Umushinga wo kubungabunga ibyogogo(AREECA).

U Rwanda rwari rwarihaye intego ko muri gahunda y’imbaturabukungu ya mbere (EDPRS I) y’Icyerekezo 2020, ari ukugira amashyamba ateye ku buso bungana na 30% bw’ubuso bw’igihugu ariko ibarura ryakozwe mu 2019 ryerekanye ko byagezweho ndetse buranarenga bugera kuri 30,4% ( Ministry of Environment report na Bonn Challenge report).
Mu rwego rwo gukomeza gushimangira iyi ntambwe, Ikigo gishinzwe Amashyamba mu Rwanda (RFA), ku bufatanye n’Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita kubidukikije (IUCN), ndetse na RWARRI kubufatanye n' Uturere twa Kirehe na Nyagatare, binyuze mu mushinga ugamije kubakira abaturage ba turiya turere ubudahangarwa ku mihindagurikire y'ikirere (AREECA), bakomeje ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa byiganjemo gutera amashyamba mashya, gusana no gusazura amashyamba ashaze, gutera ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka, gutera ibiti by'imbuto ziribwa ndetse no gutanga imbabura zigabanya ibicanwa.
Ibi byose byiyongeraho guhugura abaturage bo bene ibikorwa, akaba ari bo babigiramo uruhare guhera mu gutegura ahazaterwa ibiti, gutegura pipiniyeri, gutera ibiti ndetse no kubikurikirana.
Uyu ni umushinga ushyirwa mu bikorwa 100% n'abaturage ( Community Centric Approach). Uyu mushinga wa AREECA ukaba ukorera mu bihugu bine ari byo u Rwanda, Kenya, Malawi na Cameroon ku kunga ya Leta y'Abadage binyuze muri IKI (GIZ).
Uyu mushinga wa AREECA ufite intego yo kongerera abaturage ba Kirehe na Nyagatare ubudahangarwa ku mihindagurikire y'ikirere, binyuze mu kongera ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka ndetse n'amashyamba.
Uyu mushinga ufite intego kandi yo gukumira ubutayu no kugunduka ku butaka muri turiya turere, haterwa ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka mu rwego rwo kongera umusaruro ukomoka ku buhinzi.
Uyu mushinga ufite indi ntego yo guha ubumenyi abaturage uko ubwabo barwanya kugunduka ku butaka n'ubutayu binyuze mu mahugurwa ndetse n'imfashanyigisho zitangwa na IUCN ku bufatanye na RFA na RWARRI.
Uyu mushinga ugamije kubakira abaturage bo mu turere twa Kirehe na Nyagatare ubudahangarwa ku mihindagurukire y’ikirere (AREECA), ushyirwa mu bikorwa n’Umuryanga Mpuzamahanga wita ku Kubungabunga Ibidukikije – IUCN kubufatanye n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe amashyamba- RFA, uturere twa Kirehe na Nyagatare ndetse n’Umuryango Nyarwanda Uharanira Iterambere ry’icyaro- RWARRI, ku nkunga ya Minisiteri y’ibidukikije y’ Abadage (German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety- BMU).
Uyu mushinga ukorera mu bihugu 4 aribyo Rwanda, Kenya, Cameroon na Malawi, ukaba urebererwa na GIZ muri ibi bihugu byose.
Umushinga wa AREECA mu Rwanda ugamije gusubiranya ubutaka bwamaze kwangirika mu turere twa Kirehe na Nyagatare haterwa ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka, haterwa kandi amashyamba mashya, habungwabungwa ayangiritse, haterwa ibiti by’imbuto ndetse hanaterwa ibiti ku nkengero z’imihanda n’imigezi. Ibi byose bikorwa n’abaturage bo banyirimirima n’ubutaka binyuze mu cyiswe “Community Approach”.
Muri Community Approach, abaturage bajya mu matsinda, bakagaragaza urutonde rw’ibibazo bibangamiye imidugudu yabo, ndetse bagafata iyambere mu gushaka ibisubizo by’ibibazo bagaragaje. Aha niho inzobere za IUCN, RFA na RWARRI bazira bagamije kongerera ubumenyi abaturage, ariko abaturage akaba ari bo bashyira mu ngiro ibikorwa byose. Mu nshamake, amafaranga y’umushinga ava ku muterankunga agahita ajya ku baturage binyuze muri za SACCOs nta Rwiyemezamirimo ujemo hagati. Bivuze ko abaturage ubwabo baba bahindutse ba rwiyemezamirimo mu mirima yabo.
