White hat (computer security)

Awhite hat(or awhite-hat hacker,a whitehat) is an ethicalsecurity hacker.Ethical hacking is a term meant to imply a broader category than just penetration testing.Under the owner's consent, white-hat hackers aim to identify any vulnerabilities or security issues the current system has.The white hat is contrasted with theblack hat, a malicious hacker; this definitional dichotomy comes fromWestern films, whereheroic and antagonistic cowboys might traditionally wear a white and a black hat, respectively.There is a third kind of hacker known as agrey hatwho hacks with good intentions but at times without permission.
White-hat hackers may also work in teams called "sneakers and/or hacker clubs",red teams, ortiger teams.
One of the first instances of an ethical hack being used was a "security evaluation" conducted by theUnited States Air Force, in which theMulticsoperating systems were tested for "potential use as a two-level (secret/top secret) system." The evaluation determined that while Multics was "significantly better than other conventional systems," it also had "...vulnerabilitiesin hardware security,software securityand procedural security" that could be uncovered with "a relatively low level of effort."The authors performed their tests under a guideline of realism, so their results would accurately represent the kinds of access an intruder could potentially achieve. They performed tests involving simple information-gathering exercises, as well as outright attacks upon the system that might damage its integrity; both results were of interest to the target audience. There are several other now unclassified reports describing ethical hacking activities within theUS military.
By 1981The New York Timesdescribed white-hat activities as part of a "mischievous but perversely positive 'hacker' tradition". When aNational CSSemployee revealed the existence of hispassword cracker, which he had used on customer accounts, the company chastised him not for writing the software but for not disclosing it sooner. The letter of reprimand stated "The Company realizes the benefit to NCSS and encourages the efforts of employees to identify security weaknesses to the VP, the directory, and other sensitive software in files".
On October 20, 2016, theDepartment of Defense(DOD) announced "Hack The Pentagon."
The idea to bring this tactic of ethical hacking to assess the security of systems and point out vulnerabilities was formulated byDan FarmerandWietse Venema. To raise the overall level of security on theInternetandintranets, they proceeded to describe how they were able to gather enough information about their targets to have been able to compromise security if they had chosen to do so. They provided several specific examples of how this information could be gathered and exploited to gain control of the target, and how such an attack could be prevented. They gathered up all the tools they had used during their work, packaged them in a single, easy-to-use application, and gave it away to anyone who chose to download it. Their program calledSecurity Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks, or SATAN, was met with a great amount of media attention around the world in 1992.
Whilepenetration testingconcentrates on attacking software and computer systems from the start – scanning ports, examining known defects in protocols and applications running on the system, and patch installations, for example – ethical hacking may include other things. A full-scale ethical hack might include emailing staff to ask for password details, rummaging through executive dustbins, usually without the knowledge and consent of the targets. Only the owners, CEOs, and Board Members (stakeholders) who asked for such a security review of this magnitude are aware. To try and replicate some of the destructive techniques a real attack might employ, ethical hackers may arrange for cloned test systems, or organize a hack late at night while systems are less critical.In most recent cases these hacks perpetuate for the long-term con (days, if not weeks, of long-term human infiltration into an organization). Some examples include leavingUSB/flash key drives with hidden auto-start software in a public area as if someone lost the small drive and an unsuspecting employee found it and took it.
Some other methods of carrying out these include:
The methods identifiedexploitknown securityvulnerabilitiesand attempt to evade security to gain entry into secured areas. They can do this by hiding software and system 'back-doors' that can be used as a link to information or access that a non-ethical hacker, also known as 'black hat' or 'grey hat', may want to reach.
Belgium legalized white hat hacking in February 2023.
In July 2021, theChinese governmentmoved from a system of voluntary reporting to one of legally mandating that all white hat hackers first report any vulnerabilities to the government before taking any further steps to address the vulnerability or make it known to the public.Commentators described the change as creating a "dual purpose" in which white hat activity also serves the country's intelligence agencies.
Struan Robertson, legal director at Pinsent Masons LLP, and editor ofOUT-LAW.comsays "Broadly speaking, if the access to a system is authorized, the hacking is ethical and legal. If it isn't, there's an offense under theComputer Misuse Act. The unauthorized access offense covers everything from guessing the password to accessing someone's webmail account, to cracking the security of a bank. The maximum penalty for unauthorized access to a computer is two years in prison and a fine. There are higher penalties – up to 10 years in prison – when the hacker also modifies data". Unauthorized access even to expose vulnerabilities for the benefit of many is not legal, says Robertson. "There's no defense in our hacking laws that your behavior is for the greater good. Even if it's what you believe."
The United StatesNational Security Agencyoffers certifications such as the CNSS 4011. Such a certification covers orderly, ethical hacking techniques and team management. Aggressor teams are called "red" teams. Defender teams are called "blue" teams.When the agency recruited atDEF CONin 2020, it promised applicants that "If you have a few, shall we say,indiscretionsin your past, don't be alarmed. You shouldn't automatically assume you won't be hired".
A good "white hat" is a competitive skillful employee for an enterprise since they can be acountermeasureto find thebugsto protect the enterprise network environment. Therefore, a good "white hat" could bring unexpected benefits in reducing the risk across systems, applications, and endpoints for an enterprise.
Recent research has indicated that white-hat hackers are increasingly becoming an important aspect of a company's network security protection. Moving beyond just penetration testing, white hat hackers are building and changing their skill sets, since the threats are also changing. Their skills now involvesocial engineering, mobile tech, andsocial networking.