davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Florestas Costeiras de Pernambuco

As Florestas Costeiras de Pernambuco constituem uma ecorregião definida pelo WWF no domínio da Mata Atlântica brasileira. É um importante centro de endemismo na América do Sul e também uma das ecorregiões mais desmatadas do mundo.
Localizada em uma faixa de cerca de 80 km ao longo do litoral do Nordeste Brasileiro, como uma precipitação anual de até 2000mm anuais. Existe um período mais seco, que vai de outubro a janeiro. A fitofisionomia encontrada vai desde a floresta ombrófila densa de terras baixas, com árvores altas de até 35 m de altura, até à floresta ombrófila aberta, que pode apresentar árvores altas que ultrapassam os 20 m, mas predominando uma formação vegetal com árvores entre 15 e 20 m.
É um dos mais distintos centros de endemismo na América do Sul, como demonstrado por inúmeros trabalhos realizados com plantas, aves e borboletas. Recentemente, foi até "redescoberta" uma espécie de primata, o macaco-prego-dourado, endêmico da região nordeste do Brasil. Outras espécies ainda são consideradas extintas na natureza, como o mutum-do-nordeste, que habitava as florestas do litoral de Alagoas.
As florestas de Pernambuco possuem uma longa história de desmatamento. O primeiro ciclo de desmatamento veio com a extração do pau-brasil, no início da colonização européia. A partir daí, até os dias de hoje, o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar tem sido responsável pelo desmatamento na região. De fato, os remanescentes de florestas são em sua maioria menores que 10 km², cercados por plantações de cana-de-açúcar. Há apenas 87 km² em unidades de conservação, que representa uma porcentagem muito baixa para a manutenção da biodiversidade e de processos ecológicos chave.
Fernando de Noronha Airport

Gov. Carlos Wilson Airport (IATA: FEN, ICAO: SBFN) is the airport serving the island of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil. It is the easternmost airport of Brazil and the only facility located in the Brazilian oceanic islands.
It is operated by Dix Empreendimentos.
Fernando de Noronha is the biggest island of the archipelago with the same name, located in Brazilian territorial waters, 545 km (339 mi; 294 nmi) away from Recife and 360 km (220 mi; 190 nmi) away from Natal.
The first runway was built in 1934. In 1942, during World War II, the runway was extended and a passenger terminal was built by the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command under the Airport Development Program. It provided technical support for the Natal-Dakar air route, which provided a transoceanic link between Brazil and French West Africa for cargo, transiting aircraft and personnel.
The airport was transferred to the jurisdiction of the United States Navy on 5 September 1944. After the end of the war, the administration of the airport was transferred back to the Brazilian Government.
In 1975 another extension of the runway was made, allowing the operations of aircraft up to the class of a Boeing 737. In March 1999, the present passenger terminal was opened for service.
Following the crash of Air France Flight 447 on June 1, 2009, the airport became a base for search and rescue operations. The flight was en route from Rio de Janeiro-Galeão to Paris-Charles de Gaulle when it disappeared in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 550 km (340 mi; 300 nmi) northeast of Fernando de Noronha. Floating debris and bodies were recovered within five days (the flight recorders however, would not be recovered until 2011), and it was determined that the aircraft had crashed into the Atlantic Ocean killing all 228 people on board.
Starting October 12, 2022, the operation of jet engine aircraft at the airport was indefinitely but temporarily suspended by the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil. Operations of turboprop aircraft were not affected. The reason for the decision was the condition of the runway which is in need of repairs. The problem had already been reported to the operator in 2019 but repairs were not satisfactory. Following this decision, Gol Linhas Aéreas for lack of authorized aircraft had to temporarily suspend its flights to the island, and Azul Brazilian Airlines switched the operation of its flights to ATR 72-600 aircraft in lieu of Embraer 195 and Embraer 195-E2 aircraft.
The airport is located 4 km (2.5 mi) from Vila dos Remédios, the administrative center of the island.
Noronha

Noronha is a family name that is found among some aristocratic families in Portugal, and in areas such as Brazil, India, Mozambique, Angola and Macau that were colonized by the Portuguese.
The family has its origins in the marriage of Alfonso Enríquez, Count of Gijón and Noreña (natural son of King Henry II of Castile) with Isabel of Portugal (natural daughter of King Ferdinand I of Portugal). Their marriage was one of the clauses of the Treaty of Santarém, signed in 1373 between the two peninsular kingdoms.
Alfonso was Count of Noreña, an Asturian village he had received from his father, and his children used the Portuguese spelling Noronha as their family name.
Notable people bearing the name include:
Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park

Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha) is a national park in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.
The Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park covers part of the island of Fernando de Noronha, a municipality of Pernambuco. It has an area of 10,927.64 hectares (27,002.8 acres). The Fernando de Noronha Environmental Protection Area covers the urban part of the island of Fernando de Noronha, while the Fernando de Noronha National Park covers the rest. The area includes a large marine extension to the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, which is also in the National Park.
The Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park was created by federal decree 96.693 on September 14, 1988. It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio). The park is classified as IUCN protected area category II (national park). The objective is to preserve a natural ecosystem of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty, and to support scientific research, environmental education and interpretation, outdoors recreation and ecotourism.
The unofficial management plan was released on 31 December 1990. The advisory council was named on 31 December 2001. A revised management plan with various studies was issued on 29 November 2010.
Much of the original vegetation of the island was cut when it was used as a prison, to make it harder for prisoners to hide. After that non-native species, particularly flaxseed, were introduced to feed livestock and have spread uncontrollably. The teju lizard was introduced in an unsuccessful attempt to control an infestation of rats, and the lizard is also a problem. Despite the stated objective of recovery of the environment, sheep continued to be farmed on the island.
Protected birds in the park include Noronha elaenia (Elaenia ridleyana), red-billed tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus), white-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon lepturus), Audubon's shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri), Noronha vireo (Vireo gracilirostris). Other protected species in the park include the crabs Johngarthia lagostoma and Percnon gibbesi, the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), the lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris), the starfish Echinaster (Othilia) guyanensis, the slate pencil urchin (Eucidaris tribuloides), the sea ginger coral Millepora alcicornis and the coral Phyllogorgia dilatata,
Ponta dos Rosais

Ponta dos Rosais (Rosais Point, or literally, Point of the Rosaries) is a promontory located along the northwestern coast of the parish of Rosais, municipality of Velas, on the island of São Jorge in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.
Ponta dos Rosais is situated 200 metres (660 ft) above sea level on the extreme northwestern tip of the island of São Jorge. The waters around Ponta dos Rosais consist of an oceanic plateau known as Baixa da Ponta dos Rosais: this plateau extends out north-northwest from the promontory. The islands of Faial, Pico, and Graciosa are often visible from Ponta dos Rosais. Faial and Pico are located approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Ponta dos Rosais.
On the promontory stands the isolated, mid-century Nationalist lighthouse complex of Ponta dos Rosais.
Ponta dos Rosais and the surrounding area are within a locally protected area of the Azores known as the Monumento Natural da Ponta dos Rosais (Ponta dos Rosais Natural Monument), a 170.2-hectare (421-acre) nature reserve which is part of the larger Nature Park of São Jorge conservation zone. Since June 1995 the Ponta dos Rosais area has also been protected through the European Environment Agency's Natura 2000 initiative under the Habitats Directive.
This natural monument stretches from the coastal cliffs of Pico dos Cutelos along the southern coast to the northern cliffs and pasturelands of Chã do Areeiro. The reserve also includes the waters surrounding the point, the Rosais Islets, Ponta da Ilha, and Torrão da Açucar, as well as the Fajã Mata Sete, a volcanic debris field (fajã) of mixed basalt rocks, stacks, pyroclastic flows, and eroded debris. Sometimes treacherous trails—most skirting the coast—link together these various zones of the Ponta dos Rosais reserve.
The uplands are primarily pasture and other rural agricultural areas. Tourists visiting the area are attracted by the diversity of migratory and maritime bird species nesting in the cliffs of Ponta dos Rosais, including Cory's shearwater, little shearwater, common tern, and roseate tern.
Introduced predator species around Ponta dos Rosais include feral cats and dogs, mustelids, and rodents, though the lattermost are kept in check by kite predation.
Endemic flowering coastal plants present in the area include Azorean forget-me-not (Myosotis azorica) and Azorean heather (Erica azorica). The invasive cane grass Arundo donax threatens the continued presence and health of these endemic plants.
Ilha dos Frades

Ilha dos Frades (English: Isle of the Friars) is an island in the Bay of All Saints. It is administered as part of the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia. The island is located in the center of the bay. It is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) in length, covers 1.335 hectares (3.30 acres), and shaped like a fifteen-pointed star. Ilha dos Frades has preserved vegetation of the Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica), including native Brazil wood. The island is protected as part of the Environmental Protection Area of the Bay of All Saints.
Ilha dos Frades served as an important part of the slave trade in Bahia. Enslaved Africans were transported from the port at Salvador to the interior Recôncavo region of Bahia. The island became part of the illegal slave trade in Brazil in the 19th century; enslaved people were brought directly to the island and led to the interior of Bahia. The practice only ended with the abolition of slavery in Brazil in 1888.
The name of the island, which translates to "Island of the Friars" refers to the murder of two friars murdered by the Tupinambá people early in the Portuguese colonial period. The friars traveled to the Ilha dos Frades in order to catechize and ultimately disappeared.
By the early 18th century, the island belonged to João Nogueira. Nogueira lived on the island with six or seven tenant farmers. The island had streams too small to support sugar cane cultivation; the tenant farmers only raised cows and pigs and grew subsistence crops. Francisco da Costa is recorded as an early owner of the island; he constructed the first Chapel of Loreto, or Church of Our Lady of Loreto (Igreja de Nossa Senhora de Loreto) in 1645. It was reconstructed in a new location in 1756. The Ilha dos Frades played an important part in the illegal slave trade in Bahia in the 19th century. Illegal landings were made at the Ilha da Itaparica and Ilha da Mare and enslaved people were led directly to the interior of Bahia, a practice that only ended with the abolition of slavery in Brazil in 1888.
Franklin Américo de Meneses Dória, the Baron of Loreto, was born on the Ilha dos Frades in 1836. Loreto was a lawyer, politician, poet, and founding member of the Academia Brasileira de Letras. Gabriel Viana, a plantation owner, ruled the island in the manner of a feudal lord during the República Velha, or First Brazilian Republic (1889-1930). Viana alternately decided on the punishment and execution of residents of the island and served as a benefactor of the local community.
Access to the island is from the nearby island of Madre de Deus, or by private boat from Salvador.
Ramón Frade

Ramón Frade de León (March 12, 1875 – November 7, 1954) was a Puerto Rican visual artist and architect. His realist style of painting captured the life of the typical Puerto Rican in the twentieth century.
Frade (birth name: Ramón Frade de León ) was born in the town of Cayey, Puerto Rico on May 12, 1875. His father died when he was just a child and his mother gave him up for adoption. He was adopted by Nemesio Laforja and his wife who were Spanish nationals. The Laforja family moved back to Spain and in 1885, immigrated and settled down in Santo Domingo the capital of the Dominican Republic. During his youth he traveled to Europe and studied art in Italy. He was also a pupil of the Dominican artist Luis Desangles. The subjects of his first paintings were the Roman ruins in Italy. From (1896 to 1902), Frade traveled to the Dominican Republic and Cuba where he painted scenes of the main colonial cities.
Frade painted portrayals of the life of the Puerto Rican campesinos (country people). What is considered as his masterwork, "El Pan Nuestro de Cada Día" (Our Daily Bread) (1905), represents a "jíbaro" farmer carrying plantains. In his painting he shows what is an old barefooted man who is poor but proud, serious, dignified, clean. This jíbaro is supposed to represent Puerto Rico at the beginning of the century.
Other works by Frade include: "La Planchadora" (The Ironing Lady) (1948), "El Niño Campesino" (the country child), Ensenada, "La Poza", "Reverie", and "La Inmaculada" (The Immaculate) and many others.
In 1907, Frade returned to his hometown Cayey and, unable to make a living from his paintings, decided to make use of his land-surveyor's degree which he had earned from the University of Sevilla through a mail correspondence course.
During the early part of the 20th century there was a great demand for additional housing, infrastructures and tobacco warehouses in the towns of Caguas, Comerío and Cayey. Inspired by the possibilities which the construction sector represented, Frade in 1909, decided to take a correspondence course in architecture in the American School of Correspondence in Chicago, Illinois. He earned his diploma on July 26, 1913, however he began to let it be known that he was an architect as early as 1912.
Among Frade's works as an architect were the new design of Cayey's municipal cemetery, a plaza dedicated to Eugenio María de Hostos, the buildings of two tobacco companies and various buildings in the commercial section of the town.
On November 7, 1954, Ramón Frade died in his hometown at the age of 79 years. His widow donated his art works to the Cayey campus of the University of Puerto Rico. Cayey has honored his memory by naming a school and a public plaza after him. The Río Piedras campus of the University of Puerto Rico has a gallery with an exhibit of Frade's art works.
Pedro Miguel

