Palembang

Palembang(Indonesian pronunciation:[paˈlɛmbaŋ],Palembang:Pelémbang,Jawi:ڤليمبڠ‎) is thecapital cityof theIndonesian provinceofSouth Sumatra. The city proper covers 352.51 square kilometres (136.10square miles) on both banks of theMusi Riverin the eastern lowlands of southernSumatra. It had a population of 1,668,848 at the 2020 Census;the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 1,772,492 (comprising 887,101 males and 885,391 females).Palembang is the second most populous city in Sumatra, afterMedan, and thetwelfth most populous city in Indonesia.
ThePalembang metropolitan areahas an estimated population of more than 2.7 million in 2023.It comprises the city and parts of regencies surrounding the city, includingBanyuasin Regency(11 administrative districts),Ogan Ilir Regency(7 districts), andOgan Komering Ilir Regency(4 districts).
Palembang was the capital ofSrivijaya, a Buddhist kingdom that ruled much of the westernIndonesian Archipelagoand controlled many maritime trade routes, including theStrait of Malacca.
Palembang was incorporated into theDutch East Indiesin 1825 after the abolition of thePalembang Sultanate.It was chartered as a city on 1 April 1906.
Palembang was the host city of the2011 Southeast Asian Gamesand the2018 Asian Gamesalong withJakarta.The firstlight railsystem in Indonesia was operated in Palembang in July 2018.
The city attracted 2,011,417 tourists in 2017, including 9,850 foreign tourists.Traffic jams, floods, slums, pollution, and peatland fire are problems in Palembang.
Some believe that the name "Palembang" is derived from the wordlimbanginMalay. By adding the prefixpe-which indicates a place or situation, the city's name means "a place to pan gold and diamond ores". It is said that during antiquity, the ruler ordered gold and diamond miners to pan their ores in the city for security and surveillance reasons.
Others say that the name comes from the wordlembangin Malay. By adding the same prefix, the city's name means "a place where the water leaks".It also means "a place which was constantly inundated by water". It refers to the geographical features of Palembang, which is a wetland.
Some say that the name was given by four brothers who survived a shipwreck near Musi River during theMajapahitreign. It is said that on their way to a new colony in eastern Sumatra when their ship was wrecked, all belongings in the ship sunk into the sea except a broken wooden box which the survivor used as rafts. The rafts were wobbled (limbang-limbang) by the waves until they drifted ashore to a land which was later namedPalimbangby them.
Palembang also has a specialChinese characterrendition like several cities in Indonesia. In modern Chinese, Palembang is written asJùgǎng(Chinese:巨港;lit.'giant port').巨here is a sound-borrowing at Hokkien. Palembang is calledKū-káng(舊港) in Hokkien, meaning "Old Port";巨is read askūin certain dominant dialects of Hokkien and was thus borrowed to use in place of舊.
TheKedukan Bukit Inscription, which is dated 682 AD, is the oldest inscription found in Palembang. The inscription tells of a king who acquires magical powers and leads a large military force over water and land, setting out from Tamvan delta, arriving at a place called "Matajap," and (in the interpretation of some scholars) founding the polity of Srivijaya. The "Matajap" of the inscription is believed to be Mukha Upang, a district of Palembang.
According toGeorge Coedes, "in the second half of the 9th century Java and Sumatra were united under the rule of aSailendrareigning in Java...its centre at Palembang."
As the capital of the Srivijaya kingdom, this second oldest city in Southeast Asia has been an important trading centre in maritime Southeast Asia for more than a millennium. The kingdom flourished by controlling the international trade through theStrait of Malaccafrom the seventh to thirteenth century, establishing hegemony over polities in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. Sanskrit inscriptions and Chinese travelogues report that the kingdom prospered as an intermediary in the international trade between China and India. Because of theMonsoon, or biannual seasonal wind, after getting to Srivijaya, traders fromChinaorIndiahad to stay there for several months waiting the direction of the wind changes, or had to go back to China or India. Thus, Srivijaya grew to be the biggest international trade centre, and not only the market, but also infrastructures for traders such as lodging and entertainment also developed. It functioned as a cultural centre as well.Yijing, a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who stayed in today's Palembang and Jambi in 671, recorded that there were more than a thousand Buddhist monks and learned scholars, sponsored by the kingdom to study religion in Palembang. He also recorded that there were many "states" under the kingdom called Srivijaya (Shili Foshi).
In 990, an army from theKingdom of Mataramin Java attacked Srivijaya. Palembang was sacked and the palace was looted.Cudamani Warmadewa, however, requested protection from China. By 1006, the invasion was finally repelled. In retaliation, Srivijaya king sent his troops to assist King Wurawari of Luaram in his revolt against Mataram. In subsequent battles, Mataram Palace was destroyed and the royal family of Mataram executed.
In 1068, KingVirarajendra Cholaof theChola Dynastyof India conquered what is now Kedah from Srivijaya.Having lost many soldiers in the war and with its coffers almost empty due to the twenty-year disruption of trade, the reach of Srivijaya was diminished. Its territories began to free themselves from the suzerainty of Palembang and to establish many small kingdoms all over the former empire.Srivijaya finally declined with themilitary expeditionbyJavanese kingdomsin the thirteenth century.
PrinceParameswarafled from Palembang after being crushed byJavaneseforces.The city was then plagued by pirates, notablyChen ZuyiandLiang Daoming. In 1407, Chen wasconfronted at Palembang by the returning imperial treasure fleetunder AdmiralZheng He. Zheng made the opening gambit, demanding Chen's surrender and the pirate quickly signalled agreement while preparing for a surprise pre-emptive strike. But details of his plan had been provided to Zheng by a local Chinese informant, and in the fierce battle that ensued, the Ming soldiers and Ming superior armada finally destroyed the pirate fleet and killed 5,000 of its men. Chen was captured and held for public execution inNanjingin 1407. Peace was finally restored to the Strait of Malacca asShi Jinqingwas installed as Palembang's new ruler and incorporated into what would become a far-flung system of allies who acknowledged Ming supremacy in return for diplomatic recognition, military protection, and trading rights.
After theDemak Sultanatefell underKingdom of Pajang, a Demak nobleman,Geding Surowith his followers fled to Palembang and established a new dynasty. It is from this period, thatIslambecame the dominant religion in Palembang.TheSultanate of Palembangwas proclaimed in 1659. TheGrand Mosque of Palembangwas built in 1738 under the reign of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I Jaya Wikrama,and was completed in 1748.Settlements grew along theMusi River, with some houses built on rafts.The Sultanate legislated only citizens of Palembang could reside downstream of Seberang Ilir where the palace was located, whereas non-citizens were required to reside on the opposite bank known as Seberang Ulu.
Several local rivals, such asBanten,Jambi, andAcehthreatened the existence of the Sultanate. TheDutch East India Companyestablished a trade post in Palembang in 1619. In 1642, the company obtained monopoly over the ports pepper trade. Tensions mounted between the Dutch and locals, peaking in 1657 when a Dutch ship was attacked in Palembang. This provided opportunity for the company to launch a punitive expedition in 1659, in which the city was burnt to the ground.
During theNapoleonic Warsin 1812, SultanMahmud Badaruddin IIrepudiated British claims to suzerainty. The British responded by mounting a military expedition that captured Palembang and deposed the sultan. His younger brother, the pro-British Najamudinn, was installed onto the throne instead. The Dutch colonial government attempted to recover their influence at the court in 1816, but Sultan Najamuddin was uncooperative. An expedition launched by the Dutch in 1818 captured Sultan Najamudin and he was exiled to Batavia. A Dutch Army garrison was established in 1821, but Najamuddin attempted an attack and a mass poisoning of the garrison, which was intervened by the Dutch. Mahmud Badaruddin II was exiled toTernate, and his palace was burned to the ground. The Sultanate was later abolished by the Dutch and direct colonial rule was established.
Following the Dutch abolition of the Palembang Sultanate in 1825, Palembang became the capital of the Residency of Palembang, encompassing the territory that would become theSouth Sumatraprovince after Indonesian independence. Its first resident wasJan Izaäk van Sevenhoven.
From the late nineteenth century, with the Dutch introduction of new export crops includingrobusta coffee, Palembang rose as an economic centre. During the early 20th century, the development of the petroleum and rubber industries in Palembang Residency drove the city's economic growth. This saw a growth in migrants, an increase inurbanisation, and development of the socioeconomic infrastructure. Palembang became the most populous urban centre outside Java.
An oil embargo had been imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and due to its oil refineries, Palembang was a high priority objective for Japanese forces. With the area's fuel supply and airfield, Palembang offered potential as a military base area, to both the Allies and the Japanese.
The main battle occurred during 13–16 February 1942. While the Allied planes were attacking Japanese shipping on 13 February, Kawasaki Ki-56 transport planes of the 1st, 2nd and 3rdChutai, Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF), droppedTeishin Shudan(Raiding Group) paratroopers over Pangkalan Benteng airfield. At the same time Mitsubishi Ki-21 bombers from the 98thSentaidropped supplies for paratroopers. The formation was escorted by a large force of Nakajima Ki-43 fighters from the 59th and 64thSentai. As many as 180 men from the Japanese 2nd Parachute Regiment, under Colonel Seiichi Kume, dropped between Palembang and Pangkalan Benteng, and more than 90 men came down west of the refineries at Plaju.
Although the Japanese paratroopers failed to capture the Pangkalan Benteng airfield, they managed to gain undamaged possession of the Plaju oil refinery. However, the second oil refinery in Sungai Gerong was demolished by the Allies. A counter-attack byLandstormtroops and anti-aircraft gunners from Prabumulih managed to retake the complex but took heavy losses. The planned demolition failed to do any serious damage to the refinery, but the oil stores were set ablaze. Two hours after the first drop, another 60 Japanese paratroopers were dropped near Pangkalan Benteng airfield.
As the Japanese landing force approached Sumatra, the remaining Allied aircraft attacked it, and the Japanese transport shipOtawa Maruwas sunk. Hurricanes flew up the rivers, machine-gunning Japanese landing craft. However, on the afternoon of 15 February, all Allied aircraft were ordered to Java, where a major Japanese attack was anticipated, and the Allied air units had withdrawn from southern Sumatra by the evening of 16 February 1942. Other personnel were evacuated via Oosthaven (now Bandar Lampung) by ships to Java or India.
The Japanese managed to restore production at both main refineries, and these petroleum products were significant in their war effort. Despite Allied air raids, production was largely maintained. The city was defended from air attacks by the Imperial Japanese Army'sPalembang Defense Unit.
In August 1944, USAAF B-29 bombers flying from India,raided the Palembang refineriesin what was the longest range regular bombing mission of the war.
In January 1945, inOperation Meridian I and II, the British Royal Navy'sFleet Air Armlaunched two major attacks on the two refinery complexes, against determined Japanese defence.The aviation fuel output was reduced by 75% for the loss of 32 aircraft to combat and landings.
On 8 October 1945, the Resident of South Sumatra, Adnan Kapau Gani, andGunseibuofficers raised the Indonesian flag during a ceremony. It was declared that Palembang Residency was under control of Republicans.
Palembang was occupied by the Dutch after an urban battle with Republicans on 1–5 January 1947, which is nicknamedPertempuran Lima Hari Lima Malam(Five Days and Nights Battle). The battle ended with a ceasefire and the Republican forces retreated as far as 20 kilometres (12 miles) from Palembang.
During the occupation, the Dutch formed the federal state of South Sumatra in September 1948.After the transfer of sovereignty on 27 December 1949, South Sumatra State, along with other federal states and the Republic formed a short-livedUnited States of Indonesiabefore the states were abolished and integrated back into the form of Republic on 17 August 1950.
DuringPRRI/Permestarebellion, the rebel faction establishedDewan Garuda(Garuda Council) in South Sumatra on 15 January 1957 under Lieutenant Colonel Barlian took over the local government of South Sumatra.
In April 1962, Indonesian government started the construction of Ampera Bridge which was completed and officially opened for public on 30 September 1965 by Minister/Commander of the Army Lieutenant GeneralAhmad Yanion 30 September 1965, only hours before he was killed by troops belonging to the30 September Movement. At first, the bridge was known as the Bung Karno Bridge, after the president, but following his fall, it was renamed the Ampera Bridge.A second bridge in Palembang which crosses Musi River, Musi II Bridge was built on 4 August 1992.
On 6 December 1988, Indonesia government expanded Palembang's administrative area as far as 12 kilometers from the city center, with 9 villages fromMusi Banyuasinintegrated into 2 new districts of Palembang and 1 village fromOgan Komering Ilirintegrated into Seberang Ulu I District.
DuringMay 1998 riots of Indonesia, Palembang was also ravaged by riots with 10 burned shops, more than a dozen burned cars, and several injured people inflicted by rioters as students marching to the Provincial People's Representative Council office of South Sumatra. Thousands of police and soldiers were put on guard at various points in the city. The Volunteer Team for Humanity (Indonesian:Tim Relawan untuk Manusia, or TRUK) reported that cases of sexual assault also took place.
A sports complex, includingGelora Sriwijaya Stadium, was built in Palembang's southern district of Jakabaring over 1998-2004. Palembang then hosted the2004 National Games, 47 years after the games were last held outside Java and 51 years since held in Sumatra.Palembang went on to co-host the 2011 Southeast Asian Games with Jakarta. Two years later, Palembang replacedRiauprovince's capitalPekanbaruas host city of the2013 Islamic Solidarity Gamesafter Riau GovernorRusli Zainalwas implicated in a corruption case.Palembang and Jakarta co-hosted the 2018 Asian Games.
PresidentSusilo Bambang Yudhoyonoin 2005 declared Palembang a "Water Tourism City".Further tourism promotions were launched by Yudhoyono's administration in 2008 amid criticism that souvenirs promoting local culture for the campaign were actually imported from China.
Palembang's firstflyoverwas completed at Simpang Polda in September 2008.A second flyover, in Jakabaring, was completed in 2015.In 2010, Palembang launched itsbus transit system, Transmusi.In 2015, the central government began upgrading Palembang's transportation with the construction of alight rail transit systemfromSultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airportto Jakabaring, followed bytoll roads, two Musi River bridges, and two flyovers, ahead of the 2018 Asian Games.The city's main toll road commenced operation in October 2017.
At2°59′10″S104°45′20″E﻿ / ﻿2.98611°S 104.75556°E﻿ /-2.98611; 104.75556, Palembang occupies 400.61 kmof vast lowland area east ofBukit Barisan Mountainsin southern Sumatra with average elevation of 8 metres (26 feet),approximately 105 kilometres (65 miles) from nearby coast atBangka Strait. One of the largest rivers in Sumatra, the Musi River, runs through the city, dividing the city area into two major parts which are Seberang Ilir in the north (comprising 13 of the 18 city districts) and Seberang Ulu in the south (comprising Seberang Ulu Satu, Kertapati, Jakabaring, Seberang Ulu Dua and Plaju Districts). Palembang is also located on the confluence of two major tributaries of Musi River, which areOgan RiverandKomering River. The river's water level is influenced bytidal cycle. In rainy season, many areas on the city are inundated by the river's tide.
Palembang's topography is quite different between the Seberang Ilir and Seberang Ulu areas. Seberang Ulu's topography is relatively flat. Seberang Ilir's topography is more rugged with altitude variation between 4 and 20 metres (13 and 66feet).
Palembang is located in thetropical rainforest climate(KöppenAf) zone with significant rainfall even in its driest months. The climate in Palembang is often described as a "hot, humid climate with a lot of rainfall throughout the year". The annual average temperature is around 27.3 °C (81.1 °F). Within this tropical climate, except for precipitation andmonsoonal winddirection, the city experiences no other seasonal change throughout the year. Average rainfall annually is 2,623 millimetres or 103 inches.During its wettest months, the city's lowlands are frequently inundated by torrential rains. However, in its driest months, manypeatlandsaround the city dried, making them more vulnerable towildfires, causing prolongedhazein the city. Due to the city's very low latitude, the typhoon risk of the city is nearly absent.
Palembang is roughly divided by Musi River into two major areas known as Seberang Ilir (lit. "downstream bank") in the north and Seberang Ulu (lit. "upstream bank") in the south. Seberang Ilir is the main economic and political centre in Palembang and contained a prominent portion of the city's highrises. Seberang Ulu is undergoing massive development, especially in Jakabaring, with the construction of business centre, government building, and the most notably is the construction of the city's sport complex,Jakabaring Sport City.
Palembang administratively has a status as acityand has its own local government and legislative body. The executive head of Palembang is the Mayor. The mayor and members of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The city government enjoys greater decentralization of affairs than the provincial body, such as the provision of public schools, public health facilities and public transportation. Current Mayor of the city isHarnojoyo, previous vice mayor who is appointed because the previous mayor,Romi Hertonwas impeached because of a bribery scandal during his election.Besides Mayor and Vice Mayor, there is thePalembang City Regional House of Representatives, which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by the people in legislative elections every five years.
Palembang consists of eighteenkecamatan(districts),each headed by aCamat.They are further divided again into 107kelurahan(urban villages).They are listed below with their areas, their populations at the 2010and 2020Censuses, and the latest official estimates (as at mid 2023).The table also includes the numbers ofkelurahan(urban villages) in each district, and its postal codes.
Note: (a) Two additional districts - Ilir Timur Tiga (East Ilir III) and Jakabaring - were established in 2017 by splitting from Ilir Timur Dua (East Ilir II) and Seberang Ulu Satu (Upper Seberang I) districts respectively;their populations at the 2010 Census are included in the figures given for the districts from which they were cut out.
Note the affixes can be translated as: "Satu" = "One"; "Dua" = "Two"; "Tiga" = "Three"; "Timur" = "East"; "Barat" = "West"; "Ilir" = "Lower" (or "Downriver"); "Ulu" - "Upper" (or "Upriver").
Palembang is an ethnically diverse city. The indigenous population in the region of Palembang arePalembang people. Many of them live in traditional settlements along the Musi River bank, although there has been a recent efflux of Palembang people to the outer suburbs. Many people of other ethnicities from other parts of South Sumatra and beyond also live in Palembang. There are also significantJavanese,Minangkabau,Arab, Indian andChinesecommunities who are inhabitants of Palembang.Arab Indonesian communities mainly live in several villages such as Kampong Al Munawwar in 13 Ulu, Kampong Assegaf in 16 Ulu, Kampong Al Habsyi in Kuto Batu, Kampong Jamalullail in 19 Ilir and Kampong Alawiyyin in Sungai Bayas, 10 Ilir. Conversely, Chinese Indonesian communities mainly live in commercial districts in Palembang although there are several traditional Chinese villages like Kampong Kapitan in 7 Ulu. And Indian in 18 Ilir.
The locally widespreadPalembanglanguage (baso Pelembang) is considered aMalayicvariety in theMusi clusterwith a significant Javanese influence. The natives originating from other parts of South Sumatra have their own regional languages, such as theMusi(Sekayu, Kelingi, Penukal dialects), Rawas, Penesak, and Pegagan varieties of the Musi cluster; theSouth Barisan Malayicvarieties ofBesemah, Lintang,Ogan, andSemende; and theLampungicvariety ofKomering.Chinese languages are also largely used by local Chinese communities.
Palembang officially recognizes six religious faiths, of which the most widely held is Islam. According to the 2017 data fromBadan Pusat StatistikPalembang, the population of Palembang was 92.22% Muslim, 3.91%Buddhist, 2.23%Protestant, 1.49%Roman Catholic, 0.13%Hindu, and 0.02% Confucianist. Muslims in Palembang are mainly from theShafi`i schoolofSunni Islam.There are several mosques with considerable heritage and historical significance, chiefly theGreat Mosque of Palembang, which was built during the Palembang Sultanate era, widely regarded as the main mosque of Palembang.
Before the operation of Ampera Bridge, there were more people in Palembang using water transportation. Large water vehicles such asriver steamboatwas used to transport people to and from inland. Some people also used smaller boats such as the Kajang boat, a traditional boat with simple roof to carry people and goods. Nowadays, people in Palembang prefer road transportation over water, and private transportation over public. Traffic jams often occur in some main streets, especially duringrush hour. Rail and air transportation are also available in Palembang.
Since 2020, Palembang has been connected with theTrans-Sumatra Toll Road, linking it withBakauhenito the south.As of 2022, the northwards road terminates at Palembang, although planning and construction for the road's extension toJambiis ongoing.
Palembang operates several bus and taxibus (angkot) routes. The first angkots in Palembang were using Willys Jeep and was called "Mobil Ketek" because of its engine sound. Public buses were introduced in the 1990s and served some routes from Seberang Ilir neighborhoods such as Km.12, Perumnas, Pusri, and Bukit Besar to Seberang Ulu neighborhoods which are Kertapati, Plaju, and Jakabaring. Due to aging vehicles, poor security and drivers habit, all non air-conditioned public buses are ordered to cease their services inside Palembang in 2018.
Currently, much of public bus services in Palembang is provided by Teman Bus since 2020 since previous public bus service operator in Palembang namedTransmusiwhich had been introduced in 2010 stop its service.Teman Bus is running four routes (corridors) inside the city.
Teman Bus is also operating seven air-conditioned taxibus (angkot) routes as feeder to already establishedPalembang LRTservice.
Another public bus operator,DAMRIalso operates air-conditioned public bus routes to neighboring towns such asKayuagung,Indralaya,Pangkalan Balai,Prabumulih, andTanjung Api-Api.
Palembang also has a large number of taxis. The number has been rising since the National Games 2004 and SEA Games 2011, which both were held in Palembang.
There are manybecak(pedicabs) andojek(motorcycle taxi) operated in Palembang.Becakare often found in more older settlements along Musi River thanojekwhich are mostly found in more recent settlements far from the river.
Taxis andojeksare available viaGo-JekandGrab. Because of protests from taxi drivers,angkotandojekare often barred from taking passengers to/from some places, such as the airport.
Railway tracks were introduced by the Dutch in the late 1800s. Railway tracks connect Palembang to provinces in southern Sumatra such asBandar LampunginLampung Province,Rejang Lebong RegencyinBengkulu Province, and some main towns in South Sumatra such asLubuklinggau,Prabumulih,Indralaya,Muara Enim,Lahat,Tebing Tinggi,Baturaja, andMartapura. The largest railway station in Palembang isKertapati Station. There are plans to connect Palembang to other cities in Sumatra, ultimately connected existing railways in northern, western and southern Sumatra, formingTrans Sumatra Railway.
With the opening of Palembang LRT on 1 August 2018, Palembang was the first Indonesian city to have alight rail system(and rapid transit system in general), predating the opening ofJakarta LRTin 2019. There are 13 stations along the 23.4-kilometre (14.5 mi) LRT system, connectingSultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International AirportandJakabaring Sport City.
Palembang has several types of river transportation. The most traditional one is amotorboatcalled "perahu ketek", a wooden boat which using small engine and moves quite slow.Perahu ketekis often used especially by people who live on riverside to cross the river from one bank to another. Another type of river transportation is called "speedboat", a wooden motorboat which using more larger engine and designed to withstand the speed of the boat itself, far more faster thanperahu ketek. Speedboats often used by the people outside Palembang, especially who lives in Musi River delta, to go to and from Palembang. Palembang also operates some larger riverboat for tourism activities.
Currently Palembang also has two main ferry ports, Tanjung Api-api Port, located on sea-shore, 68 kilometres (42 miles) outside the city, and Boom Baru Port inside the city. These ports operate ferries toBangka,BelitungandBatam Island. There is a plan to build deep sea port in Tanjung Api-Api.
The only public airport in Palembang isSultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport. This airport provides domestic routes that connect Palembang with many cities inIndonesia, especiallyJakarta, but also other towns in South Sumatra, such as Lubuklinggau andPagaralam. It also has international routes toSingaporeandKuala Lumpur.
As the capital of South Sumatra and one of major cities in Indonesia, Palembang's economy depends highly on trading, service, transportation, manufacturing and construction sectors.GRDPof Palembang wasRp118.77 trillion (US$9.01 billion) in 2016. Of this, themanufacturingandconstructionsectors take up the largest portions with 33.17 and 18.21 percent contributions, respectively.The minimum wage for 2017 is Rp 2,484,000 per month, somewhat higher than regencies in Java although lower than that of cities such as Medan orSurabaya.
Palembang is a part of Strategic Development Area of Merak - Bakauheni - Bandar Lampung - Palembang - Tanjung Api-Api (MBBPT).To accelerate the region development,Trans-Sumatra Toll Roadis being constructed to eventually give Palembang a high-speed highway access to other cities in Sumatra, includingBengkuluin the west,Jambiin the north, andBandar Lampungin the south.
Palembang is the regional business centre in southern Sumatra region encompassing Jambi, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Bangka Belitung Islands and Lampung. Several main factories and industries in Indonesia are operating in Palembang such asfertiliserfactory ofPupuk Sriwidjaja PalembanginSei Selayur,portland cementfactory ofBaturaja Portland CementinKertapatiand oil and gas refinery ofPertaminainPlaju. Several coal mining industries in South Sumatra also transport coal to the city by freight trains and by trucks before being shipped toJavaor abroad.
In Indonesia, South Sumatra is the largest producer ofrubber, estimated at over 940,000 tons of production in 2016,and over 850,000 tons of rubber were exported from Palembang in the same year.In 2014, there were 14 rubber processing factories in the city employing 4,000 people with a capacity of close to a million tons annually.There is however no specified industrial parks in the city.
At least 10,683 foreign tourists and 1,896,110 domestic tourists visited the city in 2016.Several hotels are operating in Palembang, many of them are opened after the2004 Pekan Olahraga Nasional. Culinary business in Palembang is also developing. A ton ofpempekis exported from Palembang to other cities in Indonesia and abroad daily.
Generally, there are two types of markets in Palembang,traditional marketand modern market. From 30 traditional markets in Palembang, majority of traditional markets in Palembang is managed byPD Pasar Palembang Jaya. The rest is owned by private orcooperative.Being in the central area of Palembang,16 Ilir Marketis the main traditional market in the city, while the area around the market, especially areas along Jalan Masjid Lama, Jalan Jendral Soedirman, Jalan Kolonel Atmo and Jalan Letkol Iskandar become bustling commercial centres integrated with one another. Another notable trading centre in Palembang isCinde Market, one of the oldest market in Indonesia which was built first in 1957 with its unique mushroom pillars, then razed in 2017 to be replaced with more modern building.
Other modern commercial centers and malls are built in other parts of the city. Most of them are built in alongSekanak Rivercorridor, includingPalembang Indah Mall,Ramayana Palembang,Transmart Palembang,Palembang Icon, andPalembang Square, other notable malls such as Palembang Trade Center and OPI Mall are built in Patal Pusri and Jakabaring respectively. Two of main Indonesia retail giants,IndomaretandAlfamartalso open their franchise stores in every part of the city.
From the 1930s onward the Palembang municipalSultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Museumstarted to housearchaeological objectsfrom regional sites that had not jet been excavated. The curator of the Batavian Museum in Jakarta only allowed for few historic stones to be transported. The carvedmegalithAir Poearrepresents Pasemah culture in the collection of theJakarta History Museum.
Palembang is known asVenetië Van Andalas(Venice of Sumatra), mainly because of the topography of the city which was dominated by Musi River and its tributaries.
As a trading city since antiquity, Palembang is very heterogenous and its local culture and language is also influenced by many civilizations, most notably Chinese, Javanese, and Arabs. Several Dutch legacies in architecture can also be seen in the city. The most notable landmarks in Palembang are Ampera Bridge, Musi River, Kuto Besak Fort, Kemaro Island, and Jakabaring Sport City.
Since antiquity, Palembang has been a major port city in Southeast Asia which absorbs neighbouring, as well as foreign, cultures and influences. Throughout its history, Palembang has attracted migrants from other regions in the archipelago, and has made this city as a heterogenous city. Although today the city had lost its function as the major port city in the archipelago, the remnants of its heyday still evident in its culture. Palembangnese people mainly adopt culture which is mainly an amalgamation of Malay and Javanese customs.Even now it can be seen in its culture and language. Word such as "wong (person)" is an example ofJavaneseloanword in Palembang language. Also the Javanese knight and noble honorific titles, such as Raden Mas or Raden Ayu is used by Palembang nobles, the remnant ofPalembang Sultanatecourtly culture. The tombs of the Islamic heritage was not different in form and style with Islamic tombs in Java.
Palembang cuisine is the second most well-known cuisine from Sumatra afterPadang. They primarily usefreshwater fishandprawnas ingredients due to the paramount role of theMusi Riverfor the area. Spices are also generally included although not as liberal as its same-island counterpart. Malay, Indian, and Chinese culture has also influenced Palembang's culinary scene. Besides freshwater fish dishes, there are many variation of dishes, snacks, drinks, and sweets in Palembang cuisine.The most well known dishes in Palembang includepempek,tekwan,pindang patin,martabakHAR, and wide varieties ofBakmiwhich is a type of noodle dish. Numerous Palembang cuisines are highly influenced by Chinese culture.
Palembang is mainly known for its artistic fabric,songket. This is a hand-wovensilkorcottonfabrics patterned with gold or silver threads.It is a luxury product traditionally worn during ceremonial occasions assarong, shoulder cloths or head ties andtanjak, a headdress songket. DuringSrivijayarule, songkets were often used at the court.Songkets are also traditionally worn as an apparel by the Malay royal families in Sumatra and theMalay Peninsulaincluding the Palembang Sultanate. Traditionally women are the weavers of songket, however in this modern time men also are known to weave it as well.There are six main patterns in Palembang songket which are songket lepus, songket tawur, songket tretes mender, songket bungo pacik, combinated songket, and songket limar.These patterns are not only used on songkets, but also as decoration for several structures in Palembang such as underpasses, flyovers, and bridges.
Palembang is also known for its woodcarving. Palembang woodcarving are heavily influenced by Chinese culture with motifs such asjasmineorlotus.Palembang woodcarving style originally is used to wardrobe that stores songket fabrics. But nowadays it is often applied to house ornaments and also to many house applicants such as wooden display cabinets, wooden beds, aquariums, photo frames, mirrors, etc.
Folk dances have been performed by Palembangnese since antiquity. The most known folk dance of Palembang is Tanggai Dance which was considered sacred in the past since it was performed as an offering toShiva. Nowadays it was performed in a lot of important ceremonies and weddings.
On several occasions such askenduri(communal feast), Palembangnese often hired several people to perform a traditional theatrical performance calledDulmuluk, named after its main character, Raja Abdulmuluk Jauhari. Dulmuluk was known at first as asyairwhich was then adapted into local theatrical performance by Palembangnese in 1910. Dulmuluk often performed during night until the dawn of the next day.
Along with Jakarta, Palembang is notable as having served as a host city of the2018 Asian Games, the first Asian Games hold officially by two cities and the fourth host city of Asian Games in Southeast Asia after Bangkok in 1998.Palembang is also the main host of2011 Southeast Asian Gamesand hosted two matches of2007 AFC Asian Cup.Sport facilities have been built across the city since 1971 to hostPekan Olahraga Mahasiswa(POM) IX, although the city's main sport complex,Jakabaring Sport Citystarted its construction in 1998 and expanded later in 2010.In order to keep the sport complex into frequent uses, several plans have been raised by the government to encourage more sporting events into the city, included the purchase of an association football club, Persijatim Solo F.C in 2004 which then renamed toSriwijaya F.C.Palembang also planned to build arace trackinside the complex to host aMotoGPrace in the city.
Footballis regarded as the most popular sport in Palembang.Sriwijaya F.Cis the only active professional football club in South Sumatra and widely followed across the province, especially in Palembang as its home base. During its home matches, the stadium often flooded with fans wears yellow shirts on south stands, green shirts on north stands, and black shirts on east stands, representing three mainultrasof the club.Badminton,basketball,volleyballandfutsalalso get some wide attention in the city. Beside Sriwijaya F.C., notable sport teams in Palembang areBSB Hangtuah(basketball) and Palembang Bank Sumsel Babel (volleyball). An Indonesian badminton player,Mohammad AhsanandDebby Susantois also from Palembang.
According toMinistry of Education and Culture, currently there are 462 elementary schools, 243 junior high schools, 140 high schools, and 80 vocational schools in Palembang; most of them privately owned.There are 26 Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) in Palembang as of 2015.
Christian schools and Buddhist schools are also privately owned and funded. Study centers are available such as GO, Primagama, BKC, Nurul Fikri, BTA, and RuangGuru's Brain Academy.
The city's universities and colleges includeSriwijaya University, Raden Fatah State Islamic University, Sriwijaya State Polytechnic, Muhammadiyah University of Palembang and Bina Darma University.
Other universities include Kader Bangsa, MDP, the Open University of Palembang, IBA, Indo Global Mandiri, PGRI, Tridinanti, Musi Charitas, and Indonesia Sport Polytechnic.