J. Lyons and Co.

J. Lyons & Co.was a British restaurantchain store, food manufacturing, and hotel conglomerate founded in 1884 byJoseph Lyonsand his brothers in law,IsidoreandMontague Gluckstein. Lyons' first teashop opened inPiccadilly, London in 1894, and from 1909 they developed into a chain ofteashops, with the firm becoming a staple of theHigh Streetin the UK. At its peak the chain numbered around 200 cafes.The teashops provided for tea and coffee, with food choices consisting of hot dishes and sweets, cold dishes and sweets, and buns, cakes and rolls.
Making their first cakes and pastries in 1894, several Lyons cake products are still available on grocers' shelves, including Lyons'treacle tart, Lyons'Bakewell tart, Lyons'Battenberg, and Lyons'triflesponges, which are sold byPremier Foods. The company is also known for its pioneering use ofcomputersin the office.
The company began as a collaboration between a group of entrepreneurs, the professional artistJoseph Lyonsand his brothers in law,IsidoreandMontague Gluckstein, as a spin off from theSalmon & Glucksteintobacco company.In 1894 the company started a teashop inPiccadilly, London, and from 1909 developed this into achainofteashopswhich would ultimately number around 200 locations.The company also ran high class restaurants, founding the Trocadero in 1895, and hotels including the Strand Palace, opened in 1909, the Regent Palace, opened in 1915, and the Cumberland Hotel, opened in 1933, all in London. In 1918, to increase sales in northern England, Lyons bought the old established tea company Horniman & Sons.From the 1930s Lyons began to develop a pioneering range of teas, biscuits and cakes that were sold in grocery stores across the world.Lyons was appointed to run the company, and it was named after him.
J. Lyons & Co. was a pioneer in introducing computers to business. Between 1951 and 1963, the company manufactured and sold a range ofLEO (Lyons Electronic Office)computers.
The company was a substantial food manufacturer, with factories atCadby HallinHammersmith, and from 1921 atGreenford, producing bread, cakes, pies, tea, coffee and ice cream. Lyons branded cakes includedtreacle tarts, LyonsBakewell tart, LyonsBattenberg, and Lyonstriflesponges.
To the public, J. Lyons & Co. were best known for their chain ofteashopswhich opened from 1894 and finally closed in 1981, and for the Lyons Corner Houses in theWest End of London.The teashops provided for tea and coffee, with hot dishes and sweets, cold dishes and sweets, and buns, cakes and rolls. Lyons' teashops were slightly more up market than their ABC (Aerated Bread Company) competitors. They were notable for theirinterior design, from the 1920sOliver P. Bernardbeing consultant artistic director. Until the 1940s they had a certainworking-classchic, but by the 1950s and 1960s they were quick stops for busy shoppers where one could drink a cup of tea and eat a snack or an inexpensive meal. The teashops always had a bakery counter at the front, and their signs,Art Nouveaugold lettering on white, were a familiar landmark. Before theSecond World Warservice was to the table by uniformed waitresses, known as 'Nippies'; after the war the teashops converted to cafeteria service.
Lyons' Corner Houses, which first appeared in 1909 and remained until 1977, were noted for theirart decostyle. Situated on or near the corners ofCoventry Street,StrandandTottenham Court Road, they and the Maisons Lyons atMarble Archand inShaftesbury Avenuewere large buildings on four or five floors, the ground floor of which was a food hall with counters for delicatessen, sweets and chocolates, cakes, fruit, flowers and other products. In addition, they possessed hairdressing salons, telephone booths, theatre booking agencies and at one period a twice-a-day food delivery service. On the other floors were several restaurants, each with a different theme and all with their own musicians. For a time the Corner Houses were open 24 hours a day, and at their peak each branch employed around 400 staff. They featured window displays, and, in thepost-warperiod, the Corner Houses were smarter and grander than the local tea shops.  The artist Kay Lipton designed all the windows for the Corner Houses under the supervision of Norman Joseph, the director post-war. Between 1896 and 1965 Lyons owned theTrocadero, which was similar in size and style to the Corner Houses.
As well as the tea shops and Corner Houses, Lyons ran other large restaurants such as theAngel Cafe Restaurantin Islington and the Throgmorton inThrogmorton Streetin the City of London. Its chains have included Steak Houses (1961–1988),Wimpy Bars(1953–1976),Baskin-Robbins(1974–present) andDunkin' Donuts(1989–present).
TheRegent Palace Hotel, Glasshouse Street,Londonwas operated by Strand Hotels Limited, a subsidiary of J. Lyons and Company and opened on 16 May 1915. Strand Hotels also operated the Cumberland Hotel (Marble Arch, London), Kingsley Hotel, Park Court Hotel, Windsor Hotel, White's Hotel and theStrand Palace Hotelafter the inception of Strand Hotels Limited. The last London hotel that they operated until the demise of the group in the mid-1970s was theTower Hotelsituated byTower Bridgein London.
In 1938, Lyons purchased the Bee Bee Biscuit Company, which manufacturedbiscuitsfrom its factories inBlackpool. Six years later, Lyons changed the company's name to Symbol Biscuits Ltd. and began selling biscuits under the Symbol and Lyons brand names: one of their innovations wasMaryland Cookiesin 1956. In 1990, Lyons changed the Symbol Biscuits name to Lyons Biscuits Ltd.
Therearmamentperiod just beforeWorld War IIsaw a big expansion in the number ofRoyal Ordnance Factories(ROFs), which were British government-owned. However, due to shortages ofmanagementresources some ROFs were run as agency factories; and J. Lyons and Co. ran at least one,ROF Elstow.The management and stock control systems needed in the ROFs, in respect of control of raw materials and "perishable" finished products, were somewhat similar to those used in the catering business; and J. Lyons was ideally suited to this task. They do not appear to have any involvement in managing these after 1945, when the ROFs started to run down.
Princess ElizabethandPhilip Mountbattenwere offeredmany cakesfrom well-wishers around the world for theirweddingon 20 November 1947.Of these they accepted only 12, including one from J. Lyons and Co.
They created a three-tiered cake, mounted on a silver stand, made by F E Jacobs, chief decorator of J Lyons' Ornamental Department. It stood 1.8 metres high and weighed 63 kg.The first and second tiers featured specially commissioned 10 cm blue and whiteWedgwoodJaspervases set in alcoves behind silver pillars, with smaller vases on the third tier. The cake's panels depicted Princess Elizabeth's coat of arms, the couple's initials and a Naval crown. Atop the third tier sat a larger Jasper vase, filled with fresh flowers and trailing orange blossom.
The top management of Lyons, with its background in the use of mechanical adding machines, saw the necessity of new electrical computers for organising the distribution of cakes and other highly perishable goods. They, therefore, substantially financed the University of Cambridge'sElectronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator(EDSAC) which was the second electronic digital stored-program computer to go into regular service, and built their own programmabledigital computers. They became the first user of these in businesses, with theLEO Idigital computer: theLyons Electronic Office I, designed and built by Dr John Pinkerton under the leadership of John Simmons. It handled the company's accounts and logistics. Lyons also included the weather forecast to ensure goods carried by their "fresh produce" delivery vans were not wasted in large quantities.GooglechairmanEric Schmidtcalled this "the world's first office computer", built in 1951.A subsidiary LEO Computers Ltd was formed in 1954 and went on to build 11 Leo II and 94 Leo III computers that were sold worldwide.One of the ardent users of LEO computers was theGeneral Post Office(GPO), who bought them in the mid/late 1960s to produce telephone bills. They were kept going until 1981, helped by buying other companies' redundant machines and using them for spare parts.
The company was losing money in the 1960s but remained under the control of the Salmon family, descended from a founding partner. Lyons began to close some of its London tea shops and hotels; in 1963 it also merged itsLEO Computersbusiness withEnglish Electric's computer interests to form the jointly owned English Electric LEO.
In 1964, Lyons sold their half-stake; and English Electric merged the company withMarconi's computer interests to form English Electric LEO Marconi Computers. A continuing problem in the British computer industry was both lack of investment capital and competition with the much larger U.S. computer companies, such asIBM. English Electric LEO Marconi Computers merged with other companies to formInternational Computers Limited(ICL) which was bought byFujitsuin 1990.
In 1978, Lyons was acquired byAllied Breweriesand became part of the resultingAllied Lyons.  It fell on hard economic times in the late 1980s; and was sold, eventually being broken up with itsice creamandice lollyproducts, which were branded asLyons Maid, being sold toNestlé.  Other parts that were sold off included Lyons Cakes (sold toRHMand ending up as part of their Manor Bakeries subsidiary which also makesMr Kipling's Cakes) andReady Brekcereal (ending up being owned byWeetabix Limited). At the end of 1994, Lyons sold Lyons Biscuits to Hillsdown Holdings, which later sold it to a U.S. investment firm which subsequently sold it to British biscuit manufacturerBurton's Foods.Lyons' cake products, such asBakewell tartandBattenberg, are owned byPremier Foods.
The J. Lyons & Co. papers are now stored in theLondon Metropolitan Archives. The niece and nephew of the Gluckstein brothers wereGluck, a painter; andLouis Gluckstein, a Conservative politician. A descendant of the Salmon side of the original partnership isNigella Lawson.
FormerBritish Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcherworked as a chemist for the company prior to becoming a barrister and then aConservative PartyMP. While working for the company she helped develop methods for preserving ice cream.
Peter Birdbegan work operating the LEO computer and rose to be a director of Lyons Computer Services. He later wrote a history of the company and its computers.
The chairmen of J. Lyons were: