Ruse, Bulgaria

Ruse(also transliterated asRousse,Russe;Bulgarian:Русе[ˈrusɛ]) is thefifth largest cityinBulgaria. Ruse is in the northeastern part of the country, on the right bank of theDanube, opposite the Romanian city ofGiurgiu, approximately 67 km (42 mi) south ofBucharest,Romania's capital, 172 km (107 mi) fromVarna, and 249 km (155 mi) from the capitalSofia. Thanks to its location and its railway and road bridge over theDanube(Danube Bridge), it is the most significant Bulgarian river port, serving an important part of the international trade of the country. It is the 12th largest of allcities on the Danube river.
Ruse is known for its 19th- and 20th-centuryNeo-BaroqueandNeo-Rococoarchitecture, which attracts many tourists. It is often called theLittle Vienna.TheRuse-Giurgiu Friendship Bridge, until 14 June 2013 the only one in the shared Bulgarian-Romanian section of the Danube, crosses the river here.
Ruse is the birthplace of theNobel laureate in LiteratureElias Canettiand the writerMichael Arlen.
Ruse is on the right bank of the river Danube, which is the high bank, having two underwater terraces and threeriver terracesat 15 to 22 m (49.21–72.18ft), 30 to 66 m (98.43–216.54ft), and 54 to 65 m (177.17–213.25ft). The average altitude is 45.5 m (149.28 ft)AMSL. The urban area is an approximately 11-km ellipse running along the river. The city extends from the land-connected Matey (Матей) island and the mouth ofRusenski Lomon the west to Srabcheto (Сръбчето) hill on the east. During the 20th century, the west end of the city was significantly modified by moving the mouth ofRusenski Lomto the west, as well as by moving the bank itself with its fairway considerably to the north. Sarabair (саръбаир, from TurkishSarıbayırmeaning "Yellow Slope") hill is to the south of the city and is 159 m (521.65 ft) high. TheRousse TV Toweris built there on the remains of Leventtabia, a former Turkish fortification.
Ruse is located in the northeastern part of the country, on the right bank of theDanube, opposite the Romanian city ofGiurgiu, approximately 75 km (47 mi) south ofBucharest, Romania's capital, 200 km (124 mi) from the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, and 300 km (186 mi) from the capitalSofia.
Scholars suggest that the city on the river bank derived its present name from the Finnish rootruskeameaning "blonde", or*ru-("river", "stream") or from theCherven fortress, meaning "red", through the rootrous, which is present in manySlavic languages.
A popular legend claims that the nameRusecomes from Finnish ruskea, or the name of a female founder of the city, whose name was Rusa, meaning "blonde hair". In the 13th and 14th centuries, during the time of theSecond Bulgarian Empire, a fortified settlement calledRusi, first mentioned in 1380, emerged near the ruins of the earlier Roman town.
Other theories include settlement by people from theRusera; a connection to the village ofRusokastroin Burgas Province; an unattested tribe ofGetaewith a name such asRiusi, or; the pagan festival ofRosalia.
The city emerged from aNeolithicsettlement of the3rdto 2nd millennium BCE, when pottery, fishing, agriculture, and hunting developed. Excavations have revealed several layers, suggesting that the place was attacked by neighbouring tribes and suffered from natural disasters. Ancient sanctuaries were found nearby, where idols of a pregnant woman, a fertility goddess, were prevalent.
The laterThraciansettlement developed into aRomanmilitary and naval centre during the reign ofVespasian(69–70 CE), as part ofLimes Moesiae, the fortification system along the northern boundary ofMoesia. Its name,Sexaginta Prista,suggests a meaning of "a city of 60 ships" (fromLatin:sexaginta— "60" andGreek:pristis— a special type of guard ship), based on the supposed 60 nearbyberths.
The fort was on the main road betweenSingidunum(modernBelgrade) and theDanube Deltaand was destroyed in the 6th century byAvarandSlavicraids.HungarianhistorianFelix Philipp Kanitzwas the first to identify Sexaginta Prista with Ruse, but the Škorpil brothers demonstrated the link later through studying inscriptions, coins, graves, and objects of daily life. An inscription from the reign ofDiocletianproves that the city was rebuilt as apraesidium(a large fortification) after it was destroyed by theGothsin 250 CE.
