Chinese New Year

Chinese New Year, or theSpring Festival(see also§ Names), is a festival that celebrates the beginning of anew yearon the traditionallunisolarChinese calendar. It is one of the most important holidays inChinese culture, and has been added to theIntangible Cultural HeritageofHumanity listby theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizationin 2024. Marking the end ofwinterand the beginning ofspring, this festival takes place fromChinese New Year's Eve(the evening preceding the first day of the year) to theLantern Festival, held on the 15th day of the year. The first day of Chinese New Year begins on thenew moonthat appears between 21 January and 20 February.
The Chinese New Year is associated with several myths and customs. The festival was traditionally a time to honordeitiesas well as ancestors.Throughout China, different regions celebrate the New Year with distinct local customs and traditions.The Chinese New Year's Eve is an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annualreunion dinner. Traditionally, every family would thoroughly clean their house, symbolically sweeping away any ill fortune to make way for incoming good luck. Windows and doors may be decorated with redpaper-cutsandcoupletsrepresenting themes such asgood fortune or happiness, wealth, and longevity. Other activities include lightingfirecrackersand giving money inred envelopes.
Chinese New Year is also celebrated worldwide in regions and countries with significantOverseas ChineseorSinophonepopulations, especially in Southeast Asia including Singapore,Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,the Philippines,and Thailand. It is also prominent beyond Asia, especially in Australia, Canada, France, Mauritius,New Zealand, Peru,South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as in many European countries.Chinese New Year has influenced celebrations in other cultures, commonly referred to collectively asLunar New Year, such as theLosarof Tibet, theTếtof Vietnam, theSeollalof Korea, theShōgatsuof Japan and theRyukyu New Year.
In Chinese, the festival is commonly known as the "Spring Festival" (traditional Chinese:春節; simplified Chinese:春节; pinyin:Chūnjié),as thespring seasonin thelunisolar calendartraditionally starts withlichun, the first of the twenty-foursolar termswhich the festival celebrates around the time of the Chinese New Year.The name was first proposed in 1914 byYuan Shikai, who was at the time the interimpresident of the Republic of China.The official usage of the name "Spring Festival" was retained by the government of thePeople's Republic of China, but the government of the Republic of Chinabased in Taiwanhas since adopted the name "Traditional Chinese New Year".
The festival is also called "Lunar New Year" in English, despite the traditional Chinese calendar being lunisolar and notlunar. However, "Chinese New Year" is still a commonly-used translation for people of non-Chinese backgrounds.Along with theHan Chineseinside and outside ofGreater China, as many as 29 of the 55 ethnic minority groups in China also celebrate Chinese New Year. Korea, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines celebrate it as an official festival.
The Chinese calendar defines the lunisolar month containing thewinter solsticeas the eleventh month, meaning that Chinese New Year usually falls on the secondnew moonafter the winter solstice (rarely the third if an intercalary month occurs).In more than 96 per cent of years, the Chinese New Year is the closestnew moonto the beginning of spring (lichun) according to the calendar. In theGregorian calendar, the Chinese New Year occurs on the new moon that falls between 21 January and 20 February.
According to legend, Chinese New Year started with a mythical beast called theNian(a beast that lives under the sea or in the mountains) during the annual Spring Festival. The Nian would eat villagers, especially children in the middle of the night.One year, all the villagers decided to hide from the beast. An older man appeared before the villagers went into hiding and said that he would stay the night and would get revenge on the Nian. The old man put up red papers and set off firecrackers. The day after, the villagers came back to their town and saw that nothing had been destroyed. They assumed that the old man was a deity who came to save them. The villagers then understood that Yanhuang had discovered that the Nian was afraid of the color red and loud noises.The tradition grew as New Year approached, and the villagers would wear red clothes, hang red lanterns, and red spring scrolls on windows and doors, and use firecrackers and drums to frighten away the Nian. From then on, the Nian never came to the village again. The Nian was eventually captured byHongjun Laozu, an ancient Taoist monk.
Before the new year celebration was established, ancient Chinese gathered and celebrated the end of harvest in autumn. However, this was not theMid-Autumn Festival, during which Chinese gathered with family to worship the Moon. In theClassic of Poetry, a poem written duringWestern Zhou(1045 BC – 771 BC) by an anonymous farmer, described the traditions of celebrating the 10th month of the ancientsolar calendar, which was in autumn.According to the poem, during this time people clean millet-stack sites, toast guests withmijiu(rice wine), kill lambs and cook their meat, go to their masters' home, toast the master, and cheer the prospect of living long together. The 10th-month celebration is believed to be one of the prototypes of Chinese New Year.The records of the first Chinese new year celebration can be traced to theWarring States period(475 – 221 BC). In theLüshi Chunqiu, inQinstate an exorcism ritual to expel illness, called "BigNuo", was recorded as being carried out on the last day of the year.Later,Qin unified China, and theQin dynastywas founded; and the ritual spread. It evolved into the practice of cleaning one's house thoroughly in the days preceding Chinese New Year.
The first mention of celebrating at the start of a new year was recorded during theHan dynasty(202 BC – 220 AD). In the bookSimin Yueling(四民月令), written by the Eastern Han agronomist Cui Shi (崔寔), a celebration was described: "The starting day of the first month, is called Zheng Ri. I bring my wife and children, to worship ancestors and commemorate my father." Later he wrote: "Children, wife, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren all serve pepper wine to their parents, make their toast, and wish their parents good health. It's a thriving view."The practice of worshipping ancestors on New Year's Eve is maintained by Chinese people to this day.
Han Chinese also started the custom of visiting acquaintances' homes and wishing each other a happy new year. InBook of the Later Han, volume 27, a county officer was recorded as going to his prefect's house with a government secretary, toasting the prefect, and praising the prefect's merit.
During theJin dynasty(266–420), people started the New Year's Eve tradition of all-night revelry calledshousui(守歲). It was described in Western Jin generalZhou Chu's articleFengtu Ji(風土記, 'Notes on Local Conditions'): "At the ending of a year, people gift and wish each other, calling itKuisui(饋歲, 'time for gifts'); people invited others with drinks and food, calling itBiesui(別歲, 'sending off the year'); on New Year's Eve, people stayed up all night until sunrise, calling itShousui(守歲, 'guard the year')."The article used the phrasechuxi(除夕) to indicate New Year's Eve—a phrase still used today.
TheNorthern and Southern dynastiesbookJingchu Suishijidescribes the practice of firing bamboo in the early morning of New Year's Day,a New Year's tradition of the ancient Chinese. Poet and chancellor of theTang dynasty, Lai Gu, also described this tradition in his poemEarly Spring(早春): "新曆才將半紙開，小亭猶聚爆竿灰", meaning "Another new year just started as a half opening paper, and the family gathered around the dust of exploded bamboo pole."The practice was used by ancient Chinese people to scare away evil spirits, since bamboo would noisily crack and explode from firing.
