1975 Panjshir Valley uprising

The1975 Panjshir Valley uprisingwas an Islamist uprising led byJamiat-e Islamiagainstthe government ofDaoud Khan, and was the first everISIoperation that took place inAfghanistan.It was in "retaliation toRepublic of Afghanistan’s proxy war and support to the militants againstPakistan".
The Republic of Afghanistan support to anti-Pakistani militants had forced then-Prime Minister of PakistanZulfiqar Ali BhuttoandNaseerullah Khan Babar, then-Inspector General of theFrontier Corpsin NWFP (nowKhyber Pakhtunkhwa), to adopt a more aggressive approach towards Afghanistan. As a result, ISI, under the command of Major GeneralGhulam Jilani Khanset up a 5,000-strong Afghan guerrilla troop, which would include influential future leaders likeGulbuddin Hekmatyar,Burhanuddin RabbaniandAhmad Shah Massoud,to target the Afghan government, the first large operation, in 1975, being the sponsoring of an armed rebellion in thePanjshir valley.The 1975 rebellion, though unsuccessful, shook Daoud Khan and made him realize that a friendly Pakistan was in his best interests.He started improving relations with Pakistan and made state visits there in 1976 and 1978. During the 1978 visit, he agreed to stop supporting anti-Pakistan militants and to expel any remaining militants in Afghanistan to the dismay of theKhalqistswho would overthrow Daoud that same year in theSaur Revolution.
In 1973, former Prime MinisterMohammed Daoud Khanwas brought to power in acoup d'étatbacked by thePeople's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, and theRepublic of Afghanistanwas established. These developments gave rise to anIslamistmovement opposed to the increasingcommunistand Soviet influence over Afghanistan.During that time, while studying atKabul University, Massoud became involved with theMuslim Youth(Sazman-i Jawanan-i Musulman), the student branch of theJamiat-e Islami(Islamic Society), whose chairman then was the professorBurhanuddin Rabbani.Kabul Universitywas a center for political debate and activism during that time.
Infuriated by the arrogance of hiscommunistpeers andRussianprofessors, a physical altercation between Massoud and his Russian professor led Massoud to walk out of the university, and shortly after,Kabul. Two days later, Massoud and a number of fellow militant students traveled toPakistanwhere, goaded by another trainee of thePakistaniInter-Services Intelligence (ISI),Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Massoud agreed to take part in a coup againstDaoudwith his forces rising up in thePanjshirand Hekmatyar's elsewhere.In July 1975, Massoud, with help from thePakistani intelligence, led the first rebellion of Panjshir residents against the government of Daoud Khan.While the uprising in thePanjshirbegan saw initial success, even taking the military garrison inRokha, the promised support from Kabul never came and the rebellion was suppressed by the444th Commando Battalionsending Massoud back intoPakistan(after a day hiding in Jangalak) where he would attend a secret,paramilitaryISItraining center inCherat.Dissatisfied, Massoud left the center and returned toPeshawarwhere he committed himself to personalmilitary studies. Massoud readMao Tse-Tung'swritings on theLong March, ofChe Guevara's career, the memoirs ofGeneral de Gaulle,General Võ Nguyên Giáp,Sun Tzu'sArt of War, and an unnamed handbook oncounterterrorismby an American general which Massoud called "the most instructive of all".
As part of the operation, smaller Islamist detachments were sent to the nearby areas ofLaghman,NangarharandBadakhshan; these were unsuccessful. Fighters either faced defeat after theAfghan Commando Forceswere sent to the three provinces to curb the uprising or were arrested upon arrival, with neither local nor army support.
After this failure, a "profound and long-lasting schism" within the Islamist movement began to emerge.The Islamic Society split between supporters of the more moderate forces around Massoud andRabbani, who led theJamiat-i Islami, and more radical Islamist elements surroundingGulbuddin Hekmatyar, who founded theHezb-i Islami.The conflict reached such a point thatHekmatyarreportedly tried to kill Massoud, then 22 years old.
The 1975 rebellion, though unsuccessful, shook Daoud Khan and made him realize that a friendly Pakistan was in his best interests.He started improving relations with Pakistan and made state visits there in 1976 and 1978. During the 1978 visit, he agreed to stop supporting anti-Pakistan militants and to expel any remaining militants in Afghanistan.