davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Blue-eyed ground dove

The blue-eyed ground dove (Columbina cyanopis) is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is endemic to the Cerrado region of Brazil.
The blue-eyed ground dove was for a time placed in the monotypic genus Oxypelia. That genus was merged into Columbina by the 1960s. Some plumage features set it apart from other Columbina species and more closely resemble those of the blue ground dove (Claravis pretiosa). The blue-eyed ground dove is monotypic.
The blue-eyed ground dove is 15.5 cm (6.1 in) long. The male's head, neck, wing coverts, uppertail coverts, and breast are purplish red. Its lower breast, belly, flanks, shoulders, and back are browner. Its vent and undertail coverts are white. The closed wing shows dark brown and chestnut with iridescent blue spots. The central tail feathers are rufous and the outer ones darker. Its eye is blue surrounded by bare gray skin. The adult female is paler, especially on its underparts. The juvenile has rufous edges on many feathers and the wing's spots are obscure.
The blue-eyed ground dove inhabits open savannah and grasslands in the Brazilian cerrado. The only reliable records since 1980 are in the states of Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul, and only in the first of these have any been seen since 2007. There are historical records of specimens from Mato Grosso in the early 1800s, São Paulo in 1904, and Goiás in the early 1940s.
The species was rediscovered in 2015, and about 27 individuals among the only known population were left in 2017. In 2023, the chicks of this species was reared in captivity for the first time.
No information on the blue-eyed ground dove's feeding behavior or diet has been published. It presumably feeds on seeds like the others of its genus.
No information is available on the blue-eyed ground dove's breeding phenology.
The blue-eyed ground dove's song is "a series of evenly-spaced, soft cooing notes" rendered as "wah", "wuh" or "prrah".
The IUCN has assessed the blue-eyed ground dove as Critically Endangered. "This species is very rare with only few recent records, suggesting that the total population is extremely small. A continuing decline is inferred from rapid rates of habitat loss in the region. The Cerrado region in Brazil has become more of a pasture land, leading to difficulty for the doves trying to access the resources on the ground. The wild dogs and threats keep the doves away, which researchers believe is a major factor in the species endangerment."
Campomanesia adamantium

Campomanesia adamantium, commonly known as gabiroba, guavira, or guabiroba do campo, is a short shrub-like plant that grows no taller than 1.5 meters on average It is natively found in the central part of South America, in Paraguay and Brazil. The plant produces small yellow-green edible fruits
Campomanesia adamantium growth habit is a small shrub. It can grow at height of about 1.3 ft (0.4 m) to 5.9 ft (1.8 m) tall. The leaves are opposite and falsely opposite, meaning that the leaves are not perfectly aligned across from each other. The leaf type is simple with primary brochidodromous venation. C. adamantium is deciduous and the flowers are created when a new set of leaves are forming. It has solitary flowers that grows on the branches. The nonfragrant flowers are whitish cream in color. The flowers contain 5 petals with radial symmetry. It is hermaphroditic containing many stamens and 7- 9 carpels with an inferior ovary. The fruit size can be between 2 and 2.5 cm in diameter. The color of the fruit can vary from green to yellow and contains a juicy pulp with a strong citric taste
Campomanesia adamantium is a tropical shrub that grows in the Cerrado savannas of Brazil as well as parts of Paraguay. The soil found where this plant grows is acidic, poor in nutrients and drains water well. Periodic flooding of the Cerrado does not seem to pose a threat to this plant as it is able to withstand flooding. The Cerrado has an average temperature of 26-20 degrees Celsius and an average rainfall of 2000–1200 mm, with the majority of rainfall in the summer. The flower produces pollen and nectar and is pollinated in the morning by many species of insects but seems to be predominantly pollinated by bees, specifically the non-native Apis mellifera. Apis mellifera has completely dominated and prevented other native bee species from pollinating this plant. This may be a result of cutting forest area down to make space for agricultural production, or the use of pesticides on nearby cropland
The fruit is eaten by locals for its high vitamin C nutrition and its juicy sweet taste. It can also be used make treats such as ice cream, jellies, and candy. Locals believe that the plant helps with inflammation, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and gastrointestinal disorders. The plant is effective in treating diseases because it is rich in zinc, calcium, aluminum, and potassium. Its high concentration of zinc is helpful for fighting zinc deficient illnesses like diarrhea and malnutrition. It is also rich in aluminum which is contained in many antiulcer drugs. In addition, the extracts from the leaves and fruits reveal to have antioxidant properties that prevent the spread of bacteria and fungi.
May the Best House Win

May the Best House Win is a British lifestyle show that aired on ITV from 22 February 2010 to 28 June 2013 and was narrated by Guy Porritt. The show sees four proud homeowners compete to win £1,000 by showing off their homes to the other contestants, who will then rate their home based on their interior design, homeliness, comfort, and hospitality. Since 2014, repeats of the show had been airing on ITVBe
The programme consists of four homeowners each preparing their houses in their own unique style to impress the other three contestants, who rate the interior design, homeliness, comfort, and hospitality all in a bid to win £1,000. The show is often compared with other daytime shows Come Dine with Me and House Gift.
An adaptation of this show was Mein Zuhause, Dein Zuhause – Wer wohnt am schönsten? on kabel eins in Germany in 2013.
The American version of the show is called May the Best House Win USA and it airs it on TLC.
The show has been criticized for being too much like Channel 4's Come Dine with Me, mainly in Harry Hill's TV Burp. Sian Brewis on Leicester Mercury described May The Best House Win as a Come Dine With Me, for houses. Lorraine Gibson of the Bournemouth Echo also noted the similarity predicting that the show would, like Come Dine With Me, eventually be transferred to the evening schedules. UKGameshows.com said "It's not such a bad programme really, but the likeness to Come Dine with Me is hard to ignore, and makes the programme feel quite derivative".
Erythrina mulungu

Erythrina mulungu (Mulungu) is a Brazilian ornamental tree and medicinal plant native to the cerrado and caatinga ecoregions in Brazil and Bolivia, South America.
This tree reaches up to 15 meters in height.
The red-orange seeds germinate in organo-sandy substrates covered with a layer between 0.5 – 2 cm of the same, being irrigated daily, emerging between 7 and 16 days having high germination rate. Breaking dormancy is not usually necessary. But when it is needed, it is performed through germinative treatments consisting of mechanical scarification of the area opposite to the hilum and immersion in water for 24 hours.
The seeds are considered very toxic. Ingestion should be avoided and there is a danger of death.
Several Erythrina tree species are used by indigenous peoples in the Amazon as medicines, insecticides, and fish poisons. Tinctures and decoctions made from the leaves or barks of Mulungu are often used in Brazilian traditional medicine as a sedative, to calm an overexcited nervous system, to lower blood pressure, and for insomnia and depression.
Commercial preparations of Mulungu are available in Brazilian drugstores, but is not very widely known in North America and almost unknown in Europe, appearing mostly as an ingredient in only a few herbal formulas for anxiety or depression.
Chemical compounds found in Mulungu extract include the tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids erythravine and (+)-11α-hydroxy-erythravine.
Laminaria abyssalis

Laminaria abyssalis is a species of brown kelp, notable for its connection to rhodolith beds in the Brazilian coastline.
Laminaria abyssalis is native to the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Brazil. It resides in a habitat spanning over 33,000 km (13,000 sq mi), from upper Espírito Santo to Mid Rio de Janeiro. It thrives in the waters of the continental shelf and intertidal zone, at depths of 40 to 120 m (130 to 390 ft). The majority of these kelp take root in Rhodolith beds; substrates formed by nodules of calcareous algae.
The stipe of the Laminaria abyssalis averaged out to be 14.3 centimeters in length, with an average width of 0.7 centimeters. The stipe supports an undivided blade, averages out to a length of 241 centimeters, width of 68 centimeters, and thickness of 0.65 centimeters. The holdfast which attaches Laminaria abyssalis to the rhodolith bed it resides in has an average of 4 root-like extensions, each averaging to 13.5 centimeters in length.
Laminaria abyssalis was first discovered in 1967 by A. B. Joly and E. C. Oliveira, who found it in the Brazilian Coastline.
A later expedition was made by Quége N in 1988 to determine the many locations in which Laminaria abyssalis grows along Brazil.
As of lately, the kelp has been in a semi-endangered state, as sand trawling has become more common in Brazilian waters. This has disrupted the rhodolith beds in which Laminaria abyssalis grows, causing the kelp to slightly die out. The RESTORESEAS project has begun collecting data and making experiments to preserve the lives of these kelps.
Elsa Majimbo

Elsa Majimbo (alizaliwa 29 Juni 2001) ni mwanamke mchekeshaji wa kwenye mtandao kutoka Nairobi, Kenya.
Alijulikana sana kwenye kipindi cha karantini wakati wa Covid-19 kwa kutengeneza video za kuchekesha akiwa nyumbani. Aliidhinishwa na Fenty na MAC, mnamo 20 Februari 2021 alipata mafanikio ya kushirikiana na chapa ya starehe ya Valentino.
Elsa ni mwanafunzi wa uandishi wa habari kutoka chuo kikuu cha Strathmore, Nairobi. Alikua akichapisha kwenye mitanda maongezi ya monologia kuanzia mwaka 2016 lakini aliacha mwaka 2019.
Elsa alionekana katika tovuti ya Netflix ambapo alitajwa kama mchezaji Hodari wa mchezo wa chesi na alishawahi kuwa mshindi mara kumi na tano (15) katika mchezo huo wa chesi. Hata hivyo Elsa siyo mtaalamu wa mchezo wa chesi kwani hakukadiriwa katika viwango vya FIDE. Mnamo mwaka 2007, alicheza chesi katika mashindano ya kitaifa ya vijana kwa walio na umri chini ya miaka kumi sita (16) na kuwa mshindi wanne. Elsa alicheza mchezo wa chesi katika mashindano ya Alliance High Open Chess Tournament mwaka 2017.
Monolijia za Elsa zilishirikishwa katika tovuti ya vichekesho ya Comedy Central mara kadhaa mezi Juni mwaka 2020 Na alipongezwa na Lupita Nyong'o, Joan Smalls, mlimbwende wa dunia , Zozibini Tunzi, Snoop Dogg na Cassper Nyovest. Elsa pia ni balozi wa kampuni ya vipodozi ya MAC. Katika maendeleo yake ya hivi karibuni, Majimbo allikuwa balozi katika kampuni ya mitindo ya Rihanna iitwayo Fenty(fashion house) ambapo alikuwa akifanya maonyesho ya kila miwani ya kampuni hiyo. Alishinda tuzo ya chaguo bora la watu katika shindano la Favorite African Social Star yam waka 2020. Mwaka 2020 katika tuzo za Streamy ya mtandao wa Youtube, Lilly Singh alimtunuku Majimbo tuzo ya heshima ya ubunifu huku akimsifu Majimbo kwa staili yake ya vichekesho vilivyo mfanya acheke kipindi chote cha mwaka 2020.
Vunjabei Group Limited

