Warsaw

Warsaw,officially theCapital City of Warsaw,is the capital andlargest cityofPoland. The metropolis stands on theRiver Vistulain east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at 1.86 million residents within agreater metropolitan areaof 3.27 million residents, which makes Warsaw the7th most-populous cityin theEuropean Union.The city area measures 517 km(200 sq mi) and comprises18 districts, while the metropolitan area covers 6,100 km(2,355 sq mi).Warsaw is classified as analphaglobal city,a major cultural, political and economic hub, and the country's seat of government. It is also the capital of theMasovian Voivodeship.
Warsaw traces its origins to a small fishing town inMasovia. The city rose to prominence in the late 16th century, whenSigismund IIIdecided to move the Polish capital and his royal court fromKraków. Warsaw served as the de facto capital of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealthuntil 1795, and subsequently as the seat ofNapoleon'sDuchy of Warsaw. The 19th century and itsIndustrial Revolutionbrought a demographic boom, which made it one of the largest and most densely populated cities in Europe. Known then for its elegant architecture and boulevards, Warsaw wasbombedandbesiegedat the start ofWorld War IIin 1939.Much of the historic city was destroyed and its diverse population decimated by theGhetto Uprisingin 1943, the generalWarsaw Uprisingin 1944, andsystematic razing.
Warsaw is served by three international airports, the busiest beingWarsaw Chopin, as well asWarsaw ModlinandWarsaw Radom Airport. Major public transport services operating in the city include theWarsaw Metro,buses,commuter rail serviceand an extensivetram network. The city is a significant economic centre for the region, with theWarsaw Stock Exchangebeing the largest inCentralandEastern Europe.It is the base forFrontex, theEuropean Union agencyfor external border security, andODIHR, one of the principal institutions of theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Warsaw has one of Europe's highestconcentrations of skyscrapers, and theVarso Placeis the tallest building in the European Union.
The city's primary educational and cultural institutions comprise theUniversity of Warsaw, theWarsaw University of Technology, theSGH Warsaw School of Economics, theChopin University of Music, thePolish Academy of Sciences, theNational Philharmonic Orchestra, theNational Museum, and theWarsaw Grand Theatre, the largest of its kind in the world.The reconstructedOld Town, which represents a variety of European architectural styles, was listed as aWorld Heritage Sitein 1980.Other landmarks include theRoyal Castle,Sigismund's Column, theWilanów Palace, thePalace on the Isle,St. John's Archcathedral,Main Market Square, and numerous churches and mansions along theRoyal Route. Warsaw is a green capital, with around a quarter of the city's area occupied by parks.In sports, the city is home toLegia Warsawfootball club and hosts the annualWarsaw Marathon.
Warsaw's name in thePolish languageisWarszawa. Other previous spellings of the name may have included:Warszewa,Warszowa,WorszewaorWerszewa.The exact origin and meaning of the name is uncertain and has not been fully determined.Originally, Warszawa was the name of a small fishing settlement on the banks of theVistulariver. One hypothesis states thatWarszawameans "belonging to Warsz",Warszbeing a shortened form of the masculineOld Polishname Warcisław, which etymologically is linked withWrocław.However the ending -awa is unusual for a large city; the names of Polish cities derived from personal names usually end in -ów/owo/ew/ewo (e.g. Piotrków, Adamów).
Folk etymologyattributes the city name toWars and Sawa. There are several versions of the legend with their appearance. According to one version, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula with whom fisherman Wars fell in love.The official city name in full ismiasto stołeczne Warszawa("The Capital City of Warsaw").
A native or resident of Warsaw is known as aVarsovian– in Polishwarszawiak,warszawianin(male),warszawianka(female),warszawiacy, andwarszawianie(plural).
The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located inBródno(9th/10th century) andJazdów(12th/13th century).After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new fortified settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called "Warszowa". The Prince ofPłock, Bolesław II of Masovia, established the modern-day city in about 1300 and the first historical document attesting to the existence of acastellanydates to 1313.With the completion ofSt John's Cathedralin 1390, Warsaw became one of the seats of theDukes of Masoviaand was officially made capital of theMasovian Duchyin 1413.The economy then predominantly rested on craftsmanship or trade, and the town housed approximately 4,500 people at the time.
During the 15th century, the population migrated and spread beyond the northern city wall into a newly formed self-governing precinct calledNew Town. The existing older settlement became eventually known as theOld Town. Both possessed their own town charter and independent councils. The aim of establishing a separate district was to accommodate new incomers or "undesirables" who were not permitted to settle in Old Town, particularlyJews.Social and financial disparities between the classes in the two precincts led to a minor revolt in 1525.Following the sudden death ofJanusz IIIand the extinction of the local ducal line, Masovia was incorporated into theKingdom of Polandin 1526.Bona Sforza, wife ofSigismund I of Poland, was widely accused of poisoning the duke to uphold Polish rule over Warsaw.
In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of aGeneral Sejmand held that privilege permanently from 1569.The city's rising importance encouraged the construction of a new set of defenses, including the landmarkBarbican. RenownedItalian architectswere brought to Warsaw to reshape theRoyal Castle, the streets and the marketplace, resulting in the Old Town's early Italianate appearance. In 1573, the city gave its name to theWarsaw Confederationwhich formally established religious freedom in thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to its central location between the capitals of the Commonwealth's two component parts, Poland and Lithuania, which wereKrakówandVilniusrespectively, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and thePolish CrownwhenSigismund III Vasatransferred his royal court in 1596.In the subsequent years the town significantly expanded to the south and westwards. Several private independent districts (jurydyka) were the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which they ruled by their own laws. Between 1655 and 1658 the city was besieged and pillaged by the Swedish,BrandenburgianandTransylvanianforces.The conduct of theGreat Northern War(1700–1721) also forced Warsaw to pay heavy tributes to the invading armies.
The reign ofAugustus IIandAugustus IIIwas a time of great development for Warsaw, which turned into an early-capitalist city. TheSaxonmonarchs employed many German architects, sculptors and engineers, who rebuilt the city in a style similar toDresden. The year 1727 marked the opening of theSaxon Gardenin Warsaw, the first publicly accessible park.TheZałuski Library, the first Polish public library and the largest at the time, was founded in 1747.Stanisław II Augustus, who remodelled the interior of theRoyal Castle, also made Warsaw a centre of culture and the arts.He extended theRoyal Baths Parkand ordered the construction or refurbishment of numerous palaces, mansions and richly-decorated tenements. This earned Warsaw the nicknameParis of the North.
Warsaw remained the capital of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealthuntil 1795 when it was annexed by theKingdom of Prussiain the third and finalpartition of Poland;it subsequently became the capital of the province ofSouth Prussia. During this time,Louis XVIII of Francespent his exile in Warsaw under the pseudonymComte de Lille.
Warsaw was made the capital of a newly createdFrench client state, known as theDuchy of Warsaw, after a portion of Poland's territory was liberated from Prussia, Russia and Austria byNapoleonin 1806.Following Napoleon's defeat and exile, the 1815Congress of Viennaassigned Warsaw toCongress Poland, aconstitutional monarchywithin the easternmost sector (or partition) under apersonal unionwithImperial Russia.The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.
With the violation of thePolish constitution, the 1830November Uprisingbroke out against foreign influence. The Polish-Russian war of 1831 ended in the uprising's defeat and in the curtailment of Congress Poland's autonomy.On 27 February 1861, a Warsaw crowd protesting against Russian control over Congress Poland was fired upon by Russian troops.Five people were killed. The UndergroundPolish National Governmentresided in Warsaw during theJanuary Uprisingin 1863–64.
Warsaw flourished throughout the 19th century under MayorSokrates Starynkiewicz(1875–92), who was appointed byAlexander III. Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineerWilliam Lindleyand his son,William Heerlein Lindley, as well as the expansion and modernisation of trams, street lighting, and gas infrastructure.Between 1850 and 1882, the population grew by 134% to 383,000 as a result of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. Many migrated from surrounding rural Masovian towns and villages to the city for employment opportunities. The western borough ofWolawas transformed from an agricultural periphery occupied mostly by small farms and windmills (mills being the namesake of Wola's central neighbourhoodMłynów) to an industrial and manufacturing centre.Metallurgical, textile and glassware factories were commonplace, with chimneys dominating the westernmost skyline.
LikeLondon, Warsaw's population was subjected to income segmentation. Gentrification of inner suburbs forced poorer residents to move across the river intoPragaorPowiśleandSolecdistricts, similar to theEast End of LondonandLondon Docklands.Poorer religious and ethnic minorities, such as the Jews, settled in the crowded parts of northern Warsaw, inMuranów.TheImperial Censusof 1897 recorded 626,000 people living in Warsaw, making it the third-largest city of the Empire afterSt. Petersburgand Moscow as well as the largest city in the region.Grand architectural complexes and structures were also erected in the city centre, including theWarsaw Philharmonic, theChurch of the Holiest Saviourand tenements alongMarszałkowska Street.
DuringWorld War I, Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918. TheArmistice of 11 November 1918concluded that defeated Germany is to withdraw from all foreign areas, which included Warsaw.Germany did so, and underground leaderJózef Piłsudskireturned to Warsaw on the same day which marked the beginning of theSecond Polish Republic, the first truly sovereign Polish state after 1795. In the course of thePolish–Soviet War(1919–1921), the 1920Battle of Warsawwas fought on the eastern outskirts of the city. Poland successfully defended the capital, stopped the brunt of the BolshevikRed Armyand temporarily halted the "export of the communist revolution" to other parts of Europe.
The interwar period (1918–1939) was a time of major development in the city's infrastructure. Newmodernisthousing estates were built inMokotówto de-clutter the densely populated inner suburbs. In 1921, Warsaw's total area was estimated at only 124.7 kmwith 1 million inhabitants–over 8,000 people/kmmade Warsaw more densely populated than contemporary London.TheŚrednicowy Bridgewas constructed for railway (1921–1931), connecting both parts of the city across theVistula.Warszawa Główna railway station(1932–1939) was not completed due to the outbreak of theSecond World War.
Stefan Starzyńskiwas theMayor of Warsawbetween 1934 and 1939.
After the GermanInvasion of Polandon 1 September 1939 started the Second World War, Warsawwas defendeduntil 27 September. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of theGeneral Government, a GermanNazicolonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population – several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city – were herded into theWarsaw Ghetto.In July 1942, the Jews of the Warsaw Ghetto began to be deported en masse to theAktion Reinhardextermination camps, particularlyTreblinka.The city would become the centre of urban resistance to Nazi rule in occupied Europe.When the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part ofHitler's "Final Solution" on 19 April 1943, Jewish fighters launched theWarsaw Ghetto Uprising.Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the ghetto held out for almost a month.When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were massacred, with only a few managing to escape or hide.
By July 1944, theRed Armywas deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Nazis toward Warsaw.ThePolish government-in-exilein London gave orders to the undergroundHome Army (AK)to try to seize control of Warsaw before the Red Army arrived. Thus, on 1 August 1944, as the Red Army was nearing the city, theWarsaw uprisingbegan.The armed struggle, planned to last 48 hours, was partially successful, however, it went on for 63 days. Eventually, the Home Army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate.They were transported toPoWcamps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled.Polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000.
Hitler, ignoring the agreed terms of the capitulation, ordered theentire city to be razed to the groundand the library and museum collections taken to Germany or burned.Monuments and government buildings were blown up by special German troops known asVerbrennungs- und Vernichtungskommando("Burning and Destruction Detachments").About 85% of the city was destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle.
On 17 January 1945 – after the beginning of theVistula–Oder Offensiveof theRed Army– Soviet troops and Polish troops of theFirst Polish Armyentered the ruins of Warsaw, and liberated Warsaw's suburbs from German occupation.The city was swiftly freed by the Soviet Army, which rapidly advanced towardsŁódź, as German forces regrouped at a more westward position.
In 1945, after the bombings, revolts, fighting, and demolition had ended, most of Warsaw lay in ruins. The area of the former ghetto was razed to the ground, with only a sea of rubble remaining. The immense destruction prompted a temporary transfer of the new government and its officials toŁódź, which became the transitional seat of power. Nevertheless, Warsaw officially resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life.
After World War II, the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign was initiated and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the major housing shortage.Plattenbau-styled apartment buildings were seen as a solution to avoid Warsaw's former density problem and to create more green spaces. Some of the buildings from the 19th century that had survived in a reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless demolished in the 1950s and 1960s, like theKronenberg Palace.TheŚródmieście(central) region's urban system was completely reshaped; former cobblestone streets wereasphaltedand significantly widened for traffic use. Many notable streets such as Gęsia, Nalewki and Wielka disappeared as a result of these changes and some were split in half due to the construction ofPlac Defilad(Parade Square), one of the largest of its kind in Europe.
Much of the central district was also designated for future skyscrapers. The 237-metrePalace of Culture and Scienceresembling New York'sEmpire State Buildingwas built as a gift from the Soviet Union.Warsaw's urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture.Despite wartime destruction and post-war remodelling, many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form.
John Paul II's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding"Solidarity" movementand encouraged the growinganti-communistfervor there.In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass inVictory Squarein Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to "renew the face" of Poland.These words were meaningful for Varsovians and Poles who understood them as the incentive for liberal-democratic reforms.
In 1995, theWarsaw Metroopened with a single line.A second line was opened in March 2015.On 28 September 2022, three new Warsaw metro stations were opened, increasing the number of Warsaw Metro stations to 36 and its length to 38.3 kilometers.In February 2023, Warsaw's mayor,Rafał Trzaskowski, announced plans to more than double the size of the city's metro system by 2050.
With the entry of Poland into theEuropean Unionin 2004,Warsaw is experiencing a large economic boom.The opening fixture ofUEFA Euro 2012took place in Warsawand the city also hosted the2013 United Nations Climate Change Conferenceand the2016 NATO Summit.As of August 2022, Warsaw had received around 180,000 refugees from Ukraine, because of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The amount means a tenth of the Polish capital's population of 1.8 million — the second-largest single group of Ukrainian refugees.
Warsaw lies in east-central Poland about 300 km (190 mi) from theCarpathian Mountainsand about 260 km (160 mi) from theBaltic Sea, 523 km (325 mi) east of Berlin, Germany.The city straddles theVistulaRiver. It is located in the heartland of theMasovian Plain, and its average elevation is 100 m (330 ft) above sea level. The highest point on the West side of the city lies at a height of 115.7 m (380 ft) ("Redutowa" bus depot, district of Wola), on the East side – 122.1 m (401 ft) ("Groszówka" estate, district of Wesoła, by the eastern border). The lowest point lies at a height 75.6 m (248 ft) (at the right bank of the Vistula, by the eastern border of Warsaw). There are some hills (mostly artificial) located within the confines of the city – e.g. Warsaw Uprising Hill (121 m (397 ft)) and Szczęśliwice hill (138 m (453 ft) – the highest point of Warsaw in general).
Warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces. The Vistula River is the specific axis of Warsaw, which divides the city into two parts, left and right. The left one is situated both on themoraineplateau (10 to 25 m (33 to 82 ft) above Vistula level) and on the Vistula terraces (max. 6.5 m (21 ft) above Vistula level). The significant element of the relief, in this part of Warsaw, is the edge of moraine plateau called Warsaw Escarpment. It is 20 to 25 m (66 to 82 ft) high in the Old Town and Central district and about 10 m (33 ft) in the north and south of Warsaw. It goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark.
The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups ofclay pits. The pattern of the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consists mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one is the floodplain terrace. The contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and grounddepressionswith water systems coming from the old Vistula – riverbed. They consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches. The right side of Warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms. There are several levels of the Vistula plain terraces (flooded as well as formerly flooded), and only a small part is a not-so-visible moraine escarpment.Aeoliansand with a number of dunes parted bypeatswamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace. These are mainly forested areas (pine forest).
Warsaw experiences anoceanic(Köppen:Cfb)orhumid continental(Köppen:Dfb)climate, depending on the isotherm used;although the city used to be humid continental regardless of isotherm prior to the recent effect ofclimate changeand the city'surban heat island.Meanwhile, by the genetic climate classification ofWincenty Okołowicz, it has atemperate"fusion" climate, with both oceanic and continental features.
The city has cold, sometimes snowy, cloudy winters, and warm, relatively sunny but frequently stormy summers. Spring and autumn can be unpredictable, highly prone to sudden weather changes; however, temperatures are usually mild, especially around May and September.The daily average temperature ranges between −1.5 °C (29 °F) in January and 19.7 °C (67.5 °F) in July and the mean year temperature is 9.0 °C (48.2 °F). Temperatures may reach 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer, although the effects of hot weather are usually offset by relatively low dew points and large diurnal temperature differences. Warsaw is Europe's sixth driest major city (driest inCentral Europe), with yearly rainfall averaging 550 mm (22 in), the wettest month being July.
Warsaw's long and eclectic history left a noticeable mark on its architecture and urban form. Unlike most Polish cities, Warsaw's cityscape is mostlycontemporary– modern glass buildings are towering above older historical edifices which is a common feature ofNorth Americanmetropolises. Warsaw is among the European cities with the highest number of skyscrapers and is home toEuropean Union's tallest building. Skyscrapers are mostly centered around theŚródmieściedistrict, with many located in the commercial district ofWola. Aconcentric zone patternemerged within the last decades; the majority of Warsaw's residents live outside the commercial city centre and commute bymetro, bus or tram.Tenementsand apartments in the central neighbourhoods are often reserved for commercial activity or temporary (tourist, student) accommodation. The nearest residential zones are predominantly located on the outskirts of the inner borough, inOchota,MokotówandŻoliborzor along theVistulainPowiśle.
A seat ofPolish monarchssince the end of the 16th century, Warsaw remained a small city with only privately owned palaces, mansions, villas and several streets of townhouses. These displayed a richness of color and architectonic details. The finest German, Italian and Dutch architects were employed, among themTylman van Gameren,Andreas Schlüter,Jakub Fontana, andEnrico Marconi.The buildings situated in the vicinity of theWarsaw Old Townrepresent nearly every European architectural style andhistorical period. Warsaw has excellent examples of architecture from theGothic,Renaissance,BaroqueandNeoclassicalperiods, all of which are located within walking distance of the centre. This architectural richness has led to Warsaw being described by some commentators as a "Paris of the East".
Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at theburgherhouses and fortifications. The most significant buildings areSt John's Cathedral(1390), a typical example of the so-called MasovianBrick Gothicstyle;St Mary's Church(1411); the Burbachtownhouse(14th century);Gunpowder Tower (after 1379); andRoyal Castle'sCuria Maior(1407–1410). The most notable examples ofRenaissance architecturein the city are the house of the Baryczko merchant family (1562), a building called "The Negro" (early 17th century), and Salwator tenement (1632), all situated on theOld Market Place. The most interesting examples ofManneristarchitecture are theRoyal Castle(1596–1619) and theJesuit Church(1609–1626).
Baroque architecturearrived in Warsaw at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries with the artists from the court circle of KingSigismund III Vasa(the early Warsaw Baroque is referred to as Vasa Baroque). Among the first structures of the early Baroque, the most important areSt. Hyacinth's ChurchandSigismund's Column, the first secular monument in the form of a column in modern history.At that time, part of theRoyal Castlewas rebuilt in this style, theUjazdów Castleand numerous Baroque palaces on theVistulaescarpment were constructed. In the architecture of Catholic churches, theCounter-Reformationtype became a novelty, exemplified by theChurch of St. Anthony of Padua, theCarmelite Churchand theHoly Cross Church.
Warsaw Baroque from the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries was characterized by building facades with a predominance of vertical elements close to the wall and numerousornaments. The most important architect working in Warsaw at that time wasTylman van Gameren. His projects include theKrasiński Palace,Palace of the Four Winds,Ostrogski Palace,Czapski Palace,Brühl Palace, andSt. Kazimierz Church. The most significant Baroque building of this period is theWilanów Palace, built on the order of KingJohn III Sobieski.
The late Baroque era was the epoch of theSaxon Kings(1697–1763). During this time, three major spatial projects were realized: the 880-meter Piaseczyński Canal on the axis ofUjazdów Castle, theUjazdów Calvaryand theSaxon Axis. TheVisitationist Churchalso dates from this period.
Theneoclassical architecturebegan to be the main style in the capital's architecture in Warsaw in the second half of the 18th century thanks to KingStanisław August Poniatowski. It can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms teamed with a great inspiration from the Roman period. The best-known architect who worked in Warsaw at the time wasDomenico Merlini, who designed thePalace on the Isle. Other significant buildings from this period includeKrólikarnia,Holy Trinity Church,St. Anne's Church, Warsaw.
Also in the first half of the 19th century,neoclassicismdominated the architecture of Warsaw. Old buildings were rebuilt and new ones were built in this style. The neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture; the most notable examples are theGreat Theater, buildings located atBank Square, headquarters of theWarsaw Society of Friends of Sciences(Staszic Palace),St. Alexander's Church, theBelweder. Many classicist tenement houses were built on Senatorska Street and alongNowy Świat Street. After the outbreak of theNovember Uprising, theWarsaw Citadelwas constructed in the north of the city, and theSaxon Palaceunderwent a complete reconstruction, where the central body of the building was demolished and replaced by a monumental 11-baycolonnade.
In the mid-19th century, the industrial revolution reached Warsaw, leading to the mass use of iron as a building material. In 1845, theWarsaw-Vienna Railway Stationwas opened. Another important aspect of the developing city was ensuring access to water and sewage disposal. The first modern Warsaw water supply system was launched in 1855, designed by one of the most outstanding architects of that period –Enrico Marconi, who designed alsoAll Saints Church. The dynamic development of the railway became a factor that enabled equally dynamic development of Warsaw's industry. Among the establishments built at that time were theWedel factoryand the extensiveMunicipal Gasworks complex.
In the architecture of the 1920s, national historicism and other historical forms were dominant.Art Decoforms also appeared, and towards the end of the decade, avant-garde functionalism emerged. The creation of urban plans for the capital of Poland can be traced back to 1916, when, after theretreat of the Russiansfrom Warsaw and the beginnings of the German occupation, the territories of the surrounding municipalities were annexed to the city. Even before Poland regained its independence, parallel to the creation of the administration of the future state, the first urban visions were emerging. These included, among others, the construction of a representative government district in the southern part ofŚródmieście. However, major changes in urban planning and the architectural landscape of the city only began in the mid-1920s. The forming state structures needed headquarters, leading to the construction of many monumental public buildings, including thebuildings of the Sejm and the Senate, theMinistry of Religious Affairs and Public Education, theMinistry of Public Works, theNational Museum, theState Geological Institute, the State Agricultural Bank, theDomestic Economy Bank, the directorate of thePolish State Railways, theSupreme Audit Office, and the campus of theWarsaw School of Economics. New districts were also established inŻoliborz,Ochota, andMokotów, often designed around a central square with radiating streets (Narutowicz Square,Wilson Square). Examples of new large urban projects are the Staszic andLubecki coloniesinOchota.
Exceptional examples of thebourgeoisarchitecture of the later periods were not restored by thecommunistauthorities after the war or were remodelled into a socialist realist style (likeWarsaw Philharmonicedifice originally inspired byPalais GarnierinParis). Despite that, theWarsaw University of Technology(Polytechnic) building.is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture. Some 19th-century industrial and brick workhouse buildings in the Praga district were restored, though many have been poorly maintained or demolished.Notable examples of post-war architecture include thePalace of Culture and Science, asoc-realistandart decoskyscraper based on theEmpire State Buildingin New York. TheConstitution Squarewith its monumentalsocialist realismarchitecture (MDM estate) was modelled on the grand squares of Paris, London, Moscow andRome.Italianatetuscan-styledcolonnades based on those atPiazza della Repubblica in Romewere also erected onSaviour Square.
Contemporary architecturein Warsaw is represented by the Metropolitan Office Building atPilsudski SquareandVarsotower, both byNorman Foster,Warsaw University Library(BUW) by Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski, featuring a garden on its roof and view of the Vistula River,Rondo 1office building bySkidmore, Owings & Merrill,Złota 44residential skyscraper byDaniel Libeskind,Museum of the History of Polish JewsbyRainer MahlamäkiandGolden Terraces, consisting of seven overlapping domes retail and business centre. Jointly with Moscow, Istanbul, Frankfurt, London, Paris and Rotterdam, Warsaw is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in Europe.
Although contemporary Warsaw is a fairly young city compared to other European capitals, it has numeroustourist attractionsand architectural monuments dating back centuries. Apart from theWarsaw Old Townarea, reconstructed after World War II, each borough has something to offer. Among the most notable landmarks of the Old Town are theRoyal Castle,Sigismund's Column,Market Square, and theBarbican.
Further south is the so-calledRoyal Route, with many historical churches,BaroqueandClassicistpalaces, most notably thePresidential Palace, and theUniversity of Warsawcampus. The former royal residence of KingJohn III SobieskiatWilanówis notable for its Baroque architecture and eloquent palatial garden.
In many places in the city theJewish cultureandhistoryresonates down through time.Among them the most notable are theJewish theater, theNożyk Synagogue,Janusz Korczak's Orphanage and the picturesque Próżna Street.The tragic pages of Warsaw's history are commemorated in places such as theMonument to the Ghetto Heroes, theUmschlagplatz, fragments of the ghetto wall on Sienna Street and a mound in memory of theJewish Combat Organization.
Many places commemorate the heroic history of Warsaw such asPawiak, a GermanGestapoprison now occupied by aMausoleumof Memory ofMartyrdomand a museum. TheWarsaw Citadel, a 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of theNovember Uprising, was a place of martyrdom for the Poles. Another important monument, the statue ofLittle Insurrectionistlocated at the ramparts of the Old Town, commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising, while theWarsaw Uprising Monumentby Wincenty Kućma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of World War II.
In Warsaw there are many places connected with the life and work ofFrédéric Chopinwho was born near the city inŻelazowa Wola. The heart of the Polish composer is sealed inside Warsaw'sHoly Cross Church.During the summer time theChopin Statuein Łazienki Park is a place where pianists give concerts to the park audience.
Also many references toMarie Curie, her work and her family can be found in Warsaw; Curie's birthplace at theWarsaw New Town, the working places where she did her first scientific worksand theRadium Instituteat Wawelska Street for the research and the treatment of which she founded in 1925.
The oldestnecropolisin Warsaw isStare Powązki, established in 1790. It is one of Poland's national necropolises.
The cemetery covers an area of 43 ha. On the day of consecration of the Powązki Cemetery, the foundation stone was laid for the construction of the church ofSaint Charles Borromeo, designed by the royal architectDomenico Merlini. Catacombs were intended to be a prestigious resting place intended mainly for the nobles, such asMichał Poniatowski,Hugo Kołłątaj,Michał Kazimierz Ogiński. Over a million people are buried at Stare Powązki. In the Avenue of Merit there are the graves of insurgents and soldiers, independence activists, writers, poets, scientists, artists and thinkers.The nearbyPowązki Military Cemeterywas established in 1912 for soldiers stationed in Warsaw. AfterWorld War II, the cemetery became a burial place for people associated with thePolish People's Republic- politicians, officials and military personnel.
The complex of non-Roman Catholic cemeteries consists ofEvangelical–Augsburg Cemetery,Evangelical Reformed Cemetery,Jewish Cemetery,Orthodox Cemeteryand Muslim Tatar Cemetery.Other significant Warsaw necropolises are:Bródno CemeteryWarsaw Insurgents Cemetery,Służew Old Cemetery,Służew New Cemetery. There are two large municipal cemeteries in the city –Northern Communal Cemeteryand Southern Communal Cemetery.
The city's symbol is themermaidplaced in the capital's coat of arms. There are three mermaid monuments in Warsaw: one on the banks of theVistula, the second on theOld Town Square, and the third inPraga-Południe. The oldest monument in Warsaw is theSigismund's Column. It was built in 1644 according to the design of the Italians: Augustine Locci and Constantin Tencall. The King of PolandSigismund III Vasastands on a 22-meter high tower, holding a cross and a sword in his hand. The monument was destroyed and rebuilt many times.
Many monuments commemorate heroic and tragic moments in the history of Poland and Warsaw.The Tomb of the Unknown Soldierlocated inPiłsudski Squarewas built on the initiative of GeneralWładysław Sikorskiin the arcades of theSaxon Palace. In 1925, the ashes of the unknown soldier who died during thedefense of Lvivwere placed under the colonnade, then urns with soil from 24 battlefields were buried here. Among the monuments related to theWorld War IIareNike Monumentthat commemorates the heroes of Warsaw from 1939 to 1945,Monument to the Polish Underground State and Home Army, Monument to theLittle InsurrectionistandWarsaw Uprising Monumentin front of the Supreme Court building atKrasiński Square.Monument to the Ghetto Heroescommemorates the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943.
In 1929, amonument to Frédéric Chopinwas constructed in the RoyalŁazienki Park.  Every summer at its foot classical music concerts featuring world-famous pianists take place. Other important monuments are:Adam Mickiewicz Monument,Tadeusz Kościuszko Monument, Marie Curie Monument,Prince Józef  Poniatowski Monument,Nicolaus Copernicus Monument,Stefan Starzyński Monument,Józef Piłsudski Monument,Janusz Korczak Monument.
Green space covers almost a quarter of Warsaw's total area.These range from small neighborhood parks and green spaces along streets or in courtyards, to tree-lined avenues, large historic parks, nature conservation areas and urban forests at the fringe of the city. There are as many as 82 parks in the city;the oldest ones were once part of representative palaces and include theSaxonandKrasińskiGardens,Łazienki Park(Royal Baths Park) andWilanów PalaceParkland.
The Saxon Garden, covering an area of 15.5 ha, formally served as a royal garden to the now nonexistentSaxon Palace. In 1727, it was made into one of the world's first public parks and later remodelled in the forest-likeEnglish style. TheTomb of the Unknown Soldieris situated at the east end of the park near the central fountain, onPiłsudski Square. With its benches, flower carpets and a central pond, the Krasiński Palace Garden was once a notable strolling destination for most Varsovians. The Łazienki Park covers an area of 76 ha and its unique character and history is reflected in thelandscape architecture(pavilions, sculptures, bridges, water cascades) and vegetation (domestic and foreign species of trees and shrubs). The presence ofpeacocks,pheasantsand squirrels at Łazienki attracts tourists and locals. The Wilanów Palace Parkland on the outskirts of Warsaw traces it history to the second half of the 17th century and covers an area of 43 ha. ItsFrench-styled alleyscorresponds to the ancient, Baroque forms of the palace.
The Botanical Garden and theUniversity Libraryrooftop garden host an extensive collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while apalm housein the New Orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world.Mokotów Field(once a racetrack),Ujazdów ParkandSkaryszewski Parkare also located within the city borders. The oldestpark in the Pragaborough was established between 1865 and 1871.
