Uruguay

Uruguay(/ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/YOOR-ə-gwy,Spanish:[uɾuˈɣwaj]), officially theOriental Republic of Uruguay(Spanish:República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country inSouth America. It shares borders withArgentinato its west and southwest andBrazilto its north and northeast, while bordering theRío de la Platato the south and theAtlantic Oceanto the southeast. It is part of theSouthern Coneregion ofSouth America. Uruguay covers an area of approximately 176,215 square kilometres (68,037 sq mi).It has a population of around 3.4 million people, of whom nearly 2 million live in themetropolitan areaof its capital andlargest city,Montevideo.
The area that became Uruguay was first inhabited by groups ofhunter-gatherers13,000 years ago.The predominant tribe at the moment of thearrival of Europeanswas theCharrúapeople. At the same time, there were also other tribes, such as theGuaraníand theChaná, when thePortuguesefirst establishedColonia do Sacramentoin 1680; Uruguay was colonized by Europeans later than its neighboring countries.
TheSpanishfounded Montevideo as a military stronghold in the early 18th century due to competing claims over the region, while Uruguay won itsindependencebetween 1811 and 1828, following a four-way struggle between Portugal and Spain, and later Argentina and Brazil. It remained subject to foreign influence and intervention throughout the first half of the 19th century.From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, numerous pioneering economic, labor, and social reforms were implemented, which led to the creation of a highly developed welfare state, which is why the country began to be known as "Switzerland of the Americas".However, a series ofeconomic crisesand the fight againstfar-lefturban guerrilla warfarein the late 1960s and early 1970s culminated in the1973coup d'état, which established acivic-military dictatorshipuntil 1985.Uruguay is today ademocraticconstitutional republic, with a president who serves as bothhead of stateandhead of government.
In 2023, Uruguay was categorized as being a "full democracy" in theThe Economist Democracy Index,and is highly ranked in international measurements of government transparency, economic freedom, social progress,income equality,per capita income, innovation, and infrastructure.The country hasfully legalized cannabis(the first country in the world to do so), as well assame-sex marriageandabortion. It is a founding member of theUnited Nations,OAS, andMercosur.
The country ofUruguaytakes its name from theRío Uruguay, from theIndigenousGuaranílanguage. There are several interpretations, including "bird-river" ("the river of theuru, viaCharruan,urúbeing acommon nounfor any wild fowl).The name could also refer to a river snail calleduruguá(Pomellamegastoma) that was plentiful across its shores.
One of the most popular interpretations of the name was proposed by the renowned Uruguayan poetJuan Zorrilla de San Martín, "the river of painted birds";this interpretation, although dubious, still holds an important cultural significance in the country.
In Spanish colonial times and for some time thereafter, Uruguay and some neighboring territories were calledBanda Oriental[del Uruguay]("Eastern Bank [of the Uruguay River]"), then for a few years the "Eastern Province". Since its independence, the country has been known as "República Oriental del Uruguay", which literally translates to "Eastern Republic of the Uruguay[River]". However, it is officially translated either as the "Oriental Republic of Uruguay"or the "Eastern Republic of Uruguay".
Uruguay was first inhabited around 13,000 years ago byhunter-gatherers.It is estimated that at the time of the first contact with Europeans in the 16th century, there were about 9,000Charrúaand 6,000Chanáand someGuaraníisland settlements.
There is an extensive archeological collection of man-madetumuliknown as "Cerritos de Indios" in the eastern part of the country, some of them dating back to 5,000 years ago. Very little is known about the people who built them as they left no written record, but evidence has been found in place of pre-Columbian agriculture and of extinctpre-Columbian dogs.
ThePortuguese werethe first Europeans to enter the region of present-day Uruguay in 1512.TheSpanisharrived in present-day Uruguay in 1515 but were the first to set foot in the area, claiming it for the crown.The indigenous peoples' fierce resistance toconquest, combined with the absence of valuable resources, limited European settlement in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries.Uruguay then became a zone of contention between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. In 1603, the Spanish began introducing cattle, which became a source of regional wealth. The first permanent Spanish settlement was founded in 1624 atSorianoon theRío Negro. In 1669–71, the Portuguese built a fort atColonia del Sacramento(Colônia do Sacramento).
Montevideo, the current capital of Uruguay, was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold. Its natural harbor soon developed into a commercial area competing withRío de la Plata's capital,Buenos Aires.Uruguay's early 19th-century history was shaped by ongoing fights for dominance in thePlatine regionbetween British, Spanish, Portuguese, and other colonial forces. In 1806 and 1807, theBritish army attempted to seize Buenos Aires and Montevideoas part of theNapoleonic Wars. Montevideo was occupied by British forces from February to September 1807.
In 1811,José Gervasio Artigas, who became Uruguay's national hero, launched a successful revolt against theSpanish authorities, defeating them on 18 May at theBattle of Las Piedras.In 1813, the new government in Buenos Aires convened a constituent assembly where Artigas emerged as a champion of federalism, demanding political and economic autonomy for each area and theBanda Orientalin particular.The assembly refused to seat the delegates from the Banda Oriental; however, Buenos Aires pursued a system based on unitary centralism.
As a result, Artigas broke with Buenos Aires and besieged Montevideo, taking the city in early 1815.Once the troops from Buenos Aires had withdrawn, the Banda Oriental appointed its first autonomous government.Artigas organized theFederal Leagueunder his protection, consisting of six provinces, five of which later became part of Argentina.
In 1816, 10,000 Portuguese troops invaded the Banda Oriental from Brazil; they took Montevideo in January 1817.After nearly four more years of struggle, thePortuguese Kingdom of Brazilannexed theBanda Orientalas a province under the name of "Cisplatina".TheBrazilian Empirebecame independent of Portugal in 1822. In response to the annexation, theThirty-Three Orientals, led byJuan Antonio Lavalleja, declared independence on 25 August 1825, supported by theUnited Provinces of the Río de la Plata(present-day Argentina).This led to the 500-day-longCisplatine War. Neither side gained the upper hand, and in 1828, theTreaty of Montevideo, fostered by the United Kingdom through the diplomatic efforts ofViscount John Ponsonby, gave birth to Uruguay as an independent state. 25 August is celebrated as Independence Day, anational holiday.The nation'sfirst constitutionwas adopted on 18 July 1830.