Vunjabei (T) Group Limited pia inajulikana kwa jina la Vunjabei, ni duka la kuuza nguo inayojulikana kwa mavazi ya mtindo wa haraka kwa wanaume, wanawake, vijana na watoto ambayo makao makuu yake yapo jijini Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Ilianzishwa na Fred Ngajiro, Mtanzania kijana bilionea mwaka 2015. Inajulikana zaidi kwa uuzaji wa nguo kwa bei rahisi nchini Tanzania.
Kampuni ilianzishwa mwaka 2015 na Fred Ngajiro au kwa jina maarufu Fred Vunjabei ambaye ni mfanyabiashara kutoka Tanzania. Vunjabei ilianzishwa kwa kufungua duka lwa kwanza la nguo ndani ya Kariakoo, Dar es Salaam. Vunjabei ina maduka ya nguo yasiyopungua 15 ndani ya Tanzania na mengine kutajwa kuongezeka Kenya. Licha ya kujulikana kwa kuuza nguo kwa bei rahisi lakini pia Vunjaei inajulikana kwa kutengeneza nguo za michezo kwa klabu za timu ya mpira wa miguu kama Simba Sports Club na Lipuli Football Club.
Mnamo mwaka 2020, Kampuni ya Vunjabei ilikabidhi zawadi kwa Hospitali ya Taifa Muhimbili-Mloganzila pamoja na watumishi kwa lengo la kuwapongeza na kuunga mkono juhudi zinazofanywa na watumishi wa afya katika kuwahudumia wagonjwa.
Mwaka 2020, Vunjabei iliingia makubaliano na timu ya mpira wa miguu LIpuli F.C iliyopo mkoa wa Iringa katika kuwatengenezea nguo za michezo na vifaa vingine vya michezo ikiwemo viatu vya mazoezi, Jezi na kuziuza kupitia maduka ya Vunjabei Nchini kote Tanzania.
Mwaka 2021, Simba Sports Club ilitangaza tenda kubwa kwa makampuni tofauti tofauti katika utengenezaji na usambazaji wa vifaa vya michezo vitakavyouza na kutumika. Vunjabei iliibuka na kuwa kampuni pekee itakayotengeneza jezi na vifaa vyote vya michezo vya timu ya mpira wa miguuu Simba Sports Club almaarufu kama Simba FC. Vunjabei ilitoa hundi ya pesa za kitanzania Shilingi bilioni mbili . Katika tenda hiyo Vunjabei ilikuwa ikishindana na makampuni zaidi ya 11 kama Umbro na Adidas ambapo Vunjabei iliwezakuchukua nafasi ya juu na kuingia makubaliano na Simba Sports Club (Simba F.C).
Aso ebi

Aso ebi mara nyingine huandikwa hivi Asoebi/Ashoebi kwa Kinaigeria, na Ashobie kwa Sierra na Gambia Ni aina ya vazi la kitamaduni la nchini Nigeria na tamaduni nyingine za Kiafrika likiashiria ushirikiano, urafiki na mshikamano wakati wa sherehe, hafla na matukio. Dhumuni la kuvaa vazi hilo ni kutumika na kujitambulisha katika kundi la rika moja,jamaa au marafiki wakati wa hafla za kijamii au mazishi.Upatikanaji wa vitambaa kama vile Ankara umechangia umaarufu wa uvaaji wa sare hizo kwa hafla za kijamii kwenye utamaduni wa Kiyoruba na Nigeria kwa jumla.
Aishwarya Rai

Aishwarya Rai (jina lake kamili: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan; amezaliwa Mangalore, Karnataka, India, 1 Novemba 1973) ni mwanamitindo, Miss India 1994 na mwigizaji maarufu wa Bollywood kutoka Uhindi.
Mshindi
Mshindi
Mshindi
Aliteuliwa
Mshindi
Aliteuliwa
Mshindi
Aliteuliwa
Mshindi
Nominated
Mshindi
Aliteuliwa
Aliteuliwa
Mshindi
Mshindi
Guybon Atherstone

Guybon Damant Atherstone, M. Inst. CE AKC (1843 - 1912), mhandisi wa reli wa Afrika Kusini.
Atherstone alikuwa mtoto wa William Guybon Atherstone (daktari, mwanasayansi wa mambo ya asili, mwanajiolojia na mbunge) na alizaliwa Grahamstown tarehe 20 Juni 1843 alihudhuria Chuo cha St. Andrew's, Grahamstown na King's College London ambapo alihitimu kama mhandisi wa ujenzi.
Atherstone aliajiriwa katika Shirika la Reli la Serikali la Cape kama mhandisi kutoka 1873 hadi 1896 ambapo alijenga njia ya reli kati ya Alicedale na Grahamstown . Nyumba ambayo aliishi wakati wa ujenzi iko karibu na daraja la reli la mawe ambalo alilijenga. Baada ya kukamilika kwa mradi wa reli. Nyumba ya Atherstone iligeuzwa kuwa kanisa la Anglikana, Kanisa la Anglikana la Mtakatifu Cyprian, ambalo liliwekwa wakfu tarehe 29 Novemba 1893. Kanisa hili ni sehemu ya Dayosisi ya Grahamstown na linapatikana33°20′07″S 26°18′51″E﻿ / ﻿33.33528°S 26.31417°E﻿ / -33.33528; 26.31417 Atherstone pia anakumbukwa katika jina la reli ya Atherstone. Njia hiyo ya reli iko33°18′52″S 26°22′23″E﻿ / ﻿33.31445°S 26.37306°E﻿ / -33.31445; 26.37306
Nontsikelelo Mutiti

Nontsikelelo Mutiti (alizaliwa Harare, Zimbabwe, 31 Agosti 1982) ni mbunifu wa picha na mkufunzi wa Zimbabwe. Kazi yake imejikita kwenye kutengeneza tovuti, video, kuchapisha picha na kuandika vitabu. Mara nyingi hujihusisha na Matangazo ya Nywele katika Ubunifu wake , Na anavutiwa zaidi na utofauti kati ya Utamaduni Mweusi. Kazi zake ni pamoja na nyenzo zilizochapishwa za Maisha ya Watu Weusi.
Nontsike Mutiti alihitimu katika chuo cha Zimbabwe Institute of Vigital Arts Akichukua Stashahada ya Mawasiliano Mwaka 2007. Pia alihitimu katika shule ya sanaa Yale School of Art Mwaka 2012.
Ni Mwanzilishi Msaidizi wa Black Chalk & Co, Akishirikiana na Tinashe Mushakavanhu.
Pia ndiye Mkurugenzi wa kisanii na Mwanzilishi Mwenza wa Reading Zimbabwe, Iliainishwa Mwishoni mwa mwaka 2016.
Nontsike Mutiti anafahamika kama Msanii mchunguzi wa kiufundi na kijamii katika chapa za Nywele na Mitindo ya Binafsi ya Urembo kwenye Afrika Diaspora. Kwa Mfano, Kwenye Maonyesho mnamo mwaka 2014 Recess Art , Mutiti Alichora hamasa ya chapa ya saluni ya nywele ya Afrika , Kama inaweza kupatikana huko New York City au Harare. Alama za urembo zilizoundwa tena kama vile kuta zilizopakwa rangi ya kijani kibichi au rangi ya machungwa yenye kung'aa, jarida la watu mashuhuri, mifano ya bidhaa za nywele, vipeperushi na mabango kutoka kwa makanisa ya kiinjili ... na televisheni ndogo nyeusi inayopatikana kila mahali juu ya baraza la mawaziri linalocheza sinema za Nollywood Masilahi ya Mutiti yanapanuka kutoka kwa uzuri wa saluni za nywele hadi aina za jamii na ubadilishaji unaofanyika ndani yao. Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, kama sehemu ya Maonyesho katika tamasha la utendaji Performa , alifanya kazi pamoja na Chimurenga (magazine) | Chimurenga na Pan African Space Station , kuunda salon inayofanya kazi ambayo iliandaa mazungumzo kadhaa, pamoja na usomaji wa hadithi ambazo zilishughulikia moja kwa moja ufundi wa nywele kama vile Tendai Huchu 'Msusi wa nywele wa Harare , Dambudzo Marechera Dambudzo na Binyavanga Wainaina Siku moja nitaandika juu ya mahali hapa.
Falsafa

Falsafa (kutoka Kigiriki φιλοσοφία filosofia = filo, pendo la sofia, hekima) ni jaribio la kuelewa na kueleza ulimwengu kwa kutumia akili inayofuata hoja za mantiki. Kwa hiyo ili kutengeneza falsafa yako kunahitajika kuwa na hoja za msingi, hoja zilizojaa hoja (akili), kisha kuiweka falsafa yako kwa jamii ili waisome na kuielewa. Wapo watakaokubaliana na wewe kulingana na hoja zako na wapo watakaokupinga kutokana na hoja zako vilevile.
Falsafa huchunguza mambo kama kuweko na kutokuweko, ukweli, ujuzi, uzuri, mema na mabaya, lugha, haki na mengine yoyote.
Tofauti na dini, imani au itikadi, njia ya falsafa ni mantiki inayoeleza hatua zake ikiwa tayari kuchungulia upya kila hatua iliyochukua. Kwa hiyo falsafa ni njia ya kuuliza maswali na kutafuta majibu.
Katika lugha ya kila siku neno "falsafa" mara nyingi linachukuliwa kutaja jumla ya mafundisho au imani ya mtu au kundi la watu, kwa mfano "falsafa ya chama fulani", "falsafa ya maisha yangu" na kadhalika. Lakini kwa jumla fikra hizo hazistahili kuitwa "falsafa". Ila tu kuna makundi ya wanafalsafa wanaopendelea mielekeo tofauti na kuhusu haya inawezekana kutumia neno "falsafa ya fulani" kwa kutaja matokeo ya kazi yao.
Falsafa jinsi inavyoendeshwa kwenye vyuo vikuu huwa na matawi kadhaa kama vile:
Kuna mbinu nyingi za falsafa zilizoendelea kulingana na mazingira ya utamaduni ambako wanafalsafa waliishi. Mara nyingi falsafa imeendelea karibu na dini, ndani ya dini au kwa mchanganyiko na dini mbalimbali.
Lakini falsafa inachunguza pia matamko ya dini na kuuliza maswali juu ya maana ya matamko haya.
Wanafalsafa muhimu wa Asia walikuwa Konfutse na Lao Tze katika China na Buddha katika Uhindi.
Chanzo cha falsafa katika Ulaya kilitokea katika ustaarabu wa Ugiriki ya Kale. Wanafalsafa wa huko waliweka misingi mingi kwa dunia ya baadaye pamoja na misingi ya sayansi ya sasa. Kati ya majina mashuhuri ni Plato na Aristoteli.
Ufalme wa Ashanti

Ufalme wa Ashanti (pia Asante: Asanteman) ulikuwa milki ya Waashanti, ambao ni kundi mojawapo kati ya Waakan katika nchi ambayo ni Ghana ya kisasa. Ufalme wa Ashanti ulidumu kutoka mwaka 1701 hadi 1957 ukiendelea leo hii kama "mamlaka ya kimila" ndani ya Ghana. Mkuu wa milki ni mfalme mwenye cheo cha Asantehene. Mji mkuu ni Kumasi.
Milki hiyo ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1700 na mfalme Osei Tutu (1695 hivi – 1717) na mshauri wake Okomfo Anokye. Kiti cha Dhahabu cha Ashanti kilikuwa ishara ya kuunganisha ufalme. Osei Tutu alisimamia upanuzi mkubwa wa eneo la Ashanti akaanzisha mfumo mpya wa kijeshi uliofanya askari wa Waashanti washindi katika vita zilizofuata. Mnamo mwaka wa 1701 jeshi la Ashanti lilishinda milki ya Denkyira. Ushindi huo uliwapa Waashanti njia ya kufikia mwambao wa Ghuba ya Guinea na kuwawezesha kuingia katika biashara na Wazungu, haswa Waholanzi na Wareno. Uchumi wa Ufalme wa Ashanti ulistawi hasa kutokana na biashara ya dhahabu na watumwa. Jeshi la Ashanti lilitumika kama zana madhubuti ya kupata mateka waliouzwa kama watumwa.
Ufalme wa Ashanti ulipigana vita kadhaa na falme za jirani na makabila madogo kama vile Wafante. Waashanti walifaulu kujitetea dhidi ya uvamizi wa Milki ya Uingereza katika vita mbili; walimwua jenerali Mwingereza Sir Charles MacCarthy mwaka 1824 wakapamba fuvu lake kwa kulifunika na dhahabu na kulitumia kama kikombe cha kunywea.
Katika vita zilizofuata Waingereza walifaulu kutokana na matumizi ya teknolojia ya silaha iliyoendelea na baada ya vita ya tano kati ya Uingereza na Ashanti ufalme wote ulikuwa sehemu ya koloni la Gold Coast tangu 1 Januari 1902.
Leo, Ufalme wa Ashanti umebaki kama sehemu ya Jamhuri ya Ghana. Unatambuliwa kama "mamlaka ya kimila" ukitajwa vile katika katiba ya Ghana.
Mfalme wa sasa ni Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Asantehene. Ziwa Bosumtwi ambalo ni ziwa asilia pekee ya Ghana liko ndani ya ufalme.
Ufalme wa Ashanti ulikuwa mmoja kati ya falme kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi, pamoja na Dahomey, Benin, na Oyo. Ufalme wa Ashanti ulikuwa na milima na kilimo uliostawi. Sehemu ya kusini ya Ufalme wa Ashanti imefunikwa na misitu wenye unyevunyevu, lakini kaskazini ni kavu zaidi ikiwa eneo la savana lenye miti mifupi inayoweza kuvumilia moto.
Maeneo ndani ya Ashanti yalikuwa na dhahabu kutoka mito, kakao na mikola. Waashanti walitumia bidhaa hizo katika biashara yao na Wareno kwenye pwani, na milki jirani za Songhai na Wahausa.
Utumwa ulikuwa sehemu ya utamaduni katika Ufalme wa Ashanti. Kwa kawaida watumwa walipatikana kama mateka kutoka kwa maadui katika vita. Ashanti ilikuwa dola lenye watumwa wengi katika eneo la Ghana ya leo, ilikuwa pia chanzo kikuu cha watumwa kwa biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki.
Kimila ustawi wa watumwa ulitegemea hali ya mabwana wao. Wengine waliweza kuwa na mali ya binafsi, na hata kuoa au kuolewa katika familia ya bwana wao. Watumwa wakati mwingine waliweza kumiliki watumwa wengine, na pia kuomba bwana mpya ikiwa waliamini kuwa wananyanyaswa sana. Lakini ilikuwa pia kawaida kuwatoa kama dhabihu wakati wa mazishi ya bwana.
Mateka waliokamatwa kwa kusudi la kuwauza kwa wafanyabiashara Wazungu kwenye vituo vya pwani walitendewa kama bidhaa.
E-Sir

Issah Mmari (alifahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama E-Sir; 20 Mei 1981 – 16 Machi 2003) alikuwa msanii wa muziki wa hip hop na kapuka kutoka jijini Nairobi huko nchini Kenya.
Alikuwa akifanyia shughuli zake katika studio ya Ogopa DJs ambaye alikuwa maarufu kwa uwezo wake wa kuimba na amri ya lugha ya Kiswahili. Bado yeye huonekana kama muimbaji wa rap bora sana kuwahi kutokea nchini Kenya. Alikuja kujulikana mwaka 2001 na wimbo wakea wa "Jo", wimbo aliufanya katika sambamba na mtindo wa Black Rob katika ngoma yake ya "WHOA." Wimbo huo ulifanya E-Sir's ajulikane katika mziki wa Kenya na aliwekwa katika albamu ya Ogopa Deejays Aliweza kutoa alikwenda albamu yake ya "Nimefika" mwaka wa 2003 ambayo iliweza kufanya vema zaidi. Yeye alishinda katika sehemu 4 kwenye Kisima Music Awards ya mwaka 2003.
E-Sir alikufa kwa ajali ya barabarani tarehe 16 Machi 2003, akiwa na mwenzake Nameless. Alikuwa njiani kutoka mji wa Nakuru alipokuwa amekwenda kupigia upato albamu yake. Mashabiki wake walikuwa na huzuni na mshangao mkubwa baada ya kusikia juu ya msanii huyu shupavu. Hasa hii ni kwa sababu kifo chake kilikuja wakati nyimbo zake zilikuwa zimeanza kufana sana nchini. Nyimbo zilizojulikana zaidi ni kama "Mos Mos," "Boomba Train," "Hamunitishi" na "Leo ni Leo." Kuna wimbo mmmoja uliotokea baada ya kifo chake.Wimbo huo alifanya na Nameless na unaitwa "Maisha".
Ndugu mdogo wa E-sir Habib pia ni msanii na pamoja na Manga wametoa nyimbo kadhaa kama "dunda" na "fever".
Nyimbo kwenye Albamu
Alishinda
Kuchaguliwa
Hela Apparel Holdings

