Lucknow

Lucknow(/ˈlʌknaʊ/;Hindustani:[ˈləkʰ.nəuː]Lakhanaū) is thecapitaland the largest city of theIndian stateofUttar Pradeshand it is the administrative headquarters of the eponymousdistrictanddivision. Having a population of 2.8 million as per 2011 census,it is theeleventh most populous cityandthe twelfth-most populous urban agglomerationof India. Lucknow has always been amulticulturalcity that flourished as a North Indian cultural and artistic hub, and the seat of power ofNawabsin the 18th and 19th centuries.It continues to be an important centre of governance, administration, education, commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, information technology, design, culture, tourism, music, and poetry.Lucknow, along withAgraandVaranasi, is in theUttar Pradesh Heritage Arc, a chain of survey triangulations created by theGovernment of Uttar Pradeshto boost tourism in the state.
"Lucknow" is theanglicisedspelling of the local pronunciation "Lakhnau". According to one legend, the city is named afterLakshmana, a hero of the Hindu epicRamayana. The legend states that Lakshmana had a palace or an estate in the area, which was calledLakshmanapuri(Sanskrit: लक्ष्मणपुरी, lit.Lakshmana's city). The settlement came to be known as Lakhanpur (or Lachhmanpur) by the 11th century, and later, Lucknow.
A similar theory states that the city was known asLakshmanavati(Sanskrit:लक्ष्मणवती, fortunate) after Lakshmana. The name changed toLakhanavati, then Lakhnauti and finally Lakhnau.Yet another theory states that the city's name is connected withLakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth. Over time, the name changed to Laksmanauti, Laksmnaut, Lakhsnaut, Lakhsnau and, finally, Lakhnau.
Another theory is that Lucknow was named after a very influential architect named Lakhna Ahir, who built the fort Qila Lakhna.
From 1350 onwards, Lucknow and parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate,Sharqi Sultanate,Mughal Empire,Nawabs of Awadh, the BritishEast India Companyand theBritish Raj.
For about eighty-four years (from 1394 to 1478), Awadh was part of the Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur. EmperorHumayunmade it a part of the Mughal Empire around 1555. EmperorJahangir(1569–1627) granted an estate in Awadh to a favoured nobleman, Sheikh Abdul Rahim, who later built Machchi Bhawan on this estate. It later became the seat of power from where his descendants, theSheikhzadas, controlled the region.
TheNawabs of Lucknow(actually the Nawabs of Awadh) acquired the name after the reign of the third Nawab when Lucknow became their capital. The city became North India'scultural capital, and its nawabs, best remembered for their refined and extravagant lifestyles, were patrons of the arts.
Under their dominion, music and dance flourished, and construction of numerous monuments took place.Of the monuments standing today, theBara Imambara, theChota Imambara, and theRumi Darwazaare notable examples. One of the Nawab's enduring legacies is the region's syncretic Hindu–Muslim culture that has come to be known as theGanga-Jamuni Tehzeeb.
Until 1719, thesubahof Awadh was a province of the Mughal Empire administered by a governor appointed by the emperor. Persian adventurerSaadat Khan, also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointedNizamof Awadh in 1722 and established his court inFaizabad, near Lucknow.
Many independent kingdoms, such as Awadh, were established as the Mughal Empiredisintegrated. The third Nawab,Shuja-ud-Daula(r. 1753–1775), fell out with the British after aiding the fugitiveNawab of Bengal,Mir Qasim. Roundly defeated at theBattle of Buxarby theEast India Company, he was forced to pay heavy penalties and surrender parts of his territory.Awadh's capital, Lucknow rose to prominence whenAsaf-ud-Daula, the fourth Nawab, shifted his court to the city from Faizabad in 1775.The British East India Company appointed a resident (ambassador) in 1773 and by early 19th century gained control of more territory and authority in the state.
They were, however, disinclined to capture Awadh outright and come face to face with theMaratha Empireand the remnants of the Mughal Empire. In 1798, the fifth NawabWazir Ali Khanalienated both his people and the British and was forced to abdicate. The British then helpedSaadat Ali Khantake the throne.He became apuppet king, and in a treaty of 1801, yielded large part of Awadh to the East India Company while also agreeing to disband his own troops in favour of a hugely expensive, British-controlled army.
This treaty effectively made the state of Awadh a vassal of theEast India Company, although it continued to be part of the Mughal Empire in name until 1819. The treaty of 1801 proved a beneficial arrangement for the East India Company as they gained access to Awadh's vast treasuries, repeatedly digging into them for loans at reduced rates. In addition, the revenues from running Awadh's armed forces brought them useful returns while the territory acted as a buffer state. The Nawabs were ceremonial kings, busy with pomp and show. By the mid-nineteenth century, however, the British had grown impatient with the arrangement and demanded direct control over Awadh.
In 1856, theEast India Companyfirst moved its troops to the border, then annexed the state for alleged maladministration. Awadh was placed under a chief commissioner – SirHenry Lawrence.Wajid Ali Shah, the then Nawab, was imprisoned, then exiled by the East India Company toCalcutta.In the subsequentIndian Rebellion of 1857, his 14-year-old sonBirjis Qadra, whose mother wasBegum Hazrat Mahal, was crowned ruler. Following the rebellion's defeat, Begum Hazrat Mahal and other rebel leaders sought asylum inNepal.
It is the most important center of Shia Islam in the Indian Subcontinent and has influence of Persian, Shiite, Arabic and British culture and tradition in the architecture, language and customs.
Lucknow was one of the major centres of theIndian Rebellion of 1857and actively participated inIndia's independence movement, emerging as a strategically important North Indian city. During the Rebellion, the majority of the East India Company's troops were recruited from both the people and nobility of Awadh. The rebels seized control of the state, and it took the British 18 months to reconquer the region. During that period, thegarrisonbased at theResidencyin Lucknow was besieged by rebel forces during theSiege of Lucknow. The siege was relieved first by forces under the command of SirHenry Havelockand SirJames Outram, followed by a stronger force under SirColin Campbell. Today, the ruins of the Residency and theShaheed Smarakoffer an insight into Lucknow's role in the events of 1857.