At the time of independence, Uruguay had an estimated population of just under 75,000.The political scene in Uruguay became split between two parties: the conservativeBlancos(Whites), headed by the second PresidentManuel Oribe, representing the agricultural interests of the countryside, and the liberalColorados(Reds), led by the first PresidentFructuoso Rivera, representing the business interests of Montevideo. The Uruguayan parties received support from warring political factions in neighboringArgentina, which became involved in Uruguayan affairs.
The Colorados favored the exiled Argentine liberalUnitarios, many of whom had taken refuge in Montevideo, while the Blanco president Manuel Oribe was a close friend of the Argentine rulerManuel de Rosas. On 15 June 1838, an army led by the Colorado leader Rivera overthrew President Oribe, who fled to Argentina.Rivera declared war on Rosas in 1839. The conflict would last 13 years and become known as theGuerra Grande(the Great War).In 1843, an Argentine army overran Uruguay on Oribe's behalf but failed to take the capital. Thesiege of Montevideo, began in February 1843 and lasted nine years.The besieged Uruguayans called on resident foreigners for help, which led to a French and an Italian legion being formed, the latter led by the exiledGiuseppe Garibaldi.
In 1845, Britain and France intervened against Rosas to restore commerce to normal levels in the region. Their efforts proved ineffective, and by 1849, tired of the war, both withdrew after signing a treaty favorable to Rosas.It appeared that Montevideo would finally fall when an uprising against Rosas, led byJusto José de Urquiza, governor of Argentina'sEntre Ríos Province, began. The Brazilian intervention in May 1851 on behalf of the Colorados, combined with the uprising, changed the situation, and Oribe was defeated. The siege of Montevideo was lifted, and the Guerra Grande finally came to an end.Montevideo rewarded Brazil's support by signing treaties that confirmed Brazil's right to intervene in Uruguay's internal affairs.
In accordance with the 1851 treaties, Brazil intervened militarily in Uruguay as often as it deemed necessary.In 1865, theTriple Alliancewas formed by theemperor of Brazil, thepresident of Argentina, and the Colorado generalVenancio Flores, the Uruguayan head of government whom they both had helped to gain power. The Triple Alliance declared war on the Paraguayan leaderFrancisco Solano López.The resultingParaguayan Warended with the invasion of Paraguay and its defeat by the armies of the three countries. Montevideo was used as a supply station by the Brazilian navy, and it experienced a period of prosperity and relative calm during the war.
The first railway line was assembled in Uruguay in 1867, and a branch consisting of a horse-drawn train was opened. The present-dayState Railways Administration of Uruguaymaintains 2,900 km of extendable railway network.
The constitutional government of GeneralLorenzo Batlle y Grau(1868–72) suppressed theRevolution of the Lancesby theBlancos.After two years of struggle, a peace agreement was signed in 1872 that gave the Blancos a share in the emoluments and functions of government through control of four of thedepartments of Uruguay.This establishment of the policy of co-participation represented the search for a new formula of compromise based on the coexistence of the party in power and the opposition party.Despite this agreement, the Colorado rule was threatened by the failedTricolor Revolutionin 1875 and the Revolution of theQuebrachoin 1886.
The Colorado effort to reduce Blancos to only three departments caused a Blanco uprising of 1897, which ended with creating 16 departments, of which the Blancos now had control over six. Blancos were given ⅓ seats in Congress.This division of power lasted until PresidentJose Batlle y Ordonezinstituted his political reforms, which caused the last uprising by Blancos in 1904 that ended with theBattle of Masollerand the death of Blanco leaderAparicio Saravia.
Between 1875 and 1890, the military became the center of power.During this authoritarian period, the government took steps toward the organization of the country as a modern state, encouraging its economic and social transformation. Pressure groups (consisting mainly of businessmen,hacendados, and industrialists) were organized and had a strong influence on the government.A transition period (1886–90) followed, during which politicians began recovering lost ground, and some civilian participation in government occurred.After theGuerra Grande, there was a sharp rise in the number of immigrants, primarily from Italy and Spain. By 1879, the total population of the country was over 438,500.The economy reflected a steep upswing (if demonstrated graphically, above all other related economic determinants) in livestock raising and exports.Montevideo became a major financial center of the region and anentrepôtfor goods from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.
The Colorado leaderJosé Batlle y Ordóñezwas elected president in 1903.The following year, the Blancos led a rural revolt, and eight bloody months of fighting ensued before their leader,Aparicio Saravia, was killed in battle. Government forces emerged victorious, leading to the end of the co-participation politics that had begun in 1872.Batllehad two terms (1903–07 and 1911–15) during which he instituted major reforms, such as a welfare program, government participation in the economy, and a plural executive.
Gabriel Terrabecame president in March 1931. His inauguration coincided with the effects of theGreat Depression,and the social climate became tense as a result of the lack of jobs. There were confrontations in which police and leftists died.In 1933, Terra organized a coup d'état, dissolving the General Assembly and governing by decree.A new constitution was promulgated in 1934, transferring powers to the president.In general, the Terra government weakened or neutralized economic nationalism and social reform.
In 1938, general elections were held, and Terra's brother-in-law, GeneralAlfredo Baldomir, was elected president. Under pressure from organized labor and the National Party, Baldomir advocated free elections, freedom of the press, and a new constitution.Although Baldomir declared Uruguay neutral in 1939, British warships and the German shipAdmiral Graf Speefoughta battlenot far off Uruguay's coast.TheAdmiral Graf Speetook refuge inMontevideo, claiming sanctuary in a neutral port, but was later ordered out.