Hela Apparel Holdings PLC branded as Hela Clothing is a holding company in Sri Lanka that is engaged in the apparel industry. The company supplies to a number of brands such as Tommy Hilfiger, Calvin Klein, and Michael Kors. Hela Apparel Holdings operates four design centres in Sri Lanka, the United States, France and the United Kingdom. The company have eleven manufacturing plants, seven in Sri Lanka, and two each in Ethiopia and Kenya. The company is one constituent of the S&P Sri Lanka 20 Index since June 2022.
Hela Clothing (Pvt) Ltd was incorporated in 1991. The Fielding Group was the initial owner of the company. British entrepreneur Dominic McVey invested in Hela Clothing in 2013. Sri Lankan business executive Dian Gomes was hired by McVey to lead the company. By 2017, the company was incurring sizeable overheads and facing cash flow constraints. The company was forced to expand into Ethiopia and Kenya. Gomes wanted to raise capital by either infusing capital from existing shareholders or diluting 30% of ownership to raise US$10 million from outside investors. Gomes's relationship with McVey was strained when Gomes wanted to suspend the annual management fee of US$1 million to the investment firm Ellestone Apparel, a company headed by McVey. In 2019, Gomes resigned from the company and McVey divested significantly his stake. An investor consortium infused US$10 million into the company's capital in November 2018.
Hela Clothing appointed A. R. Rasiah as the new chairman of the company in December 2018. Hela Apparel Holdings (Pvt) Ltd was founded in 2018 and was listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange in 2022 through an initial public offering (IPO). The IPO was intended to offer 20% of the stake of the company and raise the capital of LKR4 billion. The IPO was the largest issue since 2011. The IPO was oversubscribed 5.4 times and received applications worth LKR21.8 billion.
The company received a credit rating of AA(lka) from Fitch Ratings in March 2022 and the outlook is adjudged as stable. Hela Apparel Holdings expanded into Egypt by launching its twelfth plant in the country. Egypt was chosen due to the advantages of being located proximately to Europe and North America, thus reducing shipping times. The company recorded a 75% revenue growth in the financial year 2021/22. The revenue for the period was LKR56 billion. In 2022, the company has been awarded the ISO 14064-1:2018 certification by the Sustainable Future Group. The certification was awarded to Hela Apparel Holdings for establishing a framework to report and quantify greenhouse gas emissions. It also involves implementing a Carbon Management Plan for reducing emissions.
Marwa (name)

Marwa or Marwah (Arabic: مروة) is an Arabic female given name derived from the word marū/maruw (مرو) with the meaning of either minerals, 'flint(-stone)', 'quartz' or 'a hard stone of nearly pure silica'. However, the Arabic name for quartz is ṣawwān (صَوَّان).
The name is written Marva in the Persian form. During the Ottoman Period, the name was written Mervat (Ottoman Turkish: مرفت) or Marwa (Ottoman Turkish: مروا), or Merve in the modern Turkish form.
For the Kuria people, Marwa is used as a masculine name, reserved for the firstborn male in a family, along with names Chacha or Mwita. Firstborn girls are called either Bhoke, Robi, or Gati.
The male variant of this given name is Marwan. Marwa is also a surname.
Valery Kaufman

Valery Kaufman (Russian: Валерия Кауфман; born 30 May 1994) is a Russian model best known for walking in Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2015 and Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2016.
She was born in 1994 in Moscow. From an early age, she was engaged in dancing. Later, she toured the world extensively.
In the early 2010s, she sent her photos to several model agencies in New York, and soon received an invitation to a casting call for a fashion show by Tom Ford, which she successfully passed. Her career as a model developed quickly. Following her appearance on the cover of the Russian edition of Vogue in March 2015, she received invitations to fashion shows by Chanel, Dior and Valentino.
At various times she has participated in the shows of Alberta Ferretti, Alexander Wang, Alexandre Vauthier, Balmain, Blumarine, Chanel, Christian Dior, Diane von Furstenberg, Dolce & Gabbana, Elie Saab, Emilio Pucci, Fendi, Giambattista Valli, Giorgio Armani, Givenchy, Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Nina Ricci, Oscar de la Renta, Prada, Tom Ford, Valentino, Versace, Yves Saint Laurent and others.
Valeria is one of French photographer Patrick Demarchelier's favorite models. In 2015 and 2016, she was invited to the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.
In 2015, she was named one of the "World's Top 50 Models" by Models.com, and was recognized as the best Russian model by Glamour magazine.
From 2015 to 2022, she was in a relationship with American musician and actor Jared Leto.
On May 11, 2024, Kaufman married Dimitri Varsano, son of Miss Polonia in 1985, Katarzyna Zawidzka and businessman Sergo Varsano, at Mairie Du 16ème in Paris and in Lake Como in Italy.
Ugbad Abdi

Ugbad Abdi is a Somali-American fashion model. Born in Somalia and raised in a Kenyan refugee camp and Des Moines, Iowa, she debuted as a Valentino haute couture model, then opened shows for Marc Jacobs and Michael Kors at New York Fashion Week. She is the first model to walk shows for Fendi and Lanvin while wearing hijab.
Abdi was born in Kismayo, Somalia. Her family fled the Somali Civil War, first to a refugee camp in Kenya, then in 2009, when Abdi was nine years old, to Des Moines, Iowa with the help of UNICEF. Shortly after graduating from high school in Des Moines, Abdi was scouted on Instagram. She visited New York for the first time to meet with agency representatives, and signed with Next Management.
Abdi made her runway debut in the 2018/2019 Valentino haute couture show. She has opened New York Fashion Week shows for Marc Jacobs and Michael Kors. Abdi has also walked in shows for Chanel, Miu Miu, Simone Rocha, Burberry, Fendi, Lanvin, Max Mara, and Dries van Noten. In April 2019, she appeared in British, American, and Arabian editions of Vogue simultaneously. Abdi has been called "one of Fall 2019's breakout models". In 2022, she appeared on the cover of Vogue France with Danish model Mona Tougaard.
Abdi is Muslim, and began wearing hijab at the age of fourteen. She wears head coverings while modeling, and in 2019 became Fendi and Lanvin's first runway model to wear hijab. She has five siblings, two of whom were born after the family moved to the United States. She speaks Somali and English.
గుత్తి వంకాయ కూర

అల్లం ముద్దతో చేసిన గుత్తి వంకాయ కూర చాలా రుచిగా ఉంటుంది. తెలుగువారి వంటలలో గుత్తి వంకాయకు గోగూర పచ్చడి, ఆవకాయ లాగానే కొంత ప్రాముఖ్యత ఉంది. చాలా పాటలు, పద్యాలలో దీని ప్రస్తావన ఉంది.
స్టౌ మీద బాణలిని పెట్టి నూనె, ఆవాలు వేసి వేగిన తరువాత ఉప్పు, పచ్చిమిర్చి, అల్లం మెత్తగా దంచిన మిశ్రమాన్ని, గుత్తుగా కోసిన వంకాయ ముక్కలను వేసి వేయించండి. ముక్కలు బాగా మగ్గిన తర్వాత దంచిన కారంవేసి కలియబెట్టాలి. అది బాగా వేగిన తర్వాత ఒక గ్లాస్ నీటితో కాసేపు మరిగించి దించేయండి. అల్లంతో గుత్తు వంకాయ కూర రెడీ... ఇది అన్నంలో తినడానికి చాలా రుచిగా ఉంటుంది.
ఒక రకం గుత్తి వంకాయ కూరని రాయల సీమ లో నూనె వంకాయ అంటారు. ఇది కూడా అంతే రుచిగా ఉంటుంది. పైగా మామూలు గుత్తి వంకాయ కూర అంత కష్టం కూడా కాదు.
''''ఉల్లిపాయలు --- 1/2 కిలో
టమోటాలు --- 1/4 కిలో
గుత్తి వంకాయలు- 1/2 కిలో
శనగ గుండ్లు --- 1/2 కప్పు
పచ్చి పప్పు(పచ్చి శెనగ పప్పు) ---- 1/4 కప్పు
ధనియాలు ---- 1/4 కప్పు
పుట్నాల పప్పు-- 1/4 కప్పు
ఎండు మిర్చి---- 6 కాయలు
ఉప్పు ---- తగినంత
నువ్వులు ---- 1/4 కప్పు
నూనె ---- 1/4 కప్పు
పోపు గింజలు--- కసిన్ని
పసుపు ---- ఒక చెంచా
కొత్తిమీర ---- 2 చిన్న కట్టలు
ముందుగా కూరలు శుభ్రంగా కడిగి పెట్టుకొవాలి. ఉల్లిపాయలు, టమోటాలు చిన్న చిన్న ముక్కలుగా తరిగి పెట్టుకోవాలి. వంకాయల్ని అడ్డంగా నిలువుగా గాట్లు పెట్టాలి(గుత్తి వంకాయల్లాగానే). ఇప్పుడు శనగ గుండ్లు, పచ్చిపప్పు, ధనియాలు, మిర్చి, నువ్వులు ఒక భాండీలో వేయించుకోవాలి. దోరగా వేగాక వాటిని మిక్సీలొ పొడి కొట్టి పక్కన పెట్టుకోవాలి. ఇప్పుడు ఒక మందపాటి గిన్నే తీసుకుని పొయ్యి మీద పెట్టి నూనె పొయ్యాలి. నూనె కాగాక పోపు పెట్టి ఉల్లిపాయ, టమోటా ముక్కలు వేసి కలిపి మూత పెట్టి సన్నని సెగ మీద ఉడకనివ్వాలి. ఆ ముక్కలు బాగా పేస్టులాగా ఉడకాలి. ఇప్పుడు ఆ గిన్నెలొ ఒక లీటరు నీరు పోసి వంకాయలు, కొంచెం పసుపు, ఉప్పు వేసి, వంకాయలు ఉడికి, నీళ్ళు సగం అయ్యే దాకా ఉడికించాలి. ఇప్పుడు ఇందాక పక్కన పెట్టిన పొడిని గిన్నెలో వేసి అడుగు అంటకుండా కలియతిప్పి 2 నిముషాలు ఉంచి కొత్తిమీర చల్లి దించుకొవాలి. ఇప్పుడు వేడి వేడి అన్నంలో కలుపుకుని మంచి నెయ్యి వేసుకుని తినవచ్చును. వంకాయ కూర యొక్క గొప్పదనాన్ని చెప్పే ఒక పద్యం: వంకాయ కూర వంటిది, పంకజముఖి సీత వంటి భార్యామణియున్, శంకరుని వంటి దైవము.... ఎవరు లేరు.
కూర

కూర లేదా కర్రీ అనేది భారతీయ ఉపఖండంలోని వంటలకు సంబంధించిన అనేక వంటకాలలో ఇది కూడా ఒక ముఖ్యమైన వంటకం. దీన్ని సాధారణంగా అన్నంతో గాని లేదా చపాతీ లతో గాని కలిపి తింటారు. మామూలుగా ఎండు మిరపకాయలతో పాటుగా సుగంధ ద్రవ్యాలు లేదా మూలికలు వంటివి కూర తయారీలో ఉపయోగిస్తారు. భారతదేశంలోని దక్షిణాది రాష్ట్రాల్లో తయారు చేసే కూర వంటకాలు మాత్రం, కూరగాయలు లేదా ఆకుకూరలతో తయారు చేస్తారు.
'కూర' అని పిలువబడే వంటకంలో కూరగాయలతో పాటుగా చేపలు, మాంసం, పౌల్ట్రీ లేదా షెల్‌ఫిష్ వంటి వాటిని కూడా కలిపి వండుకుంటారు. చాలామంది పూర్తిగా శాకాహారిగా ఉంటారు, అందువల్ల వీరు కేవలం కూరగాయలతో మాత్రమే కూరలు వండుకుంటూ ఉంటారు. కూరలు అనేవి 'వేపుడు' లేదా 'పొడిగా' లేదా 'తడి'గా గాని ఉండవచ్చు. వేపుడు కూరలు పూర్తి పొడిగాను, పొడి కూరలు తడి పొడి గాను, తడి కూరలు పూర్తి తడిగాను ఉంటాయి. తడికూరలలో ఒకే కూరగాయతో లేదా వివిధ రకముల కూరగాయల మిశ్రమంతో కూడా చేసుకుంటూ ఉంటారు. వేపుడు కూరలలో సుగంధ ద్రవ్యాలు ఎక్కువ మంది వాడరు. తడి కూరల్లో పెరుగు, క్రీమ్, కొబ్బరి పాలు, కొబ్బరి క్రీమ్, టొమాటో ప్యూరి, ఉల్లిపాయ రసం లేదా ఉడకబెట్టిన చింతపండు పులుసు వంటి పదార్థాలు ఎక్కువ మొత్తంలో వాడతారు.
ఆధునిక భారతదేశం, శ్రీలంక, పాకిస్తాన్, బంగ్లాదేశ్ వంటి ఆధునిక దేశాలతో పోల్చితే, భారత ఉపఖండం పాకశాస్త్ర విషయంలో, మొత్తం చారిత్రాత్మక ప్రదేశంగా పరిగణించటానికి ఉపయోగపడుతుంది. దీనివల్ల ఉత్తర, దక్షిణ భారతీయ వంటకాల మధ్య ఉన్న భేదాలు విస్తృతంగా గుర్తించడానికి వెసులుబాటుగా ఉంటుంది,
ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, తెలంగాణలకే ప్రత్యేకం అని కాకుండా తెలుగు వారు నివసించే అన్ని ప్రాంతాల్లో తెలుగు వంటలు ఉంటాయి. కర్నాటక, తమిళనాడులలో ఉండే తెలుగు వారు కొద్దిపాటి ప్రాంతీయ ప్రభావాలతో కూడిన తెలుగు వంటలనే వండుకుని ఆస్వాదిస్తారు. ఈ వంటలు తెలుగు వారికి ఇష్టమయిన కారం, పులుపు రుచుల మేళవింపుతో ఉంటాయి. వంట వండే విధానంలో చాలా తేడా కనిపించినా అది కేవలం తెలుగు వారు ఇతర ప్రాంతాలలో విస్తృత వ్యాప్తికి నిదర్శనం. ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ లో పండే ముఖ్యమయిన పంటలయిన వరి, మిరపలు ప్రస్ఫుటంగా ఈ వంటల్లో కనిపిస్తాయి. చాలా వరకూ సాంప్రదాయక వంటలు మాత్రం బియ్యం, ఇంకా మిరప అధికంగా వాడకంతోనే చేస్తారు. మసాలా దినుసులు కూడా అత్యధికంగా వాడబడతాయి. శాకాహారమయినా, మాంసాహారమయినా, లేక చేపలు (ఇతర సముద్ర జీవాలు) ఆధారిత ఆహారమయినా అన్నిట్లోనూ మసాలా దినుసులు ఉంటాయి. పప్పు లేనిదే ఆంధ్ర ఆహారం ఉండదు. అలానే టొమాటోలు, చింతపండు వాడకమూ అధికమే! తెలుగు వంటకాలలో ప్రత్యేకతను సంతరించుకున్నవి ఊరగాయలు. ఆవకాయ మొదలుకొని కొన్ని రకాల కూరగాయలతో ఊరగాయలు తెలుగు వారు చేసుకోవడం పరిపాటిగా ఉంది.
ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్, తెలంగాణ ప్రాంతాలలో తెలుగు మాట్లాడే స్థానిక ప్రజలు తయారు చేసుకునే ఆహారం, భారతదేశం లోనే అత్యధిక కారం తినే ప్రజలుగా భావిస్తారు. ఎర్ర మిరప, ఆకుపచ్చ మిరపల తయారీదారులుగా ఈ రెండు రాష్ట్రాలు ఉన్నాయి. వీటితోనే కూరలు, చట్నీలు, సావరీలు తయారు చేసుకుంటారు. దీనివల్ల సుగంధ ద్రవ్యాల అధికంగా వాడకాన్ని సూచిస్తుంది. వీటి రుచిలో బాగా కారంగా ఉంటుంది. అదేవిధంగా కారంతో కూడిన ఊరగాయాలు తయారు చేస్తూ ఉంటారు.
ఉలవచారు బిర్యాని

ఉలవచారు బిర్యాని 2014 జూన్ 6న విడుదలైన తెలుగు చిత్రం. ప్రముఖ సినీ నటుడు ప్రకాశ్ రాజ్ దీనికి దర్శకత్వం వహించాడు. ఈ చిత్రం తెలుగుతో బాటు తమిళ, కన్నడ భాష లలో కూడా విడుదలైంది. మలయాళ భాషలో విజయవంతమైన సాల్ట్ ఎన్ పెప్పర్ అనే సినిమాకు ఇది రీమేక్.
కాళిదాసు ( ప్రకాశ్ రాజ్) ఓ బ్రహ్మచారి. ఆయన పురావస్తుశాఖ (అర్కియాలజి) శాఖలో పనిచేసే అధికారి. గౌరీ (స్నేహ) మధ్యవయస్సు వచ్చినా..కుజదోషంగా కారణంగా పెళ్ళికాని ఓ సినీ డబ్బింగ్ కళాకారిణి. చరవాణి రాంగ్ కాల్ తో అనుకోకుండా కలిసిన కాళిదాసు, గౌరీలు ఒకరికి మరొకరు తెలియకుండానే దగ్గరవుతారు. ఇష్టాలు, అభిరుచులు ఒకేలా ఉండటంతో కాళిదాసు, గౌరీలు కలుసుకోవాలనుకుంటారు. వీరిద్దరీ కథలో కాళిదాసు మేనల్లుడు నవీన్ (తేజూస్), గౌరీ స్నేహితురాలు మేఘన (సంయుక్త హోర్నాడ్) లు ప్రవేశిస్తారు. వీరిద్దరి కథలో నవీన్, గౌరీలు ఎందుకు ప్రవేశించారు; కాళిదాసు, గౌరీలు కలుసుకున్నారా? కలుసుకోవడానికి మధ్య జరిగిన సంఘటనలు ఏంటీ? లేటు వయసులో చిగురించిన ప్రేమతో వారిద్దరూ ఒక్కటయ్యారా అనే ప్రశ్నలకు సమాధానమే 'ఉలవచారు బిర్యాని' సినిమా.
離島區

離島區（英語：Islands District）是香港十八區面積最大的一區，面積佔全香港的16%；主要包括香港南及西南面多個離島，當中包括面積最大的島嶼大嶼山的大部分，2021年人口約為185,282人，為全港人口第二少的一區。
「離島（Outlying Islands）」是指香港境內遠離維多利亞港的島嶼，尤指位於南及西南面，人口較多之數個島嶼如南丫島、長洲、坪洲及大嶼山等，有着與市區截然不同的景色。來往此等離島及市區之渡輪航線主要集中於中環港外線碼頭（至於東南的西貢區及東北的大埔區和北區的島嶼由於人口較少，則多使用街渡）。
過往大部分離島居民仍是以農村生活為主，主要人口集中於大嶼山梅窩、坪洲、南丫島、長洲等。此外交通的不便也使香港離島的新市鎮發展較香港其他地方為遲，青衣於1973年起才為荃灣新市鎮發展的一部分，位於大嶼山北部的東涌更於1994年起因香港機場核心計劃的公佈才發展為東涌新市鎮， 離島區主要島嶼如下：
大部份離島隨新界於1898年租借予英國。
現任離島區民政事務專員為楊蕙心女士，於2020年7月18日接替李炳威出任該區專員。
離島區議會負責就該區的社區設施、衞生環境、運輸及交通、房屋政策及居住環境改善等事宜，向政府反映意見。第六屆離島區議會有10名民選議員及8位當然議員，現任離島區議會主席是余漢坤先生，副主席是黃文漢先生。離島區議會是香港十八個區議會之一，負責協助處理離島區的事務，共有18名議員，現屆離島區議會現任12名議員當中10名為建制派議員，只有2名為民主派議員。
根據2011年的人口普查資料，離島區的人口資料如下：
康文署轄下的健身室：
離島區是香港唯一中電集團（除南丫島外其他島嶼）和港燈（南丫島）都設有供電網絡的區份。
香港國際機場位於離島區，其第三條跑道及北側客運大樓的一部分則位於屯門區。
政府計劃在發展東大嶼都會的同時，興建由堅尼地城至東大嶼都會的海底隧道。
22°15′40″N 113°56′46″E﻿ / ﻿22.26111°N 113.94611°E﻿ / 22.26111; 113.94611
非洲国家和地区列表

