Bait ball

Abait ball, orbaitball, occurs when small fishswarmin a tightly packed spherical formation about a common centre.It is a last-ditch defensive measure adopted by smallschooling fishwhen they are threatened by predators. Small schooling fish are eaten by many types ofpredators, and for this reason they are calledbait fishorforage fish.
For example,sardinesgroup together when they are threatened. This instinctual behaviour is a defence mechanism, as lone individuals are more likely to be eaten than an individual in a large group. Sardine bait balls can be 10–20 metres (33–66 ft) in diameter and extend to a depth of 10 metres (33 ft). The bait balls are short-lived and seldom last longer than 10 minutes.
However, bait balls are also conspicuous, and when schooling fish form a bait ball, they can draw the attention of many other predators. As a response to the defensive capabilities of schooling fish, some predators have developed sophisticated countermeasures. These countermeasures can be spectacularly successful, and can seriously undermine the defensive value of forming bait balls.
Smallpelagic fishlive in the open water, so unlikedemersalorreef fish, they cannot hide among kelp, or in crevices in coral, or under rocks on the bottom. This leaves them vulnerable to attack bylarge predatory fish, as well as other predators, such asmarine mammalsandseabirds. As a result, small pelagic fish usually aggregate inschoolsfor protection. Schooling fish have evolved sophisticated evasion techniques. When they school, they have many eyes, making ambush difficult; and their silvery bodies dazzle, making it difficult for predators to pick out individual fish.They react to movements from a predator with lightning reflexes, rhythmically streaming up and down with rapid direction changes. When a predator approaches, they can split and reform behind the predator. During the final stages of an attack, they can explosively disband in all directions and then just as rapidly reform.Defensive manoeuvres like these appear to be choreographed, though they are not. Within the school itself, there is no centralized intelligence aware of how the school has configured itself. Rather, the schooling behaviour is theemergentconsequence of relatively simple rules followed by each individual fish in the school, such as remaining close together, moving in the same direction, and avoiding collisions with each other.
Some species of forage fish, driven by nutrient availability and their life-cycle stage, form vast schools at predictable locations and times of the year. Normally, schooling works well as protection from occasional predators. Fish schooling in vast numbers may attract correspondingly huge numbers of predators, including seabirds, sharks, tuna, billfish, pods of dolphins, and killer and humpback whales. Aggregations of predators on such a scale means the schools can be attacked on all sides and panicked into forming bait balls.
A bait ball is a last-ditch defensive measure adopted by fish schools when they are overwhelmed and more effective defensive strategies have broken down. Schooling fish are easier to attack once they abandon their free streaming behaviour and form into a tight bait ball. Many predator species have learned that by interacting cooperatively they can panic schooling fish into forming a bait ball. Thiscooperative behaviourcan occur both intraspecifically (among the individuals within a predator species) andinterspecifically(across individuals belonging to more than one predator species).
The process that leads to the formation of a bait ball typically starts when predators locate a fish school deep below the surface. The predators make rushes and use various scare tactics to force the fish school to the surface, herding it at the same time into a compact volume. The alarmed fish, trapped against the surface above and surrounded all about, abandon their coordinated schooling movements and become chaotic. Their graceful and disciplined schooling strategies of uniform spacing and polarity degrade into frenetic attempts by each fish to save itself. In this way, a dense bait ball forms as each fish scrambles to get away from the surface of the ball and hide in the interior. The symmetry of this centripetal action forms a sphere, the shape with the minimum surface area for a given volume, thereby exposing the fewest fish on the surface to the predators.The movement, sound and smell can attract more predators, including different predator species, until there is a carousel of them, each species using its own characteristic predatory strategies. Fish that break loose are singled out and eaten. Afrenzycan develop as predators compete. As the bait ball reduces in size and number, it becomes progressively easier for the predators to target the survivors.
Predators have devised various countermeasures to disrupt the defensive shoaling and schooling manoeuvres of forage fish. Often this involves charging the school or bait ball at high speed.
