Korosten

Korosten(Ukrainian:Коростень,pronounced[ˈkɔrostenʲ]), also historically known asIskorosten(Іскоростень), is a historiccityand a largetransport hubinZhytomyr Oblast, northernUkraine. It is located on theUzh River. Korosten serves as theadministrative centerofKorosten Raion. As of January 2022, Korosten's population was approximately61,496.
There are different theories about the origin of the name of the city.
The name may be derived from the wordkorost, 'brushwood, bushes, shrubbery'; the formIskorostensometimes found in early sources is probably based on the common repetition of prepositions inOld East Slavic:iz grada iz... 'from the city from...'.
Another theory holds that the city was built entirely of wood, and its walls were surrounded by an oak fence, unhewn, with bark, leading to the name Is-koro-sten, i.e. the city "from bark on the wall" in Ukrainian.
Alternatively, the city might have been named after thesun godKhors/Xors - the main god of many tribes that inhabited the area, including theDrevlians. According to this theory, the names of the settlements ofKorsunandKorostyshivalso come from Khors/Xors.
The city was founded over a millennium ago and was the capital of theDrevlians, an ancient Slavic tribe (later incorporated intoKievan Rus′).
In 945,Igor of Kiev, ruler of theKievan Rus, was killed while collectingtributefrom theDrevliansin Iskorosten. According to 10th centuryByzantinehistorian and chronicler,Leo the Deacon: "They [Drevlians] had bent down twobirch treesto the prince's feet and tied them to his legs; then they let the trees straighten again, thus tearing the prince's body apart."ThePrimary Chronicleblames Igor’s death on his own excessive greed, indicating that he tried to collect tribute for the second time in a month.
Igor's widow,Olga of Kiev, as regent on behalf of their sonSvyatoslav.avenged his death by punishing the Drevlians. Olga then led her army to Iskorosten. The siege lasted for a year without success when Olga thought of a plan to trick the Drevlians. She sent them a message: “Why do you persist in holding out? All your cities have surrendered to me and submitted to tribute so that the inhabitants now cultivate their fields and their lands in peace. But you had rather a tide of hunger without submitting to the tribute.”The Drevlians responded that they would submit to tribute but that they were afraid she was still intent on avenging her husband. Olga answered that the murder of the messengers sent to Kyiv, as well as the events of the feast night, had been enough for her. She then asked them for a small request: “Give me three pigeons...and three sparrows from each house.”The Drevlians rejoiced at the prospect of the siege ending for so small a price and did as she asked.
Olga then instructed her army to attach a piece of sulphur bound with small pieces of cloth to each bird. At nightfall, Olga told her soldiers to set the pieces aflame and release the birds. They returned to their nests within the city, which subsequently set the city ablaze. As thePrimary Chronicletells it: “There was not a house that was not consumed, and it was impossible to extinguish the flames because all the houses caught fire at once.”As the people fled the burning city, Olga ordered her soldiers to catch them, killing some of them and giving the others as slaves to her followers. She left the remnant to pay tribute. As a result of thisOlgachanged the system of tribute gathering (poliudie) in what may be regarded as the first legal reform recorded in Eastern Europe.
In 968 the nomadicPechenegsattacked outlying regions of the Rus and thenbesieged the city.
After the partition of Rus in 1097, Iskorosten remained under the jurisdiction of the Kyivan princes. In December 1240, theMongol invasion of Rus', led byBatu Khan, sacked and burned many cities and settlements in the region of Iskorosten.From 1243, the Mongol-Tatars, in the form of theGolden Horde(the western section of theMongol Empire), ruled.After victories over the Tatars at theBattle of Blue Watersin 1362 (or 1363) theGrand Duke of LithuaniaAlgirdasannexed these lands to theGrand Duchy of Lithuania.Later he presented them to one of his knightsTerekhafromBryanskfor faithful service. From 1385, after the formation of theUnion of Krewo, this territory came under the influence of Poland.
In 1586, a powerful Polishmagnate,Prokop Mrzewicki, married one of Terekh's heiresses and became the owner of Iskorosten. He managed to persuade the Polish king to grant this small walled settlement the status of a city. On 22 May 1589,King Sigismund IIIgranted the city of Iskorosten its first charter.
