Jambalaya

Jambalaya(/ˌdʒæmbəˈlaɪə/JAM-bə-LY-ə,/ˌdʒʌm-/JUM-) is a savory rice dish that developed in the U.S. state ofLouisianafusing togetherAfrican,Spanish, andFrenchinfluences, consisting mainly of meat and/or seafood,and vegetables mixed with rice and spices. West Africans andSpanish peopleeach had versions of jambalaya in their respective countries. Historian Ibraham Seck statesSenegalese peoplewere making jambalaya. The French introduced tomato to West Africans and they incorporated the crop into their one-pot rice dishes that created jambalaya and enhanced jollof rice. Spanish people made paella which is also a one-pot rice dish cooked with meats and vegetables. These styles of cuisines blended in Louisiana and resulted in cultural and regional variations of the dish.
TheOxford English Dictionaryindicates thatjambalayacomes from theProvençalwordjambalaia, meaning a mish mash, or mixup, and also meaning apilaf(pilau) of rice. This is supported by the fact that the first printed appearance of the word is in a Provençal poem published in 1837.
Afolk etymologyof the word suggests that it is the fusion of twoSpanishwords:jamón("ham") +paella(a rice dish). However, the evidence for this idea is thin. Ham is not a featured element of the dish, and Spanish speakers would call a ham paellapaella con jamón, notjamón paella.
Another history, per Louisiana chefJohn Folse, author ofThe Encyclopedia of Cajun & Creole Cuisine(2004), is thatjambalayais a contraction ofjambon à la yaya, meaning "ham with rice", fromFrenchjambonandYorubayaya.
Jambalaya is a Creole/Cajun-American dish that originated in Africa and Europe and was brought to Louisiana during the colonial period.These two cuisines blended in Louisiana; but also resulted in cultural and regional variations in how the dish is prepared.There are a number of dishes with disparate origins that use some of the same ingredients. In West Africa there is a rice dish called "jollof rice" that according to researcher Kayla Stewart apparently developed fromthiéboudienne, a Senegalese dish made of red rice, fish, cassava, and carrots.Author Kelley Fanto Deetz also suggests jambalaya has roots in jollof rice.In the records ofslave narratives, formerly enslaved Black Americans made jambalaya. Historians who researched the records of slave narratives say they point to a possible Caribbean and African origin of the dish.According to a Smithsonian Institution folklife article, jambalaya is a syncretic blend of West African, French, and Spanish influences. The territory of Louisiana was colonized by the French and Spanish during the colonial period and imported enslaved West Africans who had knowledge of rice cultivation. It is prepared and eaten in African-American, Cajun, and Creole communities. There are variations of how the dish is prepared within each community.
According to author James McCann, jambalaya has Creole, Cajun, West African, and Caribbean roots. In West Africa a dish similar to jambalaya is calleddafa, which means to "cook everything". InWest African cuisine, meat, fish and shellfish are all cooked in the same pot with rice to absorb juices from meats.According to theEncyclopedia of African American History,the spicy flavor and heat of the dish points to a West African influence. The West Africans imported to Louisiana came fromSenegambiawhich was a rice growing region. West Africans today still add spicy seasonings to their one-pot rice cooked meals.
According to research from Taharka Adé, an associate professor in the Department of Africana Studies at San Diego State University, the French introduced thetomato(a food native to theAmericas) to Senegambians andAkan peoplein the rice growing regions of West Africa and through this interaction West Africans enhanced a dish calledJollof. Within the very same time frame a mix of west African people (which included Senegambians and Akan) living in southern Louisiana, and particularly New Orleans, created another rice and tomato based dish known as Jambalaya, denoting a shared relationship and underpinning West African influence on the creation of Jambalaya.Author Ibraham Seck, director of research at theWhitney PlantationSlave Museum in St. John the Baptist Parish, suggests jambalaya originated on theSenegalesecoast of West Africa. Senegalese people had knowledge of rice cultivation and created dishes using rice and meats that were brought to Louisiana during the era of the slave trade. About sixty percent of enslaved captives brought to Louisiana came fromSenegambia.An article from the United Nations states that the cuisines of Nigeria, Senegal, Guinea, and Benin influenced the development of jambalaya: "Jambalaya (mixed rice, meat and vegetables), feijoada (black beans and meat), gombo(okra), and hopping johns (peas) are all dishes that have been re-adapted from Senegal, Nigeria, Guinea and Benin. You will find variations of these dishes in America and the Caribbean region."Historian Karen Hess states jambalaya has French and Spanish influences. The French influence is from the dish pilau which is cooked with rice and seasoning. However, French pilau does not add seafood and meat which is typically done in Spanish Valencianpaella, West African, and Caribbean cuisines.
