Culture of Finland

Theculture of Finlandcombines indigenous heritage, as represented for example by the country'snational languagesFinnish(aUraliclanguage) andSwedish(aGermaniclanguage), and thesauna, with commonNordicandEuropeancultural aspects. Because of its history and geographic location, Finland has been influenced by the adjacent areas, variousFinnicandBalticpeoples as well as the former dominant powers of Sweden and Russia. Finnish culture is built upon the relatively ascetic environmental realities, traditional livelihoods, and heritage ofegalitarianism(e.g.Everyman's right,universal suffrage) and the traditionally widespread ideal of self-sufficiency (e.g. predominantly rural lifestyles and modernsummer cottages).
There are cultural differences among the variousregions of Finland, especially minor differences indialect. Minorities, some of which have a status recognised by the state, such as theSami,Swedish-speaking Finns,Karelians,Romani,Jews, andTatars, maintain their cultural identities within Finland. ManyFinnsare emotionally connected to the countryside and nature, as large-scale urbanisation is a relatively recent phenomenon.
TheScandinavian ice sheetcovered most of northern Europe. Following its recession around 8000 BC, people began arriving in what is today Finland, with a majority presumably traveling from the south and east. Recent archaeological finds also reveal the presence of the north-westernKomsa culturein northern Finland to be as old as the earliest discoveries on the Norwegian coast.
What is today Finland belonged to the northeasternKunda cultureuntil around 5000 BC and theComb Ceramic culturefrom about 4200–2000 BC. TheKiukainen cultureappeared on the southwestern coast of Finland around 1200 BC.
From 1100 to 1200, the crown of Sweden started to incorporate Finland. However,Novgorodalso attempted to gain control. Several wars occurred between 1400 and 1700 where Finland fought against Sweden, Novgorod, theGrand Duchy of Moscow, and imperial Russia. In 1721, theNystad Peace Treatywas signed, ending Swedish dominance in the Baltic region. In 1809, Finland was annexed byRussia. However from 1809 to 1917,Finlandbecame an autonomousGrand Duchywith theRussian Czaras the constitutional monarch.In southeasternFinland, the region ofKarelia, where most of the Russo-Swedish conflicts occurred, was influenced by both cultures while remaining peripheral to both epicentres of power. The verses in Finland's national epic, theKalevala, originate mainly fromKareliaandIngria.
The 19th century brought a feeling ofnational Romanticismand Nationalism throughout Europe. Finland's nationalism also grew, forming cultural identity and making control of the land a priority. Expression of Finnish identity by theUniversity docent,A. I. Arwidsson(1791–1858), became an often quotedFennomancredo: "Swedes we are not, Russians we do not want to become, let us, therefore, be Finns."Nationalism heightened and resulted in a declaration of full independence from Russia on 6 December 1917,Finnish Independence Day. Notably, nationalists did not consider the Swedish-speakers members of a different (Swedish) nation; in fact, many Fennomans came from Swedish-speaking families.
The majority ethnic group of Finland is theFinns. Most Finns speak Finnish as their mother tongue. The Finnish language is not anIndo-European language. It belongs to theUralic languagefamily. Finns are traditionally divided into subgroups (heimo) based on their dialect, but these groupings have only minor importance due to 20th-century urbanization and internal migration.
The largest subculture in Finland is itsSwedish-speaking Finns. The political partySwedish People's Party(Svenska Folkpartiet), has traditionally had a small but important part of the Swedish-Finnish culture. The daily newspaperHufvudstadsbladet('Capital City Paper') is the largest Swedish daily newspaper in Finland and has its headquarters in Helsinki. The Swedish-speaking minority has been the target of harassment and discrimination in Finland. They are still considered the upper-class in Finland, especially in Helsinki, and have earned nicknames, such as "Svenska talande bättre folk" ('Swedish speaking better people'). Swedish-Finns are also sometimes referred to as "Ankkalampi" (Ankdammenor 'The Duck Pond') due to their relatively small number where everybody knows each other. Today, however, most differences are blurred (though rich, powerful Swedish-speaking families still exist) due to mixed marriages and inter-cultural homogenization and communication. The Swedish-Finnish group does have unique traditions distinct from the mainstream Finnish-speaking ones but does not live in a different society. The group has various origins, both from language switching and from immigration.
