බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම -1988 එංගලන්ත සංචාරය

බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම 1988 එංගලන්තයේ දිවිව් රිචර්ඩ්'ස්ගේනායකත්වයයටතේපළමු පෙළක්‍රිකට්තරඟ 16ක් ක්‍රිඩා කරන ලදි.. TheWest Indiesenjoyed tremendous success during the tour, whileEnglandendured a "disastrous summer" of continuous change.
England easily won the initial three-matchOne Day International(ODI) series, retaining theTexaco Trophyand raising expectations for a successful summer in the five-matchTestseries to follow.  However, the West Indies comfortably retained theWisden Trophyby winning the Test series 4–0. This tour has become known in cricketing circles as the "summer of four captains" as England used four differentcaptainsin the five Test matches.
By the summer of 1988, the West Indies had experienced nearly ten years as the best Test team in world cricket, including a streak ofwinning 10 of 11 Test seriesthey played from 1980 to 1985–86 (the other was drawn).  However, the West Indies side that had enjoyed this considerable recent success was beginning to show signs of ageing. The experiencedbatsmenViv Richards(the captain),Gordon Greenidge,Jeff Dujon, andDesmond Hayneswere all coming to the end of their careers, andbowlersMichael HoldingandJoel Garnerhad recently retired. As a result, the squad arrived with an unusually inexperienced group ofpace bowlers.  SupportingMalcolm Marshall, a veteran of 53 Tests, were relative newcomersCourtney Walsh(20 Tests),Patrick Patterson(11),Winston Benjamin(4),Curtly Ambrose(3) andIan Bishop(0).
The West Indies' most recent series had been a hard-fought 1–1 draw at homeagainst Pakistan,but their previous two Test series against England had both resulted in 5–0 victories. The first of these,in England in 1984,was the firstwhitewashEngland had suffered since the 1920–21 season whenEngland toured Australia,while the second occurred in theCaribbeanin1985–86. These two one-sided victories by the West Indies became known as "blackwashes".
By contrast, the English team had suffered a run of bad performances spanning several years, winning only seven of their previous 52 Tests.  The England side had most recently touredAustralia, drawing theBicentennial Testand losing the onlyOne Day Internationalplayed, andNew Zealand, drawing all three Test matches and sharing the ODIs 2–2.Before this, they had endured a "hostile" and highly controversialtour of Pakistan,during which an argument between captainMike GattingandumpireShakoor Ranahad led to a diplomatic incident.The three match series was lost 1–0, but the "teasing, taunting ... bemusing"performance ofleg-spinnerAbdul Qadir, who took 30wicketsin three Tests,was unlikely to be repeated, given that the West Indies' only specialist spinner wasRoger Harper, anoff-breakbowler.
Despite having lost 5–0 to the West Indies in each of thetwo most recent series, England had grounds for optimism leading up to the Test series: the West Indian team was ageing and lacked aleg-spinner; and the England team had home advantage.  England's morale was also surging following good performances in theshorter formof the game: the team had reached theWorld Cup Finalthe previous year, losing toAustralia, and were expected to do well in One Day International cricket, even against the West Indies.
As the series unfolded, England were dominated by the West Indians in "the crazy summer of 1988".Wisdenwas moved to comment "The morale and reputation of English cricket has seldom been as severely bruised as it was during the 1988 Cornhill Insurance Test series against West Indies".
The notability of there being four captains in just five Test matches can better be understood with context. Thecaptain of a cricket teamperforms a vital role. Unlike many other team sports, the captain makes crucial decisions regarding on-field tactics, and may also have an important say in team selection. Traditionally, captains of international teams are not changed frequently – for example, between 1977 and 1988 (comprising 104 Test matches), onlyseven different mencaptained England, yet there were four captains in just a few weeks in the summer of 1988.
The many changes of captain over the summer reflected uncertainty in the English cricketing establishment as to how to respond to the drubbing the team was receiving from the West Indies; the selectors "did not seem to know where to turn, either for a new captain or for a settled team".
The England team had not suffered such uncertainty since theWest Indies tour of England in 1966, where theselectorschose 23 different players and three different captains (Colin Cowdrey,M. J. K. SmithandBrian Close) and England lost the five-Test series 3–1.Notably,Peter Maywas on the Board of Selectors for the 1966 series, while he was chairman of the board of Selectors for the 1988 series.
Before the Test series began, the West Indian cricket team played three One Day Internationals against England in May 1988.  All of the ODIs were won by England, largely thanks to disciplined, economical bowling byGladstone Small,Phil DeFreitasandDerek Pringlethroughout and good batting performances fromMike Gattingin the First (82*) and Third (40*) ODIs.England retained theTexaco Trophy.
The ODIs were followed by five Test matches. The First Test was drawn, and the remaining four Tests were all won convincingly by the West Indies.
The West Indies played 11first-class matches, in addition to the five Tests,defeatingSomersetin May andKentin June. The other nine first-class matches, and the First Test, were all drawn:Sussex,Gloucestershire,Worcestershire,Lancashire,Northamptonshire,Leicestershire,Glamorgan,Nottinghamshire,
andEssex.  During the match against Gloucestershire atBristol, immediately after the ODI series,Phil Simmonssuffered a horrific injury, receiving a ball to the head from bowlerDavid Lawrence.  Not wearing ahelmet, the blow caused his heart to stop and he had to be taken to hospital where he underwent emergency brain surgery.  He missed the rest of the tour, but made a full recovery in time for the1991 West Indies tour of England.
In addition to the One Day Internationals, there were four other non-first-class fixtures. West Indies beatLavinia, Duchess of Norfolk's XIin a 40-over match,Hampshirein a 50-over match and a combinedOxfordandCambridgeUniversities team over three days; they also drew withMinor Countiesin a two-day match.
සැකිල්ල:Test match
Mike Gattingwas the incumbent England captain for the First Test, atTrent Bridge.  The result was a draw, withGraham GoochandDavid Gowerhelping England to save the game from a position of weakness, after conceding a sizeable first-innings lead to the West Indies.
England won the toss and declined from 125–0 to 245 all out, the last five wickets tumbling for just 22 runs.Malcolm MarshallandCurtly Ambrosetook all ten wickets between them. The West Indies racked up 448–9 despite no batsman reaching a century. England had a chance to get back into the match, but from 334–7, the unheralded batting of Marshall (72) and Ambrose (43*) took the tourists into a position of dominance.
The West Indian surge for victory was frustrated by the weather, which periodically interrupted the match throughout, and by an obdurate partnership of 161 between Gooch (146) and Gower (88*).
Before the Second Test, Gatting was sacked for an alleged off-field indiscretion with abarmaid. Thetabloidmedia made allegations of "shenanigans" in his room; he "admitted taking ... [her] into his room but denied anything untoward had happened".During the previous winter, Gatting had been involved in a notorious on-field altercation with umpireShakoor Ranain Pakistan that snowballed into a diplomatic disaster with the third day of the second test inFaisalabadbeing abandoned and accusations of cheating.His recently published autobiographyLeading From The Front"...was banned in all shops on county grounds.  Gatting was good enough to lead Middlesex and England, but spectators couldn't buy his book at Lord's".The new allegations may simply have been thelast straw.
This proved to be Gatting's last match as captain. He had captained England in 23 Test matches since taking charge againstIndiain 1986, but won only two.
සැකිල්ල:Test match
Gatting was replaced as England captain by hisMiddlesexcolleagueJohn Emburey.  Gatting was also dropped from the team, replaced byYorkshire'sMartyn Moxon.Phil DeFreitaswas also replaced, byGladstone Small, but the tourists were unchanged.
England began the Second Test with an inspired fiery burst of fast bowling byGraham Dilley, who took four of the first five wickets to fall to reduce the West Indies to 54–5. At lunch on the first day, Dilley had figures of 4–35, and "he would have taken five hadPringleat firstslipcaughtLogiewhen he was 10".
The missed chance was to prove costly.  The pattern established in the first Test recurred, as England let the West Indies recover, withGus LogieandJeff Dujonscoring 81 and 53 as the team passed 200.
In England's first innings, the West Indian pace attack found little resistance after they had dismissed Gooch and Gower.  Marshall was again to the fore, with six wickets, and West Indies secured a precious first-innings lead of 44 runs.
The touring batsmen then enjoyed the Lord's conditions, reaching 397 in their second innings, with sizeable contributions from Greenidge (103), Richards (72), Dujon (52) and Logie again, this time with an unbeaten 95, a match performance that secured him the award ofMan of the match.
England never seriously threatened to reach the victory target of 442 runs, which would have comfortably broken theworld recordfor a fourth-innings run chase.Allan Lambadded to his reputation for mastering fast bowling with a defiant 113, but it was sizeable contributions from thetailandextrasthat took England to a respectable total of 307 – but a bad defeat by 134 runs.
සැකිල්ල:Test match
The third Test changed the pattern of the summer. England were "unable to cope for any length of time with the West Indian fast bowlers"and never gave even a sign of competing in a one-sided affair.
The England team had a different look, with four changes to the team.Essex36-year-oldoff-spinnerJohn Childsmade his debut, the oldest England debutant for 40 years.Childs joined the recalled Gatting and DeFreitas, and newcomerDavid Capel.  Small andPaul Jarviswere both left out due to injury, andDerek Pringlewas dropped, but the most media attention focused onChris Broad, who was also dropped, "ostensibly for his consistent failure to make runs in home Tests, but there was always a suspicion that he was being disciplined for the incident at Lord's when he was spotted by a television camera mouthing his disappointment at an lbw decision".
For West Indies,Desmond Hayneswas unfit, ending a run of 72 consecutive caps.He was replaced by the spinnerRoger Harper, andPatrick Pattersonwas replaced byWinston Benjamin.
No batsman scored more than 33 in England's first innings, as the four quick bowlers shared cheap wickets.  In reply, West Indies piled up 384–7, again without a century, in a team effort down to and including man-of-the-match Marshall, who scored 43* batting at number eight.
Needing 249 to make West Indies bat again, England were dismissed for just 93, Marshall finishing with magnificent figures of 15.4–5–22–7, the best of his Test career.Extraswere the third highest scorer, with 12.
With such a huge margin of victory and such a poor performance, England (and Emburey) were strongly criticised. After being bowled out for just 93 runs, and a personally very unsuccessful match (no wickets as a bowler, and scoring just 1 and 8 runs as a batsman), Emburey was sacked as England captain and dropped from the team.
සැකිල්ල:Test match
The England selectors surprised the cricket public with their new appointment as captain, selecting a player who many believed owed his appointment more to his father than his own ability.Chris Cowdreywas the son ofColin Cowdrey, an England captain in the 1960s and later given aknighthoodand thenlife peeragefor his services to the sport;Chris Cowdrey was alsogodsonof the chairman of selectors,Peter May.Cowdrey was a successful captain ofKentincounty cricket, but had played just five Tests previously, during the1984–85 tour to India, captained byDavid Gower. He became only the second son to follow his father as captain of the England cricket team, afterGeorge Mannin the 1940s followedFrank Mannin the 1920s.
The England side was thoroughly shaken-up following the debacle in the Third Test at Old Trafford. The selectors tried to turn things around with seven new faces in the team, the most extensive change of an England XI during a Test series since seven players were changed for the 1921AshesTests against Australia at Lord's and Headingley (when onlyJWHT Douglas,Ciss Parkin,Lionel TennysonandFrank Woolleywere retained, and Tennyson replaced Douglas as captain). As well as Cowdrey replacing Emburey, the selectors also droppedPaul Downton, Martyn Moxon, Mike Gatting, David Capel, Phil Defreitas and John Childs in favour of Derek Pringle,Neil Foster,Bill Athey, andJack Richards, withTim CurtisandRobin Smithmaking their Test debuts.  For the West Indies, both Greenidge and Richardson sat the match out, injured: Haynes returned, and a debut was handed to Keith Arthurton. Jeff Dujon was promoted up the batting order as a makeshift opener.
