Ubuhinzi bw'inkori

Ubutaka bushobora gutegurwa n’amaboko hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by’intoki byemeranyijweho (isuka cyangwa ibindi bikoresho). Kenshi iyo ubutaka bugiye guhingwamo inkori ari ubutaka bwasaruwemo, gutegura umurima bigendana no guhinga no gusakumamo ibisigazwa by’imyaka ako kanya. Ariko mu gihe umurima utari uhinzemo kuwutegura bihera mu gutema ibihuru hakoreshejwe amashoka n’imihoro mbere yo gutangira guhinga. Ibiti binini n’ibihuru byo mu murima bitemeshwa amaboko, ibyatsi n’ibiti byaguye mu murima bigakurwamo. Gutegura imitabo bishobora gukorwa nyuma yo gusanza iyo guhinga kumitabo ari byo bitegetswe. Byibura kuva ku minsi 5 kugeza kuri 7 ni cyo gihe cyemewe kuri buri cyiciro cy’itegura ry’ ubutaka kugira ngo ibihuru n’ibyatsi byatemwe bibe bimaze kubora no kubyara ifumbire bityo byongere uburumbuke mu butaka kugira ngo imbuto zizamere neza zinakure neza. Ni ngombwa guhitamo ubutaka bwizeweho kuzagira umusaruro utubutse w’inkori. Umuhinzi agomba rero guhitamo ubutaka bw’urusenyi n’inombe bwayoborewe amazi neza mu turere tugwamo imvura nyinshi.
Amoko menshi y’inkori avangwa n’ibindi bihingwa nk’ amasaka, ibigori, ingano n’imyumbati. Inkori bakunda kuzihinga hafi y’ingo kugira ngo bazasoromeho umushogoro.
Mu gutera inkori, intera iratandukanye cyane, kenshi na kenshi iva kuri cm 30 × cm 40 mu gihe cy’imvura nke no kuva kuri cm 40 × cm 75 ku moko y’inkori yera vuba kandi maremare. Intera ngari ya cm 55 x cm 75 ikoreshwa muri rusange ku moko y’inkori atinda kwera cyangwa arimo akwirakwizwa hagaterwa imbuto 2 cyangwa 3 mu ibimba. Uburyo bwo kubiba umisha ni bwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane n’abahinzi bo mu cyaro muri Afurika no muri Sudani y’epfo by’umwihariko iyo inkori zahinganywe n’ibindi bihingwa ngandurarugo. Imbuto z’inkori ziterwa muri cm 2 kugeza kuri 3 z’ubujyakuzimu. Nyamara gutera imbuto 3 kugeza kuri 4 bituma inkori zimera neza bigatuma zikura ari nyinshi.
Udukoko twona imyaka ni two tuza ku murongo wa mbere mu gutubya umusaruro no kwangiza ubwiza bw’amababi akoreshwa nk’imboga.
Mu byonnyi bikomeye by’inkori harimo:
(a) Inda z’ibishyimbo (Aphis fabae): inda ni udukoko tw’umukara tunyunyuza amatembabuzi, tuza tukirundanya ku mitwe y’inkori, ku gihimba, ku mababi cyangwa ku ruyange. Iyo dukabije kuba twinshi tubuza igihingwa kongera gukura uko bisanzwe. Ikimenyetso rusange kiba guhinduka umuhondo no kwangirika kw’amababi bitewe n’utwo dukoko. Gutera umuti wa Malathion, Menazon cyangwa Endosulfan bishobora kugabanya gukwirakwira k’utu dukoko mu murima w’inkori.
(b) Imungu (Coryna spp), uduhunduguru n’udukoko tunyunyuza imiteja (Acanthomia horrida).
(c) Nkongwa ifite amabara yangiza imiteja y’inkori (Maruca testulalis)
Nkongwa ifite amabara yangiza imiteja y’inkori ni icyonnyi kiboneka mu duce twumagara gishobora kwangiza imbuto. Ibyana byabyo bigira ibara risa n’icyatsi cya elayo giciyemo ibidomo byijimye bitonze umurongo kandi bifite ubwoya. Birya uruyange bikarya n’ibitumbwe bityo bigateza igihombo kinini ku musaruro. Mu gihe ari ngombwa gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu kurwanya ibyo byonnyi, ntabwo igomba gukoreshwa mbere yo gusoroma umushogoro wo guteka nk’ imboga.