Pedro Miguel is a freguesia ("civil parish") in the northeastern part of the municipality of Horta on the island of Faial in the Azores. Pedro Miguel is located 6 km north of the city of Horta on the main regional road that encircles the island. The population in 2011 was 759, in an area of 14.48 km.
The first record of the parish, which was named for one of the original inhabitants, dated August 7, 1590, came from a financial transaction between King Sebastian who sent the vicar 25 thousand reis (ostensibly for construction or furnishing of their church).
Pedro Miguel became a parish in 1666. In order to protect itself from surprise attacks by pirates that roamed the Canal, a small fort Forte Baixo was constructed in the 17th century.
In 1871, both a boys' and a girls' school operated from Pedro Miguel, since the community was part of a greater district that included Ribeirinha and Praia do Almoxarife. A justice of the peace operated from this district, where the electoral assembly was also situated. The population had reached 1,757 inhabitants by this time.
During the 1998 earthquake, which hit affected the northern communities of the island, several houses were damaged and the parochial church was irreparably damaged.
The parish of Pedro Miguel is situated in an area between Lomba dos Frades and Lomba Grande, and is bisected by the Ribeira de Pedro Miguel. It contains the localities Abegoaria, Arrochela, Atras da Ladeira, Caminho Redondo, Grota Funda, Rua da Igreja and Rua Velha.
Grota Funda is a cave located in a large volcanic crater located west of the parish centre, and which founded fragments of vegetable coals.
The communities economy revolved around mainly cereals and agricultural, as well as many orange orchards located closer to the center. The dairy industry was also an important contributor, and the Pedro Miguel was a major producer of local exports (most importantly butter).
Founded on 23 June 1977, the Grupo Folclórico e Etnográfico de Pedro Miguel (English: Folklore and Ethnographic Group of Pedro Miguel) was established to perpetuate some of the traditions of the community, including folklore, song, dance and ethnographic representations. Using stylized period costumes, dating to late 19th and early 20th century, the group has travelled throughout the island and archipelago to present their brand of traditional culture. The large group (in 2011 about 41 members) of varying ages (13 to 60 years) promoted their first recorded CD in 2011, entitled Ao Toque da Viola.
Kabira Bay

Kabira Bay (川平湾, Kabira wan) is located on the north coast of Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Renowned for its white sands, turquoise waters and dense vegetation, the bay forms part of the Iriomote-Ishigaki National Park. Alongside Mount Omoto, it has been designated a Place of Scenic Beauty. Black pearls are cultured in the bay.
Kabira Village is located near the bay. Its traditional culture was studied by American anthropologists in 1950-52.
Rocas Atoll

The Rocas Atoll (Portuguese: Atol das Rocas [aˈtɔw dɐz ˈʁɔkɐs]) is the only atoll in the South Atlantic Ocean. It belongs to the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Norte. It is located approximately 260 km (160 mi) northeast of Natal and 145 km (90 mi) west of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago. The atoll is of volcanic origin and coralline formation.
The oval atoll is 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) long and 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) wide. The lagoon is up to 6 metres (20 ft) deep and has an area of 7.1 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi). The land area of the two islets (Cemitério Island, southwest and Farol Cay, northwest) is 0.36 square kilometres (89 acres). Farol Cay accounts for almost two-thirds of the aggregate area. The highest point is a sand dune in the south of larger Farol Cay, with a height of 6 metres (20 ft). Both islets are overgrown with grasses, bushes and a few palm trees. The population consists of crabs, spiders, scorpions, sand fleas, beetles, large roaches, and many species of birds.
There is a lighthouse of the Brazilian Navy that has been in operation and maintained since the 1960s, at the Northern end of Farol Bay. In its vicinity is a derelict lighthouse from 1933.
The atoll is a wildlife sanctuary, and in 2001 was designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site because of its importance as a feeding ground for marine life. Numerous turtles, sharks, dolphins and birds live in the area. The atoll consists mainly of coral and red algae. The coral ring is almost closed, with a 200 metres (660 ft) wide channel on the north side and a much narrower channel on the west side.
The atoll and surrounding waters are contained in the Atol das Rocas Biological Reserve. The reserve it is currently used solely for scientific research. Due to their remote location, the islands remain largely undisturbed by human activities. On the other hand, the remoteness also limits researchers' access to the islands and few studies have been developed on this atoll. The entomological fauna from Atol das Rocas have been recorded.
Meyer Schapiro

Meyer Schapiro (1904 - Nueva York 1996) fue un historiador del arte estadounidense, experto en arte cristiano primitivo y medieval, pero asimismo en el moderno. Proporcionó nuevas metodologías históricas y miradas interdisciplinares para estudiar las obras de arte.
Su familia emigró a los Estados Unidos en 1907. Meyer Schapiro estudió bachillerato y luego se doctoró en Nueva York en la Columbia University. Empezó a explicar en 1928 y fue nombrado profesor plenamente en la Universidad de Columbia en 1952. Schapiro enseñó arte moderno, y publicó libros sobre Van Gogh y Cézanne así como varios ensayos al respecto.
Fue fundador de la revista Dissent, con Irving Howe y Michael Harrington. Sus puntos de vista sociológicos fueron considerados a veces radicales, pero lograron espolear su disciplina con puntos de vista novedosos: metodologías históricas con ecos marxistas y miradas interdisciplinares muy diversas. En 1966–1967 Schapiro enseñó en la Harvard University. Murió a los 91 años en Nueva York.
Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Gante

El S.M.A.K. (en neerlandés: Stedelijke Museum voor Actuele Kunst) o Museo Municipal de Arte Contemporáneo de Gante (Bélgica) abrió sus puertas en 1999 con la intención de mostrar al público las nuevas tendencias contemporáneas en el mundo del arte, que ya no tenían cabida en el antiguo Museo de Bellas Artes de la ciudad.
Está situado en Citadelpark, un parque al sur de Gante, y justo enfrente del actual Museo de Bellas Artes de la ciudad (MSK o Museum voor Schone Kunsten).
El museo posee alrededor de 2000 obras de artistas nacionales e internacionales, relacionadas con los movimientos artísticos que fueron surgiendo a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, tales como el arte conceptual, el arte povera, el minimalismo o el pop art.
La "Asociación de Museos de Arte Contemporáneo" fue fundada el 8 de noviembre de 1957 por Karel Geirlandt, con el objetivo de crear un museo independiente que se centrara en las tendencias artísticas contemporáneas. En 1975 se crea el Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Gante, primer museo belga dedicado al arte contemporáneo, y se aloja en el Museo de Bellas Artes de aquella época.
En 1996, el museo se traslada a su ubicación actual, un antiguo recinto ferial reformado, justo en frente de donde había estado hasta ese momento. En 1999 se inaugura y abre, por fin, sus puertas al público con el nuevo nombre de S.M.A.K. o Steledijke Museum voor Actuele Kunst (Museo Municipal de Arte Contemporáneo). Los actuales directores son Philippe Van Cauteren (director artístico) y Sven Jacobs (director financiero).
El museo tiene obras de artistas de renombre nacional e internacional, que recorren los distintos movimientos artísticos surgidos desde 1945 (movimiento CoBra, arte povera, arte conceptual, minimalismo, pop art...).
El S.M.A.K. incluye trabajos de Art & Language, Joseph Beuys, David Hammons, Thomas Schütte, Panamarenko, Marcel Broodthaers, Thierry De Cordier, Luc Tuymans y Andy Warhol, entre otros.​ La colección permanente se encuentra siempre en relación con las exposiciones temporales que el museo realiza cada poco tiempo.
Pero este museo no sólo muestra el trabajo de artistas de consagrada trayectoria, los jóvenes artistas de las academias de arte de la ciudad también tienen la oportunidad de mostrar sus creaciones a través de la exposición "Coming People", que se realiza cada año.
http://www.smak.be
William Lake Price

William Lake Price (Londres, 1810-Lee, Kent, 1896)​ fue un acuarelista y fotógrafo británico de la época victoriana.​
Formado como dibujante de arquitecturas y vistas topográficas en el estudio de Augustus Charles Pugin, fue miembro de la Old Watercolour Society y concurrió a sus exposiciones entre 1837 y 1857.​ En 1843 viajó a Venecia.​ En torno a 1850 comenzó a interesarse por la fotografía, tanto en el aspecto de la técnica, sobre lo que escribió un Manuel of Photographical Manipulation (1858), como por sus posibilidades estéticas, aún poco exploradas, tratando de acercar la fotografía por medio de sus elaboradas composiciones y sus asuntos literarios al nivel del arte elevado.​
Fruto de un viaje por España publicó Tauromachia, or, the Bull-Fights of Spain: illustrated by twenty-six plates representing the most remarkable incidents and scenes in the arenas of Madrid, Seville, and Cadiz, Londres, J. Hogarth, 1852,​ álbum formado por 25 láminas litográficas de asunto taurino más la portada coloreadas al modo de acuarelas, con textos de Richard Ford, que en el prefacio decía de su amigo Lake Price que había tenido la fortuna de asistir a numerosas corridas de toros, hasta familiarizarse completamente con ellas, lo que, añadía, se reflejaba en sus láminas, fiel testimonio de lo acontecido en los ruedos desde el principio hasta el final del conmovedor combate.​ Su interés por los temas de España vuelve a manifestarse en 1856, cuando fue autorizado a fotografiar veinte obras de Velázquez en el Museo del Prado, para abrir grabados a partir de ellas, o en el Don Quixote en su estudio, una cuidada composición fotográfica presentada en 1857 en la Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition.​
Miembro de la London Photographic Society entre 1855 y 1860, son también notables sus retratos fotográficos de artistas británicos contemporáneos, entre ellos los de John Phillip, Edward Matthew Ward o William Powell Frith.​
Spanish Gift

Spanish Gift​ (en español: Regalo español) es el nombre dado a una serie de bienes y objetos de valor regalados por el rey Fernando VII a los ingleses tras la guerra contra las tropas de Napoleón.
Se trata de un conjunto de 257 pinturas, además de grabados, dibujos, joyas, y otros objetos de valor que el Duque de Wellington aprehendió a José I de España en la Batalla de Vitoria en 1813. Wellington intentó devolver al pueblo español este excepcional conjunto de piezas, pero el rey Fernando VII declinó el ofrecimiento. El duque, asombrado por el ingente valor de tal botín, insistió en devolverlo a España, pero Fernando VII le instó a aceptarlo como gratificación por su labor en las guerras napoleónicas. Los cuadros fueron enviados a Inglaterra y se catalogaron en la Royal Academy de Londres.
En Inglaterra se conocen con el irónico nombre de "Spanish Gift". Actualmente se conservan en la mansión Apsley House de Londres, que fue residencia del Duque de Wellington (Wellington Collection) y donde aún viven sus descendientes. En 1947, la mitad de la vivienda principal y de su contenido fueron donados al patrimonio inglés (English Heritage), 170 de los cuadros aún perteneciendo a la colección privada del actual duque de Wellington.
y otras de:
Bienal de Sídney

La Bienal de Sídney es un festival internacional de arte contemporáneo que se celebra cada dos años en Sídney, Australia. Es uno de los acontecimientos artísticos más importantes de Australia y, junto a las bienales de Venecia, São Paulo o el Documenta de Kassel (Alemania), es uno de los más representativos del mundo.
En 1973 la Bienal de Sídney abrió su primera exposición con 37 artistas en la Ópera de Sídney, coordinada por Anthony Wintherbotham. La segunda edición se desarrolló tres años después, en 1976, y la tercera edición, en 1979. Desde 1982 se celebra bianualmente. Sucintamente estas han sido las ediciones:​
Art Paul

Arthur Paul, más conocido como Art Paul (Chicago, Illinois; 18 de enero de 1925-Lake View, Illinois; 28 de abril de 2018) fue un diseñador gráfico estadounidense, creador del conejo de la revista Playboy. Fue el director de arte de la misma revista durante 30 años.
Estudió en el Instituto de Arte de Chicago (1940-1943) y en el instituto de diseño (1946-1950). Trabajaba como diseñador independiente cuando en 1953 el fundador de Playboy, Hugh Hefner, lo contactó con el propósito de crear una imagen, un logo para su nueva revista. Creó el conejo ahora famoso que usaba una pajarita del esmoquin. Además, se prestó a diseñar la primera edición entera de la revista y fue contratado por Hefner como primer director de arte de Playboy desde 1954, hasta que en 1982 decide abandonar la revista.​
En 1986 fue elegido para formar parte del pasillo de la fama del club de directores de arte de Nueva York. Falleció el 28 de abril de 2018 a causa de una neumonía.​
The Art of War (álbum de Bone Thugs N-Harmony)

The Art of War es el tercer álbum de estudio del grupo estadounidense de hip-hop Bone Thugs N-Harmony, lanzado el 29 de julio de 1997 por el sello Ruthless Records. El álbum vendió 394.000 unidades en su primera semana de lanzamiento. Este álbum fue certificado como platino cuádruple por la RIAA en junio de 1998. Fue el primer álbum doble de Bone Thugs N-Harmony. El 10 de diciembre de 2013, fue lanzada una secuela titulada "The Art of War: World War III".
The Art of War (álbum de Sabaton)

The Art of War (El arte de la guerra) es el cuarto álbum del grupo sueco de power metal Sabaton. La temática de este álbum, principalmente, viene marcada por las famosas escrituras del Arte de la guerra, por Sun Tzu. Aun así, mantiene además la temática clásica de Sabaton, donde se cuentan historias de hechos de las dos guerras mundiales.
Equal-Parallel/Guernica-Bengasi

Equal-Parallel/Guernica-Bengasi is a sculpture created by the American artist Richard Serra. Originally created in 1986 for the Reina Sofia Museum, the sculpture was put into storage in 1988. In 2006, the museum admitted that it had lost the sculpture and had no idea where it was. Serra created a replica sculpture which is currently on display in the museum.
The sculpture was commissioned by the Reina Sofia Museum for the exhibition "Referencias: Un encuentro artístico en el tiempo" ("References: An artistic encounter in time"), which took place between 26 May and 15 September 1986. Serra was paid $200,000 for the art work, which weighed 38 tonnes. In March 1988, the sculpture was placed into storage with the company Fluiters S.A., who specialized in the storage of works of art. In November 1990, the sculpture was taken out of storage and placed back on display briefly. On 25 November 1990, the sculpture was placed back into storage with the company Macarrón S.A.. According to museum documentation, the sculpture was still in storage until 1992.
In October 2005, the museum director, Ana Martínez de Aguilar wanted to display the sculpture and found that it could not be located. The company it had been stored with had gone into receivership in 1998 and the sculpture could not be accounted for. The Spanish newspaper ABC speculated that the sculpture may have been sold for scrap metal.
In 2006 the museum made a deal with Serra to create a replica of the original. In 2009, the replica was reinstated in the museum and is currently exhibited.
List of most-visited museums

This is a list of the most-visited museums in the world in 2023 by annual attendance statistics. Total attendance at the top sixty museums in 2023, as reported by the annual TEA-AECOM Museum survey, reached 94 percent of 2019 levels, before the COVID-19 pandemic.
This list includes art museums, cultural museums, history museums, natural history museums, and science museums with an attendance of over 1,250,000 people in 2022, but does not include archaeological sites, historical monuments, or most palace museums. For example, the Forbidden City, Kremlin, and Palace of Versailles are not included, though the Louvre and Hermitage are included.
Due to differences in reporting across regions, there is some variation in the time periods for which figures are reported. Figures for North America and continental Europe are generally calendar-year figures, while most figures for Britain and the Asia-Pacific are fiscal year figures, from April through March.
Gernikako Arbola

Gernikako Arbola ('the Tree of Gernika' in Basque) is an oak tree that symbolizes traditional freedoms for the Biscayan people, and by extension for the Basque people as a whole. It is located in Gernika, Biscay, Basque Country, Spain. The Lords of Biscay (including kings of Castile and Carlist pretenders to the throne) swore to respect the Biscayan liberties under it, and the modern Lehendakari of the Basque Country swears his charge there.
In the Middle Ages, representatives of the villages of Biscay would hold assemblies under local big trees. As time passed, the role of separate assemblies was superseded by the Guernica Assembly in 1512, and its oak would acquire a symbolic meaning, with actual assemblies being held in a purpose-built hermitage-house (the current building dates from 1833). It was the Spanish regent Maria Christina accompanied by her infant daughter Queen Isabella II the last Spanish monarch to swear an oath to the charters under the iconic oak in 1839.
The known specimens form a dynasty:
The Tree of Gernika came to prominence during the First and Third Carlist Wars as a symbol of Basque liberties, whose renown and appreciation spread among the Basque diaspora world over during the late 19th century and mid-20th century thanks to the popularity of Jose Maria Iparragirre's namesake anthem. Maria Cristina of Savoy, regent during her daughter Isabel's minority in the First Carlist War, swore the Basque charters under the Oak in 1839.
The tree's significance is illustrated by an event which occurred shortly after the Guernica bombings. When the Francoist troops took the town, the Tercio of Begoña, formed by Carlist volunteers from Biscay, put an armed guard around the tree to protect it against their Falangist allies, who had wanted to fell this symbol of Basque nationalism. On 26 June 1950, Xavier of Bourbon-Parma, Carlist claimant to the Spanish throne during Franco's dictatorial regime, swore the Basque charters in the Oak of Guernica.
An oak tree is depicted on the heraldic arms of Biscay and subsequently on the arms of many of the towns of Biscay. An oak leaf logo is used by the local government of Biscay. The logo of the Basque nationalist party Eusko Alkartasuna has one half red and the other green, the colors of the Basque flag. An old version of the logo of the Basque nationalist youth organisation Jarrai also display oak leaves. The Basque authorities present descendants of the tree as a symbol of friendship to Basque diaspora groups and related cities.
43°18′53″N 2°40′47″W﻿ / ﻿43.31472°N 2.67972°W﻿ / 43.31472; -2.67972
کراچی کنگز

