Lublin Voivodeship

Lublin Voivodeship(Polish:województwo lubelskie[vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔluˈbɛlskʲɛ]) is avoivodeship(province) ofPoland, located in the southeastern part of the country, with its capital being the city ofLublin.
The region is named after its largest city and regional capital,Lublin, and its territory is made of four historical lands: the western and central part of the voivodeship, with Lublin itself, belongs toLesser Poland, the eastern part of Lublin Area belongs toCherven Cities/Red Ruthenia, and the northeast belongs toPolesieandPodlasie.Lublin Voivodeship bordersSubcarpathian Voivodeshipto the south,Świętokrzyskie Voivodeshipto the south-west,Masovian Voivodeshipto the west and north,Podlaskie Voivodeshipalong a short boundary to the north,Belarus(Brest Region) andUkraine(LvivandVolyn Regions) to the east. The region's population as of 2019 was 2,112,216. It covers an area of 25,155 square kilometres (9,712 sq mi).
ThePolish historical regionthat encompassesLublin, and approximates Lublin Voivodeship as it was before thePartitions of Poland, is known asLubelszczyzna. Provinces centred on Lublin have existed throughout much of Poland's history; for details see the section below onPrevious Lublin Voivodeships. Cities and towns of greatest historic importance are Lublin,Chełm,Kazimierz DolnyandZamość. Lublin hosted several sessions of the Polish Parliament, including the session which established thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth(seeUnion of Lublin), and was the seat of theCrown Tribunalfor theLesser Poland Province, the highest appeal court in the Kingdom of Poland, andParczewalso hosted one session of the Polish Parliament.Horodłowas the place of signing of the Polish–LithuanianUnion of Horodło, predating the Union of Lublin.
In the 17th century, there were sizeableScottishcommunities in Lublin and Zamość,and also a smaller one inOpole Lubelskie.Lublin and Zamość also hostedArmenianminorities.
The industry of the region was greatly expanded as part of theCentral Industrial Regionof Poland.
The region was, before World War II, one of the world's leading centres ofJudaism. Before the middle of the 16th century, there were few Jews in the area, concentrated inLublin,Kazimierz Dolny, and perhapsChełm; but the founding of new private towns led to a large movement of Jews into the region to develop trade and services. Since these new towns competed with the existing towns for business, there followed a low-intensity, long-lasting feeling of resentment, with failed attempts to limit the Jewish immigration. The Jews tended to settle mostly in the cities and towns, with only individual families setting up businesses in the rural regions; this urban/rural division became another factor feeding resentment of the newly arrived economic competitors. By the middle of the 18th century, Jews were a significant part of the population inKraśnik,LubartówandŁęczna.
By the 20th century, Jews represented greater than 70% of the population in eleven towns and close to 100% of the population ofŁaszczówandIzbica. From this region came both religious figures such asMordechai Josef Leinerof Izbica,Chaim Israel MorgensternofPuławy, andMotele RokeachofBiłgoraj, as well as famous secular authorIsrael Joshua Singer. Israel's brother, the Nobel prize winnerIsaac Bashevis Singer, was not born in Biłgoraj but lived part of his life in the city. The "Old Town" of the city ofLublincontained a famousyeshiva, Jewish hospital, synagogue, cemetery, and kahal, as well as theGrodzka Gate(known as the Jewish Gate).
Before the war, there were 300,000Jewsliving in the region, which became the site of theMajdanek concentration camp,Bełżec extermination campandSobibór extermination campas well as severallabour camps(Trawniki,Poniatowa,Budzyn,Puławy,Zamość,Biała Podlaska, and the Lublin work campsLipowa 7 camp,Flugplatz, andSportplatz) which produced military supplies for theWehrmachtandLuftwaffe. This was once one of the biggest forced labour centres inGerman-occupied Europe, with approximately 45,000 Jewish prisoners. After the war, the few surviving Jews largely left the area; today there is some restoration of areas of Jewish historical interest, and a surge of tourism by Jews seeking to view their families' historical roots.
Polish people were also victims of German persecution andcrimes, including theAB-Aktion,Aktion T4andOperation Zamośćwith deportations toNazi concentration camps, forced labour,kidnapping of childrenand massacres in the region.It witnessed the PolishZamość uprisingagainst German occupation. There were alsoGerman prisoner-of-war campsfor Polish,French, Italian, Dutch, Belgian,Senegaleseand Soviet prisoners of war inChełm,Dęblin,Biała Podlaska,Zamość,Kaliłówwith severalforced laboursubcamps, where many died from starvation, epidemics or were massacred.
Lublin Voivodeship was created on January 1, 1999, out of the formerLublin,Chełm,Zamość,Biała Podlaskaand (partially)TarnobrzegandSiedlceVoivodeships, pursuant toPolish local government reformsadopted in 1998.
The voivodeship contains 5 cities and 43 towns. These are listed below in descending order of population (according to official figures for 2019:
Lublin Voivodeship is divided into 24 counties (powiats): 4 city counties and 20 land counties. These are further divided into 213gminas.
The counties are listed in the following table (ordering within categories is by decreasing population).
Protected areasin Lublin Voivodeship include twoNational Parksand 17Landscape Parks. These are listed below.
TheGross domestic product(GDP) of the province was 18.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 3.7% of Polish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 14,400 euros or 48% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 54% of the EU average. Lublin Voivodship is the province with the lowest GDP per capita in Poland.
The Lublin Coal Basin is located in the voivodeship, centered at theBogdanka Coal MineinBogdankanearŁęczna.
TheLublin Airportis the region's sole airport. TheS12,S17andS19highways pass through the voivodeship.
There are sevenHistoric Monuments of Polandand oneWorld Heritage Sitein the voivodeship:
There are also many more castles and palaces in the region, including inAdampol,Biała Podlaska,Janowiec,Kock,Lubartów,Łabunie,Łabuńki Pierwsze,Radzyń Podlaski. TheChapel of the Holy Trinityat theLublin Royal Castlecontains some of the oldest and best preserved medieval frescoes in Poland. The region is rich in architecture, especially churches, built in the regionalLublin Renaissancestyle, and there is a dedicated Lublin Renaissance Trail.
NałęczówandKrasnobródarespa towns.Krasnystawis famous for its annualChmielakibeer festival.Chełmcontains theChełm Chalk Tunnels, a system of tunnels dug into thechalkunder the city, a unique structure in Europe, whereas Lublin offers an underground tourist route in historic cellars under the Old Town Market Square.
There are several museums, including theNational Museumin Lublin, the Polish Air Force Museum inDęblin, and museums dedicated to popular Polish writers in the towns of their birth or their former homes, i.e. toJózef Ignacy KraszewskiinRomanów, toHenryk SienkiewiczinWola Okrzejska, toBolesław PrusandStefan ŻeromskiinNałęczówand toWincenty Polin Lublin. TheMajdanek State MuseumandSobibór Museumare museums located at the sites of the former Nazi German concentration camps atMajdanekandSobibór. There are also numerous World War II memorials scattered across the voivodeship, including Holocaust memorials and memorials at the sites of German massacres of Poles, including the largest massacres inRury,Lublin,Borów,Aleksandrów,Sochy,Smoligów,Jamy,Kumowa DolinaandOlszanka. TheGreat SynagogueofWłodawa, one of the best preserved historic synagogues in Poland, and one of the few not destroyed by Nazi Germany, houses a museum.
In addition to traditional nationwidePolish cuisine, Lublin Voivodeship is known for its variety of regional and localtraditional foodsand drinks, which include especially varioushoneys, meat products (incl. various types ofkiełbasa,baconandkaszanka), beverages and various dishes and meals, officially protected by theMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland.
There are local types ofpierogi,cakes,pastries(incl.pączkiandpoppy seed rolls) andracuchy.Local specialities include themeringueofOstrów Lubelski, cake puffs of Lublin, andchocolate pralinesof Lublin.
Traditional beverages includenalewkifromJanów Lubelski,Kraśnik,Opole LubelskieandGmina Końskowola,mead,raspberryvodka from KraśnikandciderfromMikołajówka. Traditional non-alcoholic drinks include various types of juices, tea,syrups, andhot chocolatefrom Lublin.
Football,motorcycle speedway,basketballandhandballare the most popular sports in the province.
Additionally,AZS UMCS Lublinis one of the topathleticsclubs in the country.
Population according to 2002 census:
Lublin Voivodeship (Latin:Palatinatus Lublinensis;Polish:Województwo Lubelskie) was an administrative region of theKingdom of Polandcreated in 1474 out of parts ofSandomierz Voivodeshipand lasting until thePartitions of Polandin 1795. It was part of theprowincjaofLesser Poland.
Lublin Voivodeship was one of thevoivodeships of Congress Poland. It was formed in 1816 fromLublin Department, and in 1837 was transformed intoLublin Governorate.
Lublin Voivodeship (Województwo Lubelskie) was one of the administrative regions of the interwarSecond Polish Republic. In early 1939 its area was 26,555 square kilometres (10,253 sq mi) and its population was 2,116,200.According to the 1931 census, 85.1% of its population was Polish, 10.5% Jewish, and 3% Ukrainian.
Lublin Voivodeship (województwo lubelskie) was an administrative region of Poland between 1945 and 1975. In 1975 it was transformed intoChełm,Zamość,Biała Podlaska,TarnobrzegandSiedlce Voivodeshipsand a smaller Lublin Voivodeship.
Lublin Voivodeship (województwo lubelskie) existed as one of Poland's 49 voivodeships from 1975 until 1998, when it was incorporated into the current (larger) Lublin Voivodeship.
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