davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Ratanji Tata

Sir Ratanji Jamsetji Tata JP (20 January 1871 – 5 September 1918) was an Indian industrialist and philanthropist during the British Raj. He was the younger son of Jamsetji Tata, the founder of the Tata Group.
Ratanji Tata was born in Bombay in British India as the son of the noted Parsi merchant Jamsetji Tata. Ratan Tata was educated at St. Xavier's College in Bombay and afterwards entered his father's firm. On the death of the elder Tata in 1904, Ratanji Tata and his brother Dorabji Tata inherited a very large fortune, much of which they devoted to philanthropic works of a practical nature and to the establishment of various industrial enterprises for developing the resources of India.
An Indian institute of scientific and medical research (Indian Institute of Science, IISc) was founded at Bangalore in 1905, and in 1912 the Tata Steel began work at Sakchi, in the Central Provinces, with marked success. The most important of the Tata enterprises, however, was the storing of the water power of the Western Ghats (1915), which provided Bombay with an enormous amount of electrical power, and hence vastly increased the productive capacity of its industries.
Sir Ratan Tata, who was knighted in 1916, did not confine his benefactions to India. In England, where he had a permanent residence at York House, Twickenham, he founded in 1912 the Ratan Tata department of social science and administration at the London School of Economics, and also established a Ratan Tata Fund at the University of London for studying the conditions of the poorer classes. In 1909, he donated a sum of Rs. 50,000 (equivalent to approximately Rs. 40 million in 2022) to Mahatma Gandhi to aid the struggle of Indians' right to work in the Transvaal. This donation helped in securing the finances of Gandhi's protests against the Anglo-Boer rulers.
He was a great connoisseur of arts. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (formerly Prince of Wales Museum) has a section displaying the collections of Sir Ratanji Tata (acquired in 1923) along with two other sections that of Sir Dorab Tata (acquired in 1933) and Sir Purushottam Mavji (acquired in 1915).
He married Navajbai Sett in 1893 and left for England the final time in 1915. They adopted Naval Tata from the family of a distant relative. Naval's father, Hormusji, was Ratanji's third-cousin's son, making Naval his distant grandnephew. Naval was also the son of Ratanji's first-cousin Ratanbai Rao (daughter of his mother Hirabai's sister Cooverbai). He died on 6 September 1918 at St Ives in Cornwall, England and was buried at Brookwood Cemetery, Woking, near London, by the side of his father (Jamsetji Tata).
Through an aunt, Jerbai Tata, who married a Bombay merchant, Dorabji Saklatvala, he was cousin of Shapurji Saklatvala who later became a Communist Member of the British Parliament.
After his death the Sir Ratan Tata Trust was founded in 1919, with a corpus of Rs. 8 million.
Tata Hispano

Tata Hispano Motors Carrocera, S.A. (formerly Hispano Carrocera, S.A.), based in Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain, was one of the largest manufacturers of bus and coach cabins in Europe. It was a wholly owned subsidiary of the India-based Tata Motors. Tata Motors acquired control of the company in 2005, after purchasing a 21% stake in the company. In 2009, it acquired the remaining 79% from Investalia SA.
Apart from their main plant in Zaragoza, Hispano had a second one in Casablanca, Morocco; combined, they had a production capacity of 2,000 units in a year. Tata intended to keep the Moroccan plant open.
Hispano bodied buses were built by TATA Motors in India at the ACGL plant in Goa. The bus was called Tata Divo.
The company was founded in 1947 by D. Vincenzo Angelino Gervasio (an engineer of Neapolitan origin) and his wife Felisa Pueyo as Talleres Nápoles in Zaragoza, Spain. It was originally devoted to repairs, welding and metalwork on post-war trucks, but the company also developed its own design for a "unique truck cabin", which could be mounted on any chassis, and which was very successful. This success allowed the company to expand and move to a 3,000 m2 workshop, where it built its first bus in 1958 and its first double-decker bus in 1960. In 1962, the company moved again to newly built installations on the N-II road, becoming Factorías Nápoles, S.A., and begins to sell vehicles under its own brand, "Nazar" (an conflation of "Naples" and "Zaragoza"), in Spain and abroad. But in 1964, financial problems force the founder, Vicenzo Angelino, to leave the company, which changed its name again to Fabricaciones Industriales S.A.. In 1966, the company became part of Barreiros Diesel, S.A., which was in turn purchased by Chrysler in 1969, forming Chrysler España, S.A.. The bus and bodywork part of Chrysler España was then sold to Van Hool España, S.A. in 1971, which was later renamed to Hispano Carrocera, S.A.L. in 1983. The company manufactured Van Hool buses under license until developing the Hispano Carrocera brand in the late 1980s.
In 2005, sensing an opportunity in the fully built bus segment, Tata Motors from Mumbai acquired a 21% stake in Hispano Carrocera SA,. In 2009, the Tata acquired the remaining 79% of in Hispano Carrocera for an undisclosed sum, making it a fully owned subsidiary, subsequently renamed Tata Hispano.
In September 2013, Tata announced the closure of the Zaragoza factory. It said sales had fallen and that future prospects for its marketplace were poor.
Media related to Hispano buses at Wikimedia Commons
Club Deportivo San Fernando

El Club Deportivo San Fernando fue un club de fútbol español de la ciudad de San Fernando, en la provincia de Cádiz. Fue fundado en 1940 y desapareció el 16 de junio de 2009.​ Jugaba sus partidos en el Estadio Bahía Sur, que cuenta con una capacidad para 6 000 espectadores.
A principios de la década de 1940 existían tres equipos de fútbol en la ciudad: el Atlético San Fernando, el Club Deportivo Arsenal y el San Fernando Fútbol Club. En 1941 se fusionaron los tres equipos, fundándose así el Club Deportivo Once Diablos, siendo presidente Serafín Gómez Solares. Un año más tarde la directiva decide cambiar el nombre del equipo por el de Club Deportivo San Fernando. Luis del Corral Hermida fue nombrado primer presidente de la historia del club.
El 1940 el Club Deportivo San Fernando jugó por primera vez un campeonato liguero. Ese año, el equipo militó en Segunda Regional, consiguiendo quedar primero y ascender a Primera Regional. En 1945 logró ascender a Tercera División, categoría en la que permaneció hasta 1954. En ese año logró un histórico ascenso a Segunda División, tras superar en la liguilla de ascenso al Real Murcia. En la división de plata del fútbol español permaneció hasta 1964, marcando 426 goles y logrando un sexto puesto, el mejor resultado del club en toda su historia. Tras diez años consecutivos en Segunda División, en 1964 el equipo volvió a Tercera, descendiendo en 1969 a Regional Preferente. Tres años después, en 1972, el San Fernando volvió a Tercera, logrando ascender a la recién creada Segunda B en 1979. Tras cuatro años en la categoría de bronce, el equipo descendió a Tercera e inmediatamente después a Regional, aunque solo una temporada. Tras diez años en Tercera, de 1984 a 1994, el club logró retornar a Segunda División B, perdiendo la categoría esa misma temporada. Hasta el año 2000 no volvió el San Fernando a Segunda División B, manteniéndose dos años en dicha categoría. Entre 2002 y 2008 el equipo militó en Tercera, logrando ascender este último año. La mala situación económica motivó la refundación del club en 2009. La fusión con otro club de la ciudad del mismo nombre con distinto CIF hace que la historia de un sentimiento continué intacta, siendo el club más antiguo de la ciudad desde 1940.
St. Sebastian's Church, Wellaweediya

