davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Ngome ya Yesu

Ngome ya Yesu (pia: Boma la Yesu; kwa Kiingereza: Fort Jesus) ni ngome ya kale mjini Mombasa (Kenya). Iko kwenye kisiwa cha Mombasa ikitazama mlango wa bandari ya kale.
Ilijengwa mwaka 1593 na msanifu Giovanni Battista Cairato kwa niaba ya Wareno na ilikuwa kituo muhimu cha Wareno kwenye njia ya mawasiliano kati ya Ureno na Uhindi. Jahazi zao zilipita Afrika Kusini zikapumzika kidogo Msumbiji penye ngome kubwa ya Kireno halafu ziliendelea kupitia Mombasa na kuvuka bahari hadi Bara Hindi.
Mabwana wa ngome walibadilishana.
Baada ya kuondolewa na Waomani Wareno walisafiri moja kwa moja kati ya Msumbiji na Goa.
Baada ya Wareno utawala wa ngome ulipiganiwa kati ya Sultani wa Omani na maliwali wa Mombasa wa nasaba ya Mazrui waliojaribu kuendelea bila mabwana wa Omani.
1856 Mombasa pamoja na Boma la Yesu ilikuwa sehemu ya usultani wa Zanzibar
1895 mji pamoja na ngome zilikodiwa na Uingereza
Waingereza walitumia ngome kama gereza.
Tangu mwaka 1958 imekuwa makumbusho ya kitaifa. Leo hii ni sehemu ya Makumbusho ya Kitaifa ya Kenya na ya urithi wa dunia wa UNESCO.
Wafiadini wa Mombasa

Wafiadini wa Mombasa ni kundi la Wakristo Wakatoliki zaidi ya 280 waliouawa na sultani Jeromino au Yusufu Chingulia huko Mombasa (leo nchini Kenya) tarehe 21 Agosti 1631 kwa sababu ya imani yao, ambayo mwenyewe alikuwa ameikana ili kurudia Uislamu.
Kati yao kuna Wareno wengi (wanaume 47, wanawake 39 na watoto 59), lakini Waafrika labda wengi zaidi (wanaume 72, mbali ya wanawake na watoto) waliomuamini Yesu kwa dhati wasiweze kumkana kwa lolote.
Tarehe 16 Agosti 1631, sultani huyo alikusanya watu kutoka bara akavamia Fort Jesus kwa kujifanya anataka kushiriki ibada. Kumbe alimuua kapteni Mreno kwa kisu, wakati wafuasi wake walipochoma moto mji mzima.
Wakazi walikimbilia nyumba ya wamisionari Waaugustino. Hapo suala halikuwa tena kufukuza Wareno tu, bali kukomesha Ukristo.
Sultani aliwatolea wote nafasi ya kusilimu ili kukwepa kifodini, lakini mmoja tu alikubali. Watu wake walishambulia kanisa tarehe 20 Agosti huku wakiua wote waliolikimbilia.
Kesho yake wanawake wengine pamoja na watoto, wakiwemo Wareno na Waafrika, walipita kati ya mji wakiimba tenzi za Kikristo. Walilazimishwa kupanda boti walioangamizwa kwa visu na mikuki.
Isabel Varella alikataa kuasi, lakini alifanywa mtumwa badala ya kuuawa. Hata mke na binti walifia dini yao.
Sultani Yusufu (Jeronimo) aliondoka Mombasa mwaka 1632 akawa haramia kwenye Bahari ya Shamu.
Siku hizi kesi ya kuwatangaza hao wafiadini kuwa wenye heri na halafu watakatifu inaendelea.
Orodha ya kazi kuu zilizoidhinishwa na Creative Commons

Hii ni orodha ya kazi mashuhuri zinazopatikana chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons. Kazi zinazopatikana chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons zinazidi kuongezeka. Kumbuka kuwa kuna leseni nyingi za Creative Commons zenye tofauti muhimu.
Uchambuzi uliofanywa mwezi Novemba 2014 ulibaini kuwa idadi ya kazi zilizo chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons (CC) katika hifadhidata kubwa na zinazoweza kutafutwa kupitia Google ilifikia kazi milioni 882. Zaidi ya hayo, kulikuwa na kurasa milioni tisa za wavuti zilizounganisha na mojawapo ya leseni za CC.
Creative Commons pia inatoa injini ya utafutaji kwa hifadhidata kuu kama vile: Europeana, Open Clip Art Library, Pixabay, ccMixter na nyinginezo.
Kufikia Januari 2016, serikali 31 na mashirika 7 ya kimataifa yalikuwa yameweka taarifa zao kupatikana kwa mujibu wa Creative Commons (CC) kulingana na creativecommons.org. Vilevile, mashirika kadhaa kutoka sekta ya GLAM (Maktaba, Majumba ya kumbukumbu, Kumbukumbu, na Majumba ya sanaa) yamefanya hivyo pia.
Creative Commons hudumisha abook list themselves.
Creative Commons kudumisha a film list themselves.
Mkama Ndume

Magofu ya Mkama Ndume yalikuwa makazi ya Waswahili ya enzi za kati ambayo yaliachwa na wakazi wao katika Karne ya 16 kabla ya kuwasili kwa Wareno Afrika Mashariki na inajulikana kwa uimarishaji wake kwa kutumia mawe.
Magofu hayo yako km 10 (mi 6.2) mashariki mwa mji wa Chake Chake katika Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini, Tanzania.
Mji huo ulitawaliwa na kiongozi mmoja aitwaye Bwana Mohammed bin Abdul Rahman, ambaye alijulikana kwa ukatili wake sana kwa raia wake na hivyo akapewa jina la utani la Mkama Ndume lenye maana ya mkamua wanaume kwa Kiswahili cha zamani. Hayo magofu ya makazi yakapewa jina hilo la utani la Mkama Ndume.
WorldCat

