मास्टर ऑफ बिझनेस ॲडमिनिस्ट्रेशन

TheMaster of Business Administration(MBA) is amaster's degreeinbusiness administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines. The MBA designation originated in theUnited States, emerging from the late 19th century as the countryindustrializedand companies sought outscientific approaches to management. The core courses in the MBA program are designed to introduce students to the various areas of business such as accounting, marketing, human resources, operations management, etc. Students in the MBA program have the option to select an area of concentration and focus approximately one-third of their studies in this area.
Accreditationbodies exist specifically for MBA programs to ensure consistency and quality of graduate business education, and business schools in many countries offer MBA programs tailored to full-time, part-time,executive, anddistance learningstudents, with specialized concentrations.
TheTuck School of Business, part ofDartmouth College, was the firstgraduate schoolof business in theUnited States.  Founded in 1900, it was the first institution conferringadvanced degrees (masters) in the commercial sciences, specifically, aMaster of Sciencein Commerce degree, the forebear of the modern MBA degree.
In 1908, the Graduate School of Business Administration (GSBA) atHarvard Universitywas established; it offered the world's first MBA program, with a faculty of 15 plus 33 regular students and 47 special students.
TheUniversity of Chicago Graduate School of Businessfirst offered working professionals the Executive MBA (EMBA) program in 1940, and this type of program is offered by most business schools today.
In 1950, the first MBA degrees were awarded outside the United States byThe University of Western OntarioinCanada,followed in 1951 with the degree awarded by theUniversity of PretoriainSouth Africa.TheInstitute of Business Administration, KarachiinPakistanwas established in 1955 as the first Asian business school by theWharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. In 1957,INSEADbecame the first European business school to offer an MBA program.
The MBA degree has been adopted by universities worldwide, and has been adopted and adapted by both developed and developing countries.
Business schools or MBA programs may be accredited by external bodies which provide students and employers with an independent view of their quality, and indicate that the school's educational curriculum meets specific quality standards. The three major accrediting bodies in the United States areAssociation to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business(AACSB), which accredits research universities, theAssociation of Collegiate Business Schools and Programs(ACBSP), which accredits universities and colleges, and theInternational Assembly for Collegiate Business Education(IACBE),all of which also accredit schools outside the US. TheAACSBand theACBSPare themselves accredited in the United States by theCouncil for Higher Education Accreditation(CHEA).MBA programs with specializations for students pursuing careers in healthcare management also eligible for accreditation by theCommission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education(CAHME).
In the United States, a college or university must be accredited as a whole before it is eligible to have its MBA program accredited. Bodies that accredit institutions as a whole include theCouncil for Higher Education Accreditation(CHEA):Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools(MSA),New England Association of Schools and Colleges(NEASCSC),Higher Learning Commissionof theNorth Central Association of Colleges and Schools(HLC),Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities(NWCCU),Southern Association of Colleges and Schools(SACS), andWestern Association of Schools and Colleges(WASC).
Accreditation agencies outside the United States include theAssociation of MBAs(AMBA), a UK based organization that accredits MBA, DBA and MBM programs worldwide, government accreditation bodies such as theAll India Council for Technical Education(AICTE) that accredits MBA and PGDM programs across India, the Council on Higher Education (CHE) in South Africa, theEuropean Quality Improvement System(EQUIS) for mostly European and Asian schools, and the Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation (FIBAA) in Europe.
Two-year (Full Time) MBAprograms normally take place over two academic years (i.e. approximately 18 months of term time). For example in the Northern Hemisphere beginning in late August/September of year one and continuing until May of year two, with a three to four month summer break in between years one and two. Students enter with a reasonable amount of prior real-world work experience and take classes during weekdays like other university students.
Accelerated MBAprograms are a variation of the two year programs. They involve a higher course load with more intense class and examination schedules. They usually have less "down time" during the program and between semesters. For example, there is no three to four month summer break, and between semesters there might be seven to ten days off rather than three to five weeks vacation.
Part-time MBAprograms normally hold classes on weekday evenings, after normal working hours, or on weekends. Part-time programs normally last three years or more. The students in these programs typically consist of working professionals, who take a light course load for a longer period of time until the graduation requirements are met.
Executive MBA (EMBA)programs developed to meet the educational needs of managers and executives, allowing students to earn an MBA or another business-related graduate degree in two years or less while working full time. Participants come from every type and size of organization – profit, nonprofit, government — representing a variety of industries. EMBA students typically have a higher level of work experience, often 10 years or more, compared to other MBA students. In response to the increasing number of EMBA programs offered, The Executive MBA Council was formed in 1981 to advance executive education.
Distance learningMBA programs hold classes off-campus. These programs can be offered in a number of different formats:correspondence courses bypostal mailoremail, non-interactivebroadcast video, pre-recorded video, liveteleconferenceorvideoconference, offline or online computer courses. Many respectable schools offer these programs; however, so do manydiploma mills.
Dual MBA programs combine MBA degree with others (such as anMSor aJ.D., etc) to let students cut costs (dual programs usually cost less than pursuing 2 degrees separately), save time on education and to tailor the business education courses to their needs. Some business schools offer programs in which students can earn both abachelor's degreeinbusiness administrationand an MBA in four or five years.
Most programs base admission on theGraduate Management Admission Test(GMAT), significant work experience, academic transcripts, essays, references or letters of recommendation and personal interviews. TheGraduate Record Examination(GRE) is also accepted by some schools in lieu of theGMAT.Schools are also interested in extracurricular activities, community service activities and how the student can improve the diversity and contribute to the student body as a whole. All of these qualifications are important for admission; however, some schools do not weigh GMAT scores as heavily as other criteria. In order to achieve a diverse class, business schools also consider the target male-female ratio and local-international student ratios.
Most top MBA programs cover similar subjects within their core required courses.  For information about the typical content of an MBA program's core curriculum, see the overview at theWikiversity MBAtopic page.  MBA programs expose students to a variety of subjects, which students may choose to specialize in a particular area. Students traditionally study a wide breadth of courses in the program's first year, then pursue a specialized curriculum in the second year. Full-time students typically seek an internship during the interim.  Typical specializations include:accounting;economics;Entrepreneurship;finance;international business;operations management;organizational behavior;marketing;real estate; andstrategy, among others.
In 1957,INSEADbecame the first European university offering the MBA degree, followed in 1964 byIESE(first two-year program in Europe),UCD Smurfit Business Schoolin 1964,Manchester Business SchoolandLondon Business Schoolin 1965, The University of Dublin (Trinity College), theRotterdam School of Managementin 1966, theCranfield School of Managementin 1967 and in 1969 by theHEC School of Management(in French, the École des Hautes Études Commerciales) and theInstitut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris. In 1991,IEDC-Bled School of Managementbecame the first school in the ex-socialist block of the Central and Eastern to offer an MBA degree. SeeList of business schools in Europe
In Europe, the recentBologna Accordestablished uniformity in three levels of higher education: Bachelor (three years), Masters (one or two years in addition to three or four years for a Bachelor), and Doctorate (an additional three or four years after a Masters). Students can acquire professional experience after their initial bachelor degree at any European institution and later complete their masters in any other European institution via theEuropean Credit Transfer and Accumulation System. A European masters degree in Management is therefore equivalent to the American MBA having additional scientific content; for example, a European MBA normally requires writing and defending a master'sthesis.
Accreditation standards are not uniform in Europe. Some countries have legal requirements for accreditation (e.g. most German states), in some there is a legal requirement only for universities of a certain type (e.g. ऑस्ट्रिया), and others have no accreditation law at all. Even where there is no legal requirement, many business schools areaccreditedby independent bodies voluntarily to ensure quality standards.
The UK basedAssociation of MBAs(AMBA) was established in 1967 and is an active advocate for MBA degrees. The Association's accreditation service is internationally recognised for all MBA, DBA andMasters in Business and Management (MBM)programs. AMBA also offer the only professional membership association for MBA students and graduates. UK MBA programs typically consist of a set number of taught courses plus a dissertation or project.
January 1998 saw the first meeting of the "Association of the Czech MBA Schools"(CAMBAS)Archived2010-05-16 at theWayback Machine.. The Association is housed within the Centre for Doctoral and Managerial Studies of UEP, Prague. All of the founding members of the Association have their MBA programmes accredited by partner institutions in Great Britain or in United States of America.
जर्मनीwas one of the last western countries to adopt the MBA degree. In 1998, theHochschulrahmengesetz(Higher Education Framework Act), a German federal law regulating higher education including the types of degrees offered, was modified to permit German universities to offer master's degrees. The traditional German degree in business administration was theDiplombut since 1999, bachelor's and master's degrees have gradually displaced the traditional degrees (seeBologna process). Today most German business schools offer the MBA. MostGerman statesrequire that MBA degrees have to be accredited by one of the six agencies officially recognized by the GermanAkkreditierungsrat(accreditation council), the German counterpart to the US-AmericanCHEA. The busiest of these six agencies (in respect to MBA degrees) is the Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation (FIBAA). All universities themselves have to be institutionally accredited by the state (staatlich anerkannt).
Inऑस्ट्रिया, MBA programs ofprivate universitieshave to be accredited by the ऑस्ट्रियाn Accreditation Council (Österreichischer Akkreditierungsrat). State-run universities have no accreditation requirements, however, some of them voluntarily undergo accreditation procedures by independent bodies. There are also MBA programs of non-academic business schools, who are enशीर्षकd by the ऑस्ट्रियाn government to offer these programs until 2010 (Lehrgang universitären Charakters). Some non-academic institutions cooperate with state-run universities to ensure legality of their degrees.
In France and in theFrancophonecountries such asस्वित्झर्लंड,Monaco,Belgium, andCanada(Quebec), the MBA degree programs at the public accredited schools are similar to those offered in theAnglo-Saxoncountries. Most French Business Schools are accredited by the Conférence desGrandes Écoles, which is an association of higher educational establishments outside the mainstream framework of the pu
Italian MBAs programs at public accredited schools are similar to those offered elsewhere in Europe. Italian Business Schools are accredited byEQUISand byASFOR.
Recently MBA programs appeared in Ukraine where there are now about ten schools of business offering a variety of MBA programs. Two of these are subsidiaries of European schools of business, while the remaining institutions are independent.
Today, MBA andDoctor of Business Administration(DBA) designations can be found in many countries and even accessed throughon-line,distance learningore-learning.  Because of the varying standards of MBAs worldwide, many business schools areaccreditedby independent bodies.
In Australia, 42 Australian business schools offer the MBA degree.  Universities differentiate themselves by gaining international accreditation and focusing on national and international rankings.  Most MBAs are one to two years full time.  There is little use of GMAT, and instead each educational institution specifies its own requirements, which normally entails several years of management-level work experience as well as proven academic skills.
Ratings for Australian MBAs are carried out by theGraduate Management Association of Australia, which publishes an annualAustralian MBA Star Ratings. SeeList of business schools in Australia.
In 2004, South Africa’s Council on Higher Education (CHE) completed an extensive re-accreditation of MBA degrees offered in the country. The process was the first of its kind in the world to be undertaken by a statutory body and attracted widespread international media attention for its innovation and thoroughness. SeeList of business schools in South Africa.
Business schools of the traditional universities run a variety of MBA programs. In addition, foreign accredited institutions offer MBA degrees by distance learning in Ghana.
There are 1600 business schools in India offering two year MBA programs targeting predominantly fresh graduates without any work experience. Among those schools, theIndian Institutes of Management(IIM) are the oldest institutions for management education in India. Admission to any of the IIM schools or other business schools requires passing theCommon Admission Test (CAT),XAT,GMAT,JMETor MAT each of which qualifies candidates for entrance into any management institutions in India, apart from these entrance tests there are few business schools which conducts aptitude test individually which qualifies candidates for that particular business school. The IIM and other autonomous business schools offer a post-graduate diploma in management (PGDM) which is recognized in India as similar to an MBA degree. Government accreditation bodies such asAICTEestablished that autonomous business schools can offer only the PGDM, whereas a post-graduate degree can be awarded by a university-affiliated colleges, in two-year full-time program. The curriculum of the PGDM and MBA degrees are equivalent, although the MBA degree is examination oriented and concentrates on theoretical aspects of management whereas the PGDM is industry-oriented and mainly focuses on building soft skills. However, a PGDM holder cannot pursue Ph.D. since the PGDM is not recognized. Non-government accredited, one-year fast-track programs have proliferated in India, especially for candidates with work experience. Such programs are commonly known as Post Graduate Programme (PGP) in Business Management. SeeList of business schools in India.