The St. Sebastian's Church, Negombo, also known as St. Sebastian's Church, Wellaweediya, is a Roman Catholic church in Negombo, in Sri Lanka. It is architecturally based on the Reims Cathedral in France and is built in Gothic Revival style. Saint Sebastian is the patron saint of the city of Negombo.
The church is located in Sea Street in Negombo, Sri Lanka.
The church was designed by Father G. Gannon, parish priest of Sea Street. Although the foundation stone was laid by the Archbishop of Colombo, Pierre-Guillaume Marque, on 2 February 1936, construction was not completed until ten years later. It replaced a smaller church to accommodate the increasing number of parishioners in the majority catholic city. It is said to be modeled in Gothic Revival style on the lines of the Reims Cathedral in France. A shadow of this church is seen in the Negombo Lagoon.
This church is one of the many churches in Sri Lanka dedicated to St Sebastian, who is considered a martyr in the Catholic Church history. His veneration is particularly celebrated seeking relief from epidemics. A festival called the "Feast of St Sebastian" is held every year here during the month of January. A tali drama narrating the life of Saint Sebastian used to be enacted here before 1950. Now, "Raja Tunkattuwa", a Sinhalese language drama about the Three Kings is held here during Christmas.
At the St. Sebastian Church an annual festival dedicated to St. Sebastian is held on the last Sunday of the month of January. On this occasion a decorated flagstaff is affixed at the church premises before two weeks and food is served free to poor people. Also the whole village is decorated with colourful lights. On the feast day a beautiful procession carrying the statue of St.Sebastian is travelled around the village in a grandeur manner.
7°13′08″N 79°50′20″E﻿ / ﻿7.219°N 79.839°E﻿ / 7.219; 79.839
Northern viscacha

The northern viscacha (Lagidium peruanum) is a species of viscacha, a rodent in the family Chinchillidae. It is known from Peru and Chile, at elevations from 300 to 5000 m, and may also be present in Bolivia.
The northern viscacha grows to a head and body length of some 300 to 450 mm (12 to 18 in) with a bushy tail nearly as long which can be curled in a coil. The adult weight is between 900 and 1,600 g (32 and 56 oz). Its long ears are furry and its body fur is dense and soft, but the tail has coarser hairs. The dorsal (upper) surface ranges from dark grey at lower altitudes to brown at higher elevations. The ventral (under) surface is cream or pale grey and the tip of the tail is reddish-brown or black. The northern viscacha has been observed leaping over six feet and can swim when necessary.
The northern viscacha is native to central and southern Peru and northern Chile, and may also be present in the area around Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia. Its altitude range extends from 300 to 5,000 m (980 to 16,400 ft) above sea level. It makes its home in crevices in the rock and is found in various habitats where suitable rocky outcrops are found. Most populations occur between the tree line and the snow line, but the distribution is patchy with the animal being common in some localities and absent in others even though the habitat seems equally suitable.
The northern viscacha is a herbivore and feeds on a variety of plant material, including grasses, roots, and seeds. Breeding usually takes place during October and November. A litter usually consists of a single pup born after a gestation period around 140 days. The young is weaned when about 8 weeks old.
It is preyed on by the Andean mountain cat (Leopardus jacobitus), the colocolo (Leopardus colocolo), and the culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus) in high-altitude desert regions. The northern viscacha is more often found on larger, steeper portions of cliffs. This preference is probably driven by a need to avoid predators, as land-based carnivores are more easily evaded on a steep slope. It rarely ventures far from rocks, as these provide a means of escaping from both aerial and terrestrial predators. The northern viscacha rarely has more than 50 yards of open ground between its colony and water.
Northern viscachas are gregarious and communicate using warning whistles. Vicuna will search for threats upon hearing the northern viscacha's whistle. The bolivian big-eared mouse will sun and feed alongside northern viscachas on occasion.
The northern viscacha is common within suitable habitat in its range. The population size is relatively stable, and although it is hunted locally for food, no other significant threats have been identified, so the IUCN lists the species as being of Least Concern in its Red List of Threatened Species.
List of Philippine place names of Spanish origin

As a result of more than three centuries of Spanish dominance in the islands that are now the republic of the Philippines, an overwhelming number of places in the country have Spanish or Hispanic names. As with Filipino surnames and many other aspects of Filipino culture, place names in the Philippines have received a great deal of Spanish influence, with many places in the former Spanish colony having been named after those in Spain and Latin America. The name Philippines itself originated from its old official name Filipinas in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish language has also become one of the country's official languages from the late 16th century until 1986 when it was designated as a voluntary language and it remains so to this day.
This is not an exhaustive list.
This is not an exhaustive list.
This is not an exhaustive list.
This is not an exhaustive list.
This is not an exhaustive list.
Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand

The Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand (Spanish: Real y Militar Orden de San Fernando) is a Spanish military order of chivalry, the decoration of which, the Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand (Spanish: Cruz Laureada de San Fernando), is Spain's highest military decoration for gallantry. Membership of the order, which is sometimes abbreviated RMOSF, is awarded in recognition of action, either individual or collective, to protect the nation, its citizens, or the peace and security of the international community in the face of immediate risk to the bearer. Those eligible are current and former members of the Spanish Armed Forces.
The Sovereign of the Order of San Fernando is the monarch of Spain, who presides over the biennial chapter held in the Royal Monastery of El Escorial. The sovereign's representative in the Order is the Grand Master, who governs it and is aided by the Maestranza.
Among the conditions laid out by the Royal Military Order of Saint Ferdinand for the granting of the award are:
The Royal Military Order of Saint Ferdinand was set up in 1811 by the Cortes of Cádiz – which served as a parliamentary Regency after Ferdinand VII was deposed – to honour heroic feats of arms. It was confirmed by King Ferdinand on his return to Madrid in 1815. Its awardees include Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, Juan Prim, Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón, Francisco de Albear, José Enrique Varela Iglesias (twice awarded, in 1920, and 1921), Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, Frederick Thomas Pelham, Henry Kelly (VC), Martín Cerezo, Francisco Franco Bahamonde, and Mohamed Meziane.
Loosely adapted from the Spanish Wikipedia article on the same topic.
매운탕

매운탕(영어: Maeun-tang 또는 spicy fish stew)은 한국 요리로서 생선을 고추장, 된장, 간장, 고춧가루, 그리고 여러 가지 채소와 함께 끓여낸 음식이다. 맵고 자극적인 맛이 특징이며, 주재료인 생선은 민물고기와 바닷고기 모두 사용된다. 생선을 적당한 크기로 토막내어 미나리, 쑥갓, 양파, 무, 고추, 마늘, 호박, 두부 등과 함께 끓인다. 매운탕의 간은 고춧가루, 마늘, 간장, 된장, 고추장 등으로 맞춘다.
매운탕을 판매하는 식당에는 수조를 갖추고 있는 경우가 많아, 손님들이 수조에서 원하는 생선을 고르도록 되어있다. 매운탕에 자주 쓰이는 생선으로는 도미, 농어, 조기, 대구, 메기, 민어, 명태, 잉어, 송어, 동자개 등이 있다. 부재료로 여러 가지 해산물이 들어가는데, 기호에 따라 게, 조개, 굴 등 해물이 들어가 맛을 더 풍부하게 한다.
매운탕은 한국의 술인 '소주'를 마실 때 함께 즐겨먹는 음식이다. 또한, 종종 횟집에서 회를 먹고 난 뒤 남은 생선으로 매운탕을 끓여 제공하기도 한다.
매운탕의 유래는 생선국에서부터 시작된다. '고려사 김방경 열전'에 따르면 원나라 황제가 일본 출정을 앞둔 장수에게 "고려인이 좋아하는 음식을 내린다."라고 말하며 생선국을 하사했다는 기록이 있다.
또한, '시의전서'에보면 고추장을 이용한 생선찌개와 관련된 내용이 등장하는 것으로 보아 임진왜란 전후로 고추가 들어온 이후 지금 형태와 같은 매운탕이 등장한 것으로 보인다.
"조선요리제법"에는 "붕어 2홉을 잘 씻어 꼬리와 주둥이 끝만 잘라 버리고 아가미 밑으로 내장을 빼고 정하게 씻어서 냄비에 담고 고기를 얇게 썰어 넣고 파 채친 것과 간장과 고추 이긴 것과 물을 치고 오래 끓여서 먹나니"라고 붕어찌개에 대해 언급하고 있는 것을 보아 지금의 매운탕 형태와는 조금 다르지만 생선을 이용한 찌개, 탕의 역사는 오래되었다는 것을 알 수 있다.
기본적으로 고추장 등의 매운 맛을 내는 조미료를 넣고 끓인 물에 생선이나 어패류 등의 재료를 넣고 끓이는 음식이다.
조리하는 방법은 지역마다, 사용한 재료마다 조금씩 상이하다.
1. 된장, 고추장을 푼 국물을 펄펄 끓인다.
2. 장국물이 펄펄 끓을 때 생선 토막을 넣고 익을 정도로만 끓인다.
3. 생선이 익은 후 생선 비린내를 제거하기 위해 생강, 미나리, 쑥갓 등 향내나는 채소를 넣는다.
바닷물고기 매운탕과 기본적으로 같다.
그러나 바닷물고기보다 민물고기는 끓이면 끓일 수록 맛이 있으며, 고춧가루나 고추장만으로는 비린내를 제거할 수 없어 후춧가루나 생강을 넣어 비린내를 제거해야 한다.
매운탕의 매운맛은 고춧가루ㆍ후춧가루 등이 주도하고 고추장은 조미료의 역할을 하는데, 그 비율은 정해져 있지 않고 자유롭게 배합한다.
재료가 다양한 만큼 정형화되어 있는 조리법은 존재하지 않고 자유롭게 재료를 조합하여 끓이는 음식이다.
민물고기 매운탕을 먹고 난 후 국수나 수제비를 넣어 끓여먹는 어죽도 인기가 있는 음식이다.
금속공학

금속공학(金屬工學), 또는 야금학(冶金學,metallurgy)은 재료 공학의 한 분야이지만 특히 금속의 물리적 화학적 성질에 대한 평가나 새로운 금속의 연구 개발을 실시하는 학문이다.본래는 광석에서 유용한 금속을 채취 정제·가공하여 여러 가지 목적에 따른 실용 가능한 금속 재료·합금을 제조하는 이른바 야금을 범위로 하는 학문이며, 야금학의 이름도 여기에서 딴 것이다.
역사적으로 금속공학은 인류가 구리를 제련하면서부터 시작되었다고 할 수 있다. 인간이 금속을 발견한 것은 우연이라고 알려져 있으나 여기에 대해서는 여러 가지 가설이 많다. 금속공학은 현대에 이르러서는 여러 분야로 파생되고 또 물리학이나 화학 등과 같은 다른 학문 분야와 여러 분야에서 비슷한 개념들을 사용하게 되어 엄밀히 따지면 재료공학의 한 부분으로 생각할 수도 있으나, 실제로는 그 반대로 재료공학에서 사용하는 상당수의 논리 체계는 전통적인 금속공학에서 차용한 것들이 대다수를 차지하고 있어 흔히 금속·재료공학이라고 많이 표현한다.
재료를 구분하는 방법은 관점에 따라서 다르지만, 크게 무기 재료(금속/세라믹)와 유기 재료(플라스틱 등의 고분자 재료)로 구분할 수 있다.
리키 김

리키 김(Ricky Lee Neely, 김경호, 1981년 6월 19일 ~ )은 미국의 배우이다. 백인계 미국인 아버지와 한국인 어머니 사이에서 태어난 한국계 혼혈 미국인이다. 미국 텍사스주에서 태어나고 캔자스 주립 대학교 언론학을 전공하였다. 2005년 한국에 들어와 모델 일을 시작하였으며, 2008년 SBS 드라마《온에어》에서 에이든 리 역을 맡아 주목받기 시작하였다. 2009년 5월 뮤지컬 배우 류승주와 결혼하였다.
Once Again (South Korean TV series)

Once Again (Korean: 한 번 다녀왔습니다) is a 2020 South Korean family drama television series starring Lee Sang-yeob and Lee Min-jung. The drama aired on KBS2 from March 28 to September 13, 2020, every Saturday and Sunday from 19:55 to 21:15 (KST).
Song Young-dal (Cheon Ho-jin) and Jang Ok-boon (Cha Hwa-yeon) have been married for many years and they have four children (a son and three daughters): Joon-sun (Oh Dae-hwan), Ga-hee (Oh Yoon-ah), Na-hee (Lee Min-jung) and Da-hee (Lee Cho-hee).
Third child Na-Hee is a doctor and she works with her husband Doctor Yoon Gyu-jin (Lee Sang-yeob) at the same hospital. They fell in love during their medical school days and got married, but their marriage life is not doing very well. Meanwhile, the first child Joon-sun (Oh Dae-hwan) and the second child Ga-hee (Oh Yoon-ah) are both divorcees and live with their parents. The youngest child Da-Hee struggles as an intern at a company.
Green laver

Green laver (/ˈleɪvər, ˈlɑːvər/), known as aonori (アオノリ; 青海苔) in Japan, sea cabbage (海白菜) or hutai (滸苔) in China, and parae (파래) and kim (김) in Korean, is a type of edible green seaweed, including species from the genera Monostroma and Ulva (Ulva prolifera, Ulva pertusa, Ulva intestinalis). It is commercially cultivated in some bay areas in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, such as Ise Bay. It is rich in minerals such as calcium, magnesium, lithium, vitamins, and amino acids such as methionine. It is also called aosa (アオサ, Ulva pertusa) in some places in Japan.
It is used in its dried form for Japanese soups, tempura, and material for manufacturing dried nori and tsukudani and rice. It is also used in a powdered form, often blended with Ulva species of Ulvaceae as its production is limited.
It is used commonly for flavouring of some Japanese foods, usually by sprinkling the powder on the hot food, for its aroma:
In Korea, parae is eaten as a namul vegetable. It is also used to make gim (dried laver sheets).
Green laver shares the name "laver" with Porphyra umbilicalis, a red seaweed, which is harvested from the coasts of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland and used to prepare laverbread. Like "green laver", similar edible seaweeds with indigenous names translated as "laver", are found in many other countries around the world. In Hawaii, "the species Porphyra atropurpurea is considered a great delicacy, called Limu luau".
Marisa Chearavanont

Marisa Chearavanont (มาริษา เจียรวนนท์), also known as Kang Soo-hyeong, is a Thai-Korean social entrepreneur, philanthropist, and art collector. She is special advisor to Dhanin Chearavanont, the Senior Chairman of Charoen Pokphand Group, a multinational conglomerate. She is also founder and chairman of Chef Cares Project, Chef Cares Foundation, and Khaoyai Art, a Thailand-based art institution. She is also a patron and member of the committees of a number of art institutions. She was named one of the "Women of the Year 2024" by the Bangkok Post.
Born in Seoul, South Korea, Chearavanont moved to the USA at the age of 18. She completed her Bachelor of Science in Finance and International Business at New York University and worked at Nomura Securities International Inc. It was in New York that she met her future husband, Soopakij Chearavanont. They married in 1988, relocated to Thailand, and have birthed 4 children, including Tanit Chearavanont. She became a Thai citizen in 1990.
In 2005, she co-founded The BUILD, a foundation focused on building schools and offering career training in remote rural areas for marginalized communities. She also works with Thai chefs on the Chef Cares Projects and the Chef Cares Foundation, initiatives that use culinary arts and food innovations to support sustainable social impact. She serves as CEO and chairperson of these projects.
She serves on the Asia-Pacific Acquisition Committee for Tate Modern in London and the International Leadership Council for the New Museum in New York City. In 2022, she became the recipient of the RINASCIMENTO+ Award. She is a founding patron of the M+ Museum in Hong Kong and a member of the BACC Foundation committee in Bangkok. She has also been appointed as a senior expert by Thailand's Ministry of Culture and the Office of the Prime Minister to support contemporary art, culture, and national identity initiatives in Thailand.
In 2023, she founded Khaoyai Art, a Thailand-based contemporary art institution.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Chearavanont partnered with over 70 chefs in Thailand, including Michelin-starred chefs Chumpol Jangprai, Jay Fai, and Deepanker Khosla, to prepare and deliver meals to frontline medical workers, transit staff, and communities in need. Following this initiative, she founded the Chef Cares Foundation.
Through the Chef Cares Foundation, Chearavanont combines the promotion of Thai gastronomy with contemporary art. In 2022, she invited Jay Fai to perform as a culinary artist at the Museo Novecento during Florence Art Week, where Jay Fai's use of traditional Thai kitchen equipment in Italy garnered significant media attention both locally and internationally. In 2023, Chearavanont invited Jay Fai to reprise her performance at the Korea Furniture Museum during Frieze Seoul, where she reportedly introduced Jay Fai to executives from Nongshim, leading to a collaboration with the South Korean instant noodle brand, Shin Ramyun.
Laver function

In set theory, a Laver function (or Laver diamond, named after its inventor, Richard Laver) is a function connected with supercompact cardinals.
If κ is a supercompact cardinal, a Laver function is a function ƒ:κ → Vκ such that for every set x and every cardinal λ ≥ |TC(x)| + κ there is a supercompact measure U on [λ] such that if j U is the associated elementary embedding then j U(ƒ)(κ) = x. (Here Vκ denotes the κ-th level of the cumulative hierarchy, TC(x) is the transitive closure of x)
The original application of Laver functions was the following theorem of Laver. If κ is supercompact, there is a κ-c.c. forcing notion (P, ≤) such after forcing with (P, ≤) the following holds: κ is supercompact and remains supercompact after forcing with any κ-directed closed forcing.
There are many other applications, for example the proof of the consistency of the proper forcing axiom.
Laver Bariu

Laver Bariu (Albanian pronunciation: [laˈvɛɾ baˈɾiu]; May 2, 1929 in Përmet – January 26, 2014) was an Albanian folk clarinetist and singer. He led his musical group for over 40 years and had an immense influence in teaching new generations the Përmet's saze music.
Laver Bariu is considered one of the most influential Albanian clarinetists and best performers of the Albanian kaba.
آریانا ٹیلی ویژن نیٹ ورک

آریانا ٹیلی ویژن نیٹ ورک ( اے ٹی این ) ( دری / پشتو : آریانا ) ایک نجی ٹیلی ویژن نیٹ ورک ہے جو کابل ، افغانستان میں واقع ہے۔ اس چینل کا آغاز افغان نژاد امریکی احسان بیات ( افغان وائرلیس کمیونیکیشن کمپنی کے مالک) نے 2005 میں کیا تھا اور اگلے سال اس نے بین الاقوامی سطح پر نشریات شروع کر دی تھیں۔ اے ٹی این افغانستان کے معروف ٹیلی ویژن چینلز میں سے ایک ہے اور ملک کے 34 میں سے 33 صوبوں میں اس کی علاقائی کوریج ہے۔
یہ چینل 2005 کے موسم گرما میں شروع کیا گیا تھا۔ اور 2006 سے بین الاقوامی سطح پر نشر کیا گیا۔ 2014 میں چینل کا نیا لوگو تھا۔ اسی سال اس کا سسٹر چینل آریانہ نیوز شروع ہوا، جو سارا دن خبریں نشر کرتا ہے۔
اے ٹی ان کے پاس سماجی، ثقافتی ، سیاسی اور تفریحی پروگرام ہیں جو خالص افغان ثقافت کو ظاہر کرنے پر مرکوز ہیں۔ کچھ طویل عرصے سے چلنے والے شوز میں انتخاب بنندها( ناظرین کی پسند ، ایک میوزک شو)، پروانہ ہا ( تتلیوں ، بچوں کا شو)، سنیما ، وارزیش ( کھیل )، ستارہ یہ رنگین ( رنگین ستارے ، ایک میوزک شو) اور سالانہ اے ٹی این ایوارڈز شامل ہیں۔
ڈیول ان 59 منٹس ایک مشہور کوکنگ شو ہے جو 2011 سے نشر ہو رہا ہے، جہاں دو مسابقتی شیفوں کے پاس ججوں کے لیے تین حصوں کی ڈش تیار کرنے کے لیے بالکل 59 منٹ ہوتے ہیں۔ ہر ہفتے ایک منفرد جزو فراہم کیا جاتا ہے، جس کا انحصار ڈش پر ہونا چاہیے۔ ایوارڈ کو "گولڈن شیف" کہا جاتا ہے اور عام طور پر ایک معزز جیوری کی طرف سے تشخیص کے بعد فاتح کو دیا جاتا ہے۔ بہت سے معاملات میں، باورچی افغان اور غیر ملکی ہوتے ہیں، جیسے کہ امریکی یا برطانوی اڈے کے فوجی۔
اریانا ٹیلی ویژن نیٹ ورک کے نشر ہونے والے دیگر پروگرام یہ ہیں:
سانچہ:Television stations in Afghanistan
بیوری، لنکاشائر

بیوری ( /ˈbɛri/ locally; or also /ˈbʊri/ ) انگلینڈ کے گریٹر مانچسٹر میں دریائے ارویل پر واقع ایک بازار کا شہر ہے۔ میٹروپولیٹن بورو آف بوری کا انتظام اس قصبے سے کیا جاتا ہے جس کی 2015ء میں تخمینہ لگ بھگ آبادی 78,723 تھی یہ قصبہ لنکاشائر کی تاریخی کاؤنٹی کی حدود میں ہے۔ یہ صنعتی انقلاب میں ایک مل ٹاؤن مینوفیکچرنگ ٹیکسٹائل کے طور پر ابھرا۔ یہ قصبہ اوپن ایئر بیوری مارکیٹ اور بلیک پڈنگ ، روایتی مقامی ڈش کے لیے جانا جاتا ہے۔
نام Bury (جسے پہلے Buri اور Byri بھی کہا جاتا تھا) ایک پرانے انگریزی لفظ سے نکلا ہے جس کا مطلب ہے قلعہ ، گڑھ یا قلعہ ، جدید انگریزی بورو کی ابتدائی شکل ( جرمن برگ )۔ بوری قدیم بازار کی جگہ کے ارد گرد قائم کیا گیا تھا لیکن رومن قبضے کے دور سے متعلق سرگرمیوں کے شواہد موجود ہیں۔ Bury Museum میں ایک رومن کلش ہے جس میں AD 253-282 کی تاریخ کے متعدد چھوٹے کانسی کے سکے ہیں اور جو اب ٹاؤن سینٹر ہے اس کے شمال میں پایا جاتا ہے۔ ایگریکولا کے تحت سڑک کی تعمیر کے پروگرام میں مانچسٹر کے قلعے سے ( Mamucium ) سے Ribchester ( Bremetennacum ) کے قلعے تک کا راستہ شامل تھا جو Radcliffe اور Affetside سے گزرتا تھا۔ جدید واٹلنگ اسٹریٹ، جو شہر کے مغربی جانب سیڈنز فارم اسٹیٹ کی خدمت کرتی ہے، رومن روڈ کی لگ بھگ لائن کی پیروی کرتی ہے۔
جارج سمتھ

جارج پیئرسن سمتھ (پیدائش 10 مارچ 1941) ایک امریکی ماہر حیاتیات اور نوبل انعام یافتہ ہیں۔ وہ کولمبیا، میسوری میں مسوری یونیورسٹی میں حیاتیاتی سائنس کے کیوریٹرز کے ممتاز پروفیسر ہیں۔ جارج سمتھ نارواک، کنیکٹیکٹ میں پیدا ہوئے، انھوں نے حیاتیات میں ہیورفورڈ کالج سے اے بی کی ڈگری حاصل کی، ایک سال تک ہائی اسکول کے استاد اور لیب ٹیکنیشن رہے اور ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی سے بیکٹیریاولوجی اور امیونولوجی میں پی ایچ ڈی کی ڈگری حاصل کی۔ وہ کولمبیا، مسوری جانے اور 1975 میں یونیورسٹی آف میسوری کی فیکلٹی میں شمولیت سے قبل وسکونسن یونیورسٹی (مستقبل کے نوبل انعام یافتہ اولیور سمتھیز کے ساتھ) میں تھے۔ انھوں نے 1983-1984 کا تعلیمی سال رابرٹ ویبسٹر کے ساتھ ڈیوک یونیورسٹی میں گزارا جہاں انھوں نے کام شروع کیا جس کی وجہ سے انھیں نوبل انعام سے نوازا گیا۔
ایلیزا ایکٹن

ایلیزا ایکٹن (انگریزی: Eliza Acton) (17 اپریل 1799ء - 13 فروری 1859ء) ایک انگریز پکوان مصنف اور شاعر تھی جنھوں نے برطانیہ کی پہلی کوکی کی کتابیں تیار کیں جس کا مقصد گھریلو قارئین، پرائیویٹ فیملیز کے لیے جدید کوکری تھا۔ کتاب نے اجزاء کی فہرست بنانے اور ہر ترکیب کے لیے تجویز کردہ کھانا پکانے کے اوقات دینے کا اب عالمگیر رواج متعارف کرایا ہے۔ اس میں برسلز انکرت اور سپتیٹی کے لیے انگریزی میں پہلی ترکیبیں شامل تھیں۔ اس میں پہلی ترکیب بھی ہے جسے ایکٹن نے "کرسمس پڈنگ" کہا تھا۔ ڈش کو عام طور پر پلم پڈنگ کہا جاتا تھا، جس کی ترکیبیں پہلے بھی سامنے آچکی تھیں، حالانکہ ایکٹن پہلا شخص تھا جس نے نام اور ترکیب کو ایک ساتھ رکھا تھا۔
ایلیزا ایکٹن 1799ء میں سسیکس میں پیدا ہوئی۔ اس کی پرورش سافک میں ہوئی جہاں اس نے فرانس میں وقت گزارنے سے پہلے لڑکیوں کا بورڈنگ اسکول چلایا۔ 1826ء میں انگلستان واپسی پر اس نے شاعری کا ایک مجموعہ شائع کیا اور 1845ء میں اپنی باورچی کتاب جاری کی، جس کا مقصد متوسط طبقے کے خاندانوں کے لیے تھا۔ ایک دلکش نثر میں لکھی گئی اس کتاب کو جائزہ نگاروں نے خوب پزیرائی بخشی۔ اسے سال کے اندر دوبارہ چھاپ دیا گیا اور اس کے بعد 1918ء تک کئی ایڈیشن شائع ہوئے، جب کتاب کے ناشر لانگ مین نے دوبارہ نہ چھاپنے کا فیصلہ کیا۔ 1857ء میں ایکٹن نے دی انگلش بریڈ بک فار ڈومیسٹک یوز شائع کی، جو ماڈرن کوکری سے زیادہ علمی اور مطالعہ کا کام ہے۔ اس کام میں انگلستان میں روٹی بنانے کی تاریخ، بیکنگ کے یورپی طریقوں اور متعدد ترکیبوں کا مطالعہ شامل تھا۔
اپنی اشاعت کے بعد کے سالوں میں، ماڈرن کوکری کو ازابیلا بیٹن کی سب سے زیادہ فروخت ہونے والی مسز بیٹن کی بک آف ہاؤس ہولڈ منیجمنٹ (1861ء) کی کامیابی سے گرہن لگ گیا، جس میں ایکٹن کے کام سے سرقہ کی گئی کئی ترکیبیں ادبی سرقہ شامل تھیں۔ اگرچہ ماڈرن کوکری کو 1994ء تک مکمل طور پر دوبارہ شائع نہیں کیا گیا تھا، لیکن بیسویں صدی کے دوسرے حصے میں اس کتاب کو انگریزی باورچیوں نے سراہا اور ان میں سے بہت سے لوگوں کو متاثر کیا، جن میں الزبتھ ڈیوڈ، جین گرگسن، ڈیلیا اسمتھ اور رک اسٹین شامل ہیں۔
بورجن ڈش اورجنشاگاڈری

بورجن ڈش اورجنشاگاڈری ( Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj) ((منگولی: Боржгин Дашдоржийн Нацагдорж)‏ (17 نومبر 19٠6- جون 1937) منگولیا کے اہم شاعر اور ڈراما نگار :: ان کو جدید منگولین ادب کا بنیاد گزار کہا جاتا ہے۔ نظریاتی طور پر وہ منگولیا کے “کلاسیک سوشلسٹ“ کہلاتے ہیں۔ بورجن منگولیا کے صوبے “ٹوایمنگ“ کی ایک جھیل “لن“ کے کنارے ایک غریب خاندان میں پیدا ھوئے۔ ان کے گاؤں میں کوئی اسکول نہیں تھا۔ گھر پر ایک استاد سے ابتدائی تعلیم حاصل کی۔ گیارہ (11) سال کئی عمر میں فوج میں بحثیت “ مصنف“ بھرتی ھوئے۔ لینین گراڈ (روس) کی فوجی اکیڈمی میں تربیت حاصل کی۔ 1929 سے 1929 تک فرانس اور جرمنی میں قیام کیا اور منگولین ادیبوں کی یونین تشکیل دی اور اس کے پہلے صدر منتخب ھوئے۔ 1917 کے روسی انقلاب نے منگکلیں ادب پر گہرے اثرات ثبت کیے۔ برجن کا تعلق 1917 سے شروع ھوکر 1989 تک ھونے والی “ سوشلسٹ حقیقت پسندی“ سے ہے۔ 193٠ میں کمیونسٹ نظریات کے سبب وہ حکومت کی نظروں میں کھٹکنے لگے۔ 1932 میں گرفتار ھوئے اور اسی سال جیل سے رہا ھوئے۔ اسی سال انھوں نے شادی کی۔ صرف اکتیس (31) سال کے عمر میں انتقال ھوا۔ ان کے انتقال کے بعد ان کے بیوی بچون نے منگولیا کو خیر باد کہ دیا۔ ان کی نظموں مین حب الوطنی،قرم پرستی، رومانویت، انقلابی اور تعلیمی نوعیتوں کے تصورات نمایاں طور پر محسوس کیے جا سکتے ہیں۔ جس میں منگولیا کے کی خوب صورتی کا رومانس اور جمال کا احساس ملتا ہے۔ ان کی علمی نظموں میں۔ ۔،:ستارا“۔۔ “دیوار پر مصوری“۔۔ ہیں۔ ان کی المیہ عشقیہ کہانی کو “ تین اداس پہاروں “ کے نام سے نظمیہ روپ میں پیش کیا گیا بعد میں اسے ڈرامے کی صورت میں بھی پیش کیا گیا۔ 193٠ میں ان کی ایک کہانی “سیاہ پتھر“ میں روح اور محبت کے فلسفے کو گہرائی سی بیاں کیا گیا ہے۔ اس کہانی میں انھوں نے اپنی شادی کی ناکامی کا خدشے کا اظہار کیا تھا۔ ان کی دیگر نظمیں ۔۔ “ مادر وطن“۔۔ “شاعری کی تاریخ“،۔۔ کو انقلابی لہجے کی نظمیں قرار دیا جاتا بورجن نے مضامین بھی لکھے ہیں۔ جن کا عنوانات ۔۔۔“خزاں، بہار، چار موسم، پرانے وقتوں کا لڑکا،نیا سال اور سیاہ آنسو“۔۔ ہیں۔
Lihapiirakka

A lihapiirakka (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈlihɑˌpiːrɑkːɑ], literally "meat pie") is an everyday Finnish food sold in supermarkets and often available ready-to-eat as street food. It is a form of savoury pie or turnover made from doughnut dough and filled with a mixture of minced meat and cooked rice and cooked by deep frying. It does not resemble a traditional English or American meat pie or turnover because it is made of doughnut mix and is deep fried. They are usually bought ready-cooked and are simply reheated in a microwave oven.
A larger and thicker form is also known as a möttönen. Two variants from Lappeenranta are atomi and vety ("atom" and "hydrogen"), where atomi contains either ham or egg, and vety includes both.
Traditionally the pastry is eaten whole. A contemporary way to have them is to split it in half and fill it with a frankfurter or some other type of sausage, or with kebab meat or some form of meat burger. They are generally served with ketchup, mustard and a relish similar to Bostongurka.
The term lihapiirakka may also be used for a large rectangular turnover.
Modern Food Industries

Modern Food Industries (India) Ltd (MFIL) was set up in 1965 as Modern Bakeries (India) Limited and owned by Government of India. It was situated at Kazhikundram, Taramani (Near Tidel Park), Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It was set up under the Colombo plan. It was disinvested by the Government of India to Hindustan Unilever Limited in 2000 under the Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. It got its present name in 1982. MFIL had bread manufacturing units in 13 cities spread across India. MFIL had also marketed fruit juice concentrate under brand name Rasika in Delhi. MFIL also produced aerated soft drinks under the brand Double Seven. MFIL was a wholly owned Central Government-owned PSU. This was the first privatisation of public sector unit by the government of India. Modern Foods had over 40% of the bread market in India.
HUL was the sole bidder for Modern Foods. It paid Rs 10.5 million, as per the valuation exercise undertaken by its valuer ICICI, for 74% of the shares. Later the government exercised its put option to sell the remaining 26% to HUL for Rs 4.4 million in November 2002. In 2006, HUL merged MFIL with itself. Senior HUL officials said the acquisition was a complete misfit with the HUL culture and systems. The company had admitted that the acquisition was a mistake on account of improper due diligence.
In 2001, HUL referred MFIL to Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction. Subsequently HUL decided to sell the company to Singapore-based Everstone Capital Asia in April 2016. In February 2021, it was acquired by Mexican bakery company Grupo Bimbo.
Jemuwahan

Salat Jumat utawa Jemuwahan utawa Jumatan yaiku ngibadah salat kang dilakoni déning pangugem agama Islam kang dilakoni saben dina Jumat kanthi jama'ah. Wektu kang pas kanggo Salat Jum'at yaiku wektu Salat Dzuhur.
Salat Jumat dadi salah sijiné ngibadah kang kudu dilakoni déning saben muslim (santri:wong lanang kang nganut agama Islam). Bab kang mbahas salat Jumat wis ana ing Kuran lan Kadis :
Tata cara salat Jum’at, yaiku :
Nalika salat Jumat, saben muslim dianjurake nggatekake prekara-prekara iki:
Mohammad Nuh

Prof. Dr. Ir. Mohammad Nuh, DEA (lair ing Surabaya, Jawa Wétan, 17 Juni 1959; umur 65 taun) ya iku dhosen Indonesia. Nuh dadi Mantri Panggulawenthah lan Budaya Indonesia 2009-2014. Muhammad Nuh dadi mantri panggulawenthah lan budaya . Sadurungé dadi mantri pandhidhikan, Muhammad Nuh dadi Menteri Parikandha lan Informatika (2007–2009) lan rektor Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya periode taun 2003–2006.
Muhammad Nuh ya iku anak nomer telu saka sepuluh sadulur. Bapaké jenengé H. Muchammad Nabhani, kang nggawé Pondok Pesantren Gununganyar Surabaya. Muhammad Nuh nutugaké kuliyah ing Jurusan Elektro Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya, lan lulus taun 1983.
Muhammad Nuh miwiti kariré dadi dhosèn Teknik Elektro ITS nalika taun 1984. Muhammad Nuh banjur éntuk beyasiswa kangg nutugaké gelar magister ing Universite Science et Technique du Languedoc (USTL) Montpellier, Perancis. Muhammad Nuh uga nutugaké kuliyah kanggo nggayuh gelar S3 ing universitas iki.
Nuh nikah karo drg. Layly Rahmawati, lan nduwé anak wédok kang jenengé Rachma Rizqina Mardhotillah. Anak kang sepisanan iki lair ing Perancis.
Nalika taun 1997, Muhammad Nuh éntuk kalungguhan dadi direktur Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya (PENS) ITS. Nalika dipipimpin Nuh, PENS dadi mitrané Japan Industrial Cooperation Agency (JICA) wiwit taun 1990.
Nalika tanggal 15 Fèbruari 2003, Muhammad Nuh dilantik dadi rektor ITS. Ing taun kang padha Nuh uga dilantik dadi guru besar (profesor) babagan ngèlmu Digital Control System kanthi Sistem Rekayasa Biomedika. Dhèwèké dadi rektor ITS paling enom ya iku umur 42 taun nalika njabat dadi rektor. Nalika dadi rektor ITS Nuh nulis buku kang judhulé Startegi dan Arah Kebijakan Pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (disingkat Indonesia-SAKTI).
Saliyané dadi rektor, Muhammad Nuh uga njabat dadi Ketuwa Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia (ICMI) Jawa Timur, Pengurus PCNU Surabaya, Sekretaris Yayasan Dana Sosial Al Falah Surabaya, Anggota Pengurus Yayasan Rumah Sakit Islam Surabaya, lan Ketuwa Yayasan Pendidikan Al Islah Surabaya. Muhammad Nuh uga dikenal dadi kyai, kerep mènèhi sesorah lan khutbah jumat ing masjid ing Surabaya lanan dikenal dadi Ulama.
Cithakan:Kabinet Indonésia Bersatu
Kemis Putih

Kemis Putih iku Kemis sadurungé Paskah, ing Dina Riyaya Minggu Suci iki umat Kristen mèngeti Bujana wengi akir kang dibawahi Yesus. Dina iki wujud salah siji dina paling wigati sajeroning kalèndher Gréja. Iki wujud dina pisanan saka dina riyaya Paskah, kang diwiwiti jam enem soré, lan suwéné pitung dina. Dina kemis putih iki uga diarani Kemis Suci (Inggris: Holy Thursday)
Ritual Bujana Wengi sawisé iki ing saben misa utawa kebaktian dipèngeti minangka riyaya Ékaristi utawa bujana suci. Ing misa wengi iki, romo uga ngumbah sikil umat minangka pèngetan Yesus kang ngumbah sikil para muridé sajeroning bujana akir, leladiné Yesus ing donya sadurungé sédané.
Panggunaan jeneng-jeneng "Maundy Thursday", "Holy Thursday" lan kang liyané béda-béda ing papan-papan kang béda uga. Sing dadi tetimbangan lan mangaruhi 'jeneng-jeneng' iku yaiku budaya kono kagandhèng géografis lan kasepakatan waé. Ing Inggris cetha dipigunakaké "Maundy Thursday", nanging arang dipigunakaké ing kontèks Irlandia lan Sekotlan. Lumrahé umat uga ngétung dhedhasar tèknik kalèndher kono.
Gréja Anglikan migunakaké jeneng "Maundy Thursday" sajeroning buku tata ngibadahé, lan nganggep jeneng "Holy Thursday" iku jeneng alternatif kanggo Dina Mekrad. Nanging ing sanjabané tata ngibadah resminé, Jemaat Anglikan sok-sok migunakaké jeneng "Holy Thursday" kanggo dina sadurungé Jemuah Adi.
Gréja Katulik Roma, malah ing nagara-nagara kanthi "Maundy Thursday" dadi jeneng ing undhang-undhangé, migunakaké jeneng "Holy Thursday" sajeroning Buku Ibadah resmi basa Inggris ; nanging, kejaba sajeroning tèks-tèks iki, Umat Katulik Roma sok-sok migunakaké "Maundy Thursday", mligi ing Inggris.
Persekuthuan Gréja Metodis migunakaké jeneng "Holy Thursday!" sajeroning Ibadahé, nanging sajeroning sumber resmi, dipigunakaké "Maundy Thursday" lan "Holy Thursday".
Kaloro jeneng iku dipigunakaké déning denominasi Kristen kang padha, kalebu Gréja Luteran utawa porsi Gréja Reformasi.
Gréja Presbiterian migunakaké sebutan "Maundy Thursday" kanggo nuduhaké dina kang suci sajeroning sumber resminé.
Sajeroning Gréja Ortodoks Wétan, dina kanggo dina suci, sajeroning Ritus Bizantine, "Great and Holy Thursday" utawa "Holy Thursday", lan ing Ritus Gréja Kulon "Maundy Thursday", "Holy Thursday" utawa kaloroné.
Gréja Koptik Ortodoks migunakaké jeneng "Maundy Thursday" lan "Covenant Thursday" kanggo dina suci. Sajeroning Gréja Maronite lan Gréja Ortodoks Siria, "Thursday of Mysteries" utawa Kemis Misteri.
"Maundy Thursday" iku jeneng resmi sajeroning undhang-undhang saka Inggris lan Filipina.
Sahur

Sahur (Arab: سحور ‎‎), uga bisa diarani Sehur, Sehri, Sahari lan Suhoor sajeroning basa liyané, ya iku sawijining istilah Islam kang ngarujuk sajeroning kagiyatan mangan déning umat Islam kang duwé niyat kanggo nindakaké Pasa (Islam)/siam ana ing wayah pajar utawa sadurungé wektu subuh.. Sahur minangka mangan kang dilskoni ing wayah pajar bisa uga digolongake minangka Iftar/buka pasa (Islam) ya iku mangan kang dilakoni ing wayah bengi sajeroning wulan Ramelan, kanggo ngantekake mangan sajeroning sadina (kaping telu sadina: (sarapan, mangan awan lan mangan bengi) utawa kanggo mbatalake pasa,
Agama nang Arab Saudi

Agama ana ing Arab Saudi iku Islam. Kabébasan milih agama ana ing nagara iki diwatesi.
Wujud resminé Islam ana ing kéné iku Sunni sekang madahab Hambali cara Salafi utawa Wahabi. Amèh 10-15% cacah jiwané iku Muslim Siyah. Rong kutha paling suci ana ing agama Islam, Mekah lan Madhinah, ana ana ing Arab Saudi.
Ana cacah jiwa gedhé sing agamané Katulik Roma, Protèstan, lan Kristen Ortodhoks. Wong-wong iku mligi dudu warga nagara Arab Saudi, asalé sekang warna-warna nagara.
Ana akèh wong Hindhu sing dudu warga nagara Arab Saudi. Asalé sekang Indhia. Hindhu ora diidinna ngibadah ana ing Arab Saudi.
Arab Saudi iku nagara Islam. Ora nana ayoman marang hak-hak minoritas kanggo ngibadah manut agamané. Sebaraning agama non-Islam ora diolihna lan malih sekang Islam meng agama liyané bisa kena ukuman pati lan dianggep murtad.
Bali

