West Java

West Java(Indonesian:Jawa Barat,Sundanese:ᮏᮝ ᮊᮥᮜᮧᮔ᮪,romanized:Jawa Kulon,Pegon: جاوا كولون) is an Indonesianprovinceon the western part of the island ofJava, with its provincial capital inBandung. West Java is bordered by the province ofBantenand the country's capital region ofJakartato the west, theJava Seato the north, the province ofCentral Javato the east and theIndian Oceanto the south. WithBanten, this province is the native homeland of theSundanese people, thesecond-largest ethnic group in Indonesia.
West Java was one of the first eight provinces of Indonesia formed following thecountry's independence proclamationand was later legally re-established on 14 July 1950. In 1966, the city ofJakartawas split off from West Java as a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with a status equivalent to that of a province,while in 2000 the western parts of the province were in turn split away to form a separateBantenprovince.
Even following these split-offs, West Java is by far the most populous province of Indonesia with a population of 48,274,162 as of the 2020 Census,which grew to 49,860,330 at mid 2023 according to the official estimates;the population continues to grew and surpassed the 50 millions milestone during late 2023. The province's largest cities,Bekasi(asatellite citywithin theJakarta metropolitan area),BandungandDepok(the latter also within the Jakarta metropolitan area), are the third, fourth and sixthmost populous cities in Indonesiarespectively. Bandung is also one of themost densely populated cities proper in the world.
The oldest human inhabitant archaeological findings in the region were unearthed inAnyeron the western coast of Java with evidence of bronze and iron metallurgical culture dating to the first millennium AD.The prehistoricBuni culture, near present-dayBekasi, developed clay pottery with evidence found in Anyer toCirebon. Artefacts dated 400 BC — AD 100, such as food and drink containers, were found mostly as burial gifts.There is archaeological evidence inBatujaya Archaeological Sitedating from the 2nd centuryand, according to Dr Tony Djubiantono, the head of Bandung Archaeology Agency, Jiwa Temple inBatujaya,Karawang, was also built around this time.
One of the earliest knownrecorded histories in Indonesia is from the formerTarumanagarakingdom, where seven, fourth-century stones are inscribed in Wengi letters (used in thePallavaperiod) and inSanskritdescribing the kings of the kingdom of Tarumanagara.Records of Tarumanegara lasted until the sixth century, which coincides with the attack ofSrivijaya, as stated in theKota Kapur inscription(AD 686).
TheSunda Kingdomsubsequently became the ruling power of the region, as recorded on the Kebon Kopi II inscription (AD 932).
An Ulama,Sunan Gunung Jati, settled inCirebon, intending to spread Islam in the town. Meanwhile, theSultanate of Demakin Central Java grew to become a threat to the Sunda kingdom. To defend against the threat, Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkosa signed theLuso-Sundanese Treatywith thePortuguesein 1512. In return, the Portuguese were granted access to build fortresses and warehouses in the area, as well as forming trading agreements with the kingdom. This first international treaty of Sunda Kingdom with the Europeans was commemorated by the placement of the Padrao stone monument at the bank of theCiliwung Riverin 1522.
Although the treaty with the Portuguese had been established, it could not come to realisation.Sunda Kalapaharbour fell under the alliance of the Sultanates of Demak andCirebon(formervassal stateof Sunda kingdom) in 1524 after forces under Paletehan alias Fadillah Khan had conquered the city. In 1524–1525, troops underSunan Gunung Jatialso seized the port ofBantenand established theSultanate of Bantenwhich was affiliated to the Demak Sultanate. The war between the Sunda kingdom and the Demak and Cirebon sultanates continued for five years until a peace treaty was made in 1531 between King Surawisesa andSunan Gunung Jati. From 1567 to 1579, under the last king Raja Mulya, alias Prabu Surya Kencana, the Sunda kingdom declined, under pressure from Sultanate of Banten. After 1576, the kingdom could not maintain control over its capital atPakuan Pajajaran(present-dayBogor), and gradually the Sultanate of Banten took over the former Sunda kingdom's territory. TheMataram Sultanatefrom Central Java also seized thePrianganregion, the southeastern part of the kingdom.