کراچی کنگز ((سندھی: ڪراچي ڪنگز)‏) (مختصراً KK ) ایک پاکستانی پیشہ ور فرنچائز ٹی/20 کرکٹ ٹیم ہے جو پاکستان سپر لیگ (PSL) میں حصہ لیتی ہے۔یہ ٹیم کراچی کی نمائندگی کرتی ہے۔ یہ ٹیم کراچی میں مقیم ہے، سندھ، پاکستان کے صوبائی دار الحکومت اور 2015ء میں پاکستان کرکٹ بورڈ (PCB) کی جانب سے پاکستان سپر لیگ کے قیام کے نتیجے میں تشکیل دی گئی تھی۔ ٹیم کا گھریلو گراؤنڈ نیشنل اسٹیڈیم ہے۔
کراچی کنگز نے سابق ویسٹ انڈین آل راؤنڈر فل سیمنز کی خدمات حاصل کرلی ہیں اور انھیں ٹیم کے ہیڈ کوچ کی ذمے داریاں سونپی گئی ہیں۔ انھوں نے 17 نومبر 2020ء کو فائنل میں اپنے حریف لاہور قلندرز کو شکست دے کر پی ایس ایل V میں اپنا پہلا پی ایس ایل کپ جیتا تھا۔
ٹیم کی جانب سے سب سے زیادہ اسکور بنانے والے کھلاڑی بابر اعظم ہیں، جب کہ محمد عامر سب سے زیادہ وکٹیں لینے والے کھلاڑی ہیں۔
3 دسمبر 2015ء کو، پی سی بی نے شہر میں مقیم پانچ فرنچائزز کے مالکان کی نقاب کشائی کی۔ کراچی کی فرنچائز اے آر وائی میڈیا گروپ کو دس سال کی مدت کے لیے 26 ملین امریکی ڈالر میں فروخت کی گئی جس سے یہ ٹورنامنٹ کی سب سے مہنگی فرنچائز بن گئی۔ تاہم، 2017ء میں، نئی فرنچائز ملتان سلطانز نے کراچی کنگز کی جگہ پی ایس ایل کی تاریخ کی سب سے مہنگی ٹیم کے طور پر لے لی جب ٹیم کو آٹھ سالہ معاہدے کے لیے 41.6 ملین امریکی ڈالر میں فروخت کیا گیا۔
ٹیم کا نام اور لوگو 21 دسمبر 2015ء کو سامنے آیا تھا۔ لوگو میں کراچی کنگز کے ساتھ ایک شیر دکھایا گیا ہے جس کے نیچے سفید اور سنہری رنگ میں لکھا گیا ہے۔ تقریب میں ٹیم کے مالک سلمان اقبال نے کہا کہ ٹیم کا لوگو اور تھیم کراچی کے حقیقی جذبے اور لچک کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے۔ ٹیم کی بنیادی جرسی کا رنگ نیلا اور سنہری ہے۔ جرسی میں شرٹ کے نیچے بائیں جانب گرجتے ہوئے شیر کا لوگو بھی شامل ہے۔ اے جے اسپورٹس (اسپورٹس مینوفیکچرنگ کمپنی) ٹیم کی کٹ تیار کرنے والی کمپنی ہے۔
بحریہ ٹاؤن، پاکستان میں سب سے بڑا رئیل اسٹیٹ ڈویلپر اور سرمایہ کار اور ایشیا کی سب سے بڑی نجی ہاؤسنگ سوسائٹی پہلے تین سیزن کے لیے ٹیم کے ٹائٹل اسپانسر تھے۔ بحریہ ٹاؤن کے علاوہ دیگر سپانسر سمٹ بینک، دی آرکیڈینز، اوئے ہوئے، پیپسی، برائٹو پینٹس اور شیلڈ کارپوریشن لمیٹڈ تھے۔ 2017ء کے سیزن کے لیے ان کا آفیشل مین پرنسپل پارٹنر نیا ناظم آباد تھا۔ برج پاور پلاٹینم اسپانسر تھا۔ کاٹن اور کاٹن نے دسمبر 2016ء میں اپنے آفیشل ملبوسات پارٹنر بننے کے لیے ایک معاہدے پر دستخط کیے۔ وائٹل چائے ان کی چائے پارٹنر تھی، ان کا پرنٹ میڈیا پارٹنر پاکستان آبزرور تھا اور ٹائٹنز ان کا یادگار پارٹنر تھا۔
2016ء میں کراچی کنگز کی ٹیم کا ترانہ مشہور گلوکار راک سٹار علی عظمت نے"دلوں کے بادشاہ" گایا تھا (وہ ترانہ تھا "جنون بس جنون ہے ہر طرف کھیل کا ۔۔۔دلوں کے ہم ہیں بادشاہ۔! نہ یوں ہمیں بھرم دکھا ہمیں تع ہیں کراچی کنگز) 2017ء کے سیزن کے لیے ٹیم کا ترانہ "دھن دھنا دھن ہوگا رے" شہزاد رائے نے گایا تھا۔ 2018ء کے سیزن کے لیے، "دے دھنا دھن" ٹیم کا آفیشل ترانہ تھا جسے شہزاد رائے نے دوبارہ گایا تھا۔2020ء میں کراچی کنگز کا ترانہ مشہور اداکارہ گلِ رعنا کے بیٹے مشہوت۔ گلوکار عاصم اظہر نے " یہ ہے کراچی گایا تھا۔2023ء میں عاصم اظہر نے "یہ ہے کراچی کو ری مکس کرکے گایا اس ترانے کی وڈیو میں علی عظمت نے بھی گایا۔
پاکستانی فلمی ستارے فہد مصطفی، ہمایوں سعید اور گلوکار شہزاد رائے ٹیم کے اسٹار سفیر ہیں۔
ماخذ: ESPNcricinfo ، آخری بار اپ ڈیٹ کیا گیا: 18 فروری 2022
ماخذ: ESPNcricinfo ، آخری بار اپ ڈیٹ کیا گیا: 20 فروری 2022
ماخذ: ESPNcricinfo ، آخری بار اپ ڈیٹ کیا گیا: 24 جنوری 2022
ماخذ: ESPNcricinfo ، آخری تازہ کاری: 24 جنوری 2022
روزینہ قریشی

روزینہ قریشی ( اردو: روزینہ قریشی ) یا صرف روزینہ (پیدائش ستمبر 21، 1950ء)، ایک پاکستانی فلمی اداکارہ ہے۔ وہ ارمان (1966ء)، جوش (1966)، احسان (1967ء)، اشارہ (1969ء)، تم ہی ہو محبوب میرے (1969ء)، خاموش نگاہیں (1971ء)، بشیرا (1972ء) اور دولت اور دنیا جیسی فلموں کے لیے جانی جاتی ہیں۔ (1972ء)۔ انھوں نے فلم اشارہ (1968ء) میں بہترین معاون اداکارہ کا نگار ایوارڈ جیتا تھا۔روزینہ ماڈل/اداکارہ صائمہ قریشی کی والدہ اور اداکار/پروڈیوسر فیصل قریشی کی خالہ ہیں۔
روزینہ 21 ستمبر 1950ء کو کراچی میں ایک مسیحی گھرانے میں آئیوی سنتھیا کے نام سے پیدا ہوئیں۔ 1960ء کی دہائی کے اوائل میں، وہ اپنی بہن، راحیلہ اور اپنی والدہ کے ساتھ پاکستان چوک، کراچی میں رہتی تھیں۔ ان کی تعلیم سینٹ جوزف اسکول کراچی سے ہوئی۔
روزینہ نے اپنی اداکاری کا آغاز 1962ء میں فلم ہمیں جینے دو سے بطور معاون اداکارہ کیا۔ وہ آہستہ آہستہ فلموں میں اہم کرداروں میں معاونت سے آگے بڑھیں۔ بطور مرکزی اداکارہ ان کی پہلی فلم عشق حبیب (1965ء) تھی جو مذہبی موضوع پر مبنی تھی۔ وہ رومانوی ہیرو وحید مراد کے ساتھ کئی قابل ذکر فلموں جیسے جوش (1966ء)، خاموش نگاہیں (1971ء) اور دولت اور دنیا (1972ء) میں جوڑی بنیں۔ انھیں ناقدین اور ناظرین نے "گلیمرس اداکارہ" قرار دیا۔ 61 اردو اور 32 پنجابی فلموں میں کام کرنے کے بعد روزینہ نے اپنے سینما کی زندگی کا اختتام اپنی آخری فلم مشرق مغرب سے کیا جو 1985ء میں نشر ہوئی تھی۔
1960ء کی دہائی کے آخر میں، روزینہ نے پاکستان ٹیلی ویژن کے لیے نیرالہ کے ساتھ 'لپٹن' چائے کے اشتہار میں نمودار ہو کر بہت زیادہ مقبولیت حاصل کی۔ انھوں نے 60ء کی دہائی میں لکس کے اشتہار میں بھی کام کیا تھا۔
روزینہ نے ساؤنڈ سپیشلسٹ رفعت قریشی سے شادی کی اور عائشہ قریشی کے نام سے اسلام قبول کیا۔ ان کی ایک بیٹی صائمہ قریشی ہے جو ایک مشہور ماڈل اور اداکارہ ہے۔ معروف ٹی وی اداکار اور پروڈیوسر فیصل قریشی ان کے بھتیجے ہیں۔
1985ء میں فلمیں چھوڑنے کے بعد، انھوں نے خود کو اپنے خاندان کے لیے وقف کر دیا۔ ان کے شوہر کا انتقال 21 ستمبر 1995ء کو کراچی میں ہوا۔ بعد میں، وہ مذہب کی طرف مائل ہو گئی ہیں اور اپنے فلمی زندگی کے بارے میں زیادہ بات کرنا پسند نہیں کرتی ہیں۔ انھوں نے 2020ء میں اپنی بیٹی کے ساتھ حج (عمرہ) کیا۔ وہ اب کراچی میں رہتی ہیں۔
روزینہ نے 1968ء میں فلم ’’ اشارہ ‘‘ کے لیے بہترین معاون اداکارہ کا نگار ایوارڈ جیتا تھا۔
Stock pot

Stock pot is a generic name for one of the most common types of cooking pot used worldwide. A stock pot is traditionally used to make stock or broth, which can be the basis for cooking more complex recipes. It is a wide pot with a flat bottom, straight sides, a wide opening to the full diameter of the pot, two handles on the sides, and a lid with a handle on top.
On the first page of his publication “A Guide to Modern Cookery” (1907), French Chef Auguste Escoffier states that "stocks are the keynote of culinary structure" in French cuisine. A stock or broth is made by simmering water for several hours, to continuously cook added foods such as pieces of meat, meat bones, fish, or vegetables. The slow simmering process transfers flavors, colors, and nutrients to the water, where they blend, and a new ingredient is thus created, the broth or stock.
A broth made with meat or meat bones creates a base with concentrated flavors and aromas, even without the addition of salt or herbs or spices. This is what is referred to as a soup base. Stock pots are also used for cooking stews, porridge, boiled foods, steamed shellfish, and many other types of recipes.
Stock pots have great versatility, and so they are used for many cooking purposes, and occasionally non-cooking purposes. For example, large stock pots are often used at home to boil clothing, wool, or yarn for color dying. They do not necessarily come in standard sizes. Manufacturers label pot sizes usually by volume (e.g., "12 liters") or sometimes by diameter (e.g., "28 cm").
The most common materials for manufacturing stock pots are stainless steel, aluminum, copper, and enamel (Vitreous enamel) on metal. More expensive types of stock pots have bottoms that are made of layers of different metals, to enhance heat conductivity.
Pot rack

