Caribbean

TheCaribbean(/ˌkærɪˈbiːən,kəˈrɪbiən/KARR-ih-BEE-ən, kə-RIB-ee-ən,locally/ˈkærɪbiæn/KARR-ih-bee-an;Spanish:el Caribe;French:les Caraïbes;Dutch:de Caraïben) is a subregion in the middle of theAmericascentered around theCaribbean Seain theNorth Atlantic Ocean, mostly overlapping with theWest Indies. Bordered byNorth Americato the north,Central Americato the west, andSouth Americato the south, it comprises numerousislands, cays, islets, reefs, and banks. It includes theLucayan Archipelago,Greater Antilles, andLesser Antillesof theWest Indies; theQuintana RooislandsandBelizeanislandsof theYucatán Peninsula; and theBay Islands,Miskito Cays,Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia, and Santa Catalina, andCorn Islandsof Central America. It also includes the coastal areas on thecontinental mainlandof the Americas bordering the region from the Yucatán Peninsula in North America through Central America to theGuianasin South America.
Situated largely on theCaribbean plate, the region has thousands of islands,islets,reefs, andcays.Island arcsdelineate the northern and eastern edges of theCaribbean Sea:theGreater Antillesin the north and theLesser Antilles, which includes theLeeward Islands,Windward Islands, and theLeeward Antilles, to the east and south. The nearby northwesternLucayan Archipelago, comprisingThe Bahamasand theTurks and Caicos Islands, and the island ofBarbadosin the Lesser Antilles, are considered to be a part of the Caribbean despite not bordering the Caribbean Sea. All the islands in theAntilles, including the Lucayan Archipelago, form theWest Indies, a term often interchangeable with theCaribbean. Thearchipelago of Bermudais not part of the Caribbean, as it lies in theSargasso Seato the north, but it is an associate member of theCaribbean Community.
On the continentalmainlandof theAmericas, the Caribbean coasts ofMexico, Central America, and South America, including theYucatán Peninsulaof Mexico,Bay Islands Departmentof Honduras, theNorthandSouth Caribbean Autonomous Regionsof Nicaragua, theLimón Provinceof Costa Rica,CartagenaandBarranquillain Colombia,MaracaiboandCumanáin Venezuela, are considered part of Caribbean.As with the coastal areas of the mainland,Belize,Panama,Guyana,Suriname, andFrench Guianaare often completely included within the Caribbean due to their strongpoliticalandculturalties with the region.
Geopolitically, theislands of the Caribbeanare often regarded as a subregion ofNorth America, though sometimes they are included inMiddle America, or regarded as its own subregion as theCaribbean.The Caribbean is sometimes considered alongside Latin America as a region.
Generally, the Caribbean region is organized into 33political entities, including 13sovereign states, 12dependencies, 7overseas territories, and variousdisputed territories. From 15 December 1954 to 10 October 2010, there was a territory known as theNetherlands Antillescomposed of five islands, all of which wereDutchdependencies.From 3 January 1958 to 31 May 1962, there was also a short-lived political union called the BritishWest Indies Federationcomposed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories, all of which were then British dependencies.
The modern Caribbean is one of the most ethnically diverse regions on the planet, as a result ofcolonizationby theSpanish,English,Dutch, andFrench; theAtlantic slave tradefromSub-Saharan Africa;indentured servitudefrom theIndian subcontinentandAsia; as well as modern immigration from around the world.
The region takes its name from theCaribs, an ethnic group present in theLesser Antillesand parts of adjacent South America at the time of theSpanish conquest of the Americas.
The two most prevalent pronunciations of "Caribbean" outside the Caribbean are/ˌkærɪˈbiːən/(KARR-ə-BEE-ən), with the primarystresson the thirdsyllable, and/kəˈrɪbiən/(kə-RIB-ee-ən), with the stress on the second. Most authorities of the last century preferred the stress on the third syllable.This is the older of the two pronunciations, but the stressed-second-syllable variant has been established for over 75 years.It has been suggested that speakers ofBritish Englishprefer/ˌkærɪˈbiːən/(KARR-ə-BEE-ən) whileNorth American speakersmore typically use/kəˈrɪbiən/(kə-RIB-ee-ən),but major American dictionaries and other sources list the stress on the third syllable as more common inAmerican Englishtoo.According to the American version of Oxford Online Dictionaries, the stress on the second syllable is becoming more common in UK English and is increasingly considered "by some" to be more up to date and more "correct".