In the 16th century,DutchandBritishtrading companies established trading ships in western Java after the fall of the Sultanate of Banten. For the next three hundred years, western Java fell under theDutch East Indies' administration. West Java was officially declared as a province of Indonesia in 1950, referring to a statement from Staatblad number 378. On 17 October 2000, as part of nationwide political decentralization,Bantenwas separated from West Java and made into a new province. There have been recent proposals to rename the provincePasundan("Land of theSundanese") after the historical name for West Java.
Since the creation of West Java Province,the province of West Java was subdivided into fourcities(Kota) and sixteenregencies(Kabupaten), excluding the four regencies which were separated off in 2000 to form the new Banten Province. Subsequently five new independent cities were created between 1996 and 2002 by separation from their surrounding regencies -Bekasion 16 December 1996,Depokon 27 April 1999,CimahiandTasikmalayaon 21 June 2001, andBanjaron 11 December 2002. A 17th regency was formed on 2 January 2007 –West Bandung Regency– from the western half of Bandung Regency, and an 18th regency was formed in October 2012 –Pangandaran Regency– from the southern half of Ciamis Regency. On 25 October 2013, thePeople's Representative Council(DPR) began reviewing draft laws on the establishment of 57 prospective new regencies (and eight new provinces),including a further three regencies in West Java – South Garut (Garut Selatan), North Sukabumi (Sukabumi Utara) and West Bogor (Bogor Barat) – but no action has followed in view of the moratorium adopted since 2013 by the Indonesian government on the creation of new provinces, regencies and cities, so none of these three prospective regencies are shown separately on the map below, nor in the following table.
These 9 cities and 18 regencies are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Censusand 2020 Census,together with official estimates as at mid 2023.They are divided into 627districts(Kecamatan) as at 2023, which comprise 663 urbanvillages(Kelurahan) and 5,294 rural villages (Desa).The table also includes the average population density as at mid 2023 for each regency or city.).
Much of the population growth has been in the northwest corner of the province, in those areas bordering Jakarta and forming part of theJakarta metropolitan area. These comprise Bekasi and Bogor Regencies, together with the separate cities of Bekasi, Bogor and Depok; in total they cover an area of 4,790.68 kmand had a population estimated at 14,707,767 in mid 2023.
The province comprises eleven of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to thePeople's Representative Council.The province's 91 elected members are comprised as follows:
West Java borders Jakarta andBantenprovince to the west andCentral Javato the east. To the north is theJava Sea. To the south is theIndian Ocean. Unlike most other provinces in Indonesia which have their capitals in coastal areas, the provincial capital, Bandung, is located in the mountainous area in the centre of the province.BantenProvince was formerly part of West Java but was created a separate province in 2000. West Java, in the densely populated western third of Java and covering a land area of 37,040.04 km(larger thanGuinea-Bissau), is home to almost one out of every five Indonesians.
West Java and Banten provinces, as a part of thePacific Ring of Fire, have more mountains and volcanoes than any of the other provinces in Indonesia. The vast volcanic mountainous region of inland West Java is traditionally known asParahyangan(also known asPrianganorPreanger) which means "The abode ofhyangs(gods)". It is considered as the heartland of the Sundanese people. The highest point of West Java is thestratovolcanoMount Cereme(3,078 metres) borderingKuninganandMajalengkaRegencies. West Java has rich and fertile volcanic soil. Agriculture, mostly traditional dry rice cultivation (known asladangorhuma), has become the primary way of life of traditional Sundanese people. Since the era of theDutch East India Company(VOC), West Java has been known as a productive plantation area for coffee, tea, quinine, and many other cash crops. The mountainous region of West Java is also a major producer of vegetables and decorative flowering plants. The landscape of the province is one of volcanic mountains, rugged terrain, forest, mountains, rivers, fertile agricultural land, and natural sea harbours.
Flowing through theBandung Basinto the northeast is theTarum River(orCi-tarum), the longest and most important river in the province. This 300-km long river is the site of three dams, namelyCirata Dam,Saguling Dam, andJatiluhur Dam.