Leta y'u Rwanda ibinyujije mu Kigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe amashyamba ifite intego yo gusubiranya ibice byangiritse bidafite amashyamba no kuyongera aho yagabanutse, gusarura ayeze no gutera andi mashyamba aho atigeze hagamijwe kuyongera.
Ubwoko bw’iti umushinga wa AREECA umaze gutera mu turere twa Kirehe na Nyagatare
Ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka
· Caliyandra
· Gereveliya
· Imisave
· Umuhumuro
· Sederera
· Gasiya
· Iminyeganyege
Ibiti biterwa mu mashyamba
· Caritilisi
· Iminyinya
· Alinus
· Pinus
Ibiti biterwa ku mihanda
· Cortoni
· Imishishi
· Gasiya
· Umuvumu
Ibiti by’imbuto
· Avoka
UBURYO BWIZA BWO GUTERA IBITI
Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe gucunga no guteza imbere amashyamba gifite gahunda ihamye yo gukwirakwiza ibiti n’amashyamba mu gihugu hose.
- Mu bihe byo gutera ibiti n’amashyamba, Abanyarwanda b’ingeri zose basabwa kwitabira icyo gikorwa.
- Mu Rwanda hose ibiti biterwa mu gihe cy’umuhindo, ni ukuvuga kuva mu kwezi k’Ukwakira kugeza mu kwezi k’Ukuboza.
- Ingemwe zigeze igihe cyo guterwa ziba zifite uburebure bwo hagati ya cm 10 na cm 15.
- Ingemwe ziterwa mu mwobo wa cm 40 x cm 40 mu butaka bukomeye, cyangwa mu mwobo wa cm 30 x cm 30 mu butaka bw’intabire.
- Mbere yo gutera ingemwe, ni ngombwa kubanza gukuraho ishashi kuko igiti giteranye ishashi kidakura. Koresha akuma gatyaye kandi wirinde gushwanyuza ikinonko gifashe ku mizi.
- Amashashi akuwe ku ngemwe zimaze guterwa ntagomba kunyanyagizwa mu murima, ashyirwa hamwe akaba yazashyikirizwa inganda zikongera kuyatunganya.
- Gutera urugemwe hagati mu mwobo kandi wirinda kurutaba, garukiriza igitaka aho icyo muri pepinyeri kigarukira, urenzeho cm 1 gusa kandi utsindagire gahoro igitaka impande y’urugemwe.
- Ku mihanda inyura mu mirima y’abaturage haterwa ibiti bitonona imyaka, intera hagati y’igiti n’ikindi ni m 2,5 cyangwa m 3. Ibiti bya Cedrela serrulata, umufu, umuyove, umushwati, acrocarpus fraxinifolius bikunda ubutaka burebure kandi bufite imvura ihagije.
- Hari ibiti byihanganira izuba nk’imisave, umuhumuro, grevillea, cassia siamea, cassia spectabilis, lesena…...
- Ku mihanda ifite inkengero zigizwe n’ubutaka bubi butaberanye n’ubuhinzi, haterwa Jacaranda turipied du Gabon (spathadea campanulata), inturusu, Cypres, Callitris, Filao, Cassia spectabilis Pinus, Acacia melanoxylon. Intera hagati y’igiti n’ikindi ni m 2.5 kugeza kuri m 3.
- Ku misozi ihanamye haterwa ibiti bikurikira: Inturusu, Cypres, Pinus, Callitris, Filao, Acacia meranoxylon Acacia mearnsii……… Ibiti biterwa imbusane mu ntera ya m 2.5 x m 2.5.
- Ku miringoti haterwa ibiti bitonona imyaka, n’iby’imbuto ziribwa, intera ijya hagati y’ibiti bibiri ni m 7. Hagati y’ibiti binini haterwa uduti duto ndumburabutaka nka Calliandra, Lesena, Imiruku, Iminyegenyege cyangwa ibiti byera imbuto ziribwa nk’amacunga, ibinyomoro, amapapaye n’ibindi.
- Ibiti bitonona imyaka bigomba no guterwa hagati mu mirima ihingwa, intera hagati y’igiti n’ikindi ni m 25 cyangwa m 30.
- Mu nzuri haterwa ibiti binini mu ntera iri hagati ya m 25 na m 30, cyangwa ku ntera nto ya m 1 ku buryo bwa padock (Imisave, Umuhumuro, Grevilleas, Cassia siamea, Cassia spectabilis, Maesopsis Eminii, Imiyenzi, Iminyinya, Imifatangwe hashobora no guterwa ibiti bito bigaburirwa amatungo nka Lesena, Calliandra).
- Abaturage b’ingeri zose bagomba kugira uruhare runini mu kurinda ibiti n’amashyamba; by’umwihariko abayobozi b’inzego z’ibanze basabwa gukurikirana ubutitsa uko ibiti byatewe ndetse n’amashyamba asanzwe bitangizwa n’amatungo cyangwa abagizi ba nabi.
GUFATA NEZA AMASHYAMBA
Hari uburyo bugera kuri butanu bwo gukorera no gufata neza ibiti n’amashyamba.
1. Gutemera
Bisobanura kugabanya ibyatsi ku mpande z’ibiti iyo bimaze kuva ku mezi atatu kugeza kuri atandatu bitewe. Gutemera bituma ibyatsi bitabangamira imikurire myiza y’ibiti, inyamaswa zitonona ibiti kandi bikagabanya impanuka z’inkongi z’imiriro.
2. Kumenera
Kumenera bikorwa kugirango amazi yinjire ku buryo bworoshye mu butaka. Mu turere dushyuha cyane, kumenera birwanya umuswa. Kumenera bikorwa mu gihe cy’izuba riringaniye kandi bigakorwa ibiti bimaze imyaka 2 cyangwa 3 bitewe.
3. Gukonorera
Bikorwa mu rwego rwo kugabanya amashami y’ibiti n’ibyatsi byurira ibiti bigatuma ibiti bikura neza mu mubyimba no mu burebure kandi bigatuma ibiti bitagira amasubyo manini. Bakata amashami bagasiga ayo hejuru kugeza kuri 2/3 by’uburebure bw’igiti.
4. Kurobanya
Bisobanura kugabanya umubare w’ibiti mu ishyamba kugirango ibisigaye bikure neza mu burebure no mu mubyimba. Biba byiza iyo irobanya rikozwe mu gihe cy’izuba, mu irobanya nyir’ishyamba agomba gusigaza ibiti byiza, bigororotse kandi bidafite amashami manini.
5.Gukorera ishyamba rizashibuka
Ubusanzwe ishyamba rishibuka ritemwa rimaze hagati yimyaka irindwi n’icumi. Ibiti bitemwe bitarakura cyangwa bishaje cyane, bishibuka nabi cyangwa hakaba igihe bidashibutse.
Akamaro k’ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka
Ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka biterwa mu butaka bwagenewe ubuhinzi n’ubworozi. Ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka byongera imyunyungugu mu butaka, bifata ubutaka, birwanya isuri, bigaburirwa amatungo agakura neza, bitanga ibicanwa, bitanga ifumbire, amafaranga ndetse binakurura imvura, bitanga imihembezo, bitanga igicucu cyo kugamamo izuba. Muri rusange ibi biti bitanga umwuka mwiza duhumeka ndetse binakurura imvura.
Akamaro k’amashyamba n’ibiti muri rusange
Amashyamba abumbatira urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima ndetse n'ibimera muri rusange. Amashyamba afite umumaro mu guhangana n'ingaruka z'imihindagurikire y'ibihe no guhangana n’amapfa nko mu gihe cy’izuba cyangwa imvura nyishi.
Ibiti muri rusange biyungurua umwuka duhumeka, bikurura imvura, bitanga imbaho dukoresha, bitanga ibicanwa, birwanya isuri, indabo zabyo zongera umusaruro w’ubuki.
Inshingano z’abaturage
Kubungabunga no kurinda amashyamba ni inshingano ya buri muturarwanda wese. Abaturage bafite inshingano zo kubungabunga no kurinda ibiti n’amashyamba no gutanga ku nzego z’ubuyobozi bubegereye amakuru arebana n’ibikorwa bibujijwe byahungabanya imicungire myiza y’ibiti n’amashyamba.
Abaturage barasabwa kandi gutera ibiti bakabyitaho ubwabo, bakabibungabunga, bakabivomerera igihe ari ngombwa, bakabibagarira, bakabirinda ibyonnyi nk’amatungo abyangiza kugirango bikure neza. Ibiti ni umusingi w’imibereho myiza mu muryango n’iterambere rirambye ry’igihugu.
Ibiti bizaterwa ni ibyande?
Ibiti bizaterwa mu mirima y’abaturage ni ibyabo kandi ni bo bizagirira akamaro muri rusange.
https://iucn.org/blog/202401/restoring-soil-and-land-health-rwanda-using-community-centered-approach