TheLaplandregion of the North holds theSamipopulation. Up to around 1500, the Sami were mainly fishermen and trappers, usually in a combination, leading a nomadic lifestyle decided by the migrations of the reindeer. Traditionally, Sami people engaged in fishing, trapping and herding reindeer. They have traditionally organized their societies differently from the Finns due to their nomadic lifestyle. Their native language is not Finnish, but one of the threeSami languagesspoken in Finland. However, modern times have brought most Sami to urban areas, where they assimilate to mainstream society and speak Finnish. 10% of Sami continue herding in Northern Finland. Currently, the Sami are a 5% minority in their native Finnish Lapland.
Another nomadic group is the FinnishGypsieswho have existed since the 17th century. For centuries Gypsy men were horse traders, whereas in the post-war era they have turned to horse breeding and dealing in automobiles and scrap metal. Women traditionally engage in fortune-telling and handcrafts. Gypsies have been the target of harassment and discrimination in Finland. "A permanent Advisory Commission on Gypsy Affairs was set up in 1968, and in 1970 racial discrimination was outlawed through an addition to the penal code. The law punished blatant acts such as barring Gypsies from restaurants or shops or subjecting them to unusual surveillance by shopkeepers or the police."Today, financial aid is provided to improve the standard of living for 5,000–6,000 Finnish Gypsies.
After examining the position of women around the world, the Washington-basedPopulation Crisis Committeereported in 1988 that Finland, slightly behind top-ranked Sweden and just ahead of the United States, was one of the very best places in which a woman could live. The group reached this conclusion after examining the health, educational, economic, and legal conditions that affect women's lives.
When compared with women of other nations, Finnish women, who accounted for just over 50 percent of the population in the mid-1980s, did have a privileged place. They were the first in Europe to gain the franchise, and by the 1980s they routinely constituted about one-third of the membership of theEduskunta(parliament) and held several ministerial posts. In the 1980s, about 75 percent of adult women worked outside the home; they made up about 48 percent of the workforce. Finnish women were as well educated as their male counterparts, and, in some cases, the number of women studying at the university level, for example, was slightly ahead of the number of men. In addition to an expanding welfare system, which sinceWorld War IIhad come to provide them with substantial assistance in the area of childbearing and child-rearing, women had made notable legislative gains that brought them closer to full equality with men.
In 1972 theCouncil for Equality[fi]was established to advise lawmakers on methods for realizing full legal equality for women. In 1983 legislation arranged that both parents were to have equal rights for custody of their children. A year later, women were granted equal rights in the establishment of their children's nationality. Henceforth any child born of a Finnish woman would have Finnish citizenship. After a very heated national debate, legislation was passed in 1985 that gave women an equal right to decide what surname or surnames they and their children would use. These advances were capped byThe Act on Equality between Women and Men[fi]that went into effect in early 1987 forbidding any discrimination based on sex and protecting against this discrimination. Once these laws were passed, Finnish authorities signed the United NationsConvention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women(CEDAW) in 1986.
In several areas, however, the country's small feminist movement maintained that the circumstances in which Finnish women lived needed to be improved. Most striking was the disparity in wages. Although women made up just under half the workforce and had a tradition of working outside the home, they earned only about two-thirds of the wages paid to men. Occupations in which women predominated, such as those of retail and office personnel, were poorly paid in contrast to those in which men constituted the majority. Despite the sexes' equal educational attainments, and despite a society where sexual differentiation played a smaller role than it did in many other countries, occupational segregation in Finland was marked. In a few of the twenty most common occupations were the two sexes equally represented. Only in occupations relating toagriculture,forestry, and school teaching was a rough parity approached, and as few as 6 percent of Finns worked in jobs where 40 to 60 percent of workers were of the opposite sex. Studies also found that equal educational levels did not—in any category of training—prevent women's wages from lagging behind those paid to men. Women tended to occupy lower positions, while males were more often supervisors or managers. This was the case everywhere, whether in schools or universities, in business, in the civil service, or politics at both the local level and the national level.
In addition to occupying a secondary position in the workplace, women had longer workdays because they performed a greater share of household tasks than did men. On the average, their workweek outside the home was several hours shorter than men's because a greater number of them were employed only part-time or worked in the service sector, where hours were shorter than they were inmanufacturing. Studies have found, however, that women spent about twice as much time on housework as men—about three hours and forty minutes a day, compared with one hour and fifty minutes for men. Men did twice as many household repairs and about an equal amount of shopping, but they devoted only one-third to one-fourth as much time to cleaning, cooking, and caring for children. Given that the bulk of family chores fell to women, and that they were five times more likely than men to head a single-parent family, the shortcomings of Finland's child day-care system affected women more than it did men.