Initially, the economy of theSundanese peoplein West Java relied heavily onricecultivation. Ancient kingdoms established in the province such as theTarumanagaraandSunda Kingdomare known to have relied on rice taxes and agriculture revenues. The cycle of life of the ancient Sundanese people revolved around the rice crop cycle. Traditional rice harvest festivals such as theSeren Taunwere important. The ancient goddess of rice,Nyai Pohaci Sanghyang Asri, is revered in Sundanese culture. Traditionally, Sundanese people often used dry rice cultivation (ladang). After theMataramexpanded to the Priangan area in the early 17th century following theSultan Agungcampaign against Dutch Batavia,sawah(wet rice cultivation) began to be adopted in the northern lowlands of West Java. Regencies such asIndramayu,Cirebon,Subang,KarawangandBekasiare now well known as vital rice-producing areas. The mountainous region of West Java supplies vegetables, flower and much horticultural produce to Jakarta and Bandung, while animal farms in West Java produce dairy products and meats.
During the entire Dutch colonial era, West Java fell under Dutch administration centered inBatavia. The Dutch colonial government introducedcash cropssuch astea,coffee, andquinine. Since the 18th century, West Java (known as "De Preanger") was known as a productive plantation area and became integrated with global trade and economy. Services such as transportation and banking were provided to cater for wealthy Dutch plantation owners. West Java is known as one of the earliest developed regions in the Indonesian archipelago. In the early 20th century, the Dutch colonial government developed infrastructures for economic purposes, especially to support Dutch plantations in the region. Roads and railways were constructed to connect inland plantations area with urban centres such as Bandung and the port of Batavia.
After Indonesian independence in 1945, West Java became a supporting region forJakarta, the capital of Indonesia. Jakarta remained as the business and political centre of Indonesia. Several regencies and cities in West Java such asBogor,BekasiandDepokwere developed as supporting areas for Jakarta and came to form theGreater Jakartaarea orJabodetabek(Jakarta,Bogor,Depok,Tangerang andBekasi). The northern area of West Java has become a major industrial area, with areas such as Bekasi,CikarangandKarawangsprawling with factories and industries. The area in and aroundBandunghas also developed as an industrial area.
Based on the data from Indonesia State Secretary, the total area of rice fields in West Java Province in 2006 was 9,488,623 km which produced 9,418,882 tons of paddy in 2006, consisting of 9,103,800 tons rice field paddy and 315,082 tons farmland paddy. Palawija (non-rice food) production, reached 2,044,674 tons with productivity 179.28 quintal per ha. Nevertheless, the widest plant's width is for corn commodity which reaches 148,505 ha. West Java also produces horticulture consists of 2,938,624 tons vegetables, 3,193,744 tons fruits, and 159,871 tons medicines plants/ bio pharmacology.
Forest in West Java covers 764,387.59 ha or 20.62% from the total size of the province. It consists of productive forest 362,980.40 ha (9.79%), protected forest 228,727.11 ha (6.17%), and conservation forest 172,680 ha (4.63%). Mangrove forest reaches 40,129.89 ha, and spread in 10 regencies where coasts are available. Besides, there is also another protected forest of about 32,313.59 ha organized by Perum Perhutani Unit III West Java and Banten.
From the productive forest, in 2006 West Java harvested crop of about 200,675 m³ wood, although the need for wood in this province every year is about 4 million m³. Until 2006, populace forest's width 214,892 ha with wood production is about 893,851.75 m³. West Java also produces non-forest's crop which is potential enough to be developed as forestry work, such as silk, mushroom, pine, dammar, maleleuca, rattan, bamboo, and swallow bird's nest.
In the fishery sector, commodities include goldfish, nila fish, milkfish, freshwater catfish, windu shrimp, green mussel, gouramy, patin, seaweed and vaname shrimp. In 2006, this province harvested 560,000 tons of fish from fishery cultivation crop and brackish or 63.63% from fishery production total in West Java.
In the poultry field, dairy cow, domestic poultry, and ducks are common commodities in West Java. 2006 data stated that there are 96,796 dairy cows (25% of the national population), 4,249,670 sheep, 28,652,493 domestic poultries, and 5,596,882 ducks (16% of the national population). Now there are only 245,994 beef cattle in West Java (3% national population), whereas the need every year is about 300,000 beef cattle.
