Mangalore

Mangalore(/ˈmæŋɡəlɔːr,ˌmæŋɡəˈlɔːr/MANG-gə-lor, -⁠LOR), officially known asMangaluru(Kannada:[mɐŋɡɐɭuːru]), is a major industrial port city in theIndian stateofKarnatakaand on the west coast ofIndia. It is located between theLaccadive Seaand theWestern Ghatsabout 352 km (219 mi) west ofBangalore, thestate capital, 14 km north ofKarnataka–Keralaborder and 297 km south ofGoa. Mangalore is the state's only city to have all four modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea. The population of theurban agglomerationwas 619,664 according to the 2011national census of India. It is known for being one of the locations of theIndian strategic petroleum reserves.
The city developed as a port in the Laccadive Sea during ancient times, and after Independence a newportwas constructed in 1968 and has since become a majorport of Indiathat handles 75 percent of India's coffee and cashew exports. It is also the country's seventh largestcontainer port. Mangalore has been ruled by several major powers, including theMauryan empire,Kadambas,Alupas,Vijayanagar Empire, andKeladi Nayaks. The city was a source of contention between theBritishand theKingdom of MysorerulersHyder AliandTipu Sultan, and was eventually annexed by the British in 1799. Mangalore remained part of theMadras PresidencyuntilIndia's independencein 1947 and was unified withMysore State(now called Karnataka) in 1956.
Mangalore is one of the fastest developing cities inIndia. TheDakshina Kannadadistrict with its administrative headquarters at Mangalore has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bangalore. Mangalore is a commercial, industrial, business, educational, healthcare, and startup hub.Mangalore City Corporationis responsible for the civic administration which manages the 60 wards of the city. Its landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, rivers, and hard laterite soil.
Mangalore is included as one of the cities in theSmart Cities Missionlist and is among the 100 smart cities to be developed in India. It has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) abovemean sea level. It has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the influence of the southwest monsoon. It has its ownInternational Airportwhich is around 15 km from the city centre.
Mangalore was named after the deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of theMangaladevi Temple,or a synonym of the goddessTaraof theVajrayanaBuddhistsect.According to local legend, a princess named Parimala or Premaladevi from Malabarrenounced her kingdom and became a disciple ofMatsyendranath, the founder of theNathtradition.Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed herMangaladevi.She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle nearBolarin Mangalore because she fell ill on the way.When she died, the people consecrated the Mangaladevi temple at Bolar in her honour.The city was named for the temple.
One of the earliest references to the city's name was in 715 CE whenPandyanKing Chettian called the cityMangalapuram.The city and the coastal region were part of the Pandyan Kingdom.According toK.V. Ramesh, president of the Place Names Society of India,Mangaluruwas first used in 1345 CE duringVijayanagararule.Manyshilashasanas(stones) of the Vijayanagara period refer the city asMangalapura.During the Alupa dynasty period, it was referred to asMangalapura(Mangalameans 'auspicious').In the Kannada language, the city is known asMangaluru, a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffixurumeans town or city).Mangalore was historically an important centre ofIndian Ocean tradeon theMalabar coast.Hence, it was also known by the nameManjalūrinArabic.During British rule from 1799, theanglicisedversionMangalorebecame the official appellation.According to historianGeorge M. Moraes, however, the wordMangaloreis thePortuguesecorruption ofMangaluru.The city's name appears on maps as far back as the 1652SansonMap of India.
Mangalore's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages.InTulu, which is the region's primary spoken language, the city is calledKudla, meaningjunctionbecause it is situated at the confluence of theNetravatiandGurupurarivers.In Konkani, Mangalore is referred to asKodiyaland the Beary name for the city isMaikala.InMalayalam, the city is called "Mangalapuram".Mangalore was officially renamed "Mangaluru" by the Karnataka government on 1 November 2014.
Mangalore's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers.During the first century CE, the Roman historianPliny the Elderreferred to a place called "Nitrias" and said it was an undesirable place for disembarkation because of the pirates who frequented its vicinity,while Greek second-century historianPtolemyreferenced a place named "Nitra".These references were probably about an area with the Netravati River which flows through Mangalore.In his sixth-century workChristian Topography,Cosmas Indicopleustes(a Greek monk) mentions Malabar as being the chief seat of the pepper trade andMangarouth(port of Mangalore) as one of the five pepper markets which exported pepper.