In 1649, during theKhmelnytsky Uprising, a detachment ofCossacksled byGeraskilaid siege to the city. After a bloody battle, the Cossacks captured Iskorosten from the Polish defenders, and the city's fortifications were completely destroyed during the assault. In 1654,HetmanBohdan Khmelnytsky, as a result of thePereyaslav Rada, signed an agreement withTsarAlexei Mikhailovichon the transition of Ukraine to Russian jurisdiction. However, from 1667 to 1795, the lands surrounding Iskorosten continued to be part of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1768, during theZaporozhian CossackandUman Cossackuprising (led byMaksym ZalizniakandIvan Gontarespectfully), Ukrainiancossack leaderor haidamakIvan BondarenkoofKriukivshchynaintended to storm Korosten and incorporate it into his territory. However, the uprising was crushed, and his intentions were never realized.
After theThird Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealthin 1795,Iskorosten passed into the Russian Empire as the centre of the Iskorosten parish of theOvruch districtof the Volyn province. For a long time, it was a quiet, inconspicuous provincial town. The construction of the 417-kmKyiv-Kovel railwayin 1902 allowed the town to grow, becoming a major railway junction. In 1909 a porcelain factory opened, further industrialising the town. In 1917 the town was renamed Korosten.
On 10 June 1917, theUkrainian Central Councildeclared its autonomy as part of theRussian Republicby its First Universal at the All-Ukrainian Military Congress. After the proclamation of theUkrainian People's Republic(UPR), itsgovernmentandparliamentwere forced to leave Kyiv during its occupation byBolsheviktroops.
In November 1917, Soviet authority was established in the city, but later Korosten was occupied by the advancing Austro-German troopsTheGerman armywould remain in Ukraine until November 1918.
TheUkrainian Central Councilwere in Korosten during 14–15 February and 24–26 February 1918. On 25 February, the Tryzub orTrident of St. Vladimirwas approved as the emblem of the Ukrainian People's Republic by a resolution of the Central Rada. Between 14 and 27 February 1918, units of the UPR Army have stationed in Korosten at various times.
The Red Army took it in February 1918, followed by the Army of theGerman Empirein March; Ukrainian forces retook the city in December. During February 1919 theRed Armyregained control; in August, it was taken first bySymon Petlura's men and then byDenikin's army. The Soviets regained control in December 1919.On the eve ofKyiv offensiveKorosten lay on the frontlines between thePolishand Soviet Forces. On 27 February 1921 The Haydamatsky Kish of theUkrainian People's Republicled bySymon Petliura, a separate Zaporizhzhya detachment led byKonstantin Prisovsky, and a unit ofSich Riflemenled byYevhen Konovaletspassed through Korosten, heading for Kyiv, in an attempt to recapture it fromBolsheviktroops.
On 7 November 1921, during the November raid, Korosten, occupied by units of the395th Rifle Regiment of the 132nd Brigade of the 44th Rifle Division of the Moscow Troops, attempted to capture theVolyn GroupcommanderYuriy Tyutyunnykof the UPR Insurgent Army. The beginning of the counteroffensive was successful. Ukrainian troops, unexpectedly attacking Korosten, captured the railway station. However, the inconsistency in the actions of different units and the large numerical advantage of the Soviet units did not allow UPR to capitalise on this advantage, and the Ukrainian troops were forced to retreat from the city.CaptainVolodymyr Stefanyshynwas killed during the withdrawal, howeverIvan Rembolovych,Semen Khmara-KharchenkoandMykola Tobilevychwere decorated for their actions.
In 1926, Korosten received city status.In October 1926, with the permission of the authorities and under the supervision of theOGPU, a conference of the rabbis of the Volyn province was held in Korosten, which actually had an all-Ukrainian, and partly all-Union character; which adopted a decree on counteracting atheistic propaganda.
