दक्षिण सूडान का इतिहास

दक्षिण सूडान का इतिहासमें वर्तमानदक्षिण सूडानक्षेत्र और यहाँ के निवासियों का इतिहास शामिल है।
दक्षिण सूडान २०११ मेंसूडान गणराज्यसे अलग होकर एक देश बना।
भौगोलिक रूप से दक्षिण सूडान का कोई भी क्षेत्रसूडान क्षेत्र(सहेल) का भाग नहीं है और अपने आप कोउप-सहारा अफ़्रीकाके हिस्से के रूप में गठित करता है। आधुनिक शब्दावली में इसमें पूर्वी सूडानी सवाना क्षेत्र के भाग भी शामिल हैं। इसके "सूडान" में समावेशन का कारण १९वीं सदी में उस्मानी साम्राज्य का विस्तार और इसके बाद १८८५ से २०११ तक माहदिया सूडान,एंग्लो-मिस्र सूडानऔरसूडान गणराज्यके शामिल होना रहा।
दक्षिण सूडान मेंनिलो-सहाराभाषियों की बहुलता है औरनाइजर-कांगो भाषीअल्पसंख्यक हैं। ऐतिहासिक रूप से वर्तमान दक्षिण सूडान केन्द्रिय सूडान भाषियों की बहुलता वाला था लेकिननिलोत जनजातीकी उपस्थिति भी प्रागैतिहासिक काल से ही मानी जाती है। चौदहवीं सदी के समकालीन समय में मकुरिया और अलोदिया ईसाई न्युबियन साम्राज्य के विघटन के बाद से ही निलोटिक लोग धीरे-धीरे इस क्षेत्र में बढ़ने लग गये।
Until about 1500 South Sudan was mostly controlled by speakers ofCentral Sudaniclanguages. Linguistic evidence shows that over timeNiloticspeakers, such as theDinka,Shilluk, andLuo, took over. These groups who currently live around theSuddmarshlands migrated down Southward from Northern and Central Sudan around the time of the collapse of Nubia and the strives that ensued among the many people who were ruled by the Kings of Nubia.
Archaeological evidence shows that a culture based ontranshumantcattle raising has been present in that area since 3000 BCE, and the Nilotic culture in that area may thus be continuous to that date. Archaeological evidence as well as the physical evidence in the livlihood of the Nilotes including their dome-shaped houses and tukuls shows that they may have made an enormous contribution to the governance and wealth of the Nubia Kingdom before and during the 25th Dynasty.A few Central Sudanic groups remain such as theMariand theMoru.
The Nilotic expansion seems to have begun in the 14th century. This coincides with the collapse of the Christian Nubian kingdoms ofMakuriaandAlodiaand the penetration of Arab traders into central Sudan. From the Arabs the South Sudanese may have obtained new breeds of hump-less cattle. 
ArchaeologistRoland Olivernotes that the period also shows anIron Agebeginning among the Nilotics. These factors may explain how the Nilotic speakers expanded to dominate the region.
One theory is that it was pressure from the Shilluk that drove theFunjpeople north, who would establish theSultanate of Sennar.
The Dinka remained in the Sudd area, maintaining theirtranshumanceeconomy.
TheShillukspread east to the banks of the white Nile by the 16th century under the legendary leadership ofNyikang, who is said to have ruled the Shilluk c.1490 to c.1517.The Shilluk gained control of the west bank of the river as far north asKostiin Sudan. There they established an economy based on cattle raising, cereal farming, and fishing, with small villages located along the length of the river.The Shilluk developed an intensive system of agriculture, and the Shilluk lands in the 17th century had a population density similar to that of the Egyptian Nile lands.
While the Dinka were protected and isolated from their neighbours, the Shilluk were more involved in international affairs. The Shilluk controlled the west bank of the White Nile, but the other side was controlled by the Funj Sultanate, and there were regular conflict between the two. The Shilluk had the ability to quickly raid outside areas bywar canoe, and had control of the waters of the Nile. The Funj had a standing army of armoured cavalry, and this force allowed them to dominated the plains of thesahel.