This province has many plantation crops, such as tea, cloves, coconut, rubber, cacao, tobacco, coffee, sugar, palm and akar wangi (Chrysopogon zizanioides). From all those commodities, cloves, coconut, rubber, cocoa, tobacco, and coffee are common in West Java.From area side, the best productivity, that is plan area's width equals with the plant's width that produces tobacco and sugar palm commodities. From the production side, the highest productivity is oil palm (6.5 tons per ha) and sugar palm (5.5 tons per ha).
West Java also has several mining operations. In 2006, it contributed 5,284 tons zeolite, 47,978 tons bentonite, iron sand, pozzolan cement, feldspar, and jewel barn/ gemstone. Precious stone mining potential generally is found in Garut, Tasikmalaya, Kuningan, and Sukabumi Regency areas.
As consequences of having many volcanoes, West Java has the potential ofgeothermal energy. There are eleven points of geothermal energy, and three, i.e.Papandayan,Ceremai, andGede Pangrangohave conducted pre-exploration.
Raw natural resources includechalk, several offshore oilfields in theJava Sea, and lumber. Most of the province is very fertile, with a mix of small farms and larger plantations. There are severalhydropowerdams, includingJatiluhur,Saguling,Cirata, andJatigede.
Tourism is an important industry in West Java, and theBandungandPuncakareas have long been known as popular weekend destinations for Jakartans. Today, Bandung has developed into a historical tourist destination, with theMerdeka BuildingandBraga Streetshopping area popular not only among locals, but also with visitors from Malaysia and Singapore.The history-rich coastal city ofCirebonis also a cultural tourism destination since the city has severalkratonsand historical sites such as Gua Sunyaragi. Other tourist destinations include theBogor Botanical Garden,Taman Safari,Tangkuban Perahucrater,Pelabuhanratu Bay, Ciater hot springs,Kawah Putihcrater to the south of Bandung,Pangandaranbeach, and various mountain resorts in Cianjur, Garut, Tasikmalaya, and Kuningan.
The population of West Java was 43,053,732 at the 2010 Census and 48,274,162 at the 2020 Census, making it the most populous province of Indonesia, home to 18% of the national total on 1.8% of the country's land. The mid-2022 official estimate was 49,405,808 (comprising 25,067,226 males and 24,338,582 females).Aside from the special district ofJakarta, it is the most densely populated province in the country with an average of 1,364.5 people per km(2020 Census). The average annual population growth rate recorded in the ten years to 2010 was 1.9%,but the growth has since slowed and was just 1.1% between 2020 and 2022.
West Java is the native homeland ofSundanese peoplewhich forms the largest ethnic group in West Java. Since Jakarta and the surrounding area, including West Java, is the business and political centre of Indonesia, the province has attracted various people from other parts of Indonesia. The biggest minority isJavanesewho migrated to the province centuries ago. OtherNative Indonesianethnic groups such asMinangkabau,Batak,Malay,Madurese,Balinese,Amboneseand many other Indonesians who migrated to and settled in West Java cities can also be easily found. The urban areas also have a significant population ofChinese Indonesians.
In addition toIndonesian, the official national language, the other widely spoken language in the province isSundanese. In some areas near the southern borders withCentral Java,Javaneseis also spoken. The main language spoken inCirebonand nearby areas (Majalengka,Indramayu,Sumber) isCirebonese, a dialect of Javanese with Sundanese influence.
Indonesianis widely spoken as a second language.
As of 2022,Islamis the largest religion in West Java, being practiced by 97.34% of the population. Minority religions areChristianitywith 2,39% (Protestantism1.78% andRoman Catholic0.61%) ,Buddhism0.2%,Hinduism0.035%,Confucianism0.025% andFolk religion0.01% of the population.
The Sundanese share the Java island with the Javanese and primarily live in West Java. Although the Sundanese live on the same island as the Javanese, their culture is distinct and likewise consider themselves to live in a separate cultural area calledPasundanorTatar Sunda. Someone moving from West Java to Central or East Java is literally said to be moving from Sunda to Java worlds. Bandung is considered as the cultural heartland ofSundanese people, and many indigenous Sundanese artforms were developed in this city. The nearby province ofBantenis similar in this regard and is also considered to be part ofPasundanas well.
