Hashim ibn Abd Manaf

Hāshim ibn ʿAbd Manāf(Arabic:هاشم بن عبد مناف;c.464–497), bornʿAmr al-ʿUlā(عمرو العلا), was the great-grandfather of theIslamic prophetMuhammadand the progenitor of the rulingBanu Hashimclan of theQurayshtribe inMecca. At some point in his life before his father's death, 'Amr chose for himself the nameHāshim, as it was the name God used for Abraham ('Amr was aHanif, follower of the "religion ofAbraham"). The narrations from Islamic hagiographists to explain this name change are varied: A narration suggests that `Amr was called Hashim because Hashim translates aspulverizerin Arabic. As a generous man, he initiated the practice of providing crumbledbreadinbroththat was later adapted for thepilgrimsto theKa'abainMecca. Another narration claims the name derives from the Arabic rootHashm,to save the starving, because he arranged for the feeding of the people of Mecca during a seasonal famine, and he thus came to be known as "the man who fed the starved" (Arabic:هشم الجياع).
Islamic hagiographers give an exotic narration concerning the birth of Hashim. This narration states that Hashim and'Abd Shamswereconjoined twinsborn with Hashim's leg attached to his twin brother's head. It says that they had struggled in their mother's womb seeking to be firstborn. Their birth was remembered for Hashim being born with one of his toes pressed into the younger twin brother's forehead.Legend says that their father, 'Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the blood that had flown between them signified wars between their progeny (confrontations did occur betweenBani al'AbbasandBani Ummayaibn 'Abd Shamsin the year 750 CE).The astrologers of Arabia predicted that Abd Manaf had committed a grave error when he separated both of them by means of a sword. Hashim was born to anAdnaniteArabian tribe.
Hashim was the son of Abd Manaf, who argued with his brother'Abd ad-Darover the inheritance. 'Abd ad-Dar was supported by their cousins Makhzum, Sahm, Jumah, their uncle Adi and their families. Abd Manaf contested his inheritance and was supported by their nephew Asad, their uncleZuhrah ibn Kilab, their father's uncleTaym ibn Murrah, and al-Harith ibn Fihr.The effects of this conflict continued among their descendants, especially and affected the internal history ofMeccaright up to Muhammad's time.
The conflict escalated under Hashim, who demanded that the rights be transferred from the clan ofAbd ad-Darto his clan. Those who supported Hashim and his brothers were the descendants ofZuhrahandTaym ibn Murrah, and all Qusay's descendants except those of the eldest line. The descendants of Makhzum and of the other remoter cousins maintained that the rights should remain in the family of Abd ad-Dar.
While assembled at the Ka'aba, Hashim and his brothers and all their allies dipped their hands in a bowl of rich perfume with nutmeg powder and swore that they would never abandon one another, rubbing their scented hands over the stone of the Ka'aba in confirmation of their pact. Hashim and his allies were thereafter known as the"Hilf al-Mutayyabun"("Alliance of the Scented Ones"), while their rivals also swore an oath of union and organised themselves into the"Hilf al-Ahlaf"("Alliance of the Confederates"). As neither side wanted a full-scale conflict, they reached a compromise whereby The Scented Ones retained control of the charity tax and the food and drink for pilgrims, where as the Confederates retained the keys to the Ka'aba and the running of the House of Assembly.Hashim's brothers agreed that he should have the responsibility of providing for the pilgrims.Their descendants in the clans named after them tended to keep this old alliance.
Hashim was accepted as the overall leader, with the responsibility of providing for the pilgrims in the Ka'aba precincts, with the support of his brothers'Abd ShamsandMuttalib, and his half-brotherNawfal. The only person who challenged Hashim's authority was Umayyah, the son of his brother 'Abd Shams, but he had no real support and shifted to live out his life in Syria. Makkah became the acknowledged capital of Arabia, and markets were established around the city to deal with all the business.
Hashim was held in much honour, both at home and abroad. It was Amr who first realised the potential for his family of taking part in the lucrative trade betweenSyriaandEgyptthat passed through Arabia. Trading was the most important means of livelihood for the inhabitants of Mecca, a barren 'valley without cultivation'.
He initiated and established the two great trade caravan journeys of Quraish from Mecca, the Caravan of Winter toYemenand the Caravan of Summer to north-west Arabia, and beyond it toPalestineand Syria, which were then underByzantinerule as part of theRoman Empire. After obtaining privileges from theGhassanidking of Syria, even went in person toByzantiumand procured an edict from theByzantineRoman Caesar, exempting Quraish from duties or taxes when operating in the countries under his domain. Caesar also wrote to theKing NegusofAbyssiniato admit the Quraish there for trade, and Hashim's brother 'Abd Shams had a special permit with him. Muttalib had his treaty with theHimyarites of Yemen, and their half-brother Nawfal with the Persian governments of Iraq and Iran.
He commenced by going in person toAdenin Yemen to meet the ships coming fromIndia, purchased the stock and transported it first to Mecca and then on to Syria,Gazaor Egypt. There he bought up goods of local manufacture and brought them back to Mecca, mainly selling them at the various Arab markets and fairs. Thus, the Quraish engaged in trade in Yemen, Syria andAnkarawhich allowed them to flourish economically. The Quraysh were so respected and popular that they felt no fears for their caravans being robbed or harmed along the way, and the various tribes did not even attempt to charge them the usual heavy transit taxes they demanded from other caravans.
He was generous to a fault, and it was his practical compassion in one year of drought that earned him his famous nickname ofHashim, the Crusher. This was not for crushing or oppressing anyone, but because when the people were starving and emaciated he provided food at his own expense for the entire population of Mecca, personally fetching an immense stock of flour from Syria by camel-caravan, then slaughtering the camels and crushing the bread and meat to provide a soup-kitchen for his people.His descendants are still proudly calledHashemitesto this day.
According to Muslim tradition, Hashim died after falling ill on a journey returning from Syria, in Gaza, Palaestina Prima, (a name of Greek origin) in 497. According to tradition, Hashim's tomb is located beneath the dome ofSayed al-Hashim Mosquein theal-Darajneighborhood of Gaza which is named in his honor. The mosque itself was built around the 12th century.
His business passed to none of his sons, but to his brothers, the sons ofAtikah bint Murrah.
His father was 'Abd Manaf ibn Qusai who according to Islamic tradition is a descendant ofIbrahim(Abraham) through his sonIsmail(Ishmael). His mother wasʻĀtikah bint Murrah ibn Hilāl ibn Fālij ibn Dhakwān. Hashim had two full brothers, the elder was 'Abd Shams and younger wasMuttalibwho would succeed him, and half-brotherNawfalwhose mother was Waqida bint Amr.
He had at least five wives, four sons, and six daughters. His first three wives were his grandmotherHubba bint Hulail's niece Qaylah (or Hind) bint Amr ibn Malik of theBanu Khuza'a, Halah (Hind) bint Amr ibn Thalabah al-Khazrajiyah, and a woman from theBanu Quda'a, the people of Qusai's stepfather who had been so supportive of his cause. For his fourth wife, he married his father's widow, Waqida bint Amr (Abu Adiy) al-Maziniyyah, who was the mother of his half-brother Nawfal. His fifth wife wasSalma bint Amr, a woman fromYathrib, one of the most influential women of theBanu Khazrajtribe and the daughter of 'Amr ofBanu Najjarclan.
By Qaylah, he had a sonAsad(Ali's maternal grandfather). By Halah, he had the son Abu Saifi, and daughter Hayyah (or Hannah). By Waqida, he had the daughters Khalidah and Da'ifa. By the woman ofBanu Quda'a, he had the son Nadla (or Nadh) and daughter Ash-Shifa. BySalma bint Amrhe hadShaiba/'Abd al-Muṭṭalib, the paternal grandfather ofMuhammad, and a daughter Ruqayyah. There was another son Sayfayyah and another daughter Jannah.
The followingroyalandimperialdynasties claim descent from Hashim:
Europe
Arabia
Africa
Indo-Persia:
East Asia