Shilluk traditions tell of KingOdak Ocollowho ruled c. 1630 and led them in a three decade war with Sennar over control of the White Nile trade routes. The Shilluk allied with theSultanate of Darfurand the Kingdom ofTakaliagainst the Funj, but the capitulation of Takali ended the war in the Funj's favour. In the later 17th century the Shilluk and Funj allied against theJieng, a group ofDinkawho rose to power in the border area between the Funj and Shilluk. The Shilluk political structure gradually centralized under the a king orreth. The most important isReth Tugowho ruled c. 1690 to 1710 and established the Shilluk capital ofFashoda. The same period saw the gradual collapse of the Funj sultanate, leaving the Shilluk in complete control of the White Nile and its trade routes. The Shilluk military power was based on control of the river.
The non-NiloticAzandepeople, who entered southern Sudan in the 16th century, established the region's largest state. The Azande are the third largest nationality in Southern Sudan. They are found inMaridi,Iba,Yambio<Nzara,EZon,Tamburaand Nagere Counties in the tropical rain forest belt of western Equatoria and Bahr el Ghazal. In the 18th century, the Avungara people entered and quickly imposed their authority over the Azande.Avungarapower remained largely unchallenged until the arrival of theBritishat the end of the 19th century.
Geographical barriers protected the southerners from Islam's advance, enabling them to retain their social and cultural heritage and their political and religious institutions. The Dinka people were especially secure in theSuddmarshlands, which protected them from outside interference, and allowed them to remain secure without a large armed forces. The Shilluk, Azande, and Bari people had more regular conflicts with neighbouring states.
In 1821 the Sennar Sultanate to the north collapsed in the face of an invasion byEgyptunder theMuhammad Ali Dynasty. After consolidating their control over northern Sudan, the Egyptian forces began to foray south. In 1827Ali Khurshid Pashaled a force through the Dinka lands and in 1830 led an expedition to the junction of the White Nile and theSobat. The most successful missions were led by AdmiralSalim Qabudanwho between 1839 and 1842 sailed the White Nile, reaching as far south as modernJuba.
The Egyptian forces attempted to set up forts and garrisons in the region, but disease and defection forced their quick abandonment. While claimed by theKhedivesof Egypt, they had no real authority over the region. In 1851, under pressure from foreign powers, the government of Egypt opened the region to European merchants and missionaries.
The Europeans found a large supply of ivory, but found the local Bari had little interest in anything they were selling. As a result the merchants often turned to force, seizing the ivory, even this proved not to be economical and the merchant ventures had little success. Christian missionaries also established posts in the region, with the CatholicApostolic Vicariate of Central Africa, covering the region. The missionaries also had little impact on the region in the early 19th century.
The lack of formal authority was filled in the 1850s by a set of powerful merchant princes. In the eastMuhammad Ahmad al-Aqqadcontrolled much land, but the most powerful wasAl-Zubayr Rahma Mansurwho came to control theBahr el Ghazaland other parts of South Sudan. Al-Zubayr was a merchant from Khartoum, who hired his own private army and marched south.
He set up a network of trading forts known aszaribasthrough the region, and from these forts controlled local trade. The most valuable commodity was ivory. In previous centuries Sudanese merchants had not placed a high price on ivory, but the period of Egyptian rule coincided with a great increase in global demand as middle class Americans and Europeans began to purchase pianos and billiard balls.
To manage the trade al-Zubayr needed labour, and thus also began to capture a significant number of slaves. To his mercenary force, he also conscripted a large slave army. Due to trade disputes with theSultanate of Darfural-Zubayr went to war against that kingdom and in 1874 defeated their forces and killedIbrahim, the last Fur Sultan.
The Khedive of Egypt,Isma'il Pasha, was concerned over the growing power al-Zubayr, and established the province ofEquatoriaand planned to colonized the area. Isma'il hired the British explorerSamuel Bakerin 1869 to govern the area, and supplied him with soldiers and generous financing, but Baker was unable to extend Egyptian power over the area.
To dispose of Al-Zubayr, Isma'il dispatched the mercenary leaderMuhammed al-Bulalwiand promised him the governorship of Bahr el Ghazal, if he defeated al-Zubayr. Instead al-Zubayr routed the invaders and killed al-Bulalwi. In 1873 Isma'il thus agreed to appoint al-Zubayr as governor.