The Oxford Online Dictionaries claim the stress on the second syllable is the most common pronunciation in the Caribbean itself, but according to theDictionary of Caribbean English Usage, the most common pronunciation inCaribbean Englishstresses the first syllable instead,/ˈkærɪbiæn/(KARR-ih-bee-an).
The wordCaribbeanhas multiple uses. Its principal ones are geographical and political. The Caribbean canalso be expandedto include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to Africa,slavery,European colonisationand theplantation system.
The oldest evidence of humans in the Caribbean is in southernTrinidadatBanwari Trace, where remains have been found from 7,000 years ago. These pre-ceramic sites, which belong to the Archaic (pre-ceramic) age, have been termedOrtoiroid. The earliest archaeological evidence of human settlement inHispanioladates to about 3600 BC, but the reliability of these finds is questioned. Consistent dates of 3100 BC appear inCuba. The earliest dates in theLesser Antillesare from 2000 BC inAntigua. A lack of pre-ceramic sites in theWindward Islandsand differences in technology suggest that these Archaic settlers may have Central American origins. Whether an Ortoiroid colonization of the islands took place is uncertain, but there is little evidence of one.
DNAstudies changed some of the traditional beliefs about pre-Columbian indigenous history. According toNational Geographic, "studies confirm that a wave of pottery-making farmers—known as Ceramic Age people—set out in canoes from the northeastern coast of South America starting some 2,500 years ago and island-hopped across the Caribbean. They were not, however, the first colonizers. On many islands they encountered a foraging people who arrived some 6,000 or 7,000 years ago ... The ceramicists, who are related to today'sArawak-speaking peoples, supplanted the earlier foraging inhabitants—presumably through disease or violence—as they settled new islands."
Between 400 BC and 200 BC, the first ceramic-using agriculturalists, theSaladoid culture, entered Trinidad from South America. They expanded up the Orinoco River to Trinidad, and then spread rapidly up the islands of the Caribbean. Some time after 250 AD another group, the Barancoid, entered Trinidad. The Barancoid society collapsed along the Orinoco around 650 AD and another group, the Arauquinoid, expanded into these areas and up the Caribbean chain. Around 1300 AD a new group, the Mayoid, entered Trinidad and remained the dominant culture until Spanish settlement.
At the time of the European discovery of most of the islands of the Caribbean, three major Amerindian indigenous peoples lived on the islands: theTaínoin theGreater Antilles,the Bahamasand theLeeward Islands; theIsland CaribsandGalibiin the Windward Islands; and theCiboneyin western Cuba. The Taínos are subdivided into Classic Taínos, who occupiedPuerto Ricoand part of Hispaniola; Western Taínos, who occupied the Bahamian archipelago, Cuba,Jamaica, and part of Hispaniola; and the Eastern Taínos, who occupied the northernLesser Antilles. The southern Lesser Antilles, includingMartiniqueandTrinidad, were inhabited by bothCarib-speakingand Arawak-speaking groups.
Soon afterChristopher Columbuscame to the Caribbean including Hispaniola and Martinica, both Portuguese and Spanish explorers began claiming territories in Central and South America. These early colonies brought gold to Europe; most specifically England, the Netherlands, and France. These nations hoped to establish profitable colonies in the Caribbean. Colonial rivalries made the Caribbean a cockpit for European wars for centuries.
Columbus, and the early colonists of Hispaniola, treated the indigenous peoples brutally, even enslaving children.In 1512, after pressure from Dominican friars, theLaws of Burgoswere introduced by the Spanish Crown to better protect the rights of the New World natives. The Spanish used a form of slavery called theEncomienda, where slaves would be awarded to the conquistadors, who were charged with protecting and converting their slaves. This had a devastating impact on the population,so starting in 1503, slaves from Africa were imported to the colony.Jamaicawas ceded toEnglandbySpainwhile bothMartinicaand the western third ofHispaniolawere ceded toFrance.