With the rebellion over,Oudhreturned to British governance under a chief commissioner. In 1877, the offices of lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces and chief commissioner of Oudh were combined; then in 1902, the title of chief commissioner was dropped with the formation of theUnited Provinces of Agra and Oudh, although Oudh still retained some marks of its former independence.
TheKhilafat Movementhad an active base of support in Lucknow, creating united opposition to British rule. In 1901, after remaining the capital of Oudh since 1775, Lucknow, with a population of 264,049, was merged into the newly formed United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.In 1920, theprovincialseat of government moved fromAllahabadto Lucknow. UponIndian independencein 1947, the United Provinces were reorganised into the state of Uttar Pradesh, and Lucknow remained its capital.
Lucknow witnessed some of the pivotal moments in the history of India. One is the first meeting of the stalwartsMahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru andMohd Ali Jinnahduring theIndian National Congresssession of 1916 (theLucknow pactwas signed and moderates and extremists came together through the efforts ofAnnie Besantduring this session only).
The Congress President for that session,Ambica Charan Majumdarin his address said that "If theCongresswas buried at Surat, it is reborn in Lucknow in the garden of Wajid Ali Shah."
TheKakori conspiracyinvolvingRam Prasad Bismil,Ashfaq Ullah Khan,Rajendra Nath Lahiri,Roshan Singhand others, followed by the Kakori trial which captured the imagination of the country, also took place in Lucknow.
Culturally, Lucknow has also had a tradition of courtesans,with popular culture distilling it in the avatar of the fictionalUmrao Jaan.
Along with the rest ofIndia, Lucknow became independent from Britain on15 August 1947. It has been listed as the 17th-fastest growing city inIndiaand 74th in the world.
TheGomti River, Lucknow's chief geographical feature, meanders through the city and divides it into the Trans-Gomti and Cis-Gomti regions. Situated in the middle of theIndus-Gangetic Plain, the city is surrounded by rural towns and villages: the orchard town ofMalihabad,Kakori, Mohanlalganj,Gosainganj, Chinhat andItaunja. To the east liesBarabanki, to the westUnnao, to the southRaebareli, while to the north lie theSitapurandHardoi. Lucknow city is located in aseismic zone III.
Lucknow stands at an elevation of approximately 123 metres (404 ft) above sea level. The city had an area of 402 km(155 square miles) until December 2019, when 88 villages were added to the municipal limits and the area increased to 631 km(244 square miles).
Bounded on the east byBarabanki, on the west byUnnao, on the south byRaebareliand in the north bySitapurandHardoi, Lucknow sits on the northwestern shore of theGomti River.  As of 2008, there were 110 wards in the city. Morphologically, three clear demarcations exist:  Thecentral business district, which is a fully built up area, comprisesHazratganj,Aminabadand Chowk. A middle zone surrounds the inner zone with concrete houses while the outer zone consists of villages.
Lucknow has ahumid subtropical climate(KöppenCwa) with cool, dry winters from late November to February and dry, hot summers with sunshine from late March to June. More than nine-tenths of the annual rainfall occurs from July to October when the city receives an average of 827.2 millimetres (32.57 in) from the southwestmonsoonwinds, although occasionally frontal rainfall from the northeast monsoon will occur in January. In winter the maximum temperature is around 25 °C or 77 °F and the minimum is in the 3 to 7 °C (37.4 to 44.6 °F) range.
Fog is quite common from mid-December to late January. Occasionally, Lucknow experiences colder winter spells than places likeShimlaandMussoorie, which are situated high up in theHimalayas.
In the extraordinary winter cold spell of 2012–2013, Lucknow recorded temperatures below freezing point on two consecutive days and the minimum temperature hovered around freezing point for over a week.Summers are very hot with temperatures rising into the 40 to 45 °C (104 to 113 °F) range, the average maxima being in the high 30s Celsius.
Lucknow has been ranked 4th best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.
Lucknow has a total of 5.66 per cent of forest cover, the state average being around 7 per cent.Native tree species are:shisham,dhak,mahuamm,babul,neem,peepal,ashok,khajur,mangoandgular.
Several varieties of mangoes, especiallyDasheri, are grown in theMalihabadadjacent to the city and a block of theLucknow districtfor export.The main crops are wheat,paddy,sugarcane, mustard, potatoes, and vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, tomato andbrinjal. Similarly, sunflowers, roses, and marigolds are cultivated over a fairly extensive area. Many medicinal and herbal plants are grown, while common Indian monkeys are found in patches in and around city forests such asMusa Bagh.
Established in 1921, theLucknow Zoois one of the oldest in the country. It houses a rich collection of animals fromAsia, and other continents. The zoo also has enjoyable toy train rides for visitors. The city has a botanical garden, which is a zone of wide botanical diversity.It is home to theUttar Pradesh State Museum, which has sculptural masterpieces dating back to the 3rd century AD, including intricately carved Mathura sculptures ranging from dancing girls to scenes from the life of Buddha.
The major industries in the Lucknow urban agglomeration include aeronautics, automotive, machine tools, distillery chemicals, furniture andChikan embroidery.Lucknow is among the top cities ofIndiaby GDP.It is a centre for research and development as home to the R&D centres of the National Milk Grid of the National Dairy Development Board, the Central Institute of Medical and Aromatic Plants, the National Handloom Development Corporation and U.P. Export Corporation.Lucknow is ranked sixth in a list of the ten fastest growing job-creating cities inIndiaaccording to a study conducted by Assocham Placement Pattern,Lucknow's economy was formerly based on the tertiary sector and the majority of the workforce were employed as government servants. Large-scale industrial establishments are few compared to other northern Indian state capitals likeNew Delhi. The economy is growing with contributions from the fields of IT, manufacturing and processing and medical/biotechnology. Business-promoting institutions such as theCIIhave set up their service centres in the city.Major export items are marbled products, handicrafts, art pieces, gems, jewellery, textiles, electronics, software products, computers, hardware products, apparel, brass products, silk, leather goods, glass items and chemicals. Lucknow has promoted public-private partnerships in sectors such as electricity supply, roads, expressways, and educational ventures.