Apart from Pringle, who played in the First and Second Tests, none of the six new selections had played in the series so far, but the match followed the old pattern, as the England batting again failed twice against the hostile West Indies pace attack.  The side fell to a relatively facile defeat against a West Indies team whose own batsmen failed to dominate; they had no need.  Curtly Ambrose secured his first man-of-the-match award for taking seven wickets at a cost of 98 runs.
Anall-rounderwith a moderate first class record (averaging 32 with the bat and 40 with the ball),Cowdrey's debut as captain in the Fourth Test atHeadingleywas a disaster. He scored 0 and 5 and took no wickets, as England were crushed by 10 wickets, West Indies again winning at a canter. Worse for Cowdrey, he suffered a minor injury in a county match and was persuaded to step aside for the Fifth Test. He never played for England again.
සැකිල්ල:Test match
In desperation, the England selectors turned to 35-year-oldGraham Gooch, stalwartopening batsman, as their fourth captain of the series, for the Fifth Test atThe Oval.  England also replaced Cowdrey with DeFreitas, dropped Gower forMatthew Maynard, and replaced the injuredAllan LambwithRob Bailey, a recall and two Test debuts respectively.The tourists replaced the youngsterKeith Arthurtonwith Greenidge, who had recovered from an injury.
England won the toss and the new captain received the first ball, but Gooch was soon out with the score on only 12. Some solid top-order play followed, with Curtis (30), Bailey (43) and Smith (57) all making starts but getting out when well set.  From 120–3, England lost their remaining wickets for 85, but that is perhaps less surprising than the fact that off-spinner Roger Harper took three of them. A lion-hearted response by the England bowlers, led by Neil Foster (5–64), gave England a chance of a rare win, as the West Indies were dismissed for 183, giving the England team their first first-innings lead of the series, 22 runs ahead.
In England's second innings, Gooch played a lone hand. With the exception of Foster (34), promoted asnightwatchmanat the end of day two, no-one else passed 15. When Gooch was last man out for 84 on the third day, England had compiled 202. The England bowlers managed to restrain the West Indian batsmen, Childs notably bowling 40 overs for just 79 runs, but, with more than 2 days left to play, there was little pressure on the West Indies, and they strolled to victory in 91 overs, losing just two wickets, with more than a day to spare.
Gooch had enjoyed a successful series against West Indies as a batsman, and remained in charge forEngland's next match, againstSri Lankaat Lord's later in 1988, in which he achieved his first victory as captain. England did not tour that winter, andDavid Gowerreturned to the captaincy for the 6-matchAshes seriesat home againstAustraliain the summer of1989. England lost 4–0, bringing Gower's long captaincy career to a close.
Gooch took over again as England captain for the tour to West Indies in the winter of1989–90, winning one Test and drawing another before injury forced him out of the team. He was replaced temporarily as captain byAllan Lamb, who lost both of his matches in charge. Gooch went on to captain England the following summer, remaining in that position almost exclusively until 1993 and bringing England a degree of success that they had not experienced for almost a decade. For much of this period, he was also rated as one of the world's leading batsmen.
The West Indies team's next opposition wasAustraliawhere the team enjoyed a 3–1Test series winon foreign soil. "The West Indians made a slow start to their tour, losing twice toWestern Australiabefore running into form ... So effectively, at times irresistibly, did Vivian Richards's West Indian side play in the first three Test matches in Australia that by the New Year they had already retained theFrank Worrell Trophy."
The West Indies went on to record further Test series victories in the next two years, defeatingIndia3–0 in a four-Test seriesin the Caribbean in 1988–89,and narrowly beating England once againin the Caribbean in 1989–90.However, the team's long period of pre-eminence was coming to an end. Their2–1 home defeatby Australia in 1994–95 saw the West Indiesrelinquish the mantleas the World's best Test cricket side to their visitors, and by the time that theInternational Cricket Councillaunched the official Test rankings in 2001, the West Indies were rated as the sixth best team in the world.
The following players represented England in at least one Test or One-day International during the 1988 tour:
The following players represented West Indies on the 1988 tour of England:
සැකිල්ල:West Indies cricket tours of Englandසැකිල්ල:International cricket tours of England