WorldCat ni jina la hazinadata kubwa zaidi duniani kuhusu vitabu vinavyopatikana katika maktaba elfu kadhaa kote duniani.
WorldCat ni kifupi cha "world catalogue" yaani orodha (ya vitabu) ya kimataifa.
Ilianzishwa mwaka 1967 wakati maktaba za jimbo la Ohio, Marekani ziliungana kuunda taasisi ya "Ohio Computer Library Center" (OCLC) kwa shabaha ya kupeana habari za vitabu vilivyopatikana katika maktaba za vyuo 54 vya Ohio.
Tangu mwaka 1978 maktaba za majimbo mengine ya Marekani yalikubaliwa na jina kubadilishwa kuwa "Online Computer Library Center".
Tangu mwaka 2002 kila maktaba duniani inaweza kujiunga na OCLC. Mwaka 2019 kulikuwa na maktaba wanachama 17,983 katika nchi 123 tofauti.
Ukitafuta kitabu kwenye WorldCat itakupa majina ya maktaba wanachama ambamo kitabu hicho kinapatikana. Kama hakuna maktaba iliyo karibu yenye kitabu hicho unaweza kuazima kitabu (karatasi au online) kama maktaba yako ni mwanachama ya WolrdCat na kukubali kuazima kutoka maktaba nyingine.
WolrdCat inatoa pia nafasi ya kupata habari zinazohitajika kwa dondoo kwa kubofya "Cite/Export" (copy a citation).
(zote ziko Nairobi kama mahali pengine hapatajwi)
(zote ziko Dar es Salaam kama mahali pengine hapatajwi)
(zote ziko Kampala kama mahali pengine hapatajwi)
Antiokia wa Pisidia

Antiokia wa Pisidia (kwa Kigiriki: Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Πισιδίας, Antiokeia tes Pisidias) ulikuwa mji wa Wagiriki wa Kale katika rasi ya Anatolia, sasa katika wilaya ya Isparta, nchini Uturuki.
Kwa sasa ni maghofu tu yanayopatikana km 1 kaskazini-mashariki kwa Yalvaç.
Mwaka 46 Mtume Paulo na Barnaba walifika mara mbili kuinjilisha huko (Mdo 13:13-52 na 14:21-23). Paulo alirudi tena katika maeneo hayo wakati wa safari yake ya pili (16:1) na ya tatu (18:23) ingawa alipatwa na dhuluma (2 Tim 3:11).
Orodha ya watu mashuhuri Ethiopia

Hii ni orodha ya Waethiopia mashuhuri, iliyopangwa kulingana na nyanja ambazo zinajulikana zaidi. Orodha hiyo inajumuisha watu waliozaliwa na kuishi nchini Ethiopia, pamoja na watu wanaohusishwa sana na Ethiopia, na watu wa asili muhimu za Ethiopia.
Chura wa Kihansi

Chura wa Kihansi (Nectophrynoides asperginis, Kihansi Spray Toad) ni chura mdogo aliye kienyeji katika eneo la Kihansi, Tanzania pekee. Spishi hiyo inazaa hai na inakula wadudu. Mwaka 1999 mazingira asili yaliathiriwa na ujenzi wa Lambo la Kihansi. Chura wa Kihansi kwa sasa ameainishwa kama aliyetoweka porini lakini spishi hii inaendelea nje ya eneo lake la asili ikitunzwa katika hifadhi.
Kiasili chura huyu alipatikana pekee katika eneo dogo la hekta 2 (ekari 5) chini ya maporomoko ya maji ya Mto Kihansi katika mtelemko wa Udzungwa kwenye Mkoa wa Iringa nchini Tanzania. Korongo la Kihansi lina urefu wa kilomita 4 likielekea kaskazini-kusini.
Manyunyu ya maporomoko yaliunda mlia mwembamba mwenye mazingira ya pekee yaliyokuwa nyumbani wa chura huyu. Ardhi nyevu hizi zilikuwa na uoto mnene wenye nyasi ikiwa ni pamoja na nyasi za Panicum, Selaginella kraussiana na kangaga (Tectaria gemmifera). Maeneo ndani ya maeneo ya kunyunyizia maji ya maporomoko ya maji yalikuwa na halijoto isiyobadilika sana na unyevu wa 100%.
Tangu kujengwa kwa lambo la Kihansi kwenye mwaka 1999 mfumo wa kunyunyizia uliwekwa kwa shabaha ya kutunza uhai wa chura unaolenga kuiga hali ya kiasili. Lakini mamlaka ulichelewa kuweka mfumo huu mapema na chura zote za eneo hili walitoweka katika muda wa miaka michache.
Chura wengine wa spichi hiyo walitafutwa katika mazimgira ya maporomoko mengine ya maji kwenye miinuko ya Milima ya Udzungwa lakini hawakupatikana.
Mpango wa ufugaji mbali na eneo la asili ulianzishwa mnamo mwaka 2001 kwa lengo la kuhifadhi spishi hiyo. Chura 500 walichukuliwa Kihansi na kupelekwa zoo sita. Zoo mbili pekee za Bronx na Toledo ndizo zilizoweza kudumisha idadi ya chura. Kwa sasa Toledo kuna vyura elfu kadhaa wa Kihansi, wengi wao wakiwa nje ya maonyesho. Zoo ya Bronx pia ina vyura elfu kadhaa wa Kihansi.
Tangu Agosti 2010 vyura kadhaa walirudishwa katika mazingira asili huko Kihansi kutoka Marekani kwa kutumia kituo cha uenezi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam. Kuna hatari kutokana na fungus fulani (chytrid fungus) inayoua vyura wengi.
Watafiti wanaona kwamba kuletwa tena kwa spishi hiyo porini kunaweza kuchukua muda kwa sababu inahitaji kuzoea mazingira ya porini ambayo inahitaji kutafuta chakula, kukwepa wanyama wanaowinda wanyama wengine, na kushinda magonjwa, tofauti na mazingira yaliyodhibitiwa ambayo waliishi wakati wa kufugwa Marekani.
Tangu mwaka 2020 Shirika la Umeme Tanesco lilishiriki katika gharama za utunzaji wa vyura hao na kuwarudisha tena Tanzania kwa jumla ya TSh milioni 611.92
Mombasa Island

