Tetovo

Tetovo(Macedonian:Тетово,[ˈtɛtɔvɔ];Albanian:Tetovë,Albaniandefinite form:Tetova) is a city in the northwestern part ofNorth Macedonia, built on the foothills ofŠar Mountainand divided by thePena River. The municipality of Tetovo covers an area of 1,080 km(417 sq mi) at 468 meters (1,535 ft) above sea level, with a population of 63,176.The city of Tetovo is the seat ofTetovo Municipality.
Tetovo was founded in the 14th century on the place of the ancient town of Oaeneon.
In the 15th c. AD, Tetovo came under Ottoman rule for about five centuries. After its conquest by the Ottomans, most of city's population converted to Islam and many Ottoman-style structures were built, such as theŠarena Džamijaand theArabati Baba Teḱe, which still stand as two of North Macedonia's most significant landmarks of its Ottoman period. During this period, the town belonged to the Vilayet of Kosovo, became a firearm and cannon foundry, and was renamed Kalkandelen (meaning Shield Penetrator); as a result, the town attracted many workers and grew to a city. Following the World Wars, Tetovo became a part of Yugoslavia and, later, the Republic of Macedonia.
South East European University, North Macedonia's third largest university afterSkopjeandBitola, is located in Tetovo.Tetovo is also home to theState University of Tetovo. Tetovo is regarded as thede factocapital of Albanian population in North Macedonia.
The region was referred to asHtetovoin a Serbian Charter.During the Ottoman rule the name of the town wasKalkandelen.
Christianity spread to Oaeneum during the later period of Roman invasion and reached the region relatively early.St Paulpreached the Gospel in the region.In the 2nd to the 4th centuries, the main language to spread the Christian religion was Latin.
In the 13th and 14th centuries, Byzantine control was punctuated by periods of Bulgarian and Serbian rule.Konstantin Asenruled as Tsar of the Bulgarian Empire from 1257 to 1277. Later the region was overrun and taken by Serbian TsarStefan Dušan. In a document dated between 1348 and 1353, Dušan restored theLešok Monasteryand gifted the monastery entire Albanian-populated villages, as well as the Nanov Dol highlands.Stefan Dušan also forbade agricultural and livestock activity in the Nanov Dol highlands for state pasture tax collectors, Albanians andVlachs.
The initial Ottoman occupation did not last asSkanderbegand his Albanian force with aid from Tetovo, took on the Ottoman forces led by Ibrahim Pasha in theBattle of Polog. Skanderbeg slayed Ibrahim Pasha, who was an old friend of his during his time with the Ottomans. Tetovo came under Albanian control. In August 1462, after Skanderbeg defeated Ottoman forces under Hasan bey inMokra, Isuf bey went to move against Skanderbeg. Isuf bey marched out with 18,000 troops toSkopje. From there, he marched onto Polog near Tetovo. Skanderbeg attacked and annihilated Isuf's force and the Pasha fled, leaving his army behind to be reduced.
In the 1660sEvliya Celebiconsidered the highlands around Tetovo as being the mountains of Arnavudluk (Albania).
During the early 19th century, Abdurrahman Pasha, a prominent Albanian landowner, beautified the city of Tetovo, refurbishing many estates including the notable landmarks such as the Colored Mosque, the Teke and the Baltepe fortress.In the 19th century, the Russian diplomatIvan Jastrebovspoke highly of Tetovo's climate, liking the mild snowy winters, sunny and comfortably warm summers. The traveler Ami Bue described Tetovo as a very clean city.
TheTanzimatreforms, initiated by the Ottoman Empire in 1839, sought to modernize and centralize the administration by imposing new taxes and diminishing the power of local feudal magnates, while appointing administrators from Anatolia to oversee the provinces. These changes, however, faced strong opposition, particularly local Albanianpashas. In 1843, the arrest of key Albanian leaders who resisted the reforms triggered anuprising that resulted in the expulsion of Ottoman officials from several major towns. After three weeks of intense fighting, the rebels captured Kalkandelen (modern-day Tetovo), which subsequently became the headquarters of the Albanian Great Council.The Council demanded the annulment of the Tanzimat reforms, challenging the central government's authority. In response, the sultan dispatchedOmer Pashawith a force of 30,000 troops to suppress the rebellion. Following a prolonged siege of Kalkandelen, lasting several weeks, the Ottoman forces captured the town, arrested the rebel leaders, and effectively ended the uprising.
Albanian diplomatMid'hat Frashëri, in his work"Pjesa kombiare"writes that due to the pressure of Turkey, Greece and Serbia, a part of the Albanian population lost their mother tongue. "The people of Gjinokastra speak Greek and in Tetovo and Prizren [they speak] Turkish and Slavic".