The history of Jambalaya points to a West African influence. Rice was and is a traditional staple in West Africa, where one-pot mixed rice dishes such asthiéboudienne,benachinor Jollof rice were common.In the records ofslave narratives, formerly enslaved African Americans from Louisiana made jambalaya as a meal with rice, pork or chicken, red pepper, onion,lard, salt and pepper.Black Americans adapted West African dishes in the Southern United States by using North American ingredients. These meals were prepared to survive during the era of slavery.
There is some folklore that claims jambalaya originates from theFrench Quarterof New Orleans, in the original sector.Some culinary scholars argue that it may have been a local version of the Spanish rice dishpaella.French influence was strong in New Orleans, and native spices from Louisiana, theGulf Coastand theCaribbeanmay have changed this pilaf or paella into a unique New World dish. As author and professor Judith Carney explains: "...jambalaya resulted from cooking raw rice in the broth of stew composed of ingredients from many cultural heritages."
Traditionally, the meat includessausageof some sort, often a smoked meat such asandouille, along with pork, chicken or seafood (less common), such as crawfish or shrimp. The vegetables are usually asofrito-like mixture known as the "trinity" inCreoleandCajun cooking, consisting of onion, celery, and green bell pepper, though other vegetables such as okra, carrots, tomatoes, corn, chilis and garlic are also used.
After browning and sauteing the meat and vegetables, rice is added with seasonings andbroth, and the entire dish is cooked together until the rice is done.
Jambalaya is similar to (but distinct from) other rice-and-meat dishes known in Louisiana cuisine such asgumboandétouffée.
Gumbouses similar sausages, meats, seafood, vegetables and seasonings. However, gumbo usually (though not always) includesfilé powderorokra, which are not common in jambalaya. Gumbo is also usually served over white rice, which is prepared separately from the rest of the dish, unlike jambalaya, where the rice is prepared with the other ingredients.
Étoufféeis a stew that always includes shellfish such as shrimp or crawfish but does not have the sausage common to jambalaya and gumbo. Also, like gumbo, étouffée is usually served over separately prepared rice.
There are two primary methods of making jambalaya, differentiated by the presence or absence oftomatoes.
In narratives told by enslaved Black people, their ancestors made jambalaya. According to some historians, jambalaya was prepared and eaten in West Africa using tomatoes introduced to West Africans by the French. Rice dishes with meats and vegetables cooked in one pot with spices is a common meal in West Africa. During the slave trade, about sixty percent of enslaved people brought to Louisiana wereSenegalese. They broughtSenegalese cuisineto Louisiana which already had a version of jambalaya. Jambalaya in Louisiana's Black communities incorporates tomatoes, and meats. In rural south Louisiana, jambalaya is brown from absorbing the sauce it is cooked in, as it is traditionally cooked in cast-iron pots, which reach high cooking temperatures, "resulting in a more complete caramelization of the natural sugars in meats and vegetables". Enslaved Africans served this dish to their French and Spanish slaveholders, resulting in a fusion of the dish as Spanish people had a dish similar  to jambalaya calledpaella.Jollof rice from West African cuisine influenced the jambalaya made in African-American communities.A modern variation of jambalaya was documented in an African-American cookbook. This jambalaya dish used ham and sausage, tomatoes and tomato sauce, and was seasoned with spices and bell pepper and other ingredients cooked in a pot.
The second style, more characteristic of southwestern and south-central Louisiana, isCajunjambalaya, which contains no tomatoes (the idea being the farther away from New Orleans one gets, the less common tomatoes are in dishes). The meat is browned in a cast-iron pot. The bits of meat that stick to the bottom of the pot (sucs) are what give a Cajun jambalaya its brown color. A littlevegetable oilis added if there is not enough fat in the pot. The trinity (of 50%onions, 25%celery, and 25% green or redbell pepper, although proportions can be altered to suit one's taste) is added and sautéed until soft. Stock and seasonings are added in the next step, and then the meats are returned to the pot. This mixture is then simmered, covered, for at least one hour. Lastly, the mixture is brought to a boil and rice is added to the pot. It is then covered and left to simmer over very low heat for at least 1/2 hour without stirring. The dish is finished when the rice has cooked.
