Castle in the Sky

Castle in the Sky(Japanese:天空の城ラピュタ,Hepburn:Tenkū no Shiro Rapyuta), also known asLaputa: Castle in the Sky, is a 1986 Japaneseanimatedfantasyadventure filmwritten and directed byHayao Miyazaki. It was produced byIsao Takahata, animated byStudio Ghibli, and distributed byToei. The film stars the voices ofMayumi Tanaka,Keiko Yokozawa, Kotoe Hatsui, andMinori Terada. In the film, orphans Sheeta and Pazu are pursued by government agent Muska, the army, and a group of pirates. They seek Sheeta's crystal necklace, the key to accessing Laputa, a legendary flying castle hosting advanced technology.
Castle in the Skyis the first film to be animated by Studio Ghibli. Its production team included many of Miyazaki's longtime collaborators, who would continue to work with the studio for the following three decades. The film was partly inspired by Miyazaki's trips to Wales, where he witnessed the aftermath of the1984–1985 coal miners' strike. The island of Laputa is used to highlight the theme of environmentalism, exploring the relationships between humanity, nature, and technology, a reflection of Miyazaki's ecological philosophy. The young protagonists also provide a unique perspective on the narrative, as a result of Miyazaki's desire to portray "the honesty and goodness of children in [his] work."Many aspects of the film'sretrofuturisticstyle – the flying machines in particular – are influenced by nineteenth-century approaches, which has earned the film a reputation in the modernsteampunkgenre.
The film was released in Japanese theaters on August 2, 1986. It underperformed expectations at the box office, but later achieved commercial success through rereleases, earning overUS$157 millionas of 2021. An English dub commissioned byTokuma Shotenwas distributed in North America byStreamline Pictures, and another dub was produced byDisneyin 1998, released internationally byBuena Vistain 2003. The film's score was composed byJoe Hisaishi, who would become a close collaborator of Miyazaki's; Hisaishi also composed a reworked soundtrack for the 2003 English dub. The film was generally acclaimed by critics, though the English dubs received mixed reviews. It was well received by audiences, being voted as one of the greatest animated films in polls conducted by theAgency for Cultural AffairsandOricon. The film also received several notable accolades, including theŌfuji Noburō Awardat theMainichi Film Awardsand theAnime Grand PrixfromAnimage.Castle in the Skyhas since earned "cult status",and has influenced several notable artists working in multiple media.
An airship carrying Sheeta – an orphan girl abducted by government agent Muska – is attacked by air pirate Dola and her gang, who seek Sheeta's crystal necklace. Attempting to escape, Sheeta falls from the airship but is saved by the magic of the now-glowing crystal, which lowers her gently. Pazu, an orphan working as a mechanic in a 19th-century mining town, catches Sheeta and takes her to his home to recover. The next morning, Pazu shows Sheeta a picture his father took of Laputa, a mythical castle on a flying island, which Pazu now seeks. Dola's gang and Muska's soldiers shortly arrive looking for Sheeta. Pazu and Sheeta are chased through the town and fall into a mine shaft, but are saved again by the crystal. In the tunnels, they meet Uncle Pom, who shows them deposits of the glowing mineral Aetherium, the same material as Sheeta's crystal.
Sheeta reveals to Pazu that she has a secret name tying her to Laputa, proving the myth is real. The army captures and detains the two in a fortress. Muska shows Sheeta a dead robot that fell from the sky, bearing the same insignia as on Sheeta's crystal, and reveals she is the heiress to the Laputan throne. Muska releases Pazu in exchange for Sheeta guiding the army to Laputa. Returning home, Pazu is captured by Dola's gang, who prepare to take the crystal from the fortress. Pazu joins the gang in an attempt to save Sheeta. In the fortress, Sheeta recites an ancient phrase her mother taught her and inadvertently activates the crystal's magic, reanimating the robot. The robot protects Sheeta from the army and destroys the fortress with its weapons, but is destroyed in turn by the military airshipGoliath. In the chaos, Pazu and Dola rescue Sheeta. However, Sheeta's crystal is left behind, its magic still active, which allows Muska to use it to navigate to Laputa.
Sheeta, having seen the crystal's directions and being able to navigate to Laputa, helps Pazu convince Dola to take them there in exchange for temporarily joining her crew. That night, Sheeta and Pazu keep watch from the crow's nest asGoliathsuddenly attacks Dola's airship. Dola detaches the crow's nest, which also functions as a glider attached to the ship with a line. Pazu spots a massive storm, wherein he believes his father saw Laputa. Dola attempts to steer into the clouds, but is halted by violent winds.Goliathdestroys the airship, severing the line connecting it to the glider. Sheeta and Pazu pass through the turbulent lightning storm.
They land safely on Laputa, which they find deserted but for some fauna and one peaceful robot. The castle is in ruins, and a giant tree now grows out of the top of the island. The army arrives and begins looting the castle, having taken Dola's gang captive. Muska and his accomplices betray the army, destroying their communication systems, and take Sheeta into the castle's core. Pazu frees Dola's gang from their bindings and pursues Muska. The castle's core is the center of Laputa's ancient knowledge and weapons, which Muska activates using Sheeta's crystal, revealing to her that he is also a descendant of the Laputan royal line. Demonstrating Laputa's power by causing a massive explosion over the ocean and by destroyingGoliath, Muska plans to use Laputa to destroy humanity, believing them inferior to himself and Sheeta. A horrified Sheeta takes back the crystal and flees, but Muska intercepts her in Laputa's throne room.
Pazu infiltrates the throne room and bargains for a brief truce. Sheeta teaches Pazu another ancient phrase, the spell of destruction. The spell sends Muska falling to his death, with the giant tree shielding Sheeta and Pazu from Laputa's destruction. The rest of the castle – along with Dola's glider – is preserved by the giant tree, and the island rises into space. Sheeta, Pazu, and Dola's gang escape, and briefly reunite before flying away.
Following the commercial success of Miyazaki's previous film,Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind(1984), Miyazaki was eager to begin work on an old-fashioned adventure film that would be a "pleasure" to watch.His first proposal for an animated feature film was based on a research trip toYanagawa, tentatively titled "Blue Mountains".The film was never produced, but it inspired Miyazaki's longtime collaboratorIsao Takahatato createThe Story of Yanagawa's Canals(1987), a documentary on the environmental effects of industry on the local waterways.As Miyazaki was financing the project in large part through his personal office,AnimageeditorToshio Suzukirecommended that he direct another film to recover the expense, to which Miyazaki immediately agreed. He quickly developed a concept for the film based on an idea he had in elementary school. In 2014, Suzuki reflected on the events, saying "If Takahata had made his movie on schedule, [Castle in the Sky] wouldn't have been born."
On June 15, 1985, Miyazaki and Takahata foundedStudio Ghibli, with support from Suzuki and his publishing companyTokuma Shoten. Miyazaki chose the name himself,referencing both the Arabic term for a warm wind from theSahara, as well as theCaproni Ca.309Ghibli, an aircraft used by the Italian military during theSecond World War.The intent behind the creation of the studio was to "blow a whirlwind" into a stagnating Japanese animation industry by creating original, high-quality feature films.In a speech at the 1995Annecy International Animation Film Festival, Suzuki said "The idea was to dedicate full energy into each piece of work with sufficient budget and time, never compromising on the quality or content."
Miyazaki first visitedWaleson a research trip in 1985, whenCastle in the Skywas in the early stages of production. He decided to take inspiration from the architecture of the region, and as a result, some of the structures seen in the film resemble Welsh mining towns.Miyazaki also witnessed the aftermath of thecoal miners' strike. Their ultimate failure to preserve the industry left a lasting impact on Miyazaki, who viewed the event as an attack by those in power on the miners' way of life and the hard-working spirit of the people.His experiences are reflected in several supporting characters in the film, who despite laboring through poverty in the mines, enthusiastically protect the protagonists from multiple aggressors.Susan J. Napierargues that this depiction reveals Miyazaki's yearning for a simpler way of life, and a desire to create a story based on optimism.Animation scholarHelen McCarthywrites "It seems thatCastle in the Skyalso contains echoes of the struggle of the Welsh people for nationhood and freedom."Miyazaki would visit Wales once more in 1986, ahead of the release of the film. In 2005, he toldThe Guardian"I admired those men, I admired the way they battled to save their way of life, just as the coal miners in Japan did. Many people of my generation see the miners as a symbol; a dying breed of fighting men. Now they are gone."
Certain special effects from the film use a combination ofceland film techniques.Takahata, who produced the film, insisted that the highest quality be maintained in spite of the production expense. Napier argues that the production ofCastle in the Sky"established a new industry standard".Miyazaki stated in the original project proposal that"[Castle in the Sky]is a project to bring animation back to its roots."
Many of Miyazaki's old colleagues as well as much of the production crew ofNausicaä of the Valley of the Windwere employed once again to work onCastle in the Skyat Studio Ghibli's inception.The film had a reported production budget of¥500 million, equivalent toUS$8 millionin 2023.Several animation studios such asDoga KoboandOh! Productionprovided support for thein-between animation.
Castle in the Skycontains a strong theme ofenvironmentalism, questioning humanity's relationship with nature and the role of technology.McCarthy interprets the giant tree of Laputa as a "metaphor for the reviving and life-giving power of nature."However, in contrast with the more optimistic conclusions of Miyazaki's previous works, Napier notes that the film ends with an "unsettling view" of the castle flying away, suggesting that humanity may not deserve to exist in the natural world.Literary scholar Anthony Lioi interprets Laputa as an ecologicalutopiathat demonstrates the peace that can be established between nature and advanced technology, but also serves as a criticism of modernity when "[the] peace is shattered by human violence."Lioi notes that this outlook differs from dominant Western ideas, eschewing the extremes ofcapitalismandindustrialism, as well as radical environmentalism andconservationism.
Critics note the philosophical ambiguity of the castle; while Laputa initially appears to be an ideal union of nature and technology, it is later revealed to have a much harsher and more oppressive underside;Napier writes that Laputa is "deeply paradoxical".Laputa itself takes direct inspiration from theisland of the same namefromGulliver's Travels(1726),and film scholar Cristina Cardia claims that, like its namesake, the island is introduced with benign intentions but is ultimately "exploited for perverse ends, in this case war."Lioi argues that Laputa is used as a means to comment on the ethics of contemporary culture,based on Ildney Cavalcanti's observation that such a utopia also "must contain an overtly dystopian element, such that the implicit critique in utopian discourse becomes explicit."However, he interprets the ultimate destruction of the castle's weapons as a demonstration that "violence is not the heart of the city", and that the dystopic elements of modernity can be healed.
The film also presents an ambiguous view on the usage of technology.The robots from Laputa provide an example of this view, as they are introduced in the film as a violent force capable of extreme destruction. However, when the protagonists next meet a robot, it is entirely peaceful, tending to the gardens and fauna on Laputa.Lioi argues that the robots, as a representation of Laputan technology, are caretakers by default and only become destructive in response to human brutality.McCarthy argues that "this is not a comment on technology but on man's inability to use it wisely."Odell and Le Blanc conclude that "technology... is not necessarily a bad thing, but we must consider how it's used and to what extent."The duality of nature and technology is further explored in Miyazaki's later filmPrincess Mononoke(1997).
Like many other films by Miyazaki,Castle in the Skyfeatures young children as protagonists.Miyazaki values the portrayal of children as good-hearted, confident in their own agency, and resilient and upbeat in response to adversity.He criticized reviewers of his television seriesFuture Boy Conan(1978) who described the titular character as "too much of a goody-two-shoes", admitting he was tempted to retort "So you want to see 'bad characters', you fool?"Film critics Colin Odell and Michelle Le Blanc argue that creating a film with younger protagonists generates perspectives that an adult would not perceive, saying "the children in Ghibli's films are a liberating force that allows anything to be possible."