非洲是世界上第二大的洲，包括鄰近島嶼在內，大約為30,221,532平方公里（即11,668,545平方英里），佔地球上的總面積6%，陸地面積20.4%。人口密度亦僅次於亞洲為第二大，截至2005年，有超過9億人居住 ，佔地球總人口的14%。
地理位置方面：非洲的東面是印度洋；南面是南冰洋；西面則是大西洋；北面是地中海、紅海、亚丁湾及蘇伊士運河。
以下是位於非洲大陆或临近岛屿的國家及境外領土列表，當中包括名稱（官方名稱）、國旗、首都、貨幣、官方語言、面積（km²）、人口 、人均國內生產總值（PPP）及地圖。包括：
果园港 (华盛顿州)

果园港（英語：Port Orchard）位於美國華盛頓州基沙普縣，也是該縣的縣治。距西西雅圖（West Seattle）約13英里，經華盛頓州渡輪與西雅圖和Vashon島連結。
2010年美國人口普查時人口為11,144人。
電力站樂團

Kraftwerk（德语发音：[ˈkʁaftvɛɐk]，中文意为“發電廠”，中国大陆多译作“发电站”）是德國的电子音乐團體，在電子音樂開疆拓土的歷史中扮演十分關鍵的角色。樂團在1970年的創始團員為Florian Schneider與Ralf Hütter，他们在杜塞尔多夫建立乐队。廣為眾人熟悉的四人組合的其他兩人 Wolfgang Flür 與 Karl Bartos 則是稍晚加入。 Kraftwerk所引進的技巧以及發展出來的裝備，已成為現代音樂的必備常識。他們對二十世紀下半葉电子音樂的影響力是顶级的。
发电站乐队成立於1970年，由長笛手Florian Schneider-Esleben與鍵盤手Ralf Hütter共同组建。兩人在學生時代初識，並在60年代末期以Organisation乐队的名义發行了專輯《Tone Float》，主要是即興創作為主。
早期的Kraftwerk主要是兩個團員與眾多音樂人合作，出产了四張專輯與現場演出，團員來來去去也有六七個，其中吉他手Michael Rother與鼓手Klaus Dinger後來共同組成了Neu!。
Kraftwerk The Man-Machine 在1978年發行 當中有一首曲目名為 Das Model是放在發行錄音帶的B面，當年在英國單曲排行榜只得到當時的第36名次。 1981年EMI唱片公司決定重新發行把 Das Model 曲目放到A面，在1982年2月6日得到英國單曲排行榜第一位名次。Kraftwerk-Das Model曲目在這個時候最為香港娛樂場所熱門流行跳舞音樂之一。
20190416 19:00 地点：【日本】东京涉谷东急文化村Orchard Hall
20190417 19:00 地点：【日本】东京涉谷东急文化村Orchard Hall
20190418 19:00 地点：【日本】东京涉谷东急文化村Orchard Hall
20190419 19:00 地点：【日本】东京涉谷东急文化村Orchard Hall
20190422 19:00 地点：【日本】大阪Festival Hall
20190426 20:00 地点：【韩国】首尔奥林匹克大厅 (Olympic Hall)
20190429 20:00 地点：【香港】Star hall
马来西亚商场列表

以下为马来西亚商场列表。2024年马来西亚拥有671间商场，其中雪隆地区即有263间。因为天气炎热吸引民众到有冷气的购物中心购物，使得商场有时甚至供过于求，年客流量最高的是吉隆坡位于城中城的陽光廣場（Suria KLCC，4,500万人次）、士布爹的谷中城美佳廣場（Mid Valley Megamall，3,500万人次）与武吉免登的柏威年廣場（Pavilion KL，3,000万人次）；雪兰莪位于梳邦再也双威镇的雙威金字塔（4,000万人次）及八打灵再也白沙罗的万达广场（1 Utama，3,250万人次），5家商场即占了巴生谷商场总面积的30%，另外成功时代广场每月客流量可达250万人次，新中央购物广场則是每日客流量為16萬人次。
双威集团（英语：Sunway Group）建設新商场的地方包括柔佛州依斯干达公主城、槟城北海和霹靂州怡保，22.5亿令吉的投资将使该集团增加300万方尺可租用面积。新商场建好後，双威集团拥有的购物商场数目将增至9座，总可租用面积达到727.1万方尺，成为国内最大的商场供应集团，屆時所拥有的商场可租用面积，將是柏威年集团（PAVILION）的五倍，比谷中城美佳廣場（Mid Valley Megamall）大了61.6%。
国內租赁面积（Gross leasable area，GLA)最大的数间购物中心，分別是雪兰莪白沙罗的萬達廣場（559万平方呎）、吉隆坡武吉免登的谷中城美佳广场（450万平方呎）以及雪兰莪双威镇的双威金字塔（400万平方呎）及吉隆坡武吉免登的成功时代广场（340万平方呎，总建筑面积750万平方呎）；沙巴亚庇的1Borneo（150万平方呎，总建筑面积480万平方呎）则为东马最大的商场。2016年至2018年内，有102间购物中心落成，大部分位于巴生谷一带。2019年吉隆坡市内便有118间购物商场，若与2015年隆区的60间购物商场相比，已增至将近1倍。这个数字也在不断增长中，2024年数家知名商场租金如下：
吉隆坡中心：
吉隆坡中心以外：
2021年6月22日马来西亚国内5大零售业协会指出，实施行动管制令之后，在过去16个月内，购物广场内已有20至30%的商店倒闭，30万名员工（30%）失业。
注：这里以雪兰莪12个地方政府和两个联邦直辖区分类。
規模較大的數間商場
餘下的商場
地標塔81

Vincom地标塔81（越南語：Vincom Landmark 81），越南胡志明市平盛郡的摩天大樓，由Vingroup集團的子公司Vinhomes（英语：Vinhomes）投資開發，高461.2米，包括81层，总面积24万多平方米。該大樓於2014年开始建设，2018年完工开放。現爲越南第一高樓、東南亞第二高樓，及世界第十八高樓。
地標塔81坐落在西貢河西岸，胡志明市舊城區北郊，緊靠西貢橋（英语：Saigon Bridge）。地標塔81及其周邊地段屬高端物業項目Vinhomes Central Park，大樓内設酒店、会议设施、豪华公寓、餐厅、酒吧、多层观景台，以及一處高端零售空间，商鋪包括阿玛尼和勞力士。
2014年12月13日，地標塔81動工典禮正式舉行。地标塔81由英國阿特金斯集團（英语：Atkins (company)）設計，受越南竹捆结构启发，呼应越南团结一心的文化传统。2018年4月10日，完成結構封頂。2018年7月27日，地標塔81正式完工開放，成爲其投資商母公司Vingroup集團25周年慶典的紀念工程。
2018年8月11日，地標塔第64層因焊接工程釀成火災，火勢很快得到控制，并未造成人員傷亡和財產損失。
地標塔81内設名爲Skyview的觀景臺，於2019年4月28日對外開放，位於大樓第79層至81層，高度在369.65米至382.65米之間，為全越南最高觀景臺。
下表是地標塔81各層功能區劃：
高鑫零售

高鑫零售有限公司（英語：Sun Art Retail Group Limited，港交所：6808）是前阿里巴巴集团旗下的中國零售经营商公司，在中國大陸以「大潤發」品牌经营连锁超级市场业务。
2000年12月13日，潤泰集團、歐尚集團決定組織合營企業「高鑫零售」，在中國大陸共同經營「歐尚」及「大潤發」的品牌業務。其中，潤泰集團和歐尚共同成立的合資公司「吉鑫控股」持有「高鑫零售」59.16%股權；而歐尚又持有吉鑫51%股權，而潤泰則持有餘下的49%股權。歐尚和潤泰集團另外分別持有「高鑫零售」11.26%和18.91%的股份。
2011年，「高鑫零售」於香港進行公開招股，招股價介乎5.65至7.2港元，發售約11.44億股，最多集資約82.37億元。「高鑫零售」引入了9名基礎投資者，包括新加坡政府投資公司及老虎基金等。「高鑫零售」最終把招股價訂在7.2元，原訂于7月15日在香港联交所上市，但因招股書中過往的每股盈利出錯，而要延期至7月27日上市。
2017年11月20日，阿里巴巴集团以約224億港元向潤泰集团購股，成为「高鑫零售」第二大股东，歐尚集团亦增加於高鑫的持股。交易後，歐尚集团、阿里巴巴集团及潤泰集团於「高鑫零售」的经济权益分別約為36.18%、36.16%及4.67%。
2018年底，高鑫零售将欧尚在中国内地市场的零售业务交由大润发托管。2019年3月底，中国大陆区欧尚所有门店采购系统、营运系统与大润发全部打通。
2020年10月19日，阿里巴巴集团以約280亿港元向歐尚集团收购其持有「吉鑫控股」合计共70.94%的股权，交易完成后持有「高鑫零售」经济权益将增至72%，成为「高鑫零售」控股股东。
2021年5月11日宣布黄明端退休辞任首席执行官，但继续担任董事会主席，林小海接任首席执行官一职。
2021年，中国大陆区欧尚所有门店将陆续更名为大润发，预计于下半年完成改造。
2025年1月1日晚，阿里巴巴集团公告称将出售高鑫零售73.66%的股份，德弘资本以131.38亿港元买下接手。
截至2023年9月30日止，高鑫零售在全國29個省市自治區內211個城市共擁有485家大賣場、19家中型超市、一家會員店，總建築面積約為1,379萬平方米。
天環