Mombasa Island is a 5 by 3 km (3.1 by 1.9 mi) coral outcrop located on Kenya's coast on the Indian Ocean, which is connected to the mainland by a causeway. Part of the city of Mombasa is located on the island, including the Old Town.
The old town of Mombasa is located at the eastern, seaward end of the island. Kilindini and Port Reitz, the modern deepwater harbour and port separates the island from the Kenyan mainland to the south. The old harbour, which is named Port Tudor and guarded by Fort Jesus, and Tudor Creek separate the island from the northern mainland. Modern residential sprawl and industrial areas now occupy the rest of the island.
Mombasa is linked to the mainland by the Makupa Causeway to the northwest, by the Nyali Bridge to the east and by the Likoni Ferry to the south. A road and rail bridge also serve the mainland container port near Port Reitz.
Port Tudor and Tudor Creek were named by Owen Tudor the Royal Navy captain who first surveyed the area.
Mombasa Island is one of the four divisions of Mombasa County. The division has a population of 1,208,333 (2019 census). It is divided into six subdivisions:
4°03′S 39°40′E﻿ / ﻿4.050°S 39.667°E﻿ / -4.050; 39.667
Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks

The Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks is a 2007 treaty of the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
The purpose of the convention is to establish uniform rules for the prompt and effective removal of shipwrecks located in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of a state that may be hazardous to navigation or to the environment. The convention gives states authority to remove wrecks from the portion of its EEZ that is within international waters without any implication that the state is claiming sovereignty over that area.
The convention was concluded at Nairobi, Kenya, on 18 May 2007. It entered into force on 14 April 2015 after being ratified by ten states.
As of November 2018, the Convention has been ratified by 41 states.
Institute of Nautical Archaeology

The Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) is an organization devoted to the study of humanity's interaction with the sea through the practice of archaeology.
INA's founder Dr. George Bass pioneered the science of underwater excavation in the 1960s through work at Cape Gelidonya and other ancient shipwreck sites off the coast of Turkey. Since then, INA has expanded its scope and activities to work globally on shipwrecks and submerged sites. In 1976, the affiliation of INA with Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas gave rise to the graduate Nautical Archaeology Program there. Hundreds of archaeologists have received their training at Texas A&M and today, after more than four decades of the Nautical Archaeology Program's existence.
INA is a not-for-profit group founded in 1972 and recognized by the U.S. Government in 1973. Today it has members all over the world and counts among them professional archaeologists, students, and many others from all walks of life.
INA's mission is to bring history to light through the science of shipwrecks. INA's members apply standards of science and art to locating, excavating, recording, preserving, and publishing shipwrecks and other archaeological sites of maritime significance all over the world. They do so to add to humanity's understanding of seafaring's role in the development of civilization. Three-quarters of the earth is covered by water, and in the fabric of human history, the most pervasive thread is our association with the planet's oceans, rivers and lakes.
The Institute of Nautical Archaeology works for the public to share what nautical archaeologists do, with anyone with an interest. INA is also committed to the preservation of the world's shipwrecks and other archaeological sites, but specifically to finding the most significant sites and excavating them to unlock their secrets.
INA's professional and volunteer members and affiliates have conducted fieldwork in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Americas, and Europe. They have worked on the world's oldest known shipwrecks, and on wrecks as recent as World War II. Their work has improved the understanding of ancient trade in the Mediterranean, the development of the ship, shipbuilding in the Ancient World, the saga of European expansion into the New World, and wars for the control of the Americas.
Underwater!

Underwater! is a 1955 adventure film starring Jane Russell, Richard Egan, and Gilbert Roland, and directed by John Sturges.
Johnny and his wife Theresa, along with mercenary Dominic Quesada, priest Father Cannon, and Gloria, the boat owner, search for sunken treasure in the Caribbean. While on a dive, they come across a wreck that they assume holds treasure. When they resurface, they are confronted by a boat of local shark-hunters with an unhealthy curiosity in their activities. In their effort to find funding to raise the wreck, they discover that what they are looking for is a 17th-century ship that contains a life-size solid gold Madonna encrusted in precious gems and that it lies in a different underwater location. So they make plans to acquire it. However, it is on the edge of a precipice, and the shark-hunters intend for them to do all the difficult and dangerous recovery, then take the treasure from them.
Howard Hughes acquired the rights to the unpublished The Big Rainbow.
Partially filmed on location in Mexico and Hawaii, Underwater! was completed in a newly constructed underwater tank in an RKO Radio Pictures soundstage. It was the first RKO film released in Superscope. The film's budget increased from its initial $300,000 and a large amount of the budget was used on footage cut from the film.
Lori Nelson claimed Howard Hughes wanted her for the lead and paid Universal Pictures for her use; however, Jane Russell owed RKO a film. The lead was given to Russell with a part written for Nelson so she could keep her fee.
The film contained the songs "Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White" and "Rhythm Sticks" performed by Perez "Prez" Prado and his Orchestra ("The King of the Mambo").
For its world premiere on January 10, 1955, the film was projected on a submerged movie screen at Silver Springs, Florida, and members of the press viewed the film 20 feet underwater while wearing aqualungs.
The song "Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White" featured in the film became a major hit.
LGBTQ history in Kenya

LGBT history in Kenya has been characterized by religious and colonial influences. Interactions with traders along the Indian Oceanic coastline introduced Islamic religious doctrine against homosexuality. European explorers and British colonial rule incorporated the influence of Christianity. After gaining independence in 1963, the Kenyan government has remained hostile to the LGBT community. But in the 21st century, LGBT organizations advocacy organizations have formed.
In the centuries after the advent of Islam in the 7th century in Arabia, religious doctrines against homosexuality were likely trafficked by Arab and Persian traders the Indian oceanic coastline, and later the Omani and Portuguese settlers along the coastline up until the 19th century. With the arrival of European missionaries and explorers into the interior in the mid-19th century, the anti-homosexual doctrine of Christianity began to be disseminated among the various ethnic groups in the region.
Moreover, during the colonial rule of British East Africa by the British from 1895 to 1963, anti-sodomy laws were promulgated, a phenomenon encouraged by European Christian missionaries who expanded popular adherence to Christian religion in the colony.
The anti-sodomy laws were kept by the post-independence government under Jomo Kenyatta, who, according to Wanjira Kiama:
This hostility continued under the presidency of Daniel arap Moi, even as HIV/AIDS took a heavy toll on the Kenyan population, across sexual orientation boundaries.
Under President Mwai Kibaki, in the midst of a rise of hostile anti-LGBT rhetoric, a number of pro-LGBT organizations were established, with the largest group being the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya in 2006.
On 26 June 2012, the United States embassy in Nairobi held what was believed to be the first ever LGBT pride event in Kenya. A public affairs officer at the embassy said, "The U.S. government for its part has made it clear that the advancement of human rights for LGBT people is central to our human rights policies around the world and to the realization of our foreign policy goals". Similar events were held at other U.S. embassies around the world.
Willden Fort

Willden Fort was a wooden-palisade fort constructed on Cove Creek in Utah in 1860 by Charles William Willden and his son Ellott Willden. It was occupied from 1860 to 1865, abandoned, then occupied briefly in 1867 during the construction of Cove Fort.
In 1852, Mormon leader Brigham Young sent Charles Willden to Cedar City to work in the ironworks The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was attempting to establish, since Willden had worked in the steel industry in Sheffield, England, prior to immigrating to the United States of America. While traveling between Salt Lake City, and Cedar City, the Willdens camped at Cove Creek and observed it to be a nice place to settle.
When the ironworks failed in 1859, Willden decided to settle Cove Creek. He and his son Ellott built Willden Fort near what would later be the site of the still-present Cove Fort. They first constructed an adobe house, then enclosed it with a 150-foot square cedar-post stockade. The posts were 8 to 10 ft high, placed close together to form a solid wall.
Willden Fort was first occupied during the spring of 1860, and the Willden family lived there continuously until 1865 when a combination of Indian attacks due to Utah's Black Hawk War and a very harsh winter that killed most of the family's livestock convinced the Willdens to return to Beaver, Utah.
While the Willdens occupied the fort, they received a continuous stream of visitors, because Willden Fort was located along the Mormon Road, a major travel corridor between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, and was at a convenient stopping place. Some of the prominent visitors who stayed at the fort were Brigham Young, Lorenzo Snow, John Taylor and Ezra T. Benson. After the abandonment of Willden Fort, Brigham Young directed Ira Hinckley to construct a new fort on the same location. The Willden family returned to Willden Fort to assist with the construction of Cove Fort. Willden Fort also briefly housed the telegraph office during the construction of Cove Fort, making it the site of the first telegraph in Millard County, Utah.
In 1996, the Archaeology Department at Brigham Young University organized and conducted an excavation at the location where Willden Fort is thought to have been located. Willden family descendants were interviewed to determine the most likely location and teams of students and professors from the university carefully excavated the site. No remnants of the fort or house were found.
On September 21, 1996, the Church of the Latter Day Saints organized a ceremony and provided a plaque to commemorate the history of the site and honor the Willden family for their contributions to the history of the region and to Cove Fort. The ceremony was attended by 850 descendants of Charles and his wife Eleanor.
Portuguese Cove, Nova Scotia

Portuguese Cove is a rural community in the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia on Route 349 on the Chebucto Peninsula .
The name comes from the Portuguese fishermen who for many years sailed in the summer months fishing in the 18th century. During the War of 1812, the community received the 133 passengers from the wreck of HMS Atalante. A local fishing vessel discovered the passengers in three small vessels stranded in the fog and guided them to safety at Portuguese Cove. Captain Hickey reported, the "inhabitants of Portuguese cove behaved towards us all with every possible mark of hospitality, kindness, and attention, that humanity could dictate."
44°31′18.8″N 63°32′6.9″W﻿ / ﻿44.521889°N 63.535250°W﻿ / 44.521889; -63.535250
Curva del diablo (Perú)

En Perú, se suele llamar curva del diablo a las áreas de autopistas y carreteras que se encuentran sobre una curva demasiada angosta, que puede estar a pies de una pendiente.​ Es lo equivalente a la «curva de la muerte» en otros países.​
El primer registro del término se dio durante el conflicto de Bagua de 2009, en dicho contexto, los huelguistas se encontraban bloqueando la Ruta nacional PE-5N y la policía nacional en una intentona por dispersarlos, dieron inicio a una escalada de violencia entre ambos bandos que acabó con 23 policías y 10 huelguistas muertos.​ El área bloqueada era conocida como la «curva del diablo» por la peligrosidad que representaba pasarla en condiciones desfavorables como mal clima o exceso de velocidad, al hacer referencia al diablo de la tradición cristiana —Perú es un país de mayoría católica— se daba a entender de la posibilidad de encontrar la muerte de manera repentina en esa zona.​ Desde entonces el nombre comenzó a ser utilizado a nivel nacional para todo los sitios carreteros que representen un alto riesgo de pase.​
En todo Perú se registró caminos que fueron catalogados con esta denominación. El escritor Mario Vargas Llosa en su relato de 1967 llamado Los cachorros relata al serpentín de Pasamayo del Eje longitudinal PE-1, la curva del diablo más conocida en tiempos contemporáneos.​ En el serpentín ocurrió la tragedia del 2 de enero de 2018, uno de los accidentes de tránsito más graves según la historiografía peruana.​
A continuación, los sitios donde se ha registrado por lo menos una «curva del diablo»:
Con el término exacto de curva del diablo, en México, se denomina a un sector llamado «La Pera» de la Carretera Federal 95 en el tramo de Ciudad de México-Cuernavaca.​ Así como autopistas locales en Orizaba (Veracruz)​ y Tlalnepantla de Baz (México).​
Casilla de la Muerte de Guadarrama