The Equality Law that went into effect in 1987 committed the country to achieve full equality for women. In the late 1980s, there was a timetable listing specific goals to be achieved during the remainder of the 20th century. The emphasis was equality for everyone, rather than protection for women. Efforts were undertaken not only to place women in occupations dominated by males but also to bring males into fields traditionally believed to belong to the women's sphere, such as child care and elementary school teaching. Another aim was for women to occupy a more equal share of decision-making positions.
Since the 1986 Equality Act, a number of updates have been made. The most recent, the Non-Discrimination Act passed in 2015, prohibited discrimination based on gender identity or gender expression and a gender equality plan requirement was extended to comprehensive schools and employers. It also made pay surveys more precise, aNational Non-Discrimination and Equality Tribunal[fi]was established, and the independent position of theOmbudsman for Equality[fi]was strengthened. It has been clarified that in the Equality Act, the phrase 'gender identity' refers to an individual's experience of their own gender, through clothing, behaviour, or by other means.
The Finnish family life is usually understood to be centered on thenuclear family, rather than theextended family. There are usually one or two children in a family. Traditionally, men were the wage-earners and women remained in the home and cared for children. However, since the Second World War,gender roleshave changed. Today, both men and women are dual wage-earners. The welfare system allows for generousparental leavewith income-based benefits.Finnish parents have the option to take partial or total leave they are entitled to. A majority of mothers opt to take longer leave, up to one year. Finland's divorce rate is 51% of marriages being dissolved (Statistics Finland, updated 5/07).Cohabitationis also common. Finland has the highest proportion of quarter lifers, (those in their twenties) who haveleft the nest(i.e. no longer live with parents) in Europe.
Finnish people are stereotyped as being veryintroverted, having little interest insmall talk, and being very protective of theirpersonal space. This was the subject of a 2005 bookFinland: Cultural Lone Wolfby Richard Lewis. In October 2018, theBBCpublished an article on this subject.
The Finnish society encourages equality and liberalism with a popular commitment to the ideals of thewelfare state; discouraging disparity of wealth and division into social classes.Everyman's right(Ministry of Environment, 1999) is a philosophy carried over from ancient times. All citizens have access to public and private lands for agrarian activities or leisure. Finns value being close to nature; the agricultural roots are embedded in the rural lifestyle. Finns are also nationalistic, as opposed to self-identification with ethnicity or clan.
With the emergence of reform, the Compulsory Education Act made education a civil right and available to all citizens, except for tertiary education, which is free of charge, and admissions are based strictly on test scores. The beliefs of the Finns are future employment security necessitating higher education in today's increasingly technological world.
Prior to theChristianization of Finlandin the 11th century,Finnish paganismwas the primary religion.Song magicandbear worshipwere distinctive marks of the ancient religion. A contemporary revival of the belief system exists, calledsuomenusko.
Christianity entered Finnish culture in the 12th century.As in 2016, 72.8% of Finns belong to theEvangelical Lutheran Churchand 1.1% belong to theFinnish Orthodox Church.
Finnish holidays are similar to theWestern Christiancalendar andProtestanttraditions. Holidays and traditions are a blend of the thousand year old Christian presence and vestiges of oldFinnish pagan traditions.
Notable among these isJuhannus, the Finnish Midsummer. A majority of Finns retreat to summer cottages (mökki) on any one of Finland's numerous lakes. Depending on the region, a bonfire at midnight celebrates the summersolstice, and inÅland, the Swedish-originated tradition of dancing around theMaypoleis observed. The midsummer traditions also include different versions of pairing magic and folklore in the festivities. Midsummer Day is alsoFlag Dayin Finland.
TheFinnish Christmas,Joulu, follows traditions ofChristmas treesand theAdvent calendars. Holidays start on 23 December. Gift giving occurs on Christmas Eve with a visit fromJoulupukki(Father Christmas,Santa Claus). Traditional meals are typically only eaten on Christmas followed bysauna. Christmas Day is reserved for a "quiet day"and the holidays end after the 26th, St. Stephen's Day (tapaninpäivä).
Easter is a combination of Christian and Pagan customs. Either onPalm Sundayor theHoly Saturday, children dress up as witches (noita) and go from door to door, giving awaydaffodiladorned branches ofwillowin exchange for sweets. This is similar to the celebration of Halloween in some countries (such as the United Kingdom and the United States). Burning Easter bonfires is a Pagan custom meant to keep witches at bay.
Vappu, or May Day is a national holiday, an event for Finns to emphatically welcome spring after several months of little daylight. It can be compared toMardi Graswith parades and parties. Traditionally, the event begins on the eve of Vappu by former and current students putting on theirstudent caps(graduation cap).
Finnish Independence Day is 6 December and a national holiday.
All official holidays in Finland are established by acts ofParliament. The official holidays can be divided into Christian and secular holidays. The main Christian holidays are Christmas,Epiphany, Easter,Ascension Day,Pentecost, andAll Saints' Day. The secular holidays are New Year's Day, May Day,Midsummer Day, and theIndependence Day. Christmas is the most extensively celebrated holiday: usually at least 24 to 26 December are holidays.
Saunais a type of dry steam bath practiced widely in Finland. The word is of Proto-Finnish origin (found in Finnic and Sámi languages) dating back 7,000 years.The sauna's purpose is to bathe, and the heat (either dry or steam) opens pores in the skin and thoroughly cleanses the body. Cedar or birch branches can be tapped along the body to stimulate blood circulation. The sauna soothes sore and aching muscles. The Finns often use and have used the sauna to recover from hard physical labor. Sauna culture dictates subdued speech and time for thought to soothe the mind. Sauna is not to be rushed as it is essential to spiritual living. The structure of the sauna began as a small log building partially buried in the earth. A "smoke sauna" was used to cure meats in pre-industrial years as well as, to bathe or a sterile environment for childbirth, but this tradition has declined in favor of a modern invention, the continuously heated sauna, which is hotter, cleaner and faster to heat up. In Finnish saunas, temperature is set to about 60–100 °C (sometimes up to 120 °C), and small amounts of water thrown on rocks atop the stove emit steam, which produces a heat sensation. Some Finns prefer the "dry sauna" using very little steam if any. Traditional sauna includes the process of perspiring and cooling several times. A part of the cooling process is a swim in the lake before returning to the sauna for an additional sweat.
Steam baths have been part of European tradition elsewhere as well, but the sauna has survived best in Finland, in addition to Sweden, theBaltic States, Russia, Norway, and parts of the United States and Canada. Moreover, nearly all Finnish houses have either their own sauna or in multistory apartment houses, a timeshare sauna. Public saunas were previously common, but the tradition has declined when saunas have been built nearly everywhere (private homes, municipal swimming halls, hotels, corporate headquarters, gyms, etc.).
Though Finnish written language could be said to exist sinceMikael Agricolatranslated theNew Testamentinto Finnish in the 16th century as a result of theProtestant Reformation, few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century, which saw the beginning of a Finnish nationalRomantic Movement. This promptedElias Lönnrotto collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them asKalevala, the Finnishnational epic. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notablyAleksis KiviandEino Leino.Juhani Ahowas nominated for theNobel Prize in Literaturetwelve times.
After Finland became independent there was a rise of modernist writers, most famouslyMika Waltari.Frans Eemil Sillanpääwas awarded theNobel Prize in Literaturein 1939, so far the only Nobel prize-winning Finnish author. The Second World War prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized byVäinö Linna. Literature in modern Finland is in a healthy state, with detective stories enjoying a particular boom of popularity.Ilkka Remes, a Finnish author ofthrillers, is very popular.Juha Vuorinenhas received the Kultapokkari ('Golden Paperback') award for his humorous books, and in all has sold over two million books in Finland.
The works ofTove Janssonhas become a staple in modern Finnish culture, herMoominbooks has influenced a large media franchise, spawning visual media, art, museums, amusement parks and merchandise (likeMoomin mugs) common in the Finnish home.
Innovative functionalist movements have distinguished design of furniture, ceramics, glass, and textiles as well the Finnish architecture. Finnish design combines local artistic themes with tools and materials adapted to demanding northern conditions.Many artists and architects, fromAkseli Gallen-KallelatoAlvar Aalto, have designed furniture and tableware during their career.
Forces, shapes, colors, and textures of the northern landscape and the human relationship to nature have strongly influenced also painting, sculpture, and other art forms. This is particularly evident in the representationalromantic nationalismthat blossomed at the end of the 19th century.
Abstract art movements did not gain a foothold until the 1950s. WhenSam Vanni's monumental paintingContrapunctus[fi](1959) won competition for mural in Helsinki, abstract art was considered to be accepted and established in Finland.In recent years, however, graphic artists have experimented with innovative processes of image production and multimedia technologies to create new forms of art that sometimes serve as critiques of society and technology.
The Finnish contemporary art scene became much more visible than before with the establishment ofKiasma, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Helsinki in 1998.
The architecture of Finland has a notable history spanning over 800 years. As a land of predominating forests, wood provided the natural building material for both housing and public buildings up until the 20th century. The more limited history of stone buildings before the 19th century was realised, however, in various stone churches, castles and fortresses. Finnish architecture has contributed significantly to several styles internationally, such asJugendstil(orArt Nouveau),Nordic ClassicismandFunctionalism.
Three of the world's most noted figures in architecture history were Finns;Eliel Saarinenwas a major influence in Art Nouveau architecture, with such buildings as theHelsinki Central railway stationand, following his emigration to the US, theCranbrook Academy of Artin Michigan. His son,Eero Saarinen, though born in Finland is also regarded as an American architect, and created significant pieces of architecture throughout the US, including theTWA Flight Centerat New York's Kennedy Airport and theGateway Archin St. Louis. The works of Finland's most noted modernist architect, Alvar Aalto, regarded as one of the major figures in the world history of modern architecture, has had significant worldwide influence; he was instrumental in bringingfunctionalist architectureto Finland, but also made his reputation for developing a more organic style of modernist architecture. Among his most famous buildings areViipuri Library,Vyborgand theBaker Housedormitory atMassachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge, Massachusetts, US. Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture (e.g. thePaimio chair[fi]) andglassware(e.g.Savoy vase).
Much of the folk music of Finland is influenced by traditional eastern Finnish e.g.Karelianmelodies and lyrics, and the western parts of the country were influenced by Nordic dance music. Traditional form of singing, rune-singing i.e. poem singing was preserved better in the eastern Finland, and it was often accompanied by the traditional instrumentkantele. This type of music is often seen as more pure form of traditional music, since it lacks Germanic influence. Since Nordic dance music became popular the popularity of the poem singing has been diminishing, but Finnishfolk musichas undergone aroots revivalin recent decades and has become a part ofpopular music, for example, the groupVärttinä.
The people of northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway, theSami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs calledJoik. The same word sometimes refers tolavluorvueliesongs, though this is technically incorrect.
The first Finnish opera was written by the German composerFredrik Paciusin 1852. Pacius also wroteMaamme/Vårt land(Our Land), Finland'snational anthem. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on theKalevalaspread, andJean Sibeliusbecame famous for his vocal symphonyKullervo. He soon received a grant to studyrunosingers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composedFinlandia, which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the nation.
Today, Finland has a very lively classical music scene. Finnish classical music has only existed for about a hundred years. Notable composers includeMagnus Lindberg,Kaija Saariaho,Aulis Sallinen, andEinojuhani Rautavaara. The composers are accompanied by a large number of great conductors such asSakari Oramo,Mikko Franck,Esa-Pekka Salonen,Osmo Vänskä,Jukka-Pekka Saraste,Susanna Mälkki, andLeif Segerstam. Some of the internationally acclaimed Finnish classical musicians areKarita Mattila,Soile Isokoski,Kari Kriikku,Pekka Kuusisto,Réka Szilvay, andLinda Brava.
Modern Finnish popular music includes a renownedheavy metal musicscene, in common with otherNordic countries, as well as a number of prominent rock bands,hip hopperformers, pop music anddance musicacts such asBomfunk MCs,DarudeandWaldo's People.Jazzalso plays a role in the Finnish Music scene. Some important Jazz Musicians are the brothers Heikki and Pekka Sarmanto, Jukka Linkola, Keith Hall (UK), Esko Linnavalli and Vladimir Schafranov (Russia). There are numerous Jazz Clubs in Finland, such as Storyville, The Hot Tomato and UMO Jazz Club (UMO is the acronym for Uuden Musiikin Orkesteri, meaning the"New Music Orchestra).
Finnishelectronic musicsuch as theSähkö Recordingsrecord label enjoys underground acclaim.Iskelmä(coined directly from the German wordSchlager, meaninghit) is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song. Finnish popular music also includes various kinds ofdance music;tango, a style ofArgentine music, is also popular. One of the most productive composers of popular music wasToivo Kärki, and the most famous singerOlavi Virta(1915–1972). Among the lyricists,Sauvo Puhtila[fi](1928–2014),Reino Helismaa(died 1965) andVeikko "Vexi" Salmiare a few of the most notable writers. The composer and bandleaderJimi Tenoris well known for his brand of retro-funk music.
Notable Finnish dance and electronic music artists includeJori Hulkkonen,Darude,JS16,DJ Proteus[fi],Fanu,DJ Muffler[fi], trance duoSuper8 & TabandDJ Orkidea. Finnish dance music is also known forSuomisaundi, a kind of freestylepsychedelic trancethat originated in Finland around the mid-1990s.
The Finnish rock music scene emerged in the 1960s, pioneered by artists such asBlues SectionandKirka. In the 1970s Finnish rock musicians started to write their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. During the decade someprogressive rockgroups, such asTasavallan PresidenttiandWigwam, gained respect abroad but failed to make a commercial breakthrough outside Finland. This was also the fate of therock and rollgroup,Hurriganes. The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally respected names includingTerveet Kädetin the 1980s.Hanoi Rockswas a pioneering 1980sglam rockact that left perhaps a deeper mark in the history of popular music than any other Finnish group by being an influence for groups such asGuns N' Roses.
In 1990s Finnish rock and metal music started to gain international fame with such bands asThe 69 Eyes,Amorphis,Children of Bodom,Ensiferum,Norther,Wintersun,HIM,Impaled Nazarene,Lordi,Negative,Nightwish,The Rasmus,Sentenced,Sonata Arctica,Stratovarius, andTarja Turunen, a solo artist, who is popular for mixing classical music with Metal/Rock. In the late 1990s thecello metalgroupApocalypticaplayedMetallicacover versionsas cello quartettos and sold half a million records worldwide. Some of the Finland's most domestically popular rock groups areCMXandEppu Normaali. Finland also helped bringFolk Metalmusic more popularity, through bands such asTurisasandFinntroll.
In the 2000s Finnish rock bands started to sell well internationally.The Rasmusfinally captured Europe (and other places, like South America) in the 2000s. Their 2003 albumDead Letterssold 1.5 million units worldwide and garnered them eight gold and five platinum albumsdesignations. But so far the most successful Finnish band in the United States has beenHIM; they were the first band from Finland to ever sell an album that was certified gold by the RIAA. Most recently, the Finnish hard rock/heavy metal bandLordiwon the2006 Eurovision Song Contestwith a record 292 points, giving Finland its first ever victory. Rock bands such asThe 69 EyesandIndicaenjoy cult following abroad.
Tuska Open Air Metal Festival, one of the largest open-air heavy metal music festivals in the world, is held annually inKaisaniemi, Helsinki.RuisrockandProvinssirockare the most famous rock festivals held in Finland.
Finland has a number of soap operas and television reality series, such asSalatut elämätandVain elämää.
Madventuresis a very popular Finnish travel documentary television series.
Sketches are a popular form of humor in Finland. Comedy has a strong representation, with some examples of popular artists beingKari Ketonen,Ville Myllyrinne[fi],Ali Jahangiri,André Wickström,Ismo Leikola,Krisse SalminenandPirjo Heikkilä[fi].
In 2014 Ismo Leikola was named as the "Funniest Person in the World" in a stand-up comedy competition held byLaugh Factoryin the United States.
YouTubevideos andvideo blogshave found their audience in second half of the 2010s.TubeconYouTube event gathers thousands of fans to meet the most popular Finnish YouTube creators.
Games are recognized as a form of culture in Finland. Professional game development has a strong basis in education, In 2015, there are over 20 educational institutions providing game education in all educational levels. The first commercial Finnish digital game was published in 1979 and the first globally distributed game in 1986.In 2009,Angry BirdsofRovio Entertainmentbecame the big hit. Rovio is aFinnishdeveloper,publisher,distributorofvideo gamesand is an entertainment company headquartered inEspoo,Finland.Also,Remedy Entertainment, notable for creating games such asMax Payne,Alan Wake,Quantum BreakandControl, were established in Espoo.
The throwing game ofMölkkyoriginated in Finland.
Finland has a growingfilm industrywith a number of famous directors such asAki Kaurismäki,Timo Koivusalo,Aleksi MäkeläandKlaus Härö. Hollywood film director/producerRenny Harlin(born Lauri Mauritz Harjola) was born in Finland.
Finland is one of the most advanced information societies in the world. There are 200 newspapers; 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines and 67 commercial radio stations, with one nationwide, six nationalpublic service radio channels(three in Finnish, two in Swedish, one in Sami);digital radiohas three channels. Four nationalanalog televisionchannels (two public services and two commercial) were fully replaced by five public services and three commercialdigital televisionchannels on 1 September 2007.
Broadband access is a legal right, and by 2015 over 93% of population was online.
In 2015, 95% of Finns read a newspaper (in print or online) at least once per week – which was the highest value in countries compared by Reuters (including Denmark (87%) UK (73%) and USA (56%).The most read newspaper in Finland isHelsingin Sanomat, with a circulation of 267,000.The media groupSanomabehindHelsingin Sanomatalso publishes the newspaperAamulehti,tabloidIlta-Sanomatand commerce-orientedTaloussanomat. It also owns theNelonentelevision channel.Sanoma's largest shareholders areAatos Erkko's family foundation andAntti Herlin.The other major publisherAlma Mediapublishes almost thirty magazines, including tabloidIltalehtiand commerce-orientedKauppalehti.Finland has been at the top of the worldwidePress Freedom Indexlist every year since the publication of the first index byReporters Without Bordersin 2002.
In 2015, there were 765 public libraries, which were visited over 49 million times. Over 10,000 books and 46 daily (4–7 times a week) newspapers were published. 311 movie theatres showed 202 new films.
Finland's National Broadcasting CompanyYleis an independent state-owned company. It has five television channels and 13 radio channels in two national languages. Yle is funded through atelevision licenseand private television broadcasting license fees. Ongoing transformation to digital TV broadcasting is in progress – analog broadcasts ceased on the terrestrial network 31 August 2007 on cable at the end of February 2008. The most popular television channelMTV3and the most popular radio channelRadio Novaare owned byNordic Broadcasting(BonnierandProventus).
The people of Finland are accustomed to technology and information services. The number of cellular phone subscribers as well as the number of Internet connections per capita in Finland is among the highest in the world. According to the Ministry of Transport and Communications, Finnish mobile phone penetration exceeded fifty percent of the population as far back as August 1998 – first in the world – and by December 1998 the number of cell phone subscriptions outnumbered fixed-line phone connections. By the end of June 2007, there were 5.78 million cellular phone subscriptions, or 109 percent of the population.
Another fast-growing sector is the use of the Internet. Finland had more than 1.52 millionbroadbandInternet connections by the end of June 2007 (about 287 per 1,000 inhabitants).The Finns are not only connected; they are heavy users of Internet services. All Finnish schools and public libraries have been connected to the Internet for years.
Finland is also internationally known for majordemosceneachievements, particularly due toAssembly, the largest annual demo party.
TraditionalFinnish cuisineis a combination ofEuropean,FennoscandianandWestern Russianelements; table manners are European. The food is generally simple, fresh and healthy. Historically, Finns have relied on the abundant natural resources of their country, drawing sustenance from its vast forests and lakes. When crops failed, survival was sustained through the consumption of fish sourced from the sea and lakes, game hunted from the wilderness, as well as mushrooms and berries gathered from the forests and fields.Meat,berries, milk and ground vegetables are typical ingredients whereas spices are not common due to their historical unavailability.
Finland is widely renowned for its rich bread culture, exemplified by its diverse range of breads, from sour rye tokalakukko– a "fish rooster" encased in a hearty rye crust.  These "roosters" come in many varieties, originally developed as a way to preserve food. The thick rye crust ensured the filling wouldn't spoil during long journeys.
Various casseroles based onroot vegetablesare also a popular staple in Finnish cuisine. Some includelanttulaatikko, made primarily from rutabaga mixed with syrup, breadcrumbs, and often seasoned with spices like nutmeg,porkkanalaatikko, made with carrots, ground pork (sometimes mixed with ground beef), rice, and seasoned with spices like allspice or black pepper, and perunasoselaatikko, made from mashed potatoes mixed with milk, butter, and sometimes eggs.
Finland imports just 9% of its consumed meat, with a per capita meat consumption of sixty-six kilograms per person, the lowest in Europe.In years past, Finnish food often varied from region to region, most notably between the west and east. In coastal and lakeside villages, fish was a main feature of cooking, whereas, in the eastern and also northern regions, vegetables and game were more common. In Finnish Lapland,reindeerwas also important.