International MBA programs are acquiring brand value in Asia. For example, while a foreign MBA is still preferred in thePhilippines, many students are now studying at one of many "Global MBA" English language programs being offered. English-only MBA programs are also offered inHong Kong,Japan,Malaysia,Pakistan,Singapore,South Korea,Taiwan, andThailand. For North American students who want a different experience, many Asian programs offer scholarships and discounted tuition, to encourage an international environment in the classroom.
Rankings have been done for Asia Pacific schools by the magazineAsia Inc.which is a regional business magazine with distribution worldwide. The importance of MBA education in China has risen, too.SeeList of business schools in Asia.
साचा:SeealsoEach year, well-known business publications such asUS News & World Report,Business Week,Financial Times,The Economist, and theWall Street Journalpublishrankingsof selected MBA programs that, while controversial in their methodology, nevertheless can directly influence the prestige of schools that achieve high scores.
The MBA degree has become one of the most popular masters' degrees. As more universities started offering the degree, differences in the quality of schools, faculty, and course offerings became evident. Naturally, establishing some criteria of quality is needed to differentiate among MBA programs, especially for prospective students trying to decide on where to apply. As MBA programs proliferated, a variety of publications began providing information on them. Some of these consisted of compilations of information gathered from the universities offering the degree, usually published in book form. Eventually periodicals began publishing articles describing various MBA schools and ranking them according to some perceived quality criteria. One of the most prominent of these isBusiness Week, which devotes a biennial issue to ranking MBA programs.
Different methods of varying validity were used to arrive at rankings of MBA programs. TheGourman Report, for example, did not disclose criteria or ranking methods,and these reports were criticized for reporting statistically impossible data, such as no ties among schools, narrow gaps in scores with no variation in gap widths, and ranks of nonexistent departments.In 1977The Carter Reportpublished rankings of MBA programs based on the number of academic articles published by faculty. Periodicals based their rankings on interviews with company recruiters who hired MBA graduates, surveys of MBA schools' deans, polls of students or faculty, and a variety of other means. The defunctMBA Magazineasked deans to vote on the best programs. The methods of obtaining ranks often changed from year to year. Initially, rankings included only a small number of universities consisting of the largest and best known Ivy League and state schools. There are also many privately compiled rankings, including the Global Top 100 Business Schools compiled by the QS network.
The ranking of MBA programs has been discussed in articles and on academic Web sites.Critics of ranking methodologies maintain that any published rankings should be viewed with caution for the following reasons:
One study found that objectively ranking MBA programs by a combination of graduates' starting salaries and average student GMAT score can reasonably duplicate the top 20 list of the national publications.The study concluded that a truly objective ranking would be individualized to the needs of each prospective student.National publications have recognized the value of rankings against different criteria, and now offer lists ranked different ways: by salary, GMAT score of students, selectivity, and so forth. While useful, these rankings still are not tailored to individual needs, and their value is diminished if they use an incomplete population of schools, fail to distinguish between the different MBA program types offered by each school, or rely on subjective interviews.
TheFinancial crisis of 2007–2010has raised new challenges and questions regarding the MBA degree. Graduates of MBA programs have a reported tendency to go into Finance shortly after receiving the degree.As the field of Finance is tightly linked to the global economic downturn, anecdotal evidence suggests new graduates are stepping onto alternate paths.
Deans at top business schools have acknowledged media and public perception of the MBA has shown some shifts as a result of the financial crisis.Articles about public perception related to the crisis range from schools' acknowledgment of issues related to the training students receiveto general overviews of the MBA's role in society.
Certifications
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साचा:Academic degrees