The flora of Warsaw may be considered very rich in species on city standards. This is mainly due to the location of Warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas (natural forests, wetlands along the Vistula) as well asarable land,meadowsand forests. The nearbyKampinos Nature Reserveis the last remaining part of the MasovianPrimeval Forestand is protected by law.TheKabaty Woodsare by the southern city border and are visited by the residents of southern boroughs such asUrsynów. There are 13 natural reserves in the vicinity and just 15 kilometres (9 miles) from Warsaw, the environment features a perfectly preservedecosystemwith a habitat of animals like theotter,beaversand hundreds of bird species.There are also several lakes in Warsaw – mainly theoxbow lakesatCzerniakówandKamionek.
TheWarsaw Zoocovers an area of 40 hectares (99 acres).There are about 5,000 animals representing nearly 500 species.Although officially created in 1928,it traces back its roots to 17th century private menageries, often open to the public.
Demographically, Warsaw was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born residents.In addition to the Polish majority, there was a large and thriving Jewish minority. According to theImperial Census of 1897, out of the total population of 638,000, Jews constituted 219,000 (equivalent to 34%).Prior to the Second World War, Warsaw hosted the world's second largest Jewish population afterNew York– approximately 30 percent of the city's total population in the late 1930s.In 1933, 833,500 out of 1,178,914 people declaredPolishas their mother tongue.There was also a notableGerman community.The ethnic composition of contemporary Warsaw is incomparable to the diversity that existed for nearly 300 years.Most of the modern-day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation. In the2021 census, 98.78% of Warsaw residents identified themselves asPolish, 0.46% asUkrainian, 0.31% asBelarusianand 0.21% asJewish.
In 1939, approximately 1,300,000 people resided in Warsaw;by 1945 the population had dropped to 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth rate was high and the city soon began to suffer from the lack of flats and dwellings to house new incomers. The first remedial measure was the enlargement of Warsaw's total area (1951) – however the city authorities were still forced to introduce limitations; only the spouses and children of permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (renowned specialists, artists, engineers) were permitted to stay. This negatively affected the image of an average Warsaw citizen, who was perceived as more privileged than those migrating from rural areas, towns or other cities. While all restrictions on residency registration were scrapped in 1990, the negative opinion of Varsovians in some form continues to this day.
Warsaw metropolitan areais an example of the development of a strongly polarized region. The capital, along with its immediate surroundings, concentrates over half of the demographic potential of theMasovian Voivodeship, 2/3 of residents with higher education, and 3/4 of larger economic entities employing more than 50 workers.
Current demographic development trends are as follows:
In the coming years, an increase in the city's population is predicted, with migration being the main factor determining the state and structure of Warsaw's population, including mainly internal (national) and external (foreign) influx. Changes in the population are not uniform for the entire Warsaw and in the division into districts, the predicted demographic changes will have a varied course. A decrease in population is forecasted in some central districts (Praga-Północ,Śródmieście) and an increase in other districts.
In 2019, it was estimated that 40,000 people living in Warsaw were foreign-born. Of those,Ukrainians,Vietnamese,Belarusians, andRussianswere the most prominent groups.AfterRussia's aggression against Ukraine, over 1.1 million refugees from Ukraine passed through Warsaw, and at the beginning of March 2022, approximately 40,000 people applied for help every day. According to official data, over 104,000 of Ukrainian citizens who arrived in the first days after the outbreak of the war still reside in the city, including 17,000 young people and children attending urban educational institutions.Due to theRussian invasion of Ukraine, the immigrant population has increased significantly to about 340,000.
Throughout its existence, Warsaw had been a multi-cultural and multi-religious city.According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek Orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants.Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818Mariavites(0.4%).This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of theWarsaw Uprisingin 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.
Thearchdiocese of Warsawand theDiocese of Warsaw-Pragaare the two ecclesiastical districts active in the city which serve the largeRoman Catholicpopulation of 1.4 million.TheLutheran Diocese of Warsawis one of six in Poland; its main house of worship is theHoly Trinity Churchfrom 1782, one of Warsaw's most important and historic landmarks. TheEvangelical Reformed Parish(Calvinist) is leading thePolish Reformed Church. The main tserkva of theOrthodox Christiansis Praga'sCathedral of St. Mary Magdalenefrom 1869. The Jewish Commune of Warsaw (Gmina Wyznaniowa Żydowska) is one of eight in the country; Chief Rabbi of PolandMichael Schudrichresides in the city. There are also 3 activesynagogues, one of which is the pre-warNożyk Synagoguedesignated forOrthodox Jews. An Islamic Cultural Centre inOchotaand a smallmosqueinWilanówserve the Muslims.
There are severalMarian shrinesin the city, including:sanctuary of the Gracious Mother of Godwith her image crowned in 1651 in the presence ofKing John Casimir. Another patron of the city isBlessed Władysław of Gielniów, bernardine from theSt. Anne's Church. The greatest cult is that ofSt. Andrew Bobola, patron of the metropolis of Warsaw, whoserelicsare in the sanctuary of St. Andrew Bobola inMokotów.
As the capital of Poland, Warsaw is the political centre of the country. Almost all central government institutions are located there, including theChancellery of the President, both houses of thePolish Parliament(thelower housecalledSejmand theupper housecalledSenate), theChancellery of the Prime Minister, theConstitutional Tribunal, theSupreme Court, and theSupreme Administrative Court. Warsaw is also host to many major international organizations, includingFrontexand theOffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights(the oldest and principal institution of theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe).
The city is represented in the parliament by 20members of Sejm(out of 460) and 4senators(out of 100). In addition, Warsaw together with its metropolitan area elects 6MEPs(Members of the European Parliament) out of 705.
The first city mayor of Warsaw was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696).The municipal self-government existed in Warsaw until World War II and was restored in 1990 (during the communist times, the National City Council –Miejska Rada Narodowa– governed in Warsaw). Since 1990, the structure of city government has been modified several times.Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw city mayors simultaneously led theWarsaw Voivodeship. In the years 1990–1994, the city mayor of Warsaw was elected by thecity council.Subsequently, a controversial reform was introduced, transforming the city in the years of 1994–1999 into a loose municipal union of several gminas, dominated by one of them, the gmina Centrum encompassing the entire inner city. During this period, the mayor of gmina Centrum who was elected by its council was automatically designated as the city mayor of Warsaw, in spite of representing only a fraction of the population of the city. The city was becoming increasingly unmanageable, especially after the administrative reform of Poland in 1999 which further complicated the local government structure of Warsaw. In 2002, the newWarsaw Actof the Polish parliament restored Warsaw as a single urban gmina with the status of a city with powiat rights, led by a unified local government. At the same time, a significant reform was implemented in all Polish municipal governments, introducing direct elections of the wójt/town mayor/city mayor in all Polish gminas.The first city mayor of Warsaw elected according to these rules wasLech Kaczyński, who however resigned ahead of term when he was electedPresident of Polish Republicin 2005.
Warsaw has thereafter remained anurban gminawith the status of acity with powiat rights.Legislative powerin Warsaw is vested in aunicameralWarsaw City Council(Rada Miasta), which comprises 60 members.Council members are elected directly every five years (since2018 election). Like most legislative bodies, the city council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.The city mayor exercises the executive power in the city, being the superior of all unelected municipal- or county-level officials and other employees and supervising all subsidiary entities of the city. The incumbentcity mayor of WarsawisRafał Trzaskowski.
TheWarsaw Actimposes a mandatory division into 18 auxiliary units calleddzielnica(district) on the city. In spite of remaining an integral part of the city as an entity, the districts have a degree of autonomy legally guaranteed through a form of an own local self-government exercising some powers devolved by law from the city. They have the duty to assist the city mayor and the City Council in their tasks, such as supervising some municipal companies, city-owned property or schools. Each of the 18 city districts has an own council (rada dzielnicy)which elects an executive board (zarząd dzielnicy) headed by a district mayor (burmistrz dzielnicy), the latter elected by the council among several candidates nominated by the city mayor of Warsaw among the council's members.
