Culture of Nigeria

Theculture of Nigeriais shaped byNigeria's multipleethnic groups.The country has 527 languages,seven of which are extinct.Nigeria also has over 1,150 dialects and ethnic groups. The three largestethnic groupsare theHausasthat are predominantly in the north, theYorubaswho predominate in the southwest, and theIgbosin thesoutheast.There are many other ethnic groups with sizeable populations across the different parts of the country. TheKanuri peopleare located in the northeast part of Nigeria, theTiv peopleare in the north central, and theEfik-Ibibioare in the south South. 
TheBini peopleare most frequent in the region betweenYorubalandandIgboland.
Nigeria's other ethnic groups, sometimes called 'minorities', are found throughout the country but especially in the north and the middle belt. The traditionallynomadicFulani can be found all over West and Central Africa.TheFulaniand theHausaare almost entirely Muslim, while the Igbo are almost completely Christian and so are theBiniand theIbibio. The Yoruba make up about 21% of the country's population (estimated to be over 225 million) and are predominantly Christians and Muslims on equal footing, with a notable presence of traditionalists.Indigenous religious practices remain important to all of Nigeria's ethnic groups however, and frequently these beliefs are blended with Christian or Muslim beliefs, a practice known assyncretism.
The Binis, also called the Edo people,are a people of the South South region of modern Nigeria; they are said to be around 3.8 million as of the 21st century. They are ruled by monarchs, and are famous for theirBenin Bronzes. In the pre-colonial period, they controlled a powerfulempire.They are an ethnic group that is primarily found in Edo State, and spread across the Delta, Ondo, and Rivers states of Nigeria in smaller concentrations. The language they speak is called the Edo language. The Bini people are closely related to several other ethnic groups, that usually speak Edo languages, for example the Esan, however it is important to address the fact that the name "Benin" (and "Bini") is a Portuguese corruption, which came from the word "Ubinu", which came into use during the reign of Oba Ewuare the Great, C. 1440. The word "Ubinu" was used to depict and portray the royal administrative centre or capital proper of the kingdom, Edo. The word "Ubinu" was later corrupted to Bini by a number of mixed ethnicities staying together at the centre, and it was then further corrupted to Benin around the year 1485 at the time when the Portuguese people started making trade relations with Oba Ewuare.
The Hausa and Fulani ethnic groups are said to be one of the largest ethnic groups in Nigeria, if not the largest, with a population of over 20 million people. TheHausaandFulanilive in the northern part of Nigeria. They are both different tribes, but are often counted as one due to cultural similarity. The bulk of the Hausa-Fulani population is mainly centered in and around the central of Sokoto, Kano and Katsina, which are said to be important market centers on the southern area of the trans-Saharan caravan trade routes.
Long before the arrival of the Fulani people, the Hausa had already formed and made well-organised city states; some of these states includes Katsina, Daura, Kano, Zazzau (Zaria), Biram, Gobir and Borno. However, some of these states were conquered, taken over and re-established by the Fulani people which then led to the formation of a few other kingdoms such as Katagum, Hadejia and Gombe. The arrival of the Fulani people into Hausaland brought about great changes in the land, which included the reformation of Islam. This then ended up playing a significant role in the social life and culture of the Hausa people. In education, dress and taste, the Hausa people and their counterparts the Fulani have become a significant part of the Islamic world; this said influence still remains until the current day.The Fulani practice the art of whipping a suitor before giving his bride to him as part of their marriage obligation. This particular obligation has helped to increase the practice of monogamy among themselves, and it is calledSharo.The Fulani people are also nomadic in nature; this nomadic lifestyle spread them into virtually all of West Africa. They are extremely tolerant of the languages of other people around them, leading to the suppression of theirs - especially in northern Nigeria by Hausa.
The Hausas, on the other hand, are said to be very good merchants. This helped spread them to some areas around Nigeria.They have monarchs, are known for celebrating the Hawan Sallah festival,and are also followers of the religious teachings of SheikhUsman dan Fodio.
The Igbo people, commonly and often referred to as Ibo people, are one of the largest ethnic groups to ever exist in Africa; they have a total population of about 20 million people. Most people who are a part of this ethnic group are based in the southeastern part of Nigeria, they contribute to about 17 percent of the country's population. They can also be found in large numbers in Cameroon and other African countries. It is believed that the Igbo people originated in an area that is about 100 miles north of their current location at the confluence of the Niger and Benue Rivers. The Igbo people share linguistic ties with their neighbours the Bini, Igala, and Idoma, with whom it is believed they were closely related until five to six thousand years ago.The first Igbo in the region may have moved onto the Awka-Orlu plateau between four and five thousand years ago. The eastern part of Nigeria is the home of the Igbos, who are mostlyChristians.Their traditional religion is known asOmenani/Omenala. Both concepts, each an aspect of a single whole, aspire to protect and preserve the purity, sanctity and sacredness of the land and the people therein. 'Omenana' is man-made; it is easily changed and is adaptable. 'Odinana', on the contrary, is a code of life, handed down from Chukwu, God the Creator, to Eri, the patriarch of the Igbo race, to prevent chaos and confusion. The earth spirit, Ana, is 'Odinana', as is the sacred role of yam in the Igbo world, the right of inheritance, and the place of the elder. 'Odinana', as the immutable customary rites and traditions of the Igbo world, is enduring and cuts across indigenous Igbo people, while 'Omenana' is rather relative from one section of the Igbo to the other.Socially, the Igbos are led by monarchs who had limited power historically. These figures are expected to confer subordinate titles upon men and women that are highly accomplished. This is known as theNze na Ozotitle system.
The Ijaw people are said to be a collection of people that are native to the Niger Delta area in Nigeria. Owing to the affinity they have with water, a significant number of the Ijaw people are discovered as migrant fishermen in camps that are as far west as Sierra Leone and as far east as Gabon.With a population of about 4 million, the Ijaws inhabit the Niger Delta section and they make up about 1.8% of Nigeria's population.From a historical perspective, it is almost impossible to give a precise and accurate account as to when and where the Ijaws originated; numerous different accounts have been given by many historians regarding this issue, but what is certain is that the Ijaws are one of the world's most ancient peoples. The Ijaw people are said by some to be the descendants of the autochthonous people of Africa known as the (H)oru.  The Ijaws were originally known by this name (Oru); at least it was what their immediate neighbours assumed them to be. Although this was a very long time ago, the Ijaws have, however, kept the ancient language and culture of the Orus. Being the first to find a settlement in the Lower Niger and Niger Delta, it is possible that they may have started inhabiting this region as far back as 500 BC.
Language and cultural studies suggest that they are related to the founders of theNile Valleycivilization complex (and possibly theLake Chadcomplex).They immigrated to West Africa from the Nile Valley during antiquity. The Ijaw culture of the South has been influenced greatly by its location on the coast and the interaction with foreigners that it necessitated. Its members amassed great wealth while serving asmiddlemen, and the preponderance of English names among them today is a testament to thetrade namesadopted by their ancestors at this time.
The Yoruba people are said to be one of the three largest ethnic groups in Nigeria, alongside the Igbo and the Hausa-Fulani peoples. They are concentrated in the southwestern section of Nigeria, much smaller and scattered groups of Yoruba people live in Benin and northern Togo and they are numbered to be more than 20 million at the turn of the 21st century.The Yoruba people have always shared a common language called the Yoruba language and have had the same culture for hundreds of years now, but historically they were less likely to be a single political unit prior to the colonial period.The Yoruba people are believed to have migrated from the east to their present lands west of the lower Niger River more than a millennium ago.They eventually became the most urbanized Africans of precolonial times. The Yoruba people eventually formed many kingdoms of various sizes, each of which was centered on a capital city or town and was ruled by a hereditary king known as an Oba. Their towns eventually became more and more populated and grew into the present-day cities of Oyo, Ile-Ife, Ilesha, Ibadan, Ilorin, Ijebu-Ode, Ikere-Ekiti, and others.Oyo developed in the medieval and early modern periods into the largest of the Yoruba kingdoms, while Ile-Ife still remained a town of very strong religious significance as the site of the earth's creation according to Yoruba mythology.Oyo and the other kingdoms declined in the late 18th and 19th centuries owing to disputes among minor Yoruba rulers and invasions by the Fon of Dahomey (now Benin Republic) and the Muslim Fulani. The traditional Yoruba kingships still survive, but with only a hint of their former political power. These monarchs have titled individuals that serve beneath them, with most of this latter group making up the membership of theOgbonisecret society. Their traditional religion,Ifa, has been recognized byUNESCOas amasterpiece of the oral tradition of Humanity.
Ever since the country's earliest centralization - under theNokitesat a time contemporaneous to the birth ofJesus Christ- Nigeria has been ruled by a class of titled potentates that are known aschiefs.Led by theNigerian traditional rulers(i.e. monarchs who have received definite authority from the official government and are recognized by the laws of Nigeria),the chiefs come in various ranks and are of varied kinds - some monarchs are so powerful that they influence political and religious life outside their immediate domains (theSultan of Sokotoand theOoni of Ife, for example), while in contrast many local families around the country install their eldest members astitled chiefsin order for them to provide them with what is an essentially titular leadership.
Although chiefs have few official powers today, they are widely respected, and prominent monarchs are often courted to endorse politicians during elections in the hopes of them conferring legitimacy to their campaigns by way of doing so. Successful Nigerians, such as businessmen and the said politicians, typically themselves aspire to the holding of chieftaincies, and the monarchs' control of the honours system that provides them serves as an important royal asset.
Nigeria is famous for itsEnglish languageliterature.Things Fall Apart,byChinua Achebe, is an important book inAfrican literature.With over eight million copies sold worldwide, it has been translated into 50 languages, making Achebe the most translated African writer of all time.
Nigerian Nobel laureate—Wole Soyinkadescribed the work as "the first novel in English which spoke from the interior of the African character, rather than portraying the African as an exotic, as the white man would see him."Nigeria has other notable writers of English language literature. These includeFemi Osofisan,whose first published novel,Kolera Kolej, was produced in 1975;Ben Okri, whose first work,The Famished Road, was published in 1991, andBuchi Emecheta, who wrote stories drawn from her personal experiences of gender inequity that promote viewing women through a single prism of the ability to marry and have children.Helon Habila,Sefi Atta,Flora Nwapa,Iquo Diana Abasi Eke,Zaynab AlkaliandChimamanda Ngozi Adichie,among others, are notable Nigerian authors whose works are read widely within and outside the country.
Apart from the speakers of standard English, a large portion of the population, roughly a third, speaksNigerian pidgin, which has a primarily Englishlexicon. It has become a commonlingua francaas a result. Pidgin English is a creolized form of the language. For instance, "How you dey" means "How are you".The Palm Wine Drinkard, a popular novel byAmos Tutuola, was written in it.
Since the 1990s the Nigerianmovie industry, sometimes called "Nollywood", has emerged as a fast-growing cultural force all over Africa. Vast wealth has been generated by it, and it is currently the second-largest film industry in the world by output.
Because of the movies, western influences such as music, casual dressing and methods of speaking are to be found all across Nigeria, even in the highly conservative north of the country.
TheNigerian national football team,nicknamed the "Super Eagles", is the national team of Nigeria, run by theNigeria Football Federation(NFF). According to theFIFA World Rankings, Nigeria ranks 42nd and holds the sixth-highest place among the African nations. The highest position Nigeria ever reached on the ranking was 5th, in April 1994.
Supporters ofEnglish footballclubs likeManchester United,Arsenal,Manchester City,LiverpoolandChelseaoften segregate beyond the traditional tribal and even religious divide to share their common cause inPremier Leagueteams.
Other than football,basketball,handballandvolleyballare also prominent in the Nigerian sports sector.Indigenous gamessuch asloofball,dambeandayoalso have significant popularity among youths in Nigeria.
Nigeria is the country of origin for the sportLoofball. The game involves two teams of five, a ball, and a net. It is played by tossing the ball over the net to the opposing team's side of the court.After July 2021, the sport has been administered by the LSDI (Loofball Sports Development Initiative).
Nigerian foodoffers a rich blend of traditionally African carbohydrates such asyamandcassavaas well as the vegetable soups with which they are often served.Maizeis another crop that is commonly grown in Nigeria.Praised by Nigerians for the strength it gives,garriis "the number one staple carbohydrate food item in Nigeria",a powderedcassavagrain that can be readily eaten as a meal and is quite inexpensive. Yams are frequently eaten either fried in oil or pounded to make amashed potato-like yampottage. Nigerian beans, quite different from green peas, are widely popular. Meat is also popular and Nigeriansuya—a barbecue-like roasted meat—is a well-known delicacy.Bushmeat, meat from wild game likeantelopeandduikers, is also popular. Fermented palm products make a traditional liquor,palm wine, and also fermented cassava. Nigerian foods are spicy, mostly in the western and southern part of the country, even more so than inIndian cuisine. Other examples of their traditional dishes areeba, pounded yam, iyan,fufuand soups likeokra,ogbonoandegusi. Fufu is so emblematic of Nigeria that it figures in Chinua Achebe'sThings Fall Apart, for example.
Nigeria is known for its many traditional dishes. Each tribe has different dishes that are unique to their culture. Yoruba people, for example, have differentdisheslike Amala, Ogbono, Moin Moin, Ofada Rice, and Efo Riro.
Themusic of Nigeriaincludes many kinds offolkandpopular music, some of which are known worldwide. The singer and social activistFela Kutiwas instrumental in Nigeria's musical development. His personalized sound, dubbedAfrobeat, is now one of the continent's most widely recognised genres.
Traditional musicians use a number of diverseinstruments, such asGongon drums. Thekoraand thekakakiare also important.
Othertraditional cultural expressionsare found in the variousmasqueradesof Nigeria, such as theEyo masqueradesof Lagos, theEkpeand Ekpo masquerades of the Efik/Ibibio/Annang/Igbo people of the South-South and southeastern Nigeria, and theNorthern masqueradesof the Bini. The most popular Yoruba manifestations of this custom are theGeledemasquerades.
Women wear long flowing robes and headscarves made by local makers who dye and weave the fabric locally.Southern Nigerian women choose to wear western-style clothing. People in urban regions of Nigeria dress in western style, the youth mainly wearing jeans and T-shirts.  Other Nigerian men and women typically wear a traditional style calledBuba. For men the loose-fitting shirt goes down to halfway down the thigh. For women, the loose-fitting blouse goes down a little below the waist. Other clothing gear includes agele, which is the woman's headgear. For men their traditional cap is calledfila.
Historically, Nigerian fashion incorporated many different types of fabrics. Cotton has been used for over 500 years for fabric-making in Nigeria. Silk (calledtsamiyainHausa,sanyaninYoruba, andakpa-obubuinIgbo) is also used.Perhaps the most popular fabric used in Nigerian fashion is Dutch wax print, produced in the Netherlands. The import market for this fabric is dominated by the Dutch company Vlisco,which has been selling its Dutch wax print fabric to Nigerians since the late 1800s, when the fabric was sold along the company's oceanic trading route to Indonesia. Since then, Nigerian and African patterns, colour schemes, and motifs have been incorporated into Vlisco's designs to become a staple of the brand.
Nigeria has over 250 ethnic groupsand as a result, a wide variety of traditional clothing styles. In the Yoruba tradition, women wear aniro(wrapper),buba(loose shirt) andgele(head-wrap).The men wearbuba(long shirt),sokoto(baggy trousers),agbada(flowing robe with wide sleeves) andfila(a hat).In the Igbo tradition, the men's cultural attire isIsiagu(a patterned shirt), which is worn with trousers and the traditional Igbo men's hat calledOkpu Agwu. The women wear a puffed sleeved blouse, two wrappers and a headwrap.Hausa men wearbarbarigasorkaftans(long flowing gowns) with tall decorated hats. The women wear wrappers and shirts and cover their heads withhijabs(veils).
Oral traditionsinNigeriaare part of a form of human communication in which knowledge, art ideas, andculturalmaterials are acquired, conserved, and conveyed orally from onegenerationto another.It is one of the earliest works from Nigeria put into writing and entails severalgenresof indigenous knowledge production communicated to its adherents verbally.It also encompasses the transmission of historical and artistic information from an initial witness through generation (the information is handled by skilled oral historians).
Traditions have evolved along with the societies and cultures that produced them. Oral traditions in Nigeria have played a very important role in preserving and transmitting historical information and its various functions. Historical information is usually transmitted through speech, songs, folktales, prose, chants, and ballads. Oral traditions in Nigeria are commonly used as a means of keeping the past alive.
Nigerianuniversitycultureencompasses a tapestry of academic pursuit, social engagement, and cultural diversity.Renowned for its rigorous academic standards, Nigerian university institutions provide an academic environment where students are challenged to excel in different academic fields. The academic rigor plays an important role in the cornerstone of the university experience intertwined with its very own grading system unique to Nigerian universities.
Beyond the lecture halls and laboratories, Nigerian university campuses come alive with a vibrant array of extracurricular activities and social events such as sports tournaments and talent shows to cultural festivals and academic symposiums, rag days.With some often being hosted by different clubs such as the Rotaract Club, and evenreligiousclub groups such as the Christian church youth groups.At the heart of Nigerian university culture lies a tradition of student activism and social advocacy.Students are often at the forefront of movements advocating forsocial justice, political reform, and educational equity through protests, demonstrations, and advocacy campaigns. Students raise concerns and demand accountability from those in positions of power through these methods.                                                                                   One of the most known traditional markers of Nigerian university culture is the sign-out day tradition, which is an annual tradition observed in Nigerian universities.Sign-out day is a day for celebrating the last day of the final year session by wearing white clothing. The tradition is celebrated with a white T-shirt or any white shirt worn by a graduating student. The shirts are then to be signed by friends and well-wishers.This tradition marks the culmination of academic studies for graduating students.For university students, this ceremonial event holds significant cultural and social importance within the Nigerian higher education system, symbolizing the completion of undergraduate studies and the transition to the next phase of life.
Despite the numerous challenges facing Nigerian universities, including inadequate funding,violent cult-related confraternities, infrastructure deficiencies, and the occasional strikes, students navigate these obstacles with a different array of resolve, driven by their thirst for a better future.Furthermore, the cultural diversity of Nigeria, with its myriad ethnic groups, languages, and traditions, is vividly reflected on university campuses.Students from diverse backgrounds come together, sharing their unique perspectives and experiences, and enriching the academic and social fabric of the Nigerian university community.