චීන පාලකයන් ලැයිස්තුව

Thislist ofChinese monarchsincludes rulers ofChinawith various titles prior to the establishment of theRepublicin 1912. From theZhou dynastyuntil theQin dynasty, rulers usually held the title "king" (චීන:王;පින්යින්:wáng). With the separation of China into differentWarring States, this title had become so common that the unifier ofChina, the first Qin EmperorQin Shihuangcreated a new title for himself, that of "emperor" (පින්යින්:huángdì). The title ofEmperor of Chinacontinued to be used for the remainder ofChina's imperial history, right down to thefallof theQing dynastyin 1912.
While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in king-lists. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive.
Chinese sovereigns were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of differentdynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names – for example,posthumous namescould run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing – but, where possible, the most commonly used name ornaming conventionhas been indicated. Scholars also often use common terms to refer to some monarchs with special circumstances — "Modi" (末帝; "last emperor"), "Mozhu" (末主; "last lord"), "Houzhu" (後主; "last lord"), "Shaodi" (少帝; "young emperor"), "Shaozhu" (少主; "young lord"), "Feidi" (廢帝; "deposed emperor"), etc.; these terms are nottemple names, posthumous names orregnal names.
In some cases, the regnal orera nameis changed in the same year as the death of the previous sovereign; in other cases, the name change occurs in the subsequent year. Thus, the date given for the beginning of a reign may actually refer to the firstfullyear of the sovereign's reign.
These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.
Follow these links to see how they are related:
Family tree of Chinese monarchs (ancient)→Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period)→Chinese emperors family tree (early)→Chinese emperors family tree (middle)→Chinese emperors family tree (late)
Although it is ingrained in Chinese mythology that the earliest mythological rulers of China included threehuáng(皇, generally translated "sovereign" or "august one") and fivedì(帝, generally translated "emperor"), both terms denotingdemigodstatus, their identities have differed between different sources, with some individuals, such as theYellow Emperor, being regarded as either sovereign or emperor, depending on the source. The two characters would later be taken together byQin Shi Huangto form the new titlehuángdì(皇帝, emperor), thus claiming legendary status for himself.
Note: These figures are considered to be legendary.
Chinese convention: use "Xia" + regnal name
Chinese convention: use "Shang" + posthumous name
Chinese convention: use "Zhou" + posthumous name ("Wang" is the chinese term for "King")
Note: The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute.
After King Nan was deposed by Qin, Ji Jie(姬杰),Duke Wenof the vassal duchy of Eastern Zhou was proclaimed the new king of Zhou and claimed the title until his death in 249 BCE.However, the King of Qin had taken possession of theNine Tripod Cauldrons(九鼎), and Ji Jie's reign was not widely recognized.  Historians generally considered the title of Son of Heaven to be vacant from 256 to 221 BCE.
චීන සම්මුතිය:රාජ්‍ය කාල නාමය භාවිතා කරන්න
Note: The State of Qin was founded in the 9th century BCE as a vassal of the Zhou dynasty.  In 325 BCE, the Duke of Qing, Ying Si(嬴駟), declared himself king and was given the regnal nameKing Huiwen of Qin(秦惠文王).In 256 BCE, King Zhaoxiang of Qin ended the Zhou dynasty, and in 221 BCE, Ying Zheng completed the conquest of the other states (kingdoms) and declared himself Qin Shi Huang, or "First Emperor of Qin."  The unification of China under the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE is usually considered to be the beginning of Imperial China.
Chinese convention: use "Han" + posthumous name (apart from Liu Bang, who is known as "Han Gaozu")Note that the posthumous names of many Han monarchs bear the character "xiao" (孝; "filial"), but this character is usually omitted by scholars when they are used (i.e. "Emperor Xiaowu" is normally known as "Emperor Wu")
Chinese convention: use personal name
චීන සම්මුතිය: පෞද්ගලික නාමය භාවිතා කරන්න
Chinese convention: Use "Jin" + posthumous name
Note that the posthumous names of some Jin monarchs bore the character "xiao" (孝; "filial"), but this character is usually omitted by scholars when referencing these monarchs by their posthumous names (i.e. "Emperor Xiaohui" is normally known as "Emperor Hui")
Chinese convention: use personal name
Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Han (漢) and Qian (Former) Zhao (前趙)
Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng (成) and Han (漢)
Note: The Northern Liang was re-established at Gaochang in 442 CE.
Convention: use personal name
Note: addressed as Wei in traditional texts
Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name
Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name
Chinese convention: use "Sui" + posthumous name
චීන සම්මුතිය: මෙහි දී "ටෑං" + විහාර නාමයභාවිතා කරන්න.(ෂැං අධිරාජයා සහ අයි අධිරාජයා හැර; ෂුවාන්සොං අධිරාජයාව (唐玄宗) ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල ටෑං රාජවංශයේ මිං අධිරාජයා (唐明皇) ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබයි)
Chinese convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Chinese convention: use personal names, noted otherwise
Chinese conventionfor this dynasty only: Use Nan (Southern) Tang + "Qianzhu" (lit. "first lord"), "Zhongzhu" (lit. "middle lord") or "Houzhu" (lit. "last lord").
(local independent regimes duringFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms periodtraditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms)
Chinese convention: use "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + regnal name
Chinese convention: use personal name or "Northern Liao" + temple name
Chinese convention: use personal name or "Western Liao" + posthumous name
Chinese convention: use "Song" + temple name or posthumous name (except last emperor who was revered asSong Di Bing(宋帝昺Sòng Dì Bǐng))
Chinese convention: use "Western Xia" + temple name(or use personal name)
TheTangutnames for about half of the Western Xia eras are known from Tangut texts or monumental inscriptions, or fromWestern Xia coins.
Chinese convention: use "Jin" + temple name or posthumous namein Chinese
Chinese convention: for rulers before Kublai Khan use given name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names, use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after
Note:1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khublai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 12712) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names.3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion withTimur the lame(Tamerlane).
Retreat of the Yuan court to theMongolian Plateauafter being overthrown by theMing dynastyinChina properin 1368 (1368 – early 15th century)
Convention: use khan names or birth names.
TheShun dynastywas an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. It was a state set up by the peasants' rebellion, in which they defeated the Ming forces, but former Ming generalWu Sanguiled the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels.
TheSouthern Mingrefers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662.  The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly.Koxinga(Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.
*The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.
A short-lived attempt by statesman and generalYuan Shikaiwho attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1915, but his rule was universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, his reign ended.
සැකිල්ල:Years in China