A pot rack is a functional piece of kitchen furniture that is used to hang or store cooking pots and pans. Steel, wood, wrought iron, and a few other metals are the most common types of materials used for pot racks. Pot racks also usually have some type of finish or stain to help them match pots and decor. In addition, pot racks can range in size from less than a foot to over fifteen feet long. These larger pot racks are capable of supporting dozens of pots and pans.
Pot racks are often purchased for convenience, saving storage space, and for decorative value. Using a pot rack delivers convenience because a person is able to find the pots and pans quickly and easily when they are needed. Pot racks also save storage space by freeing up cabinet space and allowing pot racks to be stored on in previously unused space in the kitchen. Pot racks also provide decorative value and can enhance the overall scheme and visual appearance of the kitchen.
There are three basic categories of pot racks: hanging, wall mounted, and free standing.
Hanging pot racks are the most common type of pot racks. Hanging pot racks need to be installed into ceiling joists. They usually come with chains or extension hooks, or hanging links and ceiling screws. Hanging pot racks are normally sold with hooks that can be positioned on the rim or on the grid. Pots and pans can be hung directly from the grid or from the rim using these hooks. Grids can be many shapes, but the most common are rectangular, round, or oval.
Wall mounted pot racks are designed to hang on the wall to save space. Wall pot racks can appear like a horizontal bar or can look like a small hanging shelf. Bar pot racks are just a strip of metal that attaches to wall studs in two places. Pots are hung on the knob that protrude from the bar. Wall pot racks are safely attached to screws that are drilled into wall studs, not plaster or drywall.
Free standing pot racks are not attached to anything else, but instead sit directly on the ground. There are many different looks and styles for free standing pot racks. Some look like tall book shelves and have pots resting on the wood at various levels. Others stand freely, but contain hooks to hang the pot on. Most freestanding pot racks have the same design elements as other decorative furniture pieces.
Hanging pot racks come in various heights. There are three measurements needed in order to install a hanging pot rack. First is the reaching height, or the height where it is comfortable for a person to reach. Most people want to hang a pot rack at a comfortable reaching height. This height is usually about one foot above the height of a person's head and this is where the pots should be located. The second measurement needed is the height of the ceiling. The third measurement is the height of the pot rack with the hooks. The height of the ceiling minus the reaching height is the required height of the pot rack and chains.
Wall pot racks are safely attached to screws that are drilled into wall studs, not plaster or drywall. Otherwise, the weight of the pots and pans may dislodge the pot rack, damage your wall, or become a safety hazard.
Farberware

Farberware is a brand of kitchen-related cookware and appliances. The company was founded in New York City in 1900 and acquired by Meyer Corporation in 1997.
Russian immigrant Simon Farber founded S. W. Farber, Inc., in 1897 manufacturing gift trays and racks. The company was officially founded in 1900 and started as a match peddler located on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. It later expanded to Brooklyn, opening a plant there and inventing a clamp-on light.
During the 1940s, Simon's son Isadore became the company's president, and his other son, Milton, became vice president. In 1944, the company moved to The Bronx and expanded into the manufacture of stainless steel pots and pans dubbed Farberware. During World War II, the company assisted the U.S. government in manufacturing small arms. Milton was honored for serving as chairman of production engineering and of the Small Business Mobilization Committee. Simon's nephew Sam Farber joined the company after serving in the Second World War.
Milton became president after Isadore retired, and he opened a factory in Israel. The company was sold to Hanson Industries. Milton remained in his position until his retirement in 1973.
In 1946, the Bronx plant was built on the Bruckner Boulevard between 142nd and 144th streets.
In 1981 Farberware reversed its plans to move from the Bronx after New York City and State agreed to provide the company with $8 million in low-interest loans.
In 1981, New Jersey leased Farberware's factory building, the borough's largest, to U.S. Industries, which pledged to operate for 25 years. U.S. Industries, however, sold the Farberware brand to Boston company Syratech Corporation in 1993.
The company has since undergone numerous name changes.
In 1992, Farberware Millennium, an antiscratch antistick pan, was described as "one of the finest cookware innovations". After testing "1,000 back-and-forth scrapes by a metal spatula" the Millennium pan did not scratch.
In 1993, Farberware's pans were manufactured by Syratech, which contracted with All American Lighting Corporation for recoating of nonstick pans, but All American Lighting failed to process orders promptly.
By 1995, Farberware was among the largest producers of stainless steel cookware in the United States, reporting an "anemic annual earnings of $1 million on sales of $125 million for the fiscal year". Syratech was a $169-million company at the time and paid higher wages than those offered in China or Malaysia. Union members feared that production would be outsourced to those countries with lower wages.
Meyer Corporation acquired the Farberware license in 1997, moving production outside of the USA at the cost of over 700 jobs. It honors warranties for cookware made prior to the acquisition.
Farberware products are currently found at most major retailers, including Walmart.
Tea stove

A tea stove is a specialized type of Chinese brazier or stove designed to boil water.
The basic brazier (Chinese: 風爐) has been made of different materials and shapes throughout Chinese history. Lu Yu had a special brazier designed just for heating water for tea, which is described in The Classic of Tea. The Pictorial of Tea Ware (Chinese: 茶具图赞), compiled by The Old Man Shenan (Chinese: 审安老人) c. 1269, is the earliest picture book on tea ware, and it depicts several types of tea stoves.
The bamboo stove also became very popular. One example of a type of bamboo stove is kujiejun (Chinese: 苦節(节)君). These were popular during the Song dynasty and Tang dynasty and could include a bamboo windscreen which would fit on top of the brazier.