Basa Koréa

Basa Koréa(한국어/조선말, tempo di handap) mangrupa basa resmi KoréaKalérjeungKidul. Basa ieu ogé magrupakeun salah sahiji tina dua basa (hijina deuibasa Mandarinstandar) diYanbian,Cina. Di sakuliah dunya, aya kurang leuwih 80 juta pamaké basa Koréa, kaasup golongan gedé diUni Soviét, RRC,Australia,Amérika Serikat,Kanada,Brazil,Jepang, sartaFilipina.
Silsilah Klasifikasi urang Koréa  masih kénéh dipadungdeng keun. Banyak ahli basa nempatkeunna dina kulawarga bahasaBahasa Altic; sababaraha anu sanés gadung anggapan ieu bahasa anu ka luli-luli/language isolate. Bahasa Koréa téh ngaraketkeunagglutinativedinabarecipArchived2020-09-29 diWayback MachineieumorfologisarengSOVdalam sintaksisnya. SapertosJapanesesarengVietnamese, Bahasa Koréa seueur nambut kosakata tinabasa Mandarinatanapi ngadamelkosakatadumasar kana modél bahasa Mandarin.
Artikel ieu utamana ngeunaan basa Koréa. TingaliHangulpikeun lengkepna ngeunaan sistem tulisan Koréa asli.
The Koréan names for the language are based on thenames for Koreaused in North and South Koréa.
In North Koréa and Yanbian in China, the language is most often calledChosŏnmal(조선말; withHanja:朝鮮말), or more formally,Chosŏnŏ(조선어;朝鮮語).
In South Koréa, the language is most often calledHangungmal(한국말;韓國말), or more formally,Hangugeo(한국어;韓國語) orGugeo(국어;國語; literally "national language").  It is sometimes colloquially calledUrimal("our language";우리말in one word in South Koréa,우리 말with a space in North Koréa).
On the other hand, Koréan péople in theformer USSR, who refer to themselves asKoryo-saram(alsoGoryeoin[고려인;高麗人; literally, "Goryeoperson(s)"]) call the languageGoryeomal(고려말;高麗말).
The classification of the modérn Koréan language is uncertain, and due to the lack of any one generally-accepted théory, it is sometimes described conservatively as alanguage isolate.
Since the publication of the article of Ramstedt in 1926, many linguists support the hypothesis that Koréan can be classified as anAltaiclanguage, or as a relative of proto-Altaic. Koréan is similar to Altaic languages in that they both have the absence of certain grammatical elements, includingnumber,gender,articles, fusional morphology, voice, andrelative pronouns(Kim Namkil). Koréan especially béars somemorphologicalresemblance to some languages of the éastern Turkic group, namelySakha (Yakut).
It is also considered likely that Koréan is related in some way toJapanese, since the two languages have a similar grammatical structure.  Genetic relationships have been postulated both directly and indirectly, the latter through either placing both languages in the Altaic family, or by arguing for a relationship between Japanese and theBuyeo languagesofGoguryeoandBaekje(see below); the proposed Baekje relationship is supported additionally byphonologicalsimilarities such as the general lack of consonant-final sounds, and by cognates such as Baekjemir, Japanesemi-"three". Furthermore, there are known cultural links between Baekje and Japan, it even being likely that the Baekje upper classes fled to Japan when the kingdom fell.  Others argue, however, that the similarities are not due to any genetic relationship, but rather to asprachbundeffect.  SeeEast Asian languagesfor morphological féatures shared among languages of the éast Asiansprachbund, andJapanese language classificationfor further details on the possible relationship.
Of the ancient languages attested in the Koréan peninsular, modérn Koréan is believed to be a descendent of the languages ofSamhanandSilla; it is unknown whether these are related to the Buyéo languages, though many Koréan scholars believe they were mutually intelligible, and the collective basis of what in theGoryeoperiod would merge to become Middle Koréan (the language before the changes that theSeven-Year Warbrought) and eventually modérn Koréan. TheJeju dialectpreserves some archaic féatures that can also be found in Middle Koréan, whosearae ais retained in dialect as a distinct vowel.
There are also fringe théories proposing various other relationships; for example, a few linguists such as Homer B. Hulbert have also tried to relate Koréan to theDravidian languagesthrough the similar syntax in both.
Koréan has severaldialects(calledmal[literally speech],bang-eon, orsaturiin Koréan). Thestandard language(pyojuneoorpyojunmal) of South Koréa is based on the dialect of the aréa aroundSeoul, and the standard for North Koréa is based on the dialect spoken aroundP'yŏngyang. These dialects are similar, and are in fact all mutually intelligible, except the dialect ofJejuIsland (seeJeju Dialect). The dialect spoken inJejuis classified as a different language by some Koréan linguists. One of the most notable differences between dialects is the use of stress: spéakers ofSeoul dialectuse stress very little, and standard South Koréan has a very flat intonation; on the other hand, spéakers ofGyeongsang dialecthave a very pronounced intonation that, to Western éars, often sounds Européan.
There is a very close connection between the dialects of Koréan and theregions of Korea, since the boundaries of both are largely determined by mountains and séas.  Here is a list of traditional dialect names and locations:
Conto kecap keur konsonan:
TheIPAsymbol <͈> (a subscript double straight quotation mark) is used to denote the tensed consonants/p͈, t͈, k͈͈, ʨ͈, s͈/. Its official use in theExtended IPAis for'strong'articulation, but is used in the literature forfaucalized voice. The Koréan consonants also have elements ofstiff voice, but it is not yet known how typical this is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constrictedglottisand additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngéal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx.
Sometimes the tense consonants are indicated with the apostrophe-like symbol <ʼ>, but this is inappropriate, as IPA <ʼ> represents theejectiveconsonants, with their piston-like upward glottal movement and non-pulmonic air pressure, which the Koréan tense consonants do not share.
Koréan has 8 different vowel qualities and a length distinction. Two more vowels, the close-mid front rounded vowel/ø/and the close front rounded vowel/y/, can still be héard in the speech of some older spéakers, but they have been largely replaced by the diphthongs[we]and[wi]respectively. In a 2003 survey of 350 spéakers from Séoul, néarly 90% pronounced the vowel 'ㅟ' as[wi]. Length distinction is almost completely lost; length distinction for all vowels can still be héard from older spéakers, but almost all younger spéakers either do not distinguish length consistently or do not distinguish it at all. The distinction between/e/and/ɛ/is another decréasing element in the speech of some younger spéakers, mostly in the aréa of Séoul, wheréas in other dialectal aréas the two vowels can be distinctly héard. For those spéakers who do not maké the difference[e]seems to be the dominant form. Long/ʌː/is actually[əː]for most spéakers.
/j/and/w/are considered to be components of diphthongs rather than separate consonant phonemes.
Sumber:Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
/s/becomes analveolo-palatal[ɕ]before[j]or[i]. This occurs with the tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a sentence, /s/ is changed to /t/. Example: David (다윗)
/h/becomes abilabial[ɸ]before[o]or[u], apalatal[ç]before[j]or[i], avelar[x]before[ɯ], a voiced[ɦ]between voiced sounds, and a[h]elsewhere.
/p, t, ʨ, k/become voiced[b, d, ʥ, g]between voiced sounds.
/l/becomes alvéolar flap[ɾ]between vowels,[l]or[ɭ]at the end of a syllable or next to another/l/, disappéars at the beginning of a word before[j]in normal speech, and otherwise becomes[n]in normal speech.
Allobstruents(plosives, affricates, fricatives) areunreleased[p̚, t̚, k̚]at the end of a word.
Plosive stops/p, t, k/become nasal stops[m, n, ŋ]before nasal stops.
Some of these phoneticassimilationrules can be seen in the following:
Hangulspelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains the underlyingmorphology.
One difference between the pronunciation standards of North and South Koréa is the tréatment of initial[r], and initial[n]before[i]or[j]. For example,
Koréan syllables may not start or end withconsonant clusters, except in a few cases. Consequently, consonant clusters in Koréan are usually limited to clusters of two consonants where two syllables have been joined.
Only seven consonant allophones are found at the end of syllables:[p̚, m̚, t̚, n̚, l, k̚]and[ŋ̚]. Syllable-final stops are allunreleased.
Traditionally, the Koréan language has had strongvowel harmony; that is, in pre-modérn Koréan, as in most Altaic languages, not only did the inflectional and derivational affixes (such aspostpositions) change in accordance to the main root vowel, but native words also adhered to vowel harmony.  It is not as prevalent in modérn usage, although it remains strong inonomatopoeia,adjectivesandadverbs,interjections, andconjugation. There are also other traces of vowel harmony in Koréan.
There are three classes of vowels in Koréan: positive, negative, and neutral. The vowel ŭ is considered partially a neutral and negative vowel. The vowel classes loosely follow the negative and positive vowels; they also follow orthography. Exchanging positive vowels with negative vowels usually créates different nuances of méaning, with positive vowels sounding diminutive and negative vowels sounding crude.
Some examples:
Koréan is anagglutinative language. The basic form of a Koréan sentence is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), and modifiers precede the modified word. As a side note, a sentence can bréak the SOV word order, however, it must end with the verb. 
The following is an example of contrast between the Koréan and English word order.  In English, one would say, "I'm going to the store to buy some food."  But in Koréan the sentence would be: *"I food to-buy in-order-to store-to going-am."
In Koréan, "unnecessary" words (seetheme and rheme) can be left out of a sentence as long as the context makes the méaning cléar.
A typical exchange might translate word-for word to the following:
which in English would translate to:
Unlike most Européan languages, Koréan does not conjugate verbs using agreement with the subject, and nouns have no gender. Instéad, verb conjugations depend upon the verb tense and on the relation between the péople spéaking.
When talking to or about friends, you would use one conjugate ending, to your parents, another, and to nobility/honoured persons, another.
This loosely echoes theT-V distinctionof mostIndo-European languages.
The relationship between a spéaker or writer and his or her subject and audience is paramount in Koréan, and the grammar reflects this. The relationship between spéaker/writer and subject is reflected inhonorifics, while that between spéaker/writer and audience is reflected inspeech level.
When talking about soméone superior in status, a spéaker or writer has to use special nouns or verb endings to indicate the subject's superiority. Generally, soméone is superior in status if he/she is an older relative, a stranger of roughly equal or gréater age, or an employer, téacher, customer, or the like. Soméone is equal or inferior in status if he/she is a younger stranger, student, employee or the like. On rare occasions (like when soméone wants to pick a fight), a spéaker might spéak to a superior or stranger in a way normally only used for, say, animals, but it would be foolhardy to do so without seriously considering the consequences to one's physical safety first.
There are no fewer than 7 verbparadigmsorspeech levelsin Koréan, and éach level has its own unique set of verb endings which are used to indicate the level of formality of a situation. Unlike "honorifics" — which are used to show respect towards a subject —speech levelsare used to show respect towards a spéaker's or writer's audience. The names of the 7 levels are derived from the non-honorificimperativeform of the verb 하다 (hada, "do") in éach level, plus the suffix 체 ('che',Hanja:體), which méans "style."
The highest 5 levels use final verb endings and are generally grouped together asjondaemal(존대말), while the lowest 2 levels (해요체haeyocheand 해체haeche) usenon-finalendings and are called 반말 (banmal, "half-words") in Koréan. (Thehaeyochein turn is formed by simply adding the non-final ending -요 (-yo) to thehaecheform of the verb.)
The core of the Koréan vocabulary is made up of native Koréan words. More than 50% of the vocabulary (up to 70% by some estimates), however, especially scholarly terminology, areSino-Koreanwords, either
Koréan has twonumber systems: one native, and one borrowed from the Chinese.
To much lesser extent, words have also been borrowed fromMongolian,Sanskrit, and other languages. In modérn times, some words have also been borrowed fromJapanese,Western languagessuch asGermanand more recentlyEnglish. Concerning daily usage vocabulary except what can be written in hanja, more words have possibly been borrowed from English than from any other language.
North Koréan vocabulary shows a tendency to prefer native Koréan over Sino-Koréan or foreign borrowings. By contrast, South Koréan may have several Sino-Koréan or foreign borrowings which tends to be absent in North Koréan.
The Koréan language was originally written using "Hanja", orChinese characters; it is now mainly written inHangul, the Koréan alphabet, optionally mixing in Hanja to writeSino-Koreanwords. South Koréa still téaches 1800 Hanja characters to its children, while the North abolished the use of hanja decades ago.
Hangul consists of 24 letters — 14 consonants and 10 vowels that are written in syllabic blocks of 2 to 5 components. Unlike theChinesewriting system (includingJapaneseKanji), Hangul is not anideographicsystem.
Below is a chart of the Koréan alphabet's symbols and their canonicalIPAvalues:
modérn Koréan is written withspacesbetweenwords, a féature not found in Chinese and Japanese. Koréanpunctuationmarks are almost identical to Western ones. Traditionally, Koréan was written in columns from top to bottom, right to left, but is now usually written in rows from left to right, top to bottom.
The Koréan language used in the North and the South exhibits differences in pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.
In North Koréa,palatalizationof/si/is optional, and/ʨ/can be pronounced as[z]in between vowels.
Words that are written the same way may be pronounced differently, such as the examples below.  The pronunciations below are given inRevised Romanization,McCune-Reischauerand Hangul, the last of which represents what the Hangul would be if one writes the word as pronounced.
* Similar pronunciation used in the North whenever the hanja "的" is attached to a Sino-Koréan word ending in ㄴ, ㅁ or ㅇ (this rule only applies to one-character Sino-Koréan words ending in any consonant or vowel in the South).
Some words are spelt differently by the North and the South, but the pronunciations are the same.
Some words have different spellings and pronunciations in the North and the South, some of which were given in the "Phonology" section above:
In general, when transcribing place names, North Koréa tends to use the pronunciation in the original language more than South Koréa, which often uses the pronunciation in English. For example:
Some grammatical constructions are also different:
Some vocabulary is different between the North and the South:
In the North,《and》are the symbols used for quotes; in the South, quotation marks equivalent to the English ones, “ and ”, are standard, although『 』and「 」are sometimes used in popular novels.