East Asia

East Asiais a geographical and cultural region ofAsiaincludingChina,Japan,Mongolia,North Korea,South Korea, andTaiwan.Additionally,Hong KongandMacauare the twospecial administrative regions of China. The economies ofChina,Japan,South Korea, andTaiwanare among the world's largest and most prosperous. East Asia bordersNorth Asiato the north,Southeast Asiato the south,South Asiato the southwest, andCentral Asiato the west. To its east is thePacific Ocean.
East Asia, especiallyChinese civilization, is regarded as one of the earliestcradles of civilization. Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include theJapanese,Korean, andMongoliancivilizations. Various other civilizations existed as independent polities in East Asia in the past but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day, such asTibet,Manchuria, andRyukyu(Okinawa), among many others. Taiwan has a relatively younghistoryin the region after theprehistoric era; originally, it was a major site ofAustronesiancivilisation prior to colonisation by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward. For thousands of years, China was the leading civilization in the region, exerting influence on its neighbours.Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within theChinese sphere of influence, and East Asian vocabularies and scripts are often derived fromClassical ChineseandChinese script. TheChinese calendarserves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.
Majorreligions in East AsiaincludeBuddhism(mostlyMahayana),ConfucianismandNeo-Confucianism,Taoism,ancestral worship, andChinese folk religionin Mainland China,Hong Kong,MacauandTaiwan,Shintoin Japan, andChristianityandMusokin Korea.TengerismandTibetan Buddhismare prevalent amongMongolsandTibetanswhile other religions such asShamanismare widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern China such as theManchus.The majorlanguages in East AsiaincludeMandarin Chinese,Japanese, andKorean. The majorethnic groups of East Asiainclude theHanin China and Taiwan,Yamatoin Japan,Koreansin North and South Korea, andMongolsin Mongolia. There are 76 officially-recognizedminorityorindigenousethnic groups in East Asia;55 native to mainland China(includingHui, Manchus,Chinese Mongols, Tibetans,Uyghurs, andZhuangin thefrontier regions), 16 native to theisland of Taiwan(collectively known asTaiwanese indigenous peoples), one native to themajor Japanese islandofHokkaido(theAinu) and four native toMongolia(Turkic peoples). TheRyukyuan peopleare an unrecognized ethnic group indigenous to theRyukyu Islandsin southern Japan, which stretch fromKyushuto Taiwan. There are also several unrecognized indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan.
East Asians comprise around 1.7 billion people, making up about 33% of the population in continental Asia and 20% of the global population.The region is home to major world metropolises such asBeijing–Tianjin,Busan–Daegu–Ulsan–Changwon,Guangzhou,Hong Kong,Osaka–Kyoto–Kobe,Seoul,Shanghai,Shenzhen,Taipei, andTokyo. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population inMongoliaandWestern China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having thelowest population density of a sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340/sq mi), about three times the world average of 45/km(120/sq mi).
China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed. The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. HistorianPing-ti Horeferred to China as the cradle of Eastern civilization, in parallel with thecradle of Middle Eastern civilizationalong theFertile CrescentencompassingMesopotamiaandAncient Egyptas well as thecradle of Western civilizationencompassingAncient Greece.
Chinese civilization emerged early, and prefigured other East Asian civilisations. Throughout history, imperial China would exert cultural, economic, technological, and political influence on its neighbours.Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.Thetributary system of Chinashaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.
UnderEmperor Wu of Han, theHan dynastymade China the regional powerhouse in East Asia, projecting much of its imperial influence onto its neighbours.Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanised as well as being the most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region at the time.Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China's impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty'snortheastern expansionin 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province calledLelang. Chinese influences were transmitted and soon took root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, philosophical schools of thought, and Confucian political institutions.Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting in the fourth century AD, Japan adoptedChinese characters, which remain integral to theJapanese writing system. Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.
During theTang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread toJapanandKorea.The establishment of the medieval Tang dynasty rekindled the impetus of Chinese expansionism across the geopolitical confines of East Asia. Similar to itsHanpredecessor, Tang China reasserted itself as the center of East Asian geopolitical influence during the early medieval period which spearheaded and marked anothergolden age in Chinese history. During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.In addition, Tang China also managed to maintain control over northern Vietnam andnorthern Korea.
As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such asConfucianism, the use ofChinese characters,architecture, state institutions,political philosophies, religion, urban planning, and variousscientific and technologicalmethods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, PrinceNaka no oelaunched theTaika Reformin 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic empire.The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such aspoetry,calligraphy, andlandscape paintingbecame widespread.During theNara period, Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.The Japanese also created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to thekimono, which was inspired from Chinesehanfuduring the eighth century.
For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power, exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century.From third century through the eighteenth century, diplomatic and trade relations between China and other East Asian countries and the steppe kingdoms was governed through a tributary system.Under this system, the Chinese emperor received tribute from other rulers and in return received political benefits (like recognition or non-aggression agreements) or physical gifts, like porcelain and silks.Through this system, the Chinese emperor conferred legitimacy on other rulers.
As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late nineteenth century, China's power began to decline.By the mid-nineteenth century, the weakeningQing dynastybecame fraught with political corruption, obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.The United States CommodoreMatthew C. Perrywouldopen Japan to Western influence, and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.Around the same time, theMeiji Restorationin Japan sparked rapid societal transformation from an isolated feudal state into East Asia's first industrialised nation.The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanise its position in the Orient as East Asia's greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.By the early 1900s, theEmpire of Japansucceeded in asserting itself as East Asia's most dominant geopolitical force.
With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active role within the East Asian geopolitical order and world affairs at large.Flexing its nascent political and military might, Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during theFirst Sino-Japanese Waras well as defeating Russia in theRusso-Japanese Warin 1905; the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.
During World War I, European military presence in East Asia decreased.Japan viewed this as an opportunity to increase its power in China and shortly after the war began, occupiedGermany's concessionsinShandong.In December 1914, Japan made itsTwenty-One Demandsto China.TheRepublic of ChinaunderYuan Shikaiconceded to most of the demands in 1915, and subsequent treaties and agreements further increased Japan's semi-colonial power in China.
Japan hegemony was the heart of an empire that would includeTaiwanandKorea.During World War II, Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through theGreater East Asia Co-Prosperity Spherewould incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.
After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw thedefeatandoccupation of Japanby the victorious Allies. The end of World War II did not result in east Asian countries obtaining independence or national unification.Independence and national unification were primary concerns for the first generation of east Asian post-World War II leaders.
TheChinese Civil Warresumed after the defeat of the Japanese, with the Communists defeating the Nationalist Republic of China government. Thegovernment of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwanand thePeople's Republic of China was proclaimedon 1 October 1949.
Post-war, theKorean peninsula was partitioned, leading to the development of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). TheKorean War(1950–1953) increased regional and international tensions.The northeast part of east Asia hardened along communist and anti-communist lines.South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States increased their ties.
During the latter half of the twentieth century, the region would see thepost war economic miracle of Japan, which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth, only to experience aneconomic slowdown during the 1990s, but nonetheless Japan continues to remain a global economic power. East Asia would also see theeconomic rise of Hong Kong,South Korea, andTaiwan, in addition to the respective handovers ofHong KongandMacaunear the end of the twentieth century.
The onset of the 21st-century in East Asia led to the integration ofMainland China into the global economythrough its entry in theWorld Trade Organizationwhile also enhancing itsemerging international statusas a potential world power reinforced with its aim of restoring its historical established significance and enduring international prominence in the world economy.
As of at least 2022, the region is more peaceful, integrated, wealthy, and stable than any time in the previous 150 years.
In common usage, the term "East Asia" typically refers to a region includingGreater China,Japan,KoreaandMongolia.
China,Japan, andKorearepresent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia, as they once had a shared written language, a shared culture, and a shared Confucian societal value system (involving shared Confucian philosophical tenets) once instituted by Imperial China.Other usages define China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly withJapanandKoreain having retained strong cultural influences that originated from China.Some scholars includeVietnamas part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greaterChinese cultural sphere. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organizations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.XinjiangandTibetare sometimes seen as part of Central Asia (see alsoGreater Central Asia).
Broader and looser definitions by international agencies and organisations such as theWorld Bankrefer to East Asia as the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e.mainland China, Japan, andSouth Korea", as well as Mongolia,North Korea, theRussian Far East, andSiberia.TheCouncil on Foreign Relationsincludes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, andNepal.The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of Chinese special administrative regionsHong KongandMacau, as well asTaiwan, a country with limited recognition. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as "China, Japan, theKoreas, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of theRussian Federation".
TheUNSDdefinition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,but others commonly use the same definition of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.
Certain Japanese islands are associated with Oceania due to non-continental geology, distance from mainland Asia or biogeographical similarities withMicronesia.Some groups, such as theWorld Health Organization, categorize China, Japan and Korea with Australia and the rest of Oceania. The World Health Organization label this region the "Western Pacific", with East Asia not being used in their concept of major world regions. Their definition of this region further includes Mongolia and the adjacent area ofCambodia, as well as the countries of the South East Asia Archipelago (excludingEast TimorandIndonesia).
In the context of business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to the geographical area covering tenSoutheast Asiancountries inASEAN,Greater China, Japan, and Korea. However, in this context, the term "Far East" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. On rare occasions, the term is also sometimes taken to includeIndiaand other South Asian countries that are not situated within the bounds of the Asia-Pacific, although the termIndo-Pacificis more commonly used for such a definition.
Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the termNortheast Asiato refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with the region ofSoutheast Asiacovering the tenASEANcountries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".TheCouncil on Foreign Relationsof the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.
East Asia is home to many climatic zones. It also has unique weather patterns such as theEast Asian rainy seasonand theEast Asian Monsoon.
Like the rest of the world, East Asia has been getting warmer due to climate change, and there had been a measurable increase in the frequency and severity ofheatwaves.The region is also expected to see the intensification of its monsoon, leading to more flooding.China has notably embarked on thesponge citiesprogram, where cities are designed to increase the area ofurban green spacesandpermeable pavingsin order to help deal withflash floodscaused by greater precipitation extremes.Under high-warming scenarios, "critical health thresholds" for heat stress during the 21st century will be at times breached,in areas like theNorth China Plain.
China, Japan and the Republic of Korea are expected to see some of the largest economic losses caused by sea level rise.The city ofGuangzhouis projected to experience the single largestannualeconomic losses from sea level rise in the world, potentially reaching US$254 million by 2050. Under the highest climate change scenario and in the absence of adaptation, cumulative economic losses caused by sea level rise in Guangzhou would exceed US$1 trillion by 2100.Shanghaiis also expected to experience annual losses of around 1% of the local GDP in the absence of adaptation.TheYangtze Riverbasin is a sensitive and biodiverse ecosystem, yet around 20% of its species may be lost throughout the century under 2 °C (3.6 °F) and ~43% under 4.5 °C (8.1 °F).
China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan are all unrecognised by at least one other East Asian state because of severe ongoingpolitical tensionsin the region, specifically thedivision of Koreaand thepolitical status of Taiwan.
The culture of East Asia has beendeeply influenced by China, as it was the civilization that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilization. The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia.Imperial Chinaserved as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs,imperial examinationsthat emphasised a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories ofJapanandKorea.
The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order.The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence ofGreco-Roman civilizationon classical Western civilisation.
Since the late 19th century, the initially unequal encounter withWestern influenceshas also shaped East Asia.
*Japan switched the date to theGregorian calendarafter the Meiji Restoration.*Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.
East Asian popular culture, such as anime and manga from Japan andK-popandK-dramasfrom South Korea, have become highly popular worldwide in the 21st century.
Baseballis one of the main sports in East Asia, having been introduced through mid-19th century American contact and further spread by the Japanese Empire.The game has gainedmillions of fans in Chinasince the 2010s.
Formerly theEast Asian Games, it is amulti-sport eventorganized by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since2019among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of theOlympic Council of Asia(OCA), as well as the Pacific island ofGuam, which is a member of theOceania National Olympic Committees.
It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are theCentral Asian Games, theSoutheast Asian Games(SEA Games), theSouth Asian Gamesand theWest Asian Games.