The musical arts of Sunda, which is an expression of the emotions of Sundanese culture, express politeness and grace of Sundanese.Degungorchestra consists of Sundanesegamelan. In addition to the Sundanese forms of Gamelan inParahyangan, the region of Cirebon retains its own distinct musical traditions. Amongst Cirebons' varying Gamelan ensembles the two most frequently heard are Gamelan Pelog (a non-equidistant heptatonic tuning system) and Gamelan Prawa (a semi-equidistant pentatonic tuning system). Gamelan Pelog is traditionally reserved for Tayuban, Wayang Cepak, and listening and dance music of the Kratons in Cirebon, while Gamelan Prawa is traditionally reserved for Wayang Purwa.
Cirebonalso retains specialised Gamelan ensembles including Sekaten, which is played in the Kratons to mark important times in the Islamic calendar, Denggung, also a Kraton ensemble, which is believed to have some "supernatural powers", and Renteng, an ensemble found in both Cirebon and Parahyangan known for its loud and energetic playing style.
Tembang Sundais a genre of Sundanese vocal music accompanied by a core ensemble of twoKacapi(zither) and aSuling(bamboo flute). The music and poetry of tembang Sunda are closely associated with the Parahyangan, the highland plateau that transverses the central and southern parts of Sunda. The natural environment of Priangan, an agricultural region surrounded by mountains and volcanoes, is reflected in some songs of the tembang Sunda.
Kacapi sulingis tembang Sunda minus vocal.Tarawangsais a genuine popular art is performed on ensemble consists of tarawangsa (a violin with an end pin) and the jentreng (a kind of seven-stringed zither). It is accompanied by a secret dance called Jentreng. The dance is a part of a ritual celebrating the goddess of paddy Dewi Sri. Its ceremonial significance is associated with a ritual of thanksgiving associated with the rice harvest. Tarawangsa can also be played for healing or even purely for entertainment.
The three main types of Sundanese bamboo ensembles areangklung,calung,karindingand arumba. The exact features of each ensemble vary according to context, related instruments, and relative popularity. Angklung is a generic term for sets of tuned, shaken bamboo rattles. Angklung consists of a frame upon which hang several different lengths of hollow bamboo. Angklungs are played like handbells, with each instrument played to a different note. Angklung rattles are played in interlocking patterns, usually with only one or two instruments played per person. The ensemble is used in Sundanese processions, sometimes with trance or acrobatics.
Performed at life-cycle rituals and feasts (hajat), angklung is believed to maintain balance and harmony in the village. In its most modern incarnation, angklung is performed in schools as an aid to learning music. The Angklung received international attention when Daeng Soetigna, from Bandung, expanded the angklung notations not only to play traditional pélog or sléndro scales but also diatonic scale in 1938. Since then, angklung is often played together with other Western musical instruments in an orchestra. One of the first well-known performances of angklung in an orchestra was during theBandung Conferencein 1955. Like those in angklung, the instruments of the calung ensemble are of bamboo, but each consists of several differently tuned tubes fixed onto a piece of bamboo; the player holds the instrument in his left hand and strikes it with a beater held in his right.
The highest-pitched calung has the highest number of tubes and the densest musical activity; the lowest-pitched, with two tubes, has the least. Calung is nearly always associated with earthy humour, and is played by men. Arumba refers to a set of diatonically tuned bamboo xylophones, often played by women. It is frequently joined by modern instruments, including a drum set, electric guitar, bass, and keyboards.
Wayang golekis a traditional form of puppetry from Sunda. Unlike the better-known leather shadow puppets (wayang kulit) found in the rest of Java and Bali,wayang golekpuppets are made from wood and are three-dimensional, rather than two. They use a banana palm in which the puppets stand, behind which one puppeteer (dalang) is accompanied by hisgamelanorchestra with up to 20 musicians. Thegamelanuses a five-note scale as opposed to the seven-note western scale. The musicians are guided by the drummer, who in turn is guided by signals from the puppet master dalang gives to change the mood or pace required.Wayang golekare used by the Sundanese to tell the epic play "Mahabarata", and various other morality-type plays.Sandiwara Sundais a type folk theater performed inSundaneseand presentingSundanesethemes, folklores and stories.
