Sope Creek

Sope Creekis an 11.6-mile-long (18.7 km)streamlocated inCobb County, Georgia, United States. It is a significanttributaryof theChattahoochee River.It was known asSoap Creekduring the 19th century. A section of Sope Creek runs through theChattahoochee River National Recreation Area.
TheSope Creek Ruinsare listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.
Sope Creek starts within the city ofMariettaproper, on the west side ofInterstate 75, on the northeastern portion ofState Route 120 Alternate(former northern half ofState Route 120 Loop, now known asNorth Marietta Parkway. The creek begins as a spring, first evident emerging out of a culvert under Sessions Street, where it trickles southward and serves as the rear property line for the historic homes on lots facing Church Street (to the west), and Cherokee Street (to the east). The creek then travels in a culvert under the intersection of Cherokee Street and North Marietta Parkway, then under the parking lot of the Police Department/Cobb 911 Center at the southeast corner of the intersection. Thereafter, the creek travels east, parallel with SR 120 Alt., turning southeast around the same point as the road. It then separates from road, continuing southeast, as the road bends south. It crosses Roswell Road (the mainGeorgia 120), and travels in a sidewinder fashion to the east for the next 4 miles (6 km).  Along the way, Sewell Mill Creek and Bishop Creek empty into Sope Creek. At this point, the creek turns south-southeast and crosses Lower Roswell Road. It travels in this direction for the next 2 miles (3 km), crossingPaper Mill Roadand Columns Drive, before emptying into the Chattahoochee River. From beginning to end, Sope Creek falls nearly 300 feet (90 m) over the course of approximately 12 miles (19 km). In the last 2 miles (3.2 km), Sope Creek cuts through the palisades that formed on both sides of the Chattahoochee, forming a smallgorgebased around the creek.
The most important feature of the creek is its name recognition. With one exception, Sope Creek is usually not treated as a major entity until the last 2 miles (3.2 km). The exception is an apartment complex close to the crossing of Roswell Road, near the 6-mile (9.7 km) mark. Near the end of the creek, the name of Sope Creek has more appeal to the public, and therefore, it is seen in names, such asSope Creek Elementary School, Sope Creek Nature Trails, and Sope Creek Homes.
Thestream gaugeon Sope Creek (MARG1) is mounted to the south side of the Lower Roswell Road bridge, at33°57′14″N84°26′36″W﻿ / ﻿33.95389°N 84.44333°W﻿ /33.95389; -84.44333﻿ (Sope Creek, USGS stream gauge at Lower Roswell Road)(NAD83). This is 881.37 feet (268.64 m)above sea level(NGVD29), and receives flow from a drainage area of 29.2 square miles (76 km).
The gauge on Sewell Mill Creek (SMCG1) is located at Roswell Road (Georgia 120) at33°58′45″N84°27′08″W﻿ / ﻿33.97917°N 84.45222°W﻿ /33.97917; -84.45222﻿ (Sewell Mill Creek, USGS stream gauge at Roswell Road (Georgia 120))(NAD27), where it has an area of 12.57 square miles (32.6 km), and an elevation of 920 feet (280 m) above sea level (NGVD29).
Paper Mill Road crosses the creek about 1 mile (1.6 km) upstream from the point where the Sope empties into the Chattahoochee. Paper Mill Road has to wind down the gorge in order to cross over the creek. At the crossing, circa 1960, lay one of Cobb County's two remaining covered bridges; the other crossedNickajack CreeknearSmyrna. The Sope Creek Bridge was a state-declared historic structure and only had a weight capacity of 2000 pounds (one U.S.ton). In 1963, a grossly overweight truck crossed the bridge and damaged the support structure. That summer, the structure was reinforced with steel shanks. On March 29, 1964, the covered bridge burned to the ground, leaving behind only the steel shanks and masonry.Arsonwas suspected, as the Nickajack Covered Bridge (now known asConcord Covered Bridge) had been partially burned only a few weeks prior. The Paper Mill Road bridge was reconstructed in 1970 and the entire structure was replaced with an improved, widened bridge with sidewalks in 2013.
The origin of the creek's name is not documented. Afalse etymologyhas evolved. There are conflicting authorities supporting at least two versions:
TheAtlanta Journalonce said of the area,"Sope Creek, particularly in the springtime, is a place of unusual beauty. A quaint old covered bridge spans the stream just below where the log dam used to be. The stream is strewn with great boulders and the water dashes over these in a series of cascades, causing such masses offoamthat they look likesoapsuds."There are also 19th century references to Soap Creek, which may simply be misspellings of Sope.
TheNational Park Servicelends some authority to a separate version of the name's origin. In an older brochure, the Park Service stated that the creek is named for "...a Cherokee Indian called "Old Sope" who lived in the area perhaps even after theRemoval."A more recent Park Service brochure has reduced that statement to"Named for a Cherokee holdout from the Trail of Tears..."No further authority or evidence is cited. There are conflicting records indicating that "Old Sope" may have lived on a different stream in a different part of Georgia.
A 2012 statement in theAtlanta Journalfavors the Park Service version, except that the Cherokee Indian's name is Soap and he did not live in the area after the Trail of Tears:
Located at the intersection of Paper Mill Road and Sope Creek are old industrialruins. These ruins are the remnants of a larger manufacturing complex which drew on thewaterpowerthat the creek produced. During the period 1850 to 1940, a succession of enterprises, from a (fully integrated)paper mill,twineplant,flour millandhydroelectric power plantoccupied an area of about one mile along the creek.
The paper mill at Sope Creek was run byMarietta Paper Millsand incorporated on December 19, 1859, possibly by Andrew Schofield Edmondston and Saxon A. Anderson. Facilities at the paper mill included a mill, oil room, office, mill sluice (raceway), storeroom, dam, machine shop, pulp-grinding mill, and two shelters.
The ruins were added to theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1973.
In 1851,James Isomfounded a ferry that crossed the Chattahoochee at the mouth of Sope Creek, and came to own a great deal of land and three slaves, and to be considered wealthy.He died in 1866, and his son-in-lawJohn Heardtook over the operations, running the ferry asHeard's Ferryuntil 1890.
During Sherman'sAtlanta Campaign, troops first crossed the Chattahoochee at Sope Creek.
On May 4, 1864, Major-GeneralWilliam T. Shermantook control of theMilitary Division of the Mississippiand began to engage Confederate GeneralJoseph Johnstonand hisArmy of Tennessee.  From the beginning, Johnston was persistent in his effort to fight a defensive battle, rather than offensive.  Rightly so, as Sherman had a two-to-one advantage on Johnston.  Additionally, Johnston claimed he was waiting for the right opportunity when Sherman would leave himself exposed.  Sherman, unwilling to charge headlong against Johnston, decided to outmaneuver Johnston.  Thus, every time Johnston found a superior defensive position, Sherman would maneuver around Johnston, forcing Johnston to retreat to a tactically superior position.  The two engaged in this 'dance' for nearly two months, with one exception, theBattle of Kennesaw Mountain, in which Sherman lost his nerve, attacked head on, and suffered a bloody defeat.
AuthorDavid Conynghambest described it in his bookSherman's March Through the South, when he wrote "True, such movements would not break up Johnston's Army, but it gave us a victory; besides, Sherman and Johnston were watching each other's movements, like two expert wrestlers, to know who would make a slip, for they knew that to attack an intrenched [sic] position was likely to prove a defeat."
Even though this was the strategically sound theory, this was a personal gamble for Johnston, for every time he retreated, despite the fact that he was outmanned by Sherman, he aggravated Confederate PresidentJefferson Davis.
Sherman's troops were divided into three armies.  These were theArmy of the Cumberland, theArmy of the Ohio, and theArmy of the Tennessee, commanded by Major GeneralsGeorge H. Thomas,John M. Schofield, andJames B. McPherson, respectively.  Johnston was waiting for one of these three armies to be exposed.  While they all moved together, they were in fact, three separate units.
The largest body of water betweenChattanooga, where Sherman started, and Atlanta, was the Chattahoochee River.  If there was any time in which the one portion of the Army of the Mississippi could become separated, and therefore vulnerable, crossing the Chattahoochee was it.
As the Union Army approached the Chattahoochee, they moved in from the west and took up positions atVinings Station.  Johnston held the bridgehead on the west side of the river, and had a majority of his troops just across the railroad bridge.  On the night of July 7, Sherman gave orders to Schofield to move his troops around and to the left, bypassing Johnston.  Sherman had given Schofield orders to find a location betweenRoswelland Sope Creek in which to ford the Chattahoochee.  Sherman said, "I wish you to make an examination thereabouts and secure a foothold, fortified on the other side, anywhere about Roswell or mouth of Soap Creek.  I also know that Johnston's cavalry has moved to the south flank.  It is important to do this at once, for the fords are very important to us."  Schofield located a ford on the Chattahoochee one half mile upstream of the mouth of Sope Creek.
He then sent to Sherman the following:
Sherman decided that McPherson would hold his position across from Johnston, and at the last moment, swing around in the same fashion as Schofield and cross the Chattahoochee at Shallow Ford, what is today known as Shallowford Road.  Sherman wrote to Schofield saying:
You may move to the neighborhood of the mouth of Soap Creek.  Mask well your command and make a lodgment across the Chattahoochee, but do not attempt it until you have a ford nearby by which to reinforce the party first sent, or by which it may be necessary to retire.  We can, after lodgement [sic], make roads to the crossing and may add pontoon bridges, of which we have enough for four bridges.  After securing a point opposite Soap Creek, Roswell will follow as a matter of course, and will be additional.  The moment I hear that General Garrard has made a lodgment at Roswell, I will send a division of General McPherson to hold fast all he makes.  With Roswell and mouth of Soap Creek, we have plenty of room, with Marietta as the depot.  I will go down to General McPherson's and stir them up in the morning by way of diversion.
Schofield advanced a division across the river at the ford and instructed them to take up positions opposite of the mouth of Sope Creek.There, they would support bridge-building operations and provide cover while the engineers constructed a pontoon bridge at Isom's Ferry.
For nearly thirty-six hours, Schofield's troops were isolated on the other side of the Chattahoochee.  Even at the end of that time, when McPherson was on the east bank of the river, he was still miles away from Schofield in Roswell. The opportunity for a counter-offensive that Johnston had been waiting for the previous two months presented itself in those thirty-six hours. Instead of a counter-offensive, Johnston was caught complete by surprise and therefore out of position.  The majority of his forces were still in defensive positions at Vinings Station on the east side of the Chattahoochee. Schofield reported to Sherman:
By 8:30p.m. on the night of July 8, Schofield had laid a bridge crossing the Chattahoochee at Isom's Ferry and had relocated four divisions to the east bank.   Fearing a flanking maneuver by Sherman, Johnston had no alternative but to abandon the west side of the river.  He withdrew into Atlanta, burning the railroad bridge behind him.
It was after this debacle that Jefferson Davis decided to replace Johnston with GeneralJohn B. Hood.