Lucknow in recent times have lagged in growth and only ranks 7th in per capita income in the state of Uttar Pradesh, despite being the capital. Cities likeNoida,GhaziabadandMeeruthave dominated in terms of industrial growth and attracting IT jobs and opportunities. Noida ranks highest, followed by Meerut in per capita income in the state.
Multiple software and IT companies are present in the city.Tata Consultancy Services,HCL Technologiesare present in the city. IT companies are located inGomtinagar.While it still lags behind cities likeNoida,Greater NoidaandMeerutin IT hubs.The city is also home to a number of important national and state level headquarters for companies includingSony Corporationand Reliance Retail.The handicrafts sector accounts for 60 per cent of total exports from the state.
Companies such asHindustan Aeronautics Limited, KARAM,Tata Marcopolo,Exide Industries,Tata Motorsset up their plants in Lucknow. Lucknow is an emerging automobile hub. Tata Motors have a plant primarily for light commercial vehicles. It was set up in 1992 and has a production capacity of 640 vehicles per day.Additionally there is a plant ofTata Marcopoloin the city.
To promote the textile industry in the city, theIndian governmenthas allocated Rs. 2 billion (2000 million rupees) to set up a textilebusiness clusterin the city.A sprawling 40 hectares (0.40 km; 100 acres) IT city costing 15 billion Rupees is planned by the state government at the Chak Ganjaria farms site on the road toSultanpurand they have already approvedspecial economic zonestatus for the project, which is expected to create thousands of job opportunities in the state.A defence industrial corridor is also coming in the city.
Traditionally, Lucknow has been amanditown for mangoes, melons, and grains grown in the surrounding areas.Sugarcane-growing plantations and sugar industries are also in close proximity. This attracted Edward Dyer to set up a unit based onmolassesin the city. Dyer Breweries was incorporated in 1855 and was Asia's first commercial brewery. The company name was changed toMohan Meakin Breweryin 1967 (the word "Breweries" was dropped in the eighties as the company diversified into other industries).
The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology set upSoftware Technology Parks of Indiain 2001. Currently,biotechnologyand information technology are the two focus areas to promote economic development in and around the city.TheMinistry of Science and Technologyis setting up a biotech parkin the city. Lucknow is also one of the selected cities for the Smart City project ofSTPI.
The city is being developed on the lines ofDelhi'sNational Capital Regionand will be the headquarters of the Uttar Pradesh State Capital Region or Lucknow State Capital Region.It will be developed as the country's first AI City and the largest IT hub in the country.It ranks 7th in the state as per GDP per capita.Lucknow is also being set to manufacture Bramhos Missile with the establishment of two Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) centres.Lucknow region is emerging as a key industrial and logistics hub in North India after Delhi-NCR as the warehousing sector.
Lucknow divisionwhich consists of six districts, and is headed by theDivisional Commissionerof Lucknow, who is anIAS officerof high seniority, theCommissioneris the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.TheDistrict Magistrateof Lucknow reports to the divisional commissioner. The current commissioner is Mukesh Meshram.
Lucknow district administration is headed by the District Magistrate of Lucknow, who is anIAS officer.The DMis in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees theelectionsheld in the city. The district has fivetehsils, viz. Sadar, Mohanlalganj, Bakshi ka Talab, Malihabad and Sarojini Nagar, each headed by aSub-Divisional Magistrate.The currentDMis Abhishek Prakash.The district magistrate is assisted by a Chief Development Officer (CDO), eight Additional District Magistrates (ADM) (Finance/Revenue, East, West Trans-Gomti, Executive, Land Acquisition-I, Land Acquisition-II, Civil Supply), one City Magistrate (CM) and seven Additional City Magistrates (ACM).
TheLucknow Municipal Corporationoversees civic activities in the city. The city's first municipal body dates from 1862 when the municipal board was established.The first Indian mayor,Syed Nabiullah, was elected in 1917 after the enforcement of the UP Municipalities Act, 1916. In 1948, the Uttar Pradesh government changed the system from an electoral one to an administrator-run one and Bhairav Datt Sanwal became the administrator. In 1959, the UP Municipalities Act, 1916 was replaced with Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 and Lucknow Municipal Corporation was established in 1960 with Raj Kumar Shrivastava becoming the mayor.
The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is anUttar Pradesh government-appointedIndian Administrative Services(IAS) officer of high seniority. The last municipal election took place in 2017 whenSanyukta Bhatiafrom Bharatiya Janata Party became the first female mayor of Lucknow.Bharatiya Janata Partywon 57 councillor seats,Samajwadi Partywon 31 seats, independent candidates won 14 seats, andIndian National Congresswon 8 seats.Ajay Kumar Dwivedi, anIASofficer, is the present municipal commissioner since 17 August 2020.The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 gives provisions for the establishment of ward committees, but they have not been formed yet.
The sources for revenue generation for Lucknow Municipal Corporation include property tax, user charges for SWM, penalties, rent from municipal properties, income from water storage, water transmission, drainage and sanitation, grants, and charges for services such as birth and death certificates.There is also an executive committee (कार्यकारिणी समिति) made up of 12 elected councillors from different political parties, who decide on policy matters of the corporation.
The Police Commissionerate System was introduced in Lucknow on 14 January 2020. The district police is headed by a Commissioner of Police (CP), who is anIPSofficer of ADGP rank and is assisted by two Joint Commissioners of Police (IG rank), and five Deputy Commissioners of Police (SP rank). Lucknow is divided into five zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. Of the two Joint Commissioners, one looks after law and order, the other crime. The current police commissioner of Lucknow City isIPSSB Shirodkar.
The district police observes the citizenry through high-technology control rooms and all important streets and intersections are under surveillance with the help of CCTVs anddrone cameras.Crowd-control is carried out with the help of pepper-spraying drones.There are more than 10,000 CCTV cameras deployed by theLucknow PoliceDepartment across the city roads and trijunctions, making Lucknow the first city in the country to do so.
The Lucknow Modern Police Control Room (abbreviated as MCR) is India's biggest'Dial 112' service centrewith 300 communication officers to receive distress calls from all over the state and 200 dispatch officers to rush for police help.It is billed as the India's most hi-tech police control room.Lucknow is also the center for1090 Women Power line, a call center based service directed at dealing with eve-teasing. An Integrated 'Dial 112' Control Room building is also there which is having the world's biggest modern Police Emergency Response System (PERS).
There is a bench of theAllahabad High Courtin Lucknow. Aside from this, Lucknow has a District & Sessions Court, five CBI Courts, one family court and two railway courts. The High Court Bench as well as the District & Sessions Court and the CBI courts are located in Qaiser Bagh, and the railway courts are in Charbagh.
People have often criticised various governments for being judicial focussed on central UP. Where western Uttar Pradesh is the economic center and has long demanded the setting up of another high court bench in west Uttar Pradesh.
Almost 54% of all cases reaching the High Court originate from the 22 districts of Western UP. Still, western Uttar Pradesh does not have a High Court. People have to travel 700 km away to Allahabad for hearings. In fact 6 high courts (Shimla, Delhi, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Nainital, Jammu) from other states are closer than Allahabad from western Uttar Pradesh.
Western Uttar Pradesh has been advocating to have a high court bench in Meerut so that Western Uttar Pradesh can get justice. This is important as west UP accounts for51.71% of the state GDP.
Since 1 May 1963, Lucknow has been the headquarters of theCentral Commandof theIndian Army, before which it was the headquarters ofEastern Command.
Lucknow also houses a branch office ofNational Investigation Agencywhich is responsible for combating terrorist activities in India.It oversees five states ofBihar,Madhya Pradesh,Uttarakhand,JharkhandandChhattisgarhfor Naxal and terrorist activities.
The Commission of Railway Safety of India, under theMinistry of Civil Aviation, has its head office in the Northeast Railway Compound in Lucknow.
The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Lucknow Development Authority (LDA), which comes under the Housing Department ofUttar Pradesh government. TheDivisional Commissionerof Lucknow acts as theex-officiochairman of LDA, whereas a vice-chairman, a government-appointedIAS officer, looks after the daily matters of the authority. The current vice-chairman of the Lucknow Development Authority is IAS Akshay Tripathi.LDA prepared the Lucknow master plan 2031.
As the seat of thegovernment of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow is the site of theUttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha, a bench of theAllahabad High Courtand numerous government departments and agencies.Rajnath Singh, theUnion Defense Minister, from Bharatiya Janata Party is theMember of ParliamentfromLucknow Lok Sabha Constituency.Kaushal Kishoreis the Member of Parliament fromMohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency), the second Lok Sabha constituency in Lucknow.Apart from the Lok Sabha Constituency, there are nine Vidhan Sabha Constituencies within Lucknow city:
Madhyanchal Power Distribution Corporation Limited, also known as Madhyanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam is responsible for supplying electricity in Lucknow. It is under theUttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd.Fire safety services are provided by the Uttar Pradesh Fire Service, which is under thestate government.Jal Nigam is responsible for developing and maintaining the infrastructure for water supply, sewer lines, and storm water drains.Jal Sansthan is responsible for supplying water and providing water and sewer connections.Lucknow Municipal Corporation is responsible for the solid waste management of Lucknow.
Two major Indian National Highways have their intersection at Lucknow'sHazratganjintersection:NH-30toShahjahanpurViaSitapurin north andNH-30to southAllahabadviaRaebareli,NH-27toKanpurandPorbandarviaJhansiandSilcharviaGorakhpur.Multiple modes of public transport are available such as metro rail, taxis, city buses,cycle rickshaws,auto rickshawsandcompressed natural gas (CNG)low-floor buses with and without air-conditioning. CNG was introduced as an auto fuel to keep air pollution under control. Radio Taxis are operated by several major companies like Ola and Uber.
Lucknow city's bus service is operated byLucknow City Transport Services Limited(LCTSL), apublic sectorpassenger road transport corporation headquartered in Triloki Nath Margh. It has 260 buses operating in the city. There are around 35 routes in the city.Terminals for city buses are located in Gudamba, Viraj Khand,Alambagh, Scooter India,Institute of Engineering and Technology,Babu Banarasi Das University, Safedabad, Pasi qila,Charbagh, Andhe Ki Chowki, Jankipuram, Gomti Nagar Railway Station, Budheshwar Intersection, Faizabad Road andQaiserbagh. There are four bus depots inGomti Nagar,Charbagh, Amausi, and Dubagga.
The majorDr. Bhimrao AmbedkarInter-state Bus Terminal (ISBT) inAlambaghprovides the main inter and intrastate bus lines in Lucknow. Located onNational Highway 25, it provides adequate services to ongoing and incoming customers. There is a smaller bus station atQaiserbagh. The bus terminal formally operated atCharbagh, in front of themain railway station, has now been re-established as a city bus depot. This decision was taken by the state government and UPSRTC to decongest traffic in the railway station area.Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Serviceis a key service for daily commuters who travel back and forth to the city for business and educational purposes. Air conditioned "Royal Cruiser" buses manufactured by Volvo are operated by UPSRTC for inter state bus services. Main cities served by the UPSRTC intrastate bus service areAllahabad,Varanasi,Jaipur,Jhansi,Agra,Delhi,Gorakhpur. The cities outside Uttar Pradesh that are covered by inter-state bus services areJaipur,New Delhi,Kota,Singrauli,Faridabad,Gurgaon,Dausa,Ajmer,Dehradun, andHaridwar.
