Shimizu Jirocho

Shimizu Jirochō(Japanese:清水次郎長, 14 February 1820 – 12 June 1893)was a famousyakuzaandentrepreneur.He is considered a folk hero inJapan.BornChōgorō Yamamoto(山本潮五郎), he was adopted by his uncle Jirohachi Yamamoto who was a ricewholesaler.Due to the fall of his adoptive family he became abakuto(gambler) and thereafter the biggest yakuza boss of theTōkaidō region.Jirochō was also a philanthropist, business leader, and a patriot.In the late 19th century, Jirochō dominated the port ofShimizuand two mainroutes;TōkaidōandNakasendō, which connected the two former capitals,KyotoandEdo. He had henchmen such as Omasa (大政), Komasa (小政), and Mori no Ishimatsu (森の石松). His life is distinguished as a violentcrime boss, but also by humane, political, and economic development in his later years.There are multiple accounts about his life which makes it difficult to distinguish fact from legend.His legendary status is depicted in many movies and TV dramas.
Jirochō's birth name was Chōgorō Yamamoto (山本 長五郎).He was born on February 14, 1820, south of the Tōkaidō post office inEjiri-jukuinSuruga Province, Udogun county (有渡郡) (nowShizuoka (city),Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka).He was the second son of boat owner andferrycaptain Takagi Miuemon (高木 三右衛門), who worked along theTomoe River.There are no records of his mother. There is a Japanese superstition that newborn babies on thefirst day of the lunar yearwill either become great geniuses or hopeless villains. His parents didn't want to take risks and gave him up for adoption.
His maternal uncle Jirohachi Yamamoto had no biological children and adopted Chōgorō.Jirohachi was akomedon-ya(ja:米問屋) (ricewholesaler, middleman-merchant dealing inrice) and the owner of a shop.Since there was a child named "Cho" (official name is unknown) among his childhood friends, the nearby people called him Jirochō. The name Jirochō is an abbreviation of "Jirohachi's Chōgorō".Years later he was still called Jirochō. Jirochō was a naughty child who frequently broke the rules.At the age of 15, he asked his adoptive father Jirohachi for permission to go toEdo(nowTokyo), but was refused, and then he stole money from his father and fled. According to rumors, the real reason for Jirochō's escape to Edo was because he had killed a man who asked him to give back money he had borrowed, and then threw the body into a river.
The Port of Shimizu (清水港) had ship transportation of rice for annual tribute (nengu, 年貢) from theShinanoandKaiprovinces toEdoon ships through theFuji River. There were privileged cargo vessel suppliers who collected commissions. Jirochō's Minowa-cho was a newly opened area in Shimizu Minato (Port of Shimizu). His biological  father, Miuemon, had a shipping company that transported goods by himself. In addition, since his adoptive father Jirohachi was a merchant who held a stock of rice brokerage, it is believed that Miuemon transported rice grains through Jirohachi.
After the death of his adoptive father Jirohachi in 1835, Jirochō returned and became the owner of the komedon-ya.He worked at the shop until he was 23 years old.However, he quickly returned to gambling.In March 1842, an intoxicated Jirochō was accosted by thieves at night while returning home from gambling. He vowed to never be an easy target to thugs again. In June 1842, he fought with a gambler and murdered him.This was the start of his yakuza career. Jirochō managed the family business with his wife, all while repeatedly gambling and fighting. This included revenge, murder, and living the life of a gangster. He built up his following, extended his influence, and fought over territories relating to theFuji Riverand maritime transport.He was able to consolidate power over maritime transport from Shimizu Port to the Fuji River.He divorced his first wife after she gave birth to a child. Jirochō left with his apprentice Okuma Ejiri and became a drifter. He went toMikawa Province(nowAichi Prefecture), studiedkendo, and learned about business from his godfather Terazu no Manozuke.Jirochō traveled to various countries, practiced, expanded, grew, and established a yakuza syndicate in Minato Shimizu. The history of Jirochō in this era is detailed in "Tokai Yukyoden" (東海遊侠伝) by Guan Amada (天田愚庵). Amada was adopted by Jirochō in 1881.