La Casilla de la Muerte de Guadarrama es una antigua construcción de peones camineros en la curva de Tablada, en Guadarrama, poco antes del Alto del León, concretamente en el kilómetro 55-56 de la antigua nacional VI. En sus orígenes estuvo destinada a almacén de material de trabajo del cuerpo de Peones Camineros y tiene unas dimensiones de 18 metros de frente por 16, aproximadamente. Está construida en piedra, ladrillo, y recebada de cemento con diferentes modificaciones a lo largo de los años. La cubierta es a dos aguas y de teja. Cuando estalló la guerra civil, en este punto fue instalado un hospital de sangre que acogió a heridos de ambos bandos en diferentes etapas de los inicios de la contienda.
Su nombre no viene, sin embargo, de la época de la Guerra Civil Española, que en sus inicios tuvo a la sierra de Guadarrama como escenario de una de las batallas más cruentas, sino que en la prensa de los años 20 y 30 aparecen ya referencias a este punto como la casilla de la muerte, vinculado a varios accidentes de tráfico acaecidos en aquella pronunciada curva de la carretera nacional. Como ejemplo de ellos podemos citar un artículo en la Hemeroteca Digital Hispánica, publicado en el Heraldo de Madrid del 25 de julio del 27, y que relata cómo doce personas a bordo de una camioneta se estrellan en este punto y cinco de ellas fallecen en el acto, resultando heridas de gravedad el resto de los ocupantes.
La antigüedad de la construcción está documentada en varios mapas de 1875 y 1923. En julio de 1936 el bando sublevado ocupaba la posición del Alto del León, y un poco más abajo se situaba una batería del bando republicano denominada Los Tomillares. La novela La Casilla de Guadarrama está inspirada en las memorias de César Díaz Echevarría, un cabo sanitario destinado en la sierra de Guadarrama precisamente entre el 17-18 de julio y el 1 de agosto de 1936, y recoge cómo estuvo en el antiguo sanatorio hispanoamericano de Guadarrama -hoy reconstruido con uso sociosanitario- en el antiguo sanatorio de la Tablada -hoy desaparecido- y por último en la casilla de la muerte.
Minarete de Kėdainiai

El minarete de Kėdainiai (en lituano: Kėdainių minaretas) es el único minarete construido en solitario en Lituania. Se encuentra ubicado en la ciudad de Kėdainiai, en el parque de la ciudad, entre la estación de tren de Kėdainiai y el río Dotnuvėlė.
El minarete fue construido en 1880 por el general ruso Eduard Totleben, que era dueño de la Mansión Kėdainiai. Él construyó el minarete como un monumento a la guerra ruso-turca en la que había luchado. La leyenda local dice también que construyó el monumento por su amante turca.​​
Minarete de Uzgen

El minarete de Uzgen también pronunciado como Özgön Minar o Uzgend Minaret​ es una torre alminar del siglo XI ubicada en Uzgen, Kirguistán.
El minarete forma parte de las antiguas ruinas de Uzgen, junto con tres mausoleos cercanos bien conservados. Es una torre troncocónica de 27,5 metros de altura, con un diámetro base de 8,5 metros, que se reduce a 6,2 metros en la parte superior.​
Construida con ladrillo, consta de tres partes diferenciadas: una inferior, en forma de octaedro de 5 metros de altura; una central, cilíndrica afilada, similar a la torre de Burana al norte de Kirguistán; y la superior, con ventanas arqueadas y cúpula que es una adición relativamente reciente, construida de 1923 a 1924.​
Minarete de Mudhafaria

El minarete de Mudhafaria​ (en árabe: المنارة المظفرية‎) es un minarete de Irak situado en el nuevo Parque Minare, en la región oeste de Erbil, en el Kurdistán iraquí al norte del país.
El minarete tiene 36 m de altura y fue construido entre el 1190 y el 1232 (586-630 AH) por el príncipe kurdo de Erbil, en el reinado de Saladino, Muzaffar Al- Din Abu Sa'id Al- Kawkaboori (Gökböri) que decidió someterse a Saladino sin guerra y se casó con su hermana.
El minarete se compone de una alta base octogonal y un eje cilíndrico elevado, con un balcón situado entre la base y el eje.
Fue construido de ladrillos cocidos, la base está decorada con dos hileras de nichos con arcos de medio punto, dos en cada una de las ocho caras que están inscritos en los marcos rectangulares . El parapeto de balcón está tallado con veinticuatro pequeños nichos.
Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands is the majority religion. As of the 2016 census, 75% of the population were Muslim.
The large Muslim population is due to the migration of labourers who were brought to Cocos (Keeling) Islands and to Christmas Island of ethnic Malay and Indonesian origin. The population on the two inhabited Cocos (Keeling) Islands generally is split between the ethnic Europeans on West Island (est. pop. 120) and the ethnic Malays on Home Island (est. pop. 500).
The Island's main Muslim organisation is the Islamic Council of Cocos Keeling Islands.
There are three mosques on the islands, the most recent of which is the World Heritage-listed West Island Mosque . The Home Island Mosque is one of the most vibrant places on the island, with its minaret painted in the colours of the territorial flag: green and gold .
List of cities in Uruguay

The list of cities in Uruguay is a list of all populated centres of Uruguay that have received the status of "Ciudad" (City). There are several populated places that have not received this status, with a population below 10,000 but as big as that of many cities. The ranks shown are only among cities and not including their wider metropolitan areas.
The year given is not the year of foundation but that of the acquisition of "City" status. If this status was obtained on an unknown date before the Independence of Uruguay, the foundation year is given in parentheses, or the date it was declared a "Villa" (Town) followed by an asterisk*.
* According to the INE, during the 2011 census, the population Paso de Carrasco and some barrios not belonging to the municipality of Ciudad de la Costa were counted as part of the city. This would bring its population to 112,447. However, Wikipedia takes the number 95,178 as the one reflecting the population of what is officially defined as "Ciudad de la Costa" and which coincides with the limits of the municipality of the same name.
Source: National Institute of Statistics of Uruguay
Media related to Cities in Uruguay at Wikimedia Commons
Natalie Gelman