According toKerala Muslimtradition, theMasjid Zeenath Bakshat Mangalore is one of theoldest mosquesinIndian subcontinent.According to theLegend of Cheraman Perumals, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD atKodungallurwith the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) ofChera dynasty, who left fromDharmadomtoMeccaand converted toIslamduring the lifetime ofMuhammad(c. 570–632).According toQissat Shakarwati Farmad, theMasjidsatKodungallur,Kollam,Madayi,Barkur, Mangalore,Kasaragod,Kannur,Dharmadam, Panthalayani (Koyilandy), andChaliyam, were built during the era ofMalik Dinar; they are among the oldestMasjids inIndian Subcontinent.It is believed thatMalik Dinardied atThalangarainKasaragodtown.Three of them, Mangalore,Barkur, andKasaragod, are inTulu Nadu.
Mangalore is considered the heart of a distinct multi-linguistic cultural region, the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people.In the third century BCE, the town formed part of theMauryaEmpire, which was ruled by the Buddhist emperorAshokaofMagadha.From the third to the sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capital was based inBanavasiinNorth Canara, ruled over the entireCanararegion as independent rulers.From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region was ruled by its native Alupa rulers,who ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like theChalukyas of Badami,RashtrakutasofManyakheta,Chalukyas of Kalyani, andHoysalasofDwarasamudra.AnOld Malayalaminscription (part of theRamanthali inscriptionswhich date to 1075 CE), mentions king Kunda Alupa, the ruler ofAlupa dynastyof Mangalore. It can be found atEzhimala(the former headquarters ofMushika dynasty) nearCannanore, in theNorth Malabarregion ofKerala.
During the 1130s and 1140s, during the reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (1110–1160), the city was home to theTunisianJewish merchantAbraham Ben Yiju.TheMoroccantravellerIbn Battuta, who visited Mangalore in 1342, referred to it asManjarurand stated the town was situated on a large estuary called theEstuary of the wolf, which was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar.By 1345 the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control.
During the Vijayanagara period (1345–1550), South Canara was divided into Mangalore and Barkurrajyas(provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore andBarkur.Often a single governor ruled over both Mangalore and Barkurrajyas; when the authority passed to the Keladi rulers (1550–1763), they only had a governor at Barkur.In 1448Abdur Razzaqwho was the Persian ambassador ofSultan Shah RukhofSamarkand, visited Mangaloreen routeto the Vijayanagara court.The Italian travellerLudovico di Varthema, who visited India in 1506, said he saw nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready to sail from the port of Mangalore.
In 1498, European influence in Mangalore began when the Portuguese explorerVasco da Gamalanded at the nearbySt Mary's Islands, just after his arrival atKoyilandy,Kozhikode.The Portuguese acquired many commercial interests in Canara in the 16th century.Krishnadevaraya(1509–1529), the ruler of the Vijaynagara empire maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese,whose trade slowly grew and they strove to destroy the coastal Arab andMappilatrade.In 1524,Vasco da Gamaordered the blockading of rivers after he heard the Muslim merchants ofKozhikodehad agents at Mangalore andBasrur.In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangalore.The coastal trade passed into Portuguese hands.
In 1550, the Vijayanagara rulerSadashiva Rayaentrusted to Sadashiv Nayaka of Keladi with administering the coastal region of Canara.By 1554, he established political authority over South Canara.The 16th century workTuhfat Ul Mujahideenwritten byZainuddin Makhdoom IIappears to be the first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangalore. It is written inArabicand contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy ofKunjali Marakkaralongside theZamorinofCalicutfrom 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonizeTulu NaduandMalabar coast.
After the disintegration of the Vijaynagara Empire in 1565, the rulers of Keladi attained greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region.They continued the Vijayanagara administrative systemand the provinces of Mangalore and Barkur continued to exist.The governor of Mangalore also acted as the governor of the Keladi army in his province.The Italian travellerPietro Della Vallevisited here in 1623–1624.In 1695, Arabs burnt the town in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.
In 1763,Hyder Ali, thede factoruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore,which was brought under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by theBritish East India Companyfrom 1767 to 1783,but Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan took it from their control in 1783 and renamed it "Jalalabad".TheSecond Anglo–Mysore Warended with the signing of theTreaty of Mangaloreby Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784.After the defeat of Tipu at theFourth Anglo–Mysore War, the city remained under British control. South Canara district was the headquarters under the Madras Presidency.
Francis Buchanan, a Scottish physician who visited Mangalore in 1801, said the city was a prosperous port with plentiful trade.The main commodity of export was rice; it went toMuscat,Bombay,Goa, andMalabar.Supari(Betel-nut) was exported to Bombay,Surat, andKutch.Sandalwoodandblack pepperwere exported to Bombay.
Local capital was mainly invested in land and money lending, leading to the regional development of banking because the British colonial government did not support industrialisation there.After European missionaries arrived in the early 19th century, educational institutions and modern industries modelled on European ones were developed in the region.The opening of theLutheranSwissBasel Missionin 1834 was an important step towards industrialisation.Missionaries set up printing presses, textile mills and factories that madeMangalore tiles.When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was split into North Canara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore became the headquarters of South Canara,which remained under Madras Presidency while in 1862, North Canara was transferred to theBombay Presidency.
On 23 May 1866, a municipal council for Mangalore with responsibility for civic amenities and urban planning was mandated by the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865).The ItalianJesuitswho arrived in the city in 1878, played an important role in the city's education, economy, health, and social welfare.Mangalore was linked to theSouthern Railwayin 1907 and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.Mangalore was a major source of educated workers toBombay, Bangalore, and the Middle East by the early 20th century.
TheStates Reorganisation Act(1956) led to Mangalore being incorporated into the newly created Mysore State, which was later renamed Karnataka.Mangalore is the seventh-largest port of India, giving the state access to the Laccadive Sea coastline.Between 1970 and 1980, Mangalore experienced significant growth with the opening ofNew Mangalore Portin 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in 1976.The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw Mangalore develop as a commercial and petrochemical hub.
Mangalore is located on the western coast of India at12°52′N74°53′E﻿ / ﻿12.87°N 74.88°E﻿ /12.87; 74.88in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state.It has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above mean sea level.The city is the administrative headquarters of Dakshina Kannada district and is the state's largest coastal urban centre.
Mangalore is bounded by the Laccadive Sea to its west and by the Western Ghats to its east.As a municipal entity the city spans 170 km(65.64 sq mi).The Netravati and Gurupura rivers encircle the city; the Gurupura flows around the north and the Netravati flows around the south of the city.The rivers form an estuary in the south-western region of the city, from where they flow into the Laccadive Sea.Coconut,palm, andashokatrees comprise the primary vegetation of the city.
The city'stopographyconsists of aplainthat stretches up to 30 km (18.64 mi) from the coast and undulating, hilly terrain towards the east near the Western Ghats.The local geology is characterised by hardlateritein hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.TheGeological Survey of Indiahas identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the city in the Seismic III Zone.
Under theKöppen climate classification, Mangalore has atropical monsoon climateand is under the direct influence of the Laccadive Sea branch of thesouthwest monsoon.It receives about 95 percent of its total annual rainfall between May and September but remains extremely dry from December to March.Humidity is approximately 75 percent on average and peaks during June, July and August.The maximum average humidity is 93 percent in July and average minimum humidity is 56 percent in January.Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night.The driest and least humid months are from December to February.During this time of year temperatures during the day stay below 34 °C (93 °F) and drop to about 19 °C (66 °F) at night.The lowest temperature recorded atPanamburis 15.6 °C (60 °F) on 8 January 1992 and at Bajpe it is 15.9 °C (61 °F) on 19 November 1974.According to theIndia Meteorological Department(IMD), the temperature in Mangalore has never reached 40 °C (104 °F).The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences the highest precipitation of all urban centres in India due to the influence of the Western Ghats.The rains subside in September but there is occasional rainfall in October.The highest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 330.8 mm (13 in) on 22 June 2003.In 1994, Mangalore recorded its highest annual rainfall at 5,018.52 mm (198 in).
Industrial, commercial, agricultural processing, and port-related activities comprise this city's economy.The Dakshina Kannada district with its administrative headquarters at Mangalore has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bangalore.The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh-largest container port.It handles 75 percent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.The Mangalore Customs Commissionerate collected a revenue of₹4.47 billion(US$51.65 million) during 2012–13and₹27.91 billion(US$322.47 million) during December 2018.During 2012–13,MRPLandMCFcontributed₹501 million(US$5.79 million) and₹373 million(US$4.31 million), respectively, to the state's revenue.Dakshina Kannada district has the highest percentage of workers employed in industry and the second-highest industry-to-district GDP ratio in Karnataka.Imports through New Mangalore port include crude oil, edible oil,liquefied petroleum gas, and timber.
The city's major chemical industries includeBASF,Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers (MCF),Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd.(KIOCL),Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL),Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL),Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL),Total Oil India Limited,andHindustan Unilever.The Indian government has built 5.33 million tons of strategic crude oil storage at Mangalore and Padur to ensure energy security.Out of the 5 million metrictonnes(MMT) storage, 1.5 MMT is stored at Mangalore.Bharati Shipyard Ltd (BSL)(now known as Bharati Defence and Infrastructure Limited) has established a shipbuilding site nearTannirbaviin Mangalore.Global inspection, testing, verification and certification companies such asSGSandBureau Veritashave their offices in Mangalore.
Major information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies likeInfosys,Cognizant,andThomson Reutershave their offices at Mangalore.Mphasis' Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has a branch in this city.IT parks Export Promotion Investment Park (EPIP) atGanjimuttandSpecial Economic Zone(SEZ) nearMangalore Universityhave been constructed.An IT park called Soorya Infratech park is situated in Mudipu.Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)has planned to invest₹500 crore(US$57.77 million) and set up its office at Karnad near Mangalore.KEONICS has planned to build an IT park atDerebailin Mangalore, similar toElectronic City, spanning an area of 100 acres.
Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning (CEOL)is a startup incubation centre situated in the city.Corporation Bank,Canara Bank,andVijaya Bankwere the three nationalised banks established in Mangalore during the first half of the 20th century. Mangalore is the headquarters of Corporation Bank andKarnataka Bank.The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd.,Mangalore Cooperative Town Bank Ltd.,and SCDCC Bankwere the scheduled banks established in Mangalore.
Syngene International which is a contract research arm ofBiocon, has set up its manufacturing plant at Mangalore.Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder, Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor.The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003–04.New Mangalore Port handled over 100,000Twenty-foot equivalent unitsof containers during the years 2017–18.Fishing is a traditional occupation and the products are sold in the surrounding regions.Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile,beedi, coffee and cashew nut industries although the tile industry has declined because concrete is preferred in modern construction.TheAlbuquerque tile factoryin Mangalore is one of India's oldest red-roof-tile manufacturing factories.The city's suburb Ullal produceshosieryandcoiryarns while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many of the city's residents.
In 2021 the population of Mangalore city was 724,159.According to the2011 Indian census, the male literacy rate was 96.49 percent and the female literacy rate was 91.63 percent.About 8.5 percent of the population was under the age of six years.Thedeath rateandInfant mortalityrate were at 3.7 percent and 1.2 percent respectively.About 7726 people lived in slums in Mangalore city which was 1.55 percent of the total population.The Human Development Index (HDI) of Mangalore city was 0.83 in 2015.
Hinduismis the largest religion in Mangalore, andDevadiga,Mogaveera,Billavas,Ganigas,Bunts,Vishwakarma,Padmashali,Brahmins, andDaivadnyasare the major communities among Hindus.Christians form a sizeable section of Mangalorean society;Mangalorean Catholicscomprise the city's largest Christian community.Protestants in Mangaloretypically speak Tulu and Kannada.Anglo-Indianswere also part of the Mangalorean Christian Community.Mangalore has one of the highest percentage of Muslims in Karnataka cities.Most Muslims in Mangalore areBearyswho speak the Beary language.Most of them follow theShafi'ischool ofFiqh(Islamic Jurisprudence).Mangalore also has a small group ofUrdu-speakingDakhini Muslims.TheMasjid Zeenath Bakshat Mangalore is one of theoldest mosquesin theIndian subcontinent.Mangalore contains aGurdwaraandBaháʼíprayer centre established in 1972.
Mangalore is a multi-lingual city where several prominent regional languages such as Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary are spoken.The city is known asKudlain Tulu,Kodialin Konkani,Maikālain Beary,Mangalapuramin Malayalam, andMangaluruin Kannada.Among most of the residents of the city,Kudlais the most commonly used name to refer to it.There are also smaller communities ofTuluva Jains,Gujaratis,Tamils,andMarathis.Tuluis a predominant language in Mangalore andKannadais the administrative language of Mangalore, but the city is multi-cultural. According to the 2011 census,Tuluis spoken as a first language by 39.24% of the population,Konkaniby 16.42%,Kannadaby 15.11%,Bearyby 13.13%,Malayalamby 6.39%,Urduby 2.52%,Hindiby 2.10%,Tamilby 1.91%,Teluguby 0.96%,  and other languages are spoken by 2.23%.Unlike other cities inKarnatakawhere Kannada is a primary language, Kannada is the third most spoken language, Tulu is the predominant language in Mangalore, andKonkaniis the second most spoken language in Mangalore.
Mangalore has a city area of 170 km(65.64 sq mi).Municipal limits begin at Surathkal in the north, Netravati River bridge in the south, the western coast, and Vamanjoor in the east.Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) came into existence in 1980; it is themunicipal corporationin charge of the city's civic and infrastructural assets.The MCC council consists of 60 elected representatives which are calledcorporators, one from each of the city's 60wards.A corporator from the ruling majority party is selected to be the mayor.MCC's headquarters are atLalbagh.Mangalore Urban Development Authority(MUDA) manages the planning, urban growth, and expansion of the city.The District Commissioner is the chairperson of MUDA.The 44 projects which are listed as part of the Smart Cities Mission programme are managed by Mangalore Smart City Limited (MSCL).
Until theDelimitation commission's revised theLok Sabhaand the legislative constituencies, Mangalore contributed two members to theLok Sabha; one for the southern part of the city that fell under theMangaloreLok Sabhaconstituencyand another for the northern part of the city that fell under theUdupiLok Sabhaconstituency.After thedelimitationof parliamentary constituencies in 2008, MangaloreLok Sabhaconstituency was replaced withDakshina KannadaLok Sabhaconstituency, resulting in Mangalore being represented by oneMember of Parliament(MP).Additionally Mangalore sends three members to theKarnataka Legislative AssemblyfromMangalore City South,Mangalore City North, andMangalore.The Mangalore City Police Department is headed by a Commissioner of Police.Mangalore is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, which covers the westerndistricts of Karnatakaand is headed by anInspector General of Police(IGP).
The city is served by various hospitals such as theKMC Hospitals, Father Muller Charitable Institutions (FMCI),AJ Hospital, andWenlock Hospital.Wenlock Hospital, a teaching hospital ofKMC Mangalorehas around 1000 beds and caters to the healthcare needs of the neighboring districts.Mangalore is a hub for medical tourism and receives patients from foreign countries.From 2017 to 2019, around 240 foreign nationals were treated in three hospitals across the city.Approximately 50 per cent of the patients (the foreign nationals) arrived in 2018 and 2019. KMC, AJ, and Yenepoya Hospitals have received the highest number of foreign patients, including those from theUnited States.At Yenepoya Hospital, 68 foreign nationals have availed treatment during 2017–19.The largest inflow of foreign patients into Mangalore is from theGulf countries.Deralakatteis a main healthcare hub of Mangalore.
In Mangalore, electricity is regulated by theKarnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited(KPTCL) and distributed throughMangalore Electricity Supply Company(MESCOM).Major state-owned enterprises such as Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) operate their owncaptive power plants.
Potable water is supplied to the city from a vented dam that was constructed across the Netravati River atThumbe, 14 km (9 mi) from Mangalore.The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aims to improve safe water supply systems also reducing leakage and losses in the city's distribution system.The distribution and rehabilitation of the drinking water in the city are handled by the French companySuez Environnement.Mangalore's official refuse disposal site is in Vamanjoor.The city generates an average of 175 tonnes per day of waste, which is handled by the MCC's health department.
Mangalore is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest telecom district in Karnataka.Fixed-line telecom services are provided alongsideGSMandCode division multiple access(CDMA) mobile services.Prominentbroadband internetservice providers in the city includeAirtelandDataOnebyBharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.
The districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi are considered to be a major education corridor in India.Deralakatteis a university and Medical town in Mangalore where Universities likeMangalore University,Nitte,Yenepoya,Father Mullers, and Kanachur are situated.In schools and colleges which are below university-level, themedia of instructionare mostly English and Kannada, and English is used for teaching in universities.Schools and colleges in Mangalore are either government-run or are operated by private trusts and individuals.Schools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board,Indian Certificate of Secondary Education(ICSE),theCentral Board of Secondary Education(CBSE),or theNational Institute of Open Schooling(NIOS) boards.
Here are some of the earliest schools and colleges established in Mangalore, and their years of establishment
Kasturba Medical Collegewhich was established in 1953, was India's first privatemedical collegeandManipal College Of Dental Sciences (MCODS)was established in the city in 1987.A public library run by the Corporation Bank is located atMannagudda.Mangalore University was established on 10 September 1980to fulfil the higher-education needs of Dakshina Kannada,UdupiandKodagudistricts.It is aNational Assessment and Accreditation Council(NAAC)-accredited, four-star-level institution.NITK houses South India's first Regional Academy Centre for Space (RAC-S) which was launched byISRO.
Mangalore is the only city in Karnataka to have all modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea.
Mangalore International Airport(IATA: IXE,ICAO: VOML) is located near Bajpe-Kenjar and about 13 km (8 mi) north-east of Mangalore city centre.It operates regular scheduled flights to major cities in India and the Middle East.It is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka.New terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements.This airport is accredited by theAirports Council International (ACI)under the Airport Health Accreditation (AHA) programme.State-government-run buses connect the city with the airport.
FiveNational Highwayspass through Mangalore.NH-66(previously known asNH-17), which runs fromPanvel,Maharashtra, toKanyakumari,Tamil Nadu, passes through Mangalore in a north–south direction.NH-75(previously known as NH-48) runs eastward toBangaloreandVellore.NH-169(previously known as NH-13) runs north-east from Mangalore toShimoga.NH-73, a 315 km (196 mi)-long National Highway connects Mangalore toTumkur.NH-275also connects Mangalore with Bangalore via Mysore.National Highways Authority of India(NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting New Mangalore Port to Surathkal onNH-66and BC Road junction onNH-75.Under the port connectivity programme of theNational Highways Development Project(NHDP), a 37.5 km (23 mi) stretch of these highways will be widened from two lanes to four.
Mangalore's city bus service is dominated by private operators, which operate routes that extend beyond the city's boundary. Bus services from Mangalore are operated by theDakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association(DKBOA) and Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA).Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation(KSRTC) also runs bus services in the city.Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist; city routes are covered by city buses while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses.KSRTC also operates long-distance bus services that connect Mangalore with other parts of the state.KSRTCJnNurmgreen city buses operate within the city limits.
Rail connectivity in Mangalore was established in 1907;the city was the starting point of India's longest rail route.The city has three railway stations;Mangalore Centralat Hampankatta,Mangalore Junctionat Padil, andSurathkal railway station.A railway track built through the Western Ghats connects Mangalore withSakleshpurandHassan.Thebroad gaugetrack connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened to freight traffic in May 2006and passenger traffic in December 2007.Mangalore is also connected toChennai,Mumbai,Pune, Bhatkal,Karwar, Surat,Ajmer, andMargaothrough theKonkan Railway.
Mangalore Harbour has shipping, storage, and logistical services; New Mangalore Port handles dry, bulk and fluid cargoes,and is equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants,crude productsandLPGcontainers.TheIndian Coast Guardhas a station at New Mangalore Port.The artificial harbour is India's seventh largest container port and the only major port in Karnataka.Electronic visa(e-visa) facilities are available for travellers arriving in India at New Mangalore Port.
Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in Mangalore.Yakshaganais a night-long dance and drama performancewhilePilivesha(tiger dance), afolk danceunique to the city, is performed duringDasaraandKrishna Janmashtami.Karadi Vesha(bear dance) is another well-known dance that is performed duringDasara.
Paddanas, ballad-like epics passed on verbally through generations, are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in folk songs such asKolkai(sung duringKolata, a valour folk-dance during which sticks are used as props),Unjal Pat(traditional lullaby),Moilanji PatandOppune Pat(sung at weddings).TheEvkaristik Purshanv(Konkani:Eucharisticprocession) is an annual Catholic religious procession that is held on the first Sunday of each year.
Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated, the most important are Dasara,Diwali,Christmas,Easter,EidandGanesh Chaturthi.Kodial Theru, also known asMangaluruRathotsava(chariot festival) is unique to theGoud Saraswat Brahmincommunity and is celebrated at the city'sSri Venkatramana Temple.
The Mangalore Catholic community's unique festivals includeMonti Fest(Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates theNativity feastand the blessing of new harvests.TheJain Milan, a committee that consists ofJainfamilies, organises the annual Jain food festival,whileMosaru Kudike(curd pots feast), which is part ofKrishna Janmashtamifestival is celebrated by the whole community.Special night prayers calledTaraveeh(rest and relaxation) are offered in mosques during the month ofRamadan.
Aati, a festival worshipingKalenja, a patron spirit of the city, is during theAashaadhamonth ofHindu calendar.Festivals such asKaravali Utsav(coastal festival) andKudlotsava(Tulu: festival of Mangalore) are celebrated with national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music.Bhuta Kola(spirit worship) is usually performed by theTuluvacommunity at night.Bhuta Kolais similar toTheyyaminKerala.Nagaradhane(snake worship) is performed in praise ofNaga Devatha(the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes.Kori Katta, an ancient ritual associated with the Hindu temples in rural areas,a religious and spiritualcockfight, is held at the temples when permission is given by police.
Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced bySouth Indian cuisine; several local cuisines are unique to the diverse communities of the region.Coconut,curry leaves, ginger, garlic, and chili are common ingredients in Mangalorean curries.Well-known Mangalorean dishes includekori rotti,neer dosa, pundi (rice ball),patrode,golibajeandMangalore buns.Mangalorean cuisine is also known for fish and chicken dishes likebangudepulimunchi(spicy sour silver-grey mackerels),boothaigasi(sardine semi-gravy),anjalfry,Mangalorean Chicken Sukka, andChicken Ghee Roast.Due to Mangalore being a coastal city, fish is a staple of most people's diet.TheKonkani Hinducommunity's specialties includedaali thoy(lentil curry),bibbe-upkari(tender cashew-nut curry),val val(coconut-milk-based curry),ambat(vegetable-based coconut curry),avnas ambe sasam(pineapple-mango fruit salad),kadgi chakko(rawjackfruit-coconut curry),paagila podi(spine gourdfries), andchane gashi(chickpea curry).Mangalorean Catholics' dishsanna-dukra maas(sanna—idlifluffed withtoddyor yeast;dukra maas—pork),porkbafat,sorpotel,and muttonbiryaniof the Beary Muslims are well-known dishes.Pickles such ashappala,sandige, andpuli munchiare unique to Mangalore.Shendi(toddy) which is a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular.Vegetarian cuisine, also known asUdupi cuisine, is known throughout the state and region.
Mangaluru Samachara, the first ever newspaper in Kannada, was published in 1843 byHermann Möglingof the Basel Mission.The first Kannada-to-English dictionary was published in Mangalore byFerdinand Kittelin 1894.Major national English-language newspapers such asTimes of India,The Hindu,The New Indian Express,Deccan HeraldandDaijiworldpublish localised Mangalore editions.Madipu(Esteem),Mogaveera,Samparka(Contact) andSaphala(Success) are the well-known Tulu periodicals in Mangalore.
Popular Konkani language periodicals published in the city areRaknno(Guardian),Konknni Dirvem(Konkani Treasure)andKannik(Offering).Beary periodicals published in Mangalore includeJyothi(Light) andSwatantra Bharata(Independent India).Kannada-language newspapersareUdayavani(Morning Voice) byManipalPress Ltd,Vijaya Karnataka(Victory of Karnataka) andVijayavani(Voice of Victory)byVRL Group,Prajavani(Voice of the People),Kannada Prabha(Kannada Radiance),Varthabharathi(Indian News),Samyukta Karnataka(United Karnataka), andHosa Digantha(New Horizon).The city's evening newspapers includeKaravali Ale(Waves from the Coast),Mangaluru Mitra(Friend of Mangalore),Sanjevani(Evening Voice), andJayakirana(Rays of Victory) are also published in the city.The Konkani-language newspaperKodial Khabar(Mangalore News) is published fortnightly.Malayalam newspapers such asMalayala Manorama(Beautiful Malayalam) andMadhyamam(Medium) publish localised Mangalore editions.