Sundanese dance shows the influence of the many groups that have traded and settled in the area over the centuries, and includes variations from graceful to dynamic syncopated drumming patterns, quick wrist flicks, sensual hip movements, and fast shoulder and torso isolations.Jaiponganis probably the most popular traditional social dance of Sundanese people. It can be performed in solo, groups, or pair. 
TheTari Merak(Peafowl Dance) is a female dance inspired by the movements of a peafowl and its feathers blended with the classical movements of the Sundanese dance.
There are stories and folktales transcribed fromPantun Sundastories.Among the most well-known folktale and stories are:
Old Sundanese literature, among others, are:
Sundanese cuisineis one of the most famous traditional food in Indonesia, and it is also easily found in most Indonesian cities. The Sundanese food is characterized by its freshness; the famouslalab(raw vegetables salad) eaten withsambal(chili paste), and alsokaredok(peanuts paste) demonstrate the Sundanese fondness for fresh raw vegetables. Similar to other ethnic groups in Indonesia, Sundanese people eatricefor almost every meal. The Sundanese like to say, "If you have not eaten rice, then you have not eaten at all." Rice is prepared in hundreds of different ways. However, it is simple steamed rice that serves as the centrepiece of all meals.
Next tosteamed rice, the side dishes ofvegetables,fish, ormeatare added to provide a variety of tastes as well as for protein, mineral and nutrient intake. These side dishes are grilled, fried, steamed or boiled and spiced with any combination of garlic,galangal(a plant of the ginger family), turmeric, coriander, ginger, and lemongrass. The herb-rich food wrapped and cooked inside banana leaf calledpepes(Sundanese:pais) is popular among Sundanese people.Pepesare available in many varieties according to their ingredients; carp fish, anchovies, minced meat with eggs, mushroom, tofu or oncom.Oncomis a fermented peanut-based ingredient that is prevalent within Sundanese cuisine, just like its counterpart, Tempe, which is popular among Javanese people. Usually, the food itself is not too spicy, but it is served with a boiling sauce made by grinding chilli peppers and garlic together. On the coast, saltwater fish are common; in the mountains, fish tend to be either pond-raised carp or goldfish. A well-known Sundanese dish islalapan, which consists only of raw vegetables, such aspapayaleaves,cucumber,eggplant, andbitter melon.
Cities and Regencies in West Java range high to mediumHuman Development Index(HDI).
Due to its proximity toJakartaand its growing population and industry, West Java has the longest tolled highway road of any provinces. As of April 2015, there are several toll roads in West Java
In addition to completed highways there are some highways that are being built, one of them isCileunyi–Sumedang–Dawuan(Cisumdawu) with length 60.1 kilometers.
Several other proposed toll roads are Bandung Intra-Urban Toll Road, Cileunyi–Tasikmalaya, and Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 (a section of this road has been built).
Most cities and towns in West Java are served withnarrow-gauge(mainly1067mm) lines and connected to other provinces on Java Island. An example commuter rail in West Java which isBandung CommuterlineandKRL Commuterlineelectric suburban trains ofGreater Jakartacovered the cities toBogorandCikarang, alsoJabodebek LRTis a light rapid transit covered intoBekasi,Depok, andBogorwithBekasi LineandCibubur Line.
Ahigh-speed railway, connecting Jakarta and Bandung, was opened in October 2023.ThenJakarta MRTPhase 3 with Balaraja to Cikarang, will be under construction in 2024.
BandungHusein Sastranegara International Airportserves direct domestic flights toBatam,Pekanbaru,Medan,Bandar Lampung,Surabaya,Yogyakarta,Denpasar,Semarang,Banjarmasin,Makassar, and also international services to/fromKuala LumpurandSingapore. TheKertajati International Airportin Majalengka Regency is built to replace the Husein Sastranegara Airport and to ease air traffic atSoekarno–Hatta International AirportinJakarta.
West Java is one of the most popular destinations forhigher education in Indonesia. It has many well-known universities joined by many students from the entire country. Some of which are:
Another important form of education that is available in most cities in West Java is theInstitut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri(IPDN) located at Sumedang Regency and the Immigration Polytechnic (Politeknik Imigrasi) located in Depok.