In 1945, Uruguay formally signed theDeclaration by the United Nationsand enteredWorld War II, leading the country to declare war onGermanyandJapan. Following the end of the war, it became a founding member of theUnited Nations.
An armed group ofMarxist–Leninisturban guerrillas, known as theTupamaros, emerged in the 1960s, engaging in activities such as bank robbery, kidnapping, and assassination, in addition to attempting an overthrow of the government.
PresidentJorge Pachecodeclared a state of emergency in 1968, followed by a further suspension of civil liberties in 1972. In 1973, amid increasing economic and political turmoil, the armed forces, asked by PresidentJuan María Bordaberry, disbanded Parliament and established acivilian-military regime.TheCIA-backed campaign of political repression and state terror involving intelligence operations and assassination of opponents was calledOperation Condor.
According to one source, around 180 Uruguayans are known to have been killed and disappeared, with thousands more illegally detained and tortured during the 12-year civil-military rule from 1973 to 1985.Most were killed in Argentina and other neighboring countries, with 36 of them having been killed in Uruguay.According to Edy Kaufman (cited by David Altman), Uruguay at the time had the highest per capita number of political prisoners in the world. "Kaufman, who spoke at the U.S. Congressional Hearings of 1976 on behalf ofAmnesty International, estimated that one in every five Uruguayans went into exile, one in fifty were detained, and one in five hundred went to prison (most of them tortured)." Social spending was reduced, and many state-owned companies were privatized. However, the economy did not improve and deteriorated after 1980; thegross domestic product(GDP) fell by 20%, and unemployment rose to 17%. The state intervened by trying to bail out failing companies and banks.
A new constitution, drafted by the military, was rejected in a November 1980 referendum.Following the referendum, the armed forces announced a plan for the return to civilian rule, and national elections were held in 1984.Colorado PartyleaderJulio María Sanguinettiwon the presidency and served from 1985 to 1990. The first Sanguinetti administration implemented economic reforms and consolidated democracy following the country's years under military rule.The National Party'sLuis Alberto Lacallewon the 1989 presidential election, and a referendum endorsed amnesty for human rights abusers. Sanguinetti was then re-elected in 1994.Both presidents continued the economic structural reforms initiated after the reinstatement of democracy.
The 1999 national elections were held under a new electoral system established by a 1996 constitutional amendment.Colorado Party candidateJorge Batlle, aided by the support of the National Party, defeatedBroad FrontcandidateTabaré Vázquez. The formal coalition ended in November 2002, when the Blancos withdrew their ministers from the cabinet,although the Blancos continued to support the Colorados on most issues. Low commodity prices and economic difficulties in Uruguay's main export markets (starting in Brazil with the devaluation of thereal, then inArgentina in 2002) caused a severe recession; the economy contracted by 11%, unemployment climbed to 21%, and the percentage of Uruguayans in poverty rose to over 30%.
In 2004, Uruguayans electedTabaré Vázquezas president while giving the Broad Front a majority in both houses of Parliament.Vázquez stuck to economic orthodoxy. As commodity prices soared and the economy recovered from the recession, he tripled foreign investment, cut poverty and unemployment, cutpublic debtfrom 79% of GDP to 60%, and kept inflation steady.In 2009,José Mujica, a former left-wing guerrilla leader (Tupamaros) who spent almost 15 years in prison during the country's military rule, emerged as the new president as the Broad Front won the election for a second time.Abortionwas legalized in 2012,followed bysame-sex marriageandcannabisin the following year,making Uruguay the first country in the modern era to legalize cannabis.
In 2014,Tabaré Vázquezwas elected to a non-consecutive second presidential term, which began on 1 March 2015.In 2020, after 15 years of left-wing rule, he was succeeded byLuis Alberto Lacalle Pou, a member of the conservativeNational Party, as the 42nd President of Uruguay.
With 176,214 km(68,037 sq mi) of continental land and 142,199 km(54,903 sq mi) of jurisdictional water and small river islands,Uruguay is the second smallest sovereign nation in South America (afterSuriname) and the third smallest territory (French Guianais the smallest).The landscape features mostly rolling plains and low hill ranges (cuchillas) with a fertile coastal lowland.Uruguay has 660 km (410 mi) ofcoastline.The highest point in the country is theCerro Catedral, whose peak reaches 514 metres (1,686 ft)AMSLin theSierra Carapéhill range. To the southwest is theRío de la Plata, the estuary of the Uruguay River (the river which forms the country's western border).
A dense fluvial network covers the country, consisting of four river basins, or deltas: theRío de la Plata Basin, theUruguay River, theLaguna Merín, and the Río Negro. The major internal river is theRío Negro('Black River') which was dammed in 1945, resulting in the formation of the artificialRincón del Bonete Lakein the centre of Uruguay. Several lagoons are found along the Atlantic coast.
Montevideo is the southernmost national capital in the Americas and the third most southerly in the world (afterCanberraandWellington). Uruguay is the only country in South America situated entirely south of theTropic of Capricorn, and is the southernmost sovereign state in the worldwhen ordered by northernmost point of latitude. There are tennational parks in Uruguay: Five in the wetland areas of the east, three in the central hill country, and one in the west along the Rio Uruguay. Uruguay is home to theUruguayan savannaterrestrial ecoregion.The country had a 2019Forest Landscape Integrity Indexmean score of 3.61/10, ranking it 147th globally out of 172 countries.
Located entirely within the southern temperate zone, Uruguay has a climate that is relatively mild and fairly uniform nationwide.According to theKöppen climate classification, most of the country has ahumid subtropical climate(Cfa). Only in some spots of the Atlantic Coast and at the summit of the highest hills of theCuchilla Grandethe climate isoceanic(Cfb).
The country experiences four seasons, with summer from December to March and winter from June to September. Seasonal variations are pronounced, but extremes in temperature are rare.Summers are tempered by winds off the Atlantic, and severe cold in winter is unknown.Although it never gets too cold, frosts occur every year during the winter months, and precipitation such as sleet and hail occur almost every winter, but snow is very rare; it does occur every couple of years at higher elevations, but almost always without accumulation. As would be expected with its abundance of water, high humidity, and fog are common.
The absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, makes all locations vulnerable to high winds and rapid changes in weather as fronts or storms sweep across the country.These storms can be strong; they can bringsqualls,hail, and sometimes eventornadoes.The country experiencesextratropical cyclonesbut no tropical cyclones, due to the fact that theSouth Atlantic Oceanis rarely warm enough for their development. Both summer and winter weather may vary from day to day with the passing of storm fronts, where a hot northerly wind may occasionally be followed by a cold wind (pampero) from the ArgentinePampas.
Even though both temperature and precipitation are quite uniform nationwide, there are considerable differences across the territory. The average annual temperature of the country is 17.5 °C (63.5 °F), ranging from 16 °C (61 °F) in the southeast to 19 °C (66 °F) in the northwest.Winter temperatures range from a daily average of 11 °C (52 °F) in the south to 14 °C (57 °F) in the north, while summer average daily temperatures range from 21 °C (70 °F) in the southeast to 25 °C (77 °F) in the northwest.The southeast is considerably cooler than the rest of the country, especially during spring, when the ocean with cold water after the winter cools down the temperature of the air and brings more humidity to that region. However, the south of the country receives less precipitation than the north. For example, Montevideo receives approximately 1,100 millimetres (43 in) of precipitation per year, while the city of Rivera in the northeast receives 1,600 millimetres (63 in).The heaviest precipitation occurs during the autumn months, although more frequent rainy spells occur in winter.But periods of drought or excessive rain can occur anytime during the year.
National extreme temperatures at sea level are, 44 °C (111 °F) inPaysandúcity (20 January 1943) andFloridacity (14 January 2022),and −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) inMelocity (14 June 1967).
Uruguay is arepresentative democraticrepublic with apresidential system.The members of government are elected for a five-year term by auniversal suffragesystem.Uruguay is aunitary state: justice, education, health, security, foreign policy and defense are all administered nationwide.The executive power is exercised by thepresidentand acabinetof 14 ministers.
The legislative power is constituted by theGeneral Assembly, composed oftwo chambers: theChamber of Representatives, consisting of 99 members representing the 19 departments, elected for a five-year term based onproportional representation; and theChamber of Senators, consisting of 31 members, 30 of whom are elected for a five-year term by proportional representation, and the vice-president, who presides over the chamber and has the right to vote.
The judicial arm is exercised by theSupreme Court, the Bench, and Judges nationwide. The members of the Supreme Court are elected by the General Assembly; the members of the Bench are selected by the Supreme Court with the consent of the Senate, and the Judges are directly assigned by the Supreme Court.
Uruguay adopted itscurrent constitutionin 1967.Many of its provisions were suspended in 1973, but re-established in 1985. Drawing on Switzerland and its use of the initiative, theUruguayan Constitutionalso allows citizens to repeal laws or to change the constitution by popular initiative, which culminates in a nationwidereferendum. This method has been used several times over the past 15 years: to confirm a law renouncing prosecution of members of the military who violated human rights during the military regime (1973–1985); to stop privatization of public utility companies; to defend pensioners' incomes; and to protect water resources.
For most of Uruguay's history, thePartido Coloradohas been in government.However, in the2004 Uruguayan general election, theBroad Frontwon anabsolute majorityin Parliamentary elections, and in 2009,José Mujicaof the Broad Front defeatedLuis Alberto Lacalleof theBlancosto win thepresidency. In March 2020, Uruguay got a conservative government, meaning the end of 15 years of left-wing leadership under theBroad Frontcoalition. At the same time, centre-rightNational Party'sLuis Lacalle Pouwas sworn in as the newPresident of Uruguay.
A 2010Latinobarómetropoll found that, within Latin America, Uruguayans are among the most supportive of democracy and by far the most satisfied with the way democracy works in their country.Uruguay ranked 27th in theFreedom House"Freedom in the World" index. According to theV-Dem Democracy indicesin 2023, Uruguay ranked 31st in the world on electoral democracy and 2nd behind Switzerland on citizen-initiated direct democracy.
Uruguay is divided into 19departmentswhose local administrations replicate the division of the executive and legislative powers.Each department elects its own authorities through auniversal suffrage system.The departmental executive authority resides in a superintendent and the legislative authority in a departmental board.
The country's foreign policy is directed by theMinistry of Foreign Relations.Uruguay has traditionally had strong political and cultural ties with its neighboring countries and with Europe, and its international relations have been guided by the principles of non-intervention and multilateralism.The country is a founding member of international organizations such as theUnited Nations, theOrganization of American States, theSouthern Common Market, and theLatin American Integration Association.The headquarters of the latter two are located in its capitalMontevideo, for which the role of the city has been compared to that ofBrusselsin Europe.
Uruguay has two uncontested boundary disputes with Brazil, overIsla Brasileraand the 235 km(91 sq mi) Invernada River region nearMasoller. The two countries disagree on which tributary represents the legitimate source of theQuaraí/Cuareim River, which would define the border in the latter disputed section, according to the1851 border treatybetween the two countries.The disputed areas remainde factounder Brazilian control, with little to no actual effort by Uruguay to assert its claims. Both countries have friendly diplomatic relations and strong economic ties.
Uruguay is also a founding member ofThe Forum of Small States (FOSS), a voluntary and informal grouping at the UN.The country has friendly relations with the United States since its transition back to democracy.Commercial ties between both countries have expanded with the signing of a bilateral investment treaty in 2004 and aTrade and Investment Framework Agreementin January 2007.The United States and Uruguay have also cooperated on military matters, with both countries playing significant roles in theUnited Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti.In 2017, Uruguay signed the UNtreaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.It also rejoined theInter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance(TIAR or "Rio Pact") in 2020.
TheUruguayan Armed Forcesare constitutionally subordinate to the president of the Republic, through the minister of defense.Armed forces personnel number about 18,000 for the Army,6,000 for theNavy, and 3,000 for theAir Force.Enlistment is voluntary in peacetime, but the government has the authority to conscript in emergencies.
Uruguay ranks first in the world on a per capita basis for its contributions to theUnited Nations peacekeepingforces, with 2,513 soldiers and officers in 10 UNpeacekeepingmissions.As of February 2010, Uruguay had 1,136 military personnel deployed to Haiti in support ofMINUSTAHand 1,360 deployed in support ofMONUCin the Congo.In December 2010, Uruguayan Major General Gloodtdofsky, was appointed Chief Military Observer and head of theUnited Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan.
Since May 2009, homosexuals have been allowed to serve in the military after the defense minister signed a decree stating that military recruitment policy would no longer discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation.In the fiscal year 2010, the United States provided Uruguay with $1.7 million in military assistance, including $1 million inForeign Military Financingand $480,000 inInternational Military Education and Training.
In 1991, the country experienced an increase in strikes to obtain wage compensation to offset inflation and to oppose the privatizations desired by the government of Luis Alberto Lacalle. A general strike was called in 1992, and the privatization policy was widely rejected by the referendum.In 1994 and 1995, Uruguay faced economic difficulties caused by the liberalization of foreign trade, which increased the trade deficit.The Montevideo Gas Company and the Pluna airline were turned over to the private sector, but the pace of privatization slowed down in 1996. Uruguay experienced a major economic and financial crisis between 1999 and 2002, principally aspillover effectfrom theeconomic problems of Argentina.The economy contracted by 11%, and unemployment climbed to 14–21%.
In 2004, the Batlle government signed a three-year $1.1 billion stand-by arrangement with theInternational Monetary Fund(IMF), committing the country to a substantialprimary fiscal surplus, low inflation, considerable reductions in external debt, and severalstructural reformsdesigned to improve competitiveness and attractforeign investment.Uruguay terminated the agreement in 2006 following the early repayment of its debt but maintained a number of the policy commitments.Vázquez, who assumed the government in March 2005, created theMinistry of Social Developmentand sought to reduce the country's poverty rate with a $240 million National Plan to Address the Social Emergency (PANES), which provided a monthlyconditional cash transferof approximately $75 to over 100,000 households in extreme poverty. In exchange, those receiving the benefits were required to participate in community work, ensure that their children attended school daily, and have regular health check-ups.
Following the 2001 Argentine credit default, prices in the Uruguayan economy made a variety of services, including information technology and architectural expertise, once too expensive in many foreign markets, exportable.TheFrente Ampliogovernment, while continuing payments on Uruguay's external debt,also undertook an emergency plan to attack the widespread problems of poverty and unemployment.The economy grew at an annual rate of 6.7% during the 2004–2008 period.Uruguay's export markets have been diversified to reduce dependency on Argentina and Brazil.Poverty was reduced from 33% in 2002 to 21.7% in July 2008, while extreme poverty dropped from 3.3% to 1.7%.
Between the years 2007 and 2009, Uruguay was the only country in the Americas that did not technically experience a recession (two consecutive downward quarters).Unemployment reached a record low of 5.4% in December 2010 before rising to 6.1% in January 2011.While unemployment is still at a low level, the IMF observed a rise in inflationary pressures,and Uruguay's GDP expanded by 10.4% for the first half of 2010.According to IMF estimates, Uruguay was probably to achieve growth in real GDP of between 8% and 8.5% in 2010, followed by 5% growth in 2011 and 4% in subsequent years.Grosspublic sector debtcontracted in the second quarter of 2010, after five consecutive periods of sustained increase, reaching $21.885 billion US dollars, equivalent to 59.5% of the GDP.
Uruguay was ranked 62nd in theGlobal Innovation Indexin 2024.The number of union members has quadrupled since 2003, rising from 110,000 to more than 400,000 in 2015 for a working population of 1.5 million.According to theInternational Trade Union Confederation, Uruguay has "ratified all eight core ILO labour Conventions".The growth, use, and sale ofcannabiswere legalized on 11 December 2013,by former president José "Pepe" Mujica, making Uruguay the first country in the world to fully legalize marijuana. The law was voted on at the Uruguayan Senate on the same date with 16 votes to approve it and 13 against.
In 2010, Uruguay's export-oriented agricultural sector contributed to 9.3% of the GDP and employed 13% of the workforce.Official statistics from Uruguay's Agriculture and Livestock Ministry indicate that meat and sheep farming in Uruguay occupies 59.6% of the land. The percentage further increases to 82.4% when cattle breeding is linked to other farm activities such as dairy, forage, and rotation with crops such as rice.
According toFAOSTAT, Uruguay is one of the world's largest producers ofsoybeans(9th),wool(12th),horse meat(14th),beeswax(14th), andquinces(17th). Most farms (25,500 out of 39,120) are family-managed; beef and wool represent the main activities and main source of income for 65% of them, followed by vegetable farming at 12%, dairy farming at 11%,hogsat 2%, and poultry also at 2%.Beef is the main export commodity of the country, totaling over US$1 billion in 2006.
In 2007, Uruguay had cattle herds totalling 12 million head, making it the country with the highest number of cattle per capita at 3.8.However, 54% is in the hands of 11% of farmers, who have a minimum of 500 head. At the other extreme, 38% of farmers exploit small lots and have herds averaging below one hundred head.
The tourism industry in Uruguay is an important part of its economy. In 2012, the sector was estimated to account for 97,000 jobs and (directly and indirectly) 9% of GDP.Uruguay is the Latin American country that receives the most tourists in relation to its population. In 2023, 3.8 million tourists entered Uruguay, of which the majority were Argentines and Brazilians, followed by Chileans, Paraguayans, Americans and Europeans of various nationalities.
Cultural experiences in Uruguay include exploring the country's colonial heritage, as found inColonia del Sacramento. Historical monuments includeTorres García MuseumandEstadio Centenario. One of the main natural attractions in Uruguay isPunta del Este. Punta del Este is situated on a small peninsula off the southeast coast of Uruguay. Its beaches are divided into Mansa, or tame (river) side and Brava, or rugged (ocean) side. Punta del Este adjoins the city of Maldonado, while to its northeast along the coast are found the smaller resorts of La Barra and José Ignacio.
ThePort of Montevideois one of the majorcontainer terminal port; it handles over 1.1 million containers annually.Its quay can handle 14-metredraught(46 ft) vessels. Ninestraddle cranesallow for 80 to 100 movements per hour.The port ofNueva Palmirais a major regional merchandise transfer point and houses both private and government-run terminals.
Carrasco International Airportwas initially inaugurated in 1947, and in 2009, Puerta del Sur, the airport owner and operator, commissionedRafael ViñolyArchitects to expand and modernize the existing facilities with a spacious new passenger terminal with an investment of $165 million.The airport can handle up to 4.5 million users per year.PLUNAwas theflag carrierof Uruguay and was headquartered inCarrasco.
ThePunta del Este International Airport, located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) fromPunta del Estein theMaldonado Department, is the second busiest air terminal in Uruguay, built by the Uruguayan architectCarlos Ott. It was inaugurated in 1997.
TheAdministración de Ferrocarriles del Estadois the autonomous agency in charge of rail transport and the maintenance of therailroad network. Uruguay has about 1,200 km (750 mi) of operational railroad track.Until 1947, about 90% of the railroad system was British-owned.In 1949, the government nationalized the railways, along with the electric trams and theMontevideo Waterworks Company.However, in 1985, the "National Transport Plan" suggested passenger trains were too costly to repair and maintain.Cargo trains would continue, but bus transportation became the "economic" alternative for travellers.Passenger service was then discontinued in 1988.However, rail passenger commuter service into Montevideo was restarted in 1993, and now comprises three suburban lines.
Surfacedroads connect Montevideo to the other urban centers in the country, the main highways leading to the border and neighboring cities. Numerous unpaved roads connect farms and small towns. Overland trade has increased markedly sinceMercosur(Southern Common Market) was formed in the 1990s and again in the later 2000s.Most of the country's domestic freight and passenger service is by road rather than rail. The country has several international bus servicesconnecting the capital and frontier localities to neighboring countries.These include 17 destinations in Argentina,12 destinations in Braziland the capital cities of Chile andParaguay.
The telecommunications industry is more developed than in most other Latin American countries, being the first country in the Americas to achieve complete digital telephone coverage in 1997. The system is government-owned, and there have been controversial proposals to partially privatize it since the 1990s.
The mobile phone market is shared by the state-ownedANTELand two private companies,MovistarandClaro. The ANTEL has the largest market share at 49% of Uruguay's mobile lines.ANTEL has launched a commercial5G networkin April 2019with still continual development.While Movistar and Claro have only 30% and 21% of the market share, respectively.TheGoogle Searchengine accounted for 95% of totalsearch enginemarket share in 2023–2024.
In 2010, the Ministry of Energy, Mining and Industry of Uruguay approved Decree 354 on the Promotion of Renewable Energies.In 2021, Uruguay had, in terms of installed renewable electricity, 1,538 MW in hydropower, 1,514 MW in wind power (35th largest in the world), 258 MW in solar power (66th largest in the world), and 423 MW in biomass.In 2023, 98% of Uruguay's electricity comes fromrenewable energy.The dramatic shift, taking less than ten years and without government funding, lowered electricity costs and slashed the country'scarbon footprint.Most of the electricity comes from hydroelectric facilities and wind parks. Uruguay no longer imports electricity.In 2022, 49% of the country's totalcarbon dioxide emissionscame from the burning ofdiesel fuel, followed bygasoline, with a 25% share.
Uruguayans are of predominantlyEuropean origin, with 85.2% of the population claiming "white" as their dominant ancestry self-identified in the2023 census,a decrease from 87.7% over the 2011 census.Most Uruguayans of European ancestry are descendants of 19th and 20th century immigrants from Spain,and to a lesser degree Germany, Italy, France, and Britain.Earlier settlers had migrated from Argentina.People ofAfrican descentmake up around five percent of the total.There are also important communities ofJapanese.Overall, the ethnic composition is similar to neighboring Argentine provinces as well as Southern Brazil.
From 1963 to 1985, an estimated 320,000 Uruguayans emigrated.The most popular destinations for Uruguayan emigrants are Argentina, followed by the United States, Australia, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Italy, France and Portugal.In 2009, for the first time in 44 years, the country saw an overall positive influx when comparing immigration to emigration. 3,825 residence permits were awarded in 2009, compared with 1,216 in 2005.50% of new legal residents come from Argentina and Brazil. A migration law passed in 2008 gives immigrants the same rights and opportunities that nationals have, with the requisite of proving a monthly income of $650.
Metropolitan Montevideois the only large city, with around 1.9 million inhabitants, or more than half the country's total population. The rest of the urban population lives in about 30 towns.Uruguay's rate of population growth is much lower than in other Latin American countries.Its median age is 35.3 years, higher than the global averagedue to its low birth rate, high life expectancy, and relatively high rate of emigration among younger people. A quarter of the population is less than 15 years old, and about a sixth are aged 60 and older.In 2017, the averagetotal fertility rate(TFR) across Uruguay was 1.70 children born per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1. It remains considerably below the high of 5.76 children born per woman in 1882.
A 2017IADBreport on labor conditions for Latin American nations ranked Uruguay as the region's leader overall in all but one subindexes, including gender, age, income, formality, and labor participation.
Christianityis the largest religion in Uruguay. The country has no official religion; church and state are officially separated,andreligious freedomis guaranteed. A 2008 survey by the INE of Uruguay showed Catholic Christianity as the main religion, with 45.7–81.4%of the population; 9.0% are non-Catholic Christians, 0.6% areAnimistsorUmbandists(anAfro-Brazilianreligion), and 0.4% are Jewish. 30.1% reported believing in a god, but not belonging to any religion, while 14% wereatheistsor agnostics.Among the sizeableArmeniancommunity in Montevideo, the dominant religion is Christianity, specificallyArmenian Apostolic.
Political observers consider Uruguay the most secular country in the Americas.Uruguay's secularization began with the relatively minor role of the church in the colonial era, compared with other parts of theSpanish Empire. The small numbers of Uruguay's indigenous peoples and their resistance to proselytism reduced the influence of the ecclesiastical authorities.
After independence,anti-clericalideas spread to Uruguay, particularly from France, further eroding the influence of the church.In 1837, civil marriage was recognized, and in 1861, the state took over the running of public cemeteries. In 1907, divorce was legalized, and in 1909, all religious instruction was banned from state schools.Under the influence of theColoradopoliticianJosé Batlle y Ordóñez(1903–1911), completeseparation of church and statewas introduced with the newconstitution of 1917.Uruguay's capital has12 synagoguesand a community of 20,000 Jews as of 2011. With a peak of 50,000 during the mid-1960s, Uruguay has the world's highest rate ofaliyahas a percentage of the Jewish population.
Spanishis the de factonational language.Uruguayan Spanish, as a variant ofRioplatense, employs bothvoseoandyeísmo(with[ʃ]or[ʒ]) and has a great influence of theItalian languageand its different dialects since it incorporateslunfardo.In the border areas with Brazil in the northeast of the country,Uruguayan Portugueseis spoken, which consists of a mixture of Spanish withBrazilian Portuguese.It is a dialect without formally defined orthography and without any official recognition.Englishis the most widespread foreign language among the Uruguayan people, being part of the educational curriculum.
As fewindigenous peopleexist in the population, no indigenous languages are thought to remain in active use in the country.Another spoken dialect was thePatois, which is anOccitandialect. The dialect was spoken mainly in theColonia Department, where the first pilgrims settled, in the city calledLa Paz. There are still written tracts of the language in the Waldensians Library (Biblioteca Valdense) in the town ofColonia Valdense,Colonia Department. Patois speakers arrived to Uruguay from thePiedmont. Originally, they were Vaudois who becomeWaldensians, giving their name to the city Colonia Valdense, which translated from the Spanish to mean "Waldensian Colony".
In 2001,Uruguayan Sign Language (LSU)was recognized as an official language of Uruguay under Law 17.378.
Education in Uruguayissecular, free,and compulsory for 14 years, starting at the age of 4.The system is divided into six levels of education: early childhood (3–5 years), primary (6–11 years), basic secondary (12–14 years), upper secondary (15–17 years), higher education (18 and up), and postgraduate education.Public education is the primary responsibility of three institutions: theMinistry of Education and Culture, which coordinates education policies; theNational Public Education Administration, which formulates and implements policies on early to secondary education; and theUniversity of the Republic, responsible for higher education.In 2009, the government planned to invest 4.5% of GDP in education.
Uruguay ranks high on standardised tests such asPISAat a regional level but is also below some countries with similar levels of income to theOECDaverage.In the 2006 PISA test, Uruguay had one of the greateststandard deviationsamong schools, suggesting significant variability by socio-economic level.Uruguay is part of theOne Laptop per Childproject, and in 2009 it became the first country in the world to provide a laptop for every primary school studentas part of thePlan Ceibal.Over the 2007–2009 period, 362,000 pupils and 18,000 teachers were involved in the scheme; around 70% of the laptops were given to children who did not have computers at home.The OLPC programme represents less than 5% of the country's education budget.
Uruguayan culture is stronglyEuropeanand its influences from southern Europe are particularly important.The tradition of thegauchohas been an important element in the art and folklore of both Uruguay and Argentina.
Abstract painter and sculptorCarlos Páez Vilarówas a prominent Uruguayan artist. He drew from bothTimbuktuandMykonosto create his best-known work: his home, hotel andatelierCasapueblonearPunta del Este.The 19th-century painterJuan Manuel Blanes, whose works depict historical events,was the first Uruguayan artist to gain widespread recognition. ThePost-ImpressionistpainterPedro Figaridid pastel studies in Montevideo and the countryside.Most of the paintings were part of the abstract trend, notmuralism.
Uruguay has manyart museums, most of which are in Montevideo, such as theTorres García Museumand the Gurvich Museum.The Torres García Museum was dedicated in honor of the Uruguayan artistJoaquín Torres-García.
The folk and popular music of Uruguay shares itsgauchoroots withArgentinaand thetango.One of the most famous tangos, "La cumparsita" (1917), was written by the Uruguayan composerGerardo Matos Rodríguez.Thecandombeis a folk dance performed atCarnival, especiallyUruguayan Carnival, mainly by Uruguayans of African ancestry.The guitar is the preferred musical instrument, and in a popular traditional contest called thepayada, two singers, each with a guitar, take turns improvising verses to the same tune.Folk music is calledcanto popularand includes some guitar players and singers such asLos Olimareños, andNuma Moraes.
There are numerous radio stations and musical events of rock music and the Caribbean genres.Early classical music in Uruguay showed Spanish and Italian influence, but since the 20th century, a number of composers of classical music, includingEduardo Fabini,Héctor Tosar, andEduardo Gilardoni, have made use of Latin American musical idioms more.There are two symphony orchestras inMontevideo, OSSODRE and Filarmonica de Montevideo. Some of the well-known classical musicians are pianistsAlbertEnrique Graf; guitaristsEduardo FernandezandMarco Sartor; and singersErwin Schrott.
Tangohas especially affected Uruguayan culture during the 20th century, particularly the 1930s and 1940s with Uruguayan singers such asJulio SosafromLas Piedras.When tango singerCarlos Gardelwas 29 years old, he changed his nationality to be Uruguayan, saying he was born inTacuarembó.Nevertheless, a Carlos Gardel museum was established in 1999 inValle Edén, near Tacuarembó.