Lucknow is served by several railway stations in different parts of the city. The main long-distance railway station isLucknow Railway Stationlocated at Charbagh. It has an imposing structure built in 1923 and acts as the divisional headquarters of theNorthern Railwaydivision. Its neighbouring and second major long-distance railway station isLucknow Junction railway stationoperated by theNorth Eastern Railway. The city is an important junction with links to all major cities of the state and country such asNew Delhi,Mumbai,Hyderabad,Kolkata,Chandigarh,Nashik,Amritsar,Jammu,Chennai,Bangalore,Ahmedabad,Pune,Indore,Bhopal,Jhansi,Jabalpur,Jaipur,RaipurandSiwan. The city has a total of fourteen railway stations.Earlier the meter-gauge services originated at Aishbagh and connected to Lucknow city, Daliganj and Mohibullapur. Now all the stations have been converted to broad gauge. All stations lie within the city limits and are well interconnected by bus services and other public road transport. Suburban stations include Bakshi Ka Talab and Kakori. TheLucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railwaywas started in 1867 to cater for the needs of commuters travelling between Lucknow and Kanpur. Trains running on this service also stop at numerous stations at different locations in the city forming a suburban rail network.
The city is served by the following stations-
Lucknow is served by Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport. The airport has been ranked the second-best in the world in the small airport category.The airport is suitable for all-weather operations and provides parking facilities for up to 14 aircraft. Covering 480 hectares (4.80 km; 1,187 acres), with Terminal 1 for international flights and Terminal 2 for domestic flights, the airport can handleBoeing 767toBoeing 747-400aircraft allowing significant passenger and cargo traffic.International destinations includeDubai,Muscat,Sharjah,Riyadh,Bangkok,DammamandJeddah.
The planned expansion of the airport will allowAirbus A380jumbo jets to land at the airport. The Nagarjuna construction company (NCC) has started the construction of the new terminal atLucknow Airportwhich is expected to be completed by December 2021 to meet the growing demand.There is also a plan for runway expansion. The airport is theeleventh busiest airport in India, the busiest inUttar Pradesh, and the second-busiest in northern India.
Lucknow Metrois arapid transit systemwhich started its operations from 6 September 2017. Lucknow Metro system is the most-quickly built metro system in the worldand most economical high-speed rapid transit system project in India.The commencement of civil works started on 27 September 2014.
Lucknow has the third largest metro network in the state afterNoida,MeerutandGhaziabad.
In February, Chief MinisterAkhilesh Yadavapproved to set up of a metro rail system for the state capital. It is divided into two corridors the north–south corridor connecting Munshipulia to CCS International Airport and the east–west corridor connecting Charbagh Railway Station to Vasant Kunj. This will be the most expensive public transport system in the state but will provide a rapid means of mass transport to decongest traffic on city roads. Construction of the first phase will be complete by March 2017. The completion of metro rail project is the primary object of Uttar Pradesh government currently headed by the chief ministerYogi Adityanath
On 5 September 2017, Home MinisterRajnath Singhand CMYogi Adityanathshowed green flag to the Lucknow Metro.
Lucknow is among the most bicycle-friendly cities in Uttar Pradesh. Bike-friendly tracks have been established near the chief minister's residence in the city. The four-and-a-half-kilometre (2.8 mi) track encompasses La-Martiniere College Road next to a golf club on Kalidas Marg, where the chief minister resides, and Vikramaditya Marg, which houses the office of the ruling party. The dedicated four-metre (13 ft) lane for cyclists is separate from the footpath and the main road. WithAmsterdamas the inspiration, new cycle tracks are to be constructed in the city to make it more cycle-friendly, with facilities likebike rentalalso in the works.In the year 2015, Lucknow also hosted a national level cycling event called 'The Lucknow Cyclothon' in which professional and amateur cyclists took part.An under-construction cycle track network by the government of Uttar Pradesh is set to make Lucknow the city with India's biggest cycle network.
The population of Lucknow Urban Agglomeration (LUA) rose above one million in 1981, while the 2001 census estimated it had risen to 2.24 million. This included about 60,000 people in the Lucknow Cantonment and 2.18 million in Lucknow city and represented an increase of 34.53% over the 1991 figure.
According to the provisional report of2011 Census of India, Lucknow city had a population of 2,815,601, of which 1,470,133 were men and 1,345,468 women.This was an increase of 25.36% compared to the 2001 figures.
Between 1991 and 2001, the population registered growth of 32.03%, significantly lower than the 37.14% which was registered between 1981 and 1991.The initial provisional data suggests a population density of 1,815 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,700/sq mi) in 2011, compared to 1,443 in 2001.As the total area covered by the Lucknow district is only about 2,528 square kilometres (976 sq mi), the population density was much than the 690 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,800/sq mi) recorded at the state level. TheScheduled Castepopulation of the state represented 21.3% of the total population, a figure higher than the state average of 21.15%.Hindiis spoken by 88.16% of the population, whileUrduis spoken by 10.26%.
The sex ratio in Lucknow city stood at 915 females per 1000 males in 2011, compared to the 2001 census figure of 888. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 according to the Census 2011 Directorate.The city has a total literacy level in 2011 of 84.72% compared to 67.68% for Uttar Pradesh as a whole.In 2001 these same figures stood at 75.98% and 56.27%. In Lucknow city, the total literate population totalled 2,147,564 people of which 1,161,250 were male and 986,314 were female.Despite the fact that the overall work-participation rate in the district (32.24%) is higher than the state average (23.7%), the rate among females in Lucknow is very low at only 5.6% and shows a decline from the 1991 figure of 5.9%.
Lucknow's buildings show different styles of architecture with the many iconic buildings built during the British and Mughal era. More than half of these buildings lie in the old part of the city. The Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department organises a "Heritage Walk" for tourists covering the popular monuments.Among the extant architecture, there are religious buildings such asImambaras, mosques, and otherIslamicshrines as well as secular structures such as enclosed gardens,baradaris, and palace complexes.
Bara Imambarain Hussainabad is a colossal edifice built in 1784 by the then Nawab of Lucknow,Asaf-ud-Daula. It was originally built to provide assistance to people affected by the deadly famine, which struck the whole of Uttar Pradesh in the same year.It is the largest hall in Asia without any external support from wood, iron or stone beams.The monument required approximately 22,000 labourers during construction.
The 18 m (60 feet) tallRumi Darwaza, built by Nawab Asaf-ud-daula (r. 1775–1797) in 1784, served as the entrance to the city of Lucknow. It is also known as the Turkish Gateway, as it was erroneously thought to be identical to the gateway atConstantinople. The edifice provides the west entrance to the Great Imambara and is embellished with lavish decorations.
Various architectural styles can be seen in the historical areas of Lucknow. TheUniversity of Lucknowshows a huge inspiration from the European style whileIndo-Saracenic Revival architectureis prominently present in theUttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha buildingandCharbagh Railway station.Dilkusha Kothiis the remains of a palace constructed by the British resident MajorGore Ouseleyaround 1800 and showcasesEnglish Baroquearchitecture. It served as a hunting lodge for theNawab of Awadhsand as a summer resort.
TheChattar Manzil, which served as the palace for the rulers of Awadh and their wives is topped by an umbrella-like dome and so named on account ofChattarbeing the Hindi word for "umbrella".
Opposite Chattar Manzil stands the 'Lal Baradari' built by NawabSaadat Ali Khan Ibetween 1789 and 1814. It functioned as a throne room at coronations for the royal courts. The building is now used as a museum and contains delicately executed portraits of men who played major roles in the administration of the kingdom of Oudh.
Another example of mixed architectural styles isLa Martiniere College, which shows a fusion of Indian and European ideas. It was built by Major-GeneralClaude Martinwho was born inLyonand died in Lucknow on 13 September 1800. Originally named "Constantia", the ceilings of the building are domed with no wooden beams used for construction.Glimpses ofGothic architecturecan also be seen in the college building.
Lucknow'sAsafi Imambaraexhibits vaulted halls as its architectural speciality.
The Bara Imambara, Chhota Imambara and Rumi Darwaza stand in testament to the city's Nawabi mixture of Mughlai and Turkish styles of architecture while La Martiniere college bears witness to the Indo-European style. Even the new buildings are fashioned using characteristic domes and pillars, and at night these illuminated monuments become the city's main attractions.
AroundHazratganj, the city's central shopping area, there is a fusion of old and modern architecture. It has a multi-level parking lot in place of an old and dilapidated police station making way for extending the corridors into pebbled pathways, adorned with piazzas, green areas and wrought-iron and cast-iron lamp-posts, reminiscent of theVictorian era, flank both sides of the street.
In common with other metropolitan cities across India, Lucknow is multicultural and multilingual.Many of the cultural traits and customs peculiar to Lucknow have become living legends today. The city's contemporary culture is the result of the amalgamation of the Hindu and Muslim rulers who ruled the city simultaneously. The credit for this goes to the secular and syncretic traditions of theNawabsof Awadh, who took a keen interest in every walk of life and encouraged these traditions to attain a rare degree of sophistication. Modern-day Lucknowites are known for their polite and polished way of speaking which is noticed by visitors. The residents of Lucknow call themselvesLucknowitesorLakhnavi.It also represents the melting pot of globalisation where the legacy of Nawab's culture continues to be reflected in the traditional vocabulary of theHindi languageof the city along with better avenues for modernisation present here.
Lucknow is known for its ghararas. It is a traditional women's outfit that originated from theNawabsofAwadh.It is a pair of loose trousers with pleats below the knee worn with akurta(shirt) and adupatta(veil). It is embroidered withzariandzardozialong with gota (decorative lace on the knee area). This dress is made from over 24 metres (26 yd) of fabric, mostly silk,brocadeand kamkhwab.
Although Uttar Pradesh's primary official language isHindi, the most commonly spoken language is colloquialHindustani.Indian Englishis also well understood and is widely used for business and administrative purposes, as a result ofIndia's British heritageandCommonwealth tradition, as well as globalisation. The Urdu language is also a part of Lucknowi culture and heritage. It is mostly used by wealthier families, the remaining members of the royal family as well as inUrdu poetryand on public signs. The government has taken many innovative steps to promote Urdu.Awadhi, a dialect of the Hindidialect continuum, is the native dialect of Lucknow and has played an important role in Lucknow's history and is still used in the city's rural areas and by the urban population on the streets.
Historically, Lucknow was considered one of the great centres ofMuslim culture.Two poets,Mir Babar Ali AnisandMirza Dabeer, became legendary exponents of a unique genre of Muslim elegiacal poetry calledmarsiyacentred on Imam Husain's supreme sacrifice in theBattle of Karbala, which is commemorated during the annual observance ofMuharram.
The revolutionaryRam Prasad Bismil, who was hanged by the British at Gorakhpur jail, was largely influenced by the culture of Lucknow and remembered its name in his poetry.Surrounding towns such as Kakori, Daryabad,Fatehpur, Barabanki,Rudauli, and Malihabad produced many eminent Urdu poets and litterateurs including Mohsin Kakorvi,Majaz,Khumar BarabankviandJosh Malihabadi.
The Awadh region has its own distinct Nawabi-style cuisine. Since ages, theBawarchis(chefs) andRakabdars(royal chefs) have developed great finesse in cooking and presentation of food, under royal patronage. This gave rise to the art of cooking over a slow fire (orDumstyle cooking), which has become synonymous with "Awadhi" cuisine. TheseBawarchisadded elaborately prepared dishes likekababs,kormas,kaliya,nahari-kulchas,zarda,sheermal,roomali rotisandwarqi parathasto the traditional "Awadhi"dastarkhwaan(feast of dishes).The best-known dishes of this area consist ofbiryanis,kebabsand breads. Kebabs are served in a variety of styles;kakori,galawati,shami,boti,patili-ke,ghutwaandseekhare among the available varieties.Tunde ke kababrestaurants are popular for a type of soft kebab developed by a one-armed chef (hence the name Tunday) for a Nawab who had lost his teeth.The reputation of Lucknow's kebabs is not limited to the local population and the dish attracts people from other cities as well as other countries.
Lucknow is also known for itschaats, street food,kulfi,paanand sweets. Nahari kulche, a dish prepared using goat mutton, is popular among non-vegetarians. Sheermal is a type of sweet bread dish (paratha) prepared in Lucknow.  Some restaurants in the city are around a century old; there are also many high-end restaurants, bakeries, lounges and pubs which cater to the affluent class and foreign travellers.
Indian festivals such asChristmas,Diwali,Durga Puja,Eid,Holi,Raksha BandhanandVijayadashamiare celebrated with great pomp and show in the city.Some of the other festivals or processions are as follows:
Lucknow Festival is organised every year to showcase Uttar Pradesh art and culture and to promote tourism.With 1975–76 designated South Asian Tourism Year, Lucknow took the opportunity to promote the city's art, culture and tourism to national and international tourists. The first Lucknow Festival was staged as a part of this promotion and ever since, with some exceptions,Lucknow Mahotsavahas taken place annually.
This is an annual literature festival held in the month of November every year since 2013. Lucknow LitFest is India's second-largest literature festival featuring some of the greatest writers and thinkers from across the globe.
Deva Mela is celebrated during the anniversary of Sufi saint HajiWaris Ali ShahatDewa, Indiawhich is 26 K.M from Lucknow city. Sufi songs (Qawwalis) are recited at the Dargah. Devotees also carry sheets/Chadars to the shrines.
The procession originated in Lucknow before spreading to other parts of South Asia. Dating back to the era of the Nawabs, it was started by Nawab Ahmed Ali Khan Shaukat Yar Jung a descendant of Bahu Begum. It has become one of the most important Azadari processions in Lucknow and one of the nine permitted by the government. This last mourning procession takes place on the morning of the 8th ofRabi' al-awwal, the third Muslim month and includesalam(flags),Zariand ata'zieh(an imitation of the mausoleums inKarbala). It originates at theImambaraNazim Saheb in Victoria Street then moves in complete silence through Patanala until it terminates at the Karbala Kazmain, where the colossal blackta'ziehis buried.
The classical Indian dance formKathakoriginated from Lucknow.Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a great patron and a passionate champion ofKathak.Lachhu Maharaj, Acchchan Maharaj,Shambhu MaharajandBirju Maharajhave kept this tradition alive.
Lucknow is also the home city of the eminentghazalsingerBegum Akhtar. A pioneer of the style,"Ae Mohabbat Tere anjaam pe rona aaya"is one of her best known musical renditions.Bhatkande Music Institute Universityat Lucknow is named after the musicianVishnu Narayan BhatkhandeBhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts (BNA), also known as Bhartendu Natya Academy, is a theatre-training institute situated at Gomti Nagar. It is adeemed universityand an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Culture, Government of Uttar Pradesh. It was set up in 1975 by the Sangeet Natak Akademy (government of Uttar Pradesh), and became an independent drama school in 1977.Apart from government institutes, there are many private theatre groups including IPTA, Theatre Arts Workshop (TAW), Darpan, Manchkriti and the largest youth theatre group, Josh. This is a group for young people to experience theatre activities, workshops and training.
Lucknow is also the birthplace of musicians includingNaushad,Talat Mahmood,Anup JalotaandBaba Sehgalas well as British pop celebrity SirCliff Richard.
Lucknow is known for embroidery works includingchikankari,zari,zardozi,kamdaniandgotamaking (gold lace weaving).
Chikankariis an embroidery work well known all over India. This 400-year-old art in its present form was developed in Lucknow and it remains the only location where the skill is practised today.Chikankariconstitutes 'shadow work' and is a delicate and artistic hand embroidery done using white thread on fine white cotton cloth such as fine muslin or chiffon. Yellowishmugasilk is sometimes used in addition to the white thread. The work is done on caps,kurtas,saris, scarfs, and other vestments.Thechikanindustry, almost unknown under the Nawabs, has not only survived but has flourished. About 2,500 entrepreneurs have engaged in manufacturingchikanfor sale in local, national and international markets with Lucknow the largest exporter ofchikanembroidered garments.
As a sign of recognition, in December 2008, the IndianGeographical Indication Registry (GIR)accorded Geographical Indication (GI) status forchikankari, recognising Lucknow as the exclusive hub for its manufacture.
Lucknow was ranked "India's second happiest city" in a survey conducted byIMRB InternationalandLG Corporation, after onlyChandigarh. It fared better than other metropolitan cities in India includingNew Delhi,BangaloreandChennai. Lucknow was found to be better than other cities in areas such as food, transit and overall citizen satisfaction.
Lucknow is home to a number of prominent educational and research organisations includingIndian Institute of Management Lucknow(IIM-L),Indian Institute of Information Technology, Lucknow(IIIT-L),Central Drug Research Institute(CDRI),Indian Institute of Toxicology Research,National Botanical Research Institute(NBRI),Institute of Engineering and Technology(IET Lko),Dr.Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University(RMNLU),Institute of Hotel Management, Lucknow(IHM),Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences(SGPGI),Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical SciencesandKing George's Medical University(KGMU).TheNational P.G. College, affiliated to theUniversity of Lucknow, was ranked as the second-best college imparting formal education in the country by theNational Assessment and Accreditation Councilin 2014.
Educational institutions in the city include sevenuniversitiesincluding theUniversity of Lucknow, aBabasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, atechnical university (Uttar Pradesh Technical University), alaw university (RMLNLU), anIslamic university (DUNU)and manypolytechnics, engineering institutes and industrial-training institutes.Other research organisations in the state include theCentral Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,Central Food Technological Research Institute, and the Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute.
Some of Uttar Pradesh's major schools are located in Lucknow includingDelhi Public Schoolhaving its branches in Eldeco, Indiranagar. Lucknow International Public School,City Montessori School, Colvin Taluqdars' College, Centennial Higher Secondary School,St. Francis' College,Loreto Convent Lucknow, St. Mary's Convent Inter College, Kendriya Vidyalaya,Lucknow Public School, Stella Maris Inter College,Seth M.R. Jaipuria School, Cathedral School, Mary Gardiner's Convent School, Modern School, Amity International School, St. Agnes, Army Public School, Mount Carmel College, Study Hall, Christ Church College, Rani Laxmi Bai School and Central Academy, Study Hall School, Vidyasthali Kanar Inter College (Unit of SHEF foundation).
City Montessori School, with over 20 branches spread throughout the city, is the only school in the world to have been awarded a UNESCO Prize for Peace Education.CMS also holds a Guinness World Record for being the largest school in the world, with over 40,000 pupils.The school consistently ranks among the top schools of India.
La Martiniere Lucknow, founded in 1845, is the only school in the world to have been awarded abattle honour.It is one of the oldest schools in India, often ranked among the top ten schools in the country.Lucknow also has a sports college namedGuru Gobind Singh Sports College.
There are several minority educational institutions in the city includingDarul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama,Integral University,Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Language University,Lucknow Christian College,Era University,Era's Lucknow Medical College, andMaulana Azad National Urdu University's satellite campus.
Lucknow has had an influence on theHindi film industryas the birthplace of poet, dialogue writer and script writerK. P. Saxena, Suresh Chandra Shukla born 10 February 1954along with veteran Bollywood and Bengali film actorPahari Sanyal, who came from the city's well known Sanyal family.Several movies have used Lucknow as their backdrop includingShashi Kapoor'sJunoon, Muzaffar Ali'sUmrao JaanandGaman,Satyajit Ray'sShatranj ke khiladi.Ismail Merchant'sShakespeare Wallah,PAAand Shailendra Pandey'sJD.In the movieGadar: Ek Prem KathaLucknow was used to depictPakistan,with locations including Lal Pul, the Taj Hotel and theRumi Darwazaused inTanu Weds Manu.Some parts ofLadies vs Ricky Bahl,Bullett Raja,Ishaqzaade,Ya RabandDabangg 2were shot in Lucknow or at other sites nearby.A major section of the Bollywood movie,Daawat-e-IshqstarringAditya Roy KapurandParineeti Choprawas shot in the cityas wasBaawre, an Indian TV drama, airing on theLife OKchannel. The government has announced to develop two film cities in Lucknow.
The news channelBharat Samacharis headquartered in Lucknow. Newspaper services in the city includeAmar Ujala,Dainik Jagran,Hindustan Times,The Times of IndiaandDainik Bhaskar.
The Pioneernewspaper, headquartered in Lucknow and started in 1865, is the second-oldest English-language newspaper in India still in production.The country's first prime ministerJawaharlal NehrufoundedThe National Heraldin the city prior to World War II withManikonda Chalapathi Rauas its editor.
One of the earliestAll India Radiostations has been operational in Lucknow since 1938.
FM radio transmission started in Lucknow in 2000. The city has the following FM radio stations:
"My Lucknow My Pride" is amobile applaunched by the district administration of Lucknow circa December 2015 in efforts to preserve "the cultural heritage of Lucknow" and to encourage tourism.
Cricket,association football,badminton,golf, andhockeyare among the most popular sports in the city.
The main sports hub is theK. D. Singh Babu Stadium, which also has a swimming pool and indoor games complex. There are plans to develop KDSB stadium along the lines of Ekana Stadium. KDSB stadium needs Rs 2 billion in funds to redesign and upgrade as per international standards. The other stadiums are Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium, Mohammed Shahid Synthetic Hockey Stadium, Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium at Northern India Engineering College,Babu Banarsi Das UP Badminton Academy, Charbagh, Mahanagar, Chowk and the Sports College near theIntegral University.
In September 2017,Ekana International Cricket Stadiumwas opened to the public as it hosted2017–18 Duleep Trophy. On 6 November 2018Ekana International Cricket Stadiumhosted its first T20 international match betweenIndian national cricket teamandWest Indies cricket team.
It is the third largest cricket stadium in India by capacity afterKolkata'sEden GardensandAhmedabad'sNarendra Modi Stadium.For decades Lucknow hosted the Sheesh Mahal Cricket Tournament.
Lucknow is the headquarters for theBadminton Association of India. Located in Gomti Nagar, it was formed in 1934 and has been holding national-level tournaments in India since 1936. 
Syed Modi Grand Prix is an international Badminton competition held here. Junior-level Badminton players receive their training in Lucknow after which they are sent to Bangalore.
The Lucknow Race Course in Lucknow Cantonment is spread over 28.42 hectares (0.2842 km; 70.22 acres); the course's 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi)-long race track is the longest in India.
The Lucknow Golf Club is on the sprawling greens ofLa Martinière College.
The city has produced several national and world-class sporting personalities. Lucknow sports hostel has produced international-level cricketersMohammad Kaif,Piyush Chawla,Suresh Raina, Gyanendra Pandey,Praveen KumarandR. P. Singh. Other notable sports personalities include hockey OlympiansK. D. Singh,Jaman Lal Sharma,Mohammed ShahidandGhaus Mohammad, the tennis player who became the first Indian to reach the quarter finals atWimbledon.
In October 2021, anIPLfranchise based in Lucknow was officially formed and was later namedLucknow Super Giants. It will play its home matches atBRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium.
The city has parks andrecreationareas managed by the Lucknow Development Authority. TheseincludeKukrail Reserve Forest,Qaisar Bagh, Gomti Riverfront Park,Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park, Eco Park,Ambedkar Memorial Park,Janeshwar Mishra park, the largest park inAsia, Buddha Park, Hathi Park. It boasts lush greenery, a human-made lake, India's longest cycling and jogging track and a variety of flora. The plan is also to set up a giant Ferris wheel inside the park on the lines of London Eye, providing a panoramic view of the city.Kukrail Picnic Spot (crocodile-breeding sanctuary), located near Lucknow Indiranagar Area. This is Asia's largest crocodile-breeding center. This along with a small zoo and ample open space make it unique.