State University(NMSU), andNew Mexico Tech.Most of these entities form part of an "ecosystem" that links their researchers and resources with private capital, often through initiatives of local, state, and federal governments.
New Mexico has been a science and technology hub since at least the mid-20th century, following heavy federal government investment during the Second World War. Los Alamos was the site ofProject Y, the laboratory responsible for designing and developing the world's first atomic bomb for theManhattan Project. HorticulturistFabián Garcíadeveloped several new varieties of peppers and other crops at what is now NMSU, which is also a leadingspace grant college.Robert H. Goddard, credited with ushering the space age, conducted many of hisearly rocketry tests in Roswell. AstronomerClyde Tombaughof Las Cruces discovered Pluto in neighboring Arizona. Personal computer companyMITS, which was founded in Albuquerque in 1969, brought about the "microcomputer revolution" with the development of the first commercially successfulmicrocomputer, theAltair 8800; two of its employees, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, later foundedMicrosoftin the city in 1975.Multinational technology company Intel, which has had operations in Rio Rancho since 1980, opened its Fab 9 factory in the city in January 2024, part of its commitment to invest $3.5 billion in expanding its operations in the state; it is the company's first high-volume semiconductor operation and the only U.S. factory producing the world's most advancedpackaging solutionsat scale.
The New Mexican government has aimed to develop the state into a major center for technology startups, namely through financial incentives and public-private partnerships.Thebioscience sectorhas experienced particularly robust growth, beginning with the 2013 opening of a BioScience Center in Albuquerque, the state's first private incubator for biotechnology startups; New Mexicans have since founded roughly 150 bioscience companies, which have received more patents than any other sector.In 2017, New Mexico established the Bioscience Authority to foster local industry development; the following year, pharmaceutical company Curia built two large facilities in Albuquerque, and in 2022 announced plans to invest $100 million to expand local operations.The state is also positioning itself to play a leading role in developingquantum computing,quantum dot, and clean energy technologies.
New Mexico's high altitude, generally clear skies, and sparse population have long fostered astronomical and aerospace activities, beginning with the ancient observatories of theChaco Canyon culture; the "Space Triangle" between Roswell, Alamogordo, and Las Cruces has seen the highest concentration rocket tests and launches.New Mexico is sometimes considered the birthplace of theU.S. space program, beginning with Goddard's design of the first liquid fuel rocket in Roswell in the 1930s.The first rocket to reach space flew fromWhite Sands Missile Rangein 1948, and both NASA and the Department of Defense continue to develop and test rockets there and at the adjacentHolloman Air Force Base.New Mexico has also become a major center forprivate space flight, hosting the world's first purpose-built commercialspaceport,Spaceport America, which anchors several major aerospace companies and associated contractors, most notably Branson'sVirgin Galactic.
In November 2022, the New Mexico State Investment Council, which manages that state's $38 billion sovereign wealth fund, announced it would commit $100 million towards America's Frontier Fund (AFF), a newventure capitalfirm that will focus on advanced technologies such as microelectronics and semiconductors, advanced manufacturing, artificial intelligence, new energy sources, synthetic biology and quantum sciences.
Although much of its land is arid, New Mexico has hosted a variety of agricultural activities for at least 2,500 years, centered mostly on the Rio Grande and its tributaries. This is helped by its long history ofacequias, along with other farming and ranching methods within New Mexico. It is regulated by theNew Mexico Department of Agriculture, specialty areas include variouscash crops,cattle ranching, farming,game and fish.
Agriculture contributes $40 billion to New Mexico's economy and employs nearly 260,000 people. As of 2023, the state exports $275 million in agricultural goods and ranks first nationwide in the production of chile peppers, second in pecans, and fifth in onions.
The state vegetables areNew Mexico chilepeppers andpinto beans, with the former being the most famous and valuable crop. According to the 2017 Census of Agriculture, New Mexico ranked first in the nation for chile pepper acreage, with Doña Ana and Luna counties placing first and second among U.S. counties in this regard.New Mexico chile sold close to $40 million in 2021, while dry beans accounted for $7.6 million that year. New Mexico is one of the few states commercially producingpistachios, and its piñon harvest (pine nut) is a protected commodity.
Dairy is the state's largest commodity, with sales of milk alone totaling $1.3 billion.Dean Foodsowns the Creamland brand in New Mexico, the brand was originally founded in 1937 to expand a cooperative dairy venture known as the Albuquerque Dairy Association.Southwest Cheese Company inClovisis among the largest cheese production facilities in the United States.
Caballerohistory among the indigenous and Hispano communities in New Mexico have resulted in large-scaleranchlands throughout the state, most of which are within historically Apache, Navajo, Pueblo, and Spanish land grants.Wild game and fish found in the state includeRio Grande cutthroat trout,rainbow trout,crawdads, andvenison.
Restaurant chains originating in the state includeBlake's Lotaburger,Boba Tea Company,Dion's Pizza,Little Anita's,Mac's Steak in the Rough, andTwisters; many specialize inNew Mexican cuisine. Some companies likeAllsup'sgas stations have consumer foods, like chimichangas.
New Mexico's distinctive culture, rich artistic scene, favorable climate, and diverse geography have long been major drivers of tourism. As early as 1880, the state was a major destination for travelers suffering from respiratory illnesses (particularly tuberculosis), with its altitude and aridity believed to be beneficial to the lungs.Since the mid aughts, New Mexico has seen a steady rise in annual visitors, welcoming a record-breaking 39.2 million tourists in 2021.
New Mexico's unique culinary scene has garnered increasing national attention, including numerousJames Beard Foundation Awards.The state has been featured in major travel television shows such asDiners, Drive-Ins and Dives,Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown,Man v. Food Nation, and others.Outdoor recreationin the area is fueled by a variety of internationally recognized nature reserves, public parks, ski resorts, hiking trails, and hunting and fishing areas.
New Mexico's government is actively involved in promoting tourism, launching the nation's first state publication,New Mexico Magazine,in 1923.TheNew Mexico Tourism Departmentadministers the magazine and is also responsible for theNew Mexico Truecampaign.