The state-run, nationally broadcast television channelDoordarshanprovides national and local television coverage.Cable television also provides channels from independently owned private networks.Canara TV and V4 Digital infotech network, local Multi System Operators, transmits daily video news channels, live events and cultural programmes to the city through local channels.Multiple local television channels broadcast programmes and news in Tulu, Konkani, Beary and Kannada;these include Namma TV, V4 News and Spandana.Tulu channels are Namma Kudlaand Posa Kural.All India Radio (AIR) has a studio atKadriand broadcasts to Mangalore on 100.3MHz.Mangalore's private FM stations includeRadio Mirchi98.3 FM,Big 92.7 FMandRed 93.5 FM.Radio SARANG 107.8is a community radio station that is run by St. Aloysius College.
Mangalore is home to theTulu film industrywhich releases one film per month on average.Popular Tulu films includeKadala Mage(Son of the Sea) andSuddha(The Cleansing Rites).Tulu dramas which are mostly played in theTown Hallat Hampankatta, are very popular.Mangalore hosted the Tulu film festivals in 2006 and 2015.
Cricketis a popular sport in Mangalore.Local cricket stadia includeMangala Stadiumand B.R. Ambedkar Cricket Stadium (near NMPT).TheSports Authority of India(SAI) has a sports training centre at Mangala Stadium.Mangalore Unitedis aKarnataka Premier League(KPL) franchise owned by Fiza Developers.Mangalore Premier League(MPL) is a cricket tournament organised by Karnataka Regional Cricket Academy.Nehru Maidanis an important local venue that hosts domestic, inter-school and intercollegiate tournaments.Mangalore Sports Club (MSC) has been elected as the institutional member for the Mangalore Zone of theKarnataka State Cricket Association(KSCA).Lokesh Rahul, commonly known as KL Rahul andBudhi Kunderan, a former Indian wicket-keeper are from Mangalore.Ravi Shastri, who represented India for several years in international cricket as anall-rounderand captained the team, is ofMangaloreandescent.
Footballis also a popular sport in the city and is usually played in themaidans(grounds); the Nehru Maidan is the most popular venue for domestic tournaments.Dakshina Kannada District Football Association (DKDFA) annually organises theIndependence Day Cup, which is played onIndependence Dayat district football grounds adjacent to Nehru Maidan.Schools and colleges from across Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts participate and the matches are conducted under seven categories for children and young adults in education.Chessis a popular indoor pastime in the city.Mangalore is the headquarters ofSouth Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which has hosted two All India Open Chess tournaments.Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in clubs andgymkhanasin Mangalore.Pilikula Nisargadhama, an integratedtheme park, has an 18-hole golf courseat Vamanjoor.U S Mallya Indoor Stadiumoffers sporting facilities for badminton and basketball players.
Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats.The city's temples and buildings include the Mangaladevi Temple,Kadri Manjunath Temple,St Aloysius Chapel, theRosario Cathedral,Milagres Church, Dargah of Hazrat Shareef ul Madni at Ullal, and the Zeenath Baksh Jumma Masjid inBunder.
The city is known for beaches such as Panambur,Tannirbhavi,NITK beach,Sasihithlu beach,Someshwara beach,Ullal beach, Kotekar beach and Batapady beach.Panambur and Thannirbhavi beaches attract tourists from across the country.Panambur beach has facilities including food stalls,jet skirides, boating and dolphin viewing;trained beach lifeguards and patrol vehicles ensure the safety of visitors.
Saavira Kambada Basadiis situated inMoodabidri, 34 km (21 mi) north-east of Mangalore.The Sultan Battery watch tower built by Tipu Sultan is situated inBolooron the banks of Gurupura River;visitors can take the ferry across the river to Tannirbhavi Beach.Adyarwaterfalls is on the city's outskirts about 12 km (7.5 mi) from Mangalore city centre.The city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama,Kadri Park,Tagore Parkat Light House Hill, Mahatma Gandhi Parkat Gandhinagar in Mannagudda,Tannirbavi Tree Park,Arise Awake Parkat Karangalpady,and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan. Pilikula, which occupies 370 acres (150 ha),has a zoo,botanical garden, lake, water park (manasa),Swami Vivekananda Planetarium,science centre,and a 50-acre (20 ha) 18-hole golf course.Swami Vivekananda Planetarium is the first 3D planetarium in India with an 8K resolution display.
Mangalore Dasara, a ten-day festival held atSri Gokarnatheswara templeattracts devotees from across India.Mangaladevi Temple attracts devotees from all over the country duringNavaratri.
Mangalore istwinnedwith two Canadian cities: