Fukuoka

Fukuoka(Japanese:福岡市,Fukuoka-shi,[ɸɯ̥kɯokaꜜɕi]) is thesixth-largest cityin Japan and thecapital cityofFukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The city is built along the shores ofHakata Bay, and has been a center of international commerce since ancient times. The area has long been considered the gateway to the country, as it is the nearest point among Japan's main islands to the Asian mainland. Although humans occupied the area since theJomon period, some of the earliest settlers of theYayoi periodarrived in the Fukuoka area. The city rose to prominence during theYamato period. Because of the cross-cultural exposure, and the relatively great distance from the social and political centers ofKyoto,Osaka, and later,Edo(Tokyo), Fukuoka gained a distinctive local culture and dialect that has persisted to the present.
Fukuoka is the most populous city onKyūshūisland, followed byKitakyushu. It is the largest city and metropolitan area west ofKeihanshin. The city wasdesignated by government ordinanceon April 1, 1972. Greater Fukuoka, with a population of 2.5 million people (2005 census), is part of the heavily industrializedFukuoka–Kitakyushuzone.
As of 2015, Fukuoka is Japan's sixth largest city, having passed the population ofKobe.In July 2011, Fukuoka surpassed the population ofKyoto. Since the founding of Kyoto in 794, this marks the first time that a city west of theKansai regionhas a larger population than Kyoto.
Exchanges from the continent and the Northern Kyushu area date as far back asOld Stone Age.It has been thought that waves of immigrants arrived in Northern Kyushu from mainland Asia.SeveralKofunexist.
Fukuoka was sometimes called the Port ofDazaifu(大宰府), a reference to the town of Dazaifu 15 km (9 mi) southeast of Fukuoka. Dazaifu was an administrative capital in 663 A.D., and it has been suggested that a prehistoric capital was in the area.Ancient texts, such as theKojiki, Kanyen (found in Dazaifu) and archaeology confirm this was a critical place in the founding of Japan. Some scholarsclaim that it was the first place outsiders and the Imperial Family set foot, but like many early Japan origin theories, it remains contested. Central Fukuoka is sometimes still referred asHakatawhich is the name of the central ward.
TheBook of Songrecords that King Bu, thought to be theEmperor Yūryaku, sent a letter in 478 seeking the Chinese emperor's approval for the establishment of three ministries for administration of the kingdom similar tothose in use in China; the remains of a ward office and temple in Ooho(大保), 15 km (9 mi) south from Dazaifu, may be one of these ministries. In addition, remains of theKōrokan(鴻臚館, Government Guest House) were found in Fukuoka underneath a part of the ruins ofFukuoka Castle.
In 923, theHakozaki Shrinein Fukuoka was established when the godHachimanwas transferred from the Daibu shrine inHonami.
There are several historically important Buddhist temples in Fukuoka. Monks would sail back to Japan from China upon completing their studies and establish temples in the heart of the port city of Hakata (now Fukuoka):
MonkEisaifoundedShōfuku-jiwhich is known today as the oldest zen temple in Japan. Eisai is also known for establishing a new sect of Zen Buddhism (Rinzai) and for bringing tea and tea culture to Japan.
MonkKukaiestablishedTocho-ji, andJoten-jiwas built byEnniwho is also known for bringing Udon noodles first from China to Japan.
Hakata Gion Yamagata is the most famous festival in Fukuoka and
the origin of it is believed to date back to 1241, whenEnni, the founder of Jotenji temple had people carry him around the town on a platform while praying against the plague and eventually getting successfully rid of it.
Kublai Khanof theMongol Empireturned his attention towards Japan starting in 1268, exerting a new external pressure on Japan with which it had no experience. Kublai Khan first sent an envoy to Japan to make the Shogunate acknowledge Khan'ssuzerainty.TheKamakura shogunaterefused.Mongoliarepeatedly sent envoys thereafter, each time urging the Shogunate to accept their proposal, but to no avail.
In 1274, Kublai Khan mounted an invasion of the northern part of Kyushu with a fleet of 900 ships and 33,000 troops, including troops fromGoryeoon theKorean Peninsula.This initial invasion was compromised by a combination of incompetence and severe storms. After the invasion attempt of 1274, Japanesesamuraibuilt a stone barrier 20 km (12 mi) in length bordering the coast ofHakata Bayin what is now the city of Fukuoka. The wall, 2–3 metres in height and having a base width of 3 meters, was constructed between 1276 and 1277, and was excavated in the 1930s.
Kublai sent another envoy to Japan in 1279. At that time,Hōjō Tokimuneof theHōjō clan(1251–1284) was the Eighth Regent. Not only did he decline the offer, but he beheaded the five Mongolian emissaries after summoning them toKamakura. Infuriated, Kublai organized another attack on Fukuoka Prefecture in 1281, mobilizing 140,000 soldiers and 4,000 ships. The Japanese defenders, numbering around 40,000, were no match for the Mongols and the invasion force made it as far asDazaifu, 15 km (9 mi) south of the city of Fukuoka. However, the Japanese were again aided by severe weather, this time by atyphoonthat struck a crushing blow to the Mongolian troops, thwarting the invasion.
It was this typhoon that came to be called theKamikaze(Divine Wind), and was the origin of the termKamikazeused to indicatesuicide attacksby military aviators of theEmpire of JapanagainstAlliednaval vessels during World War II.
Fukuoka was formerly the residence of the powerfuldaimyōofChikuzen Province, and played an important part in the medieval history of Japan. The renowned temple ofTokugawa Ieyasuin the district was destroyed by fire during theBoshin Warof 1868.
The modern city was formed on April 1, 1889, with the merger of the former cities ofHakataand Fukuoka. Historically, Hakata was the port and merchant district, and was more associated with the area's culture and remains the main commercial area today. On the other hand, the Fukuoka area was home to many samurai, and its name has been used sinceKuroda Nagamasa, the firstdaimyōof Chikuzen Province, named it after his birthplace inOkayama Prefectureand the "old Fukuoka" is the main shopping district, now called Tenjin.
When Hakata and Fukuoka decided to merge, a meeting was held to decide the name for the new city, and after multiple ties, Fukuoka ultimately was chosen.However, Hakata is still used to refer to the Hakata area of the city and, most famously, to refer to the city's train station,Hakata Station, anddialect,Hakata-ben.
Fukuoka is bordered on three sides by mountains, surroundsHakata Bayand opens on the north to theGenkai Sea. It is located 1,100 km (684 mi) from Tokyo.
The nearest overseas region isBusanMetropolitan City in Gyeongsang-do,South Korea, and the distance fromBusanis about 180 km (112 miles). Fukuoka and Busan are sister cities.
Fukuoka has ahumid subtropical climate(Köppen:Cfa), hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters.The city also sees on average about 1,600 mm (63 in) of precipitation per year, with a stretch of more intense precipitation between the months of June and September.
Along with much of the prefecture, Fukuoka City has a moderate climate with an annual average temperature of 16.3 °C (61 °F), average humidity of 70% and 1,811 annual sunshine hours. Roughly 40% of the year is cloudy.
Winter temperatures rarely drop below 0 °C (32 °F) and snow cover is rarely seen, though very light snow does fall on many days if not as consistently as on theSea of Japanside ofHonshu.Spring is warm and sunnier, withcherry blossomsappearing in late March or early April. Therainy season(tsuyu) lasts for approximately six weeks through June and July, during which time the humidity is very high and temperatures hover between 25 °C (77 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F). Summers are humid and hot, with temperatures peaking around 37 °C (99 °F). Autumn, often considered to be Fukuoka's best season, is mild and dry, though thetyphoonseason runs between August and September.
Fukuoka is not as seismically active as many other parts of Japan, but does experience occasional earthquakes. The most powerful recent earthquake registered a lower 6 of maximum 7 of theJapanese intensity scaleand hit at 10:53 am local time on March 20, 2005, killing one person and injuring more than 400.The epicentre of the earthquake was in the Genkai Sea along a yet-undiscovered extension of the Kego fault that runs through the centre of Fukuoka. Genkai island, a part ofNishi-ku, was the most severely damaged by the earthquake and almost all island residents were forced to evacuate.Aftershockscontinued intermittently throughout the following weeks as construction crews worked to rebuild damaged buildings throughout the city. Traditional Japanese houses, particularly in the areas of Daimyo and Imaizumi, were the most heavily damaged and many were marked for demolition, along with several apartment buildings. Insurance payments for damages were estimated at 15.8 billion yen.
A similar quake, with an intensity of 5+, also occurred one month later on April 20, 2005.
Fukuoka's major Kego fault runs northwest to southeast, roughly parallel toNishitetsu'sŌmutatrain line, and was previously thought to be 22 km (14 mi) long. It is estimated to produce earthquakes as strong asmagnitude7 at the focus approximately once every 15,000 years. If the focus were located at a depth of 10 km (6 mi), this would translate to an earthquake of a lower-6 magnitude (similar to the March 20, 2005 earthquake) in downtown Fukuoka if it were the epicenter. Theprobabilityof an earthquake along the known length of the Kego fault occurring within 30 years was estimated at 0.4% prior to the March 20, 2005 earthquake, but this probability has been revised upwards since. Including the new extension out into theGenkai Sea, the Kego fault is now thought to be 40 km (25 mi) long.
Following reports that the city has only prepared for earthquakes up to a magnitude of 6.5, several strong aftershocks renewed fears regarding the portion of the Kego fault that lies under the city, and the potential for an earthquake as big as, or bigger than, the March 20 quake.
Fukuoka has 7wards(ku).
As of November 2018, the city had an estimated population of 1,581,527 and a population density of 4,515.64 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,695.5/sq mi).The total area is 343.39 square kilometres (132.58 sq mi). Fukuoka is Japan's youngest major city and has Japan's fastest growing population.Between December 2012 and December 2017, the proportion of foreign-born residents increased faster than any other major city in Japan, including Tokyo.
There were 171 homeless residents counted in 2018's annual survey, down from a high of 969 in 2009.
As of March 2023, Fukuoka had a population of 1,632,713 with 770,276 males and 862,437 females.
Fukuoka is the economic center of the Kyushu region, with an economy largely focused on the service sector. It is also the largest startup city in Japan, and is the only economic zone for startups.They have various services for startups like startup visa, tax reduction, and free business consultations. Fukuoka has the highest business-opening rate in Japan.Large companies headquartered in the city includeIwatayaandKyushu Electric Power. Fukuoka is also the home of many small firms playing a supportive role in the logistics, IT, and high-tech manufacturing sectors. Most of the region's heavy manufacturing takes place in the nearby city ofKitakyushu.
The GDP in Greater Fukuoka, FukuokaMetropolitan Employment Area, was US$101.6 billion in 2010.Fukuoka is the primary economic center of the Fukuoka-Kitakyushumetropolitan area, which is the 4th largest economy in Japan. As of 2014, the area'sPPP-adjusted GDP is estimated to be larger than those of metropolitan areas such asMelbourne, Kuala Lumpur,Lima, Vienna,Barcelonaand Rome.
Several regional broadcasters are based in the city, includingFukuoka Broadcasting Corporation,Kyushu Asahi Broadcasting,Love FM,RKB Mainichi Broadcasting, andTelevision Nishinippon Corporation.
The port of Hakata andFukuoka Airportalso make the city a key regional transportation hub. Fukuoka houses the headquarters ofKyushu Railway Company(JR Kyushu) andNishi-Nippon Railroad.Air Next, a subsidiary ofAll Nippon Airways, is headquartered inHakata-ku;prior to its dissolution,Harlequin Airwas also headquartered in Hakata-ku.
Fukuoka has its ownstock exchange, founded in 1949. It is one of six in Japan.
Fukuoka is one of the most affordable cities in Japan.
Fukuoka was selected as one ofNewsweek's 10 "Most Dynamic Cities" in its July 2006 issue.It was chosen for its central Asian location, increasing tourism and trade, and a large increase in volume at its sea and airport. Fukuoka has a diverse culture and a wide range of cultural attractions.
In its July/August 2008 issue,Monocleselected Fukuoka as number 17 of the "Top 25 liveable cities".It was chosen for excellent shopping, outstanding food, good transport links, good museums, "a feeling of openness in its sea air", green spaces and because it is friendly, safe, clean and close to the rest of East Asia.The same survey in 2018 ranked Fukuoka at number 22.
ACROS (Asian Cross Road Over the Sea) is a cultural center located at the Tenjin Central Park. Part of it is the Fukuoka Symphony Hall and it hosts several other cultural events in a green building.
TheFukuoka Asian Culture Prizewas established to honor the outstanding work of individuals or organizations in Asia.
Fukuoka hosts more than 2 million foreign visitors annually, with the majority coming from neighboring South Korea, Taiwan and China.From the early 2010s Hakata became the beneficiary of significant growth in cruise ship tourism; particularly with visitors from China. After expansion and redevelopment of the Hakata Port international passenger ship terminal, the number of cruise ship port calls in 2016 was expected to exceed 400.
Nearly ten thousand international students attend universities in or near the Fukuoka prefecture each year.Nearly 200 international conferences are held each year in Fukuoka.
Fukuoka Castle, located adjacent to Ohori Park in Maizuru Park, features the remaining stone walls and rampartsleft after a devastating fire during the upheaval of theMeiji Restoration. It has now been preserved along with some reconstructed prefabricate concrete towers constructed during the 1950s and 1960s, when there was a trend across Japan to rebuild damaged castles as tourist attractions.Ōhori Parkis also the location of one of Fukuoka City's majorart galleries.
There are many temples with long histories includingTōchō-ji,Hakozaki Shrine,Kashii shrine, andJōten-ji. The BuddhistNanzoin templeis located inSasaguri, just east of Fukuoka. It is claimed to be the largest statue of areclining Buddhain the world. It has to be mentioned though that in Thailand there are three, and in Myanmar six reclining Buddha statues that are larger than the Sasaguri statue, one of them being 180 meters long as opposed to the 42 meters of the one in Fukuoka prefecture. It is possible though that the Sasaguri reclining Buddha is the largest plastic reclining Buddha statue in the world.
Sky Dream Fukuoka, in Fukuoka's western ward, was aFerris wheelwith a height of 120 meters and was closed in September 2009. The surrounding shopping center, Marinoa City Fukuoka, still attracts millions of visitors each year. Other shopping centers that attract tourists include Canal City, JR Hakata City, and Hakata Riverain.
The Marine Park Uminonakamichi is located on a narrow cape on the northern side of the Bay of Hakata. The park has an amusement park, petting zoo, gardens, beaches, a hotel, and a large marine aquarium which opened in 1989.
For tourists from other parts of Japan, local foods such asmentaiko,Hakata (tonkotsu) ramen, andmotsunabeare associated with Fukuoka.Yatai(street stalls) serving ramen can be found in Tenjin andNakasumost evenings.
Fukuoka Toweris near the beach in Seaside Momochi, a development built for the 1989 Asia-Pacific Exhibition. The older symbol of the city,Hakata Port Tower, is next to the international ferry terminal and is free to enter.
Itoshima, to the west of Fukuoka city, has recently become a very popular tourist destination. There are many beaches along the coast, notably Futamigaura beach, where there is a famous Shinto shrine in the ocean, and Keya beach, which hosts the annual Sunset Live festival every September. Inland, there is the Shingon Buddhist temple called Raizan Sennyoji, where there are many Buddhist statues and stunning autumn foliage.
Fukuoka is home to many festivals (matsuri) that are held throughout the year. Of these, the most famous areHakata DontakuandHakata Gion Yamakasa.
Yamakasa(山笠), held for two weeks each July,is Fukuoka's oldest festival with a history of over 700 years. The festival dates back to 1241 when a priest called Shioichu Kokushi saved Hakata from a terrible plague by being carried around the city on a movable shrine and throwing water.Teams of men (no women, except small girls, are allowed), representing different districts in the city, commemorate the priest's route by racing against the clock around a set course carrying on their shoulders floats weighing several thousand pounds. Participants all wearshimekomi(calledfundoshiin other parts of Japan), which are traditional loincloths.
Each day of the two-week festival is marked by special events and practice runs, culminating in the official race that takes place the last morning before dawn. Tens of thousands line the streets to cheer on the teams. During the festival, men can be seen walking around many parts of Fukuoka in longhappicoats bearing the distinctive mark of their team affiliation and traditionalgetasandals. The costumes are worn with pride and are considered appropriate wear for even formal occasions, such as weddings and cocktail parties, during the festival.
Hakata Dontaku(博多どんたく)is held in Fukuoka City on May 3 and 4. Boasting over 800 years of history, Dontaku is attended by more than 2 million people, making it the festival with the highest attendance during Japan'sGolden Weekholidays. During the festival, stages are erected throughout downtown for traditional performances and a parade of floats is held. The full name isHakata Dontaku Minato Matsuri.
The festival was stopped for seven years during theMeiji era. Since it was restarted in the 12th year of the Meiji era it has been known asHakata Dontaku.
Notable musical names inJ-popincludeAyumi Hamasaki(allegedly Japan's richest woman), hugely popular singer-songwriter duoChage & Aska, singer-songwriterEri Nobuchika,Misia, andYui. During the 1970s, local musicians prided themselves on their origins and dubbed their sound,Mentai Rock.
Morning Musume6th generation memberReina Tanakawas also born here in 1989 along with 9th generation memberErina Ikutain 1997.
Dominicansongwriter and singerJuan Luis Guerrapays homage to the city in hisbachatasongBachata en Fukuoka(2010).
HKT 48have their own Theater at Nishitetsu Hall.
Ezaki Hikaru of thek-popgroupKep1erwas born in Fukuoka.
Fukuoka is served byFukuoka Airport, theSan'yō Shinkansenand theKyushu Shinkansenhigh-speed rail line and otherJR Kyushutrains atHakata Stationand by ferry. JR Kyushu and a Korean company operatehydrofoilferries (namedBeetleandKobee) between Hakata andBusan, South Korea. The city has threesubwaylines: theKūkō Line, theHakozaki Line, and the newest one, SubwayNanakuma Line, opened on February 2, 2005. A private railway line, run byNishitetsuis also heavily used and connects the downtown area of Tenjin to the city ofŌmuta.
Fukuoka is the home of theFukuoka SoftBank Hawks, one of Japan's top professionalbaseballteams. Threatened with bankruptcy and forced by its creditors to restructure, former ownerDaieisold the Hawks toSoftbank Capitalin 2004. After the sale to Softbank, the Hawks have become one of the most successful teams inNPB, winning 6Japan Seriestitle in 8 years. Their home stadium is theFukuoka PayPay Dome.
Fukuoka is home to a professionalfootballteam,Avispa Fukuoka.
Annual sporting events include:
Fukuoka has hosted the following sporting events:
Fukuoka City operates all public elementary and junior high schools, while the prefecture operates the high schools.
Fukuoka has tensister cities.
The city established the Asian Pacific City Summit in 1994. It consists of 26 Asia-Pacific cities. TheAsian Pacific Children's Conventionwas established in Fukuoka in 1988.