Dongzhi Festival

TheDongzhi FestivalorWinter Solstice Festivalis atraditional Chinese festivalcelebrated during theDongzhi solar term(winter solstice), which falls between December 21 and December 23.
The origins of this festival can be traced back to theyin and yangphilosophy of balance and harmony in the cosmos.After this celebration, it is believed that days will have longer daylight hours and therefore create an increase in positive energy flowing in. The philosophical significance of this is symbolized by theI Chinghexagramfu(Chinese:復, "Returning").
In Chinese, the word "Dong" means "winter" while "Zhi" means "arrival" giving the literal meaning of the festival "the coming of winter". Dongzhi celebrates the winter solstice, usually around December 21 to 23, and is observed on the longest night of the year. Symbolizing the victory of light over darkness, Dongzhi, represents that the days will start to grow longer and bring a sense of balance and harmony to people's lives. Based on Chinese beliefs ofyin yang, "Yang" represents positive energy, warmth, and light. Following the Dongzhi Festival, daytime will gradually lengthen, as "Yang" will also increase.It was also believed by some that it was the day theKitchen Godwent to heaven to report to the Jade Emperor the conduct of a family.
The festival was first celebrated by the Chinese people during theZhou dynasty(1045 BCE–256 BCE) and declared an official celebration during theHan dynasty(206 BCE–220 CE). The Han people would take a break from work to celebrate with their families. They would hold heaven worshipping as well as honoring their ancestors by burningjoss paperat their ancestral shrines to show gratitude.In ancient times, the day was also known as the "festival of extreme length (traditional Chinese:長至節;simplified Chinese:长至节;pinyin:Cháng Zhì Jié) as the sun's extreme position lengthens shadows.It was traditionally a very important holiday, comparable toChinese New Year.
The Chinese people still celebrate certain practices during the Dongzhi festival, such as the union of family.InHong Kong, many businesses let employees off early to spend time with their families on this day,while in some areas shops close for the holiday.InSuzhou, it is traditional to lightincenseat dawn.
The Dongzhi Festival has historically been associated with various agricultural activities in China, particularly in rural areas. As the festival represents the  winter solstice, it is a crucial time to harvest winter crops, such as wheat, barley, and radishes. It is also an important time to pay respect to certain livestock and feed these animals special meals to celebrate the occasion.
Traditionally, the Dongzhi Festival is a time for families to eat together.One activity that occurs during these get-togethers (especially in the Asia and in Overseas Asian communities) is the making and eating oftangyuan(湯圓) or balls of glutinous rice, which symbolize reunion.Tangyuanare made of glutinous rice flour and are sometimes coloured pink or green. Each family member receives at least one largetangyuanin addition to several small ones. The flour balls are cooked in a sweet soup or savory broth with both the ball and the soup/broth served in one bowl. It is also often served withjiuniang,a mildly alcoholic, unfilteredrice winecontaining whole grains ofglutinous rice(and often alsosweet osmanthusflowers).
People typically eat Winter Solstice dumplings (Chinese:冬至糰;pinyin:dōngzhìtuán),which sounds like "reunion". This custom is said to have been started by the celebrated physicianZhang Zhongjingduring theHan dynasty. One cold winter's day, he noticed that the poor were afflicted withchilblainson their ears. Moved to pity, he ordered his apprentices to make dumplings with lamb and other ingredients, and distribute them among the poor to keep them warm and prevent their ears from getting chilblains. Since the dumplings were shaped like ears, Zhang named the dish"qùhán jiāoěr tāng"(祛寒嬌耳湯) or dumpling soup that expels the cold. From that time on, it has been a tradition to eat dumplings on the day of Dongzhi. Dumplings are not only eaten by the family, but also shared with friends and relatives as a blessing. The dumplings may be molded into the shapes of animals such as dogs and cats.Common superstitions include that married people should leave two uneaten to have their wishes come true, and a single person should leave one for an auspicious year.According to one tradition, the dumplings should be eaten by an even number of people for good luck.Many people take some of thetangyuanthat have been used as offerings and stick them on the back of the door or on windows and tables and other pieces of furniture.These "empowered"tangyuanserve as protectivetalismansto keep evil spirits away from children.
Old traditions also require people with the samesurnameor from the sameclanto gather at their ancestral temples to worship on this day. There is always a grand reunion dinner following the sacrificial ceremony.
Other traditional foods includehot potandwontons.Shuijiaodumplings are popular innorthern China.
The festive food is also a reminder that celebrators are now a year older and should behave better in the coming year. Even today, many Chinese around the world, especially the elderly, still insist that one is "a year older" right after the Dongzhi celebration instead of waiting for theChinese New Year.
In Taiwan, like in the culturally related province ofFujian, Dongzhi is a day for spending time with families and making offerings to ancestors.It is also a tradition for Taiwanese to eattangyuanon this day. They also use the festive food as an offering dish toworship the ancestors.
As well as following some of the customs practiced on mainland China, the people of Taiwan have a unique custom of offering nine-layer cakes as a ceremonial sacrifice to worship their ancestors. These cakes are made using glutinous rice flour in the shape of a chicken, duck, tortoise, pig, cow, or sheep, and then steamed in different layers of a pot. These animals all signify auspiciousness inChinese tradition.
Many people take invigoratingtonicfoods during this particular winter festival. To the Taiwanese, winter is a time when most physical activities should be limited and you should eat well to nourish your body. This practice follows the habits shown by many animals which follow the law of nature andhibernatethroughout winter months to rejuvenate and to preserve life. In order to fight cold temperatures, it is necessary to eat more fatty and meaty foods during winter when your body can better absorb the rich and nutritional foods at this time due to a slowermetabolic rate.
Since Dongzhi is the "extreme of winter", Taiwanese regard it as the best time of the year to take tonic foods. Some of the most widely popular winter tonic foods enjoyed by Taiwanese to fight cold and strengthen the body's resistance are muttonhot potandgingerduck hot pot. Other foods like chicken, pork, andabaloneare also common ingredients used in making tonic foods with nurturing herbs such asginseng, deer horn, and the funguscordyceps.