Texas

TexassīBí-kokê chi̍t-êchiu.Siú-húsīAustin. Siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sīHouston.
"Texas" chit jī sī tùiHasinai-lângêCaddo-gíêtáyshaʔchio̍h--lâi, ì-sù sī "pêng-iú" he̍k-chiá "bêng-iú".
Texas ê bīn-chek tī Bí-kok kok chiū lāi pâi tē-2, tīAlaskaāu-piah, ū 696,200 pêng-hong kong-lí. Ūi-tì siōng Texas sī tī Bí-kok tiong-lâm-pō͘. Texas kap lâm-pêng ê Mexico chi-kan sio-kehRio Grande Hô, tùi-bīn sīChihuahua,Coahuila,Nuevo León, kapTamaulipas. Chham pak-pêng êOklahomakapArkansaschi kan, sī sio-kehRed Hô(Red River). Nā kap tang-pêng êLouisianachi kan, sīSabine Hô. Chiu lāi sai-pak-pō͘ ū chit ūi hong hō chòTexas Panhandle, sì-ûi kap Oklahoma kapNew Mexicosio oah.
Chū-jiân tē-lí hong-bīn, Texas ē-sài hun chò kúi khú, pau-koatOan Hōaⁿ Pêng-goân(Gulf Coastal Plains), Lōe-liok Kē-tē (Interior Lowlands),Tōa Pêng-goân(Great Plains), koh ūLa̍p-tē kap Soaⁿ-lêng Tē-hng(Basin and Range Province).
TīChêng-Columbus sî-tāi(Pre-Columbian era) êPak Bí-chiu, Texas chit ūi sī Sai-lâm (Southwestern) kap Pêng-goân (Plains) nn̄g tōa bûn-hòa khu sio-chiap ê só͘-chāi. Chiàu khó-kó͘ gián-kiù, tī Au-chiu lâng lâi chìn-chêng, Texas ê tiong-se-pō͘ ūPueblo; oa̍h tang-pêng ūMississippi bûn-hòa; lēng-gōa koh ūMesoamericaê bûn-hòa tī lâm-pō͘ seng-oa̍h.
Só͘ chai pat tī Texas lāi khiā-khí ê goân-chū-bîn pau-koatAlabama,Apache,Atakapan,Bidai,Caddo,Coahuiltecan,Comanche,Choctaw,Coushatta,Hasinai,Jumano,Karankawa,Kickapoo,Kiowa,Tonkawa, kapWichita. Au-chiu-lâng lâi ê sî, chia-ê cho̍k-kûn kap gōa-lâng chia̍p-chhio̍k ê hêng-sek ē-sài kóng ū 2 tōa khoán, chi̍t khoán sī pang-chō͘ lâng ha̍p-si̍p chāi-tē seng-oa̍h ê ki-sut, chi̍t khoán sī kap lâng sio-thâi.
1519 nîSe-pan-gâthàm-hiám-kaAlonso Álvarez de PinedaêMexico Oanhái-hōaⁿ tē-tô͘ sī só͘-chai siāng chá iú-koan Texas ê le̍k-sú kì-lio̍k. Siāng-chá lâi kàu Texas ê Au-chiu-lâng sīÁlvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, i tī 1528 nî pò-kò i-ê kiàn-bûn. Lēng-gōaFrancisco Vázquez de Coronadomā kì-lio̍k tī 1541 nî tú tio̍hQuerechoskapTeyasnn̄g khoán chhī-gû ê bîn-cho̍k.
1685 nî, goân-lâi be̍h tīMississippi Hôkhai-siat si̍t-bîn-tē êRené-Robert Cavelier de La Salle, in-ūi kè-sǹg sit-gō͘, soah tīMatagorda OansiatFort Saint Louis, chit-ê siâⁿ-chng siū hong-thó͘ éng-thióng kap goân-chū-bîn ê thó-ià, kòe 4 tang chio̍h sit-pāi.
Se-pan-gâ tī 1690 nî khai-sí hiòng Texas tang-pō͘ soan-kàu, m̄-koh siū chāi-tē goân-chū-bîn hoán-khòng, in-ê lâng āu-bóe tó-tńg Mexico. Āu-lâi, tī 1716 nî, tongHoat-koktīLouisianahoat-tián ê sî, Se-pan-gâ ê soan-kàu oa̍h-tāng koh têng-sin hoat-khí. 1718 nî, Texas siāng chá ê Se-pan-gâ-lâng khui-khún-tēSan Antoniosiat-li̍p.
1749 nî, Se-pan-gâ kapLipan Apachelâng chhiam liáu hô-pêng tiâu-iok, che ín-khí kî-tha chāi-tē pō͘-lo̍k pau-koatComanche,TonkawakapHasinaiê put-boán. Āu-bóeComanchemā chhām Se-pan-gâ tī 1785 nî chhiam-iok, liáu-āu koh pang-chō͘ Se-pan-gâ phah iâⁿ Lipan Apache kapKarankawa.
Siū tio̍h lú chē ê soan-kàu éng-hióng, kàu 18 sè-kí bóe-kî tōa-hūn ê chāi-tē po͘-lo̍k lóng í-keng sìn-gióngKi-tok-kàu.
Bí-kok tī 1803 nî hiòng Hoat-koksiu-bé Louisiana, liáu-āu in chú-tiuⁿ Texas mā sǹg chāi kau-e̍k lāi. 1819 nî,Sin Se-pan-gâkap Bí-kok ê pian-kài khak-tēng siat ùiSabine Hô. Chóng-sī chin chē Bí-kok khui-khún-chiá bô sêng-jīm chit hāng hia̍p-tēng, óa-ná kè-sio̍k hiòng Texas î-bîn. Kàu 1821 nî,Mexicoto̍k-li̍p, kî-tiong Texas mā sī chi̍t hūn, siat ùiCoahuila y Tejaschiu ē-té.
Mexico hong-bīn mā khai-hòng hō͘ Bí-kok î-bîn hiòng Texas hoat-tián, in lī-ēng chi̍t khoán kiòempresarioê thâu-lâng, chio gōa-lâi î-bîn tī pún-tē khui-khún. Kî-tiong EmpresarioMoseskapStephen F. Austinpē-á-kiáⁿ chhōa chi̍t tīn kiò "Lāu Saⁿ Pah" (Old Three Hundred) ê î-bîn tīBrazos Hôhū-kīn khiā-khí. Lēng-goā mā ū 23 ūi empresario tī chia. 1825 nî ê sî, Texas 3,500-ê î-bîn lāi tōa-hūn lóng sī Mexico-lâng, kàu 1834 nî, 37,800-ê î-bîn lāi lóng-chóng Mexico-lâng kaⁿ chiàm 7,800.
Î-bîn-chiá bô sìn-táu Mexico hoat-lu̍t, phì-jû tùilô͘-lē chè-tō͘ê kìm-lēng. Āu-lâi, Mexico chèng-hú tī 1830 nî kìm-chí Bí-kok î-bîn. 1832 nîAnahuac Jiáu-loān(Anahuac Disturbances) sī hit tong-sî lâng tùi Mexico thóng-tī ê hoán-khòng, mā kap Mexico chāi-tē hoán ka-tī chóng-thóng ê ūn-tōng liân-ha̍p, āu-bóe Mexico kun-tūi hong kóaⁿ chhut Texas tang-pō͘.
Texas-lâng tī 1832 kap 1833 nî nn̄g kái chi̍p-hōe, gián-kiù to̍k-li̍p chú-tiuⁿ. 1835 nî,Gonzales chi Chiàn(Battle of Gonzales) khai-sí liáuTexas Kek-bēng, in tī nn̄g kó goe̍h āu phah pāi Mexico kun-tūi. Lēng-gōa mā soán chhutHia̍p-gī-hōe(Consultation) chò lîm-sî chèng-hú, m̄-koh chit-ê chèng-hú āu-lâi tó khì. Chāi Texas tng loān ê sî-ki, Mexico ap-chè liáu Texas ê hoán-khòng, kî-tiong Mexico chóng-thóngAntonio López de Santa Annachhōa kun tīAlamo chi Chiàn(Battle of the Alamo) tiong phah pāi Texas kun.
1836 nî 3 goe̍h 2 hō ,Texas-lâng khui-hōe chhiam-súTo̍k-li̍p Soan-giân, kiàn-li̍pTexas Kiōng-hô-kok. Liáu-āu, keng-kòe kúi lé-pài ê thè-kun,Sam Houstonniá-chhōa ê Texas kun-tūi tīSan Jacinto chi Chiànphah-iâⁿ Santa Anna ê jîn-bé, jī-chhiá lia̍h khí Santa Anna kiông-pek i chhiamVelasco TTiâu-ioklâi kiat-so̍k chiàn-cheng.
To̍k-li̍p ê Texas chèng-tī siōng hun chò tùi-li̍p ê nn̄g phài, chi̍t pêng sīMirabeau B. Lamarchhōa-thâu, chú-tiuⁿ î-chhî to̍k-li̍p, kóaⁿ cháu goân-chū-bîn, jī-chhiá tùi gōa khok-chhiong léng-thó͘. Lēng-gōa chi̍t pêng sīSam Houstonchhoā-thâu, chú-tiuⁿ ka-ji̍p Bí-kok, jī-chhiá kap goân-chū-bîn chò-hóe seng-oa̍h.
Mexico tī 1842 nî hiòng Texas nn̄g piàn hoat-peng koh sêng-kong chiàm-niáSan Antonio, m̄-koh bô î-chhî chiàn-kó. Chóng--sī Texas kiông-hô-kok hông-gū siōng chia̍h-la̍t ê chōng-hóng, ka-kiông in ka-ji̍p Bí-kok ê su-kiû.
1844 nî, chú-tiuⁿ khip-siu Texas êJames K. Polktòng sóaⁿ Bí-kok chóng-thóng, 1845 nî 12 goe̍h 29, kok-hōe tông-ì siat Texas chò Bí-kok chi̍t chiu. Tông-sî, Mexico kap Bí-kok chhiat tn̄g gōa-kau koan-hē, nn̄g kok tùi Texas ê pian-kài chú-tiuⁿ chhiong-tu̍t.
1860 nî,Bí-kok Lōe-chiànkhai-sí, hit-tong-sî chiu lāi 30 pha ê jîn-kháu sī o͘-lâng, in tōa-hūn lóng sīlô͘-lē. 1861 nî 1 goe̍h 28, tī Austin ê hōe-gī, lâm-hong koat-tēng thoat-lî Bí-kok. 2 goe̍h 23 Texas ka-tī mā tâu-phiò thong-kòe chit hāng koat-tēng, 3 goe̍h sî ka-ji̍pAmerica Liân-bêng Kok.
1900 nî, Texas tú tio̍h Bí-kok le̍k-sú siōng sí-bông siāng giâm-tiōng ê hong-thaiGalveston.
1901 nî 1 goe̍h 10 ji̍t, chiu lāi thâu chi̍t ê iû-chhéⁿSpindletopkhai-siat, liáu-āu, sī Texas chio̍h-iû sán-gia̍p ê heng-khí; in-ê khai-chhái liōng āu-bóe tī 1972 nî tat kàu le̍k-sú ko-tiám.
Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiànsî-kî, liân-pang chèng-hú tī Texas tōa-liōng khai-siat kun-su siat-si, lēng-gōa pún chiu ū 75 bān lâng ka-ki̍p kun-tūi. 1961 nî,NASAkoh tī kun-sū sán-gia̍p hoat-ta̍t ê Huston khí-chō chài-lâng thài-khong tiong-sim (1973 nî hō-miâLyndon B. Johnson Thài-khong Tiong-sim).
1963 nî 11 goe̍h 22 ji̍t, Bí-kok chóng-thóngJohn F. KennedytīDallashong àm-sat.
ChiàuBí-kok Phó͘-cha Kio̍kê kou-sǹg, Texas 2014 nî chóng jîn-kháu ū 26,956,958 lâng.
Texas tī 2014 nî êGDPsī 1,648,036 pa̍h-bān bí-kim.
Pún chiu êchio̍h-iûsán-liōng tī 2015 nî 6 goe̍h ū 106,843 chheng-tháng (thousand barrels), tī Bí-kok kok-chiu lāi pâi-miâ tē-1.
Texas ê chhân-hn̂g biān-chek, kapka-thioksán-chhut tī Bí-kok mā sī pâi thâu miâ. Chhī-gû sī chiu lāi siāng hoat-ta̍t ê lông-sán. Lông-chok-bu̍t hong-bīn,mî-hoesán-liōng mā sī Bí-kok tē it. Kî-tha pì-jûhî-gia̍p,khòng-gia̍p,âng-bûn-thô͘,giâm-sánténg-téng, Texas mā sī choân-kok chhōa-thâu--ê.
21 sè-kì í-lâi, Texas keng-le̍k khiàm-chúi būn-tê, lông-gia̍p siū bōe chió sún-sit.