While early slave traders were Portuguese and Spanish, known as the First Atlantic System, by the 17th century the trade became dominated by British, French, and Dutch merchants. This was known as the Second Atlantic System. 5 million African slaves would be taken to the Caribbean, and around half would be traded to the British Caribbean islands. Slavery was abolished first in the Dutch Empire in 1814. Spain abolished slavery in its empire in 1811, with the exceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo. Slavery was not abolished in Cuba until 1886.Britainabolished the slave trade in 1807, andslavery proper in 1833. France abolished slavery in its colonies in 1848.
The Caribbean was known forpirates, especially between 1640 and 1680. The term "buccaneer" is often used to describe a pirate operating in this region. The Caribbean region was war-torn throughout much of its colonial history, but the wars were often based in Europe, with only minor battles fought in the Caribbean. Some wars, however, were born of political turmoil in the Caribbean itself.
In 1791,a slave rebellionin the French colony of Saint-Domingue led to the establishment in 1804 ofHaiti, the first republic in the Caribbean. Neighboring Santo Domingo (nowDominican Republic) would attain its independence on three separate occasions in 1821, 1844 and 1865. Cuba became independent in 1898 following American intervention in theWar of Independenceduring theSpanish-American war. Following the war, Spain's last colony in the Americas,Puerto Rico, became an unincorporated territory of the United States.
Between the 1960s and '80s, most of the British holdings in the Caribbean achieved political independence, starting withJamaica in 1962, thenTrinidad and Tobago(1962),British Guiana(1966),Barbados(1966),the Bahamas(1973),Grenada(1974),Dominica(1978),St. Lucia(1979),St. Vincent(1979),Antigua and Barbuda(1981), andSt. Kitts and Nevis(1983). Presently, the United States, Britain, France and the Netherlands still have someCaribbean possessions.
The decline of the export industries meant a need to diversify the economies of the Caribbean territories.The tourism industrystarted developing in the early 20th century, rapidly developing in the 1960s when regular international flights made vacations affordable and is now a $50 billion industry. Another industry that developed in the early 20th century wasoffshore banking and financial services, particularly in The Bahamas and theCayman Islands, as the proximity of the Caribbean islands to North America made them an attractive location for branches of foreign banks seeking to avail themselves of less complicated regulations and lower tax rates.
TheUnited Stateshas conducted military operations in the Caribbean for at least 100 years.
Since theMonroe Doctrine, the United States gained a major influence on most Caribbean nations. In the early part of the 20th century this influence was extended by participation in theBanana Wars. Victory in the Spanish–American War and the signing of thePlatt Amendmentin 1901 ensured that the United States would have the right to interfere in Cuban political and economic affairs, militarily if necessary. After theCuban Revolutionof 1959, relations deteriorated rapidly leading to theBay of Pigs Invasion, theCuban Missile Crisis, and successive US attempts to destabilize the island, based uponCold Warfears of theSovietthreat. The US invaded and occupied Hispaniola for 19 years (1915–34), subsequently dominating the Haitian economy through aid and loan repayments. The US invaded Haiti againin 1994. After the2004 Haitian coup d'état, the US were accused byCARICOMof arranging it to remove elected Haitian leader Jean-Bertrand Aristide. In 1965, 23,000 US troops were sent to the Dominican Republic to quash a local uprising against military rule (seeDominican Civil War). President Lyndon Johnson had ordered the invasion to stem what he deemed to be a "Communist threat". However, the mission appeared ambiguous and was roundly condemned throughout the hemisphere as a return togunboat diplomacy. In 1983, the USinvaded Grenadato remove populist left-wing leader Maurice Bishop. The US maintains a naval military base in Cuba atGuantanamo Bay. The base is one of five unified commands whose "area of responsibility" isLatin Americaand the Caribbean. The command is headquartered in Miami, Florida.
The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies: Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin. These islands includeAruba(which has minor volcanic features),Curaçao,Barbados,Bonaire, theCayman Islands,Saint Croix,the Bahamas, andAntigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands ofSaint Martin,Cuba,Hispaniola,Puerto Rico,Jamaica,Dominica,Montserrat,Saba,Sint Eustatius,Saint Kitts,Saint Lucia,Saint Thomas,Saint John,Tortola,Grenada,Saint Vincent,Guadeloupe,MartiniqueandTrinidad and Tobago.
Definitions of the terms Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles often vary. As part of thePuerto Rico Bankand thePuerto Rico-Virgin Islands microplate, the Virgin Islands are  sometimes included with the Greater Antilles. The term Lesser Antilles is often used to define an island arc that includes Grenada but excludes Trinidad and Tobago and the Leeward Antilles.
The waters of the Caribbean Sea host large, migratory schools of fish, turtles, andcoral reefformations. ThePuerto Rico Trench, located on the fringe of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea just to the north of the island of Puerto Rico, is the deepest point in all of the Atlantic Ocean.
The region sits in the line of several major shipping routes with thePanama Canalconnecting the western Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean.
The climate of the area istropical, varying fromtropical rainforestin some areas totropical monsoonandtropical savannain others. There are also some locations that arearidclimates with considerable drought in some years, and the peaks of mountains tend to have coolertemperate climates.
Rainfall varies with elevation, size and water currents, such as the cool upwellings that keep theABC islandsarid. Warm, moisttrade windsblow consistently from the east, creating both rain forest and semi arid climates across the region. The tropical rainforest climates include lowland areas near the Caribbean Sea fromCosta Ricanorth toBelize, as well as theDominican RepublicandPuerto Rico, while the more seasonal dry tropical savanna climates are found inCuba, northernColombiaandVenezuela, and southernYucatán, Mexico. Arid climates are found along the extreme northern coast of Venezuela out to the islands includingArubaandCuraçao, as well as the northwestern tip of Yucatán.
While the region generally is sunny much of the year, the wet season from May through November sees more frequent cloud cover (both broken and overcast), while the dry season from December through April is more often clear to mostly sunny. Seasonal rainfall is divided into 'dry' and 'wet' seasons, with the latter six months of the year being wetter than the first half. The air temperature is hot much of the year, varying from 25 to 33 C (77 F to 90 F) between the wet and dry seasons. Seasonally, monthly mean temperatures vary from only about 5 C (7 F) in the northern most regions, to less than 3 C in the southernmost areas of the Caribbean.
Hurricane season is from June to November, but they occur more frequently in August and September and more common in the northern islands of the Caribbean.Hurricanesthat sometimes batter the region usually strike northwards ofGrenadaand to the west of Barbados. The principal hurricane belt arcs to northwest of the island of Barbados in the Eastern Caribbean. A great example being recent events ofHurricane Irmadevastating the island of Saint Martin during the 2017 hurricane season.
Sea surface temperatures change little annually, normally running from 30 °C (87 °F) in the warmest months to 26 °C (76 °F) in the coolest months. The air temperature is warm year round, in the 70s, 80s and 90s, and only varies from winter to summer about 2–5 degrees on the southern islands and about a 10–20 degrees difference on the northern islands of the Caribbean. The northern islands, like the Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, may be influenced by continental masses during winter months, such as cold fronts.
Aruba: Latitude 12°N
Puerto Rico: Latitude 18°N
Cuba: at Latitude 22°N
Lucayan Archipelago
Greater Antilles
Lesser Antilles
All islands at some point were, and a few still are,coloniesof European nations; a few areoverseas or dependent territories:
The British West Indies were united by the United Kingdom into aWest Indies Federationbetween 1958 and 1962. The independent countries formerly part of the B.W.I. still have a jointcricketteam that competes inTest matches,One Day InternationalsandTwenty20 Internationals. TheWest Indian cricket teamincludes the South American nation ofGuyana, the only former British colony on the mainland of that continent.
In addition, these countries share theUniversity of the West Indiesas a regional entity. The university consists of three main campuses in Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, a smaller campus in the Bahamas and Resident Tutors in other contributing territories such as Trinidad.
The Caribbean islands have one of the most diverse eco systems in the world. The animals, fungi and plants, and have been classified as one ofConservation International'sbiodiversity hotspotsbecause of their exceptionally diverse terrestrial and marine ecosystems, ranging from montanecloud forests, totropical rainforest, tocactusscrublands. The region also contains about 8% (by surface area) of the world's coral reefsalong with extensive seagrass meadows,both of which are frequently found in the shallow marine waters bordering the island and continental coasts of the region.
For the fungi, there is a modern checklist based on nearly 90,000 records derived from specimens in reference collections, published accounts and field observations.That checklist includes more than 11,250 species of fungi recorded from the region. As its authors note, the work is far from exhaustive, and it is likely that the true total number of fungal species already known from the Caribbean is higher. The true total number of fungal species occurring in the Caribbean, including species not yet recorded, is likely far higher given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have been discovered.Though the amount of available information is still small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to some Caribbean islands. For Cuba, 2200 species of fungi have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the island;forPuerto Rico, the number is 789 species;for theDominican Republic, the number is 699 species;for Trinidad and Tobago, the number is 407 species.
Many of theecosystemsof the Caribbean islands have been devastated bydeforestation, pollution, and human encroachment. The arrival of the first humans is correlated with extinction ofgiantowlsanddwarf ground sloths.The hotspot contains dozens of highly threatened animals (ranging from birds, to mammals and reptiles), fungi and plants. Examples of threatened animals include thePuerto Rican amazon, two species ofsolenodon(giant shrews) in Cuba and the Hispaniola island, and theCuban crocodile.
The region's coral reefs, which contain about 70 species of hard corals and from 500 to 700 species of reef-associated fisheshave undergone rapid decline in ecosystem integrity in recent years, and are considered particularly vulnerable to global warming and ocean acidification.According to aUNEPreport, the Caribbean coral reefs might go extinct in next 20 years due to human population explosion along the coast lines, overfishing, the pollution of coastal areas and global warming.
Some Caribbean islands have terrain that Europeans found suitable for cultivation for agriculture.Tobaccowas an important early crop during the colonial era, but was eventually overtaken bysugarcaneproduction as the region's staple crop. Sugar was produced from sugarcane for export to Europe.CubaandBarbadoswere historically the largest producers ofsugar. The tropical plantation system thus came to dominate Caribbean settlement. Other islands were found to have terrain unsuited foragriculture, for exampleDominica, which remains heavily forested. The islands in the southernLesser Antilles,Aruba,BonaireandCuraçao, are extremely arid, making them unsuitable for agriculture. However, they havesaltpans that were exploited by the Dutch. Sea water was pumped into shallow ponds, producing coarse salt when the water evaporated.
The natural environmental diversity of the Caribbean islands has led to recent growth ineco-tourism. This type of tourism is growing on islands lacking sandy beaches and dense human populations.
Life expectancyin some countries of the Caribbean in 2022, according to estimation of theWorld Bank Group:
At the time ofEuropean contact, the dominant ethnic groups in the Caribbean included theTaínoof theGreater Antillesand northernLesser Antilles, theIsland Caribsof the southern Lesser Antilles, and smaller distinct groups such as theGuanajatabeyof western Cuba and theCiguayoof eastern Hispaniola. The population of the Caribbean is estimated to have been around 750,000 immediately before European contact, although lower and higher figures are given. After contact, social disruption and epidemic diseases such as smallpox and measles (to which they had no natural immunity)led to a decline in the Amerindian population.such as theKongo,Igbo,Akan,FonandYorubaas well as military prisoners fromIreland, who were deported during the Cromwellian reign inEngland.Immigrants fromBritain,Italy,France,Spain, theNetherlands,PortugalandDenmarkalso arrived, although the mortality rate was high for both groups.
The population is estimated to have reached 2.2 million by 1800.Immigrants fromIndia,China,Indonesia, and other countries arrived in the mid-19th century as indentured servants.After the ending of theAtlantic slave trade, the population increased naturally.The total regional population was estimated at 37.5 million by 2000.
InHaitiand most of theFrench,AnglophoneandDutch Caribbean, the population is predominantly ofAfricanorigin; on many islands there are also significant populations of mixed racial origin (includingMulatto-Creole,Dougla,Mestizo,Quadroon,Cholo,Castizo,Criollo,Zambo,Pardo,Asian Latin Americans,Chindian,Cocoa panyols, and Eurasian), as well as populations of European ancestry:Dutch,English,French,Italian,PortugueseandSpanishancestry.Asians, especially those ofChinese,Indiandescent, andJavaneseIndonesians, form a significant minority in parts of the region.Indiansform a plurality of the population inTrinidad and Tobago,Guyana, andSuriname. Most of their ancestors arrived in the 19th century as indentured laborers.
TheSpanish-speaking Caribbeanpopulations are primarily ofEuropean, African, or racially mixed origins.Cubahas a European majority, along with a significant population of African ancestry. Puerto Rico has a mixed race majority with a mixture of European-African-Native American (tri-racial), and a large White and West African (black) minority. The Dominican Republic has the largest mixed-race population, primarily descended from Europeans,West Africans, and Amerindians.
The majority ofJamaicais of West African origin, in addition to a significant population of mixed racial background, and has minorities ofChinese, Europeans,Indians,Latinos,Jews, andArabs. This is a result of years of importation of slaves and indentured laborers, and migration. Most multi-racial Jamaicans refer to themselves as either mixed race or brown. Similar populations can be found in theCaricomstates ofBelize,GuyanaandTrinidad and Tobago.Trinidad and Tobagohas a multi-racial cosmopolitan society due to the arrivals ofAfricans,Indians,Chinese,Arabs,Jews,Latinos, andEuropeansalong with thenative indigenous Amerindianspopulation. This multi-racial mix of the Caribbean has created sub-ethnicities that often straddle the boundaries of major ethnicities and includeMulatto-Creole,Mestizo,Pardo,Zambo,Dougla,Chindian,Afro-Asians, Eurasian,Cocoa panyols, andAsian Latinos.
Spanish(64%),French(25%),English(14%),Dutch,Haitian Creole, andPapiamentoare the predominant official languages of various countries in the region. However, virtually every Caribbean country has a distinctcreole languageor dialect that often serves as itsvernacular language. Most of these do not enjoy official status, with the aforementioned Haitian Creole and Papiamento being notable exceptions. Other languages such asCaribbean Hindustani,Chinese,Javanese,Arabic,Hmong,Amerindian languages, otherAfrican languages, otherEuropean languages, and otherIndian languagescan also be found.
Christianityis the predominant religion in the Caribbean (84.7%).Other religions in the region areHinduism,Islam,Judaism,Rastafari,Buddhism,Chinese folk religion(incl.TaoismandConfucianism),Baháʼí,Jainism,Sikhism,Kebatinan,Traditional African religions,Yoruba(incl.Trinidad Orisha),Afro-American religions, (incl.Santería,Palo,Umbanda,Brujería,Hoodoo,Candomblé,Quimbanda,Orisha, Xangô de Recife, Xangô do Nordeste, Comfa,Espiritismo,Santo Daime,Obeah,Candomblé,Abakuá,Kumina,Winti, Sanse,Cuban Vodú,Dominican Vudú,Louisiana Voodoo,Haitian Vodou, andVodun).
Caribbean societies are very different from other Western societies in terms of size, culture, and degree of mobility of their citizens.The current economic and political problems the states face individually are common to all Caribbean states.Regional development has contributed to attempts to subdue current problems and avoid projected problems. From a political and economic perspective,regionalismserves to make Caribbean states active participants in current international affairs through collective coalitions. In 1973, the first political regionalism in theCaribbean Basinwas created by advances of the English-speaking Caribbean nations through the institution known as the Caribbean Common Market and Community (CARICOM)which is located in Guyana.
Certain scholars have argued both for and against generalizing the political structures of the Caribbean. On the one hand the Caribbean states are politically diverse, ranging from socialist systems towards more capitalist Westminster-style parliamentary systems. Other scholars argue that these differences are superficial, and that they tend to undermine commonalities in the various Caribbean states. Contemporary Caribbean systems seem to reflect a "blending of traditional and modern patterns, yielding hybrid systems that exhibit significant structural variations and divergent constitutional traditions yet ultimately appear to function in similar ways".The political systems of the Caribbean states share similar practices.
The influence of regionalism in the Caribbean is often marginalized.Some scholars believe that regionalism cannot exist in the Caribbean because each small state is unique. On the other hand, scholars also suggest that there are commonalities amongst the Caribbean nations that suggest regionalism exists. "Proximity as well as historical ties among the Caribbean nations has led to cooperation as well as a desire for collective action".These attempts at regionalization reflect the nations' desires to compete in the international economic system.
Furthermore, a lack of interest from other major states promoted regionalism in the region. In recent years, the Caribbean has suffered from a lack of U.S. interest. "With the end of the Cold War, U.S. security and economic interests have been focused on other areas. As a result there has been a significant reduction in U.S. aid and investment to the Caribbean."The lack of international support for these small, relatively poor states, helped regionalism prosper.
Following the Cold War another issue of importance in the Caribbean has been the reduced economic growth of some Caribbean States due to the United States andEuropean Union's allegations of special treatment toward the region by each other.
TheLomé Convention, which allowedbananaexports from the former colonies of theGroup of African, Caribbean and Pacific states(ACP) to enter Europe cheaply, came into effect in 1976.In 1999, the United States under PresidentBill Clintonlaunched a challenge in theWorld Trade Organizationagainst the EU over Europe's preferential program, known as The World Trade Organization sided in the United States' favour and the beneficial elements of the convention to African, Caribbean and Pacific states have been partially dismantled and replaced by theCotonou Agreement.
During the US/EU dispute, the United States threatened to impose large tariffs on European Union goods (up to 100%) to pressure Europe to change the agreement with the Caribbean nations in favour of the Cotonou Agreement.
Farmers in the Caribbean have complained of falling profits and rising costs as the Lomé Convention weakens.Some farmers have faced increased pressure to turn towards the cultivation of illegal drugs, which has a higher profit margin and fills the sizable demand for these illegal drugs in North America and Europe.
Many Caribbean nations have sought to deepen ties with the continent ofAfrica. The African Union-bloc has referred to the Caribbean as the potential "Sixth Region" of theAfrican Union.Some Caribbean states have already moved to join Africa institutions including Barbados, Grenada, Guyana, and the Bahamas which have all became members of the African Export Import Bank.And the Caribbean Development Bank signing a cooperation strategic partnership agreement with the African Development Bank (AfDB)At present Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana, and Suriname are at various stages of establishing direct air flights with Africa to boost person-to-person links and boost trade between both regions.
The first inter-regional Africa-Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Summit took place in September 2021. In August 2023 the African Union'sAfrican Export–Import Bankofficially opened its first Caribbean Community office in Barbados beginning the process of integrating willing Caribbean states as the 6th region of the African Union.[1][2]
Caribbean nations have also started to more closely cooperate in theCaribbean Financial Action Task Forceand other instruments to add oversight of the offshore industry. One of the most important associations that deal with regionalism amongst the nations of theCaribbean Basinhas been theAssociation of Caribbean States(ACS). Proposed by CARICOM in 1992, the ACS soon won the support of the other countries of the region. It was founded in July 1994. The ACS maintains regionalism within the Caribbean on issues unique to the Caribbean Basin. Through coalition building, like the ACS and CARICOM, regionalism has become an undeniable part of the politics and economics of the Caribbean. The successes of region-building initiatives are still debated by scholars, yet regionalism remains prevalent throughout the Caribbean.
The President ofVenezuela,Hugo Chavezlaunched an economic group called theBolivarian Alliance for the Americas(ALBA), which several eastern Caribbean islands joined.
Here are some of the bodies that several islands share in collaboration:
14°31′32″N75°49′06″W﻿ / ﻿14.52556°N 75.81833°W﻿ /14.52556; -75.81833