Menemen Incident

TheMenemen Incident, orKubilay Incident(Turkish:Kubilay OlayıorMenemen Olayı), refers to a chain of events which occurred inMenemen, a small town north ofİzmirin theAegean RegionofTurkey, on 23 December 1930.
Islamistsrebelled against the secularization of Turkey byAtatürkand beheadedMustafa Fehmi Kubilay, a teacher who was doing his military service and two other watchmen.
Following the signing of theTreaty of Lausannein 1923, theRepublican People's PartyofTurkeypursued a somewhat liberal policy towardsIslam, promoting secularism while not taking a hard line against Islamic institutions and practices, believing that the secularism of their ideology was already taking root.This confidence was shaken on 23 December 1930, when Dervish Mehmet Efendi (Cretan Mehmet), a member of theNaqshbandi(Turkish:Nakşibendi) order, created a protest by rallying an armed crowd against the policies of the secular government and calling for the restoration ofShariaand theCaliphate. A squad of soldiers from the local garrison was sent to quell the demonstration. The leader of the soldiers, Mustafa Fehmi Kubilay, went into the crowd alone to convince them to surrender. A rebel shot and injured him and as a result the soldiers returned fire (using wooden bullets) upon the demonstrators.
The protestors, led byDerviş Mehmedshouted ''Those who wear hats arekafirs.  We will return to sharia soon.''
Mustafa Fehmi Kubilay, who had hidden himself in a mosque, was beheaded by the crowd with an axe who then placed his severed head on a pole with a green flag and paraded through town with it. Two municipal watchmen, Bekçi Hasan and Bekçi Şevki, were also killed by the demonstrators. Several rioters were also killed.
Upon hearing Kubilay's murder by Islamists,Atatürkproclaimed: ''Thousands from Menemen didn't prevent this, instead joined withTekbirs. Where were these traitors during Greek occupation?''. The Turkish government expressed their shock over the people of Menemen not reacting to things likeMenemen massacreas harsh as they did to secularization.
The perpetrators of the rebellion including Mehmet the Cretan, İbrahim the Cretan, Mehmet of Damascus, Sütçü Mehmet Emin, Nalıncı Hasan, and Hasan the Little were killed or otherwise punished.
The new republican government of Turkey was shocked by the demonstration of religious fervor and by how readily it was embraced by some Turks, as it was completely antithetical to secularism. A state of emergency was declared and courts-martial were established which meted out sentences ranging from death at the gallows or life imprisonment to one year's confinement. There were also several acquittals.Sufimembers were arrested around the country.Furthermore, it demonstrated that secularism was taking hold neither as quickly nor as deeply as the government would have liked.This spurred the government to action, and they began a more aggressivesecularization reformsin response to the Menemen incident. The government carried out this policy by attempting to nationalise Islam through performing theAdhan(Turkish:Ezan) or call to prayer, inTurkishrather thanArabic. The government furthered secularization in schools by having theQurantranslated from Arabic into Turkish and read to the people on the radio and in the mosques in Turkish.These attempts reflected a comprehensive effort by the government to remove Islamic influences and entrench nationality over religion in Turkish culture. These efforts also showed a larger attempt on the part of the government to consolidate Turkish traditions and promote a Turkish identity to replace a dominantly Muslim one, as in the Ottoman Empire people were identified by themillet systemaccording to their religion rather than ethnicity. These were done to replace the last vestiges of nostalgia for the abolishedCaliphateand the broken-upOttoman Empirein the aftermath ofWorld War I.
The monument of the Menemen Incident features a tall sculpture byRatip Aşir Acudoğuwhich was erected in 1932. The Kubilay Memorial is a part of Kubilay Barracks, but open to the public. The area is landscaped and illuminated at night. A military honor guard stands continuous watch at the memorial site, which contains the graves of several Turkish soldiers who were killed in the line of duty. In the aftermath, 37 people were executed and 41 more received prison sentences.