Federal governmentspending is a major driver of the New Mexico economy. In 2021, the federal government spent $2.48 on New Mexico for every dollar of tax revenue collected from the state, higher than every state except Kentucky.The same year, New Mexico received $9,624 per resident in federal services, or roughly $20 billion more than what the state pays in federal taxes.The state governor's office estimated that the federal government spends roughly $7.8 billion annually in services such as healthcare, infrastructure development, and public welfare.
Federal employees make up 3.4% of New Mexico's labor force.Many federal jobs in the state relate to the military: the state hosts three air force bases (Kirtland Air Force Base,Holloman Air Force Base, andCannon Air Force Base); a testing range (White Sands Missile Range); and an army proving ground (Fort Bliss's McGregor Range). A 2005 study byNew Mexico State Universityestimated that 11.7% of the state's total employment arises directly or indirectly from military spending.New Mexico is also home to two major federal research institutions: theLos Alamos National LaboratoryandSandia National Laboratories. The former alone accounts for 24,000 direct and indirect jobs and over $3 billion in annual federal investment as of 2019.
New Mexico provides a number of economic incentives to businesses operating in the state, including various types oftax creditsandtax exemptions. Most incentives are based on job creation: state and local governments are permitted to provide land, buildings, and infrastructure to businesses that will generate employment.Several municipalities impose an Economic DevelopmentGross receipts tax(a form of Municipal Infrastructure GRT) to pay for these infrastructure improvements and for marketing their areas.
The New Mexico Finance Authority operates the New Market Tax Credits (NMTC) to provide greater access to financing for new, expanding, or relocating businesses in "highly distressed" areas (defined by metrics such as poverty above 30% and median family income below 60% of the statewide median).
New Mexico is one of the largesttax havensin the U.S., offering numerous economic incentives andtax breaksonpersonalandcorporate income.It does not levy taxes oninheritance,estate, orsales.Personalincome taxrates range from 1.7% to 5.9% within five income brackets;the top marginal rate was increased from 4.9% in 2021 per a 2019 law.Active-duty militarysalaries are exempt from state income tax, as is income earned by Native American members of federally recognized tribes on tribal land.
New Mexico imposes aGross Receipts Tax(GRT) on many transactions, which may even include some governmental receipts. This resembles asales taxbut, unlike the sales taxes in many states, it applies to services as well as tangible goods. Normally, the provider or seller passes the tax on to the purchaser; however, legal incidence and burden apply to the business, as anexcise tax. GRT is imposed bythe stateand by some counties and municipalities.As of 2021, the combined tax rate ranged from 5.125% to 9.063%.
Property taxis imposed onreal propertyby the state, by counties, and by school districts. In general, personal usepersonal propertyis not subject to property taxation. On the other hand, property tax is levied on most business-use personal property. The taxable value of property is one-third the assessed value. A tax rate of about 30millsis applied to the taxable value, resulting in an effective tax rate of about 1%. In the 2005 tax year, the average millage was about 26.47 for residential property, and 29.80 for non-residential property. Assessed values of residences cannot be increased by more than 3% per year unless the residence is remodeled or sold. Property tax deductions are available for military veterans and heads of household.
A 2021 analysis by the nonprofit Tax Foundation placed New Mexico 23rd in business tax climate; its property taxes were found to be the least burdensome in the U.S., while taxation for unemployment insurance and on corporations each ranked as the ninth least burdensome.
New Mexico is one of thepoorest states in the U.S.and has long struggled withpoverty.Its poverty rate of roughly 18% is among the highest in the country, exceeded only by Louisiana and Mississippi. In 2017, nearly 30% of New Mexico's children were in poverty, which is 40% higher than the national average.The majority of births (54%) were financed byMedicaid, a federal healthcare program for the poor, the third highest of any state.As of May 2021, around 44% of residents were enrolled in Medicaid.
New Mexico ranks 39th in theshare of householdswith more than $1 million in wealth (5%), and among fourteen states without aFortune 500company.The state has a relatively high level ofincome disparity, with aGini coefficientof 0.4769, albeit below the national average of 0.486. Household income is slightly less than $47,000, which is the fourth lowest in the U.S. The unemployment rate for June 2021 is 7.9%, tied with Connecticut as the highest in the country, and close to the peak of 8.0% for June–October 2010, following the2007–2008 financial crisis.
The New Mexico government has enacted several policies to address chronic poverty, including approving aminimum wageincrease in January 2021 and requiring paid sick leave.The state's minimum wage of $10.50 ishigher thanthat of the federal government and 34 other states;it is set to increase to $11.50 on January 1, 2022, and $12.00 on January 1, 2023.Additionally, counties and municipalities have set their own minimum wages; Santa Fe County enacted a "Living Wage Ordinance" on March 1, 2021, mandating $12.32.
The New Mexico Legislature is considering implementing a statewideguaranteed basic incomeprogram targeting poorer residents; if enacted, it would be only the second U.S. state after California with such a policy.In August 2021, Santa Fe announced a one-year pilot program that would provide a "stability stipend" of $400 monthly to 100 parents under the age of 30 who attendSanta Fe Community College;the results of the program will determine whether the state government follows suit with its own basic income proposals.Las Cruces, the state's second largest city, is officially discussing the enactment of a similar program.
New Mexico has long been an important corridor for trade andmigration. The builders of the ruins atChaco Canyonalso created a radiating network of roads from the mysterious settlement.Chaco Canyon's trade function shifted toCasas Grandesin the present-day Mexicanstate of Chihuahua; however, north–south trade continued. The pre-Columbiantrade withMesoamerican culturesincluded northbound exotic birds, seashells and copper. Turquoise, pottery, and salt were some of the goods transported south along theRio Grande. Present-day New Mexico's pre-Columbian trade is especially remarkable for being undertaken on foot. The north–south trade route later became a path for horse-drawn colonists arriving fromNew Spainas well as trade and communication; later calledEl Camino Real de Tierra Adentro,it was among the four "royal roads" that were crucial lifelines to Spanish colonial possessions in North America.
TheSanta Fe Trailwas the 19th-century territory's vital commercial and military highway link to the Eastern United States.Several trails that terminated in northern New Mexico, including the Camino Real, the Santa Fe Trail and theOld Spanish Trailare recognized asNational Historic Trails. New Mexico's latitude and low passes made it an attractive east–west transportation corridor.As a territory, theGadsden Purchaseincreased New Mexico's land area for the purpose of constructing a southerntranscontinental railroad, that of theSouthern Pacific Railroad. Another transcontinental railroad was completed by theAtchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The railroads essentially replaced the earlier trails but prompted a population boom. Early transcontinentalauto trailslater crossed the state, bringing more migrants. Railroads were later supplemented or replaced by a system of highways and airports. Today, New Mexico'sInterstate Highwaysapproximate the earlier land routes of the Camino Real, the Santa Fe Trail and the transcontinental railroads.
Personal automobiles remain the primary means of transportation for most New Mexicans, especially in rural areas.The state had 59,927 route miles of highway as of 2000, of which 7,037 receive federal aid.In that same year there were 1,003 miles (1,614 km) of freeways, of which a thousand were the route miles of Interstate Highways10,25and40.The former number has increased with the upgrading of roads nearPojoaque,Santa FeandLas Crucesto freeways. Notable bridges include theRio Grande Gorge BridgenearTaos. Larger cities in New Mexico typically have some form of public transportation by road;ABQ RIDEis the largest such system in the state.Rural and intercity public transportation by road is provided byAmericanos USA, LLC,Greyhound Linesand several government operators.
New Mexico is plagued by poor road conditions, with roughly a third of its roadways suffering from "inadequate state and local funding".As of 2001, 703 highway bridges, or one percent, were declared "structurally deficient" or "structurally obsolete".Data from 2019 found 207 bridges and more than 3,822 miles of highway in less than subpar condition, resulting in greater commute times and higher costs in vehicles maintenance.
New Mexico has historically had a problem with drunk driving, though this has lessened: According to theLos Angeles Times, the state once had the nation's highest alcohol-related crash rates but ranked 25th in this regard by July 2009.The highway traffic fatality rate was 1.9 per million miles traveled in 2000, the 13th highest rate among U.S. states.A 2022 report cited poor road as a major factor in New Mexico's continually high traffic fatalities; between 2015 and 2019, close 1,900 people were killed in automotive crashes in the state.
New Mexico has only threeInterstate Highways:Interstate 10travels southwest fromthe Arizonastate line nearLordsburgto the area betweenLas CrucesandAnthony, nearEl Paso, Texas;Interstate 25is a major north–south interstate highway starting from Las Cruces to theColoradostate line nearRaton; andInterstate 40is a major east–west interstate highway starting from the Arizona state line west ofGallupto the Texas state line east fromTucumcari. InAlbuquerque, I-25 and I-40 meet at a stack interchange calledThe BigI. The state is tied with Delaware, North Dakota, Puerto Rico, and Rhode Island in having the fewest primary interstate routes, which is partly a reflection of its rugged geography and sparse population.
New Mexico currently has15 United States Highways, which account for over 2,980 miles (4,800 km) of its highway system. All but seven of its 33 counties are served by U.S. routes, with most of the remainder connected by Interstate Highways. Most routes were built in 1926 by the state government and are still managed and maintained by state or local authorities. The longest isU.S. 70, which spans over 448 miles (721 km) across southern New Mexico, making up roughly 15% of the state's total U.S. Highway length; the shortest isU.S. 160, which runs just 0.86 miles (1.38 km) across thenorthwesterncorner of the state, between theArizonaandColoradoborders.
The most famous route in New Mexico, if not the United States, wasU.S. 66, colloquially known as the nation's "Mother Road" for its scenic beauty and importance to migrants fleeing West from theDust Bowlof the 1930s.The road crossed throughnorthern New Mexico, connecting the cities ofAlbuquerqueandGallup, before being replaced by I-40 in 1985. Much of U.S. 66 remains in use for tourism and has been preserved for historical significance.Another famous route wasU.S. 666, which ran south to north along the western portion of the state, serving the Four Corners area. It was known as the "Devil's Highway" due to the number666denoting the "Number of the beast" in Christianity; this numerical designation, as well as its high fatality rate was subject to controversy, superstition, and numerous cultural references. U.S. 666 was subsequently renamed U.S. Route 491 in 2003.
Many existing and former highways in New Mexico are recognized for their aesthetic, cultural, or historical significance, particularly for tourism purposes.The state hosts ten out of 184 "America's Byways", which are federally designated for preservation due to their scenic beauty or national importance.
There were 2,354 route miles of railroads in the year 2000; this number increased by a few miles with the opening of theRail Runner's extension to Santa Fe in 2006.In addition to local railroads and other tourist lines, the state jointly owns and operates a heritagenarrow-gaugesteam railroad, theCumbres and Toltec Scenic Railway, with the state ofColoradosince 1970. Narrow-gauge railroads once connected many communities in the northern part of the state, fromFarmingtonto Santa Fe.No fewer than 100 railroads of various names and lineage have operated in the state at some point.New Mexico's rail transportation system reached its height in terms of length following admission as a state; in 1914, eleven railroads operated 3124 route miles.
Railroad surveyors arrived in New Mexico in the 1850s shortly after it became a U.S. territory.The first railroads incorporated in 1869,and the first railway became operational in 1878 with theAtchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway(ATSF), which entered via the lucrative and contestedRaton Pass. The ATSF eventually reachedEl Paso, Texasin 1881, and with the entry of theSouthern Pacific Railroadfrom theArizona Territoryin 1880, created the nation'ssecond transcontinental railroad, with a junction atDeming.TheDenver & Rio Grande Railway, which generally usednarrow gaugeequipment in New Mexico, entered the territory fromColorado, beginning service toEspañolain December 1880.These first railroads were built as long-distance corridors; later railroad construction also targeted resource extraction.
The rise ofrail transportationwas a major source of demographic and economic growth in the state, with many settlements expanding or being established shortly thereafter. As early as 1878, the ATSF promotedtourism in the regionwith an emphasis on Native American imagery.Named trainsoften reflected the territory they traveled:Super Chief, the streamlined successor to theChief;Navajo, an early transcontinental tourist train; andCavern, a through car operation connectingClovisandCarlsbad(by the early 1950s as train 23–24), were some of the namedpassenger trains of the ATSFthat connoted New Mexico,TheSuper Chiefbecame a favorite of early Hollywood stars and among the most famous named trains in the U.S.; it was known for its luxury and exoticness, with cars bearing the name of regional Native American tribes and outfitted with the artwork of many local artists – but also for its speed: as brief as 39 hours 45 minutes westbound from Chicago to Los Angeles.
At its height, passenger train service once connected nine of New Mexico's presentten most populous cities(the sole exception isRio Rancho); currently, onlyAlbuquerqueandSanta Feare connected by a rail network.With the decline of mostintercity railservice in the U.S. in the late 1960s, New Mexico was left with minimal services; no less than six daily long-distance roundtrip trains, supplemented by many branch-line and local trains, served New Mexico in the early 1960s. Declines in passenger revenue, but not necessarily ridership, prompted many railroads to turn over their passenger services in truncated form toAmtrak, a state-owned enterprise. Amtrak, also known as the National Passenger Railroad Corporation, began operating the two extant long-distance routes on May 1, 1971.Resurrection of passenger rail service fromDenvertoEl Paso, a route once plied in part by the ATSF'sEl Pasoan,has been proposed; in the 1980s, then–GovernorToney Anayasuggested building ahigh-speed railline connecting the two cities with New Mexico's major cities.In 2004, the Colorado-based nonprofitFront Range Commuter Railwas established with the goal of connectingWyomingand New Mexico with high-speed rail;however, it became inactive in 2011.
Since 2006, a state owned, privately runcommuter railway, theNew Mexico Rail Runner Express, has served theAlbuquerque metropolitan area, connecting the city proper with Santa Fe and other communities.The system expanded in 2008 with the adding of theBNSF Railway's line fromBelento a few miles south of Lamy.Phase II of Rail Runner extended the line northward toSanta Fefrom theSandoval Countystation, the northernmost station under Phase I service; the service now connectsSanta Fe,Sandoval,Bernalillo, andValenciacounties. Rail Runner operates scheduled service seven days per week,connecting Albuquerque's population base and central business district to downtown Santa Fe with up to eight roundtrips in a day; the section of the line running south toBelenis served less frequently.
Amtrak'sSouthwest Chiefpasses through daily at stations inGallup, Albuquerque,Lamy,Las Vegas, andRaton, offering connections to Los Angeles, Chicago and intermediate points.A successor to theSuper ChiefandEl Capitan,theSouthwest Chiefis permitted a maximum speed of 90 mph (140 km/h) in various places on the tracks of theBNSF Railway;it also operates onNew Mexico Rail Runner Expresstrackage. TheSunset Limitedmakes stops three times a week in both directions atLordsburg, andDeming, serving Los Angeles, New Orleans and intermediate points.TheSunset Limitedis the successor to theSouthern Pacific Railroad's train of the same name and operates exclusively onUnion Pacifictrackage in New Mexico.
New Mexico is served by two of the nation's tenclass I railroads, which denote the highest revenue railways for freight: theBNSF Railwayand theUnion Pacific Railroad. Together they operate 2,200 route miles of railway in the state.
New Mexico has fourprimary commercial airportsthat are served by most major domestic and international airliners.Albuquerque International Sunportis the state's mainaerial port of entryand by far the largest airport: It is the only one designated a medium-sized hub by theFederal Aviation Administration, serving millions of passengers annually.
The only other comparatively large airports areLea County Regional Airport,Roswell International Air Center, andSanta Fe Regional Airport, which have varying degrees of service by major airlines. Most airports in New Mexico are small,general aviationhubs operated by municipal and county governments, and usually served solely by local and regionalcommuter airlines.
Due to its sparse population and many isolated, rural communities, New Mexico ranks among the states most reliant onEssential Air Service, a federal program that maintains a minimal level of scheduled air service to communities that are otherwise unprofitable for commercial airlines.
New Mexico hosts the world's first operational and purpose-built commercialspaceport,Spaceport America, located inUpham, nearTruth or Consequences.It is operated by the state-backedNew Mexico Spaceport Authority (NMSA).Rocket launchesbegan in April 2007,with the spaceport officially opening in 2011.Tenants includeHAPSMobile,UP Aerospace,SpinLaunch, andVirgin Galactic.
Over 300suborbitalflights have been successfully launched from Spaceport America since 2006, with the most notable being Virgin Galactic'sVSSUnityon May 22, 2021, which made New Mexico the third U.S. state to launch humans into space, after California and Florida.
On October 22, 2021, Spaceport America was the site of the first successfully tested vacuum-sealed "suborbital accelerator", which aims to offer a significantly more economical alternative to launching satellites via rockets.Conducted by Spaceport tenant SpinLaunch, the test is the first of roughly 30 demonstrations being planned.
TheConstitution of New Mexicowas adopted bypopular referendumin 1911. It establishes arepublican form of governmentbased onpopular sovereigntyand aseparation of powers. New Mexico has abill of rightsmodeled on itsfederal counterpart, but with more expansive rights and freedoms; for example, victims of certain serious crimes, such as aggravated battery and sexual assault, have explicit rights to privacy, dignity, and the timely adjudication of their case.Major state issues may be decided by popular vote, and the constitution may be amended by a majority vote of both lawmakers and the electorate.
Mirroring the federal system, the New Mexico government consists of executive, legislative, and judicial departments. The executive is led by thegovernorand other popularly elected officials, including thelieutenant governor(elected on the same ticket as the governor),attorney general,secretary of state,state auditor,state treasurer, andcommissioner of public lands. New Mexico's governor is granted more authority than those of other states, with the power to appoint most high-ranking officials in the cabinet and other state agencies.
The legislative branch consists of the bicameralNew Mexico Legislature, comprising the 70-memberHouse of Representativesand the 42-memberSenate. Members of the House are elected to two-year terms, while those of the Senate are elected every four years. New Mexican legislators are unique in the U.S. for being volunteers, receiving only a daily stipend while in session; this "citizen legislature" dates back to New Mexico's admission as a state, and is considered a source of civic pride.
The judiciary is headed by theNew Mexico Supreme Court, the state's highest court, which primarilyadjudicates appealsfrom lower courts or government agencies. It is made up of five judges popularly elected every eight years with overlapping terms. Below the state supreme court is theNew Mexico Court of Appeals, which has intermediate appellate jurisdiction statewide. New Mexico has 13 judicial districts with circuit courts ofgeneral jurisdiction, as well as various municipal,magistrate, and probate courts oflimited jurisdiction.
New Mexico is organized into a number of local governments consisting of counties, municipalities, and special districts.
Since 2018, New Mexico has been led by GovernorMichelle Lujan Grishamand Lieutenant GovernorHowie Morales, both of theDemocratic Party. All constitutional officers are currently Democrats, including Secretary of StateMaggie Toulouse Oliver,Attorney GeneralRaúl Torrez,State AuditorJoseph Maestas,State Land CommissionerStephanie Garcia Richard,and State TreasurerLaura Montaya.
Both chambers of theNew Mexico Legislaturehave Democratic majorities: 27 Democrats and 15 Republicans in the Senate, and 45 Democrats and 25 Republicans in the House of Representatives. Likewise, the state is represented in theU.S. Senateby DemocratsMartin HeinrichandBen Ray Luján. The state's three delegates to theU.S. House of Representativesare DemocratsMelanie Stansbury,Gabe Vasquez, andTeresa Leger Fernandez, representing the first, second, and third districts, respectively.
Since achieving statehood in1912, New Mexico has been carried by the national popular vote winner in every presidential election except in1976and2024.Until 2008, New Mexico was traditionally aswing statein presidential elections. The1992 electionof Bill Clinton marked the first time the state was won by a Democrat since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.Al Gorenarrowly carried the state in2000by 366 votes, andGeorge W. Bushwon in2004by less than 6,000 votes. The election ofBarack Obamain2008marked the state's transition intoa Democratic stronghold; Obama was also the first Democrat to win a majority of New Mexico votes since Johnson.Obama won New Mexico again in 2012, followed by Hillary Clinton in 2016, Joe Biden in 2020, and Kamala Harris in 2024.
Although state politics are decidedly Democratic leaning, New Mexico's political culture is relatively moderate and bipartisan by national standards. While registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans by nearly 200,000, New Mexico voters have historically favored moderate to conservative candidates of both parties at the state and federal levels: According toPew Research, the largest political ideology among New Mexicans ispolitical moderateat 36%, while 34% areconservatives, 23% areliberal, and 7% stated they did not know.Likewise, New Mexico's demographics are atypical of most traditional liberal states with "political ideology [being] less important" than the profile or outreach efforts of the individual candidate.Due to their historically positive connections to the state's heritage, theRepublicanandDemocratic parties of New Mexicoare each relatively robust, and New Mexico is considered abellwether state.The state'sRepublican Partywas the first to incorporate Hispanics and Natives into leadership roles, such as territorial governorMiguel Antonio Oteroand state governorOctaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo, who was later the first Mexican American and first Hispanic member of the U.S. Senate.Republican presidentTheodore Roosevelthad much respect for the Hispanos, Mexican Americans, and indigenous communities of New Mexico, many of whom had been a part of hisRough Riders.
Lujan Grisham succeeded two-term Republican governorSusana Martinezon January 1, 2019.Gary Johnsonwas governor from 1995 to 2003 as a Republican, but in2012and2016ran for president from theLibertarian Party. New Mexico's Second Congressional District is among the most competitive in the country: Republican Herrell narrowly lost toDemocratXochitl Torres Smallin 2018 but retook her seat in 2020, subsequently losing to DemocratGabe Vasquezin 2022.Recent election cycles within the past decade have seen moderate incumbents replaced by progressive Democrats in cities like Albuquerque, Santa Fe, and Las Cruces, with conservative Republicans being elected in rural areas. Democrats in the state are usually strongest in theSanta Fearea, parts of theAlbuquerquemetro area (such as the southeast and central areas, including the affluent Nob Hill neighborhood and the vicinity of theUniversity of New Mexico), Northern and West Central New Mexico, and mostNative Americanreservations, particularly theNavajo Nation.Republicans have traditionally had their strongholds in the eastern and southern parts of the state, theFarmingtonarea,Rio Rancho, and the newly developed areas in the northwest mesa. Albuquerque's Northeast Heights have historically leaned Republican but have become a key swing area for Democrats in recent election cycles.
A 2020 study ranked New Mexico as the 20th hardest state for citizens to vote, due mostly to the inaccessibility of polling stations among many isolated communities.
New Mexico has elected morewomen of colorto public office than any other U.S. state.While the trend is partly reflective of the state's disproportionately high Hispanic and indigenous populations, it also reflects longstanding cultural and political trends: In 1922,Soledad Chávez Chacónwas the first woman elected secretary of state of New Mexico, and the first Hispanic woman elected to statewide office in the United States.RepublicangovernorSusana Martinezwas the first Hispanic female governor in the United States, andDemocratcongresswomanDeb Haalandwas among the first Native American women elected to the U.S. Congress.
Research by theCenter for American Women and PoliticsatRutgers Universityfound that two-thirds of all nonwhite women who have ever been elected governor in the U.S. are from New Mexico, including the current governor, Lujan Grisham. The state also accounts for nearly one-third of the women of color who have served in any statewide executive office, such as lieutenant governor and secretary of state, a distinction shared by only ten other states.New Mexico also has a relatively high percentage of state legislators who are women of color, which at 16% is the sixth highest in the nation.
New Mexico is described as a "national leader in electing female legislators".As of January 2023, it ranked sixth in the number of female state legislators (43.8%),with women comprising a majority of the New Mexico House of Representatives (53%) and over a quarter of the Senate (29%).Women also hold a majority of seats on the state Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals.At the federal level, two out of three congressional districts are represented by women.
Local government in New Mexico consists primarily ofcountiesandmunicipalities. There are 33 counties, of which the most populous isBernalillo, which contains the state's largest city,Albuquerque. Counties are usually governed by an elected five-member county commission, sheriff, assessor, clerk and treasurer. A municipality may call itself a village, town, or city,with no distinction in law and no correlation to any particular form of government. Municipal elections are non-partisan.In addition, limited local authority can be vested in special districts and landowners' associations.
New Mexico is one of 23 states without the death penalty,becoming the 15th state to abolish capital punishment in 2009.
The state has among the most permissive firearms laws in the country.Its constitution explicitly enshrines the right to bear arms and prevents local governments from regulating gun ownership.Residents may purchase any firearm deemed legal under federal law without a permit.There is a 7-day waiting period under state law for picking up a firearm after it has been purchased (holders of concealed handgun licenses are exempt from the 7-day waiting period), nor any restrictions on magazine capacity. Additionally, New Mexico is a "shall-issue" state forconcealed carrypermits, thus giving applicants a presumptive right to receive a license without giving a compelling reason.
Before December 2013, New Mexico law was silent on the issue ofsame-sex marriage. The issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples was determined at the county level, with some county clerks issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples and others not. In December 2013, theNew Mexico Supreme Courtissued a unanimous ruling directing all county clerks to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, thereby making New Mexico the 17th state to recognize same-sex marriage statewide.
Based on 2008 data, New Mexico had 146 law enforcement agencies across the state, county, and municipal levels.Statelaw enforcementis statutorily administered by the Department of Public Safety (DPS).TheNew Mexico State Policeis a division of the DPS with jurisdiction over all crimes in the state.As of 2008, New Mexico had over 5,000 sworn police officers, a ratio of 252 per 100,000 residents, which is roughly the same as the nation.The state struggles with one of the nation's highest rates of officer-involved killings, which has prompted political and legal reforms at local and state levels.
In April 2021, New Mexico became the 18th state tolegalize cannabis for recreational use; possession, personal cultivation, and retail sales are permitted under certain conditions, while relevant marijuana-related arrests and convictions are expunged.New Mexico has long pioneered loosening cannabis restrictions: In 1978, it was the first state to pass legislation allowing themedical use of marijuanain some form, albeit restricted to a federal research program.In 1999, Republican GovernorGary Johnsonbecame the highest-ranking elected official in the U.S. to publicly endorse drug legalization.Medicinal marijuana was fully legalized in 2007, making New Mexico the 12th state to do so, and the fourth via legislative action.In 2019, it was the first U.S. state to decriminalize possession of drug paraphernalia.
As of June 2022, New Mexico has one of the nation'smost permissive abortion laws: Elective abortion care is legal at all stages of pregnancy, without restrictions such as long waiting periods and mandated parental consent.In 2021, the state repealed a 1969 "trigger law" that had banned most abortion procedures, which would have come into effect following the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling inDobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.In response to theDobbsdecision, which held that abortion was not a constitutional right, New Mexico's governor issued an executive order protecting abortion providers from out-of-state litigation, in anticipation of the influx of nonresidents seeking abortions.
On a per capita basis, New Mexico's government has one of the largest state budgets, at $9,101 per resident.As of 2017, the state had anS&P Global Ratingof AA+, denoting a very strong capacity to meet financial commitments alongside a very low credit risk.
New Mexico has two constitutionally mandatedpermanent funds: TheLand Grant Permanent Fund (LGPF), which was established upon statehood in 1912, and the Severance Tax Permanent Fund (STPF), which was created in 1973 during theoil boom.Both funds derive revenue from rents, royalties, and bonuses related to the state's extensive oil, gas, and mining operations; the vast majority of the LGPF's distributions are earmarked for "common (public) schools", while all distributions from the STPF are allocated to the LGPF.As of 2020, the Land Grant Permanent Fund was valued at $21.6 billion, while the Severance Tax Permanent Fund was worth $5.8 billion.
Due to its relatively low population and numerous federally funded research facilities, New Mexico had the highest concentration of PhD holders of any state in 2000.Los Alamos County, which hosts theeponymous national laboratory, leads the state in the most post-secondary degree holders, at 38.7% of residents, or 4,899 of 17,950.However, New Mexico routinely ranks near the bottom in studies measuring the quality of primary and secondary school education.
By national standards, New Mexico has one of the highest concentrations of persons who did not finish high school or have some college education, albeit by a low margin: Slightly more than 14% of residents did not have a high school diploma, compared to the national rate of 11.4%, the fifth lowest out of 52 U.S. states and territories. Almost a quarter of people over 25 (23.9%) did not complete college,compared with 21% nationally.New Mexico ranks among the bottom ten states in the proportion of residents with a bachelor's degree or higher (27.7%), but 21st in PhD earners (12.2%); the national average is 33.1% and 12.8%, respectively. In 2020, the number of doctorate recipients was 300, placing the state 34th in the nation.
In 2018, a state judge issued a landmark ruling that "New Mexico is violating the constitutional rights of at-risk students by failing to provide them with sufficient education", in particularly those with indigenous, non-English-speaking, and low-income backgrounds.The court ordered the governor and legislature to provide an adequate system by April 2019;in response, New Mexico increased teacher salaries, funded an extended school year, expanded prekindergarten childhood education programs, and developed a budget formula for delivering more funding to schools that serve at-risk and low-income students.Nevertheless, many activists and public officials contend that these efforts continue to fall short, particularly with respect to Native American schools and students.
TheNew Mexico Public Education Departmentoversees the operation of primary and secondary schools; individual school districts directly operate and staff said schools.
In January 2022, New Mexico became the first state in the U.S. to recruit national guardsmen and state workers to serve as substitute teachers due to staffing shortages caused by COVID-19.Partly in response to pandemic-related shortages, on March 1, 2022, Governor Grisham signed into law four bills to increase the salaries and benefits of teachers and other school staff, particularly in entry-level positions.
New Mexico has 41 accredited, degree-granting institutions; twelve are private and 29 are state-funded, including four tribal colleges.Additionally, select students can attend certain institutions in Colorado, at in-state tuition rates, pursuant to a reciprocity program between the two states.
Graduates of four-year colleges in New Mexico have some of the lowest student debt burdens in the U.S.; the class of 2017 owed an average of $21,237 compared with a national average of $28,650, according to theInstitute for College Access & Success.
New Mexico ranked 13th in the 2022 Social Mobility Index (SMI), which measures the extent to which economically disadvantaged students (with family incomes below the national median) have access to colleges and universities with lower tuition and indebtedness and higher job prospects.
Eastern New Mexico University at Portales
New Mexico is one of eight states that fund college scholarships through the statelottery.The state requires that thelotteryput 30% of its gross sales into the scholarship fund.The scholarship is available to residents who graduated from a state high school, and attend a state university full-time while maintaining a 2.5 GPA or higher.It covered 100% of tuition when it was first instated in 1996,decreased to 90%, then dropped to 60% in 2017.The value slightly increased in 2018, and new legislation was passed to outline what funds are available per type of institution.
In September 2019, New Mexico announced a plan to make tuition at its public colleges and universities free for all state residents, regardless of family income.The proposal was described as going further than any other existing state or federal plan or program at the time.In March 2022, New Mexico became the first state to offer free college tuition for all residents, after the legislature passed a bipartisan bill allocating almost 1 percent of the state budget toward covering tuition and fees at all 29 public colleges, universities, community colleges, and tribal colleges.The program, which takes effect July 1, 2022, is described as among the most ambitious and generous in the country, as it is available to all residents regardless of income, work status, or legal status, and is provided without taking into account other scholarships and sources of financial aid.
New Mexican culture is a unique fusion of indigenous, Spanish, Hispanic, and American influences. The intermingling of these diverse groups is reflected in New Mexico's demographics,toponyms, cuisine, dialect, and identity. Compared to other Western states, New Mexico's Spanish and Mexican heritage remain more visible and enduring, due to it having been the oldest, most populous, and most important province in New Spain's northern periphery.However, some historians allege that this history has been understated or marginalized by persistentAmerican biases and misconceptionstowards Spanish colonial history, reflected in part by the fact that many Americans do not know it is part of the U.S.;this misconception variably elicits frustration, amusement, or even pride among New Mexicans as evidence of their unique heritage.
Like other states in theAmerican Southwest, New Mexico bears the legacy of the "Old West" period of American westward expansion, characterized bycattle ranching,cowboys,pioneers, theSanta Fe Trail, and conflicts among and between settlers and Native Americans.The state's vast and diverse geography, sparse population, andabundance of ghost townshave contributed to its enduring frontier image and atmosphere.Many fictional works of theWestern genreareset or produced in New Mexico.
Examples of New Mexico's architectural history date back to theAncestral PuebloanswithinOasisamerica.TheHispanos of New Mexicoadapted thePueblo architecturestyle within their own buildings, and following the establishment ofAlbuquerquein 1706, theTerritorial Styleof architecture blended the styles.Rural communities incorporated both building types into aNew Mexico vernacularstyle, further exemplifying the indigenous roots of New Mexico.After statehood, the modernPueblo RevivalandTerritorial Revival architectural stylesbecame more prevalent, with these revival architectures becoming officially encouraged since the 1930s.These styles have been blended with other modern styles, as happened withPueblo Deco architecture,within modern contemporary New Mexican architecture.
The earliest New Mexico artists whose work survives today are theMimbres Indians, whose black and white pottery could be mistaken for modern art, except for the fact that it was produced before 1130 CE. Many examples of this work can be seen at theDeming Luna Mimbres Museumand at theWestern New Mexico UniversityMuseum.
Santa Fehas long hosted a thriving artistic community, which has included such prominent figures asBruce Nauman,Richard Tuttle,John Connell,Steina VasulkaandNed Bittinger.The capital city has several art museums, including theNew Mexico Museum of Art, Museum of Spanish Colonial Art,Museum of International Folk Art,Museum of Indian Arts and Culture,Museum of Contemporary Native Arts,SITE Santa Feand others. Colonies for artists and writers thrive, and the small city teems with art galleries. In August, the city hosts the annualSanta Fe Indian Market, which is the oldest and largest juried Native American art showcase in the world. Performing arts include theSanta Fe Opera, which presents five operas in repertory each July to August; theSanta Fe Chamber Music Festivalheld each summer; and the restoredLensic Theater, a principal venue for many kinds of performances. The weekend after Labor Day boasts the burning ofZozobra, a fifty-foot (15m) marionette, duringFiestas de Santa Fe.
As New Mexico's largest city, Albuquerque hosts many of the state's leading cultural events and institutions, including theNew Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, theNational Hispanic Cultural Center, theNational Museum of Nuclear Science & History, and the famed annualAlbuquerque International Balloon Fiesta. The National Hispanic Cultural Center has held hundreds of performing arts events, art showcases, and other events related to Spanish culture in New Mexico and worldwide in the centerpiece Roy E Disney Center for the Performing Arts or in other venues at the 53-acre facility. New Mexico residents and visitors alike can enjoy performing art from around the world at Popejoy Hall on the campus of the University of New Mexico. Popejoy Hall hosts singers, dancers, Broadway shows, other types of acts, and Shakespeare.Albuquerque also has the unique and iconicKiMo Theaterbuilt in 1927 in thePueblo Revival Style architecture. The KiMo presents live theater and concerts as well as movies andsimulcastoperas.In addition to other general interest theaters, Albuquerque also has the African American Performing Arts Center and Exhibit Hall which showcases achievements by people of African descentand theIndian Pueblo Cultural Centerwhich highlights the cultural heritage of theFirst Nationspeople of New Mexico.
New Mexico holds strong to its Spanish heritage. Old Spanish traditions suchzarzuelasandflamencoare popular;the University of New Mexico is the only institute of higher education in the world with a program dedicated to flamenco.Flamenco dancer and native New MexicanMaría Benítezfounded the Maria Benítez Institute for Spanish Arts "to present programs of the highest quality of the rich artistic heritage of Spain, as expressed through music, dance, visual arts, and other art forms". There is also the annual Festival Flamenco Internacional de Alburquerque, where native Spanish and New Mexican flamenco dancers perform at the University of New Mexico; it is the largest and oldest flamenco event outside of Spain.
In the mid-20th century, there was a thriving Hispano school of literature and scholarship being produced in both English and Spanish. Among the more notable authors were:Angélico Chávez,Nina Otero-Warren, Fabiola Cabeza de Baca, Aurelio Espinosa,Cleofas Jaramillo,Juan Bautista Rael, andAurora Lucero-White Lea. As well, writerD. H. Lawrencelived nearTaosin the 1920s, at theD. H. Lawrence Ranch, where there is a shrine said to contain his ashes.
New Mexico's strongSpanish,Anglo, andWild West frontiermotifs have contributed to a uniquebody of literature, represented by internationally recognized authors such asRudolfo Anaya,Tony Hillerman, andDaniel Abraham.Western fictionfolk heroesBilly the Kid,Elfego Baca,Geronimo, andPat Garrettoriginate in New Mexico.These same Hispanic, indigenous, and frontier histories have given New Mexico a place in the history ofcountryandWesternmusic,with its ownNew Mexico musicgenre,including the careers ofAl Hurricane,Robert Mirabal,andMichael Martin Murphey.
Silver City, originally a mining town, is now a major hub and exhibition center for large numbers of artists, visual and otherwise.Another former mining town turned art haven isMadrid, New Mexico, which was brought to national fame as the filming location for the 2007 movieWild Hogs.Las Cruces, in southern New Mexico, has a museum system affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution Affiliations Program,and hosts a variety of cultural and artistic opportunities for residents and visitors.
TheWesterngenre immortalized the varied mountainous, riparian, and desert environment into film.Owing to a combination of financial incentives, low cost, and geographic diversity, New Mexico has long been a popular setting or filming location for various films and television series. In addition toWild Hogs, other movies filmed in New Mexico includeSunshine CleaningandVampires. Various seasons of theA&E/NetflixseriesLongmirewere filmed in several New Mexico locations, includingLas Vegas,Santa Fe,Eagle Nest, andRed River.The widely acclaimedBreaking Badfranchisewas set and filmed in and around Albuquerque, a product of the ongoing success ofmedia in the cityin large part helped byAlbuquerque Studios, and the presence of production studios likeNetflixandNBCUniversal.
New Mexico is known for its unique and eclectic culinary scene,which fuses variousindigenous cuisineswith those ofSpanishandMexicanHispanosoriginating inNuevo México.Like other aspects of the state's culture,New Mexican cuisinehas been shaped by a variety of influences from throughout its history;consequently, it is unlikeLatinfood originating elsewhere in thecontiguous United States.Distinguishing characteristics include the use of local spices, herbs, flavors, and vegetables, particularly red and greenNew Mexico chilepeppers,anise(used inbizcochitos),andpiñon(pine nuts).
Among the dishes unique to New Mexico arefrybread-stylesopapillas,breakfast burritos,enchiladamontada(stacked enchiladas), green chile stew,carne seca(a thinly sliced variant ofjerky), green chile burgers,posole(ahominydish), slow-cookedfrijoles(beans, typicallypinto beans),calabacitas(sautéedzucchiniandsummer squash), andcarne adovada(pork marinated in red chile).The state is also the epicenter of a burgeoning Native American culinary movement, in which chefs of indigenous descent serve traditional cuisine throughfood trucks.
No major league professional sports teams are based in New Mexico, but theAlbuquerque Isotopesare thePacific Coast Leaguebaseball affiliate of theMLBColorado Rockies. The state hosts several baseball teams of thePecos League: theRoswell Invaders,Ruidoso Osos,Santa Fe Fuegoand theWhite Sands Pupfish. TheDuke City Gladiatorsof theIndoor Football League(IFL) plays their home games atTingley Coliseumin Albuquerque; the city also hosts two soccer teams:New Mexico United, which began playing in thesecond tierUSL Championshipin 2019, and the associatedNew Mexico United U23, which plays in the fourth tierUSL League Two.
Collegiate athletics are the center ofspectator sportsin New Mexico, namely the rivalry between various teams of theUniversity of New Mexico Lobosand theNew Mexico State Aggies.The intense competition between the two teams is often referred to as the "Rio Grande Rivalry" or the "Battle ofI-25" (in reference to both campuses being located along that highway).NMSUalso has a rivalry with theUniversity of Texas at El Pasocalled "The Battle of I-10". The winner of the NMSU-UTEP football game receives theSilver Spadetrophy.
Olympic gold medalistTom Jager, an advocate of controversialhigh-altitude trainingfor swimming, has conducted training camps in Albuquerque at 5,312 feet (1,619m) andLos Alamosat 7,320 feet (2,231m).
New Mexico is a major hub for variousshooting sports, mainly concentrated in theNRA Whittington Centerin Raton, which is largest and most comprehensive competitive shooting range and training facility in the U.S.
Owing to its millennia of habitation and over two centuries of Spanish colonial rule, New Mexico features a significant number of sites with historical and cultural significance. Forty-six locations across the state are listed by theU.S. National Register of Historic Places, the 18th highest of any state.
New Mexico has nine of the country's 84 national monuments, which are sites federally protected by presidential proclamation; this is the second-highest number after Arizona.The monuments include some of the earliest to have been created:El MorroandGila Cliff Dwellings, proclaimed in 1906 and 1907, respectively; both preserve the state's ancient indigenous heritage.
New Mexico is one of 20 states with aUNESCO World Heritage Site, and among only eight with more than one. Excluding sites shared between states, New Mexico has the most World Heritage Sites in the country, with three exclusively within its territory.
Since 1970,New Mexico Magazinehas had a standing feature,One of Our 50 Is MissingArchivedJune 21, 2023, at theWayback Machine,which relates often humorous anecdotes about instances in which people elsewhere do not realize New Mexico is a state, confuse it with the nation of Mexico, or otherwise mistake it as being a foreign country. The state's license plates say "New Mexico USA", so as to avoid confusion with Mexico, which it borders to the southwest. New Mexico is the only state that specifies "USA" on its license plates.
34°N106°W﻿ / ﻿34°N 106°W﻿ /34; -106﻿ (State of New Mexico)