The lack of parental oversight of the protagonists is an element Miyazaki feels to be important in promoting children's independence. The protagonists of his films are, like Sheeta and Pazu, often orphaned, or in some way parted from their parents.Miyazaki believes that "one of the essential elements of most classical children's literature is that the children in the stories actually fend for themselves."The presence of parents, in his opinion, would stifle the children's autonomy.The limitations that children have in their abilities are also explored in the film; for example, Pazu comes close to forsaking Sheeta and his quest for Laputa.Additionally, unlike Miyazaki's previous works, the protagonists do not succeed at convincing the antagonists of their wrongdoing, which offers a more pessimistic view on children's ability to educate others.
Napier proposes that Miyazaki's insistence on showing the freedom of children inCastle in the Skycan be credited to the influence ofPanda and the Magic Serpent(1958).Miyazaki first watched the film at age 17, and it moved him to pursue a career in animation.At a lecture given in 1982 atWaseda University, he said "When I sawPanda and the Magic Serpent, it was as if the scales fell from my eyes; I realized that I should depict the honesty and goodness of children in my work." He considers this a focal point in his endeavors.The theme of innocence is explored further in Miyazaki's succeeding filmMy Neighbor Totoro(1988).
Miyazaki's affinity for flight is repeatedly displayed inCastle in the Sky, a motif that continues throughout the feature films of his career.A variety of fictional flying machines appear across the film, including the island of Laputa, the airships, and the pirates'ornithopters; Sheeta's crystal also allows her to float through the air.However, many of the other flying machines in the film areretrofuturistic, influenced by nineteenth-century stylistic approaches.Additionally, Miyazaki was inspired by the literature ofJules VerneandRobert Louis Stevensonwhen considering the style of the film.
Another stylistic trait that Miyazaki drew from nineteenth-century influences is the depiction of machines that "still possess the inherent warmth of handcrafted things."Literary scholarsJeff VanderMeerand S. J. Chambers argue that Pazu's enthusiasm to build and work with flying machines gives the film's airships "a realistic physicality."Commenting on themecha animepopular at the time, Miyazaki expressed his hatred for shows that glorified machines without portraying the characters struggling to build or maintain them.Animation scholarThomas Lamarreargues that the film provides an "alternative to our received technologies" and thus a critique of more contemporary technologies and society's perception of them.
Boyes felt that many of these elements subsequently influenced thesteampunkgenre.Napier writes that Verne's impact on the film's style was instrumental in evoking imagined nostalgia for a time when "machines were still fun", in Miyazaki's words.While the other machines are presented as joyful, Laputa's underside is used exclusively as an instrument of destruction.Miyazaki stated that, as a child, he was attracted to the design and power of military planes, a view that has since been replaced with revulsion for the indiscriminate acts of violence that the machines have been used for.Miyazaki further explores the beauty of flying machines as well as their innate destructive potential in his later filmThe Wind Rises(2013).
The film was released in Japan on August 2, 1986, byToei.At the Japanese box office, the film sold about 775,000 tickets,somewhat lower than the performance ofNausicaä of the Valley of the Wind.Miyazaki and Suzuki expressed their disappointment with the film's box office figures.The film was promoted with atie-infruit soda brand which animation scholarRayna Denisondescribed as an "economic failure".
The film later earned a significant additional amount through rereleases;as of 2021, it has grossed approximatelyUS$157 millionin box office,home video, andsoundtracksales.In the United Kingdom, it was 2019's eighth-best-selling foreign language film on home video, below five other Studio Ghibli films.The film has sold approximately 1.1million tickets in Europe as of 2023.Multiple international theatrical rescreenings between 2003 and 2023 have earned the film approximatelyUS$6.2 million.
The first English dub ofCastle in the Skywas produced by an unknown party,and was first screened in Hong Kong on June 26, 1987.It was licensed between 1989 and 1991 by the then-newStreamline Picturesfor distribution in North American markets.An edited version of this dub briefly aired on UK television.In addition to distribution rights, Streamline would go on to dub two other Studio Ghibli films in-house:My Neighbor TotoroandKiki's Delivery Service(1989).
The English dub produced byDisneywas recorded in 1998 and planned for release on video in 1999, but the release was postponed afterPrincess Mononokedid not perform well in North American theaters.The film premiered at theNew York International Children's Film Festivalon February 2, 2000.It was released on home video in North America on April 15, 2003, alongside a rerelease ofKiki's Delivery ServiceandSpirited Away(2001).Due to the possible confusion of the title with the Spanish phrasela puta– literally 'the whore' – the film was released as simplyCastle in the Skyin North America.The film was released byBuena VistaonBlu-rayin North America on May 22, 2012.Shout! FactoryandGKIDSre-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on October 31, 2017.Both the original Japanese version and the 2003 English dub were made available forstreamingwhen the rights to Studio Ghibli's filmography were acquired byNetflixin 2020.
As withNausicaä of the Valley of the Wind,Joe Hisaishicomposed the soundtrack ofCastle in the Sky.Miyazaki and Hisaishi went on to become close collaborators, and Hisaishi has since provided the music for all of Miyazaki's feature films.Three months before the film's theatrical release, theimage album– a collection of demos and musical sketches that serve as a precursor to the finished score – was published by Tokuma on compact disc. A third version of the soundtrack, rearranged for fullsymphony orchestraand recorded by the Tokyo City Philharmonic, released in 1987 oncompact disc.
For the English dub produced by Disney in 1998, Hisaishi was called upon to rewrite the soundtrack to be more suitable for audiences in America. The new soundtrack was recorded by theSeattle Symphonyand featured in the 2003 English dub released by Buena Vista.Hisaishi was advised by Disney staff that non-Japanese audiences prefer comparatively more music in films. As a result, the American soundtrack is much longer, while the original Japanese version featured just an hour of music for a film exceeding two hours in length. Though Hisaishi felt that American film scores used an overly simplistic compositional approach, he commented "But when I redid the music ofLaputathis way, I learned a lot."
The credits sequence of the film features an original vocal song titled "Carrying You" performed byAzumi Inoue, with music by Hisaishi and lyrics by Miyazaki. The song was released in 1988 as a compact disc single, featuring an additional chorus version performed by the Suginami Children's Choir.
Castle in the Skyhas been generally acclaimed by film critics in the years since its release. In 2001,AnimagerankedCastle in the Sky44th in their list of top 100 anime.Animation critic and writerRaz GreenbergcallsCastle in the Sky"one of the greatest adventure films ever made",and critic Manabu Murase names it "quite possibly the most entertaining anime that Miyazaki ever made".On thereview aggregatorwebsiteRotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rate of 96% from 28 critics, with an average rating of 7.6 out of 10. The site's critic consensus reads, "With a storytelling palette as rich and brilliant as its animation,Castle in the Skythrillingly encapsulates Studio Ghibli's unique strengths."AtMetacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on seven critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
While multiple reviewers felt that the film's two-hour runtime would turn audiences away,The New York Times'sCaryn Jamescommenting that it is "liable to strain patiences of adults and the attention spans of children",others argued that the film had the appeal to keep audiences entertained.IGN'sJeremy Conrad felt the characters are "so likable that you never get bored, you always want to see what adventure is next for them".Reviewers were split over the 1987 English dub,with theDayton Daily News'sTerry Lawson calling it "the film's weakest element",whileThe Cincinnati Post'sDavid Lyman felt the dubbing into English had been done "superbly".The 2003 dub similarly received mixed reviews, withThe A.V. Club'sTasha Robinson calling Disney's recordings "almost comically bland",and Conrad expressing his appreciation forAnna Paquinas Sheeta andMark Hamill's performance as Muska.Many critics also praised the animation,theAsheville Times'sTom Sabulis considering it "state-of-the-art"andThe Philadelphia Inquirer'sSteven Rea naming it "masterful".However, some felt the motions lacked fluidity,with Lyman describing it as "stiff-limbed".
