Uru people

TheUruorUros(Uru:Qhas Qut suñi) are anindigenous peopleofBoliviaand Peru. They live on a still-growing group of about 120 self-fashionedfloating islandsinLake TiticacanearPuno. They form three main groups: the Uru-Chipaya,Uru-Murato, and Uru-Iruito. The Uru-Iruito still inhabit the Bolivian side of Lake Titicaca and theDesaguadero River.
The indigenous Urus have darker skin than their neighboursAymarasandQuechuas.
According to legend, the Uru descend from a people that spoke thePuquina language.
While most of the Uru have shifted toAymaraandSpanish, two people still spoke in 2004 the nearly extinctUru language, which is closely related to theChipaya language.
The Uru considered themselves the owners of the lake and water. According to the legend, Uru used to say that they had black blood, because they did not feel the cold. They historically called themselvesLupihaques, "sons of the Sun". Although the Uru language is nearly extinct, the Uru continue to maintain their identity and some old customs.
The purpose of the island settlements was originally defensive: they could be moved if a threat arose. The largest island retains a watchtower, as do most smaller islands.
The Uru traded with theAymaratribe on the mainland, intermarrying with them and eventually abandoning the Uru language for that of the Aymara. They lost their original language about 500 years ago. When conquered by theInca Empire, they had to pay taxes to them, and often wereenslaved.
Starting from at 1722 a conflict arose between the Uru andAymara people, but these conflicts ended in the 1970s when the Aymara defeated the Uru, and took permanent control of the lands that belonged to them.
The Uru use bundles of driedTotora reedsto makereed boats(balsas), and to make the islands themselves.
The larger islands house about ten families, while smaller ones, only about thirty meters wide, house only two or three families.Each island lasts about 25 years. After 25 years, water seeps through the reeds and the inhabitants build a new island and let the old one sink to the bottom of the lake.
The islets are made of multiple natural layers harvested in Lake Titicaca. The base is made of large pallets of floatingtotoraroots, which are tied together with ropes and covered in multiple layers of totora reeds. These dense roots that the plants develop and interweave form a natural layer calledkhili(about one to two meters thick), which are the main flotation and stability devices of the islands.
Each floating block of khili measures approximately 4 m × 10 m (13 ft × 33 ft). The blocks used to be harvested with eucalyptus wedges, but are now sourced using 1.5 m (4.9 ft) long metal saws custom made for this purpose. They are anchored with ropes attached to largeeucalyptuspoles driven into the bottom of the lake.
Once the khili pallets are tied together and anchored, multiple layers of cut reeds are added. The bottom layer of covering reeds rot away fairly quickly, so new reeds are added to the top constantly, about every two weeks to three months depending on weather.This is especially important in the rainy season when the reeds rot much faster.
Tourism via boats fromPunohas become the primary financial income for people living on the islands.
The Uru's islands are located at 3,810 m (12,500 ft) above sea level, and just five kilometers east from the Puno port.Around 2,000 descendants of the Uru were counted in the 1997 census,although only a few hundred still live on and maintain the islands; most have moved to the mainland. The Uru also bury their dead on the mainland in special cemeteries.
Food is classically cooked in pots on pottery stoves; these are placed on flat stones to prevent the flammable reed islands from catching fire. To relieve themselves, tiny "outhouse" islands are placed near the main islands with simple toilets installed in them. The ground root absorbs the waste.
Most islands feature a standardized shower building with tile roofs, water heating cells and a hot water boiler to allow for warm showers.
Houses on the floating islands are mostly made of reeds too; some have corrugated metal roofs. Few are insulated. All houses are built on top of an extra 1 m (3.3 ft) layer of dry reeds to preventrheumatism.
Much of the Urus' diet and medicine also revolve around the sametotorareeds used to construct the islands. When a reed is pulled, the white bottom is often eaten foriodineto preventgoitres. This white part of the reed is called thechullo(Aymara[tʃʼuʎo]). The Uru rely on totora reeds in the same way that the Andean people of Peru rely on thecocaleaf for relief from hunger and the harsh climate. When in pain, they may wrap the reed around the body part that is in pain.
If it is hot outside, they sometimes roll the white part of the reed in their hands and split it open, placing the reed on their forehead. In this form, it is very cool to the touch. The white part of the reed is also used to help ease alcohol-related hangovers. The totora reeds are a primary source of food. The Uru also make a reed flowertea.
Local residents fishispi, carachiandcatfish.Troutwas introduced to the lake fromCanadain 1940, andkingfishwas introduced fromArgentina. Uru also hunt birds such as seagulls,ducksandflamingos, and graze theircattleon the islets. They also run crafts stalls aimed at the numerous tourists who visit ten of the islands each year. They barter totora reeds on the mainland inPunoto get products they need, such asquinoaand other foods.
The Uru people have domesticated local animals to assist with producing food and other purposes. For example,cormorants, waterbirds who catch fish, are kept tethered with wool tied to their feet, so thatthey can catch fishfor human consumption. Another local bird, theibis, is domesticated for laying eggs.Ibis are also butchered for meat. To control rats on the reed islands, domestic cats are also kept by the Uru islanders.
Some islands also feature ponds inside the island; yet again some of these are lined with a large fishing net and suggest localisedaquaculture. The primary amount of fish is still caught in the wide open of Lake Titicaca.
The Uru do not reject modern technology: most boats have motors, nearly all islands have shared solar panels to run appliances such as televisions, and the main island is home to an Uru-runFMradio station, which plays music for several hours a day. High ultraviolet radiation levels occur throughout the Altiplano region of Peru and Bolivia.Kindergarten and elementary schooling is done on several islands, including a traditional school and a school run by aChristianchurch. Older children and university students attend school on the mainland, often in nearby Puno. Historically, most of the Uru islands were located near the middle of the lake, about 9 miles from the shore; however, in 1986, after a major storm devastated the islands, many Uru rebuilt closer to shore.
As of 2011, about 1,200 Uru lived on an archipelago of 60 artificial islands,clustering in the western corner of the lake near the port town of Puno.The islands have become one of Peru's tourist attractions, allowing the Uru to supplement their hunting and fishing by conveying visitors to the islands by motorboat and selling handicrafts.