Bali inggih punika setunggaling propinsi wonten Indhonésia ingkang papan ing sisi kilen kepulauan nusa kidul-wetan lan beribu kitha wonten kutha Denpasar. Pulo Bali, ingkang inggih punika pulo paling ageng wonten propinsi Bali, nggadhahi pinten-pinten wastanan, ing antawisipun Pulo Dewata lan Pulo Sewu Pura. Ing warsa 2020, penduduk propinsi Bali sacacah 4.317.404 jiwa, kalih kepadatan 747 jiwa/km², lan ing pertengahan 2024 sacacah 4.361.106 jiwa.
Adhedhasar data kementerian lebet nagari ing wusananipun warsa 2024, pedunung Bali sacacah 4.361.106 jiwa kalih mayoritas suku Bali. Pemeluk agami nyerat menawi 86,53% wargi propinsi Bali menganut agami hindu. Agami sanèsipun inggih punika Islam wonten 10,20%, lajeng Kristen wonten 2,58% (kalih rerincèn Protestan wonten 1,73% lan Katulik wonten 0,85%). Sapérangan malih menganut agami Buddha wonten 0,68% ingkang limrahipun wonten ing Kitha Denpasar, lajeng Konghucu wonten 0,01%, lan penganut kepitadosan kirang saking 0,01%.
Khatib

In Islam, a khatib or khateeb (Arabic: خطيب khaṭīb) is a person who delivers the sermon (khuṭbah) (literally "narration"), during the Friday prayer and Eid prayers.
The khateeb is usually the prayer leader (imam), but the two roles can be played by different people. The khatib should be knowledgeable of how to lead the prayer and be competent in delivering the speech (khutba) however there are no requirements of eligibility to become a khatib beyond being an Adult Muslim. Some Muslims believe the khatib has to be male but women do lead Friday prayers in number of places.
Women may be khateebahs. Edina Leković gave the inaugural khutba at the Women's Mosque in 2015.
Khutba Periya Palli, Kayalpattinam

The Khutba Periya Palli, also known as the Al Jami'ul Kabeer (Tamil: குத்பா பெரிய பள்ளி, காயல்பட்டினம், romanized: Grand Jumu'ah Masjid, lit. 'Big Juma Mosque') and as the Periya Khutba Palli, is a Friday mosque, located in Kayalpattinam, in the Thoothukudi district of the state of Tamil Nadu, India.
The mosque was built in 842 CE by Muhammad Khalji, and was re-constructed in AH 737 (1336/1337 CE) by Sultan Sayyid Jamaluddin. In 2021, it was reported that the mosque was again being re-constructed.
The mosque along with the others in the town, is one of the greatest examples how Dravidian architecture influenced on Islamic architecture. The mosque has the special name "Aayirangal Thoon Palli". There is a large cemetery located adjacent to the mosque, that contains the tombs of the Malabar Sultans, an independent Muslim sultanate also called the Madhurai Sultanate, established during the 14th century on the Coromandel Coast and lasted for less than 50 years before it was terminated by the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire. It is claimed that 25,000 saints were buried in the cemetery.
Alchemical symbol

Alchemical symbols were used to denote chemical elements and compounds, as well as alchemical apparatus and processes, until the 18th century. Although notation was partly standardized, style and symbol varied between alchemists. Lüdy-Tenger published an inventory of 3,695 symbols and variants, and that was not exhaustive, omitting for example many of the symbols used by Isaac Newton. This page therefore lists only the most common symbols.
According to Paracelsus (1493–1541), the three primes or tria prima – of which material substances are immediately composed – are:
Western alchemy makes use of the four classical elements. The symbols used for these are:
The seven metals known since Classical times in Europe were associated with the seven classical planets; this figured heavily in alchemical symbolism. The exact correlation varied over time, and in early centuries bronze or electrum were sometimes found instead of mercury, or copper for Mars instead of iron; however, gold, silver, and lead had always been associated with the Sun, Moon, and Saturn. The associations below are attested from the 7th century and had stabilized by the 15th. They started breaking down with the discovery of antimony, bismuth, and zinc in the 16th century. Alchemists would typically call the metals by their planetary names, e.g. "Saturn" for lead, "Mars" for iron; compounds of tin, iron, and silver continued to be called "jovial", "martial", and "lunar"; or "of Jupiter", "of Mars", and "of the moon", through the 17th century. The tradition remains today with the name of the element mercury, where chemists decided the planetary name was preferable to common names like "quicksilver", and in a few archaic terms such as lunar caustic (silver nitrate) and saturnism (lead poisoning).
The following symbols, among others, have been adopted into Unicode.
The alchemical magnum opus was sometimes expressed as a series of chemical operations. In cases where these numbered twelve, each could be assigned one of the Zodiac signs as a form of cryptography. The following example can be found in Pernety's Dictionnaire mytho-hermétique (1758):
Several symbols indicate units of time.
The Alchemical Symbols block was added to Unicode in 2010 as part of Unicode 6.0.
A list of symbols published in 1931:
An 1888 reproduction of a Venetian list of medieval Greek alchemical symbols from about the year 1100 but circulating since about 300 and attributed to Zosimos of Panopolis. The list starts with 🜚 for gold and has early conventions that would later change: here ☿ is tin and ♃ electrum; ☾ is silver but ☽ is mercury. Many of the 'symbols' are simply abbreviations of the Greek word or phrase. View the files on Commons for the list of symbols.
Other symbols commonly used in alchemy and related esoteric traditions:
Media related to Alchemical symbols at Wikimedia Commons
2019 Kabul mosque bombing

The 2019 Kabul mosque bombing occurred around 01:20pm (08:50 GMT) on 24 May 2019, while worshippers and the imam were inside the Al-Taqwa mosque for Friday prayer. The explosives were placed in the mosque's microphone which was used by the imam. At least three people were killed, including the imam, Samiullah Rayhan, and nearly 20 people were injured. So far, no group or individual has claimed to be responsible for the attack.
A bombing attack happened in Al-Taqwa mosque in Kabul, around 01:20pm (08:50 GMT), and killed or injured dozens of worshippers who came for Friday prayer. Two people, including a scholar, Samiullah Rayhan, were killed and at least 16 wounded after a bomb explosion. Although the Taliban regularly stages attacks in the area, Nasrat Rahimi, a spokesman for the Afghan Ministry of Interior Affairs said, the Taliban is responsible for the attack. A spokesman for the Taliban’s group denied Rahimi's claim. After Taliban’s new leader appointment, Mawlawi Haibatullah Akhundzada, the number of attack to religious person increased. A district police official, Jan Agha, said the bomb was fixed in the mosque microphone which was used by the mosque imam, Mawlawi Samiullah Raihan.
Samiullah Rayhan, 36, a father of four children, was an imam at Al-Taqwa mosque. He was a parliamentary adviser and the host of a daily religious television show. His support for the families of fallen Afghan soldiers, condemnation of the Taliban’s suicide bombings, women’s rights, and cooperation between Western military forces and the Afghan government were the main reasons for being targeted in the attack. Firdaws Faramarz, a police spokesman said, the bomb explosion happened near the altar of the Al-Taqwa mosque, a place used by the mosque leader to initiate the prayers.
According to the New York Times, Afghanistan's situation is difficult for religious scholars because supporting either the government or the Taliban lead to being targeted by the other.
President Ashraf Ghani condemned the mosque attack as a terrorist act.