Rock and rollwas first introduced into Uruguay with the arrival ofthe Beatlesand other British bands in the early 1960s. A wave of bands appeared in Montevideo, includingLos Shakers,Los Iracundos,Los Moonlights, andLos Malditos, of which all became major figures in the so-calledUruguayan Invasionof Argentina.Popular Uruguayan rock bands includeLa Vela Puerca,El Cuarteto de Nos, andCursi. In 2004, the Uruguayan musician and actorJorge Drexlerwon an Academy Award for composing the song "Al otro lado del río" from the movieThe Motorcycle Diaries, which narrated the life ofChe Guevara.
Uruguayan food culture comes mostly from the European cuisine culture. Most of the Uruguayan dishes are from Spain, France, Italy, and Brazil, the result of immigration caused by past wars in Europe. Daily meals vary between meats, pasta of all types, rice, sweet desserts and others, with meat being the principal dish due to Uruguay being one of the world's largest producers of meat in quality.
Typical dishes include: "Asadouruguayo" (big grill or barbecue of all types of meat), roasted lamb,Chivito(sandwich containing thin grilled beef, lettuce, tomatoes, fried egg, ham, olives and others, and served with French fries),Milanesa(a kind of fried breaded beef), tortellini, spaghetti, gnocchi, ravioli, rice and vegetables.
One of the most consumed spreads in Uruguay isDulce de leche(a caramel confection from Latin America prepared by slowly heating sugar and milk). The most typical sweet isAlfajor, which is a small cake, filled withDulce de lecheand covered with chocolate ormeringue. Other typical desserts include thePastafrola(a type of cake filled with quince jelly) andChajá(meringue, sponge cake, whipped cream and fruits, typically peaches and strawberries are added).Mate, aherbal drink, is the most typical beverage in Uruguay.
José Enrique Rodó(1871–1917), a modernist, is considered Uruguay's most significant literary figure.His book,Ariel(1900), deals with the need to maintainspiritualvalues while pursuing material and technical progress.It also stresses resisting cultural dominance by Europe and the United States.Notable amongst Latin American playwrights isFlorencio Sánchez(1875–1910), who wrote plays about contemporary social problems that are still performed today.
From about the same period came the romantic poetry ofJuan Zorrilla de San Martín(1855–1931), who wrote epic poems aboutUruguayan history. Also notable areJuana de Ibarbourou(1895–1979),Delmira Agustini(1866–1914),Idea Vilariño(1920–2009), and the short stories ofHoracio QuirogaandJuan José Morosoli(1899–1959).The psychological stories ofJuan Carlos Onetti(such as "No Man's Land" and "The Shipyard") have earned widespread critical praise, as have the writings ofMario Benedetti.
Uruguay's best-known contemporary writer isEduardo Galeano, author ofLas venas abiertas de América Latina(1971; "Open Veins of Latin America") and the trilogyMemoria del fuego(1982–87; "Memory of Fire").Other modern Uruguayan writers includeSylvia Lago,Jorge Majfud, andJesús Moraes.
TheReporters Without Bordersworldwide press freedom index has ranked Uruguay as 19th of 180 reported countries in 2019.Freedom of speech and media are guaranteed by the constitution, with qualifications for inciting violence or "insulting the nation".Uruguay's freedom of the press was severely curtailed during the years of military dictatorship. On his first day in office in March 1985, Sanguinetti re-established complete freedom of the press.Consequently, Montevideo's newspapers expanded their circulations.Uruguayans have access to more than 100 private daily and weekly newspapers, more than 100 radio stations, and some 20 terrestrial television channels, and cable TV is widely available.
State-runradioandTVare operated by the official broadcasting serviceSODRE.Some newspapers are owned by, or linked to, the main political parties.El Díawas the nation's most prestigious paper until its demise in the early 1990s, founded in 1886 by the Colorado party leader and (later) presidentJosé Batlle y Ordóñez.El País, the paper of the rival Blanco Party, has the largest circulation.Búsquedaserves as a forum for political and economic analysis.Although it sells only about 16,000 copies a week, its estimated readership exceeds 50,000.
Footballis the most popular sport in Uruguay. The first international match outside theBritish Isleswas played between Uruguay andArgentinain Montevideo in July 1902.Football was taken to Uruguay by English sailors and labourers in the late 19th century. Less successfully, they introducedrugbyandcricket.  Uruguay won gold at the1924 Paris Olympic Gamesand again in1928in Amsterdam.
TheUruguay national football teamhas won theFIFA World Cupon two occasions. Uruguay won theinaugural tournamenton home soil in 1930 and again in 1950,famously defeatinghome favouritesBrazilin the final match.Uruguay has won theCopa América(an international tournament for South American nations and guests) 15 times, such as Argentina, the last one in 2011. Uruguay has by far the smallest population of any country that has won a World Cup.Despite their early success, they missed three World Cups in four attempts from 1994 to 2006.Uruguay reached the semi-final for the first time in 40 years in the2010 FIFA World Cup.Diego Forlánwas presented with theGolden Ballaward as the best player of the 2010 tournament.
Uruguay exported 1,414 football players during the 2000s, almost as many players as Brazil and Argentina.In 2010, the Uruguayan government enacted measures intended to retain players in the country.There are two Montevideo-based football clubs,NacionalandPeñarol; they have won three Intercontinental Cups each. When the two clubs play each other, it is known asUruguayan Clásico.In the rankings for June 2012, Uruguay was ranked the second best team in the world, according to theFIFAworld rankings, their highest ever point in football history, falling short of the first spot to theSpain national football team.
Besides football, the most popular sport in Uruguay is basketball.Itsnational teamqualified for theBasketball World Cupseven times, more often than other countries in South America, exceptBrazilandArgentina. Uruguay hosted the officialBasketball World Cupfor the1967 FIBA World Championshipand the officialAmericas Basketball Championshipin 1988 and 1997, and is a host of the2017 FIBA AmeriCup.
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