Somewhaleslunge feedon bait balls.Lunge feeding is an extreme feeding method in which the whale accelerates from below a bait ball to a high velocity and then opens its mouth to a large gape angle. This action generates the water pressure required to expand its mouth and engulf and filter a huge amount of water and fish. Lunge feeding byrorquals, a family of huge baleen whales that includes theblue whale, is said to be the largestbiomechanicalevent on Earth.
Swordfishcharge at high speeds through forage fish schools, slashing with their swords to kill or stun prey. They then turn and return to consume their catch.Thresher sharksuse their long tails to stun shoaling fishes.Spinner sharkscharge vertically through schools, spinning on their axis with their mouths open and snapping all around. The shark's momentum at the end of these spiralling runs often carries it into the air.
Gannetsplummet from heights of 30 metres (100 feet), plunging through the water and leaving vapour-like trails behind like fighter planes. They enter the water at speeds up to 86 kilometres per hour (53 mph) and descend to depths of 34 metres (111 feet). Under the skin in their faces and chests, gannets have air sacs which act likebubble-wrap, cushioning the impact with water.
The most effective strategy predators use against schooling fish is first to scare them into forming a bait ball. Strategies such as those outlined in the previous section can work to a degree against freely streaming fish schools, but work much better if the fish school is first compacted into a bait ball. It is difficult for predators working individually to scare a fish school into a bait ball, and they usually work together.
Fish that school in large numbers can draw the attentions of many different predator species. The attraction of huge numbers of prey fish means that these predator species, which might otherwise be mutually antagonistic, usually cooperate with each other in pursuit of their common goal.
Bryde's whalesoften track dolphin groups as they herd prey species. As soon as the dolphins corral the prey, the whales lunge feed through the centre.
In 2001, Clua and Grosvalet proposed a four stage model to describe mixed species feeding behaviour involvingcommon dolphins,tunaandshearwatersea birds.
Most years, off southern Africa between May and July, billions ofsardines(specifically the Southern AfricanpilchardSardinops sagax) spawn in the cool waters of theAgulhas Bankand move northward along the east coast ofSouth Africa. This greatfish migrationis called thesardine run. Their sheer numbers create afeeding frenzyalong thecoastline. The run, containing millions of individual sardines, occurs when a current of cold water heads north from the Agulhas Bank up toMozambiquewhere it then leaves the coastline and goes further east into theIndian Ocean. During the sardine run, as many as 18,000 dolphins, behaving like sheepdogs, herd the sardines into bait balls, or corral them in shallow water. Once rounded up, the dolphins and other predators take turns ploughing through the bait balls, gorging on the fish as they sweep through. Seabirds also attack them from above, flocks ofgannets,cormorants,ternsandgulls. The sardine run is featured in the first episode of the 2001 BBC nature documentaryThe Blue Planetand in the 2008 3D IMAX documentary filmWild Ocean.
A similar great migration ofherringsoccurs each year during the summerplanktonbloom along the coast of British Columbia and Alaska. The migration is featured in the final episode of the 2009 BBC wildlife documentaryNature's Great Events. In winter, the coastalfjordsand inlets are relatively lifeless, and the residentSteller sea lionsmust dive deeper and further from the coast to catch the widely-dispersedherring.Humpback whalesoverwinter in the warm Pacific waters offHawaii, where new mothers suckle their calves. They begin their 3,000-mile (4,800 km) journey north in early spring, when the sea lions also give birth to their young. Spring storms disturb nutrients in the water which, together with the strengthening power of the sun, act as the catalysts for the plankton bloom. Huge shoals of herring arrive to spawn, turning the shallows milky white. The herring sift plankton from the water. In their wake come larger predators, includingPacific white-sided dolphinsandkiller whales.Common murresdive under the herring shoals and pick off the fish from below, pinning them to the surface. Their defence is to form a bait ball, butgullsgathering on the surface attack them from above. The finale to the programme features unique underwater footage of humpbacks engulfing whole bait balls, and reveals their co-operative hunting behaviour called bubble-netting.