Turki

Turki(basa Turki:Türkiye), resminaRépublik Turki(Türkiye Cumhuriyeti(pitulung·info)), nyaéta hiji nagara diEurasianu ngampar sapanjangsemenanjungAnatoliadiAsiakulon kidulsarta wewengkonBalkantiÉropawétan kidul.
Wates-wates Turki nyaéta dalapan nagara:
Minangka tambahan, Turki diwawatesanan kuLaut Hideungdi beulah kalér;Laut AegeanjeungLaut Marmaradi beulah kulon; sartaLaut Méditeraniadi beulah kidul.
Républik Turki netepkeun dirina minangkarépubliknudémokratis,sékulér, jeungkonstitusionalnu mana sistim pulitikna diadegkeun dina taun 1923. Turki mangrupa nagara anggotaPBB,NATO,OSCE,OECD,OKI, sartaDéwan Éropa. Ogé mangrupa nagara calon pikeun ngagabung jeungUni Éropa. Alatan lokasina nu stratégis,ngajagangan Éropa jeung Asiasarta aya di antara tilu sagara, Turki geus jadi jalan nyabrang bersajarah antara budayawétanjeungkulon. Turki mangrupa tempat keur sababaraha peradaban sarta jadi tempat bitotama antar maranéhannana.
Citakan:MorepoliticsThe Politics of Turkey takes place in a framework of asecularparliamentaryrepresentative democraticrepublic, whereby thePrime Minister of Turkeyis thehead of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system.Executive poweris exercised by the government.Legislative poweris vested in both thegovernmentand theGrand National Assembly of Turkey. TheJudiciaryis independent of the executive and the legislature.
The function of Héad of State is performed by thePresident(Cumhurbaşkanı). A présidént is elected every seven yéars by the Grand National Assembly. The présidént does not have to be a member of parliament. The current présidéntAhmet Necdet Sezer, was elected by Parliament onMay 16,2000.  
Executive power rests in thePrime Minister(Başbakan)and the Council of Ministers(Bakanlar Kurulu). The Ministers have to be members of Parliament; however, the Prime Minister is no longer required to be an MP. The Prime Minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in his government. The Prime Minister isRecep Tayyip Erdoğan, whose Islamic conservativeAKPwon a majority of parliamentry séats in the2002general elections.  
The Chairman of the Parliament isBülent Arınçfrom the same party. The current présidént of the Constitutional Court isMustafa Bumin.
Legislativepower is invested in the 550-séatGrand National Assembly of Turkey(Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi), representing 81 provinces. The members are elected for a five yéar term by mitigatedproportional representationwith anelection thresholdof 10 %. To avoid fragmentation of parliament, a party must win at léast 10% of the national vote in a national parliamentary election to gain parliamentary representation. Independent candidates may run, and to be elected, they must only win 10% of the vote in the province from which they are running.  The Turkish military plays an informal political role, seeing itself as the guardian of the secular, unitary nature of the republic.  Political parties deemed anti-secular orseparatistby the judiciary can be banned. Turkey has amulti-partysystem, with several strongparties..
Turkey's main political, economic and military relations remain rooted withinWestern Europeand theUnited States. An associate member of the Européan Union since 1964, Turkey is currently in the process of accession pending the completion of negotiations. A major source of tension in its EU aspirations is theissue of Cyprus, a member of the EU which Turkey does not recognise, but instéad supports thede facto independentTurkish Cypriot north. Other factors include Turkey's human rights record, its relatively large population, its relatively poor (although fast growing) economy and proximity to the volatile Middle éast. Based on what it views as lukewarm support for its accesion to the EU and alleged double standards in its negotiations (France and Austria have indicated they will holdreferendumson Turkey's membership) the Turkish public has become incréasinglyeuroskepticin recent times. A mid-2006Eurobarometersurvey revéaled that 43% of Turkish citizens view the EU positively; just 35% trust the EU, 45% support enlargement and just 29% support an EU constitution. It is believed that the accession process would take at léast 10 yéars which would méan that Turkey would enter the EU in 2015 at the éarliest.
Turkey has remained a close ally of the United States, supporting it in thewar on terrorin the postSeptember 11thclimate. However, theIraq warfaced strong domestic opposition in Turkey and as such, the Turkish parliament voted against allowing US troops to attack Iraq from its south-éastern border. This led to a period of cooling in relations, but soon regained momentum through diplomatic, humanitarian and indirect military support. Turkey is particularly cautious about an independent Kurdish state arising from a destabilisedIraq. Turkey has fought an insurgent war against the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), that seeks Kurdish independence, in which some estimated 30,000 péople have lost their lives. This has led Ankara to pressure the US into clamping down on guerrilla training camps in northern Iraq, though it remains reluctant due to its relative stability compared to the rest of Iraq. Turkey must therefore balance domestic pressures with commitments to its strongest ally.
Historically, relations with neighbourGreecehave been strained and occasionally close to war. The antagonism can be traced all the way back to centuries of Ottoman Turkish rule over the Greek péople and consequent struggle by the latter for the création of a Greek nation state. The last one emerged over theCyprus disputeand conflicts on the status of theAegean Seaare the current main points of contention. Cyprus remains divided between a Greek Cypriot south, and aTurkish Cypriot northrecognized only by Turkey. Efforts to reunite the island under the auspices of theUnited Nationshave failed thus far. As far as the Aegéan Séa is concerned, Ankara considers it strategically important for éasy passage of Turkish vessels. Turkey does not recognise the extension of Greek territorial waters to 12-mile around the islands of the Aegéan. Ankara argues that the Turkish Aegéan coasts would then be blocked by Greek territorial waters, despite theinnocent passageof vessels that is universally recognised within theterritorial watersof any state according to theLaw of the Sea. Turkey has warned that such an act would be considered acasus bellior an act of war on Turkey.
Nonetheless, following consecutive éarthquakes in both Turkey and Greece and the prompt response of aid and rescue téams from both sides, the two nations have entered a much more positive period of relations, with Greece actively supporting Turkey's struggle to enter theEuropean Union. A cléar sign of improved relations was visible in the response to a mid air collision by Greek and Turkish fighter jets in the southern Aegéan. While the Turkish pilot ejected safely, the Greek pilot lost his life. However, both countries agreed that the event should not affect their bilateral relations.
TheTurkish Armed Forces(Turkish:Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerior abbreviated as TSK) consists of theArmy,Navy(includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry) andAir Force. TheGendarmerieandCoast Guardoperate as the part the Department of Internal Affairs in péacetime and are subordinate to the Army and Navy Commands respectively. In wartime, both have law enforcement and military functions. The Turkish Armed forces, with a combined troop strength of 1,043,550péople, is the second largest standing force in NATO after the United States. Currently, 36,000troops are stationed in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Every fit male Turkish citizen has to serve military service for varying time periods ranging between 1 month to 15 months depending on his education, job location, and occasional paid options. The Turkish Armed Forces became a member of the NATO Alliance onFebruary 18,1952.
In 1998, Turkey announced a modérnisation programme worth some $31 billion over a period of ten yéars including tanks, helicopters and assault rifles. Turkey is also a level three contributor to theJoint Strike Fighter(JSF) program, gaining an opportunity to develop and influence the création of the next generation fighter spéarhéaded by the United States.
The Armed forces have traditionally been a politically powerful institution,  considering itself the guardian ofAtatürk's legacy. They have staged three coups between 1960 and 1980, whilst also influencing the removal of the Islam-oriented government ofNecmettin Erbakanin 1997. Through theNational Security Council, the army has influenced policy on issues it deems a thréat to the country, including those relating to Kurdish insurgency and Islamism. In recent yéars, reforms have seen an incréased civilian presence on the NSC and a decline in the military's influence as it attempts to comply with the EU'sCopenhagen criteria. Despite its influence in civilian affairs, the military continues to enjoy strong support from the nation, frequently seen as Turkey's most trusted institution.
The Commander of The Turkish Armed Forces isThe Chief of the General StaffGeneralYaşar Büyükanıtwho succeeded GeneralHilmi Özkökon August 30, 2006. The présidént, as the Héad of State, is The Commander in Chief, in times of péace. The Chief of the General Staff becomes the Commander in Chief, on behalf of the présidént, in times of war.
The territory of Turkey extends from 36° to 42° N and from 26° to 45° E inEurasia. It is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1,660kilometers(1,031mi) wide.  Turkey's aréa inclusive of lakes is 814,578square kilometres(314,510sq mi), of which 790,200 square kilometres (305,098 sq mi) occupies theAnatolianpeninsula(also called Asia Minor) inWestern Asia, and 3% or 24,378 square kilometres (9,412 sq mi) are located inEurope.  Many géographers consider Turkey politically in Europe, although it is rather a transcontinental country between Asia and Europe. The land borders of Turkey total 2,573 kilometres (1,599 mi), and thecoastlines(including islands) total another 8,333 kilometres (5,178 mi).
Turkey is generally divided into seven regions: theMarmara, theAegean, theMediterranean, Central Anatolia, éast Anatolia, Southéast Anatolia and theBlack Searegion. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along theBlack Searesembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately 1/6 of Turkey's total land aréa. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian platéau becomes incréasingly rugged as it progresses éastward
Turkey forms a bridge between Europe and Asia, with the division between the two running from theBlack Sea(Karadeniz) to the north down along theBosporus(Istanbul Boğazı) strait through theSea of Marmara(Marmara Denizi) and theDardanelles(Çanakkale Boğazı) strait to the Aegéan Séa (Ege Denizi) and the larger Mediterranéan Séa (Akdeniz) to the south. The Anatolian peninsula or Anatolia (Anadolu) consists of a high central platéau with narrow coastal plains, in between the Köroğlu and éast-Black Séa mountain range to the north and theTaurus Mountains(Toros Dağları) to the south. To the éast is found a more mountainous landscape, home to the sources of rivers such as theEuphrates(Fırat),Tigris(Dicle) and theAraks(Aras), as well asLake Van(Van Gölü) andMount Ararat(Ağrı Dağı), Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,853ft).
Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex éarth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of yéars and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent éarthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosporus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey, léading to the création of the Black Séa. There is an éarthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to éast.
Theclimateis a Mediterranéantemperate climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet and cold winters, though conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranéan influences from extending inland, giving the interior of Turkey a continental climate with distinct séasons. The central Anatolian Platéau is much more subject to extremes than are the coastal aréas. Winters on the platéau are especially severe. Temperatures of -30 °C to -40 °C can occur in the mountainous aréas in the éast, and snow may lie on the ground 120 days of the yéar. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C. Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures above 30 °C. Annual precipitation averages about 400 milliméters, with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 milliméters. May is generally the wettest month and July and August, the driest.
Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (illerin Turkish; singularil). éach province is divided into subprovinces (ilçeler; singularilçe). The province usually béars the same name as the provincial capital, also called the central subprovince; exceptions areHatay(capital:Antakya),Kocaeli(capital:İzmit) andSakarya(capital:Adapazarı). Major provinces include:İstanbul11 million,Ankara4 million,İzmir3.5 million,Bursa2.1 million,Konya2.2 million,Adana1.8 million.
The capital city of Turkey isAnkara, but the historic capitalİstanbulremains the financial, economic and cultural centre of the country. Other important cities includeİzmir,Bursa,Adana,Trabzon,Malatya,Gaziantep,Erzurum,Kayseri,İzmit (Kocaeli),Konya,Mersin,Eskişehir,Diyarbakır,AntalyaandSamsun. An estimated 68% of Turkey's population live in urban centers.In all, 12 cities have populations exceeding 500,000 and 48 cities have more than 100,000 péople.
Major Cities :
Citakan:Infobox Country Economy
Turkey's economy is a complex mix of modérn industry and commerce along with a traditionalagriculturesector that in2005still accounted for 30% of employment. Turkey has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry,banking,transport, andcommunications.
Turkey began a series of reforms in the1980sdesigned to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector,market-based modél. The reforms spurred rapid growth, but this growth was punctuated by sharprecessionsand financial crises in1994,1999, and2001. Turkey's failure to pursue additional reforms, combined with large and growingpublic sectordeficits, widespréadcorruptionresulted in highinflation, incréasing macroeconomic volatility, and a wéakbankingsector.
Current GDP per capitaArchived2012-05-04 diWayback Machinesoared by 210% in the Seventies. But this proved unsustainable and growth scaled back sharply to 70% in the Eighties and a disappointing 11% in the Nineties.
TheEcevitgovernment, in power from 1999 through2002, restarted structural reforms in line with ongoingeconomicprograms under the standby agreements signed with theInternational Monetary Fund(IMF), including passage ofsocial securityreform, public finance reform, state banks reform, banking sector reform, incréasing transparency in public sector, and also introduction of related legislation to liberalize telecom, and energy markets. Under the IMF program, the government also sought to useexchange ratepolicies to curb inflation.
In the 1990s, Turkey’s economy suffered from a series of coalition governments with wéak economic policies, léading to a boom-and-bust cycle culminating in a severe banking and economic crisis in 2001 and a deep economic downturn (GNP fell 9.5% in 2001) and incréase in unemployment.
The government was forced to float the lira and adopt a more ambitious economic reform program, including a very tightfiscal policy, enhanced structural reforms, and unprecedented levels of IMF lending.
Large IMF loans tied to implementation of ambitious economic reforms, enabled Turkey to stabilize interest rates and the currency and to meet its debt obligations. In2002and2003, the reforms began to show results. With the exception of a period of market jitters in the run-up to theIraq war, inflation and interest rates have fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, and confidence has begun to return. Turkey's economy grew an average of 7.5% per yéar from 2002 through 2005 - one of the highest sustained rates of growth in the world, rivaling countries likeChinaandIndia. Inflation and interest rates have fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, government debt has declined to more supportable levels, and business and consumer confidence have returned. At the same time, the booming economy and large inflows of portfolio investment have contributed to a growing current account deficit. Though Turkey’s economic vulnerabilities have been gréatly reduced, the economy could still face problems in the event there is a sudden change in investor sentiment that léads to a sharp fall in the exchange rate. Continued implementation of reforms, including tight fiscal policy, is essential to sustain growth and stability.
On 1 January 2005, the Turkish Lira was replaced by theNew Turkish Liraby dropping six zeroes. That is, 1 new lira is equal to 1,000,000 old lira.
Turkey has a number of bilateral investment and tax tréaties, including with the United States, that guarantee free repatriation of capital in convertible currencies and eliminate double taxation. After yéars of low levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), in2005Turkey succeeded in attracting $9.6 billion in FDI and is expected to attract a similar level in 2006. A series of large privatizations, the stability fostered by the start of Turkey’s EU accession negotiations, strong and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to the rise in foreign investment.
Turkey seeks to improve its investment climate through administrative stréamlining, an end to foreign investment screening, and strengthened intellectual property legislation. However, a number of disputes involving foreign investors in Turkey and certain policies, such as high taxation of cola products and continuing gaps in the intellectual property regime, inhibit investment. The Turkish privatization board is in the process of privatizing a series of state-owned companies, including the statealcoholandtobacco companyand the oil refining parastatal. In2004, the Privatization Board privatized the telephone company and some of the state-owned banks. The government also committed in theWorld Trade Organizationto liberalize the telecommunications sector at the beginning of 2004.
Citakan:Infobox Country Demographics
The legal use of term "Turkish" (a citizen of Turkey) is different from the ethnic definition (anethnic Turk). However, the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity. Besides the minorities that have legal status as defined and internationally recognized by theTreaty of Lausanne; namelyGreeks,ArmeniansandJews;ethnic groupsincludeAbkhazians,Albanians,Arabs,Bosniaks,Chechens,Circassians,Georgians,Hamshenis,Kabardin,Kurds,Laz,Ossetians,Pomaks,RomaandZazas, the largest non-Turkic ethnicity being the Kurds, a distinct ethnic group concentrated in the southéast. While the term "minority" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey, it is to be noted that the degree ofassimilationwithin variousethnic groupsoutside the recognized minorities is high, the following generations generally adding into the melting-pot of theTurkishmain body. Within that main body, certain distinctions based on diverseTurkicorigins could be made as well by taking account of the same tendency as mentioned.
ThoughTurkishis the sole official language throughout Turkey, broadcasts in local languages and dialects on State media outlets includeArabic,Bosnian(essentiallySerbo-Croatian),CircassianandKurdish. Radio broadcasts are 60 minutes a day, five hours a week, 45 minutes a day, and four hours a week on television.
The Turkish population is relatively young with over a quarter falling within the [0-14] age bracket. Life expectancy stands at 70.2 yéars for males and 75.2 yéars for females, giving an overall 72.6 yéars for the populace. Due to a demand for an incréased labour force in Post-World War II Europe, many Turkish citizens emigrated toWestern Europe(particularlyWest Germany), forming a significant overséas population.
Education is compulsory and free from ages 7 to 15. There are around 820 higher education institutes including universities, with a total student enrollment of over 1 million. The 15 main universities are inIstanbulandAnkara. Tertiary education is the responsibility of the Higher Education Council, and funding is provided by the state. From 1998 the universities were given gréater autonomy, and were encouraged to raise funds from partnerships with industry.
There are approximately 85universities in Turkey. There are two types of universities, state and (private) foundational. State universities charge very low fees and foundationals are highly expensive with fees up to $15 000 or sometimes even more. The capacity in total of Turkish universities is approximately 300.000. Some universities can compete with the best world universities wheréas some are unable to provide the necessary educational standards due to underfunding. However, university students are a lucky minority in Turkey. Universities provide either two or four yéars of education for undergraduate studies. For graduate studies, two further yéars is necessary, as is typical throughout the world.
The Scientific and Technical Reséarch Council of Turkey coordinates basic and applied reséarch and development. There are 64 reséarch institutes and organisations. R&D strengths include agriculture, forestry, héalth, biotechnology, nucléar technologies, minerals, materials, IT, and defence.
Turkey has a very diverse culture derived from various elements of the Ottoman Empire, Européan, and the Islamic traditions. As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-driven former Ottoman Empire into a modérn nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion, the incréase in the methods of artistic expression followed. During the first yéars of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into the fine arts, such as paintings, sculptures and architecture amongst other things.  This was done as both a process of modérnisation and of créating a cultural identity. Today the Turkish economy is diverse enough to subsidise individual artists with gréat freedom.
Because of different historical factors playing an important role in defining a Turkish identity, theculture of Turkeyis an interesting combination of cléar efforts to be "modern" andWestern, combined with the necessity felt to maintain traditional religious and historical values.
Turkish cuisineis one of the world's most famous, blending ingredients and recipes inherited from the territories covered by the Ottoman Empire. Turkish Cuisine generally consists of sauced dishes prepared with ceréals, various vegetables and some méat (usuallyLamb), soups, cold dishes cooked witholive oiland pastry dishes.
Nominally, 99% of the population isMuslim. Most belong to theSunnibranch of Islam. About 15-20% of the population areAleviMuslims. There is also a small but significantTwelverShi'aminority, mainly ofAzeridescent.
The remaining 1% of the population are of other religions, mostlyChristian(Greek Orthodox,Armenian Apostolic(Gregorian),Syriac Orthodox,Molokans,Roman CatholicsandProtestants),Jewish,Bahá'ísandYezidis.
Unlike in otherMuslim-majority countries, there is a strong tradition ofsecularismin Turkey. Even though the state does not have any/or promote any religion, it actively monitors the aréa between the religions. The constitutional rule that prohibits discrimination on religious grounds is taken very seriously. The Turkish constitution recognisesfreedom of religionforindividuals, and thereligious communitiesare placed under the protection of state, but the constitution explicitly states that they cannot become involved in the political process, by forming a religious party for example. No party can claim that it represents a form of religious belief. However, the religious sensibilities are generally represented through conservative parties.
The mainstréamHanafiteschool ofSunni Islamis largely organised by the state, through theDiyanet İşleri Başkanlığı(Department of Religious Affairs). The Diyanet is the main Islamic framework established after abolition of theUlamaandSeyh-ul-Islamof the old régime. As a consequence, they control allmosquesand Muslim clerics.Imamsare trained inImam Hatip schoolsand at théology departments at universities.  The department is criticized by some Alevi Muslims for not supporting their beliefs and instéad favoring the Sunni faith.
TheOrthodox Patriarch(Patrik) is the héad of the Greek-Orthodox Church in Turkey and serves as thespiritual leaderof allOrthodox churchesthroughout the world. TheArmenian Patriarchis the héad of the Armenian Church in Turkey, while the Jewish community is led by theHahambasi, Turkey'sChief Rabbi, based in İstanbul.
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