By the mid 19th century, yakuza gangs widely proliferated in Japan. They set up their gambling houses and robbed day laborers. Jirocho was theoyabun(leader) of a gang of six hundred men. His gang ruthlessly slaughtered a group of rivals in a neighboring prefecture. According to Jirocho, there was also a huge theft of large "golden dolphins" (kinshachi) from the roof ofNagoya Castle. Jirocho's followers tried to follow his wishes of not bothering local communities. However, conflicts with gamblers and thugs did affect ordinary people.
In 1845, Jirocho arbitrated and settled a dispute between two gang leaders Tsumugi Bunkichi (津向文吉) ofIchikawamisatoinKai Province, and Tazaemon Wadajima (和田島太右衛門), the uncle of Jirocho.This earned him more respect in the underworld.He gained many underlings such as Omasa (大政) (a former sumo wrestler fromNagoya),  Komasa (小政) (fromHamamatsu), and Tsunekichi (fromGunma).For the next 20 years, he lived hidden from the law because he was wanted by the police. Meanwhile, he fought rival gangs and expanded his syndicate.
In the 1847, he met Okuma Ejiri's younger sister, Ochô (the eldest daughter of a Nishio-han retainer).Jirocho's relationship with Ocho (お蝶) became his third and final marriage.
On December 29, 1858, he was chased by an official when he entered and exited Koshu. He was betrayed by Hisakuro Hoshita in Nagoya, Owari Province, where he fled, and lost his wife's bow. In 1859, he killed Kyuroku in Owari Chita Kamezaki Otogawa. On September 16 of the same year, Kinpira Shimoda, Yoshibei, and others arrived in Shimizu Port from Numazu and attacked Jirocho.
On January 15, 1861, Yoshibei Miyakoda, the enemy of Ishimatsu, was killed in Ejiri Oiwake, Suruga Province. In October of the same year, he made a handicraft with Kinpira Shimoda in Kikugawa. On May 10, 1863, he faced Katsuzo Kurokoma of Kai Province in theTenryu River.
On June 5, 1864, he attacked Katsuzo, who was hidden by Kamekichi Hirai in Mikawa Province, along with Axhachi Katahara. By 1866, Jirocho's syndicate consisted of over 500 henchmen.This would become a private army with approximately 2000 members.
During theBakumatsuperiod (1853 - 1867), Jirocho was an escort guard for the last ShogunTokugawa Yoshinobu. Yoshinobu thanked him with a noshime (熨斗目, short sleeved kimono) garment as a gift.The abolishment of theshogunatecaused confusion across Japan.Jirocho wielded great power, but was a gangster. Jirocho supported the revolutionary forces, so all his past crimes and murders were forgiven.
In theMeiji period(1868 - 1912), Jirocho reached a major turning point in his life.he played an important role in theBoshin War, after which theTokugawa shogunateand theEdo periodended. Both the revolutionary army, who sought to return political power to theImperial Court, and the army of theTokugawa Shogunatetried to get help from theyakuza, since they had a well-organized military force.
On March 9, 1868, former samuraiYamaoka Tesshūmet withSaigō Takamoriin Sunpu and appealed for the life ofTokugawa Yoshinobuand the survival of the Tokugawa family name, but Tesshū was Jiro in the Hakurinmaru case. It is said that Jirocho was associated with Tesshū and Enomotoafter the Meiji era because he was deeply impressed by theheroismof Yoshinobu.
In 1868, Jirocho was appointedDochutansakugataby the Government-General of the Eastern Expedition. He was ordered to provide security to Shimizu Port and the Tokaido Line.Jirocho transformed from outlaw to public security.He served this role until July. From May to June of that year, he confronted Katsuzo Kurokoma, who joined the Sekihotai, inSunpu. On October 14, 1871, Katsuzo Kurokoma was executed on charges of withdrawal from the Sekihotai and the Shogunate era.
In 1868, the warshipKanrin Maruof the old Edo Shogunate sailed with more than 3,000 Tokugawa army soldiers from Tokyo toShimizu. On September 18, 1868, a fleet escaped from off Shinagawa under the leadership ofEnomoto Takeaki, the former Deputy Governor of the Navy of the Shogunate. The warshipKanrin Marubroke off the coast ofBoshudue to a storm and anchored at Shimizu Minato for repairs. They hoisted a white flag. However, while anchored at Shimizu harbor, the ship was attacked by pro-Imperial government troops.All members of the Shogunate army that remained aboard the ship were killed in the battle, known as the Kanrin Maru Incident, by the combined forces of Jirocho and the revolutionary army.
After the battle, the bodies of the crew members who had died drifted inSuruga Bayand were left to rot, because no one tried to dispose them due to fear of being blamed by the new Meiji government. Jirocho disagreed with this and decided that the large number of corpses should not be left on the coast. He took a boat to collect the bodies and ensured that they had a proper funeral.They were cremated withBuddhistservices and buried with sincere condolenceson the sandy beach ofMukojima. The new government army blamed the containment work, but Jirocho said, "If you die, everyone will be aBuddha. There is no government army or thief army in Buddha."These historical events are the basis of the humanity of Jirocho's legend.
Since the start of theMeiji period, Jirocho worked for the government.Yamaoka Tesshūwas appointed governor ofEmperor Meiji's court in 1871. Tesshū often resorted to the services of Jirocho when it was necessary to pacify the capital's poor, who were rising up against a half-starved existence, or peasants who were outraged by unfair extortions.
Despite his legitimate position, he was still involved in clandestine affairs.  By 1869, Jirocho was more careful, calculating, and able to assess people's personalities. He had many powerful friends, such as ViscountEnomoto Takeaki(first governor ofShizuoka Prefecture) andField MarshalŌyama Iwaoof theImperial Japanese Army. He became shrewd enough to settle disputes without casualties. On May 22, 1869 (Meiji 2), Jirocho's second wife was murdered by a rival yakuza gang member. Jirocho negotiated with the gang's leader to prevent a gang war.
To establish a respectable reputation, Jirocho became involved in many philanthropic projects to develop communities and help charities. This included the reconstruction of Tesshuji Temple in Shizuoka, supporting local fire victims and displaced samurai from Tokyo, and arranging a first-class physician in Shimizu City.
It is believed that from Jirocho came the philosophical and cannibalistic maxim to the present yakuza:
In February 1871, Jirocho planned to clear the forest, which was the territory of the former Kunozan Toshogu Shrine, but he gave up due to the resistance of Otani Village.
In thesenior yearsof his life, Jirocho stopped gambling. He got involved in numerous businesses, such as the modernization of Shimizu Port.During the Meiji period, Shimizu Port was one of the primary ports for the export of tea and other goods.He noted that it is important to expand the tea sales channel for the development of Shimizu Port.He appealed that the outer port of Shimizu should be improved with wharfs and other port facilities so that large steamships could enter and dock at the port.Jirocho opened a notable funayado (sailors' inn) calledSuehiroin Shimizu Port near the former castle town ofSunpu. He was the innkeeper and his wife Ocho helped manage it in 1886.Today, there are still remnant stones of the "Jirocho wharfs" near theSuehiroinn.He also established a regular route with steamships from Shimizu Port toYokohama.
From 1874 to 1884, Jirôchô contributed to a land reclamation project which cleared land near the base ofMt. Fuji(now Obuchi inFuji City, Shizuoka Prefecture).Prisoners made the rocky soil suitable for agriculture. Jirocho backed the construction of multipleshinto shrines.Jorochi also engaged in marine transportation business.Furthermore, he contributed to the implementation of the cultivation of tea, cedars, cypresses, and wheat.Now, this area is known as "Jirôchô-machi" (Jirôchô Town).He also backed salt field projects at Miho and oil deposits atSagaraandOmaezaki.Additionally, Jirocho sponsored and helped establish one of the first English-language private schools in the region.It was within the Meitokukan school which was founded by former shogunal retainer Arai Kan at the nearby Jôjûin temple.He organized a specialsumoevent in Shizuoka.During his final years, Jirocho was affectionally called the "Old Man of the Harbor"
In 1878 (Meiji 11), Yamaoka Tesshu asked Jirocho to adopt Guan Amada (天田愚庵), because his father was killed during theBoshin War.Thereafter Amada was renamed Goro Yamamoto (山本五郎). On June 15, 1880, he helped the Mikawa Hirai family with Tsunekichi Harada and Ryukichi Unfu. Ryukichi Unfu was abakutoand allied with Katsuzo Kuroma who was hostile to Jirocho. On June 15, 1880, he collaborated with the Mikawa Hirai family'sTsuneyoshi Harada(原田常吉) andRyukichi Unfu(雲風竜吉).This handiwork resulted in a reconciliation between Katsuzo and Jirocho.By the end of the 19th century, Jirocho created a large yakuza clan and subjugated all the gambling dens along the mainRoutesfromEdotoKyoto.
In addition, when the former officers of the Suruga Red Heart Corps and the Enshu Bulletin Corps, who were following the Arisugawa-no-miya, returned to their hometowns, an incident occurred in which the former shogunate who had been relocated to Suruga repeated terrorist acts with resentment. Jirocho protected the weak in order to prevent blood from bleeding locally.
On February 25, 1884, Jirocho was arrested during a crackdown by the Shizuoka Prefectural Police Headquarters under the "Gambling Criminal Disposition Regulations". On April 7, 1884, he was sentenced to 7 years of punishmentand a fine of 400 yen, and was locked in Imiya Prison (Imiya-cho, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka City). Due to Jirocho's powerful connections including the efforts of Shizuoka Prefectural Ordinance and the politician Takayoshi Sekiguchi (1836–1889), he was released on parole after 23 monthsin 1885 without waiting for the expiration of his sentence.
Jirocho's son Goro Yamamoto (Guan Amada) wrote a lot about the life of Jirocho which helped him to gain legendary status. In April 1884, Goro published "Tokai Yuuden". After 10 years (1888), Goro left Jirocho and became an imperial retainer and then a Buddhist monk.
Shigetoshi Ueki, who graduated from theUniversity of Tokyo's School of Medicine in 1886, met on board a ship heading from Yokohama to Tosa, and invitedRyozo Watanabe, who came from Kajimachi, Tosa, the same town as Ueki, to Shimizu. Yamaoka Tesshu died on July 19, 1888, and the Shimizu family attended the funeral held at Yanaka Zenshoan. On August 4, the same year, a part of the reclaimed land at the southern base of Mt. Fuji was sold to Kaemon Takashima.
On June 12, 1893, he died of a cold at the age of 73 at his inn, Suehiro.Between 3,000 and 8,000 people participated in the funeral procession to pay their respects.He was buried at the nearby Baiin-Zen-Ji temple.He received theposthumous name"Seikiryou Kenyuuzan Gikaikouji".The name of the priest was Yoshimi Oyama.
The group that succeeded Jirocho was regarded as members of the underworld with mob syndicate status by the police.The successors of Jirocho tarnished his public image as an entrepreneur androbin hood figurewho crushed the strong and helped the weak as a yakuza boss.This is why Kingo Tanabe (fifth-generation Shimizu family leader) dissolved the group in 1961. Tanabe wrote in his book "At the very least, I don't want to hand the (Shimizu 'family') crest over to a gangster organization that frightens decent people."However, later Tanabe sold the Shimizu emblem for circa tens of millions of yen toYasuo Takagi(head of the Goryo-kai and thereafter the Mio-gumi gang). Tanabe didn't clarify why he sold it, but he had deteriorating health and needed the money. The Mio-gumi wanted the upscale Shimizu crest to recover from their billions of yen in loan-shark losses when Takagi was arrested in 2003. This caused the Shizuoka tourism association to remove Shimizu souvenirs to distance themselves from the yakuza.
There are big memorials of Jirocho at the Baiin-Zen-Ji and Tesshuji temples inShizuoka.His efforts to create Shimizu Port is also part of his memorial and legacy.
A bronze statue of Jirocho is located at Baiin-Zen-Ji temple (梅蔭禅寺) in (3-8 Minamiokamachi, Shimizu Ward, Shizuoka, 424–0932, Japan). The temple also houses the tombs of Shimizu no Jirocho, his wife Ocho (お蝶), Omasa (大政) and Komasa (小政). In 2001, the old Suehiro Inn was reconstructed with mostly original Meiji era materials that were recovered on the same location in 1999.Nowadays, it is a small museum with relics about Jirocho's life and his contributions to Shimizu Port.
Jirocho has been featured in many movies and TV dramas. Since 1912 over 100 movies were produced about Jirocho and dozens of books.The publicity helped to revitalize the city.