As a result, Warsaw has thereafter continued as anurban gminaholding status of acity with powiat rights, divided into 18 districts (dzielnica),auxiliary municipal units established within the city as an entity as its integral parts, though with some limited powers devolved from the city to their own local self-governments.Each of the districts is customarily subdivided into several neighbourhoods lacking any meaningful legal or administrative powers. The central district ofŚródmieścieincludes the two founding neighbourhoods of the city, called theOld Town(Stare Miasto) and theNew Town(Nowe Miasto).
Warsaw is the leading economic and financial hub of theVisegrád Groupand theThree Seas Initiative. In 2021, the city's gross metropolitan product (GDP) was estimated at €100 billion, which places Warsaw20thamong themetropolitan areasin theEuropean Unionwith largest GDP.Warsaw generates almost 1/5 of thePolish GDPand the country's national income.In 2020, Warsaw was classified as aglobal city, because Warsaw is a major global city that links economic regions into the world economy.
Warsaw's city centre (Śródmieście) and commercialWoladistrict are home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. Warsaw's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally, regionally, and nationally. In 2019 Warsaw was one of the top destinations for foreign investors in Europe.
The average monthly gross salary in the enterprise sector in the last quarter of 2022 amounted to 8,104PLNand was 404PLNhigher than the average in theMasovian Voivodeshipand as much as 1,450PLNhigher than in Poland. The highest gross salary was received by employees working in the information and communication section (11,701.47PLN). There are 525,475 registered business entities in Warsaw, most of them in the districts ofŚródmieście,Mokotów,WolaandPraga-Południe, 1.1 million people work in the enterprise sector. Warsaw has a well-developed office base, the office space is 6.27 million m2. The largest office buildings areVarso(63,800 m),Warsaw Spire(60 000 m), Forest Tower (51,500 m) and P180 (32,000 m), the largest projects under construction areThe Bridge(47,000 m) andSkyliner II(38,000 m). The space resources of shopping centers in the Warsaw agglomeration in amount to over 1.7 million m.
In October 2019 Warsaw's unemployment rate was 1.3%, the lowest in the country.Shopping andconsumerismis an important component of Warsaw's economy. The retail streets in Warsaw areNew World Street(Nowy Świat) along withKrakowskie Przedmieście. These streets and their neighboring areas host many luxury stores and popular restaurants. However, most retailers choose to operate in the central shopping centres andmallssuch asZłote Tarasy-Golden Terraces,Galeria MokotówandWestfield Arkadia.Luxury goodsas well as designer labels can be found in the Vitkac Department Store and aroundFrascati.
Warsaw's firststock exchangewas established in 1817 and continued trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of a communistplanned economyand the reintroduction of afree-market economy.Today, theWarsaw Stock Exchange(WSE) is, according to many indicators,the largest market in the region, with 433 companies listed and total capitalisation of 1 trillionPLNas of 26 November 2020.From 1991 until 2000, the stock exchange was, ironically, located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the communistPolish United Workers' Party(PZPR).
The most prominent industries and industrial sectors include high-tech, electrotechnical, chemical, cosmetic, construction, food processing, printing,metallurgy, machinery and clothing. The majority of production plants and facilities are concentrated within the WOP Warsaw Industrial Precinct (Warszawski Okręg Przemysłowy) which is situated around the city's peripheral localities such asPraga,Pruszków,Sochaczew,Piaseczno,MarkiandŻyrardów.Warsaw has developed a particularly strongretail market/sector, representing around 13% of the total retail stock in the country.
Following World War II, the authorities decided that the city will be transformed into a major centre forheavy industryand manufacturing. As a result, numerous large factories and production facilities were built in and around the city. Among the largest wereHuta Warszawasteel works, nowarcelor), theUrsus SA, and theFabryka Samochodów Osobowych(FSO) car factory. The now-defunct FSO, established in 1951, was once Warsaw's most successful corporation. Notable vehicles assembled there over the decades include theFSO Warszawa,FSO Syrena,Polski Fiat 125pand theFSO Polonez. In 1995, the factory was purchased by theSouth Koreancar manufacturerDaewoo, which assembled its models in Warsaw for the European market.
The estimated number of tourist arrivals to Warsaw in 2022 was over 9 million. Most tourists came from theUnited Kingdom(347,000),Germany(321,000), theUnited States(206,000) andFrance(145,000). Additionally, Warsaw was visited by 5.8 million one-day tourists, giving a total of over 14.8 million tourists in 2022. The above data does not includeUkrainian citizenswho came to Warsaw in connection with theRussian invasion of Ukraine. The accommodation base consists of 1,010 hotels offering over 56,000 beds. The estimated contribution of the tourism economy to Warsaw'sGDPis  12.9 billion PLN, and the tourism industry employs 87,703 people.
144,220 people used Warsaw Tourist Lines in 2022 - almost 14,000 more than previous year. In the summer, Warsaw residents and tourists could use ferries across the Vistula, a ship to Serock, bus and tram lines operated with historic rolling stock, and a narrow-gauge railway. The most popular attraction among tourists was theRoyal Łazienki Museum, which was visited by 5,265,110 tourists.
Warsaw is an important center for conferences and congresses. The Warsaw Convention Bureau collected information on 9,000 events in 2022, which gathered a total of 1,240,467 participants in Warsaw.
Warsaw is the media centre of Poland, and the location of the main headquarters ofTVPand other numerous local and national TV andradio stations, such asPolskie Radio(Polish Radio),TVN,Polsat,TV4,TV Puls,Canal+ Poland,Cyfra+andMTV Poland.Warsaw also has a sizable movie and television industry. The city houses several movie companies andstudios.
Since May 1661 the first Polish newspaper, thePolish Ordinary Mercury, was printed in Warsaw. The city is also the printing capital of Poland with a wide variety of domestic and foreign periodicals expressing diverse views, and domestic newspapers are extremely competitive.Rzeczpospolita,Gazeta WyborczaandDziennik Polska-Europa-Świat, Poland's large nationwide daily newspapers,have their headquarters in Warsaw.
Since World War II, Warsaw has been the most important centre of film production in Poland. Among the movie companies are TOR, Czołówka, Zebra andKadrwhich is behind several international movie productions.The city itself has featured in numerous movies, both Polish and foreign, for example:KanałandKorczakbyAndrzej WajdaandThe DecaloguebyKrzysztof Kieślowski, also includingOscarwinnerThe PianistbyRoman Polański.It is also home to the National Film Archive, which, since 1955, has been collecting and preserving Polish film culture.
Warsaw holds some of the finest institutions of higher education in Poland. It is home to four major universities and over 62 smaller schools of higher education.The overall number of students of all grades of education in Warsaw is almost 500,000 (29.2% of the city population; 2002). The number of university students is over 280,000.Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities.
TheUniversity of Warsawwas established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, inKraków.The university is the largest in the country, and often regarded as one of the most prestigious, with international recognition in mathematics and science.Warsaw University of Technologyis the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest inEast-Central Europe.Other institutions for higher education include theMedical University of Warsaw, the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious; theNational DefenceUniversity, the highest military academic institution in Poland; theFryderyk Chopin University of Music, the oldest and largest music school in Poland and one of the largest in Europe;theWarsaw School of Economics, the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country;theWarsaw University of Life Sciences, the largest agricultural university, founded in 1818;and theSWPS University, the first private secular university in the country.
Warsaw has numerous libraries, many of which contain vast collections of historic documents. The most important library in terms of historic document collections is theNational Library of Poland. The library holds 8.2 million volumes in its collection.Formed in 1928,it sees itself as a successor to theZałuski Library, the biggest in Poland and one of the first and biggest libraries in the world.