Isma'il was still threatened by al-Zubayr and his independent base of power. The British media was also filled with stories about al-Zubayr the "Slaver King." In 1874Charles George Gordonwas appointed governor of Equatoria. In 1877 al-Zubayr travelled to Cairo to ask for the governoship of Darfur as well, but was placed under house arrest by Is'mail. Gordon defeated al-Zubayr's son, ending the merchants' control of the region. Despite this, Gordon still failed to exert authority over any territory in the region beyond the lands immediately around his few forts.
In 1878, Gordon was replaced byEmin Pasha(Eduard Schnitzer). TheMahdist Revoltdid not spread south to the non-Muslim region, but cut off the South Sudan from Egypt, leaving Emin Pasha isolated and without resources. He was rescued ina missionled byHenry Morton Stanley.
Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria includedLado,Gondokoro,DufileandWadelai. In 1947,Britishhopes to join the southern part of Sudan withUgandawere dashed by theJuba Conference, to unify northern and southern Sudan.
The region has been negatively affected by two civil wars since before Sudanese independence, resulted in serious neglect, lack of infrastructural development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2.5 million people have been killed, and more than five million have become externally displaced while others have been internally displaced, becomingrefugeesas a result of the civil war and war-related impacts.
In 1955, one year before Sudan achieved independence, theFirst Sudanese Civil Warstarted, with aims of achieving representation and more regional autonomy. For seventeen years, the Sudanese government fought theAnyanyarebel army. In 1971, former army Lt.Joseph Lagugathered all the guerilla bands under hisSouth Sudan Liberation Movement(SSLM). This was the first time in the history of the war that the separatist movement had a unified command structure to fulfill the objectives of secession and the formation of an independent state in South Sudan.
It was also the first organization that could claim to speak for, and negotiate on behalf of, the entire south. Mediation between theWorld Council of Churches(WCC) and theAll Africa Conference of Churches(AACC) eventually led to the signing of theAddis Ababa Agreementin 1972, which established theSouthern Sudan Autonomous Region.
In 1983, President of SudanGaafar Nimeirydeclared all Sudan anIslamic stateunderShari'alaw, including the non-Islamic majority southern region. The Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was abolished on 5 जून 1983, ending the Addis Ababa Agreement.In direct response to this, theSudan People's Liberation Army/Movement(SPLA/M) was formed under the leadership ofJohn Garang, and theSecond Sudanese Civil Warerupted. Several factions split from the SPLA often along ethnic lines and were funded and armed by Khartoum, with the most notable being theSPLA-Nasirin 1991 led byRiek Machar.
As a result of the infighting, more southerners died at each other's hands than were killed by northerners during the war.In theBor massacrein 1991, an estimated 2000 civilians were killed by SPLA-Nasir and armed Nuer civilians and another estimated 25,000 died from the resulting famine in the following years.This war lasted for twenty-two years (until 2005), becoming the longest civil war in Africa.
In 2005,Comprehensive Peace Agreement, mediated by theIntergovernmental Authority on Development(IGAD), as well as IGAD-Partners, a consortium of donor countries, was signed inNairobiand autonomousGovernment of Southern Sudanwas formed. This agreement lasted until 2011, when South Sudan declared independence.
From 9–15 जनवरी 2011 people from South Sudan voted on whether they should break away from Sudan and declare independence. On 30 जनवरी 2011, the results had shown that 98.83% of the population had voted for independence from Sudan.
At midnight on 9 जुलाई 2011, South Sudan became an independent country under the nameRepublic of South Sudan.On 14 जुलाई 2011, South Sudan became the 193rdmember stateof theUnited Nations.On 28 जुलाई 2011, South Sudan joined theAfrican Unionas its 54th member state.
Certain disputes still remain with Sudan, such as sharing of the oil revenues, as an estimated 80% of the oil in both Sudans is from South Sudan, which would represent amazing economic potential for one of the world's most deprived areas. The region ofAbyeistill remains disputed anda separate referendumis due to be held in Abyei on whether they want to join North or South Sudan.
South Sudan is currently at war with at least seven armed groups.According to UN figures, the various conflicts affect nine of its ten states, with tens of thousands displaced.The fighters accuse the government of plotting to stay in power indefinitely, not fairly representing and supporting all tribal groups while neglecting development in rural areas.
Joseph Kony'sLord's Resistance Army(LRA) also operates in a wide area that includes South Sudan.
In the SPLA/M's attempt to disarm rebellions among theShillukandMurle, they burned scores of villages, raped hundreds of women and girls and killed an untold number of civilians.Civilians allegingtortureclaim fingernails been torn out, burning plastic bags dripped on children to make their parents hand over weapons and villagers burned alive in their huts if rebels were suspected of spending the night there.In May 2011, the SPLA allegedly set fire to over 7,000 homes inUnity State.The UN reports many of these violations and the frustrated director of one Juba-based international aid agency calls them "human rights abuses off the Richter scale".
In 2010, theCIAissued a warning that "over the next five years,...a new mass killing or genocide is most likely to occur in southern Sudan."Inter-ethnic fighting intensified in 2011 inJongleistate between theNuer White Armyof theLouNuerand theMurle.The White Army warned it would also fight South Sudanese andUN forces.The White Army released a statement, to "wipe outthe entire Murle tribe on the face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee long-term security of Nuer’s cattle."Activists, includingMinority Rights Group International, warn of genocide in the current Jonglei conflict.
In March 2012, theSudanese Air Forcebombed areas of the South Sudanese state ofUnity, near the border of the Sudanese province ofSouth Kordofan. South Sudanese forces responded by seizing theHegligoil field on April 10.Sudanese troops launched a counter offensive and forced the South Sudanese Army to withdraw nine days later.On 20 अप्रैल South Sudan announced it had begun a phased withdrawal from Heglig, while Sudan claimed it took it by force. Afterwards, Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir held a victory rally in Khartoum.
On 22 अप्रैल more fighting broke out on the border as Sudanese soldiers backed by tanks and artillery launched three waves of attacks six miles deep inside South Sudan. At least one South Sudanese soldier was killed and two wounded in the attack.
The two parties recommenced negotiations in June 2012 under mediation by theAfrican Union's envoy Thabo Mbeki.
On 27 सितंबर Sudanese PresidentOmar al-Bashirand South Sudanese PresidentSalva Kiirsigned eight agreements inAddis Ababa, Ethiopia, which led the way to resume important oil exports and create a six-mile demilitarised zone along their border. The agreements allows for the return of 350,000 barrels of South Sudanese oil to the world market. In addition, the agreements include an understanding on the parameters to follow in regards to demarcating their border, an economic-cooperation agreement and a deal to protect each other's citizens. Certain issues remain unsolved and future talks are scheduled to resolve them.At the same time as the ongoingGeneral debate of the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assemblyon the same day, South Sudan was scheduled to speak. Vice PresidentRiek Macharoutlined what agreements were signed, but lamented the lack of a resolution onAbyei.
In mid-March 2013, both countries began to withdraw their forces from the border area in a bit to creating a demilitarised buffer zone and resume South Sudanese oil production for export through Sudan.In early April South Sudanese oil started to flow through pipelines in Sudan again.Though Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir threatened to cut oil transit through his country from South Sudan, South Sudanese President Salvar Kiir accused him of mobilising for war and said that he would not go to war over the oil transit issue.
On 6 जून 2011 armed conflict broke out between the forces of Northern and Southern Sudan, ahead of the scheduled independence of the South on 9 July. This followed an agreement for both sides to withdraw fromAbyei.
By late June, several international interlocutors including theUnited Nationsadvanced a proposal to base 4,200Ethiopiansoldiers in Abyei to serve as peacekeepers.
PresidentSalva Kiiralleged that on 14 दिसम्बर 2013, a (largely Nuer) faction of theSudan People's Liberation Armyloyal to former vice presidentRiek Macharattempted acoup d'étatand that the attempt was put down the next day. However, fighting has continued. Machar denied trying to start a coup and called for Kiir to resign. At least 500 were reported to have died and over 400 injured. There are reports of people fleeing clashes inBor, the capital of Jonglei state.