Imimero y’inkori izamuka mu butaka igatunguka hejuru y’ubutaka. Igira ubushobozi bwo gukurura urumuri rukuza imyaka kugeza igihe hamereye amababi ya mbere ya nyayo abasha kwikururira urumuri. Inkori zigeze kuri icyi cyiciro zorohera inyoni nk’inuma, inkanga n’andi moko menshi y’inyoni aca iyo mimero no akayirya, ibyo bikangiza imimero itangiye kuzamuka. Kongera gutera imbuto aho zangiritse bigomba guhita bikorwa ako kanya. Inkanga zishobora kuba icyonnyi gikomeye mu gihe imiteja yatangiye kwiremamo imbuto z’inkori.
Zaba izisa n’ivu n’iz’ikigina, inkende zo muri Afurika zishobora kurya imiteja y’inkori. Zitangira kurya imiteja imbuto zigitangira kwirema mu gishishwa ndetse bidacunzwe hakiri kare byakwangiza burundu imiteja bigatera igihombo gikabije ku musaruro. Ni byiza gucungana n’imbuto kuva imbuto zitangiye kwiremarema mu miteja kugeza ku isarura.
Ibivumvuri ni byo byonnyi by’ingenzi byangiza inkori. Bibamo amoko abiri y’ingenzi:
Callosobruchus masculatus na Callosobruchus chinensis.
Ibivumvuri bikuze kenshi bitera amagi yabyo mu murima, mu miteja igitangira kuzana imbuto. Ibyana byabyo byinjira mu bikonoshwa by’imiteja no mu mbuto. Biba ari bitoya cyane ku buryo imyenge byinjiriramo itabonwa n’amaso maze uko imbuto zigenda zikura n’ imyenge ikazimira. Ibyana bitungwa n’iby’imbere mu rubuto maze buri gakoko kakiremera inzira itunguka inyuma ipfumuye urubuto. Nyuma y’iremwa ry’agakoko agakoko gakuru gasunikira hanze igishishwa cy’umuteja kagasigamo umwenge w’uruziga. N’ubwo hari amagi amwe n’amwe aba yaratewe mu murima, amenshi ni aterwa n’udukoko dukuru twinjira mu bubiko. Udukoko dutera amagi mu mbuto z’inkori maze tugatuma habaho kwiyongera gukabije kw’imbuto zanduye. Kenshi abahinzi bavanga inkori n’ivu mu buryo bukunze gukoreshwa mu kurinda imbuto.
Indwara zifata inkori zikunda kugaragara no gukabya mu turere duhehereye, ariko zishobora no gufata inkori zihinzwe mu turere twumagaye. Indwara z’ingenzi mu zifata inkori ni izi zikurikira:
Ni indwara izana ibibara bitandukanye ku mababi bitewe n’uduhumyo (Ascochyta phaseolorum) na Dactuli phoratarii n’ibijya gusa n’umugese (Synchytrium dolichi). Guhangana n’iyi ndwara bisaba gutera amoko y’inkori abasha kwihanganira bene izi ndwara ziterwa n’imiyege. Indwara nk’ibibara nka Septoria leaf spot, Cercospora leaf spot na brown blotch ni amwe mu moko y’ingenzi y’indwara z’ibibara byangiza amababi y’inkori.
Inkori zifatwa n’indwara ziterwa na virusi zirenga 20, muri zo harimo: ububembe buterwa n’inda zangiza inkori, ububembe buterwa na virusi buzana ibibara (amabara abengerana, amabara y’umuhondo,….). Indwara zimwe ziba zaraturutse ku kwanduzanya kw’imbuto hagati y’ikinyejana cy’ibihingwa n’ikigikurikiye, bigatuma habaho ikwirakwira ry’indwara ku musaruro w’inkori wo mu tundi turere bitewe n’ihererekanya ry’imbuto. Indwara zandurira mu mbuto zikwirakzizwa mu mirima y’inkori n’udukoko twangiza nk’inda n’ibivumvuri, uduhunduguru n’udukoko tuguruka. Indwara ziterwa na virusi biragoye guhangana nazo hakoreshejwe ibinyabutabire. Uburyo bushoboka bwo guhangana nazo ni ugutera imbuto z’ubwoko bwizewe bubasha kwihanganira ubwandu bwa virusi.
Cyumya ni indwara rusange y’inkori iboneka mu turere duhehereye twa Toropike.