Pharmaceutical lobby

Thepharmaceutical lobbyrefers to the representatives ofpharmaceutical drugandbiomedicinecompanies who engage inlobbyingin favour ofpharmaceutical companiesand their products.
The largest pharmaceutical companies and their two trade groups,Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America(PhRMA) andBiotechnology Innovation Organization, lobbied on at least 1,600 pieces of legislation between 1998 and 2004. According to the non-partisanOpenSecrets, pharmaceutical companies spent $900 million on lobbying between 1998 and 2005, more than any other industry. During the same period, they donated $89.9 million to federal candidates and political parties, giving approximately three times as much toRepublicansas toDemocrats.According to theCenter for Public Integrity, from January 2005 through June 2006 alone, the pharmaceutical industry spent approximately $182 million on federal lobbying in the United States.In 2005, the industry had 1,274 registered lobbyists in Washington, D.C.
A 2020 study found that, from 1999 to 2018, the pharmaceutical industry and health product industry together spent $4.7 billion lobbying the United States federal government, an average of $233 million per year.
Critics of the pharmaceutical lobby argue that the drug industry's influence allows it to promote legislation friendly to drug manufacturers at the expense of patients.The lobby's influence in securing the passage of theMedicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Actof 2003 was considered a major and controversialvictory for the industry, as it prevents the government from directly negotiating prices with drug companies who provide those prescription drugs covered byMedicare. Price negotiations are instead conducted between manufacturers and the pharmacy benefit managers providing Medicare Part D benefits under contract with Medicare.  In 2010 theCongressional Budget Officeestimated the average discount negotiated by pharmacy benefit managers at 14%.
The high price of U.S. prescription drugs has been a source of ongoing controversy. Pharmaceutical companies state that the high costs are the result of pricey research and development programs. Critics point to the development of drugs having only small incremental benefit.According toMarcia Angell, former editor-in-chief of theNew England Journal of Medicine, "The United States is the only advanced country that permits the pharmaceutical industry to charge exactly what the market will bear."In contrast, theRAND Corporationand authors from theNational Bureau of Economic Researchhave argued that price controls stifle innovation and are economically counterproductive in the long term.
In 2021, during the height of COVID-19, vaccine makers increased lobbying and public-relations efforts to opposea proposal that would temporarily waive their patentsin Germany, Japan and other countries. This proposal would allow COVID-19 vaccine patents to be licensed to international vaccine makers or otherwise sold entirely. The Biden presidential administration in the U.S. supported the waiver proposal; however, pharmaceutical industry trade groups supported Germany, Japan, and other countries that expressed opposition. Pharmaceutical industry representatives have been lobbying members of Congress to pressure the Biden administration to reverse its support of the waiver, arguing that the patents protect its innovations. However, proponents of the proposal see the patent as giving companies a monopoly over sales of vaccines during a world crisis.