Another important library – the University Library, founded in 1816,is home to over two million items.The building was designed by architects Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski and opened on 15 December 1999.It is surrounded by green. The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 June 2002. It is one of the largest roof gardens in Europe with an area of more than 10,000 m(110,000 sq ft), and plants covering 5,111 m(55,010 sq ft).As the university garden it is open to the public every day.
Warsaw is a considerable transport hub linkingWestern, Central and Eastern Europe. The city has a goodnetwork of busesand a continuously expanding perpendicularmetrorunning north to south and east to west. Thetram systemis one of the biggest in Europe, with a total length of 133 km (83 mi).As a result of increased foreign investment, economic growth and EU funding, the city has undertaken the construction of new roads,flyoversand bridges.The supervising body is the City Roads Authority (ZDM –Zarząd Dróg Miejskich).
The first section of theWarsaw Metrowas opened in 1995 initially with a total of 11 stations.As of 2024, it has 39 stations running a distance of approximately 41 km (25 mi).
Public transport also extends tolight railWarszawska Kolej Dojazdowaline, urban railwaySzybka Kolej Miejska,regional railKoleje Mazowieckie(Mazovian Railways),andbicycle sharing systems(Veturilo). The buses, trams, urban railway and Metro are managed by thePublic Transport Authorityand are collectively known as Warsaw Public Transport.
The table presents statistics on public transport in Warsaw.
Warsaw lacks a completering roadsystem and most traffic goes directly through the city centre, leading to the eleventh highest level of congestion in Europe.The Warsaw ring road has been planned to consist of fourexpress roads:S2(south),S8(north-west) andS17(east). S8, S2 and a small 3 km section of S17 are open. Additionally, the S2 and S8 have aconcurrencywith theS7and the S2 has a short concurrency with the S8. A second ring road consisting of theA50 motorway(south) andS50 expressway(north) is also planned but it is unknown when construction will start.
TheA2 motorwayopened in June 2012, stretches west from Warsaw and is a direct motorway connection with Łódź,Poznańand ultimately with Berlin.
The city has threeinternational airports:Warsaw Chopin Airport, located just 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city centre,Warsaw-Radom Airport, located just 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of Warsaw, which serves mainly low-cost and charter operations and finallyWarsaw-Modlin Airport, located 35 kilometres (22 mi) to the north, opened in July 2012. With around 100 international and domestic flights a day and with 7,440,056 passengers served in 2021,and it has also been called "the most important and largest airport in Central Europe".
Warsaw Chopin Airportis thebusiest airportin Poland a with 21.3 million passengers in 2024 handling approximately 40% of the country's total air passenger traffic. The airport is a central hub forLOT Polish Airlinesas well as a base forEnter AirandWizz Air. There are 50 air operations performed at the airport per hour.London,Frankfurt,Paris, andAmsterdamare the busiest international connections, whileKraków,Wrocław, andGdańskare the most popular domestic ones.The complex contains 45 passenger gates, 27 of which are equipped with jetways. A rail link has been added to connect the city with the airport in 2012.
Long distance and intercity trains are operated byPolish State Railways(PKP). There are also some suburban bus lines run by private operators.Busservice covers the entire city, with approximately 256 routes totalling above 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi), and with some 1,700 vehicles.
The main railway station isWarszawa Centralnaserving both domestic traffic to almost every major city in Poland, and international connections. There are also five other major railway stations and a number of smaller suburban stations.
Thanks to numerous musical venues, including theTeatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, theChamber Opera, theNational Philharmonic Halland theNational Theatre, as well as the Roma and Buffo music theatres and theCongress Hallin thePalace of Culture and Science, Warsaw hosts many events and festivals. Among the events worth particular attention are: theInternational Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition, the International Contemporary Music FestivalWarsaw Autumn, the Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, the InternationalStanisław MoniuszkoVocal Competition, the Mozart Festival, and the Festival of Old Music.
Warsaw is also considered one of the European hubs of underground electronic music with a very attractive house and techno music scene.
Warsaw is home to over 30 major theatres spread throughout the city, including theNational Theatre(founded in 1765) and theGrand Theatre(established 1778).
Warsaw also attracts many young and off-stream directors and performers who add to the city's theatrical culture. Their productions may be viewed mostly in smaller theatres andHouses of Culture(Domy Kultury), mostly outsideŚródmieście(Central Warsaw). Warsaw hosts the International Theatrical Meetings.
From 1833 to the outbreak of World War II, Plac Teatralny(Theatre Square)was the country's cultural hub and home to the various theatres.Plac Teatralny and its environs was the venue for numerous parades, celebrations of state holidays, carnival balls and concerts.
The main building housed theGreat Theatrefrom 1833 to 1834, the Rozmaitości Theatre from 1836 to 1924 and then the National Theatre, the Reduta Theatre from 1919 to 1924, and from 1928 to 1939 – the Nowy Theatre, which staged productions of contemporary poetical drama, including those directed byLeon Schiller.
Nearby, in Ogród Saski (theSaxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939,and in theinter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, andLeon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. TheWojciech BogusławskiTheatre (1922–26) was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department.
There are over 60 museums and galleries in Warsaw which are accessible to the public.Among the positions are the world's firstMuseum of Postersboasting one of the largest collections of artpostersin the world,and theMuseum of the History of Polish Jews. Among the most prestigious ones are theNational Museumwith a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity until the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection,and theMuseum of the Polish Armywhose set portrays the history of arms.
The collections ofŁazienkiandWilanówpalaces focus on the paintings of the "old masters", as do those of the Royal Castle which displays theLanckoroński Collectionincluding two paintings by Rembrandt.The Palace inNatolin, a former rural residence of DukeCzartoryski, is another venue with its interiors and park accessible to tourists.
The famousCopernicus Science Centreis an interactive science museum containing over 450 exhibits, enabling visitors to carry out experiments and discover the laws of science for themselves. Warsaw does not have a natural history museum. Yet, it hosts small museums ofEvolutionandthe Earth, which play a similar role.
Holding Poland's largest private collection of art, theCarroll Porczyński Collection Museumdisplays works from such varied artists asParis Bordone,Cornelis van Haarlem,José de Ribera,William-Adolphe Bouguereau,Pierre-Auguste Renoir, andVincent van Goghalong with some copies of masterpieces of European painting.
A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw andhistory of Polandcan be found in theWarsaw Uprising Museumand in theKatyń Museumwhich preserves the memory of that crime.The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, theWarsaw Fotoplastikon. TheMuseum of Independencepreserves patriotic and political objects connected with Poland's struggles for independence. Dating back to 1936 theWarsaw Historical Museumcontains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of Warsaw from its origins until today.
The 17th century RoyalUjazdów Castlehouses the Centre for Contemporary Art, with some permanent and temporary exhibitions, concerts, shows and creative workshops. The Centre realizes about 500 projects a year. TheZachętaNational Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises exhibitions ofmodern artby Polish andInternational Artistsand promotes art in many other ways. Since 2011,Warsaw Gallery Weekendis held on the last weekend of September.
28 September 2023 the opening of the new building of theMuseum of Polish Historylocated at theWarsaw Citadeltook place.
The city also possesses some oddities such as theNeon Museum, theMuseum of Caricature,theMuseum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński, theLegia Warsaw Museum, and a Motorisation Museum inOtrębusy.
Warsaw's culinary tradition was shaped by its once multicultural population; its cuisine is distinct from that of other cities and towns in Poland.StrongJewishandFrenchinfluences were cultivated over the years, in particularherring,consommé,bagels,aspicand Frenchmeringue-based pastries or cakes.Traditional Varsovian food is hearty and includes atripe soupfor entrée, apyzadumpling for main and the iconicwuzetka(voo-zetka) chocolate cream pie for dessert.Crayfishandfish in gelatinwere the classical dishes in Warsaw's restaurants throughout the 1920s and the 1930s.
Much likeParisorVienna, Warsaw once possessed a prominentcafé culturewhich dated back to the early 18th century, and the city's cafeterias were a place for socializing.The historicWedelChocolate Lounge on Szpitalna Street remains one of the most renowned spots for social gatherings. Cafeterias, confectioneries and patisseries such asCaffè Nero,Costa CoffeeandStarbucksare predominantly found along the Royal Route onNew World Street. Thousands of Warsaw's residents also flock annually to the pastry workshops (pączkarnia) to buypączkidoughnuts onFat Thursday.
Restaurants offering authenticPolish cuisineare concentrated around the Old Town district. Variousspit cakesofCzechorHungarianorigin (kürtőskalácsandtrdelník) are also sold primarily in the Old Town.Hala Koszyki is a popular meeting place in Warsaw noted for its food hall.
In the 20th century, Warsaw was famed for its state-ownedmilk bars(bar mleczny) which offered cheapfast foodin the form of home dinners. Examples of dishes popularized by these canteens includetomato soup,schnitzels,frikadeller,mizeria saladand many others. Contemporary fast food giants likeMcDonald's,KFC,SubwayandBurger Kingare the successors to milk bars, though some reemerged in recent years due to widespreadnostalgia.
Gourmet andhaute cuisineestablishments are situated in the vicinity of the downtown area or in theFrascatineighbourhood. Thirteen Varsovian restaurants were appreciated by theMichelin Guide, with two receiving a michelin star in 2019.
In 2021,National Geographicnamed Warsaw one of the top cities forvegansin Europe. Śródmieście Południowe (Southern Downtown) and its "hipster food culture" was singled out as the epicenter.
Several commemorative events take place every year, notably theOrange Warsaw Festivalfeaturing music concerts. One of the more popular events is theprocessionof theThree Wise Men(in Polish known as the Three Kings) onEpiphany, shortly after theNew Year. Paper crowns are usually worn by spectators throughout the day. The event, which runs along the Royal Route, is attended by Warsaw's highest officials and by the Polish president who resides nearby.
Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer's Night for a festival calledWianki(Polish forWreaths) have also become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw.The festival traces its roots to a peacefulpaganritual where maidens would float theirwreathsof herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom.By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today.The city council organize concerts and other events.Each Midsummer's Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, and looking for thefern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.
Warsaw Multimedia Fountain Park is located in an enchanting place, near the Old Town and the Vistula. The 'Water – Light – Sound' multimedia shows take place each Friday and Saturday from May until September at 9.30 pm (May and – 9 October pm). On other weekdays, the shows do not include lasers and sound.
TheWarsaw Film festival, an annual festival that takes place every October.Films are usually screened in their original language with Polish subtitles and participating cinemas include Kinoteka (Palace of Science and Culture),MultikinoatGolden Terracesand Kultura. Over 100 films are shown throughout the festival, and awards are given to the best and most popular films.
The mermaid (syrenka) is Warsaw's symboland can be found on statues throughout the city and onthe city's coat of arms. This imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century.The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390, consisting of a round seal bordered with the Latin inscriptionSigilium Civitatis Varsoviensis(Seal of the city of Warsaw).City records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of asea monsterwith a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws.In 1653 the poet Zygmunt Laukowski asks the question:
The Mermaid Statue stands in the very centre of Old Town Square, surrounded by a fountain. Due to vandalism, the original statue had been moved to the grounds of the Museum of Warsaw – the statue in the square is a copy.
This is not the only mermaid in Warsaw. Another is located on the bank of the Vistula River near Świętokrzyski Bridge and another on Karowa Street.
The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two ofTriton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port ofCopenhagen. The second mermaid reached the mouth of theVistulaRiver and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant also heard her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.
Another legend says that a mermaid once swam to Warsaw from theBaltic Seafor the love of the Griffin, the ancient defender of the city, who was killed in a struggle against theSwedish invasionsof the 17th century. The mermaid, wishing to avenge his death, took the position of defender of Warsaw, becoming the symbol of the city.
Every member of theQueen's Royal Hussarsof the UK's lightcavalrywears theMaid of Warsaw, the crest of the City of Warsaw, on the left sleeve of his No. 2 (Service) Dress.Members of651 Squadron Army Air Corpsof the United Kingdom also wear theMaid of Warsawon the left sleeve of their No. 2 (Service) Dress.
On 9 April 2008, the Mayor of Warsaw,Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz, obtained from the mayor ofStuttgartWolfgang Schustera challenge award – acommemorative plaqueawarded to Warsaw as the European capital of Sport in 2008.
TheKazimierz Górski National Stadium, a 58,580-seat-capacity football (soccer) stadium, replaced Warsaw's recently demolished10th-Anniversary Stadium.The National Stadium hosted the opening match, two group matches, a quarter-final, and a semi-final ofUEFA Euro 2012.
There are many sports centres in the city as well. Most of these facilities are swimming pools and sports halls, many of them built by the municipality in the past several years. The main indoor venue isHala Torwar, used for a variety of indoor sports (it was a venue for the2009 EuroBasketbut it is also used as an indoor skating rink). There is also an open-air skating rink (Stegny) and a horse racetrack (Służewiec).
The best of the city's swimming centres is at Wodny Park Warszawianka, 4 km (2 mi) south of the centre at Merliniego Street, where there's an Olympic-sized pool as well as water slides and children's areas.
Among the Varsovian football teams, the most recognisable isLegia Warsaw– the army club with a nationwide following play at thePolish Army Stadium, just southeast of the centre atŁazienkowska Street. Established in 1916, they have won thecountry's championshipfifteen times (most recently in 2021) and won thePolish Cupnineteen times. In the1995–96 UEFA Champions Leagueseason, they reached the quarter-finals, where they lost to Greek clubPanathinaikos.
Their local rivals,Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer supporters, yet they managed to win the country's championship two times (in 1946 and 2000) and won the cup twice as well. Polonia's home venue is located at Konwiktorska Street, a ten-minute walk north from theOld Town. Polonia was relegated from the country's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation. They are now playing in the first league (2nd tier in Poland).
Legia Warsaw's basketball teamwas one of the country's best teams in 50s and 60s. They are now participating inPLK, the highest-tier level of the Polish basketball.
One of the most famous people born in Warsaw wasMaria Skłodowska-Curie, who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the Nobel Prize.Famous musicians includeWładysław Szpilman,Frédéric ChopinandWitold Lutosławski. Though Chopin was born in the village ofŻelazowa Wola, about 60 km (37 mi) from Warsaw, he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old.Casimir Pulaski, a Polish general and hero of theAmerican Revolutionary War, was born here in 1745.Other important people, who lived in Warsaw (although were not born here) are alsoRosa LuxemburgandL. L. Zamenhof.
Tamara de Lempickawas a famous artist born in Warsaw.She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki.Better than anyone else she represented theart decostyle in painting and art.Another notable artist born in the city wasWojciech Fangor. He was associated withOp artandColor fieldmovements and recognized as a key figure in the history of Polish postwarabstract art.Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as wasMoshe Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at theWarsaw Conservatory.
Other notable individuals from Warsaw includeSamuel Goldwyn, the founder ofGoldwyn Pictures, mathematicianBenoit Mandelbrot, physicistJoseph Rotblat, biochemistCasimir Funk,Moshe Prywes, an Israeli physician who was the first President ofBen-Gurion University of the Negev, andI. L. Peretz, one of the three founding fathers of modernYiddish literature. Warsaw was the beloved city ofIsaac Bashevis Singer, which he described in many of his novels:"Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever", he wrote.Notable sportspeople born in Warsaw include footballersRobert LewandowskiandWojciech Szczęsnyas well as tennis playerIga Świątek.
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