Most reviewers highlighted the imaginative capacity that Miyazaki displays in the film.Slant'sChuck Bowen noted the subtle details included in the film, which he felt lends it "texture and originality".A review in theWeekly Asahihighlighted the film's dynamism, favorably comparing its flying sequences withPeter Pan(1953).Several reviewers praised the use of color, which made the film "a joy to watch" according to James.A reviewer forCity Roadnoted that the film could present themes that were critical of modern society while still maintaining a "warm and caring" view of humanity.Several reviewers noted the film's strong ecological theme, withThe Washington Post'sRichard Harrington appreciating the "moral duality" of Laputa's technology,and theAsahi Journal'sYomota Inuhiko praising the depiction of Laputa as a utopia which gradually developed dystopic elements.Critics and scholars also noted the film's connections to Miyazaki's previous works; Greenberg felt that the film is "deeply rooted within Miyazaki's filmography of the two decades that preceded it",and Denison called it a "compendium of Miyazaki's previous interests as an animator".
In a 2006 poll by Japan'sAgency for Cultural Affairsconducted at the 2006Japan Media Arts Festival, the film was rated the third-best animation of all time, afterNausicaä of the Valley of the WindandNeon Genesis Evangelion(1995).In a 2008 audience poll conducted byOriconin Japan,Castle in the Skywas voted the best animation of all time.
Castle in the Skyis considered by some scholars and writers to be an important work in the modern steampunk anddieselpunkstyles.Along withNausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, Philip Boyes ofEurogamerconsidersCastle in the Skya major contributor to the genres' popularity in Japan, introducing audiences to stylistic features such as airships which were otherwise mostly prevalent in Europe.According to McCarthy, "its mix of epic action-adventure and techno-ecological theme has since earned [Castle in the Sky] cult status."
Several notable artists in theanimeandmangaindustries have citedCastle in the Skyas a major influence on their works.Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water(1990), byNeon Genesis EvangeliondirectorHideaki Anno, is noted for its similarities in premise withCastle in the Sky. Anno had previously worked with Miyazaki on the production ofNausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, and has stated thatNadiawas based in part on one of Miyazaki's concepts.D.Gray-man(2004) authorKatsura Hoshinowas moved to pursue a career in animation after watching the film, ultimately becoming a manga artist.Ghost in the Shell(1995) directorMamoru OshiiandYour Name(2016) directorMakoto ShinkainamedCastle in the Skyamong their favorite animations.Additionally, VanderMeer and Chambers argue thatCastle in the Skyforms the stylistic foundation for several of Miyazaki's later films, includingPorco Rosso(1992) andHowl's Moving Castle(2004).
John Lasseter, formerchief creative officeratPixarandDisney Animation, often cited Miyazaki and his works to be his "greatest inspiration".When asked about some of his favorite films, Lasseter expressed his admiration forCastle in the Sky.Lasseter has worked with Miyazaki on the English dubs of several of his films, and notes this as an influence on his work with his colleagues. At a speech delivered at the 2014Tokyo International Film Festival, Lasseter said "Whenever we get stuck at Pixar or Disney, I put on a Miyazaki film sequence or two, just to get us inspired again."Napier argues thatthe protagonistof Pixar'sWALL-E(2008), a robot left to care for a world abandoned by humans, "may have its roots inLaputa'snurturing robot."The creators ofThe Wild Robot(2024) also cited the film as an influence on their work.
Castle in the Skyhas influenced numerous video games, particularlyin Japan, with its success leading to a wave of steampunk video games.Game designerHironobu SakaguchicitedCastle in the Skyas an inspiration behind hisFinal Fantasyvideo game series, particularly citing it as an influence on the series' airships.According to Boyes,Castle in the Skyalso influenced the airships in theMarioandCivilizationfranchises.The Iron Golem fromMinecraft(2011) takes inspiration from the robots in the film.Several games fromThe Legend of Zeldaseries are noted to have been influenced byCastle in the Sky, particularlyTears of the Kingdom(2023), which features a flying castle and several thematic parallels with the film.
On December 9, 2011, during an airing ofCastle in the Skyon Japanese television, fans posting toTwitterset a new record for the platform by causing a peak of 25,088 tweets per second.The record was later surpassed during another airing on August 2, 2013, with a figure of 143,199 per second.