The city suffered from the man-made famineHolodomor of 1932-1933. In 2008, the National Museum of the Holodomor Genocide published the National Book of Memory of the Victims of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine. Zhytomyr region.The book has 1116 pages and consists of three sections. According to historical records, more than 2288 people died during Holodomor in 1932-1933.
In 1936, the city had a population 28,000, aporcelain factory, a metalworking factory "Oktyabrskaya Kuznitsa", car repair shops and a municipal power plant with a capacity of 20 kW operated here.
During the initialinvasionof theSoviet Unionas part ofArmy Group Souththe62nd Infantry Division(part ofXVII Army Corpsunder 6th Army) advanced towards Korosten.Soviet forces initially held out on the vital railhead toKyivwith heavy artillery.Generalfeldmarschallvon Reichenau, commander of the 6th Army reported
“The railway junction... was defended bySoviet forceswith bitter determination, and it fell... only after hard fighting“
Soviet forces initially held out on the vital railhead toKyivwith heavy artillery.When the Soviet forces were forced to retreat northeast to Kyiv in early August 1941, the 6th Army moved in. Korosten was occupied by theGerman Armyfrom 7 August 1941 to 28 December 1943 (it was brieflycapturedby60th Armyforces during theKyiv offensiveon 17 November 1943,but retreated after a strongGermancounterattack). It was during the occupation that nationalists, Liked to OUN-Bandera faction of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and working under the auspices of German Security Police and theEinsatzgruppencompiled lists of targets for the branch offices of theKdSand assisted with the roundups of Jewish families and other ‘Non-desirables’. In Korostennationalists carried out the killings by themselves,same as reported inSokal. During the war, Korosten was once again completely destroyed. On 28 December 1943, during theZhitomir–Berdichev Offensive, the city was liberated by units of the13th ArmyofLieutenant General Pukhov.
In 1939, the Jewish population of Korosten was 10,991 (36% of its total population).On 10 August 1941 (3 days afterWehrmachtfourses entered the city),53 Jews were rounded up and shot in the city. The German military administration formed a city government with auxiliary Ukrainian police.The latter was formed out of the local citizens and took an active part in all “Jewish actions”. On 20 August, another 160 Jewish civilians were shot. On 27 August, 238 Jews were executed, and on 10 September 1941, about a thousand Jewish men, women and children were killed.In late October 1941, the power passed to the German Civil administration. Korosten became an administrative centre of thegebiet, a part of the larger Zhitomir general district,Reichskommissariat Ukraine. Soon after the occupation of Korosten “a Jewish residential area” (an open ghetto) was formed. In total, over 6,000 Korosten Jews were killed between 1941-1942.Other killings in central Ukraine soon followed.
After the war, a massive rebuilding programme was undertaken. In 1971, a 600-seat club was built for the citizens.
On 26 April 1986, the nearbyChornobyl nuclear power plantsuffered a containment breach in No. 4 reactor. Afterthe nuclear incident in Chornobyl, which is around 90 kilometres away, it suffered considerable fallout. In May 1986, The city was classified as a "zone of guaranteed voluntary resettlement." In addition, the city's economy suffered greatly from the crisis in the first years after Ukraine's independence and the move to free-market economics.
In 2006, Korosten became one of the six cities in Ukraine that received a quality certificate according to international standards ISO 9001: 2000.Viktor Vasylchuk, a well-known Ukrainian writer, Honored Journalist of Ukraine, and editor-in-chief of the Vecherniy Korosten newspaper was born, lives, and works in Korosten.
In 2014, theLeninstatue, which stood on Main Street (and just off to the right of the city’s government building) which had survived the end of theUSSRwastoppled. It was one of 552 monuments demolished during the 2013-2014 period.Today the plinth remains, but with no statue atop of it.
On 28 February, asthe 2022 Russian invasion of Ukrainebegan, an emergency meeting was held by the city from the Department of Civil Protection to the operation of electric sirensOn 5 March reports suggest Russians troops were on the outskirts ofMalyn(57.3 km from Korosten).