During theTang dynasty, people established the custom of sendingbai nian tie(拜年帖, "New Year's greetings"), New Year's greeting cards. It is said that the custom was started byEmperor Taizong of Tang. The emperor wrote "普天同慶" ("whole nation celebrates together") on gold leaves and sent them to his ministers. Word of the emperor's gesture spread, and later it became the custom of people in general, who usedXuan paperinstead of gold leaves.Another theory is thatbai nian tiewas derived from the Han dynasty's name tag,men zhuang(門狀, "door opening"). Asimperial examinationsbecame essential and reached their heyday under the Tang dynasty, candidates curried favour to become pupils of respected teachers in order to get recommendation letters. After obtaining good examination marks, a pupil went to the teacher's home with amen zhuangto convey their gratitude. Eventually,men zhuangbecame a symbol of good luck, and people started sending them to friends on New Year's Day, calling them by a new name,bai nian tie.
TheChunlian(Spring Couplets) was written byMeng Chang, an emperor of theLater Shu(935–965 AD), during theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period："新年納餘慶，嘉節號長春" ("Enjoying past legacies in the new year, the holiday foreseeing the long-lasting spring"). As described by Song dynasty official Zhang Tangying in his bookShu Tao Wu, Volume 2: on the day of New Year's Eve, the emperor ordered the scholar Xin Yinxun to write the couplets on peach wood and hang them on the emperor's bedroom door.It is believed that placing thecoupletson the door to the home in the days preceding the new year was widespread during theSong dynasty. The famousNorthern Songpolitician, litterateur, philosopher, and poetWang Anshirecorded the custom in his poem "元日" ("New Year's Day").
The poemYuan Ri(元日) also includes the wordbao zhu(爆竹, "exploding bamboo"), which is believed to be a reference to firecrackers, instead of the previous tradition of firing bamboo, both of which are called the same in the Chinese language. Aftergunpowder was invented in the Tang dynastyand widely used under theSong dynasty, people modified the tradition of firing bamboo by filling the bamboo pole with gunpowder, which made for louder explosions. Later under the Song, people discarded the bamboo and started to use paper to wrap the gunpowder in cylinders, in imitation of the bamboo. The firecracker was still calledbao zhu(爆竹), thus equating the new and old traditions. It is also recorded that people linked the firecrackers with hemp rope and created thebian pao(鞭炮, "gunpowder whip") in the Song dynasty. Bothbao zhu(爆竹) andbian pao(鞭炮) are still used today to celebrate the Chinese New Year and other festive occasions.
It was also during theSong dynastythat people started to give money to children in celebration of a new year. The money was calledsui nian qian(随年钱, "money based on age"). In the chapter, "Ending of a Year" (歲除) inWulin jiushi(武林舊事), concubines of the emperor prepared a hundred and twenty coins for princes and princesses to wish them longevity.
New Year's celebrations continued under theYuan dynasty, when people also gavenian gao(年糕, "year cakes") to relatives.
The tradition of eating Chinese dumplingsjiaozi(餃子) was established under theMing dynastyat the latest. It is described in the bookYouzhongzhi(酌中志): "People get up at 5 in the morning of new year's day, burn incense and light firecrackers, throw door latch or wooden bars in the air three times, drink pepper and thuja wine, eat dumplings. Sometimes put one or two silver currency inside dumplings, and whoever gets the money will attain a year of fortune."Modern Chinese people also put other food that is auspicious into dumplings such as dates, which prophesy a flourishing new year; candy, which predicts sweet days; andnian gao(年糕, "year cakes"), which foretells a rich life.
In theQing dynasty, the nameya sui qian(壓歲錢, "New Year's Money)" was money given to children during New Year's. The bookQing Jia Lu(清嘉錄) recorded: "elders give children coins threaded together by a red string, and the money is calledYa Sui Qian."The term is still used by Chinese people today. The money was presented in two forms: coins strung on red string or colourful purses filled with coins.
In 1928, the rulingKuomintangparty decreed that the Chinese New Year would fall on 1 January of the Gregorian Calendar, but this was abandoned due to overwhelming opposition. In 1967, during theCultural Revolution, official Chinese New Year celebrations were banned in China. The State Council of the People's Republic of China announced that the public should "change customs" and have a "revolutionized and fighting Spring Festival." Since people needed to work on Chinese New Year's Eve, they would not need holidays during the Spring Festival. In 1980, the traditional Chinese New Year celebrations were reinstated.
In 2024, Chinese New Year has been added to theIntangible Cultural HeritageofHumanity listby theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Chinese New Year is observed as a public holiday in some countries and territories with a sizable Chinese population. Since Chinese New Year falls on different days of the week each year, some of these governments choose to adjust working days to create a longer public holiday. In certain countries, a statutory holiday is added on the following workday if the New Year (as a public holiday) falls on a weekend. For example, in 2013, New Year's Eve (9 February) fell on a Saturday and New Year's Day (10 February) on Sunday. The holiday may be referred to by different names depending on the country; common English terms include "Chinese New Year", "Lunar New Year", "New Year Festival", and "Spring Festival".
For New Year celebrations that follow Chinese-inspired calendars but are outside of China and Chinese diaspora (such as Korea'sSeollaland Vietnam'sTết), see the article onLunar New Year.
For other countries and regions where Chinese New Year is celebrated but not an official holiday, see the table below.
On the eighth day of the lunisolar month prior to Chinese New Year, theLaba Festival, a traditional porridge,Laba porridge(simplified Chinese:腊八粥; traditional Chinese:臘八粥; pinyin:làbā zhōu), is served in remembrance of an ancient festival, calledLa, that occurred shortly after the winter solstice.Pickles such as Laba garlic, which turns green from vinegar, are also made on this day. For those that practice Buddhism, the Laba holiday is also consideredBodhi Day.Layue(simplified Chinese:腊月; traditional Chinese:臘月; pinyin:Làyuè) is a term often associated with Chinese New Year as it refers to the sacrifices held in honour of the gods in the twelfth lunisolar month, hence the cured meats of Chinese New Year are known aslarou(simplified Chinese:腊肉; traditional Chinese:臘肉; pinyin:làròu). The porridge was prepared by the women of the household at first light, with the first bowl offered to the family's ancestors and the household deities. Every member of the family was then served a bowl, with leftovers distributed to relatives and friends.It's still served as a special breakfast on this day in some Chinese homes. The concept of the "La month" is similar toAdventin Christianity. Many families eat vegetarian on Chinese New Year eve, the garlic and preserved meat are eaten on Chinese New Year day.
On the days immediately before the New Year celebration, Chinese families give their homes a thorough cleaning. There is a Cantonese saying "Wash away the dirt onnin ya baat" (Chinese:年廿八，洗邋遢; pinyin:nián niàn bā, xǐ lātà; Jyutping:nin4 jaa6 baat3, sai2 laap6 taap3 (laat6 taat3)), but the practice is not restricted tonin ya baat(the 28th day of month 12).  It is believed that the cleaning sweeps away the bad luck of the preceding year and prepares their homes for good luck. Brooms and dust pans are put away on the first day so that the newly arrived good luck cannot be swept away. Some people give their homes, doors, and window-frames a new coat of red paint; decorators and paper-hangers experience a year-end rush of business prior to Chinese New Year.Homes are often decorated with paper cutouts of Chinese auspicious phrases andcouplets. Purchasing new clothing and shoes also symbolize a new start. Any hair cuts need to be completed before the New Year, as cutting hair on New Year is considered bad luck due to the homonymic nature of the word "hair" (fa) and the word for "prosperity". Businesses are expected to pay off all the debts outstanding for the year before the new year eve, extending to debts of gratitude. Thus it is a common practice to send gifts and rice to close business associates, and extended family members.