Natalie Gelman (born July 17, 1985) is an American folk-pop singer and songwriter. Gelman is mainly known for her strong vocals, and has released four albums. She regularly tours southern California and other parts of the United States, performing at various venues and festivals. She has opened for Bon Jovi and played at Carnegie Hall.
Gelman was born and raised in New York City. Her parents are both musicians: father a violinist and her mother a pianist. Gelman would often try to get attention by singing along to Disney films, and performing for her parents and three siblings at dinner. They both encouraged her musical aspirations with classical training. She wrote her first song when she was 11 years old, and picked up the guitar in high school. She attended LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and ultimately ended her education by graduating from the University of Miami in 2006 with a Bachelor of Music.
She started seriously performing at the age of 17, eventually busking on New York City Subway platforms. In 2006, after the release of her self-titled album, she started a 1,500-mile (2,400 km) tour from Miami to New York City on rollerblades to promote the album and support Children International. The trip took 48 days. After multiple attempts, she was ultimately accepted into the MTA's Music Under New York program.
She released her first self-titled LP in 2006. Her second album, an EP, produced by Charlie Midnight and Mark Needham, was released in 2013. The music video for the song "Most the While" was selected for the 2014 New Media Film Festival.
Gelman began a month-long tour with Alyse Black on July 16, 2014, through Washington state, Oregon and Montana.
On July 17, 2014, she started a crowdfunding campaign to fund a full-length LP.
On February 28, 2017, Natalie was chosen to open for Bon Jovi at the Golden 1 Center in Sacramento, California as part of his This House Is Not for Sale Tour.
In 2020, she was selected to play at the Folk Alliance International in New Orleans.
Though she has lived a significant amount of time in New York, Gelman settled in Ojai, California in 2012. There she met Brent Florence, and after a courtship, they were married on October 14, 2016.
Gelman's second album was released in 2013.
David Larsen

David Larsen (born April 23, 1980) is an American stage actor. A 1998 graduate of Hillsboro High School, Larsen starred in many of its productions, including the title role in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat.
Larsen attended Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's Carnegie Mellon University and performed in nine shows. Afterward, he was a member of the ensemble for many off-Broadway productions including The Sound of Music and Seven Brides for Seven Brothers. Larsen eventually landed a three-episode spot on TV's Boston Public. This exposure helped lead to his casting as Riff in West Side Story, as well as the lead role of Bobby in the Broadway production Good Vibrations. In October 2008, he joined the company of Billy Elliot as a member of the ensemble while understudying the role of Tony. He briefly left the production in March 2011 for several weeks to take on the role of Tunny in American Idiot on Broadway, replacing actor Stark Sands. He stayed with the production until its April 24, 2011 closing. In 2013, Larsen finished his run with the new musical titled Hands on a Hardbody, which premiered at the La Jolla Playhouse in April. He played the role of veteran soldier Chris Alvaro. Larsen reprised his role when the show opened on Broadway, beginning previews on February 23, 2013. It ran for a total of twenty eight performances before closing in April. Later in 2014, Larsen joined the second national tour of The Book of Mormon, playing the role of Elder Kevin Price.
In 2018, Larsen joined the lineup of Under the Streetlamp, a vocal quartet otherwise consisting of alumni of the Chicago and touring productions of Jersey Boys.
Survivorship curve

A survivorship curve is a graph showing the number or proportion of individuals surviving to each age for a given species or group (e.g. males or females). Survivorship curves can be constructed for a given cohort (a group of individuals of roughly the same age) based on a life table.
There are three generalized types of survivorship curves:
The number or proportion of organisms surviving to any age is plotted on the y-axis (generally with a logarithmic scale starting with 1000 individuals), while their age (often as a proportion of maximum life span) is plotted on the x-axis.
In mathematical statistics, the survival function is one specific form of survivorship curve and plays a basic part in survival analysis.
There are various reasons that a species exhibits their particular survivorship curve, but one contributor can be environmental factors that decrease survival. For example, an outside element that is nondiscriminatory in the ages that it affects (of a particular species) is likely to yield a Type II survivorship curve, in which the young and old are equally likely to be affected. On the other hand, an outside element that preferentially reduces the survival of young individuals is likely to yield a Type III curve. Finally, if an outside element only reduces the survival of organisms later in life, this is likely to yield a Type I curve.
Colonsay

Colonsay (skotsk-gælisk: Colbhasa) er en øy i Indre Hebridene som ligger i Argyll and Bute-regionen av Skottland. Den er lokalisert nord for Islay og sør for Mull. Colonsay er det nedarvete basen for klan Macfie og Colonsay-grenen av klan MacNeil. Justert på en sørvestlig til nordøstlig akse, måler øya 13 km i lengde og når 5 km på det bredeste punktet.
Tiåret opp mot 2022 har det vært en vekst i turisme som bærebjelken i øyas økonomi, med mange feriehytter, mange av dem eies og administreres av Isle of Colonsay Estate. Colonsay Hotel, det eneste hotellet og puben på øya, er også eid av samme Estate.
Selv om Colonsay fremstår nakent og noe avskrekkende når man kommer fra havet, er landskapet variert med flere vakre sandstrender og et skjermet og fruktbart indre, uvanlig godt skogkledd for en øy i Hebridene. Den er knyttet til Oronsay med en tidevannsvei (kalt The Strand). Det høyeste punktet på øya er Carnan Eoin, 143 m over havet.
Øya ligger vest for Jura og sør for Mull. Ved fjære sjø henger øya sammen med naboøya Oronsay, ved flo sjø gar det et grunt sund mellom dem.
Øya regnes som forholdsvis uberørt med et rikt dyreliv (over 150 fuglearter registrert) og planteliv (over 500 arter planter). Fuglearter som kan sees på øya inkluderer alpekråke, åkerrikse og flere ulike rovfugler, av pattedyr finnes oter, seler og forvillede geiter. Øya har flere lange strender.
I henhold til folketellingen i 2011 hadde øya 124 personer, noe som var økning på bortimot 15 prosent siden 2001 da det var 108 fastboende. I løpet av den samme perioden den skotske øybefolkningen som helhet vokst med 4 prosent til 103 702. Colonsays hovedbosetning er Scalasaig (skotsk-gælisk: Sgalasaig) på østkysten.
Colonsays navn stammer fra norrønt og betyr «Kolbeins øy», skjønt Haswell-Smith mener avvikende at det kan være «Columbas øy». Siste endelse er uansett åpenbart norrønt, -ay, eller -ey, «øy», som påvist i tallrike andre skotske øyer. På 1300-tallet ble navnet registrert som Coluynsay og av Dean Monro på 1500-tallet som Colvansay. Den moderne gæliske er Colbhasa. Scalasaig har også en norrøn avledning og betyr «Skalis bukt».
Det er gjort funn som viser at øya har vært bebodd i minst 9000 år. Øya har flere bautasteiner (standing stones). Det er et mangfold av bygdeborger i ruiner på øya, slike som Dùn Cholla og Dùn Meadhonach. Steinkorset Riasg Buidhe fra 700-tallet har blitt reist på nytt i hageanlegget til Colonsay House. St. Cathans kapell kan være datert til 1300-tallet. Ruinene av et kapell for Den hellige Maria er kun litt mer enn fundamentet og kan være fra en enda eldre periode. I 1549 skrev presten Monro at Colonsay var «seven myle lange from the northeist to the southwest, with twa myle bredthe, ane fertile ile guid for quhit fishing. It hath ane paroch kirke. This ile is bruikit be ane gentle capitane, callit M’Duffyhe, and pertened of auld to Clandonald of Kyntyre.»
Kvalavåg

Kvalavåg er en grend i Karmøy kommune i Rogaland som ligger 5 minutter fra flyplassen på Helganes.
I Kvalavåg kan du leie feriehytter og benytte flotte turløyper. I 2011 la Karmøy kommune ned den kommunale skolen i bygda. Høsten 2012 ble det startet privat montessoriskole for 1.–7. klassinger.
Om sommeren holdes det Ta sjansen, hvor folk stiller opp i hjemmelagde båter for å delta i konkurransen. Vår og høst arrangerer velforeningen turmarsj med påfølgende middag på grendahuset, samt tenning av julegran til jul. Til jul arrangerer også skolen julemarked.
Jean Blondel

Jean Blondel (1929–2022) var en fransk statsviter med sammenlignende politikk som spesialfelt.
Blondel har sin utdannelse fra Institut d'Etudes Politiques i Paris, der han tok eksamen i 1953, og fra St. Antony's College ved University of Oxford, der han studerte fra 1953 til 1955. Blondel er nå professor emeritus ved European University Institute i Firenze og gjesteprofessor ved Universitetet i Siena. Det meste av sin yrkesaktive karriere hadde Blondel i Storbritannia. Fra 1958 til 1963 var han ved Universitetet i Keele, deretter flyttet han i 1964 til Universitetet i Essex der han grunnla universitetets statsvitenskapelige institutt og ble fram til 1984. Etter et kort opphold ved Russell Sage Foundation i New York var Blondel professor ved European University Institute i Firenze fra 1985 til 1994. Blondel var i 1970 en av grunnleggerne av European Consortium for Political Research og var i ti år organisasjonens leder.
Blondel har særlig ytt bidrag til studiet av partisystemer, sammenlignende studier av regjeringer og til forholdet mellom politiske partier og regjeringer.
Jean Blondel har mottatt en rekke priser og utmerkelser for sitt virke. Han er æresdoktor ved Universitetet i Essex, Universitetet i Salford, Universitetet i Louvain-la-Neuve og Åbo universitet. I 2004 mottok Blondel den svenske Johan Skytte-prisen.
Blondel døde 25. desember 2022, 93 år gammel.
Systemarkitektur

En systemarkitektur er en konseptmodell som definerer struktur, atferd og visninger av et system. En arkitekturbeskrivelse er en formell beskrivelse og representasjon av et system, organisert på en måte som støtter resonnement om systemets strukturer og atferd.
Systemarkitekturer kan bestå av komponenter og delsystemer som virker sammen for å implementere det samlede systemet. Det har vært gjort flere forsøk på å lage formelle språk for beskrivelse av systemarkitektur, disse kalles arkitekturbeskrivelsespråk.
Flere typer systemarkitekturer (som følger de samme grunnleggende prinsippene) har blitt identifisert:
Harriet Beecher Stowe

Harriet Beecher Stowe (født 14. juni 1811 i Litchfield i Connecticut i USA, død 1. juli 1896) var en amerikansk forfatter og slaverimotstander. Hennes kanskje mest kjente bok var Onkel Toms hytte, som beskriver et liv i slaveri. I 1986 ble hun innvotert i National Women's Hall of Fame.
Hun ble født i Litchfield men vokste hovedsakelig opp i Hartford i samme delstat, der hennes far Lyman Beecher (1775-1863) var kalvinistisk prest og en av de ledende i bevegelsen for avskaffelsen av negerslaveriet. Broren Henry Ward Beecher ble en fremstående predikant.
Hun giftet seg i 1836 med Calvin Ellis Stowe og fikk syv barn. Hun arbeidet i flere år som lærer i en skole som en av hennes søstre hadde opprettet, før hun som skjønnlitterær medarbeider i en lokalavis fikk sitt gjennombrudd i 1852 med romanen Uncle Tom's Cabin or, Life Among the Lowly (Onkel Toms hytte), opprinnelig publisert som føljetong i en abolisjonistisk avis.
Stowe skrev romanen Onkel Toms hytte som et svar på Fugitive Slave Act, som var blitt vedtatt i 1850 og som straffet dem som hjalp rømte slaver og reduserte rettighetene både for rømte og frigitte svarte. Boken ble hovedsakelig skrevet i Brunswick der hennes mann, Calvin Stowe, underviste ved sitt alma mater, Bowdoin College.
Stowe fikk inspirasjon til å skrive romanen fra Josiah Hensons selvbiografi. Josiah Henson var en svart mann som levde og arbeidet på en 14,8 km² stor tobakkplantasje i North Bethesda, Maryland, eid av Isaac Riley. Henson rømte fra slaveriet i 1830 ved å flykte til Øvre Canada (nå Ontario) og ble værende der for å hjelpe andre rømte slaver med å komme seg dit og bli selvforsørgende. Der skrev han også sine memoarer.
Stowe sa senere at Hensons memoarer inspirerte henne til Onkel Toms hytte. Da Stowes bok fikk oppmerksomhet, ga Henson på nytt ut sin bok med tittelen The Memoirs of Uncle Tom og reiste mye rundt i Europa og Amerika. Stowes roman «lånte ut» navnet til Hensons hus – Onkel Toms hytte, en historisk plass nær Dresden i Ontario – som siden 1940 har vært museum. Den faktiske hytten som Henson bodde i som slave finnes fremdeles i Montgomery County i Maryland.
Også i 1852 utkom A key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (Nøkkelen til Onkel Toms hytte, 1853), der hun, etter at det var stilt spørsmål om romanen, ville dokumentere at den bygde på virkelige begivenheter. Den ble fulgt i 1856 av Dred, a tale of the dismal swamp.
Under den amerikanske borgerkrig traff hun president Abraham Lincoln. Da skal han ha sagt: «So this is the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war?».
I 1870 utkom Lady Byron vindicated: a history of the Byron controversy from its beginning in 1816 to the present time der Beecher Stowe beskyldte Lord Byron for incest.
Hun var en tidlig vegetarianer og en av pionærene i American Vegetarian Society. Hun var inspirert av den svenske litteratur og den danske kultur.
Eugene Holiday

Eugene Holiday (født 14. desember 1962 i Philipsburg på Sint Maarten) er en økonom fra Sint Maarten og landets nåværende guvernør.
Holiday er utdannet i Nederland, med doktorgrad i økonomi fra universitetet i Tilburg fullført i 1987. Han var deretter tilsatt ved De nederlandske Antillenes bank på Curaçao, men fra 1995 hadde han sentrale roller innen luftfartsindustrien på Sint Maarten, blant annet som direktør ved Prinsesse Juliana internasjonale lufthavn i over 12 år.
Da Sint Maarten ble et selvstyrt land innen Kongeriket Nederlandene ved oppløsningen av De nederlandske Antiller 10. oktober 2010, tiltrådte Holiday som landets første guvernør.
Melissa Gilbert

Melissa Ellen Gilbert (født 8. mai 1964 i Los Angeles i California) er en amerikansk skuespiller og produsent.
Gilbert er kanskje best kjent som barneskuespiller i familiedramaserien «Huset på prærien» fra 1970-tallet hvor hun spilte Laura Ingalls. Hun var der datter av Charles Ingalls, som ble spilt av Michael Landon. Serien var svært populær på 1970- og 1980-tallet. I voksen alder er hen best kjent som Anna Sheridan kona til John Sheridan i Sci-fi-TV-serien Babylon 5.
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (født 14. april 1891, død 6. desember 1956), også kjent som Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, var en indisk jurist, økonom, politiker og sosial reformator, som inspirerte den dalitiske buddhistbevegelsen og kjempet mot sosial diskriminering av de urørlige (dalittene). Han støttet også kvinners rettigheter og arbeid. Han var uavhengig Indias første lov- og rettsminister, arkitekten for Indias grunnlov, og grunnleggeren til Republikken India.
I 1956 initierte han en massekonvertering av dalitter, og konverterte til buddhismen med 600 000 tilhengere. Han gjenopplivet buddhismen i India. Ambedkar blir ansett som en bodhisattva, og maitreya, blant Navayana-buddhistene.
I 1990 ble Bharat Ratna, Indias høyeste sivile pris, tildelt Ambedkar posthumt. Ambedkars arv inkluderer mange minnesmerker og skildringer i populærkulturen. Ambedkars arv som sosio-politisk reformator hadde en dyp effekt på det moderne India.
Ambedkar ble kåret til "The Greatest Indian" i 2012 av en meningsmåling organisert av History TV18 og CNN IBN, foran Vallabhbhai Patel og Jawaharlal Nehru.
Ambedkar Jayanti (Ambedkars fødselsdag) er en festival som feires den 14. april hvert år, ikke bare i India, men over hele verden. I hele India er Ambedkar Jayanti en offentlig høytidsdag.
I 2000 hadde filmen om nasjonalhelten Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar premiere. Den var regissert av Jabbar Patel, og manuset var skrevet av Sooni Taraporevala, Daya Pawar og Arun Sadhu.Filmen ble finansiert av det føderale indiske Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment og delstatsregjeringen i Maharashtra, og produsert av det statlige produksjonsselskapet National Film Development Corporation of India. Den vant flere priser.
Appenninene

Appenninene (gresk: Ἀπέννινα ὄρη; latin: Appenninus eller Apenninus Mons italiensk: Appennini;) er en rundt 1200 km lang fjellkjede som strekker seg langs østkysten av Italia. I nordvest går de sammen med de liguriske Alpene. I sørvest ende de ved Reggio di Calabria, kystbyen ved enden av Den italienske halvøya (også kalt for Appenninerhalvøya etter fjellkjeden). Siden rundt 2000 har det italienske miljødepartementet på anbefaling fra Apennines Park of Europe Project, definert Apenninesystemet til å inkludere fjellene i nordlige Sicilia, således gi en total distanse på 1 500 km. Fjellsystemet danner en bue som omringer den østlige siden av Det liguriske hav og Tyrrenhavet.
Fjellkjeden er hovedsakelig grønn, skjønt på den ene siden av den høyeste fjelltoppen, Corno Grande (2912 moh, og en del av Gran Sasso d'Italia) er delvis dekket av Calderonebreen, den eneste isbreen i Appenninene. Den har blitt minskende siden 1794. De sørlige delene av fjellkjeden er delvis golde. De østlige fjellskråningene ned til Adriaterhavet er bratte mens de vestlige danner lavberg som de fleste av Italias byer er lokalisert på. De enkelte fjellene tenderer til å bli navngitt etter provinsen hvor de er lokalisert i; eksempelvis er de liguriske Apenninene i Liguria. Som provinsgrenser har de ikke alltid vært faste og det har ført til en del forvirring om nøyaktig hvor fjellgrensene går. Ofte, men ikke alltid er det et geografisk særtrekk som har bestemt en grensesetting. Fjellkjeden består i det vesentlige av kritt og kalk.
Den etymologi (navnforklaring) som oftest blir gjentatt, grunnet dens semantiske egnethet, er at Apenninene er avledet fra det keltiske ordet penn- (ås, åsrygg, topp): A-penn-inus, noe som kan ha kommet til under den keltiske tilstedeværelsen i nordlige Italia på 300-tallet f.Kr. eller tidligere. Samme etymologi er forsøkt på fjellkjeden Penninene i nordlige England, men blitt avvist. Penninene har antagelig heller fått navn etter Apenninene. Imidlertid har lingvister aldri funnet en avledning som er tilfredsstillende. Wilhelm Deecke uttalte at «dets etymologi er tvilsom, men en del avleder det fra ligurisk-keltiske Pen eller Ben som betyr fjelltopp.» Det er ikke konsensus om navnets opphav.