The prototypical breakfast isoatmealor other continental-style foods such as bread. Lunch is usually a full warm meal, served by acanteenat workplaces. Dinner is eaten at around 17.00 to 18.00 at home, and it is also common to have supper later in the evening.
Modern Finnish cuisine combines country fare andhaute cuisinewith contemporary continental cooking style. Today, spices are a prominent ingredient in many modern Finnishrecipes, having been adopted from the east and west in recent decades.
Various sporting events are popular in Finland.Pesäpallo(reminiscent of baseball) is the national sport of Finland, although the most popular sports in Finland in terms of media coverage and audience attendance areFormula One,ice hockey, track and field,footballandharness racing. However, in terms of actually playing sports, the most popular ones in terms of people registered to a club are football and horse-riding.
TheFinnish national ice hockey teamis considered one of the best in the world and has won the world championships four times in 1995, 2011, 2019 and 2022. During the past century there has been a rivalry in sporting between Finland and Sweden, mostly in ice hockey and athletics (Finland-Sweden athletics international).Jari KurriandTeemu Selänneare the two Finnish-born ice hockey players to have scored 500 goals in theirNHLcareers. Association football is also popular in Finland, with thenational football teamrecently qualifying for the European Football Championships 2021, their first major international tournament.Jari LitmanenandSami Hyypiäare the most internationally renowned of the Finnish football players.
Relative to its population, Finland has been a top country in the world inautomobile racing, measured by international success. Finland has produced threeFormula OneWorld Champions–Keke Rosberg(Williams,1982),Mika Häkkinen(McLaren,1998and1999) andKimi Räikkönen(Ferrari,2007). Along with Räikkönen, the other Finnish Formula One driver currently active isValtteri Bottas. Other notable Finnish Grand Prix drivers includeLeo Kinnunen,JJ Lehto,Mika SaloandHeikki Kovalainen. Finland has also produced most of the world's bestrallydrivers, including the ex-WRCWorld ChampiondriversMarcus Grönholm,Juha Kankkunen,Hannu Mikkola,Tommi Mäkinen,Timo SalonenandAri Vatanen. The only Finn to have won aroad racingWorld Championship,Jarno Saarinen, was killed in 1973 while racing.
Amongwinter sports, Finland has been the most successful country inski jumping, with former ski jumperMatti Nykänenbeing arguably the best ever in that sport. Most notably, he won five Olympic medals (four gold) and nine World Championships medals (five gold). Among currently active Finnish ski jumpers,Janne Ahonenhas been the most successful.Kalle Palanderis a well-knownalpine skiingwinner, who won the World Championship and Crystal Ball (twice, inKitzbühel).Tanja Poutiainenhas won an Olympicsilver medalfor alpine skiing, as well as multiple FIS World Cup races.
Some of the most outstanding athletes from the past includeHannes Kolehmainen(1890–1966),Paavo Nurmi(1897–1973) andVille Ritola(1896–1982) who won eighteengoldand seven silver Olympic medals in the 1910s and 1920s. They are also considered to be the first of a generation of great Finnishmiddleandlong-distancerunners (and subsequently, other greatFinnish sportsmen) often named the "Flying Finns". Another long-distance runner,Lasse Virén(born 1949), won a total of four gold medals during the1972and1976 Summer Olympics.
Also, in the past,Riku Kiri,Jouko AholaandJanne Virtanenhave been the greateststrength athletesin the country, participating in theWorld's Strongest Mancompetition between 1993 and 2000.
The1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as theGames of the XV Olympiad, were held in 1952 inHelsinki, Finland. Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the1983and2005 World Championships in Athletics, among others.
Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities includefloorball,Nordic walking, running, cycling andskiing.
Finns are comfortable and adept at working in international contexts, if notably reserved in demeanor. Many Finnish corporations do business throughout the Nordic and Baltic region, as well as globally. There is a strong tradition of professional business etiquette, focused more on relationship-building and effective communications than on superficial protocols and they prefer to speak plainly and openly; however, they do not need personal relationships in order to conduct business.Many major corporations, such asNokia, actively draw staff from around the globe and may use English as their house language.As English is a required subject, the majority of Finns(70%)have fluency for social and professional settings. Hosting international conferences is an important component of Helsinki's economy.
Below are listed some of the characteristics of Finnishness. The term "Finnishness" is often referred to as the national identity of theFinnish peopleand its culture.