In many households where Buddhism or Taoism is observed, home altars and statues are cleaned thoroughly, and decorations used to adorn altars over the past year are taken down and burned a week before the new year starts onLittle New Year, to be replaced with new decorations. Taoists (and Buddhists to a lesser extent) will also "send gods back to heaven" (Chinese:送神; pinyin:sòngshén), an example would be burning a paper effigy of theKitchen God, the recorder of family functions. This is done so that the Kitchen God can report to theJade Emperorof the family household's transgressions and good deeds. Families often offer sweet foods (such as candy) in order to "bribe" the deities into reporting good things about the family.
Prior to the Reunion Dinner, a prayer of thanksgiving is held to mark the safe passage of the previous year. Confucianists take the opportunity to remember their ancestors, and those who had lived before them are revered. Some people do not give a Buddhist prayer due to the influence of Christianity, with a Christian prayer offered instead.
The day before Chinese New Year is usually accompanied with adinner feast, consisting of special meats as a main course and an offering for the New Year. This meal is comparable to Thanksgiving dinner and Christmas dinner.
In northern China, it is customary to makejiaozior dumplings which are eaten at midnight. Dumplings symbolize wealth because their shape resembles a Chinesesycee. In the South, it is customary to make a glutinous new year cake (niangao) and send pieces of it as gifts to relatives and friends in the coming days.
Some families visit local temples hours before midnight to pray for success by lighting the first incense of the year. Today many households hold parties. Traditionally, firecrackers were lit to ward off evil spirits. The household doors are sealed and not reopened until dawn in a ritual called "opening the door of fortune" (simplified Chinese:开财门; traditional Chinese:開財門; pinyin:kāicáimén).The tradition of staying up late on Chinese New Year's Eve is known asshousui(Chinese:守岁). It is still practised and believed to add to parental longevity.
The first day, known as the "Spring Festival" (simplified Chinese:春节; traditional Chinese:春節) is for the welcoming of the deities of the heavens and Earth on midnight. It is a traditional practice to light fireworks, burn bamboo sticks and firecrackers, andlion dancetroupes, were done commonly as a tradition to ward off evil spirits.
Typical actions such as lighting fires and using knives are considered taboo, thus all consumable food has to be cooked prior. Using the broom,swearing, and breaking any dinnerware without appeasing the deities are also considered taboo.
Normal traditions occurring on the first day involve house gatherings to the families, specifically the elders and families to the oldest and most senior members of their extended families, usually their parents, grandparents and great-grandparents, and tradingMandarin orangesas a courtesy to symbolize wealth and good luck. Members of the family who are married also givered envelopescontaining cash known aslai see(Cantonese:利事) orangpow(HokkienandTeochew), orhongbao(Mandarin:红包), a form of a blessing and to suppress both the ageing and challenges that were associated with the coming year, to junior members of the family, mostly children and teenagers. Business managers may also give bonuses in the form of red packets to employees.The money can be of any form, specifically numbers ending with 8 (Mandarin:ba八), which sounds similar tofa(Mandarin:发), meaning prosperity, but packets with denominations of odd or unlucky numbers, or packets without money are usually not allowed due to bad luck.The number 4 is especially unlucky, because it is sounded assi(Mandarin:死), which means death.
While fireworks and firecrackers are traditionally very popular, some regions have banned them due to concerns over fire hazards. For this reason, various city governments (e.g., Kowloon, Beijing, Shanghai for a number of years) have issued bans on fireworks and firecrackers in certain precincts of the city. As a substitute, large-scale fireworks displays have been launched by governments in Hong Kong and Singapore.
The second day, entitled "a year's beginning" (simplified Chinese:开年; traditional Chinese:開年; pinyin:kāinián),oversees married daughters visiting their birth parents, relatives and close friends, often renew family ties and relationship. (Traditionally, married daughters didn't have the opportunity to visit their birth families frequently.)
The second day also saw giving offering money and sacrifices to the God of Wealth (Chinese:财神) to symbolize a rewarding time after hardship in the preceding year. During the days of imperial China, "beggars and other unemployed people circulate[d] from family to family, carrying a picture [of the God of Wealth] shouting, "Cai Shen dao!" [The God of Wealth has come!]."Householders would respond with "lucky money" to reward the messengers. Business people of the Cantonese dialect group will hold a 'Hoi Nin' prayer to start their business on the second day of Chinese New Year, blessing their business to thrive in the coming year.
As this day is believed to beThe Birthday of Che Kung, a deity worshipped in Hong Kong, worshippers go toChe Kung Templesto pray for his blessing. A representative from the government asksChe Kungabout the city's fortune throughkau cim.
The third day is known as "red mouth" (Chinese:赤口; pinyin:Chìkǒu).Chikouis also called "Chigou's Day" (Chinese:赤狗日; pinyin:Chìgǒurì).Chigou, literally "red dog", is an epithet of "the God of Blazing Wrath" (Chinese:熛怒之神; pinyin:Biāo nù zhī shén). Rural villagers continue the tradition of burning paper offerings over trash fires. It is considered an unlucky day to have guests or go visiting.Hakka villagers in rural Hong Kong in the 1960s called it the Day of the Poor Devil and believed everyone should stay at home.This is also considered a propitious day to visit the temple of the God of Wealth and have one's future told.
In communities that celebrate Chinese New Year for 15 days, the fourth day marks the beginning of corporate "spring dinners" and the return to normal business operations. In other regions with a longer Chinese New Year holiday, celebrations include welcoming back the gods who were previously sent off on this day.
This day is the god of Wealth's birthday. In northern China, people eatjiaozi, or dumplings, on the morning ofpowu(Chinese:破五; pinyin:pòwǔ).
It is also common in China that on the 5th day people will shoot off firecrackers to getGuan Yu's attention, thus ensuring his favour and good fortune for the new year.
On the sixth day, known as Horse's Day, people drive away the Ghost of Poverty by discarding the garbage accumulated during the festival. The methods may vary, but they essentially carry the same meaning—to dispel the Ghost of Poverty. This practice reflects the common desire among the Chinese people to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new year, to rid themselves of past poverty and hardships, and to usher in a prosperous and auspicious life in the New Year.
The seventh day, traditionally known asRenri(the common person's birthday), is the day when everyone grows one year older. In someoverseas Chinesecommunities in Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia and Singapore, it is also the day when tossed raw fish salad,yusheng, is eaten for continued wealth and prosperity.
For many Chinese Buddhists, this is another day to avoid meat, the seventh day commemorating the birth ofSakra, lord of the devas in Buddhist cosmology who is analogous to the Jade Emperor.
Another family dinner is held to celebrate the eve of the birth of the Jade Emperor, the ruler of heaven. People typically return to work by the eighth day. Therefore, store owners will host a lunch or dinner with their employees, expressing gratitude for the work they have done throughout the year.
The ninth day is traditionally known as the birthday of theJade Emperorof Heaven (Chinese:玉皇; pinyin:Yù Huáng) and many people offered prayer in theTaoistPantheon as thanks or gratitude.It is commonly known as calledTi Kong Dan(Chinese:天公誕; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Thiⁿ-kong Tan),Ti Kong Si(Chinese:天公生; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Thiⁿ-kong Siⁿ/Thiⁿ-kong Seⁿ) orPai Ti Kong(Chinese:拜天公; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Pài Thiⁿ-kong), and is especially important toHokkiens.
A prominent requisite offering issugarcane.Legends holds that the Hokkien were spared from a massacre by Japanese pirates by hiding in a sugarcane plantation between the eighth and ninth days of the Chinese New Year, coinciding with the Jade Emperor's birthday."Sugarcane" (Chinese:甘蔗; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:kam-chià) is a near homonym to "thank you" (Chinese:感謝; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:kám-siā) in the Hokkien dialect.
The nation celebrates the Jade Emperor's birthday on this day.
The fifteenth day of the new year is celebrated as the Lantern Festival, also known as the Yuanxiao Festival (simplified Chinese:元宵节; traditional Chinese:元宵節; pinyin:Yuán xiāo jié), the Shangyuan Festival (simplified Chinese:上元节; traditional Chinese:上元節; pinyin:Shàng yuán jié), and Chap Goh Meh (Chinese:十五暝; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Cha̍p-gō͘-mê;lit.'the fifteen night' inHokkien). Rice dumplings, ortangyuan(simplified Chinese:汤圆; traditional Chinese:湯圓; pinyin:tang yuán), a sweetglutinous riceball brewed in a soup, are eaten this day. Candles are lit outside houses as a way to guide wayward spirits home. Families may walk the streets carrying lanterns, which sometimes have riddles attached to or written on them as a tradition.
In China and Malaysia, this day is celebrated by individuals seeking a romantic partner, akin toValentine's Day.Nowadays, single women write their contact number on mandarin oranges and throw them into a river or a lake, after which single men collect the oranges and eat them. The taste serves as an indication of their potential love life: a sweet taste represents good fortune, while a sour taste represents a less favorable outcome.
This day often marks the end of the Chinese New Year festivities.
Areunion dinneris held on New Year's Eve, during which family members gather for a celebration.The venue will usually be in or near the home of the most senior member of the family. The New Year's Eve dinner is very large and sumptuous and traditionally includes dishes of meat (namely, pork and chicken) and fish. Most reunion dinners also feature acommunalhot potas it is believed to signify the coming together of the family members for the meal. Most reunion dinners (particularly in the Southern regions) also prominently feature specialty meats (e.g. wax-cured meats like duck andChinese sausage) and seafood (e.g.lobsterandabalone) that are usually reserved for this and other special occasions during the remainder of the year. In most areas, fish (simplified Chinese:鱼; traditional Chinese:魚; pinyin:yú) is included, but not eaten completely (and the remainder is stored overnight), as the Chinese phrase "may there besurplusesevery year" (simplified Chinese:年年有余; traditional Chinese:年年有餘; pinyin:niánnián yǒu yú) sounds the same as "let there be fish every year." Eight individual dishes are served to reflect the belief of good fortune associated with the number. If in the previous year a death was experienced in the family, seven dishes are served.
Other traditional foods consist of noodles, fruits, dumplings,spring rolls,and Tangyuanwhich are also known as sweet rice balls. Each dish served during Chinese New Year represents something special. The noodles used to make longevity noodles are usually very thin, long wheat noodles. These noodles are longer than normal noodles that are usually fried and served on a plate, or boiled and served in a bowl with its broth. The noodles symbolize the wish for a long life. The fruits that are typically selected would be oranges, tangerines, andpomelosas they are round and "golden" in color, symbolizing fullness and wealth. Their lucky sound, when spoken, also brings good luck and fortune. The Chinese pronunciation for orange is 橙 (chéng), which sounds the same as the Chinese for 'success' (成). One of the ways to spell tangerine(桔 jú) contains the Chinese character for luck (吉 jí). Pomelos are believed to bring constant prosperity. Pomelo in Chinese (柚 yòu) sounds similar to 'to have' (有 yǒu), disregarding its tone, however it sounds exactly like 'again' (又 yòu). Dumplings and spring rolls symbolize wealth, whereas sweet rice balls symbolize family togetherness.
Red packetsfor the immediate family are sometimes distributed during the reunion dinner. These packets contain money in an amount that reflects good luck and honorability. Several foods are consumed to usher in wealth, happiness, and good fortune. Several of theChinese foodnames are homophones for words that also mean good things.
Many families in China still follow the tradition of eating only vegetarian food on the first day of the New Year, as it is believed that doing so will bring good luck into their lives for the whole year.
Like many other New Year dishes, certain ingredients also take special precedence over others as these ingredients also have similar-sounding names with prosperity, good luck, or even counting money.
Traditionally,red envelopesor red packets 
(traditional Chinese:紅包;simplified Chinese:红包;Mandarinpinyin:hóngbāo;HokkienPe̍h-ōe-jī:âng-pau;HakkaPha̍k-fa-sṳ:fùng-pâu), alternatively known aslai seeparticularly inCantonesespeaking areas (Chinese:利是 / 利市 / 利事;Cantonese Yale:laih sih;pinyin:lìshì), are passed out during the Chinese New Year's celebrations, from married couples or the elderly to unmarried juniors or children. During this period, red packets are also known asyasuiqian(壓歲錢;压岁钱;yāsuìqián), which was evolved from a homophonous phraseyasuiqian(壓祟錢;压祟钱;yāsuìqián), literally meaning "money to suppress evil spirits".According to legend, a demon named Sui would pat a child on the head three times on New Year's Eve, causing the child to have a fever. In response, parents wrapped coins in red paper and placed them next to their children's pillows. When Sui approached, the flash of the coin scared him away. Since then, on every New Year's Eve, parents have wrapped coins in red paper to protect their children.
Red packets almost always contain money, usually varying from a couple of dollars to several hundred. Chinese superstitions favour amounts that begin with even numbers, such as8(八, pinyin:bā), a homophone for "wealth", and6(六, pinyin:liù), a homophone for "smooth"—but not the number 4 (四, pinyin:sì), which is a homophone of "death", and is, as such,considered unlucky in Asian culture. Odd numbers are also avoided, as they are associated with cash given during funerals (帛金, pinyin:báijīn).It is also customary for bills placed inside a red envelope to be new.
The act of asking for red packets (Mandarin: 討紅包;tǎo hóngbāo,Cantonese: 逗利是;dauh laih sih) wouldn't be turned down by a married person as it would mean that he or she would be "out of luck" in the new year. Red packets are generally given by married couples to the younger non-married members of the family.It is customary and polite for children to wish elders a happy new year and a year of happiness, health, and good fortune before accepting the red envelope.Red envelopes are then kept under the pillow and slept on for seven nights after Chinese New Year before opening because that symbolizes good luck and fortune.
In the mid-2010s, Chinesemessaging appssuch asWeChatpopularized the distribution of red envelopes in a virtual format viamobile payments, usually withingroup chats.In 2017, it was estimated that over 100 billion of these virtual red envelopes would be sent over the New Year holiday.
In ancient times, there was a monster namedsui(祟) which comes out on New Year's Eve and touches the heads of sleeping children. The child will be frightened by the touch and wake up and have a fever. The fever eventually will cause the child to have intellectual disabilities. Hence, families will light up their homes and stay awake, leading to a tradition ofshou sui(守祟), to guard againstsuiharming their children.
A folklore tale ofsuiis about an elderly couple with a precious son. On the night of New Year's Eve, since they were afraid thatsuiwould come, they took out eight pieces of copper coins to play with their son in order to keep him awake. Their son was very sleepy, however, so they let him go to sleep after placing a red paper bag containing the copper coins under the child's pillow. The two older children also stayed with him for the whole night. Suddenly, the doors and windows were blown open by a strange wind, and even the candlelight was extinguished. It turned out to be asui. When thesuiwas going to reach out and touch the child's head, the pillow suddenly brightened with the golden light, and thesuiwas scared away, so the exorcism effect of "red paper wrapped copper money" spread in the past China(see alsoChinese numismatic charms). The money is then calledya sui qian(壓歲錢), the money to suppresssui.
Another tale recounts a village terrorized by a huge demon that none could defeat; numerous warriors and statesmen had attempted to no avail. A young orphan, wielding a magical sword passed down from his ancestors, confronted and battled the demon, ultimately slaying it. With the demon vanquished, peace returned to the village, and in gratitude, the elders bestowed upon the courageous young man a red envelope filled with money as a token of appreciation for his valor and for freeing the village from the demon's menace.
In addition to red envelopes, typically given from older individuals to younger ones, small gifts such as food or sweets are exchanged between friends or relatives from different households during Chinese New Year. These gifts are often brought when visiting friends or relatives at their homes. Common gifts include fruits (especially oranges, but never pears), cakes, biscuits, chocolates, and candies. It is customary for gifts to be wrapped in red or golden paper, symbolizing good luck.
Certain items should not be given, as they are consideredtaboo. Taboo gifts include:
Markets or village fairs are set up as the New Year is approaching. These usually open-air markets feature new year related products such as flowers, toys, clothing, and even fireworks and firecrackers. It is convenient for people to buy gifts for their new year visits as well as their home decorations. In some places, the practice of shopping for the perfectplum treeis not dissimilar to the Western tradition of buying aChristmas tree.
Bamboo stems filled with gunpowder that was burnt to create small explosions were once used in ancient China to drive away evil spirits. In modern times, this method has eventually evolved into the use offirecrackersduring the festive season. Firecrackers are usually strung on a long fused string so it can be hung down. Each firecracker is rolled up in red papers, as red is auspicious, with gunpowder in its core. Once ignited, the firecracker lets out a loud popping noise and, as they are usually strung together by the hundreds, the firecrackers are known for their deafening explosions that are thought to scare away evil spirits. The burning of firecrackers also signifies a joyful time of year and has become an integral aspect of Chinese New Year celebrations.Since the 2000s, firecrackers have been banned in various countries and towns.
"Happy New Year!" (Chinese:新年好呀; pinyin:Xīn Nián Hǎo Ya) is a popular children's song for the New Year holiday.The melody is similar to the Americanfolk song,Oh My Darling, Clementine. Another popular Chinese New Year song isGong Xi Gong Xi(Chinese:恭喜恭喜！; pinyin:Gongxi Gongxi!)
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WatchingChinese New Year filmsis an expression of Chinese cultural identity. During the New Year holidays, the stage boss gathers the most popular actors whom from various troupes let them performrepertoriesfromQing dynasty. Nowadays many people celebrate the new year by watching these movies.
Hong Kong filmmakersalso release Chinese New Year films, mostly comedies, at this time of year.
The color red is commonly worn throughout Chinese New Year; traditional beliefs held that red could scare away evil spirits.The wearing of new clothes is another clothing custom during the festival;the new clothes symbolize a new beginning in the year.
In some places, the taking of afamily portraitis an important ceremony after the relatives are gathered.The photo is taken at the hall of the house or taken in front of the house. The most senior male head of the family sits in the center.
As with all cultures, Chinese New Year traditions incorporate elements that are symbolic of deeper meaning. One common example of Chinese New Year symbolism is the reddiamond-shapedfu characters(Chinese:福; pinyin:fú; Cantonese Yale:fūk;lit.'blessings', 'happiness'), which are displayed on the entrances of Chinese homes. This sign is usually seen hanging upside down, since the Chinese word for "upside down" (倒;dào), ishomophonousor nearly homophonous with the word for "arrive" (到;dào) in allvarieties of Chinese. Therefore, it symbolizes the arrival of luck, happiness, and prosperity. Other characters may include (壽;shòu), (萬;wàn), (寶;bǎo), (財;cái) or a combination like (招財進寶;zhāo cái jìn bǎo).
ForCantonese-speaking people, if thefusign is hung upside down, the implieddao(upside down) sounds like the Cantonese word for "pour", producing "pour the luck [away]", which would usually symbolize bad luck; this is why thefucharacter is not usually hung upside-down in Cantonese communities.
Red is the predominant color used in New Year celebrations. Red is the emblem of joy, and this color also symbolizes virtue, truth and sincerity. On the Chinese opera stage, a painted red face usually denotes a sacred or loyal personage and sometimes a great emperor. Candies, cakes, decorations and many things associated with the New Year and its ceremonies are coloured red. The sound of the Chinese word for "red" (pinyin:hóng;Cantonese Yale:húng) is inMandarinhomophonous with the word for "prosperous". Therefore, red is an auspicious color and has an auspicious sound.
According to Chinese tradition, the year of the pig is a generally unlucky year for the public, which is why you need to reevaluate most of your decisions before you reach a conclusion. However, this only helps you get even more control over your life as you learn to stay ahead of everything by being cautious.
Nianhua can be a form of Chinese coloured woodblock printing, for decoration during Chinese New Year.Nianhua uses a range of subjects to express and invite positive prospects as the new year begins. The most popular representatives of these prospects take inspiration from nature, religion, folklore, etc., and are portrayed in flashy and lively ways.
The following are popular floral decorations for the New Year and are available at new year markets.
Each flower has a symbolic meaning, and many Chinese people believe that it may usher in the values that it represents.In general, except those in lucky colour like red and yellow,chrysanthemumshould not be put at home during the new year, because it is normally used forancestral veneration.
Traditionally, families gather together during the Chinese New Year. In modern China, migrant workers in China travel home to havereunion dinnerswith their families on Chinese New Year's Eve. Owing to a large number of interprovincial travellers, special arrangements were made byrailways, buses and airlines starting from 15 days before the New Year's Day. This 40-day period is calledchunyun, and is known as the world's largest annual migration.More interurban trips are taken in China in this period than the total population of China.
Chinese New Year is also celebrated annually in many countries which houses significant Chinese populations. These include countries throughout Asia, Oceania, and North America. Sydney,London,and San Franciscoclaim to host the largest New Year celebration outside of Asia and South America. The largest Chinese New Year Celebration in the Southern Hemisphere is held in Australia.
Seollal (Korean:설날;RR:Seollal;MR:Sŏllal) is a Korean traditional festival and national holiday commemorating the first day of the lunisolar calendar. It is one of the most important traditional holidays for ethnic Koreans, being celebrated in both North Korea and South Korea as well as Korean diaspora all around the world.During this time, many Koreans would visit their family, performancestral rites, wear thehanbok(한복;韓服) /Chosŏn-ot(조선옷;朝鮮옷), eat traditional food and play traditional folk games. One of the most well known practices in the current day is receiving money from their elders after performing a formalbow, a tradition likely adopted fromConfuciancustoms.
TheJapanese New Year(正月,Shōgatsu)is an annualfestivalthat takes place inJapan. Since 1873, the official Japanese New Year has been celebrated according to theGregorian calendar, on January 1 of each year,New Year's Day(元日,Ganjitsu). Prior to 1872, traditional events of the Japanese New Year were celebrated on the first day of the year on the modernTenpō calendar, the last official lunisolar calendar. Prior to theMeiji period, the date of the Japanese New Year had been based on Japanese versions of lunisolar calendar (the last of which was theTenpō calendar) and, prior toJōkyō calendar, the Chinese version. However, in 1873, five years after theMeiji Restoration,Japanadopted theGregorian calendarand the first day of January became the official and cultural New Year's Day in Japan.
In Taiwan, the most common terms for the Chinese New Year areChinese:農曆新年;pinyin:Nónglì Xīnnián;lit.'Agricultural Calendar New Year' andChinese:過年;pinyin:Guònián;lit.'passing year'. Unlike in China, whereChinese:春节;pinyin:Chūn Jié;lit.'Spring Festival' is the standard and official term, people in Taiwan typically do not useSpring Festivalin daily conversations. Instead, they emphasize the connection to the traditional Chinese calendar by calling it 農曆新年, or simply refer to it as 過年, which is more casual and widely used among families and friends.
TaiwaneseGuoniandiffers from ChineseSpring Festivalin several cultural practices, traditions, and customs, despite both celebrations being based on the traditional Chinese calendar. In Taiwan, Chinese New Year (農曆新年) emphasizes honoring ancestors through elaborate rituals, including offering food and incense at home altars. Taiwanese families often prioritize local delicacies, such aspineapple cakesandKuihs, symbolizing prosperity and good fortune. While large fireworks displays are popular in some places, Taiwan tends to focus more on temple visits, lantern-lighting ceremonies, and family reunions.
In Taiwan, businesses traditionally re-open on the sixth day of the Chinese New Year, accompanied by firecrackers. In the morning of the ninth day (traditionally anytime between midnight and 7 am), Taiwanese households set up an altar table with three layers: one top (containing offertories of six vegetables (Chinese:六齋; pinyin:liù zhāi; those being noodles, fruits, cakes,tangyuan, vegetable bowls, and unripebetel), all decorated with paper lanterns) and two lower levels (five sacrifices and wines) to honour the deities below the Jade Emperor.The household then kneels three times andkowtowsnine times to pay obeisance and wish him a long life.Incense, tea, fruit, vegetarian food or roast pig, and gold paper are served as customary protocol for paying respect to an honored person. InTaiwanin the 2000s, some employers also gave red packets as a bonus tomaids, nurses ordomestic workersfrom Southeast Asian countries, although whether this is appropriate is controversial.
In Taiwan, spring travel is a significant event known as the Spring Festival travel rush. The primary mode of transportation in western Taiwan is oriented in a north–south direction, facilitating long-distance travel between the urbanized north and rural hometowns in the south. However, transportation in eastern Taiwan and between Taiwan and its outlying islands is less convenient. Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and China commenced in 2003 as part of the Three Links initiative, primarily catering to "Taiwanese businessmen" returning to Taiwan for the new year.
Chinese New Year is a national public holiday in many Southeast Asian countries and considered to be one of the most important holidays of the year.
Chinese New Year's Eve is typically a half-day holiday inMalaysia, while Chinese New Year is a two-day public holiday.George Town, aChinese-majority city, is known for its lively Chinese New Year celebrations that last until theLantern Festivalon the fifteenth day.Kek Lok Si, the largest Buddhist temple in Malaysia, is typically lit up throughout the festivities.Penang's Chief Ministercustomarily hosts an "open house" for the public, while various other events take place across the city, including at the Chinese clan houses and theSnake Temple.Hokkienhouseholds celebrate the Jade Emperor's Birthday, known colloquially as the "Hokkien New Year", on the ninth day with offerings.Traditionally during the Lantern Festival, single females throw oranges at seafront locations like theEsplanadewith the hope of finding their partners.
InSingapore, Chinese New Year is officially a two-day public holiday. Chinese New Year is accompanied by various festive activities. One of the main highlights is the Chinatown celebrations. In 2010, this included a Festive Street Bazaar, nightly staged shows atKreta AyerSquare and alion dancecompetition.TheChingay Paradealso features prominently in the celebrations. It is an annual street parade in Singapore, well known for its colourful floats and wide variety of cultural performances.The highlights of the Parade for 2011 include a Fire Party, multi-ethnic performances and an unprecedented travelling dance competition.
InIndonesia, the Chinese New Year is officially namedTahun Baru Imlek(Chinese:陰曆新年;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:im-le̍k sin-nî), with"Imlek"deriving from theHokkienword for "Lunar Calendar" (Chinese:陰曆;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:im-le̍k).It is known locally inHokkienasSin Cia(Chinese:新正;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:sin-chiaⁿ).It was celebrated as one of the official national religious holiday byChinese Indonesianssince 18 June 1946 to 1 January 1953 through government regulation signed by PresidentSukarnoon 18 June 1946.It was unofficially celebrated by ethnic Chinese from 1953 to 1967 based on government regulation signed by Vice-presidentMuhammad Hattaon 5 February 1953 which annulled the previous regulation, among others, the Chinese New Year as a national religious holiday.
Effectively from 6 December 1967,until 1998, the spiritual practice to celebrate the Chinese New Year by Chinese families was restricted specifically only inside of the Chinese house. This restriction was made by theNew Ordergovernment through a Presidential Instruction No. 14 of 1967 signed by PresidentSuharto. This restriction was ended when the regime changed and President Suharto wasoverthrown. The celebration was conducted unofficially by Chinese community from 1999 to 2000.
On 17 January 2000, PresidentAbdurrahman Wahidissued Presidential Decree No. 6 of 2000 to annul the previous instruction.On 19 January 2001, theMinistry of Religious Affairsissued Minsterial Decree No.13 of 2001 on Imlek Day as a National Holiday to setHari Tahun Baru Imlekas a "facultative holiday" for Chinese community.Through the Presidential Decree it was officially declared as a 1 (one) day of public holiday as of 9 April 2002 by PresidentMegawati.
In Indonesia, the first day of the Chinese New Year is recognized as a national holiday.The remaining 14 days are usually only celebrated by ethnic Chinese families.In Indonesia, the Chinese Year follows theConfuciusyear orKǒngzǐlì(Chinese:孔子历) orKongziliinIndonesian.
Cities with significant Chinese populationsin Indonesiasuch asJakarta,Medan,Batam,Surabaya,Semarang,Surakarta,Singkawang,Pangkal Pinang,Binjai,Bagansiapiapi,Tanjungbalai,Pematangsiantar,Selat Panjang,Pekanbaru,Tanjung Pinang,Ketapang,Pontianak,Sungailiat,Tanjung Pandan,Manggar,Toboali,Muntok,Lubuk Pakam,Bandung,Rantau Prapat,Tebing Tinggi,Sibolga,Dumai,Panipahan, Bagan Batu,Tanjung Balai Karimun,Jambi,Palembang,Bengkayang,Manado, andTangerangalways celebrate the new year with parades andfireworks.Shopping mallstypically decorate their interior and exterior with lanterns and various Chinese ornaments.Lion dancesare very common throughout the city, usually around residential areas, temples and shopping centres. Usually,Buddhists,ConfuciansandTaoistswill burn incense made out ofaloeswoodin front of their houses as prayers.Chinese templesare generally open for24 hourson the first day, distributingred envelopesand sometimes rice, fruits or sugar to the poor around.
In thePhilippines, Chinese New Year (Philippine HokkienChinese:咱人年兜; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Lán-nâng Nî-tau) is considered as one of the important festivals forChinese Filipinos, and its celebration has also extended to the majority non-ChineseFilipinos, especially since in 2012, Chinese New Year was included as a public regular non-workingholiday in the Philippines. During this time of year, the selling or giving ofTikoy, especially byChinese Filipinos, is widely known and practised in the country. Celebrations are centered primarily in Binondo in Manila, the oldest ever Chinatown in the world, with other celebrations in key cities.
In 2024,Manilacelebrates theSpring Festivalof theWoodenDragon, including the 430th anniversary of ManilaChinatownfeaturing the "Manila Chinatown Solidarity Float Parade" alongManila Central Post Officein Lawton,ErmitaandJones Bridgeled by AmbassadorHuang Xilianwith Mr. & Ms. Chinatown Philippines 2023 winners. It was preceded byChinese New Year's Eve, with the "Firstincense offering" atBinondo Church, aTaoismprayer ritual withJoss sticks, includingChinese ancestor worshipatMartyr Saints of Chinaaltars inBinondoChinese Parish Church. A midnight 2-minutepyro-musical fireworkswas witnessed by 1.5 million at theChinese-Filipino Friendship Bridge.InCebu, a festival called the Red Lantern Festival is held.
Chinese New Year festivities occur throughout the country, especially in provinces where many people of Chinese descent live such asNakhon Sawan,Suphan Buri, andPhuket.
Observed byThai Chineseand parts of the private sector, the festival is usually celebrated for three days, starting on the day before Chinese New Year's Eve. Chinese New Year is observed as a public holiday in the provinces ofNarathiwat,Pattani,Yala,SatunandSongkhla.For the year 2021 (one year only) the government declared Chinese New Year a government holiday. It applied mostly to civil servants. Financial institutions and private businesses were allowed to decide whether or not to observe it.
Divided into 3 days, the first day is theWan chai(Thai:วันจ่าย; pay day), meaning the day that people go out to shop for offerings, the second day is theWan wai(Thai:วันไหว้; worship day), is a day of worshiping the gods and ancestral spirits, which is divided into three periods: dawn, late morning and afternoon, the third day is aWan tieow(Thai:วันเที่ยว; holiday), is a holiday where everyone will leave the house to travel or to bless relatives or respectable people, often wearing red clothes which is believed to bring auspiciousness to life.
In the capital Bangkok, there are large celebrations inChinatown,Yaowarat Road, where the main road is closed and turns into apedestrian street, with a member ofroyal familyin attendance each year to open the ceremony, such asPrincess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn.
With one of the largest Chinese populations outside of Asia, Sydney also boasts the largest Chinese New Year celebrations outside of Asia, attracting over 600,000 attendees to the festivities in Chinatown annually. The events span over three weeks and include a launch celebration, outdoor markets, evening street food stalls, Chinese opera performances, dragon boat races, a film festival, and multiple parades featuring participants from Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese communities. The main parade, which sees over 100,000 spectators and involves more than 3,500 performers, is a notable highlight of the celebrations.The festival also attracts international media coverage, reaching millions of viewers in Asia.The festival in Sydney is organized in partnership with a different Chinese province each year. In addition to Sydney, other state capital cities in Australia also celebrate Chinese New Year due to the large number of Chinese residents in these cities.The cities include: Brisbane, Adelaide, Melbourne Box Hill and Perth. The common activities are lion dance, dragon dance, New Year market, and food festival. In the Melbourne suburb ofFootscray, Victoriaa Lunar New Year celebration initially focusing on theVietnamese New Yearhas expanded into a celebration of the Chinese New Year as well as theApril New Yearcelebrations of the Thais, Cambodians, Laotians and otherAsian Australiancommunities who celebrate the New Year in either January/February or April.
In New Zealand,Aucklandhosts the Auckland Lantern Festival for 4 days. Meanwhile,Wellingtonhosts a two-day weekend festival for Chinese New Year,and a one-day festival is held inDunedin, centred on the city'sChinese gardens.
Many cities inNorth Americasponsor official parades for the Chinese New Year. Among the cities with such parades areNew York City(Manhattan;Flushing,Queens; andBrooklyn),San Francisco,Los Angeles,Boston,Chicago,Mexico City,Toronto, andVancouver.However, even smaller cities that are historically connected to Chinese immigration, such asButte, Montana,have recently hosted parades.
Multiple groups inNew York Citycooperate to sponsor a week-long Chinese New Year celebration. The festivities include cultural festival, and special exhibits.One of the key celebrations is the Chinese New Year paradewith floats and fireworks taking place along the streets inChinatown, Manhattan, the largest Chinese New Year parade outside Asia.In June 2015, New York City MayorBill de Blasiodeclared that the Lunar New Year would be made a public school holiday,in September 2023,New York Statemade Lunar New Year a mandatory public school holiday.
Signed into law in 2022, and effective 2023, California declared Lunar New Year a state government holiday.Many communities throughout all of California celebrate with large celebrations taking place in both theBay AreaandGreater Los Angelesas well as inFresno,Sacramento,San Diego,Santa Rosa, andStockton.
TheSan Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Paradeis the oldest and one of the largest events of its kind outside of Asia, and one of the largest Asian cultural events in North America.
The festival incorporates Grant and Kearny Streets into its street festival and parade route, respectively. The use of these streets traces its lineage back to early parades beginning the custom in San Francisco. In 1849, with the discovery of gold and the ensuingCalifornia Gold Rush, over 50,000 people had come to San Francisco to seek their fortune or just a better way of life. Among those were many Chinese, who had come to work in the gold mines and on the railroad. By the 1860s, the residents ofSan Francisco's Chinatownwere eager to share their culture with their fellow San Francisco residents who may have been unfamiliar with (or hostile towards) it. The organizers chose to showcase their culture by using a favourite American tradition – theparade. They invited a variety of other groups from the city to participate, and they marched down what today areGrant AvenueandKearny Streetcarrying colourful flags, banners, lanterns, drums, and firecrackers to drive away evil spirits.
In San Francisco, over 100 units participate in the annual Chinese New Year Parade held since 1958.The parade is attended by some 500,000 people along with another 3 million TV viewers.
The Golden Dragon Parade has happened annually inChinatown Los Angelessince 1899, one of the oldest and largest Chinese New Year parades outside of Asia. Beginning in the 1970s, famous Asian American actors have held the title of Grand Marshall of the parade, the first beingBruce Lee.