During the breakup of theOttoman Empire, Tetovo came underAlbaniancontrol by forces led byHasan Prishtina. From a period between 1913 and 1915, during theBalkan war, theSerbian Armycaptured Tetovo and the entire region of what is today North Macedonia became known as "South Serbia" as part of theKingdom of Serbia.
During World War I, a rift occurred betweenBulgariaandSerbia. The Bulgarian army started making way through the area and annexed Tetovo and the rest of the Macedonia region.At the end of the war Serbia regained control of the region. Within theKingdom of Yugoslavia, Tetovo was part of theVardar Banovinafrom 1929 to 1941.
In 1941, theVardar Banovinaceased to exist as a result of theAxis occupation of Yugoslavia. The western region, predominantly inhabited by Albanians, was incorporated into theItalian protected Kingdom of Albania, resulting in Tetovo once again coming under Albanian control.The Italian military intelligence service,OVRA, established the"Luboten Battalion"in Tetovo, composed primarily of ethnic Albanians from the region. The unit was tasked with identifying, interrogating, and neutralizing any resistance to the Italian occupation. Following Italy's surrender on September 8, 1943, the German forces retained control over the battalion, permitting its members to retain their Italian-issued uniforms and weapons. Subsequently, members of the Balli Kombëtar, an Albanian nationalist group, joined the battalion, further strengthening its ranks.
TheBalli Kombëtarruled Tetovo with military and financial aid from the Axis powers. The Albanian national flag was raised in Tetovo, theAlbanian Francwas introduced as the official currency as well as the official language and education facilities in Albanian.
Against the background of a large-scale offensive operations of theBulgarian armyaimed at Nis, Skopje and Pristina,the city was the last to be seized by theMacedonian partisanson November 19, 1944. Several Macedonian partisan shock brigades fought for control of the city with German forces and theBalli Kombëtar. Part of the fighters were ethnic Macedonians that split fromELASto form the First Macedonian Shock Brigade.According to Macedonian veterans from the 8th Veles Shock Brigade who participated in the fighting, the operation in Tetovo was well-planned and the enemy resistance was weakened due to the inevitability of the German defeat and the good organization and equipment of the partisans.
After the Germans had been driven out, the communist authorities ordered the collection of weapons but this order was not well received.In Tetovo, the remaining Ballists tried to retain their control  after the Yugoslav Partisans announced victory.As result an armed uprising of massive proportions broke in the area led by theBalli Kombëtar, which aimed to resist the incorporation of the region into communist Yugoslavia. It was only in July 1945 that the Yugoslav Partisans were able to push down the uprising and re-establish their control.
The town became part of theSocialist Republic of Macedonia. The early years of Socialist Yugoslavia were turbulent for Tetovo's Albanian population. Many were subjected to repression, causing many to emigrate.Those who remained demonstrated periodically but violently against the socialist Yugoslav regime, notably in the Yucel Incident of 1957and the Tetovo Incident of 1968.Many of these protest were led byMehmet Gega, a notable Albanian rights activist who was sentenced to ten years in prison.
Tetovo underJosip Broz Tito'sYugoslaviawent through major changes. ManyYugoslav Brutalist styledapartments were built around the city centre of Tetovo as well as concrete roads. New suburbs such as the Hajdućka suburb were formed to help accommodate the rising number of Macedonians moving to the city.Some of the city's historic buildings, such as the Old Mosque, were demolished by the authorities.
Tetovo, along with the city ofGostivar, took in and sheltered several thousands ofBosnian Muslimrefugees from 1992 until the end of theBosnian war.
In 1997,Alajdin Demiri, the mayor of Tetovo, was jailed for raising the double headed eagle flag of Albania from Tetovo town hall, and by 2000 the outbreak of hostilities inTanusevcihad spilled into the towns of Tetovo and Gostivar.In 2001, ethnic Albanianslaunched an insurgency, with Tetovo being the main backdrop of the war. Fortunately, theOhrid Agreementwas established, allowing peace to return to the city again.
In economic terms Tetovo is one of the most developing cities in North Macedonia with some multinational companies (Ecolog International, Mercure Tetovo, Renova, Kipper) being located in this town. Despite the interest of private companies in Tetovo, the city is neglected by the government. Tetovo suffers fromurban sprawl. Due to the lack of government regulations, the city has no system for building permits, and many houses and buildings have been built unsafely and randomly along footpaths, roads and in parks. Air pollution levels are among the highest in Europe.
The tallest building in the city is Mercure Tetovo measuring about 80 meters in height.
Tetovo is one of the educational centres in North Macedonia hosting two universitiesSouth East European University(Public Private Non-profitable) andState University of Tetovo(Public University). The prior one has educational leadership in the region, whereat the Bologna Process is applicable since its establishment, has the best campus in the region of South East Europe and is trend with international developments in education. More than 20,000 students get their education and degrees in Tetovo.
In addition, Tetovo is a centre of ethnic Albanian politics. Most Albanian political parties on North Macedonia (Democratic Party of Albanians(DPA),Democratic Union for Integration(DUI) and the Party for Democratic Prosperity (PDP)) have their main seats there.
Tetovo has one of the highest crime rates in North Macedonia, second only to the much larger capitalSkopje. The city was home to 1,229 criminal acts in the first half of 2009.
On September 8, 2021, at least fourteen people were killed inan explosionat a COVID-19 center.
Tetovo has been under many different empires; from the Mycenae and Illyrians, to the Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans, giving the city a vast range of diverse cultures. The museum of Tetovo, established in 1950, contains history of Tetovo and is situated in the Memorial House of Central Committee of the Communist Party of Macedonia.
Tetovo Municipality is home to 15 sites designated as Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Culture, of which 14 are within the city limits of Tetovo. Nine of these are historic homes.
The main attractions of Tetovo are its historic areas and structures. TheŠarena Mosque("The Painted Mosque") is located near the Pena River in the old part of town. The mosque was built in 1438 and rebuilt in 1833 by Abdurrahman Pasha, the son of Rexhep Pasha. It is one of the most important cultural and historical structures of Tetovo and represents the style of early Ottoman architecture. The painted mosque continues to be an important monument to the residents of Tetovo, and is the main tourist attraction for many foreign visitors.
Sitting directly across the Pena River from the Šarena Mosque is Tetovo's Ottoman-era hamam, known as theČifte Hamamor Bey's Hamam. It was built in the late 15th/early 16th century. Declared a monument of cultural heritage,it houses the Tetovo Art Gallery.The building was renovated between 2012 and 2015.
TheTetovo Fortress, located on the top of the Baltepe Hill, above Tetovo, was built in 1820 by Abdurrahman Pasha.
TheArabati Baba Teḱeoriginally built in 1538 around the türbe of Sersem Ali Baba, an Ottoman dervish. In 1799, a waqf provided by Rexhep Pasha established the current grounds of the tekke. The finest survivingBektashimonastery in Europe, the sprawling complex features flowered lawns, prayer rooms, dining halls, lodgings and a great marble fountain inside a wooden pavilion.
TheAlim Bey Houseis an historic estate in Tetovo. Along with theSarajinResen, it is among the more prominent examples of lodgings built by wealthy Ottoman pashas and beys in North Macedonia that were constructed in Western-inspired architecture. The Alim Bey House is an asymmetrical estate built in the neo-Baroque style with decorated façades, ornate friezes, and the use of various geometric shapes including a hexagonal tower. The three-story home is a protected monument of cultural heritage.The building functioned as a hospital until 1993. Renovation works funded by Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Macedonia occurred in 2016.
TheMuseum of the Tetovo Regionis housed within the historicGoce Stojčevski house. The museum was established in 1950, originally situated in the Arabati Baba Tekke complex. It contains archaeological, ethnological, historical, and art exhibits.The house is where Macedonian partisanGoce Stojčevski - Ambarčewas born in 1919.
An example ofByzantineculture outside of Tetovo Municipality is theMonastery of Lešok. The monastery is 8 km (5 mi) northeast of Tetovo. In its complex are the churches of St. Athanasius of Alexandria and the Holy Mother of God Church. The Church of the Holy Virgin, built in 1326, is an excellent example of Byzantine style and architectural tradition.
Popova Šapka is a ski resort located in the Šar Mountains. Despite being around seven kilometres (4.3 miles) from the city, it is generally associated with Tetovo. Popova Šapka attracts many tourists in winter due it being one of the popular ski resorts in the former Yugoslavia. Aside from hosting recreational and competitive skiing competitions, Popova Šapka has many villas and restaurants to accommodate visitors. The rise in hotels was because the cable car that took people from Tetovo to Popova Šapka was destroyed during the 2001 Macedonia conflict. Therefore, people stay at Popova Šapka overnight before returning to Tetovo.
There are three stone bridges in Tetovo and each cross the Pena river; one of these, which connects Goce Stojčeski Street one block downstream of the Šarena Mosque, is listed as an Object of Cultural Heritage.The bridges are some of the oldest structures in Tetovo. Most of the old heritage buildings are situated in the old town, near the centre of Tetovo. Tetovo has many old buildings and monuments however, they are endangered of being demolished by people building unpermitted buildings
Tetovo is home of the dishTavče Gravče, known locally in Tetovo asTavë me Groshë. DuringSocialist Yugoslavia, the dish was known around the country asTetovski Gravče, in reference to the city of Tetovo, where the dish originates. Although different varieties of the meal are made around Balkans, the traditional Tetovo tavče gravče is cooked and served in a terracotta pot.
Most cuisines in Tetovo have a strong Ottoman influence or foundation such asAjvar,SujukandGevrek. Tetovo is known for its barbecue restaurants,Qebaptorë, whereĆevapiandPljeskavica(including Shar Pljeskavica" (Šarska pljeskavica), stuffed withkashkavalcheese).Byrektorës, pastry restaurants, are also common in Tetovo and produceBurek.Ëmbëltore, sweet shops, produce locally made traditional sweets such asLukum,Tulumba,KataifandBaklava.Bozais also fermented in Tetovo and is a common beverage consumed.
The cuisines in Tetovo have a unique taste and flavour due to the local agricultural products used to make the cuisines. In North Macedonia, TetovoKashkavalcheese is the most popular as it is made naturally from sheep's milk from theŠar Mountains. During theKingdom of Yugoslavia, apples from Tetovo were popular inBelgradeand were known asTetovo Jabuka.
Albanians from the Macedonian region of Polog, a conurbation of villages between Tetovo andGostivar, specialised in confectionary, ice-cream and general hospitality businesses like cafes and grills around Yugoslavia.It was even stereotyped in Yugoslavia.
The most popular sport in Tetovo isfootball. Tetovo is represented by four clubs of which three play in the Macedonian First League.KF Shkëndija, supported by the majority of the Albanians living in Tetovo.FK Renova, mainly supported by Albanians but has significant Macedonian support, and are based inDžepčište.FK Teteksis the team supported by the Macedonians living in Tetovo.
FK Dritacurrently play in the Treta Liga, however, they are in located in the outskirts of Tetovo in a village namedBogovinje.FK Vrapčištecurrently plays in the Treta Liga, however, they are in located in the outskirts of Tetovo in the village namedVrapčište.
Wrestling, karate and volleyball are also fairly popular sports in Tetovo. Few volleyball teams are active in the volleyball league of North Macedonia: Škendija, Bami Kor Medika, etc.
Between the years 1348-1353, Albanians are mentioned by Serbian TsarStefan Dušanas farmers and soldiers in the district of Tetovo.
Ottoman statistics from 1452 for thenahiyaof Tetovo recorded 146 Christian and 60 Muslim households. In 1453, the population consisted of 153Christianand 56Muslimfamilies.The 1455defterrecorded Albanian presence.The 1467 Ottoman defter records of Tetovo attests that the Muslim neighborhood of Tetovo was inhabited by 6 heads of families with mixed anthroponyms of Islamic Albanian character, while the Christian quarter of Tetovo was characterized with Slavic-Christian and Albanian-Christian names, with some cases of Slavicisation.
In 1468, Tetovo had 180 Christian and 41 Muslim families.In 1545 there were 99 Christian and 101 Muslim families (38 were islamicised) in Tetovo, and in 1568 there were 108 Christian and 329 Muslim (184 islamicised).
By the 19th century, when the population of Tetovo began to increase with settlement from the surrounding villages, the French travelerAmi Bouenoted that the population had reached about 4,500 people, which areBulgariansandAlbanians.The total population of thePashalikof  Tetovo is 30,000–40,000 and consists ofBulgarianswho areEastern Orthodoxand ofAlbanianwho areMuslims.[1]
According to the statistics of theBulgarianethnographerVasil Kanchovin 1900 the population of Tetovo was 19,200 consisting of 8,500Bulgarians, 9,000Turks, 500Arnautsand 1,200Romani.Kanchov wrote that many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. In Tetovo the population that declared itself Turkish "was of Albanian blood", but it "had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg", referring to Islamization.
In 1916, under theKingdom of Bulgaria, the Bulgarian registries had recorded that Tetovo had a population of 22,000. Two-thirds of this population was listed as Albanian and one-third consisted of Bulgarian and Serbian.
According to the 1942Albaniancensus, Tetovo was inhabited by 10,252Muslim Albanians, 3,496 Bulgarians and 2,136 Serbs.
As of 2021, the city of Tetovo has 63,176 inhabitants and the ethnic composition was the following:
Tetovo istwinnedwith: