Baguette

Abaguette(/bæˈɡɛt/;French:[baɡɛt]) is a long, thin type ofbreadof French originthat is commonly made from basic leandough(the dough, not the shape, is defined by French law).It is distinguishable by its length and crispcrust.
A baguette has a diameter of about5 to 6 cm (2–2+1⁄2in) and a usual length of about 65 cm (26 in), but can be up to 1 m (39 in) long.
In November 2018, documentation surrounding the "craftsmanship and culture" of making this bread was added to theFrench Ministry of Culture's National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage.In 2022, the artisanal know-how and culture of baguette bread was inscribed to theUNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
Much of the history of the baguette is speculation;however, some facts can be established. Long, stick-like breads in France became more popular during the 18th century,French bakers started using "gruau," a highly refinedHungarian high-milled flourin the early 19th century,Viennese steam oven bakingwas introduced to Paris in 1839 byAugust Zang,and the AustrianAdolf Ignaz Mautner von Markhof's compact yeast in 1867 at theUniversal Exposition.Finally, the word "baguette" appears to define a particular type of bread in a regulation of thedepartment of the Seinein August 1920: "The baguette, having a minimum weight of80 g [2+3⁄4oz] and a maximum length of 40 cm [16 in], may not be sold for a price higher than 0.35 francs apiece".No one of these events constitutes "the invention of the baguette," but together they define the modern "baguette."
In summary, "the bread which became known as the baguette first appeared in its most primitive form in the eighteenth century, then experienced several refinements and variations before being (officially) given that name in 1920."
The wordbaguettemeans "wand," "baton," or "stick," as inbaguette magique(magic wand),baguettes chinoises(chopsticks), orbaguette de direction(conductor'sbaton). It was first recorded as a kind of bread in 1920.
Outside France, the baguette is often considered a symbol of French culture, but the association of France with long loaves long predates it. Long, wide loaves had been made since the time ofKing Louis XIV, long thin ones since the mid-18th century, and by the 19th century, some were far longer than today's baguette: "... loaves of bread six feet [1.8 m] long that look likecrowbars!""Housemaidswere hurrying homewards with their purchases for various Gallic breakfasts, and the long sticks of bread, ayardor two [0.9 m to 1.8 m] in length, carried under their arms, made an odd impression upon me."
A less direct link can be made with deck or steam ovens. These combine a traditional gas-fired oven and abrick oven, a thick "deck" of stone orfirebrickheated by natural gas instead of wood. The first steam oven was brought to Paris in the early 19th century byAugust Zang, who also introducedVienna bread(pain viennois) and thecroissant, and whom some French sources thus credit with originating the baguette.
Deck ovens heated to over 200 °C (390 °F) use steam injection to allow the crust to expand before setting, thus creating a lighter, airier loaf, and to melt thedextroseon the bread's surface, giving a slightly glazed effect.
In April 1944, a competition calledLe Grand Prix de la Baguettebegan in France to determine who made the best baguettes.Nearly 200 bakers compete each year in front of a 14-judge panel following strict guidelines. They are judged based on baking, appearance, smell, taste, and crumb. The winner receives €4000 and supplies France's president with their daily bread for that year until a new winner is chosen.
Following the World Wars, French bakers began baking a whiter, softer baguette that contrasted with the darker loaves produced because of rationing during the wars. These doughs took less time to ferment and used more additives but had significantly less taste. They also began using pre-made dough and molds. The average consumption of bread fell from 600 grams/day in the early 1900s to 170 grams/day in 1986.
In 1993, theFrench ParliamentpassedLe Décret Pain(The Bread Decree).Le Décret Painstates that breads under the name ofpain maison(homemade bread) must be "fully kneaded, shaped, and baked at their place of sale." This decree also placed strict guidelines on whatpain traditionnel français(traditional French bread) is allowed to be made of, banning pre-made dough from being used for traditional French baguettes.
Because the history of the French baguette is not completely known, several myths have spread about the origins of this type of bread.
Some sayNapoleon Bonaparte, in essence, created the French baguette to allow soldiers to more easily carry bread with them. Since the round shape of other breads took up a lot of space, Bonaparte requested they be made into the skinny stick shape with specific measurements to slide into the soldiers' uniform.
Other stories credit baguettes as being an invention to stop French metro workers from having to carry knives that they used to cut their bread. The workers often fought, so the management did not want them to carry knives and requested that bread be easily ripped apart, ending the need for knives. The skinny, easily rippable shape of a baguette would have been the response to this.
Some believe baguettes were the "Bread of Equality" following a decree post-French Revolution requiring a type of bread to be made accessible to the rich and poor.
Another account states that in October 1920, a law prevented bakers from working before 4 am, making it impossible to make traditional round loaves in time for customers' breakfasts. Switching from the round loaf to the previously less-common, slender shape of the baguette solved the problem because it could be prepared and baked much more quickly.The law in question appears to be one from March 1919, though some say it took effect in October 1920:
The "baguette de tradition française" is made from wheat flour, water, yeast (as theleavening agent), and common salt. It may contain up to 2%broad beanflour, up to 0.5%soya flour, and up to 0.3% wheatmaltflour.
Standard baguettes,baguettes ordinaires, are made withbaker's yeast, and artisan-style loaves are usually made with apre-ferment(poolish) to increase flavor complexity and other characteristics. They may includewhole-wheat flouror other grains such asrye. Baguettes are also sometimes referred to as either "Classique" (typically mass produced and made with yeast as well as additives), and "tradition" regulated to 4 ingredients (flour, water, leavening, and salt) often using a sourdough starter as the leavening agent
Baguettes are closely connected to France, though they are made worldwide. In France, not all long loaves are baguettes; for example, a short, almost rugby ball-shaped loaf is abâtard(literally, bastard); its origin is variously explained but undocumented. Another tubular-shaped loaf is known as aflûte, also known in the United States as aparisienne. Flûtes closely resemble baguettes but are about twice the size.
A thinner loaf is called aficelle(string). A short baguette is sometimes known as abaton(stick), or in the UK, referred to using the English translationFrench stick.None of these are officially defined, either legally or, for instance, in major dictionaries, any more than the baguette. French breads are also made in forms such as amiche, which is a large pan loaf, and aboule, literally ball in French, a large round loaf. Sandwich-sized loaves are sometimes known asdemi-baguettesortiers. Italian baguettes, orbaguette italienne, involve more spices and a denser texture, giving the baguette a slightly different, more Italian taste.Pain viennoisis much sweeter and softer than the standard baguette.
In France, a baguette typically weighs around250 g (8+3⁄4oz), a bâtard500 g (17+1⁄2oz) and a ficelle100 g (3+1⁄2oz); no legal text establishes any of these weights, which can vary throughout the country. Baguettes, either relatively short single-serving size or cut from a longer loaf, are very often used forsandwiches, usually of thesubmarine sandwichtype, but also apanini. They are often sliced and served withpâtéorcheese. As part of the traditionalcontinental breakfastin France, slices of baguette, known astartines, are spread withbutterandjamand sometimes dunked in bowls ofcoffeeorhot chocolate.
Baguettes are generally made as partially free-form loaves, with the loaf formed with a series of folding and rolling motions, raised in cloth-lined baskets or in rows on a flour-impregnated towel, called acouche, and baked either directly on the hearth of a deck oven or in special perforated pans designed to hold the shape of the baguette while allowing heat through the perforations. American-style "French bread" is generally much fatter and is not baked in deck ovens but inconvection ovens.
As of the 2000s, there is increasing customer demand in France for only partially baked baguettes. In 2004, the bakery chainMarie Blachèreintroduced the option to select three varieties of baguettes distinguished by baking time:bien cuite(well done),dorée(golden) andblanche(white).
Outside France, baguettes are also made with other doughs. For example, the Vietnamesebánh mìuses a high proportion ofrice flour, while many North Americanbakeriesmake whole wheat,multigrain, andsourdoughbaguettes alongside French-style loaves. In Cambodia, it is found in the form of a hot sandwich filled callednum pang. In addition, even classic French-style recipes vary from place to place, with some recipes adding small amounts ofmilk, butter,sugar, ormalt extract, depending on the desired flavor and properties in the final loaf.
Algeria consumes about 49 million baguettes per day,and France consumes about 30 million.