Around Southern California many communities also put on festivals and parades that can last multiple days, with some of the largest occurring in theSan Gabriel Valley, home to the largest Chinese community outside of Asia and often called the first suburban Chinatown, andLittle Saigonwhere many Vietnamese and Chinese live.Monterey Parkputs on the largest of such festivals, occupying 5 blocks in the city and attracting over 100,000 individuals.NeighboringAlhambraalso has hosted a large festival since 1993 with many performances and street vendors.San Gabrielhosts an annual Chinese Gala at the San Gabriel Mission Playhouse in addition to its street festival.
TheLittle Saigonarea has hosted Tet celebrates since 1982 for its Chinese and Vietnamese community.Originally held at Garden Grove Park, with parades in bothGarden GroveandWestminster, starting in 2014 a larger celebration is also held at the Orange County Fair and Events Center inCosta Mesawhich attracts over 50,000 visitors.NeighboringFountain Valleyalso hosts an annual Chinese New Year carnival inMile Square Regional Parkwith many food vendors and a ferris wheel.
Many people also celebrate by going to temples across Southern California, and the largest temple celebration is held atHsi Lai TempleinHacienda Heights.Most major shopping malls will also decorate for Chinese New Year.
Disneyland California AdventureinAnaheimcelebrates Chinese New Year by decorating certain areas of the park in Chinese displays, serving speciality East Asian foods and allowing for character photos with Mulan, Mushu, Raya, Tigger and Mickey and Minnie Mouse in Chinese Costumes.
Some other communities that hold Chinese New Year Celebrations includeEastvale,Hollywood,Irvine,Palos Verdes,Pasadena,Rancho Cucamonga,Riverside,Rosemead,San Marino,San Pedro,Santa Monica,Temple City,Tustin, andWest Covina.
InLondon, celebrations take place in Chinatown, Leicester Square, and Trafalgar Square. Festivities include a parade, cultural feast, fireworks, concerts, and performances.The celebration attracts between 300,000 and 500,000 people yearly according to the organisers.
In Paris, celebrations have been held since the 1980s in several districts during one month with many performancesand the main of the three parades with 40 groups and 4,000 performers is attended alone by more than 200,000 people in the13th arrondissement.
Official celebrations were held inThe Hague,Amsterdam, andRotterdam.
In Budapest, celebrations have been held since 2017 in Kőbánya district with many performances and parades.
Many celebrate the festival inChinatown, Kolkata, India, where a significantcommunity of people of Chinese originexists. In Kolkata, Chinese New Year is celebrated with lion and dragon dance.
In Pakistan, the Chinese New Year is also celebrated among the sizeableChinese expatriate communitythat lives in the country. During the festival, the Chinese embassy inIslamabadarranges various cultural events in which Pakistani arts and cultural organizations and members of the civil society also participate.
Chinese culture in Mauritiusis an important component of the multiculturalism inMauritius.Despite the small size of theSino-Mauritiancommunity (estimated to be only about 3% of the total population),Chinese New Year (also known as Chinese Spring Festival) is a time where Chinese culture is celebrated on the islandand is a public holiday inMauritius.Mauritius is also the only country in Africa which lists the Chinese Spring Festival as a statutory public holiday.During this period of the year, there is a joyful and festive atmosphere throughout the entire country.
Sino-Mauritians are very attached to Chinese traditions.The Chinese Spring Festival is the biggest celebration for the Sino-Mauritians on the island.The dates of the celebration follows the Chinese lunisolar calendar instead of the Gregorian calendar.During the week prior to the New Year's Day, spring cleaning in homes is performed.The festival starts on Chinese New Year's Eve by lighting on firecrackers to ward off evil spirits.Traditionalist visit pagodas to offer offerings and prayers on the New Year's Eve.Following Chinese customs, there is a big family dinner on the New Year's Eve.While the family dinner was traditionally celebrated at the house of the oldest family parents, going to restaurants for New Year's Eve is getting more popular; some restaurants may also have special dinners across the island to foster the family reunions of Sino-Mauritians.After the New year's Eve dinner, youths often go to nightclubs.On the day of the Chinese New Year, it is customary for Sino-Mauritian to shareniangaoto their relatives and friends and to light firecrackers to ward off evil spirits.Red envelopes are also given. Some families would also visit pagoda on New Year to honour their ancestors.Some families observe a vegetarian diet on the New Year.The main celebration events typically take place in the Chinatown area in Port Louis, the capital of Mauritius.TheDragon danceand the SouthernLion danceis also customary on that day.The colour red is predominantly used to decorate the streets and houses. Chinese items (e.g. Chinese lanterns) are also used as decorations.
The Chinese New Year is often accompanied by loud, enthusiastic greetings, often referred to as吉祥話(jíxiánghuà) in Mandarin or吉利說話(Kat Lei Seut Wa) in Cantonese, loosely translated asauspicious words or phrases. New Year couplets printed in gold letters on bright red paper, referred to aschunlian(春聯) orfai chun(揮春), is another way of expressing auspicious new year wishes. They probably predate theMing dynasty(1368–1644), but did not become widespread until then.Today, they are ubiquitous with Chinese New Year.
Some of the most common greetings include:
Numerous other greetings exist, some of which may be exclaimed out loud to no one in particular in specific situations. For example, as breaking objects during the new year is considered inauspicious, one may then say歲歲平安(Suìsuì-píng'ān) immediately, which means "everlasting peace year after year".Suì(歲), meaning "age" is homophonous with碎(suì) (meaning "shatter"), in the demonstration of the Chinese love for wordplay in auspicious phrases. Similarly,年年有餘(niánnián yǒu yú), a wish for surpluses and bountiful harvests every year, plays on the wordyúthat can also refer to魚(yú meaning fish), making it a catch phrase for fish-based Chinese new year dishes and for paintings or graphics of fish that are hung on walls or presented as gifts.
The most common auspicious greetings and sayings consist of four characters, such as the following:
These greetings or phrases may also be used just before children receive their red packets, when gifts are exchanged, when visiting temples, or even when tossing the shredded ingredients ofyushengparticularly popular in Malaysia and Singapore. Children and their parents can also pray in the temple, in hopes of getting good blessings for the new year to come.
Children and teenagers sometimes jokingly use the phrase "恭喜發財，紅包拿來" (pinyin:gōngxǐfācái, hóngbāo nálái; Cantonese:恭喜發財,利是逗來; Jyutping:gungheifaatcoi, leisidauloi), roughly translated as "Congratulations and be prosperous, now give me a red envelope!". InHakkathe saying is more commonly said as 'Gung hee fatt choi, hung bao diu loi' which would be written as恭喜發財，紅包逗來– a mixture of the Cantonese and Mandarin variants of the saying.
Back in the 1960s, children in Hong Kong used to say恭喜發財，利是逗來，斗零唔愛(Cantonese, "Gung Hei Fat Choy, Lai Si Tau Loi, Tau Ling M Ngoi"), which was recorded in the pop song "Kowloon Hong Kong" byThe Reynettesin 1966. Later in the 1970s, children in Hong Kong used the saying:恭喜發財，利是逗來，伍毫嫌少，壹蚊唔愛, roughly translated as "Congratulations and be prosperous, now give me a red envelope, fifty cents is too little, don't want a dollar either." It basically meant that they disliked small change – coins which were called "hard substance" (Cantonese:硬嘢). Instead, they wanted "soft substance" (Cantonese:軟嘢), which was either a ten dollar or a twenty dollar note.