天環（英語：Parc Central）又稱天環廣場，位於中國廣州市天河區天河路，是一個集購物、餐飲、娛樂、文化和休閒等多種功能且達國際級水準的大型購物中心公園，總樓面面積約11萬平方米。开发商為新鴻基地產，並由英國貝諾及呂元祥建築師事務所完成建筑设计、总体规划及室内设计；香港呂元祥建築師事務所完成执行设计。廣州首間Apple Store亦於2016年1月28日在此開幕。
天環地皮的前身為宏城廣場，於1997年落成，是有200多間商舖的大型商貿城。該處亦為近郊樓巴及新樓盤看樓巴士的熱門乘坐點，當年曾經有50多条樓巴停泊在宏城停車場內，眾多郊區樓盤居民靠樓巴往返市區。
2009年5月13日，廣州市土地開發中心發出通告，明確宏城廣場臨商建築將於同年6月30日到期，規劃部門將不再進行臨時建築延期審批，並與物業公司將公告發至宏城廣場內每個檔口及在現場張貼。同年5月15日，市土地開發中心將宏城廣場按現狀移交至新業主廣州新中軸建設有限公司。廣州市建委新聞發言人表示，按市政府要求，宏城廣場清拆後會規劃為大型市民休閒廣場，並作為2010年亞運期間天河體育中心人流疏導重要節點。同年7月1日，新中轴公司开始入场拆除宏城广场，樓巴站全部搬遷，並改造為公園。
2010年，廣州市國土資源和房屋管理局決定將宏城項目地塊協議出讓，同年新鴻基地產以10億元獲得項目80%股權，成為地皮實際控制人，至2012年明確為商場規劃。2011年7月，該處被圍蔽，政府指綠化公園為過渡產物，最終目標要回歸商場。政府部門在亞運前就對該地皮有所規劃，但由於當時規劃方案難以趕在亞運前實施，該處才被臨時改造成綠化廣場。亞運後，改造方案又多次提交廣州市城市規劃委員會審議，規委會專家出於對中軸線景觀的保護等因素考量，提出應壓低地上建築量。因此，設計單位將主要商業面積放在地下，地上大部分都是綠化、廣場和開放空間，整體是環繞低於地面的園林花園設計。
2016年1月28日，广州首家Apple Store于此开业。同年3月26日，天环广场试营业。同年，天环广场入选“广州十佳购物中心”。
天環分為地上2層（部分1層）和地下3層（部分1、2層），地上建築面積20434平方米，地下建築面積89998平方米，包括零售、休閒及餐廳等設施。地下車庫配置機動車泊位573個，非機動車泊位1580平方米。
天環首間開業的租戶為廣州首間蘋果零售店，於2016年1月28日開幕。場內設多間國際知名品牌。
商场一层以中高端零售为主，包括有時裝及潮流零售店Furla、A&F、Studious Tokyo、Gentle Monster、Marni Market，钟表珠宝店Rolex、Tudor、Panerai、BREITLING、ZENITH，专业运动品牌Arc'teryx、Lululemon、BURTON、DESCENTE，高端美妆品牌YSL Beauty、Tom Ford旗舰店、LA MER旗舰店；网红餐饮星巴克臻选、喜茶Lab店以及苹果零售店等。
商场二层以网红餐饮、个人护理为主，包括有%Arabica、M Stand、KNOT KNOT、莆田和超级猩猩等。
负一层以时尚品牌、高端护肤和网红餐饮为主，包括COS、ARKET、H&M、ZARA、Hollister、Massimo Dutti、ZARA HOME、initial及Stay Real等；高端美妆护肤及香薰品牌GA Beauty、Lancôme、Sisley、CPB、娇兰、赫莲娜、Valentino Beauty、帕尔马之水、POLA、Laura Mercier、修丽可等；餐廳Shake Shack、Pizza Express、StayReal Café、凑凑、Starbucks、半藏等。購物中心亦設香港百老匯院線旗下的百麗宮LUXE影院及星級美髮店TIGI by IL COLPO。
负二层以时尚零售品牌和餐饮为主，包括Piping Hot、野兽派、JORYA、AAPE、家具店Cabana等；餐廳ASIA TABLE、GAGA、LeTAO、Manner coffee、Ninethirty、榕意、星美乐、小炳胜、八月翠園等。
前灘太古里

前滩太古里是中華人民共和國上海市浦東新區前滩国际商务区的一個商場，於2021年9月30日開業。前滩太古里是太古地产在中国内地的第三个太古里项目（前兩家分別為北京三里屯太古里和成都太古里），也是太古地产在上海的第二個零售項目（首家為興業太古匯），陆家嘴集团也參與該項目建設。前滩太古里由分布在南区、北区的约12万平方米的建筑及占地8,000平方米的中央公园组成，另外還有80米长的“悦目桥”，毗邻由陆家嘴集团投资的两大项目——楼高56层的“前滩中心”甲级写字楼，以及五星级酒店“前滩香格里拉酒店”。
前灘太古里設有約250家商舖，涵蓋高端零售及潮流時裝、餐飲及娛樂、生活品味、健康及藝術文化等多元化業態。
國際奢侈品牌包括：愛彼（Audemars Piguet）、 巴黎世家（Balenciaga）、寶格麗（Bulgari）、卡地亞（Cartier）、迪奧（Dior）、芬迪（Fendi）、喬治•阿瑪尼（Giorgio Armani）、古馳（Gucci）、愛馬仕（Hermès）、羅意威（Loewe）、路易威登（Louis Vuitton）、盟可睞（Moncler）、普拉達（Prada）、聖羅蘭（Saint Laurent）、蒂芙尼（Tiffany & Co.）、傑尼亞（Zegna）等。
Wellness及「花園式」概念店包括：
幕墙

幕牆（英語：Curtain Wall），又名建築幕牆，帷幕牆，是現代化建築的經常使用的一種立面，由面板与支承结构体系（支承装置与支承结构）组成的、可相对主体有一定位移能力或自身有一定变形能力、不承担主体结构所受作用的建筑外围护墙或装饰性结构。
最早的幕墙面层由钢铁材料制成，现今多使用铝合金支架加玻璃等面层而廣為人知，因此幕墙也常被單指称为玻璃幕墙，玻璃幕墙有很好的视觉效果，而且玻璃的透光性很好，白天室内人工照明的强度可大大降低，但是由于日光同样携带很高热量，因此在夏天或冬天，玻璃幕墙的建筑物往往需要更多的能源以维持室内温度，因此設計時就需要仔細考慮。
目前具有保温隔热等节能性能的玻璃如Low-e低辐射玻璃已得到广泛的应用，可以节省大量的能源。近些年來生態意識的提升，還有披覆紫外光鍍膜的玻璃外牆設計，除了減少紫外線危害，這種設計主要在於防止鳥類的撞擊（鳥類可見紫外光，但無法辨識玻璃），以期減少對生態的影響。
全隱框玻璃幕牆是世界上較新的一種鋁合金玻璃幕牆系統，是指將玻璃用矽酮結構密封膠（簡稱結構膠）粘結在鋁框上，鋁合金隱藏於玻璃面板後面，外觀全是玻璃，表面無框架，整個幕牆主要呈現玻璃面，整體感觀效果好，受到建築師的青睞。近年來被大面積運用於多、高層建築物。 但近些年，在中華人民共和國、日本等一些國家由於對結構膠可靠性的担心，主要是隱框玻璃完全靠結構化學膠粘結，又没有金屬件固定，其耐老化、施工品質、抗污染等影響安全的因素很多。也有些像上海易帷EWA等提出的“SSP”工法體系來解決隱藏框幕牆應用問題的發展趨勢，也受到了諸多業主和建築師的認可。
斷橋節能的幕牆體系目前也在中國備受爭議，其主要原因是斷橋連接體本身聚酰胺PA66GF25或聚胺酯材性和耐老化、加工品質等。隨著中華人民共和國已有大量工程的實例，以及近年来中華人民共和國對工程質量的關注，也有中國機構開始進一步的研究此方面的問題。
大家经常会看到一些建筑物外观由各种颜色的玻璃或庄严肃穆的花岗岩等组成，它们就是幕墙的应用。在建筑物砌体墙外安装的幕墙大都采用非透明面板，如磨砂玻璃、花岗岩、铝板等，主要是为了建筑装饰效果而采用。在结构设计上，幕墙与普通的墙体也有很大不同，因为幕墙一般都要跨越楼层，使整个建筑物外观连成整体，因此幕墙设计要考虑诸如热膨胀、建筑物变形、防水等更多的影响因素。
墙

墙（或称壁、墙壁）在建筑学上是指一种重直向的空间隔断结构，用来围合、分割或保护某一区域，是建筑设计中最重要的元素之一。根据墙在建筑物中是否承重，分为承重墙和非承重墙。承重墙是建筑结构的一部分，承接其上及附近建築物的重量，不容許因裝修等理由移除。
墙身兼两重作用：一方面作为建筑物的外维护结构需要提供足够优良的防水、防风、保温、隔热性能，为室内环境提供保护；另一方面墙又是建筑师进行空间划分的主要手段，来满足建筑功能、空间的要求。
有名的牆：萬里長城、柏林圍牆、九龍壁（位於北京）、哭牆
几乎所有重要的建筑材料都可以成为建造墙的材料，例如木材、石材、砖、混凝土、金属、冰、高分子材料或玻璃。
砖的特点是块小、抗压强度远大于抗拉强度、抗扭强度和抗剪强度。中国标准粘土砖的尺寸为240×115×53mm，这一尺寸的目的是为了保证砖的長宽高之比为4:2:1（包括10mm的灰缝宽度）。砖墙的厚度多以砖的倍数称呼，由于砖的长度为240mm，厚度为半砖的墙称为“一二墙”,厚度为半砖加一块站砖的称为“十八墙”，厚度为一块砖称为“二四墙”，厚度为一砖半的墙称为“三七墙”。 砖墙构造需要把小尺寸的砖头以一种合理的方式通过砂浆组合成墙体。 砖墙砌筑的主要标准是不能有上下“通缝”以保证砖墙的坚固，因此砖块的砌筑应遵循内外搭接上下错缝的原则。一层砖术语称为一“皮”，和墙体方向平行的砖称为“顺”，和墙体方向垂直的砖称为“丁”，要保证没有通缝就需要把砖交错砌筑，即有丁有顺，具体上主要有三种砌法：
为了保证在错缝搭接的要求，在墙的转角处、门窗洞口或端部的第一块砖需要采用3/4转，过去一般由工人用砌刀把整块砖敲掉1/4，成为三四找砖，现在则多用电锯批量锯除。除了三四找砖还有一二找砖，即敲掉半块砖，用在半砖墙的端部。
磚牆左右均有钢筋混凝土柱、上下均有钢筋混凝土樑或基腳者。
也叫做抗震牆，結構牆，是指房屋或構築物中承受水平力（如地震）的牆體。剪力牆一般為鋼筋混凝土造。
随着玻璃物料科學的發展，出現強化玻璃，大塊的玻璃片代替石墻成為可能，玻璃幕墙開始出現。 在1910年，建筑设计师格罗皮乌斯 在包豪斯的校舍建築中，首次采用玻璃幕墙。
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大京都大厦

