Hinamatsuri

Hinamatsuri(雛祭り), also calledDoll's DayorGirls' Day, is a religious (Shinto) day in Japan (but not a national holiday), celebrated on 3March of each year.Platforms covered with ared carpet–material are used to display a set of ornamental dolls(雛人形,hina-ningyō)representing theEmperor,Empress, attendants, and musicians intraditional court dressof theHeian period.
Hinamatsuriis one of the five seasonal festivals(五節句,gosekku)that are held on auspicious dates of theLunisolar calendar: the first day of the first month, the third day of the third month, and so on. After the adoption of theGregorian calendar, these were fixed on1January, 3March,5May,7July, and9September. The festival was traditionally known as the Peach Festival(桃の節句,Momo no Sekku), aspeachtrees typically began to flower around this time.Although this is no longer true since the shift to Gregorian dates, the name remains and peaches are still symbolic of the festival.
The primary aspect ofHinamatsuriis the display of seated male and female dolls (theobina(男雛, "male doll")andmebina(女雛, "female doll")), which represent a Heian period wedding,but are usually described as the Emperor and Empress of Japan.The dolls are usually seated on red cloth, and may be as simple as pictures orfolded paper dolls, or as intricate as carved three-dimensional dolls. More elaborate displays will include a multi-tiered doll stand(雛壇,hinadan)of dolls that represent ladies of the court, musicians, and other attendants, with all sorts of accoutrements. The entire set of dolls and accessories is called thehinakazari(雛飾り).The number of tiers and dolls a family may have depends on their budget.
Families normally ensure that girls and women have a set of the two main dolls before their first Hinamatsuri. The dolls are usually fairly expensive ($1,500 to $2,500 for a five-tier set, depending on quality) and may be handed down from older generations asheirlooms. Thehinakazarispends most of the year in storage, and girls or women and their mothers begin setting up the display a few days before 3March (boys and men normally do not participate, as 5May, nowChildren's Day, was historically called "Boys' Day").Traditionally, the dolls were supposed to be put away by the day afterHinamatsuri, thesuperstitionbeing that leaving the dolls any longer will result in a late marriage for the daughter,but some families may leave them up for the entire month of March.Practically speaking, the encouragement to put everything away quickly is to avoid the rainy season and humidity that typically followsHinamatsuri.
Historically, the dolls were used as toys,but in modern times they are intended for display only.The display of dolls is usually discontinued when the girls and women reach ten years of age.
DuringHinamatsuriand the preceding days, girls and women hold parties with their friends. Typical foods includehina-arare(雛あられ, multi-colored rice crackers),chirashizushi(ちらし寿司, raw fish and vegetables on rice in a bowl orbentobox),hishi mochi(菱餅, multi-colored rice cakes),ichigo daifuku(いちご大福, strawberries wrapped inadzuki beanpaste),Sakuramochi(桜餅)andushiojiru(うしお汁, clam soup, as clam shells represent a joined pair).The customary drink isshirozake(白酒, lit. "white sake"), also called lit. "sweet sake"(甘酒,amazake), a non-alcoholicsake.
Nagashi-bina(流し雛, lit. "doll floating")ceremonies are held around the country, where participants make dolls out of paper or straw and send them on a boat down a river, carrying one's impurities and sin with them. Some locations, such as at the Nagashibina Doll Museum inTottori City, still follow the lunisolar calendar instead of doing it on 3March.
Tsurushi-Bina(吊るし雛, lit. "Hanging Dolls"), traditional decoration forHinamatsuri, are lengths of coloured cords (usually inred), usually featuring decorations of miniature baby-dolls, which were originally made from leftover kimono silk (so the idea of repurposing fabric scraps is central to this craft; it is a great activity for using up leftover materials).Tsurushi-Binaare not limited to featuring miniature baby-dolls, but also flowers (i.e., camellia flower, etc.), shells,Temariballs, colourful triangles to represent mountains (such as Mount Fuji, etc.), etc., and withtasselsat the bottom.
The actual placement order of the dolls from left to right varies according to family tradition and location, but the order of dolls per level is the same.The layer of covering is calleddankake(段掛)or simplyhi-mōsen(緋毛氈), a red carpet with rainbow stripes at the bottom. The description that follows is for a complete set.
The top tier holds two dolls, known as imperial dolls(内裏雛 (だいりびな),dairi-bina). The wordsdairimeans "imperial palace". These are theobinaholding a ritual baton(笏,shaku)andmebinaholding a fan. The pair are also known astono(殿)andhime(姫)(lord and princess) orOdairi-sama(御内裏様)andOhina-sama(御雛様)(honored palace official and honored doll).Although they are sometimes referred to as the Emperor and Empress, they only represent the positions and not particular individuals themselves (with the exception of some dolls from theMeiji Erathat actually depictEmperor MeijiandEmpress Shōken). The two are usually placed in front of a goldfolding screenbyōbu(屏風)and placed beside green Japanese garden trees.
Optional are the two lampstands, calledbonbori(雪洞),and the paper or silk lanterns that are known ashibukuro(火袋), which are usually decorated withcherryorplum blossompatterns.
Complete sets would include accessories placed between the two figures, known assanbō kazari(三方飾),composing of two vases of artificial peach branches(口花,kuchibana).
Generally speaking, theKansaistyle arrangement has the male on the right, whileKantōstyle arrangements have him on the left (from the viewer's perspective).
The second tier holds three court ladiessan-nin kanjo(三人官女)who serve sake to the male and female dolls. Commonly, two dolls are standing on both sides of one seated doll, but there are people who use two seated dolls on both sides of one standing doll.
The doll on the viewer's left bears a short-handled sake decanter(加えの銚子,Kuwae no chōshi). The one on the viewer's right holds a long-handled sake decanter(長柄の銚子,Nagae no chōshi). The doll in the middle carries different items in Kyoto compared with the rest of Japan. In Kyoto, the middle doll carries a small platform used in celebratory decorations(島台,Shimadai)upon which is something auspicious such as the Three Friends of Winter(松竹梅,Shōchikubai); whereas in the rest of Japan, she carries a small table(三方,Sanpō)upon which a sake cup is rested.
Accessories placed between the ladies aretakatsuki(高坏), stands with round table-tops for seasonal sweets, excludinghishi mochi.
The third tier holds five male musiciansgonin bayashi(五人囃子). Each holds a musical instrument except the singer, who holds a fan:
There are ancient sets with seven or ten musicians and at least one with female musicians.
Two ministers(大臣,daijin)may be displayed on the fourth tier. These may be the emperor's bodyguards or administrators in Kyoto: theMinister of the Right(右大臣,Udaijin)and theMinister of the Left(左大臣,Sadaijin). Both are sometimes equipped with bows and arrows. When representing the ministers, the Minister of the Right is depicted as a young person, while the Minister of the Left is older because that position was the more senior of the two. Also, because the dolls are placed in positions relative to each other, the Minister of the Right will be on "stage right" (the viewer's left) and the Minister of the Left will be on the other side.
Between the two figures are covered bowl tables(掛盤膳,kakebanzen), also referred to aso-zen(お膳), as well as diamond-shaped stands(菱台,hishidai)bearing diamond-shapedhishi mochi.
Just below the ministers: on the rightmost, a mandarin orange tree(右近の橘,Ukon no tachibana), and on the leftmost, a cherry blossom tree(左近の桜,Sakon no sakura).
The fifth tier, between the plants, holds three helpers(仕丁,shichō)or protectors(衛士,eji)of the Emperor and Empress:
In the Kyōto style, from the viewer's left to right the dolls are:
In the Kantō style used in the rest of Japan, from the viewer's left to right the dolls are:
On the sixth and seventh tiers, various miniature furniture, tools, carriages, etc., are displayed.
These are items used within the palatial residence.
These are items used when away from the palatial residence.
It is said that the first time Hina dolls were shown in the manner they are now as part of the Peach Festival was when the youngprincess Meishosucceeded to the throne of her abdicating father,Emperor Go-Mizunoo, in 1629. Because empresses regnant in Japan at the time were not allowed to get married, Meisho's mother,Tokugawa Masako, created a doll arrangement showing Meisho blissfully wedded.Hinamatsuri then officially became the name of the festival in 1687. Doll-makers began making elaborate dolls for the festival (some growing as tall as 3 feet (0.91 meters) high before laws were passed restricting their size). Over time, thehinakazarievolved to include fifteen dolls and accessories. As dolls became more expensive, tiers were added to thehinadanso that the expensive ones could be placed out of the reach of young children.
During theMeiji periodas Japan began to modernize and the emperor was restored to power, Hinamatsuri was deprecated in favor of new holidays that focused on the emperor's supposed to bond with the nation. By focusing on marriage and families, it represented Japanese hopes and values. The dolls were said to represent the emperor and empress; they also fostered respect for the throne. The holiday then spread to other countries via theJapanese diaspora, although it remains confined to Japanese immigrant communities and descendants.