In some Cajun kitchens, jambalaya is made with seasoned sausage or ham, rice, parsley, stock and spices and put in a pot and cooked with rice until done, and sometimes prepared with cooked rice.
The first isCreolejambalaya (also called "red jambalaya") because it is made with tomatoes. First, meat is added to thetrinityof celery, peppers, and onions; the meat is usuallychickenandsausagesuch asandouilleor smoked sausage. Next,vegetablesand tomatoes, which are added to cook, followed byseafood. Rice andstockare added in equal proportions at the very end. The mixture is brought to a boil and left to simmer for 20 to 60 minutes, depending on the recipe, with infrequent stirring. Towards the end of the cooking process, stirring usually ceases. Some versions call for the jambalaya to be baked after the cooking of all the ingredients.
In some Creole kitchens, jambalaya is made with smokedchaudin(ponce) and in Cajun kitchens is made withcrawfish.Some cooks note the regional variations of jambalaya. Authors Abby Fisher and Karen Hess stated Creole New Orleans jambalaya is "soupy." While other variations of jambalaya are dry.
In modern Louisiana, the dish has evolved along a variety of different lines.
New Orleans style jambalaya, called "red jambalaya" in Acadiana, is found primarily in and around New Orleans, where it is known simply as "jambalaya". It is called red jambalaya because it is made with tomatoes. New Orleans style jambalaya includes tomatoes, whereas Acadiana style jambalaya usually does not.
Acadiana style jambalaya originates from Louisiana's rural, low-lyingswampcountry wherecrawfish,shrimp,oysters,alligator,duck,turtle,boar,venison,nutriaand othergamewere readily available. Any variety or combination of meats, includingchickenorturkey, may be used to make jambalaya. Acadiana style jambalaya is known as "brown jambalaya" in the Greater New Orleans area (except for the lower Westbank where it can be found among some families); to folks from Acadiana it is simply known as "jambalaya".
Many people in the south, and typically in Louisiana, enjoy a simpler jambalaya style. This style is cooked the same as the Cajun style, but there are no vegetables. Many restaurants serve this style as opposed to the others, because it is more child-friendly, has a more consistent texture, and is easier to make.
Jambalaya is considered by most Louisianans to be a filling but simple-to-prepare rice dish;gumbos,étouffées, andcreolesare considered more difficult to perfect. Most often a long grain white rice is used in making jambalaya.
Jambalaya is differentiated from gumbo and étouffée by the way in which the rice is included. In these dishes, the rice is cooked separately and is served as a bed on which the main dish is served. In the usual method of preparing jambalaya, a rich stock is created from vegetables, meat and seafood; raw rice is then added to the broth and the flavor is absorbed by the grains as the rice cooks.
In a less common method, meats and vegetables are cooked separately from the rice. At the same time, rice is cooked in a savory stock. It is added to the meat and vegetables before serving. This is called "white jambalaya". This dish is rare in Louisiana as it is seen as a "quick" attempt to make jambalaya, popularized outside the state to shorten cooking time.
The first appearance in print of any variant of the word 'jambalaya' in any language occurred inLeis amours de Vanus; vo, Lou paysan oou théâtré, by Fortuné (Fortunat) Chailan, first published inProvençal dialectin 1837.
The earliest appearance of the word in print in English occurs in the May 1849 issue of theAmerican Agriculturalist, page 161, whereSolon Robinsonrefers to a recipe for "Hopping Johnny (jambalaya)", however he made a mistake in identifying jambalaya as "Hopping Johnny", which is anentirely different dishwith different origins and different birth state.
Jambalaya did not appear in a cookbook until 1878,when theGulf City Cook Book, by the ladies of theSt. Francis Street Methodist Episcopal Church, was printed in SouthMobile, Alabama. It contains a recipe for "JAM BOLAYA".
Jambalaya had a brief jump in popularity during the 1920s and 1930s because of its flexible recipe. The dish was little more than the rice and vegetables the populace could afford; the recipe grew from humble roots.
In 1968,Louisiana GovernorJohn J. McKeithenproclaimedGonzales, Louisiana, "the Jambalaya capital of the world". Every spring, the annualJambalaya Festivalis held in Gonzales.