王权大京都大厦（泰語：คิง เพาเวอร์ มหานคร，King Power Mahanakhon）前稱大京都大厦（泰語：มหานคร，英語：MahaNakhon，意为：大都市）、又称为碎片大厦，是位于泰国曼谷市中心的一座摩天大楼，其名稱取自曼谷泰文全名的一部分，由泰国地产商PACE Development兴建，建筑师奥雷·舍人设计。大厦高314米，含有77层，建成后成为曼谷最高的建筑，现为曼谷第二高建筑。大厦的玻璃幕墙呈现出一种像素化效果（马赛克效果），是其显著的特征。
约翰·汉考克大厦

约翰·汉考克大厦（英語：John Hancock Tower），又称克拉伦登街200号，在波士顿当地俗称为汉考克，是一座60层，790英尺（240 M）的摩天大楼，位於波士顿后湾。
该塔最初以占用它的保险公司约翰汉考克保险命名。反过来，这家保险公司以约翰·汉考克命名，他以《独立宣言》上大而显眼的签名闻名，以至于在美国签名的俗语是“约翰·汉考克”。
该塔是由贝聿铭事务所的亨利·N·柯布设计并于1976年完成。自建成起，它一直保持波士顿最高建筑的记录，也是麻省、新英格兰的最高建筑。大厦建成初期曾经出现过玻璃脱落的事故，后经过技术改进得以解决。
其街道地址为克拉伦登街200号，但使用者同时使用“汉考克广场”（英語：Hancock Place）和“克拉伦登街200号”（英語：200 Clarendon Street）作为办公室的邮件地址。约翰·汉考克保险（英语：John Hancock Financial）是当它建成时的主要租户，但该公司在2004年宣布，一些部门将搬迁至新大楼。
2015 年年中，当同名公司约翰汉考克金融公司的租约到期时，大楼名称从“John Hancock”更改为“200 Clarendon”。
该楼采用极简主义的大规模玻璃幕墙，这些幕墙大且偏蓝，这样的设计使得在晴天的时候，整座大厦与天空融为一体。在外形方面，该楼采用俯视看来是平行四边形的外形，使得整座楼有了现代主义的感觉。该楼是当时单块玻璃面积最大的全玻璃幕墙建筑，由于当时玻璃幕墙的技术不够成熟，大厦建成初期曾经出现过玻璃脱落的事故，后经过技术改进得以解决。
在设计之初，由于该塔靠近国家历史地标波士顿三一教堂，这座楼的阴影将会把教堂置于自己的阴影之下，这使得设计师重新设计了大楼。
维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：约翰·汉考克大厦
屋脊

屋脊，是屋顶相对的两边之间顶端的交與会线，有正脊、垂脊、圍脊、圍脊等類型。
正脊，又叫大脊、平脊，位于屋顶前后两坡相交处，是屋顶最高处的水平屋脊，規模較大的中國傳統建築、朝鮮傳統建築、越南傳統建築的正脊两端常有吻兽或望兽，中间可以有宝瓶等装饰物。
庑殿顶、歇山顶、悬山顶、硬山顶均有正脊，卷棚顶、攒尖顶、盔顶没有正脊，十字脊顶则为两条正脊垂直相交，盝顶则由四条正脊围成一个平面。
汉朝以前，正脊平直，汉朝起正脊开始出现两端翘起，曲线，这种做法盛行于唐、宋，到了明、清时期，则多恢复直线。閩南式建築正脊多為彎曲，兩端翹起。
還有些特殊形狀的正脊，如清水脊、燕尾脊等。
垂脊又稱規帶，是正脊或攢尖寶頂相交的屋脊。其主要功能是令雨水沿著坡面流下，防止雨水流到牆面上，也是屋頂的重要裝飾部分。從屋頂高處的上的下垂屋脊，在歇山顶、悬山顶、硬山顶是自正脊两端沿着前后坡向下，在攒尖顶中自宝顶至屋檐转角处。
中國、日本、朝鮮、越南的一些大型建築的垂脊上有垂兽作饰物。其中歇山顶垂兽在垂脊下端，其余则在垂脊中间偏下的地方。卷棚歇山、悬山、硬山等级较低，不一定安置垂兽和蹲兽。
戧脊，又称岔脊，是歇山頂上與垂脊相交的屋脊，是歇山顶建筑自垂脊下端至屋檐部分的屋脊，和垂脊成45度，对垂脊起支戗作用。重檐（日语：裳階）屋顶的下层檐（如重檐庑殿顶和重檐歇山顶的第二檐）的檐角屋脊也是戗脊，称重檐戗脊。
中國、日本、朝鮮、越南的一些大型建築的戗脊上常安放戗兽，以戗兽为界分为兽前和兽后两段，兽前部分安放蹲兽，数量根据等级大小各有不同。
博脊，由斜坡屋面與垂直建築面相交而形成的水平屋脊稱博脊。
位於重檐頂下層的水平脊稱圍脊。是重檐式建筑（例如重檐庑殿顶、重檐歇山顶、重檐攒尖顶等）的下层檐和屋顶相交的脊，由于围绕着屋顶，故名围脊。
中國、朝鮮、越南的一些大型建築的围脊四角有脊兽，根据等级不同，分别为合角吻（吻兽）或合角兽。
山墙

山墙是建筑两个侧面上部成山尖形的横墙，也稱作規壁、鵝頭、棟頭、圓仔頭、歸壁、大規壁，而「規」字是指弧形的曲線。此外日本史學家藤島亥治郎在其《臺灣の建築》一書中將這種結構稱為馬背，有可能是「馬脊」之誤。另有一說，認為馬背是在山牆頂端鼓起的部分。一般而言，東亞傳統建筑都有山墙，它的作用主要是与邻居的住宅隔开和防火。在中國長江一帶，常有階梯狀的封火山牆，又稱馬頭牆，其高度高過了屋瓦。
山墙由下至上分别为下碱、上身、山尖（規尾、歸尖）三部分。
山墙有主要三种形制，一是人字形，比较简洁实用，修造成本也不高，民间多採用。
二是锅耳形，线条优美，变化大，实际上它是仿照古代的官帽形状修建的，取意前程远大，因它的形状像铁锅的耳朵，民间俗称镬（锅）耳墙。锅耳墙不但大量用在祠堂庙宇的山墙上，一般百姓的住宅也常运用，绵纶会馆等建筑为典型的锅耳形山墙。分布於潮州與廣州一帶。
三是波浪形，又稱「桃彎規」。造型起伏有致，讲究对称，起伏多为三级，实际是锅耳墙的变形，更像古代的官帽，百姓基本不用。在比较大的建筑群中它和人字形山墙、锅耳形山墙一起出现在群落里，尤显风姿。
闽南传统建筑依照山牆頂端的形狀，將山牆分為五行。「金」的山牆則有一個大弧，「木」的山牆特徵是弧線窄而高，「水」的山牆頂端則由三到五個弧線組成，「火」的山牆形狀則帶有銳角，「土」的山牆則有平整的頂端。
典型的闽东传统建筑的山墙以马鞍形曲线为特征。
溧水站 (中国铁路)

溧水站是位于中華人民共和國江苏省南京市溧水区的一座高速铁路车站。车站始建于2010年，位于宁杭客运专线上。车站为二台六线车站，站房建筑面积4978平方米；屋顶采用波浪形曲线设计，体现了当地山水秀美的特点。
COEX商場

COEX商場（韓語：스타필드 코엑스몰）是韓國首爾特別市一座大型購物商場，位於江南區的綜合貿易中心內，是韓國最大的購物商場，面積有85,000平方米，是首爾綜合運動場的23倍，每日遊客有10萬人次。除300間以上商店及餐廳外，亦設有電影院、夜總會、泡菜博物館及水族館等娛樂設施。總合展示場以及整個商場翻新工程在2013年3月開始，2014年11月底完成。到2017年，中央廣場改建為星空圖書館，藏書達50,000本。3個高達13公尺的中央支柱改為的巨大書牆，變成為新景點。
五功

五功（阿拉伯语：أركان الإسلام，ʾarkān al-ʾIslām，即伊斯兰支柱）是伊斯蘭教逊尼派所用的詞彙，指信仰伊斯兰所需遵守的五项基本原则。伊斯蘭教要求穆斯林“念、禮、课、斋、朝”，即“證信、禮拜、天課、齋戒和朝覲”五門功课。
通常在有生之年能完成五功者，则可在其名前冠以“哈芝”（也譯「哈吉」）一词以表明身份。
作为伊斯兰教中的少数派，什叶派对伊斯兰五大支柱的理解基本相同，但不认同这五个名字。部分什叶派将圣战（jihad，吉哈德）视作信仰支柱之一，与上述五功统称为“六功”。