The flag of the city of Korosten is a panel with two horizontal stripes of the same width. The upper stripe is blue, the lower stripe is red. The stripes are separated by a symbolic image of the Uzh River - a stripe 0.16 times the width of the flag. The stripe repeats the color scale of the symbolic image of the Uzh River on the city's coat of arms: the middle of the river is blue (0.1 width of the flag), the banks are golden (0.03 width of the flag). The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 2 to 3. The blue colour of the field of the flag's cloth symbolizes the greatness and beauty of the ancient city. The red color of the flag field symbolizes the bravery and courage of the Drevlian defenders of the city in 946 whenPrincess Olgalaid siege to Korosten, and the defenders of the Korosten fortified area No. 5 in 1941 during the Great Patriotic War.
The new coat of arms of the city of Korosten was developed, taking into account the composition of the previous coat of arms. The old coat of arms of the city was a blue French shield, in the heart of which there is a red shield, the main field of which is reserved for the depiction of a dark red fortress wall. Against the background of the fortress wall, a green stem of flax is depicted, which symbolizes the nature of Polissya; a four-petal red flower symbolizes ancient settlements that were located on both sides of the Uzh River and protected each other. A flax flower wraps around the river Uzh, blue in color with golden banks. On the head of the shield, there is the name of the city KOROSTEN, separated from the middle shield by a golden stripe. The shield and visor are framed with gold edging. The new coat of arms repeats the main composition of the old coat of arms, only a blue flax flower and a blue field above the fortress wall. The shield is framed by a cartouche, adopted in the modern heraldry of Ukrainian cities. The cartouche is crowned with an urban modernized golden three-tower crown. The modernized heraldic crown has wooden walls instead of stone walls, which were used during the Drevliansky principality. In the blue field of the heraldic shield above the fortress wall, the name of the city is written in Cyrillic letters, "KOROSTEN". The motto "DOES NOT BURN IN A FLAME" is written at the foot of the shield.
The coat of arms of the city is strictly historical for Radomyshl (the history of the burning of the city of Korosten by Princess Olga is shown in the coat of arms of another city).
Korosten Industrial Park(KIP) is an industrial zone within the city with a total area of 246 hectares (0.94 sq mi). Conceptual design of the park was developed by Czech design bureau DHV. The project envisages the creation of the territory of the KIP high-tech enterprises, enterprises of light and medium industrial production – the assembly, integration, surface processing, light engineering and electrical industries.
The project is designed for 10 years and is divided into three phases:
By October 2010 all communications are already conducted. Construction of a plant manufacturing MDF boards is almost complete. This plant will become the first manufacturer of MDF boards in Ukraine.
Korostenis an important railway junction on theKovel-KyivandKelmenzi-Kalinkawitschyrailway lines. The city is served by rail links to the national and regional capitals, as well as cross-border connections to neighbouringBelarus. The station and track are part ofSouthwestern Railways(PZZ), (a component part of theUkrainian Railways). Currently (as of July 2020), the station is served by a single service to/fromKyiv, (one in each direction) on the electrifiedsection of the mainline,with no through services toZhytomyr. Almost all trains from Western Ukraine to Kyiv pass through the city, and there is a constant movement of suburban trains in the following directions:
There are also regular bus routes in these directions that leave from the railway station and the bus station.
M 21E583trunk road crossing Ukraine from east to west runs North of the city.
Some other roads:
According to the 2001 census, the ethnic composition of Korosten is as follows: 89% — Ukrainian, 7,5% — Russian, 1,5% — Pole, 0,6% — Belarusian, 0,5% — Jews.
Annually on the third Saturday of September in the city park Internationalpotato pancakes(Ukrainian:деруни,translit.deruny’) festival is held.
During the festival, competitions in “potato pancakestriathlon” are held. The triathlon includes such contests:
At the festival is a potato pancakes school – experienced cooks will teach everyone to cook these pancakes.
However, the main intrigue of the festival is the competition for the tastiest pancake. The jury determines the winner. For a fewhryvniaseach taster can get a patent and thus become a member of the jury.
Various competitions, exhibitions, tasting traditionalPolesianbeverages, exhibits, performances byfolk musicensembles are usually conducted.
On 25 September 2010, the festival was held for the third time.
Korosten istwinnedwith: