Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil

Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil(Arabic:عبد الواحد الوكيل, born 7 August 1943) is anEgyptian architectwho designed over 15mosquesinSaudi Arabiaand is considered by many as the foremost contemporary authority inIslamic architecture. For designing intraditionalstyles, he is also a representative ofNew Classical Architecture.
El-Wakil's early education was inEgyptat the British schools ofVictoria Collegeand the English School. In 1960, he obtained his GCE and graduated with a distinction in AppliedMathematics,Art,Physics, andChemistry. In the same year, he joined the Faculty of Engineering atAin Shams Universityand in 1965 acquired hisBScin Architecture with Distinction and First Honours Degree. It was while studying for his degree that El-Wakil became acquainted with the writings of English criticJohn Ruskin. Ruskin's descriptions of what he termed an "arborescent" quality in architecture (a bold structure of decoration, legible at a distance, reveals ever-finer sub-structures as you approach it) had a lasting effect upon him.
From 1965 to 1970, he was appointed as an instructor and lecturer at theArchitectureDepartment of his Faculty.
In 1967, El-Wakil's whole approach to architecture was altered when he met with his mentor professorHassan Fathy. Having previously built three apartment buildings in the idioms of his former education in modern-style architecture, El-Wakil decided to become an apprentice to Hassan Fathy. As withFrank Lloyd Wright, Hassan Fathy's mention was taboo at the Ain Shams Department of Architecture and that forced El-Wakil to end his teaching post at the Faculty and begin his new education with his mentor.
Hassan Fathy’s quest for indigenous architecture had taken the momentum from the post-war crisis ofWorld War II. The war caused an economic shortage in industrial construction materials. It then occurred to Hassan Fathy that theNubiansofUpper Egyptmanaged to build the most beautiful houses withmud- the humble material below their feet.
After five years of working with Hassan Fathy, El-Wakil had the opportunity todesignand build a house by the beach ofAgaminearAlexandria. TheSix-Day Warof 1967 had brought Egypt into an economic disaster and again modern building materials became scarce and expensive. It was a unique opportunity for El-Wakil to interpret Hassan Fathy's design philosophy ofarchitecture for the poor. TheHalawa houseat Agamy made use of the abundant limestone within the area introducing the first indigenous Egyptian architecture in a resort that began with a pseudoFrench Rivierastyle and finished with pseudo-Modern.
El-Wakil built two more houses in Egypt. The Hamdy House, and the Chourbagy house, both by thePyramidsRoad on the outskirts of Cairo.
The Hamdy house was conceived as a small weekend house with a sleeping loft. The design encapsulated in an embryonic form the main elements in traditionalArabhouses.
The Courage House was conceived as a model for a typical townhouse on a narrow frontage plot. The house-made extensive use of traditional design elements and local craftsmanship.
With the oil boom in 1973,Saudi Arabiaprovided a majority of commissions for El-Wakil. He undertook the design of a number of grand mansions developing a design approach of internalised spaces of atriums, patios, and courtyards, which appeared unfamiliar to the prevailing trend of extrovertvillatype houses.
The first in this series of houses was the Zahran mansion, as a precursor to the Suleiman palace inJeddah. The Suleiman palace became a unique expression of contemporary architecture applying traditional Arab design concepts. In a survey of architecture in Saudi Arabia, theAIA Journalnominated it as one of the best designs accomplished.
Two more houses were built in Saudi Arabia; the Alireza mansion inRiyadhand the Kandiel house in Jeddah, both in load-bearing brick construction.
Another three interesting house designs in Saudi Arabia, that failed to get built, were the Mansur Badr residence in Riyadh, the Mansur Badr townhouse inMakkah, and the Hossam Khashoggi residence inTaif.
Beyond Saudi Arabia, El-Wakil designed a contemporary Arab courtyard town house forFarouk Sultanin Kuwait. TheUniversity of Durhamin UK taught the design of the Farouk Sultan house as an example of environmental design.
Another small house was designed on theIsland of Hydrain Greece. In his book ‘A Vision of Britain’, ThePrince of Walespresented it as an example for his ideas on traditional architecture.
In 1993, El-Wakil designed a mansion forThomas KramerinMiami, Florida.Vincent Scully, in his book ‘Between the Two Towers’ gave it generous mention.
By the time the Suleiman mansion had been completed, El-Wakil's work had caught the attention of Sheikh Said Farsi, the mayor ofJeddah, who appointed him as advisor.
In collaboration with the Ministry ofPilgrimageand Endowment, a program forMosqueArchitecture was established for the reconstitution of traditional architecture, for the first time enabling the construction of compressive brick structures devoid of concrete.
With support from Mayor Said Farsi and Deputy Minister Hossam Khashoggi, El-Wakil now proceeded to achieve an opus of over fifteen mosques within a period of ten years. Designing single-handed, he managed to delve into the evolution of the finest detail, to develop innovative building techniques, and simultaneously to achieve minarets, and vaulted and domed structures, of great daring.
Four little mosques; the Island mosque, the Corniche mosque, the Ruwais mosque and the Abraj Mosque were commissioned as part of the beautification of New Jeddah.
Five other grand mosques were commissioned in Jeddah; the Suleiman mosque, the Harithy mosque, the Azizeyah mosque, the Jufalli mosque and the monumentalKing Saud Mosque. They were all in brick construction and provided an opportunity to develop traditional building crafts. The brick dome of the King Saud mosque with a diameter of 20 meters and a peak height of 40 meterschallenged structural engineers who refused liability for its construction without concrete. El-Wakil signed an affidavit taking full responsibility for its structure. Being directly commissioned by King Fahd and promoted by the mayor of Jeddah, El-Wakil managed to circumvent all the bureaucratic regulations that would have prevented the mosque ever being built.
Four Pilgrimage mosques of great historic significance were commissioned inMedina:
He later designed two mosques in Riyadh and one in Diraiyah on the outskirts of Riyadh. The Maydani Mosque in Riyadh was the only one built.
He designed another two mosques for the city ofMakkah:
He designed several mosques outside Saudi Arabia:
Taken as a body of work, the mosques of El-Wakil can now be seen to show great leaps of the imagination, while invariably being rooted in tradition. Not only are the fine ornamental details remarkable, the vast variety of columns and stalactites, pendentives and multiple other elements all created without repetition. The structural forms, such as the triangular minaret at Miqat in Madinah, grow organically from functional and programmatic exigencies.
Apart from mosques and houses, El-Wakil has designed and built a variety of building types:
In 1991, the crisis of theGulf Warforced the closure of El-Wakil's offices in the UK. Being aware of the situation,Andrés Duanyinvited El-Wakil to come to Miami as visiting professor at theUniversity of Miami. El-Wakil also joined a charette organised by Duany for the development of South Beach. The developer Thomas Kramer, impressed by El-Wakil, asked him to design his new residence on Star Island. Duany presented El-Wakil with several consultancy opportunities of which The Kemer County Development offered him the opportunity to experiment with Traditional Turkish Architecture in the Design of the Country Club. El-Wakil kept a base in Miami until the tragic events of 911.
El-Wakil has been championed by the formerPrince of Wales, now King Charles III who shares his approach to architecture. The then Prince selected him among his advisors for the Prince of Wales School of Architecture, and as Patron to theOxfordCentre for Islamic Studies; the Prince commended him for the design of the centre's building. El-Wakil cherishes this recognition as he personally believes King Charles to be the true patron of Tradition.
TheOxford Centre for Islamic Studies(OXCIS) went through a long and sometimes painful process but has recently neared completion. The building blended the tradition of Oxford architecture with the spirit of Traditional Islamic Architecture. The medieval character of both architectures made it a happy marriage. The building reintroduced load-bearing brick structures, eliminating steel and concrete.
The almost-completed centre appeared on the front cover of the UKFinancial TimesMagazine on March 10/11, 2007.
El-Wakil has received recognition for his contribution to traditional architecture and sustainable building technology for the third world, addressing at an early date the now more widely understood issues of sustainability.
El-Wakil has also participated as a member of several juries on architecture and advisor to several institutions. He has been:
El- Wakil has also participated in many International symposiums and lectures; in the US atPratt Instituteand theMuseum of Modern Artin New York, the Rowlett Lectures atTexas A&M University, and theUniversity of Texas at Austin.
El Wakil continues in vigorous professional activity, dividing his time between Middle Eastern capitals.
In Beirut, Lebanon, he has designed three projects including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on a prominent downtown site within the Solidere master plan; a town house re-interpreting traditional Levantine architecture to accommodate  contemporary usage; and the Bank of Kuwait in the downtown Solidere district.
InQatarhe is undertaking the Master Planning of a city quarter, integrating best contemporary low-energy planning practice with climate-tempered Islamic built form.
El Wakil has recently designed a boutique hotel inEl-Gouna,Red Sea,Egypt, and a mixed-use residential quarter within the Solidere International project Cairo Eastown.
He is also doing small town houses, and a new mosque, in Riyadh.
With Prince Sultan, the Saudiastronaut, he worked on developing and restoring a  the old Al-'Udhaibat traditional farm in theWadi HanifainDiriyahon the western outskirts of Riyadh.A book ‘Back to Earth’recorded the project.
On a recent visit with the President ofSenegal, El-Wakil was invited to develop experimental social housing in mud brick.
He has also been involved in the design development of a compressed-earth brick making machine inSouth Africawith the development of interlocking brick shapes.
El Wakil, empowered now with third-generation CAD programmes, is very technologically savvy. He retains his aim of designing, one day, in homage to Fathy, a sustainable village retaining the culture and forms of tradition. He avows that green architecture need not look industrial.