The settlement was mentioned asGolyamo Yorgovoin the Middle Ages, whose present successor isGiurgiuinRomania.
DuringOttoman rule, theOttomansdestroyed the town, reacting to a 1595 unsuccessful liberation attempt by a jointVlach-Bulgarianarmy, led byMichael the Brave. After its rebuilding in the following years, Ruse was dubbedRusçuk(Turkishfor "little Ruse") and had again expanded into a large fortress by the 18th century. It later grew into one of the most important Ottoman towns on theDanubeand an administrative centre ofTuna Vilayet, which extended fromVarnaandTulceato Sofia andNiš.
TheDunavnewspaper appeared — it was the first printed in Bulgaria and inBulgarian. Some Bulgarian schools were founded. The streets are renamed and numbered for the first time in Bulgarian lands. A post office, hospital, home for the aged were founded. Three empires met here for trading:Austro-Hungary, Russia,British Empire. France and Italy opened consulates in Ruse. The modern city arose from the shades of the settlement. In 1865 the Obraztsov Chiflik was founded on the place where the English Consul's farm was; it was the first modern farm on the territory of the wholeOttoman Empireof that time.
Ruse developed into a centre of theBulgarian National Revivaland hosted the headquarters of theBulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee.
After it became part of modern Bulgaria on 20 February 1878, Ruse was one of the key cultural and economic centres of the country. Intensive building during the period changed the city's architectural appearance to a typicalCentral Europeanone. Ruse is known for the many first innovations in Bulgaria, including:
Ruse had the first Bulgarian factories for soda water, lemonade, and for neckties.The first aviator Simeon Petrov was born in Ruse.
In the newly liberated Bulgaria of the late 19th century, Ruse was a cosmopolitan city with a multiethnic population. According to the first census conducted in 1883, ethnic Bulgarians made up 43% of the population, Turks 39%, and Jews 7%.
"All façades on main streets of Russe shall have rich decorations with plastic stone", postulate the Regulations for Constructions of Private Buildings of 1893, issued by the Municipality of Russe.
Afterknyaz Alexander Battenberg's1886abdication, and as a reaction to the regentship's course led by prime ministerStefan Stambolov, a group of Russophile (pro-Russian) military officers revolted in Ruse. The riot was violently crushed, and 13 of the leaders were quickly sentenced to death and executed near the city, which caused much public discontent. Decades later, in 1934, local citizens raised funds and built a monument at the place where the Russophile officers were executed. The monument was blown up in 1940 but rebuilt in 1966 at approximately the same spot.
Between World War I andII, afterSouthern Dobrujawas lost to Romania, the economic significance of the city decreased. So did the population: Ruse was no longer the second-largest city in Bulgaria (after formerEast RumeliancapitalPlovdiv), being quickly surpassed bySofiaandVarna. Foreign consulates were closed, except for the Russian one, which remained functional until 2022. Only for the period between 1919 and 1920 the capital loss is estimated at around 40 million leva.
The return of Southern Dobrudja to Bulgaria in September 1940 fostered good conditions for the restoration of the city's leading role. It became a provincial centre, and economic activity revived. Typical for the post-war architecture of the city was the wide use of iron, concrete and glass as construction materials. Examples are the River port – 1931, the Freight station – 1935, Market Hall – 1939 and the Court house – 1940.
The construction of theRuse-Giurgiu bridgein 1954 and the fast industrialization gave a new push to development. Ruse emerged again as an important economic, transport, cultural, and education hub. Engineering, chemical, and light industries expanded; a large harbor was built, and the city became a university centre. At the 1985 census, a population of more than 186,000 was reported.
In the early 1980s, Ruse entered a dark period. The Verachim factory was built in Giurgiu, which polluted the air between 1980 and 1991, impacting the city's development. The population decreased, and 15,000 people moved out between 1985 and 1992. The first informal organization in Bulgaria under the communist regime was established here - The Public Committee for Environmental Protection of Ruse, which provoked the first nationwide demonstrations and strongly influenced thechange to democracy. In 1991, the Romanian factory ceased the pollution, after the fall of the communist regime in Romania.
Like other post-socialist regimes in eastern Europe, Bulgaria found the transition to capitalism rather painful and not as easy as expected. State-owned enterprises lost their former markets and could not adapt to the now free-market competition. This led to massive unemployment in the city and emigration waves in the 90s. Since 2000, Ruse has been continually regaining its former leading status. The urban economics were positively influenced by the2007's accession of Bulgaria and Romania in the European Union, which allowed deeper cross-border cooperation. The flow of investments through EU funds restarted long suspended projects which were finally completed.
After decades of construction, the new corpus of theUniversity of Rusewas inaugurated in 2010.
In 2011 the city's centre was renovated through an EU project, worth 10 million leva. Included in the project, a Dry Deck Fountain was introduced in an urban environment for the first time in Bulgaria. The exterior of theRousse State Operawas reconditioned.
A water treatment facility, an investment worth 57 million Euro, is now functional.
In 2012 theRousse Regional Historical Museumcompleted a project, which allowed the rehabilitation and display of the remains of the Roman city Sexaginta Prista.
Ignat Kaneff, a Bulgarian-born Canadian business magnate, endowed about half of the amount necessary for the construction of a modern conference complex named after him, the Kaneff Centre, at theUniversity of Ruse. It was officially opened on 10 October 2013.
A landmark event for the city was the opening of the new Eco Museum & Aquarium in 2014.
A safer and more efficient navigation in the inland waterways was accomplished with a new structure – the river information system BulRIS. A modern oncology centre is now operating.
Ruse was a candidate for aEuropean Capital of Culturein 2019with the concept "Free spirit city".
Dohodno zdanie, an imposing Neoclassical edifice in the city centre convincingly won the National competition "Emblematic building of the year" in 2014. Ruse was a host city of the first of its kind in Bulgaria – an International Ice Figures Festival.
TheArena Rusesports hall with more than 5100 seats opened on 23 July 2015 nearly 40 years after initial construction efforts began. The project was suspended on numerous occasions due to a lack of financing. An underground parking inside the sports hall has also been completed.
On-going projects are the re-cultivation of the old landfill, worth 22,5 million leva. The biggest roundabout in the city with underpasses for pedestrians and cyclists, worth some 10 million leva was reconstructed.
Ruse is one of the100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria. The city is known for its preserved buildings from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. There are 272 monuments of culture. Most of the sights of the city are located at the center of Ruse (museums, architectural landmarks, the theater, the opera, hotels, restaurants, cafes and souvenir shops). Among the sights the following are outstanding:
Noted for its rich culture, Ruse hostsa philharmonic orchestra, theRousse State Opera(founded in 1949) and the"Sava Ognianov" theater.
In 1978, the "All Saints" Church was destroyed and thePantheon of National Revival Heroeswas built thereupon.
The Jewish community in Ruse built and consecrated asynagoguein 1797. It was destroyed in the 1810 fire, but two other synagogues were later built in 1826 and 1852.
Ruse has ahumid continental climate(Köppen climate classificationDfa) with hot summers and relatively cold winters. Owing to its position on the Danubian Plain, the city's winters can get windy.
Winter temperatures often dip below 0 °C (32 °F), sometimes even to −20 °C (−4 °F). In summer, the average temperature is 25 °C (77 °F). Temperatures frequently reach 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F) in mid-summer in the city centre and stay as low as 18 to 20 °C (64 to 68 °F) during the nights. During spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between 17 and 22 °C (63 and 72 °F), and precipitation during this time tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain. The highest temperature recorded was 43.7 C and the lowest was −27.7 C.
The average number of employees under labour contract in 2016 is 68 603 people, while the average annual salary – 4 683 euro, 60% higher compared to the 2007's statistics.The employment rate for people from the age of 15 to 64 is 57.7%, whereas the unemployment is 12.5%.
The relative share of the population aged between 25 and 64 years with higher education is 23.6%, 3% higher than in 2007. The relative share of the population aged between 25 and 64 years with secondary education is 57.5%, 3.2% higher than in 2007. 147 300 is the number of nights spent by tourists in 2013. The total number of enterprises is 10 830.
Foreign direct investment in non-financial enterprises for 2013 is 197 million euro. The total economic output, manufactured in the city is assessed at about 1.84 billion euro, while the revenue increases with 916 000 euro compared to 2007 – to 3.1 million euro for 2013.
Ruse is a large industrial centre. It has a duty-free zone and 2 industrial zones: East and West.Ruse Iztok Power Planthas an energy producing capacity of 400 MW and theRuse West Power Planthas 41 MW. There are a logistics park and a business park in the city. The city's economy is dominated bylight industry— tailoring,textilesandfood processing. Big manufactures areFazan(the first factory for socks in Bulgaria),Fenix 94(socks),Ariston S(women's fashion), Bordo (women's fashion),Danini(lady's fashion),Top Man(men's fashion),Karina(lady's fashion) andSirma Prista(dairy products).The petroleum industryand thechemical industryare represented by companies, producing paints and motor oils –Orgachim,Prista Oil,Lubrica,Megachim,EKON 91,NinachimandPolysan. The machinery industry and ships construction are well developed. Also, one of the world's leading companies in yacht designVripackhas an architecture and engineering studio in Ruse.
There are 65 hotels and 1,769 beds in Ruse. The income from accommodations for the fourth quarter of 2011 г. is 1,661,294 lv.
Ruse is a major road and railway hub in Northern Bulgaria. Railway transportation in the city dates back to 1867 when it became a station of the first railway line in Bulgaria Ruse – Varna. There are railways to Southern Bulgaria,Sofia, Varna andBucharest. Ruse has two railway stations for passenger services (Ruse Centraland Ruse Razpredelitelna) and two for freight transport services. There are intercity buses that link Ruse with cities and towns all over the country, as well as in other European nations. They are based in two bus stations: South and East.
Ruse has an extensive public transport system with 25busandtrolleybuslines, including theRuse trolleybus system. Since the sale of all shares of the private Israeli transport holding Egged Ruse to the local municipality in 2017, trolleybus lines have been operated by the city's own public transport entity. Since July 2024, urban bus lines are also operated by the municipal public transport entity. Suburban bus lines remain under concession to various private Bulgarian transport companies. A 14 kilometer bicycle network along the main boulevards of the city has been developed and is currently in the process of expansion.
Approximately 17 kilometres (11 miles) southeast of Ruse is the village ofShtraklevo, near which is the former military and passengerRuse Airport. It is owned by the municipality of Ruse, with an active license for small passenger and cargo flights (license issued on 21.12.2016).The runway is long enough forBoeing 747s(Jumbo Jets). TheHenri Coandă International AirportinOtopeni, Romania is 80 kilometres (50 miles) north of Ruse.
TheDanube bridgeis located east of Ruse. It was the only road and rail bridge between Bulgaria and Romania until the opening of a second bridge crossing to Romania on 14 June 2013 atVidin.
Ruse is the biggest Bulgarian port on the banks of the Danube River. After the opening of theRhine–Main–Danube Canalwhich covers 3,500 km (2,175 mi) and connects 13 European countries with Asia via the Black Sea, the river becomes the longest inland waterway on the planet. This key position has determined the 19th century-long co-existence of different cultures and religions in Ruse.
There is one university in Ruse – "Angel Kanchev"University of Rusewith a capacity of 15 000 students. The university's structure includes a subsidiaries inSilistra,VidinandRazgrad. There is also a subsidiary of the College of Agriculture – Plovdiv in the city.
The city hosts 26 high schools, among which is theEnglish Language School "Geo Milev".
Ruse is the fifth largest city in Bulgaria by population. It was the most populated city of Bulgaria in 1880 with 26,163 people.
The number of the residents of the city(not the municipality) reached its peak around 1990, numbering almost 200,000. According to the 2011 census, Ruse was inhabited by 149,642 people within the city limits, while theRuse Municipalityalong with the legally affiliated adjacent villages had 167,585 inhabitants.
According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows:
According to the first census in 1883, the ethnic composition was as follows:
Total: 26,156
Ruse istwinnedwith:
Ruse Peak(800 m) onLivingston Islandin theSouth Shetland Islands,Antarcticais named after the city.