Culture of Mongolia

Theculture of Mongoliahas been shaped by the country'snomadictradition and its position at the crossroads of various empires and civilizations. Mongolian culture is influenced by the cultures of theMongolic,Turkic, andEast Asianpeoples, as well as by the country's geography and its history of political and economic interactions with other nations.
One of the most distinctive aspects of Mongolian culture is itsnomadic pastoraleconomy, which has shaped the traditional way of life for theMongolsfor centuries. The nomadic lifestyle is centered around the family and the community, and involves theherdingof 5 main animals including sheep, goat, horse, cow, camel and some yaks. This way of life has had a significant impact on Mongolian culture, influencing everything from the country's social relationships and family structures to its art, music, and literature.
Mongolian culture is also well known for its traditional arts, which include music, dance, and literature. The country's music and dance traditions are closely connected to its nomadic past and are an important part of its cultural heritage.Mongolian literature, on the other hand, has a long and varied history, and includes bothoraland written traditions.
Mongolian culture is also known for its distinctivearchitectural style, which reflects the country's nomadic tradition and its harsh weather during the winter months and rugged landscape. Mongolian homes or known as "ger" circular in shape and are constructed using a variety of materials including felt and wooden parts. The interior of a traditional Mongolian "ger" is portable and can be easily dismantled and reassembled, making them well-suited to the nomadic lifestyle.
In addition to its traditional architecture, Mongolian culture is also known for itshandicraftsandfolk art. Mongolian folk art includes a wide range of crafts and decorative arts, such aswoodcarving,metalworking,embroidery, andweaving. These crafts are often passed down from generation to generation and are an important part of the country'scultural heritage. Mongolian handicrafts and folk art are often sold as souvenirs to tourists and are an important source of income for many Mongolian families.
Mongolian culture is also strongly influenced by itsequestrianandwrestlingtraditions, which have played a central role in the country's history and continue to be an important part of its cultural identity today. In addition to these cultural traditions, Mongolia is home to a number of festivals and celebrations that reflect the country's rich cultural heritage, including theNaadam Festivaland Tsagaan Sar, which is a national holidays that celebrates Mongolian culture and history.
Mongolian traditional clothing has changed little since the days of the empire because it is supremely well-adapted to the conditions of life on thesteppeand the daily activities of pastoral nomads. However, there have been some changes in styles which distinguish modern Mongolian dress from historic costume. Thedeel, orkaftan, is the Mongolian traditional garment worn on workdays and special days. It is a long, loose gown cut in one piece with the sleeves; it has a high collar and widely overlaps at the front. The deel is girdled with a sash. Mongolian deels always close on the wearer's right and traditionally have five fastenings. Modern deels often have decoratively cut overflaps, small round necklines, and sometimes contain aMandarin collar.
Depictions of Mongols during the time of the empire, however, show deels with more open necklines, no collars, and very simply cut overlaps, similar to the deels still worn bylamasin modernMongolia. In addition to the deel, men and women might wear loose trousers beneath, and men may have worn skirts during the later Buddhist period, and women might wear underskirts, but in fact it appears on some Mongol paintings women wore wide trousers gathered at ankle, similar to shalwar or Turkish trousers.Skirtsof the same style are still worn in part of Mongolia and China today; they have plain front and back panels with closely pleated side panels. Paintings of Mongols fromPersianand Chinese sources depict men, and often women, wearing their hair in braids. The hair would be divided into two pigtails, each of which would be divided into three braids. The ends of the braids would then be looped up and bound to the top of the braid behind the ears. Men shaved the tops and sides of their heads, usually leaving only a short "forelock" in front and the long hair behind. The famous bogtag headdress worn by women seems to have been restricted to married women of very high rank.
Each ethnic group living in Mongolia has its own deel design distinguished by cut, color, and trimming. Before the revolution, all social strata in Mongolia had their own manner of dressing. Livestock breeders, for example, wore plain deels, which served them both summer and winter. The priests wore yellow deels with a cape orkhimjthrown over it. Secularfeudallords put on smart hats and silk waistcoats.
TraditionalMongolian cuisineis primarily based onmeatand dairies, with some regional variations. The most common meat local people consume ismutton, in the southern region local people also consumecamelmeat, and in the other parts mutton,beef, goat, horse andyakmeat. Dairy products are made from mostly cow's milk and some from yak and goat including cheese, curds, creams and other dessert type dairies. There is also a traditional alcohol drink made from fermented mare's milk called (Airag). Popular dishes includebuuz(meat dumpling),khuushuur(a meat pastry),khorkhog(a meat stew, usually a special meal for guests), andboortsog(a sweet biscuit). However, being a country wrapped in China and Russia for a long time, the current Mongolian cuisine has its evolution that adapted from both Chinese and Russian dishes that turned into Mongolian style including goulash (slow cooked meat with gravy and vegetables served with rice and mashed potato), tsuivan (stir fried noodle with meat, potatoes and carrots), various stir-fried dishes and soups with veggies and meat.
On May 20, 2012, a rare skeleton of aTarbosaurus bataar, also known asTyrannosaurus bataar, was sold to an undisclosed buyer for $1,052,500 at an auction inNew York City, United States, despite efforts by Mongolian President Elbegdorj Tsakhia to stop the sale. The Mongolian government is concerned about maintaining control overfossilsand culturalrelicswhile scientists worry about such items disappearing into private collections.Asmugglerwas convicted in a New York court in December 2012 for lootingTyrannosaurus bataarskeletons originating from Mongolia and transporting them to the United States for sale.
The ger (yurts) is part of the Mongolian national identity. TheSecret History of the MongolsmentionsGenghis Khanas the leader of all people who live in felt tents, called gers,  and even today a large share of Mongolia's population lives in ger, even inUlaanbaatar.Geralso means "home" in a broad sense, and other words are derived from itsword stem. For example,gerlekhis a verb that means ("toger, to make a home" >) "to marry."
Among the topics that are mentioned from the oldest works of Mongolian literature to modern soft pop songs are love for mothers, parents and homesickness, a longing for the place where one grew up.Horseshave always played an important role in daily life as well as in the arts. Mongolians have a lot of epic heroes from ancient times.Hospitalityis so important in the steppes that it is traditionally taken for granted. The Mongolian word for hero,baatar, appears frequently in personal names, and even in the name of Mongolia's capital, Ulaanbaatar, means "red hero" (Mongolian:Улаанбаатар,Ulan Bator). The word was introduced in the Middle Ages to many non-Mongolic languages by conquering Mongol-speaking nomads, and now exists in different forms such as theBulgarian language,Russian,Polish,Hungarian,Persian,North IndianandGeorgian. Traditional words such astemuulehsignified a way to describe creativity and passion;temuulehwas used in several Mongol words and had the meaning: "to rush headlong, to be inspired or to have a sense of creative thought, and even to take a flight of fancy." It can be seen from Mongolian perspective as "the look in the eye of a horse that is racing where it wants to go, no matter what the rider wants."
The oldest completely passed down work of Mongolian literature is probably also the most well-known abroad:The Secret History of the Mongols. It does, however, contain passages of older poetry. Otherwise, few examples of Mongolian literature from the time of theMongol Empirehave come down in written form:fragments of a song[ru]about the mother and the area where one grew up were found in a soldier's grave at theVolga riverin 1930, 25 manuscript and block print fragments were found inTurpanin 1902/03,Pyotr Kozlovbrought some fragments fromKhara-Khotoin 1909.
Other pieces of literature have long been orally traded and typically consist ofalliterative verses, and are known asÜligers, literally meaning tales. They include the proverbs attributed to Genghis Khan, and the epics around the Khan's life, or the one about his two white horses. Other well-known epics deal withGeser Khan. FamousOiradepics areJangar, Khan Kharangui, Bum Erdene, and more.
Beginning from the 17th century, a number of chronicles have been preserved. They also contain long alliterative passages. Notable examples are the Altan Tovch byLuvsandanzanandanother anonymous work of the same title, Sagang Sechen'sErdeniin Tovch, Lomi's History of theBorjiginclan (Mongol Borjigin ovgiin tüükh), and many more.
Already at the time of the Mongol empire, samples of Buddhist and Indian literature became known in Mongolia. Another wave of translations of Indian/Tibetan texts came with Mongolia's conversion to Tibetan Buddhism in the late 16th/ early 17th centuries. Beginning in the 1650s, copies of religious texts like theKanjurandTanjurand also of epics likeGeser Khanbegan to appear asblock prints. These prints were mainly produced inBeijing, but also in some Mongolian monasteries.
In Mongolia's time under theQing dynasty, a number of Chinese novels were translated into Mongolian. At the same time, social discontent and an awakening Mongol nationalism lead to the creation of works likeInjanash's historical novelBlue Chronicleor the stories about"Crazy" Shagdar.
Beginning with the works ofTseveen Jamsranoand otherBuryatsin the 1910s, many important works of Russian and European literature, or at least those that were not politically incorrect, were translated into Mongolian in the 20th century.
Religious theatre plays about the TibetanhermitMilarepawere already performed in the 18th and 19th centuries. The oldest Mongolian drama known today, "Moon Cuckoo" (Saran khökhöö) was created byDanzanravjaaaround 1831. The play got lost in the early 20th century, but in the meantime other theatre groups had developed. The first professional Mongolian theatre was founded in Ulaanbaatar in 1930. In the socialist period, everyaimaggot its own theatre. Since the 1990s, a number of small privately owned theatre companies, likeMaskorShine üe prodakshnhave been founded. They heavily focus on light comedies and skits, and also regularly produce clips that are distributed on DVD or the internet.
The spoken storytelling traditions that led to Mongolian literature include "heroicepics,legends, tales, yörööl (thepoetryof good wishes), and magtaal (the poetry of praise)".
Before the 20th century, most works of the fine arts in Mongolia had a religious function, and therefore Mongolian fine arts were heavily influenced by religious texts.Thangkaswere usually painted or made inappliquetechnique. Bronze sculptures usually showed Buddhist deities. A number of great works are attributed to the firstJebtsundamba Khutuktu,Zanabazar.
In the late 19th century, painters like"Marzan" Sharavturned to more realistic painting styles. Under theMongolian People's Republic,socialist realismwas the dominant painting style,however traditionalthangka-like paintings dealing with secular, nationalist themes were also popular, a genre known as "Mongolzurag".
Among the first attempts to introducemodernisminto the fine arts of Mongolia was the paintingEhiin setgel(Mother's love) created by Tsevegjav in the 1960s. The artist was purged as his work was censored.
All forms of fine arts flourished only after "Perestroika" in the late 1980s. Otgonbayar Ershuu is an important painter of the time, he was portrayed in the film "ZURAG" by Tobias Wulff.
Since ancient timesTengrismand Shamanism have been the dominant belief systems of theMongolsand still retain significant importance intheir mythology. During the era of theGreat Khans, Mongolia practiced freedom of worship which is still a defining element of the Mongol character. In the 17th century,Tibetan Buddhismbecame the dominant religion in Mongolia. TraditionalShamanismwas, except in some remote regions, suppressed and marginalized. On the other hand, a number of shamanic practices, likeovooworshiping, were incorporated into Buddhist liturgy.
Tibetan Buddhism is a ritualistic religion with a large number of deities. This inspired the creation of religious objects including images in paintings and sculptures.
After theStalinist purgesin the 1930s, bothBuddhismandShamanismwere virtually outlawed in the Mongolian People's Republic. InInner Mongolia, traditional religion was heavily affected by theCultural Revolution.Since the 1990s, a number ofChristiansects are trying to gain a foothold in Mongolia. About 4% of the Mongolian population isMuslim. Mongolians have also been known to live in some Latvian and Lithuanian regions because they are so close to the Russian border
Mongolians traditionally were afraid of misfortunes and believe in good and evil omens. Misfortune might be attracted by talking about negative things or by persons that are often talked about. They might also be sent by some malicious shaman enraged by breaking some taboo, like stepping on a yurt's threshold, desecrating waters or mountains, etc.
The most endangered family members were children. They are sometimes givennon-nameslikeNergui(Mongolian:without name) orEnebish(Mongolian:not this one), or boys would be dressed up as girls."Since people of the steppe received only one name in life, its selection carried much symbolism, often on several levels; the name imparted to the child its character, fate and destiny."Before going out at night, young children's foreheads are sometimes painted withcharcoalor soot  to deceive evil spirits that this is not a child but a rabbit with black hair on the forehead.
When passing ovoos (cairns) on a journey, they are oftencircumambulatedand sweets or the like are sacrificed to have a safe trip. Certain ovoos, especially those on high mountains, are sacrificed to obtain good weather, ward off misfortune, and the like.
For a child, the first big celebration is the first haircut, usually at an age between three and five. Birthdays were not celebrated in the past, but today, birthday parties are popular. Wedding ceremonies traditionally include the hand-over of a newyurt(ger) to the marrying couple. Deceased relatives were usually put to rest in the open, where the bodies were eaten by animals and birds. Nowadays, bodies are usually buried.
The most important public festivals are the Naadam (English:game). The biggest one is held each year on July 11–13 in Ulaanbaatar, but there are also smaller ones onaimagandsumlevels. A Naadam involveshorse racing, wrestling, andarcherycompetitions.
For families, the most important festival isTsagaan Sar(English:white month/Lunar New Year), which is roughly equivalent to theChinese New Year, but has nothing similar to Chinese New Year, and usually falls into January or February. Family members and friends visit each other, exchange presents - very popular presents for all opportunities are thekhadag- and eat huge quantities ofbuuz.
Under the Soviet influence,New Yearbecame a big holiday, and it is one of the biggest celebrations, comparable to Christmas in the West.
Mongolia has a very old musical tradition. Key traditional elements arethroat-singing, theMorin Khuur(horse headed fiddle) and other string instruments, and several types of songs. Mongolian melodies are typically characterized by pentatonic harmonies and long end notes.
In the 20th century, western style classical music has been introduced, and mixed with traditional elements by some composers. Later on the full palette of Pop and Rock music has also been adopted by younger musicians.
The Mongolian Waltz is a dance unique to Mongolia. Typically, one mounted horseman and one mounted horsewoman circle each other in time to a traditional song, which speeds up as it progresses. The three step gait of the horses, as they circle, gives the dance its name.
In socialist times, movies were treated as a propaganda instrument by theMongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The first topics were popular legends and revolutionary heroes like inSükhbaatar. In the 1950s, the focus shifted to working class heroes, as inNew Year. The 1970s saw many documentaries and everyday life stories as inThe Clear Tamir.
After democratization, film makers turned to international partners for support, as in the Japanese-Mongolian co-productionGenghis Khan. Independent directors likeDorjkhandyn TurmunkhandByambasuren Davaacreated movies that connected ancient traditions and mythology, and how they may relate to life in a modern world. Byambasuren'sThe Story of the Weeping Camelwas nominated for anAcademy Awardas foreign documentary in 2005.
Popular board games arechessandcheckers. The chess figures arenoyon(noble = king),bers(cp.bars"tiger" = queen),temee(camel = bishop),mori(horse = knight),tereg(cart = castle),khüü(boy = pawn). The rules used today are the same as inEuropean chess, although there are differing versions called 'Mongolian Chess' (shatar) and 'Daur Chess'.
Dominoesare played widely. Indigenous card games existed in the 19th century but are now lost. One of the popular card games that is played isMuushigand various other modern card games are very popular among the younger generations such as 13 (similar to poker).
Sheep anklebones, orshagai, are used in games, asdiceor astoken. Not only they use anklebones as a token, but also they have number of games only using “shagai” itself.Rock, paper, scissorsandmorra-like games are also played.Wood knotsanddisentanglement puzzleshave traditionally been popular.
Mongolian children were known to have played an ice game on frozen rivers that is similar tocurling.