davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Aswan University

Aswan University is a university located in Aswan, Egypt. Established in 2012, it was previously known as the Aswan branch of the South Valley University.
Aswan University branch was established in 1974 as a branch of Assiut University. The study started on October of the academic year 1973/1974 in the faculty of education and the first bachelor was given in 1978 then started the enrollment in master's degree in the faculty of science in the academic year 1977/1978 after that the enrollment in Ph.D. started in the academic year 1977/1978. In 1995 the presidential decree no. 23 of 1995 was issued to establish South Valley University and then Aswan branch was affiliated to it, new faculties were established (faculty of arts – faculty of social work – faculty of engineering).
In 2012 Aswan University was constructed as a governmental university by the presidential decree no. 311 in 2012 and it now included 15 faculties (the faculties of arts, education, science, social work, engineering, energy engineering, veterinary medicine, agriculture, nursing, languages and translation, medicine, fisheries technology, commerce, specific education, and archaeology).
The university main campus is located in Sahary City, Airport Road which occupies 400 acres.
In addition to the new headquarters in Aswan Al-Gadeda that occupies 98.5 acres. Aswan university includes 6 headquarters and 6 university dorms in Aswan City.
23°59′56″N 32°51′36″E﻿ / ﻿23.9989°N 32.8599°E﻿ / 23.9989; 32.8599
Hotel Metropol Moscow

The Hotel Metropol Moscow (Russian: Метрополь, IPA: [mʲɪtrɐˈpolʲ]) is a historic hotel in the center of Moscow, Russia, built between 1899 and 1905 in the Art Nouveau style. It is the largest extant Moscow hotel built before the Russian Revolution of 1917. Since 2012, the hotel has been owned by Alexander Klyachin, who also is proprietor of the Moscow-based Azimut Hotels chain.
In 1898, Savva Mamontov and Petersburg Insurance consolidated a large lot of land around the former Chelyshev Hotel. Mamontov eventually hired Kekushev as a construction manager. Soon, Mamontov was jailed for fraud and the project was taken over by Petersburg Insurance.
In 1901, the topped-out shell burnt down and had to be rebuilt from scratch in reinforced concrete. Kekushev and Walcot hired a constellation of first-rate artists, notably Mikhail Vrubel for the Princess of Dreams mosaic panel, Alexander Golovin for smaller ceramic panels and sculptor Nikolay Andreyev for plaster friezes. The hotel was completed in 1907. However, it is nowhere near Walcot's original design (Brumfiels, fig.56, compare to actual, fig.59-60).
A feature of the Metropol is "its lack of any reference to the orders of architecture ... a structural mass shaped without reference to illusionistic systems of support" (Brumfield). The rectangular bulk of the Metropol is self-sufficient; it needs no supporting columns. Instead, "Texture and material played a dominant expressive role, exemplified at the Metropole by the progression from an arcade with stone facing on the ground floor to inset windows without decorative frames on the upper floors" (Brumfield).
In 1918, the hotel was nationalized by the Bolshevik administration, renamed Second House of Soviets and housed living quarters and offices for the growing Soviet bureaucracy. Eventually in the 1930s it reverted to its original function as a hotel and in 1986–1991 was thoroughly restored by Finnish companies as part of Soviet-Finnish bilateral trade.
As of 2022, the Metropol had 365 rooms, each being different in its shape or decoration.
Canadian businessman Aggie Kukulowicz was a hotel resident while brokering hockey's 1972 Summit Series between the Red Machine team and the first Team Canada.
The hotel is the setting of Amor Towles's 2016 novel A Gentleman in Moscow.
During wartime, from 1941 to 1945, the hotel housed American and British war correspondents posted to Moscow to cover the Eastern Front. The story of their battles with the Soviet censor is told in the non-fiction book by Alan Philps, The Red Hotel: The Untold Story of Stalin's Disinformation War.
55°45′30″N 37°37′17″E﻿ / ﻿55.75833°N 37.62139°E﻿ / 55.75833; 37.62139
Fina (architecture)

In Mediterranean architecture, the fina is a physical space used in urban design, corresponding to the approximately 1-meter-wide public space alongside buildings. It is used to describe the placement of design items within traditional architectural elements. It also mandates public rules of behaviour for the neighbours concerning the usage and maintenance of finas in their buildings. For instance, inhabitants have the right to use the part of the fina immediately in front of their home for the loading or unloading of their vehicle, but they have no right to block it.
Fina is identified as a convention in ancient Levant architecture that denotes a zone along the street wall of a building where balconies, downspouts, and other protruding features were allowed as long as they did not impede the passage of public transport and other users of the street. In Islamic architecture, fina or Al-Fina, which emerged in old Islamic cities that were organized by Islamic law, refers to a patio – an open-sky courtyard of a central building. It serves to illuminate and ventilate rooms and spaces inside buildings. This particular architectural concept is still used in urban spaces in the Middle East such as Egypt as a form of environmental organizer. This in-between space also influences the urban fabric and character of the city.
Fina has two types of uses: temporary and permanent. Trees, flower pots, window gratings and other decorations constitute the temporary uses of fina. Its permanent use are represented by built-in structures such as stairs, benches, and water-related infrastructure, among others. These also include the sabat, which is a structure built between the opposite buildings on both sides of a narrow street. It is constituted by rooms bridging the street. It provides a passageway to respect the right of way, and the supporting pillars of the resulting arch must be within the fina.
دکن سلطنتیں

دکنی سلطنتیں یا دکن کی سلطنتیں (Deccan sultanates) مختلف نسلی پس منظر (افغان، ترک اور مغول وغیرہ) سے پانچ خاندانوں کی قائم کردہ سلطنتیں احمد نگر سلطنت، سلطنت برار ،سلطنت بیدر، بیجاپور سلطنت اور گولکنڈہ سلطنت تھیں۔
اورنگ آباد میں اردو

اورنگ آباد دکن کے تاریخی شہروں میں سے ایک اور بھارت کے صوبہ مہاراشٹر میں واقع ہے۔ یہ شہر اپنی ادبی و تہذیبی روایتوں کے لیے مشہور ہے۔ چونکہ اورنگ آباد مغلیہ سلطنت کا ایک مرکزی شہر تھا اس لیے یہاں دہلی سے افسران، فوج، پولس اور سرکاری ملازمین کا آنا جانا لگا رہتا چنانچہ اس بنا پر اسے دکن کی دلی بھی کہا جاتا تھا۔ شمال سے یہاں جوق در جوق شعرا، ادبا اور اہل علم تشریف لاتے تھے اور تقریباً 1763ٗء تک اورنگ آباد دکن کا دار الخلافت تھا لیکن بعد میں یہ درجہ حیدرآباد، دکن کو مل گیا اور دھیرے دھیرے تمام شعرا اور ادبا نے اورنگ آباد کو خیرباد کہہ کر حیدرآباد کی راہ لی اور یوں اورنگ آباد بے رونق ہو گیا۔ لیکن 20ویں صدی تک اس شہر میں اہل علم پیدا ہوتے رہے۔ گوکہ اورنگ آباد نے ملک امبر کے عہد سے شہرت حاصل کر لی تھی لیکن 1700ء تک خصوصاً اردو ادب کے میدان میں اس شہر کی خدمات کا سراغ نہیں ملتا۔ اورنگ آباد میں بولی جانے والی اردو حیدرآبادی اردو کہلاتی ہے جو خود دکنی اردو کی ایک شکل ہے۔
آرائشی فنون کا عجائب گھر، پیرس

آرائشی فنون کا عجائب گھر، پیرس (انگریزی: Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris) ایک عجائب گھر ہے جو آرائشی فنون کی نمائش اور تحفظ کے لیے وقف ہے۔
جامع مسجد ایوان بیگم پیٹ

ہسپانوی مسجد، جامع مسجد ایوان بیگم پیٹ، مسجد اقبال الدولہ ایک مسجد ہے جو پائیگاہ پیلس، بیگم پیٹ، حیدرآباد میں واقع ہے۔
اس مسجد کی تعمیر کا کام پانچویں پائیگاہ امیر نواب محمد فضل الدین خان، اقبال الدولہ، سر وقار الامراء کی جانب سے 1902ء میں شروع ہوا (جو 1902ء ان کے اچانک سانحۂ ارتحال کے سبب پورا نہیں ہو سکا) اور اس کی تکمیل ان کے وارث اور بڑے فرزند نواب سلطان الملک بہادر، پائیگاہ کے چھٹے امیر کے دست پر ہوئی جو شہزادی جہاندار النساء بیگم کے بطن سے تھے، جو خاتون (لیڈی) وقار الامراء کے نام سے جانی جاتی تھی۔ یہ کام سلطان الملک کے ہسپانیہ سے واپسی کے بعد ہوا جو مسجد قرطبہ سے متاثر تھے۔ مسجد اور اندرون اور بیرون مسجد قرطبہ اور جامع مسجد گلبرگہ، کرناٹک، بھارت کے بہت مشابہ ہے۔ یہ بہت ہی بلند معیار کے فنون سے بنے اندرون اور بیرون کا مظاہرہ ہے۔
اس مسجد کو انگریزی میں Mosque of the Moors بھی کہا گیا ہے، جس کی وجہ اس منفرد ہسپانوی اور ترک طرز معیاری ہے۔ اسے بھارت میں اپنی نوعیت کی واحد مسجد سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ امتیازی خصوصیت میں حسب معمول کے میناروں اور گنبدوں کی جگہ پر گرجا گھروں جیسا ابھرا ہونا ہے۔ اس کی وجہ سے اس مسجد ظاہری طور پر گرجا گھر جیسی لگتی ہے۔ اپنے آغاز سے اس مسجد کی دیکھ ریکھ پائیگاہ امرا کے ورثاء دیکھتے ہیں، جو وقار الامراء سے چلتا آ رہا سلسلہ ہے۔
اس مسجد کو پائیگاہ کے ایک نواب سر وقار الامراء اقبال الدولہ نے 1906ء میں بنایا تھا۔ یہ پورے بھارت میں اپنے طرز کی واحد مسجد سمجھی جاتی ہے۔اس کی دو نوکیلی محرابیں، ایک نوکیلی کلیدی چھت ہے جس کے دو مقطوع ہشت گونہ اہرام نما کونے ہیں جو ایک دوسرے کے اوپر بنے اور ان سے ہشت گونہ گنبدیں ملتی ہیں۔ مینار فنکارانہ انداز میں منبر کے کونوں پر بنے ہیں اور وہ اسی طرز اور شہر اور اس کے باہر کی دیگر مسجدوں سے بہت ہی مختلف انداز میں بنے ہیں۔ مخالف سمت کے بیگم پیٹ ہوائی اڈے سے اس مسجد کو لازمًا دیکھا جا سکتا ہے۔
List of mosques in China

This is a list of notable mosques in China. A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the religion of Islam. The first mosque in China was the Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou, built during the Tang dynasty in 627 CE. In of 2014 there were 39,135 mosques in China, in 2009 an estimated 25,000 of these were in Xinjiang, a north-west autonomous region, having a high density of one mosque per 500 Muslims.
In China, mosques are called Qīng Zhēn Sì (清真寺, "Temples of the Pure Truth"), a name which was also used by Chinese Jews for synagogues. Other names include Huí Huí Táng (回回堂, "Hui people's hall"), Huí Huí Sì (回回寺, "Hui people's temple"), Lǐ Bài Sì (礼拜寺, "Temple of worship"), Zhēn Jiào Sì (真教寺, "Temple of the True Teaching") or Qīng Jìng Sì (清净寺, "Pure and clean temple").
During the Qing dynasty, at the mosque entrance of Hui Mosques, a tablet was placed upon which "Huáng Dì Wàn Suì, Wàn Suì, Wàn Wàn Suì" (皇帝萬歲，萬歲，萬萬歲) was inscribed, which means, "The Emperor, may he live forever". Wansui means Ten thousand years, which means forever in Chinese. Westerners traveling in China noted the presence of these tablets at mosques in Yunnan and Ningbo.
Most mosques have certain aspects in common with each other however as with other regions Chinese Islamic architecture reflects the local architecture in its style. China is renowned for its beautiful mosques, which resemble temples. However, in western China the mosques resemble those of Iran and Central Asia, with tall, slender minarets, curvy arches and dome shaped roofs, as well as the unique multi-layered portals. In northwest China where the Chinese Hui have built their mosques, there is a combination of eastern and western styles. The mosques have flared Buddhist style roofs set in walled courtyards entered through archways with miniature domes and minarets.
Sunset Glow

"Sunset Glow" (Korean: 붉은 노을; RR: Byulkeun Noeul) is a song recorded by South Korean singer Lee Moon-sae. It was released on September 15, 1988, as a single for his fifth studio album Standing Under the Shade of a Roadside Tree (Korean: 가로수 그늘아래서면). The lyrics and music were composed by Lee Young-hoon.
"Sunset Glow" was originally recorded by Lee Moon-sae for his fifth studio album Standing Under the Shade of a Roadside Tree, which was released under King Records on September 15, 1988. It was written by Lee Yeong-hun and was included on side B of the album. The record was met with commercial success, selling over 2.58 million copies in South Korea. Choi Seong-chul of the Busan Ilbo wrote that the album "brought about a change in the perception of pop albums, which were relatively undervalued and priced low compared to foreign pop albums" in the country.
On December 17, 2004, Shinhwa released a remake album of hit songs from the 1980s and 1990s, titled Winter Story 2004–2005. A cover of the song titled "Red Sunset" was included on the record. Other artists who have recorded a cover of the song include BigBang, YB, Maya, Younha, Yurisangja, and MC Sniper.
"Sunset Glow" (Korean: 붉은 노을; RR: Byulkeun Noeul) is a song recorded by South Korean boy band BigBang. Released on November 5, 2008, through YG Entertainment, it served as the lead single from the quintet's second studio album Remember (2008). It is a remake of Lee Moon-sae's song of the same title.
Prior to recording, Yang Hyun-suk, CEO and founder of YG Entertainment, contacted Lee Moon-sae to request permission for BigBang to cover the song, whose original single was released in 1988. During the 2008 KBS Music Festival, the two artists performed the song together. The song reached number one on the KBS's music show Music Bank. It charted on Melon Top 100 Chart for 31 weeks. In 2012, "Sunset Glow" was covered by Teen Top's Niel, C.A.P. and Chunji for SBS's 1,000 Songs Challenge.
Remember (BigBang album)

Remember is the second Korean studio album by South Korean boy band Big Bang, released by YG Entertainment on November 5, 2008. Before release, demand for the album made it surpass 200,000 pre-orders. "Sunset Glow", originally by artist Lee Moon-sae, served as the title track for the album. During the 2008 KBS Music Festival, BigBang performed the hit together with Lee Moon-sae.
"Strong Baby", Seungri's solo track, was released as the second single. The music video was released January 1, 2009. At the 18th Seoul Music Awards a month later, the album received the Best Album Award.
Two music videos from the album were released for "Sunset Glow" and "Strong Baby." "Sunset Glow" was promoted with the entire group, while member Seungri performed "Strong Baby" solo.
The music video for "Sunset Glow" was filmed at various locations in Taean County, along the west coast, with the BigBang members spreading the message "Let's go West!" throughout the video. At the time, the Taean region was recovering from the ecological and economic effects the 2007 South Korea oil spill had on what used to be an abundant fishing industry and scenic beach tourism destination. When asked why Taean was chosen as the background of the music video, Big Bang said, "We hope many people will visit the west coast again after watching our music video."
On the year-end Hanteo albums charts for 2008, Remember was ranked as the 4th best-selling album in South Korea with sales of cover 135,000 copies on the chart. In April 2010, the album along with several of BigBang's other releases re-charted on the Gaon Album Chart, with Remember peaking at number 5 on the weekly chart and number 19 on the monthly issue.
Sample credits
Julie Driscoll

Julie Driscoll Tippett (born 8 June 1947) is an English singer and actress, known for her work with Brian Auger and her husband, Keith Tippett.
Driscoll is known for her 1960s versions of Bob Dylan and Rick Danko's "This Wheel's on Fire", and Donovan's "Season of the Witch", both with Brian Auger and the Trinity. Along with the Trinity, she was featured prominently in the 1969 television special 33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee, singing "I'm a Believer" in a soul style with Micky Dolenz. She and Auger had previously worked in Steampacket, with Long John Baldry and Rod Stewart.
"This Wheel's on Fire" reached number five in the United Kingdom in June 1968, number 13 in Canada, and Bubbled Under the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States at #106 that August. With distortion, the imagery of the title and the group's dress and performance, this version came to represent the psychedelic era in British rock music. Driscoll recorded the song again in the early 1990s with Adrian Edmondson as the theme to the BBC comedy series Absolutely Fabulous.
Since the 1970s, Driscoll has concentrated on experimental vocal music. She married jazz musician Keith Tippett and collaborated with him and now uses the name Julie Tippetts, adopting the original spelling of her husband's surname. She took part in Keith Tippett's big band Centipede, and sang in Robert Wyatt's Theatre Royal Drury Lane concert in 1974. She released a solo album, Sunset Glow, in 1975; was lead vocalist on Carla Bley's album Tropic Appetites; and performed on John Wolf Brennan's "HeXtet".
Later in the 1970s, she toured with her own band and recorded and performed as one of the vocal quartet Voice, with Maggie Nichols, Phil Minton, and Brian Eley. She reunited with Auger for the 1978 album Encore.
In the early 1980s, Julie Tippetts was a guest vocalist on an early single by pop-jazz band Working Week, on the song "Storm of Light", which brought them to the attention of a wider audience. In 2009, she started collaborating with Martin Archer. The duo released six albums between 2009 and 2022.
Below is a selected list of Driscoll's work, sorted mostly by recording date:
Parlophone (UK) Records:
Taean County

Taean County (Korean: 태안군; Korean: [tʰɛ.an]) is a county in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea.
Taean Haean National Park is located within Taean County, and is known for its clear seas, unpolluted soils, coastal flora, tidal flats, coasts, and white sand. It includes thirty different beaches; one of these, Mallipo Beach, is considered one of the three most beautiful in Korea and is over three kilometers long. This beach is also the site of the 2007 Korea oil spill.
The Korean government designated Taean Haean National Park in 1978. It consists of 326.57 km (126.09 sq mi) of land. There are about 130 islands in the park, and 250 species of flora thrive there.
Chollipo Arboretum in Sowon-myeon, founded in 1979 by naturalized US-expatriate Min Byung Gal (Carl Ferris Miller), is a 64ha (158 acre) private botanical garden housing more than 6900 different species of plants collected from more than 60 countries.
The Sinduri beach in Taean is home to the Duung wetland, a sand dune wetland and protected area that is also designated a National Treasure of South Korea.
The Samsung-1 Hebei Spirit oil spill occurred on December 7, 2007, when a Hong Kong oil tanker, Hebei Spirit, and Samsung C&T's 12th tank collided with a shipyard near the port of Taean, South Chungcheong Province. It is commonly referred to as the Taean oil spill.
The Korean boy band Big Bang based their song, "붉은노을 ("Sunset Glow"), in honor of the caveman. The title track from their 2nd full-length Korean album, Sunset Glow, a remake of Lee Moon Sae's Red Sunset. Their Music Video for Sunset Glow is spreading the message to visit Tae-an beaches again after the 2007 Korea oil spill where it had previously struck the once populated tourist attraction a year ago, leaving it deserted and neglected.
Korea Express Air has its headquarters in Taean.
The fishing industry is a mixture of hand fishing, boat work, and aquaculture, with the main species being blue crabs in spring, octopus and squid in summer, squid from late summer to autumn, giant clams in autumn, and clams in winter.
For secondary industries, there is an agricultural industrial complex in Saksun-ri, Taean-eup, and an urban high-tech industrial complex in Jangsan-ri.
At one point, Mgame tried to move its headquarters from Guro, Seoul to Taean-eup, but it was cancelled due to the poor management of Mgame, and only the customer support department was moved. The site is now home to Mplay Park.
The test site for a new Hyunmoo-type ballistic missile was publicly reported as being near Taean.
Taean holds the World Tulip Festival for a month from mid-April. The Taean World Tulip Festival is one of the world's top five tulip festivals following the WTS (World Tulip Summit) in 2015. Visitors can see the wide sea and sand beaches and millions of tulips. There are various events, including traditional folk experience, magic experience, soap bubble drop experience, and aroma experience.
Taean is twinned with:
36°45′23″N 126°17′52″E﻿ / ﻿36.7563888989°N 126.297777788°E﻿ / 36.7563888989; 126.297777788
Kalawi

Kalawi adolah buah nan sarupo buah cubadak jo sukun. Kalawi bisa dibuekan ka sayua atau digulai kalawi nan mudonyo , tapi kalawi ko labiah ketek dari cubadak dan kuliknyo labiah taba dan baduri. Samantaro sukun ko samo bantuak e jo kalawi tapi inyo dak baduri. Katigo tanaman ko bagatah dan gatah nyo ko bisa digunoan untuak maikek pipik (buruang) sadangkan tampang (biji) kalawi labiah gadang dan bisa diabuih untuak dikudok-kudok. Kalawi ko adolah buah nan langkah atau la jarang ditamui. Mungkin ado tapi alah jarang nampak. ado nan dak tau kalawi ko dan ado lo nan manyabuik kalawi ko samo jo sukun tapi sabananyo beda, kalawi samo sukun bantuak daunnyo ampia samo. Kalau sukun ko bisa buek gorengan dan tampangnyo dak nampak. kalawi idak tarui babuah namun ado pulo musimnyo.
Kalawi barumah satu (monoecious), bungo e muncula pado katiak daun pado pucuak yang pendek dan khusus, yang tumbuah pada sisi batang atau cabang tua. Bunga jantan dalam bongkol berbentuk gada atau gelendong, 1-3 × 3–8 cm, dengan cincin berdaging yang jelas di pangkal bongkol, hijau tua, dengan serbuk sari kekuningan dan berbau harum samar apabila masak. Bunga nangka disebut babal. Setelah melewati umur masaknya, babal akan membusuk (ditumbuhi kapang) dan menghitam semasa masih di pohon, sebelum akhirnya terjatuh. Bunga betina dalam bongkol tunggal atau berpasangan, silindris atau lonjong, hijau tua.
Monumento a la Raza (Medellín)

El Monumento a la Raza, también conocido como el Monumento a la Raza Antioqueña, es una escultura y monumento que se ubica en la ciudad de Medellín, en Antioquia, Colombia.​​ Fue diseñado por el escultor colombiano Rodrigo Arenas Betancourt (1919-1995) y está construido a base de concreto y bronce. Se localiza en la plaza principal del Centro Administrativo La Alpujarra y se inauguró el 31 de mayo de 1988. El monumento destaca una estructura de concreto con forma de luna y en ella hay múltiples esculturas de bronce que simbolizan la cultura de Antioquia. Una urna que contiene los restos de Arenas se colocó en 2016.
El 4 de septiembre de 1975, el Gobierno de Medellín aprobó la construcción de un monumento que simbolizara a La Raza.​ Se eligió a Rodrigo Arenas Betancourt para diseñarlo y el decidió representar a la cultura y habitantes de Antioquia.​ La base está hecha de concreto y yeso.
Fue inaugurado el 31 de mayo de 1988, con la bendición del obispo cardinal Alfonso López Trujillo.​​ Durante la inauguración, Arenas dijo:
Durante la 203° conmemoración de la Independencia de Antioquia en agosto de 2016, se honró la memoria de Arenas y una parte de sus restos se colocó en una urna junto al monumento.​
El monumento está expuesto a múltiple contaminantes, incluyendo contaminación, musgo y palomas y sus heces.​ El daño es visible a simple vista. En agosto de 2016, el entonces gobernador de Antioquia, Luis Pérez Gutiérrez, anunció una restauración, pero aún no se realizaba una hacia abril de 2018.​
El Monumento a la Raza tiene una altura de 38 metros y un peso de 900 toneladas.​​ El Museo Universitario de Artes Digitales describió al monumento como escultura torcida marrón que apunta al cielo. Según el museo, simboliza la cultura de Antioquia, así como su agricultura, religión, y solidaridad. El museo interpretó el trabajo como un método para exponer la juventud de Arenas en las granjas colombianas del estado.​ Andrés Carvajal López de la Universidad EAFIT dijo que retrata la historia de las personas que salieron del barro en el fondo e intentaron llegar a la cima intentando lograr la divinidad en el cenit.​ María Elena Quintero, poeta y viuda de Arenas, comentó:
Sarah Woods describió al monumento como un trabajo "potente y robusto" que representa a las "fuerzas del bien y el mal".​
Monumento al bocachico

MONUMENTO AL BOCACHICO Se encuentra ubicado en el Municipio de Montelíbano, Córdoba, Colombia. El monumento al Bocachico se erigió con el objetivo de fortalecer la identidad cultural, generar sentido de pertenencia y tener un icono significativo para los habitantes del Municipio, teniendo en cuenta además que el Bocachico Frito con Yuca es el Plato Típico de este Municipio ubicado en la rivera del Río San Jorge.
La obra es también un llamado de atención a la población, en aras de la protección del Medio ambiente y en especial del bocachico, conscientes de que según estudios realizados, esta especie se encuentra en serio peligro de extinción.
El monumento es una donación realizada por el Abogado y concejal ARMANDO SIERRA HERNÁNDEZ y la FUNDACION MONTELIBANO ES MI TIERRA, realizado por el soldador y Artista SERVIO ENRIQUE POLO MONTES, instalada el 29 de marzo de 2014 en la Plaza de la Santa Cruz del Municipio de Montelíbano.
El Prochilodus magdalenae, cuyo nombre vulgar es bocachico, es una especie de peces de la familia Prochilodontidae, en el orden de los Characiformes, un pez de agua dulce, de costumbres migratorias, endémico de Colombia, en las cuencas de los ríos Magdalena y Cauca, Sinú, San Jorge, Atrato y río Ranchería en la Guajira.
Durante la temporada de aguas altas habita en las ciénagas, donde se alimenta de materia vegetal en descomposición y otros desechos.
El bocachico ha sido tradicionalmente el pez de mayor importancia económica en Colombia, muchos pescadores han dependido principalmente de él para su sustento, aunque los volúmenes de producción de bocachico al igual que otras especies de río han disminuido notoriamente.
http://elmeridianodecordoba.com.co/region/item/56470-homenaje-al-bocachico (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQNfKcfePeM
Colombians in Spain

The presence of Colombians in Spain dates back to Colombian independence from Spain on 20 July 1810 which led Colombia to win and break away against Spanish colonial rule had marked Colombia to become the first independent nation of South America as well as the third oldest independent republic after Haiti and the United States.
The total number of Colombian-born residents in Spain as of 2020 is 513,583, out of which 239,452 hold Spanish citizenship and 274,131 hold Colombian citizenship.
In 2015 in Spain there were 145,490 Colombian nationals in Spain and 203,675 Colombian-born naturalized Spanish citizens. The total Colombian-born population in Spain for that year was 356,475 people. The overall Colombian population decreased significantly due to emigration as the result of Spain's protracted 2008-2016 economic crisis, increasing again over the past three years to record levels upon economic recovery.
Dettol antiseptic liquid

Dettol antiseptic liquid is a product produced by the Dettol Brand for Reckitt. It is light yellow in color in the concentrated form but, as several of the ingredients are insoluble in water, it produces a milky emulsion of oil droplets when diluted with water, exhibiting the ouzo effect. Chloroxylenol comprises 4.8% of the admixture, with pine oil, isopropanol, castor oil, soap and water.
At first, this product was almost given the moniker "PCMX", after its active ingredient para-chloro-meta-xylenol. It would go on to become the first product in this very popular product line with its depiction of a white sword on a green bottle.
Like other household cleaners, Dettol antiseptic liquid is poisonous and should not be ingested. It also should not be used undiluted. In rare cases, it may cause skin sensitization.
Excessive exposure to Dettol has the potential for causing death. It can be poisonous when swallowed or aspirated. It has been reported most cases of Dettol ingestion were intentional. However, only 7% suffered serious consequences.
Dettol is toxic to many animals, especially cats. Phenolic compounds are of particular concern because cats are unable to fully metabolize them. A cat may swallow the product by licking its paws after it has come into contact with it.
In Australia, Dettol in a spray bottle has been used to combat cane toads, as spraying the disinfectant kills the toads quickly. Owing to concerns over potential harm to other Australian wildlife species, the use of Dettol as an agent for pest control was banned in Western Australia by the Department of Environment and Conservation in 2011.
Boro glycerine

Boro-glycerine is a transparent yellow, tasteless, compound of boric acid and glycerine. It is a powerful antiseptic and is used primarily in oral and dental applications. Historically, it was also used in the preservation of food.
At a meeting of the Society of Arts, on March 29, 1882, Professor Barff delivered a lecture, in which he announced his discovery of boro-glycerine. Barff had been attempting to find a way in which boric acid, a known antiseptic, could be used to preserve meats, at a time when beef prices were considered high. He hoped to find a suitable alternative to freezing, which would allow cheap imports to be obtained from around the world.
As early as 1883, scientific reports recommended boro-glycerine as a safe, suitable preservative for a range of foods, including meat, oysters, milk, and butter. Various experiments, including shipping meats dipped in a boro-glycerine solution on long sea voyages, proved Barff's technique.
The discovery of a safe means to apply boric acid drew much attention within the medical profession, and by 1835 various experiments, relying on the antiseptic properties of boro-glycerine, were being carried out. Ailments ranged from psoriasis, and other scaly conditions of the skin, to chilblains, and the search for a treatment for cancer of the uterus.
Boro-glycerine found its way into many "medicinal" products, including shaving creams, in which it was considered a skin conditioner, and applied directly as a lip balm
Boro-glycerine proved most effective as an oral and dental antiseptic. In particular, it is effective in the treatment of mouth ulcers, stomatitis, and glossitis. It is also frequently used as a wash for the care of the mouth in unconscious patients. It comprises 88% glycerin and 12% borax. Finely ground borax is dissolved in glycerin, and the solution is ready for use (Ref. IP 66).
Boro-glycerine can also be used as a suitable base in controlling the setting time of Zinc Oxide pastes whilst taking a dental impression.
Boro-glycerine, in solution, is used in the treatment of conjunctivitis, earache, and ear infections, and is a suitable antiseptic lotion in cases of ophthalmia, and diphtheria.
Alfred P. Wire recommended boro-glycerine as a mounting medium in the preparation of microscope slides.
White-label product

A white-label product is a product or service produced by one company (the producer) that other companies (the marketers) rebrand to make it appear as if they had made it. The name derives from the image of a white label on the packaging that can be filled in with the marketer's trade dress. White-label products are sold by retailers with their own trademark but the products themselves are manufactured by a third party.
White label production is often used for mass-produced generic products including electronics, consumer products and software packages such as DVD players, televisions, and web applications. Some companies maintain a sub-brand for their goods. For example, in the United Kingdom, the same model of DVD player may be sold by Dixons as a Saisho and by Currys as a Matsui, which are brands exclusively used by those companies.
Some websites use white labels to enable a successful brand to offer a service without having to invest in creating the technology and infrastructure itself. Many IT and modern marketing companies outsource or use white-label companies and services to provide specialist services without having to invest in developing their own product.
Most supermarket store brand products are provided by companies that sell to multiple supermarkets, changing only the labels. In addition, some manufacturers create low-cost generic brand labels with only the name of the product ("Beer", "Cola", etc.). Richelieu Foods, for example, is a private label food manufacturing company producing frozen pizza, salad dressing, sauces, marinades, condiments, and deli salads for other companies, including Hy-Vee, Aldi, Save A Lot, Sam's Club, Hannaford, BJ's Wholesale Club (Earth's Pride brand), and Shaw's Supermarkets (Culinary Circle brand).
Smaller banks sometimes outsource their credit card or check processing operations to larger banks, which issue and process the credit cards as white-label cards, typically for a fee, allowing the smaller bank to brand the cards as their own without having to invest in the necessary infrastructure. For example, Cuscal Limited provides white-label card and transactional products to credit unions in Australia; Simple issued bank accounts and debit cards operated by The Bancorp Bank and BBVA Compass in the United States.
In Southern California, City National Bank is the largest check processor in that half of the state, because in addition to checks issued by its own customers, CNB processed checks for the customers of more than 60 smaller Southern California banks.
Many software companies offer white-label software to agencies or other customers, including the possibility to resell the software under the customer's brand. This typically requires functionalities such as the adaptation of the software's visual appearance, multi-customer management and automatic billing to the end-customers based on usage parameters.
Antiseptic

An antiseptic (Greek: ἀντί, romanized: anti, lit. 'against' and σηπτικός, sēptikos, 'putrefactive') is an antimicrobial substance or compound that is applied to living tissue to reduce the possibility of sepsis, infection, or putrefaction. Antiseptics are generally distinguished from antibiotics by the latter's ability to safely destroy bacteria within the body, and from disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects.
Antibacterials include antiseptics that have the proven ability to act against bacteria. Microbicides which destroy virus particles are called viricides or antivirals. Antifungals, also known as antimycotics, are pharmaceutical fungicides used to treat and prevent mycosis (fungal infection).
Antiseptic practices evolved in the 19th century through multiple individuals. Ignaz Semmelweis showed already in 1847-1848 that hand washing prior to delivery reduced puerperal fever. Despite this, many hospitals continued to practice surgery in unsanitary conditions, with some surgeons taking pride in their bloodstained operating gowns.
Only a decade later the situation started to change, when some French surgeons started to adopt carbolic acid as an antiseptic, reducing surgical infection rates, followed by their Italian colleagues in the 1860s. In 1867 Joseph Lister published seminal paper Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, where he explained this reduction in terms of Louis Pasteur's germ theory. Thus he was able to popularize the antiseptic surgical methods in the English-speaking world.
Some of this work was anticipated by:
Antiseptics can be subdivided into about eight classes of materials. These classes can be subdivided according to their mechanism of action: small molecules that indiscriminately react with organic compounds and kill microorganisms (peroxides, iodine, phenols) and more complex molecules that disrupt the cell walls of the bacteria.
我们的故事 (电影)

《我们的故事》（英語：Long Long Time Ago）是一部2016年上映的新加坡电影。由梁智强指导并监制，陈丽贞、李国煌等主演。电影于2016年2月4日于新加坡上映。此電影也是慶祝新加坡建國50周年紀念劇之一。
續集《我们的故事2》於2016年3月31日於新加坡上映。
故事发生在上世纪60年代的新加坡，剧情跨越数十年，讲述了一个新加坡华人家庭，在1965年新加坡脱离马来西亚，被迫独立建国的大背景下，逐渐发展的生活故事。影片旁白和时间变迁的交换主要由招弟（陈丽贞饰）女儿素婷（袁儷軒飾）的视角介绍。最後以招弟病逝，陳家搬上政府組屋作結束。
新加坡開埠

新加坡開埠（英文：the founding of Singapore）是指1819年，英國人萊佛士爵士短暫到訪新加坡，和天猛公阿都拉曼以及蘇丹胡先，三人在2月6日簽署條約，批准英國東印度公司在新加坡開設貿易港 。另外，因為古代新加坡都曾經是一個主要的商埠， 所以亦會稱1819年為「現代新加坡開埠（the founding of modern Singapore）」。 而新加坡政府會在特定的重要週年年份舉辦不同的紀念活動。
18世紀後期，大英帝國與大清帝國商貿日益頻繁，而對於航海路線中途設置英國控制據點的需求亦越來越大。於是，英國東印度公司先後在1786年同1791年和吉打的蘇丹簽訂條約租借馬來西亞半島西面的檳城。而在1795年，第一次反法同盟戰爭期間，荷蘭的威廉五世在戰火下流亡英國，他簽發一系列後世稱為《基佑宮信函（Kew Letters）》的信件給予荷蘭在海外不同的殖民地，指示當地總督將管治權暫時交託給予英國，當中包括馬六甲、巴東等地。
1811年，柔佛的蘇丹馬末．沙三世（Mahmud Shah III）離世，隨即觸發他兩個兒子誰人繼位做新蘇丹的問題。大兒子東姑胡先（Tengku Hussein）當時不在柔佛，而是在彭亨舉辦婚禮，於是乎小兒子東姑阿都拉曼（Tengku Abdul Rahman）把握幾會繼位成為新蘇丹。而大兒子之後就被人放逐隱居到廖內群島入面的一個島上。
1814年，歐洲局勢穩定後，英國與荷蘭簽訂協議，英國將原本荷蘭的殖民地交還。荷蘭繼後在南洋勢力逐步增強，同時向停泊於區內荷蘭殖民地的船隻徵收大量稅款，包括英國船隻。
1818年3月22日，萊佛士爵士在印尼明古魯出任殖民地副總督。去到同年秋天，他為了增加英國在區內的據點，前往印度並成功說服總督支持他在馬六甲海峽東南部尋訪一個適合的地點開闢做英國的新據點。
另一方面，同年11月28日，荷蘭與繼位做柔佛蘇丹的小兒子東姑阿都拉曼達成協議，在廖內設置駐軍營地，令荷蘭掌握馬六甲海峽主要航運通道的實際控制權。
之後在1819年1月28日，萊佛士爵士抵達新加坡。他旋即安排會見當時的天猛公阿都拉曼（Abdul Rahman），並在兩日後簽訂臨時協議，而且事後立即舉行英國旗升旗禮。但因為協議只屬臨時性質，所以仍然需要一份由當地蘇丹簽署的正式協議落實。
不過，因為當刻是由小兒子東姑阿都拉曼做蘇丹，而小兒子與荷蘭關係緊密，所以萊佛士可以成功遊說簽訂協議的機會非常低。
萊佛士為了解決這個問題，他利用繼位問題作為切入點，安排大兒子東姑胡先來到新加坡，指大兒子才是正統繼位人，宣佈承認東姑胡先為蘇丹，並在2月6日舉行正式簽署儀式，而且事後再一次舉行英國旗升旗禮。就此，新加坡正式開埠。
新加坡政府會在特定的重要週年年份舉辦不同的紀念活動。最近一次新加坡政府大搞開埠紀念活動的年份為2019年的二百週年紀念。
為了紀念開埠200週年，當時新加坡政府提前超過一年，在2017年年尾已經宣佈設立特別工作組專門負責籌備紀念活動的工作。去到2019年，總理李顯龍選擇在1月28日，就是萊佛士首次登陸新加坡的日子，來為緊接下來的一年的開埠紀念活動舉行啟動禮。紀念活動由政府，以及超過200個團體，還有3,800名義工共同協助籌備。當中包括演唱會、燈光匯演、歷史展覽等等。官方亦都為200週年發行紀念郵票同鈔票。政府更向有需要的群體，以慶祝開埠二百週年紀念為由，特別發放額外的稅務優惠和社福津貼。
1969年是新加坡開埠150週年，亦都是新加坡立國的第四年。當時新加坡政府是提早一年，即是1968年年初，就已經開始安排不同的慶祝活動。
去到第二年，時任總理李光耀選擇2月6日，在新加坡商會籌備的開埠150週年紀念宴會入面致辭，作為一連串慶祝活動的開首。當年官方不單只發行紀念郵票與金幣，還特別邀請英國皇室出席開埠紀念活動。當時雅麗珊郡主（Princess Alexandra）就接受新加坡政府的邀請，代表英國女皇伊利沙伯二世出訪新加坡參加。在新加坡的七日行程入面，雅麗珊郡主不單只參加開埠紀念節目，出席新加坡國慶日慶典巡遊，亦探訪新加坡居民。
除此之外，當年還有不同的展覽、演唱會、體育比賽等等不同節目慶祝開埠150週年。
殖民地政府提早一年成立兩個特別委員會，為慶祝開埠一百週年出謀獻計。「百年紀念委員會（Centenary Memorial Committee）」作為其中一個委員會，決定設立一個基金為高等教育同興建一所本地大學籌集資金。這個基金隨後促成萊佛士學院（Raffles College）的成立，而學院最後會演變成今日的新加坡國立大學。
當時，開埠一百週年紀念日被定為公眾假期。當日早上，時任總督在原有的萊佛士黑銅雕像的基座上面，為一塊表揚萊佛士爵士的新紀念碑舉行揭幕儀式，讚揚萊佛士爵士在新加坡的發展上面所扮演的重大角色，同時亦都以此為連串慶祝活動拉開序幕。
開埠百年的紀念活動包括巡遊、賽艇、聖安德烈座堂的感恩崇拜等等。而新加坡上下不同的族裔社群，包括阿拉伯人、泰米爾人、穆斯林、歐亞混血群體與猶太社區等等，都有舉行慶祝活動。
加文納橋 (Cavenagh Bridge) 於1869年開幕，來慶祝新加坡開埠50週年。這條橋是以1859至1867年期間，海峽殖民地最後一任總督 William O. Cavenagh 爵士的名字而命名。
這條橋是新加坡河上面，現存最古老的吊橋。2019年8月，同時又是開埠二百週年的年份，新加坡政府宣佈將這座吊橋列為國家古蹟之一。
徐順全

徐順全（英文：Chee Soon Juan），新加坡華裔政治人物、新加坡民主黨秘書長，以多次向新加坡執政黨人民行動黨作出反抗為知名。
1990年從美國喬治亞大學取得哲學博士學位，參與政治前為神經心理學家。並且在新加坡国立大學心理系任教。後來因為被校方指控用136新元作郵費寄送個人的學術論文，徐順全憤而絕食抗議。
1992年徐順全加入新加坡民主黨。虽然詹時中最初支持徐順全，但他开始批评徐順全的绝食和他的公开评论，谴责人民行动党将他从新加坡国立大学开除。詹時中想谴责徐順全的言论，但民主党的中央执行委员会支持徐順全。詹時中随后辞去党的秘书长职务，徐順全之后接任民主黨代理秘书长，而之后在1993年被选为秘书长。
徐順全主張體制外的抗爭行動來對抗人民行動黨的獨裁，多次舉行不被當局允許的戶外遊行演說等活動，而多次遭到新加坡政府判刑罰款。詹時中曾形容他在事業上「走危險的路」。1992年首次參與國會大選，出選馬林百列集選區，徐順全領導的小組共取得 24.5% 選票。
1997年，出战麦波申败给姚智。得票率34.8%。
2001年，领导小组参选裕廊集选区，只能取得20.2%的选票。
2001年，指控時任總理吳作棟及時任國會資政李光耀兩人隱瞞國會，向印尼前独裁總統蘇哈托提供總值一佰七拾億新幣貸款。而後被兩人控告誹謗。
2005年1月，法院判決徐順全需賠償吳作棟與李光耀兩人共五十萬新元（約1120萬新台幣，257万元人民币）。
2006年4月徐順全因為從事“无准证演讲”而被罚款五千新元，至同年11月因未能缴付罚款，而与另外两名民主党成员一同被判入狱五星期。根据民主党发表的文章，徐在狱中出现晕眩、作呕、难以入睡等症状，引起了外界认为徐遭下毒的揣测。在公布徐的健康状况四天后，新加坡官方称徐的待遇“与其他囚犯一样”，并指民主党的言论“毫无根据、恶意抹黑新加坡监狱名声的”。12月3日，医生验出徐的尿液带血，徐随后被送往樟宜综合医院接受治疗。
2006年，因為無力繳納五十萬新元的賠償金，而被法院宣告破產，而無法參與接下來的任何選舉，另外又因在法庭上聲稱司法不公，被檢察單位控告藐視法庭。在法庭上徐順全情緒崩潰痛哭，最後被法官判處坐牢一天及六千新元的懲罰。
2008年5月，因為2006年的選舉中人民黨在其黨報上指控李光耀政府涉入NKF醜聞，而與李光耀在法庭上辯論攻防，最後法院判決徐順全跟他妹妹徐淑真以及民主黨須共同賠償李光耀父子倆人共61萬新元。
2012年4月，因為沒有繳納五十萬新元的賠償金，被新加坡政府拒絕讓其出境至挪威的人權論壇上發表演說。
徐順全于2021年6月在位于波娜维斯达的Rochester Mall开设了名为 Orange & Teal 的餐厅。他也分别在不同时间招邀请Rochester Mall的清洁工人和拾荒老人来他的餐厅并且请他们吃东西。2022年8月20日，徐顺全在Marina Square开设了第二间 Orange & Teal 餐厅分行。
作為新加坡反對派主要人物之一，徐順全致力推動新加坡民主化。徐順全於2014年11月接受香港南華早報訪問時，就指香港和新加坡同樣需要民主化，方可減輕貧富懸殊，收入不均等社會問題。
另外，他亦不時批評人民行動黨部長自視過高，領取優厚薪金卻不願實施最低工資等有利民生的政策。例如COVID-19流行期間，便於社交媒體批評新加坡貿易和工業部部長陳振聲閉門錄音對話指香港無腦，又反對新加坡全民戴口罩，反過來新加坡成為全東南亞最多COVID-19確診個案的國家。
新加坡国会反对党领袖

新加坡国会官方反对党领袖（英語：Leader of the Opposition；馬來語：Ketua Pembangkang）是新加坡国会里的常设职务，也是新加坡影子内阁的领袖。国会反对党领袖一般由最大反对党或反对联盟的首领担任，在议会中扮演着带动反对党议员批评和监督现任政府的角色。
新加坡是一个共和立宪制和议会共和制国家，而新加坡国会的体制是沿循英国国会的西敏议会制。但因自建國以來，新加坡國會的絕大多數議席都是由人民行動黨獲得，且憲法沒有做相關規定，因此一直都並未設立正式的反對黨領袖；直到2020年新加坡大選後，總理李顯龍決定正式設立該职位，任命工人黨秘書長毕丹星為首任官方反對黨領袖，年薪為也提升到385,000新加坡元，是普通議員工資的兩倍。
在新加坡国会坐席中，反对党领袖的座位位于国会议长左手边的第一个座位，对面是执政党领袖兼总理。
根據國會議長辦事處和國會領袖辦事處於2020年7月28日所發表的聯合文告，反對黨領袖的職責及權利包括：
（1）領導反對陣營在國會辯論政策、法案和動議時提出替代觀點；
（2）在國會領導並組織審視政府立場和行動的工作；
（3）在委任反對黨議員擔任特選委員會成員事項上提供諮詢，包括公共賬目委員會等常設特委會的委任；
（4）反對黨領袖也可能被要求擔任其他職責，如出席正式國家活動，隨同政府和公共服務成員參與出訪和會議；
（5）在國會享有優先回應權；
（6）有權聽取政府在國家安全、對外關係，或出現全國危機時的機密報告。
工人黨 (新加坡)

工人黨（英語：Workers' Party）是新加坡的一个中间偏左政党。该党是现在新加坡最大的反對黨，但它在新加坡的影響力遠不及執政黨人民行動黨。
目前，该党在國會的93个选举席位中佔有8席，包含阿裕尼集選區的4席、盛港集選區的3席和後港單選區的1席；曾佔有10席，後因辣玉莎和贝理安（英语：Leon Perera）辭職而減少2席。2020年新加坡大選後，時任總理李顯龍提案正式認可工人黨領袖畢丹星為新加坡國會反對黨領袖，並將提供適當的人員支持與資源以便工人黨履行國會反對黨的職責。
1957年，工人黨由前新加坡首席部长大卫·马绍尔创立。2001年5月，刘程强出任党的秘书长。2002年，林瑞莲担任該党主席。
2011年新加坡大選，工人黨既保住既有的後港議席，並由刘程强轉戰鄰近的阿裕尼集選區，搭配林瑞蓮與知名台灣移民律師陳碩茂，擊敗时任外交部長楊榮文的團隊，在新加坡史上創下第一次由反對黨攻下集選區的記錄，席次一舉提升到八席，其中六席为国会议席，两席為非選區議員。但後港選區議員饒欣龍，因牽涉桃色糾紛而被工人黨開除黨籍，議席因而出缺，在懸缺數月後，5月9日宣佈在5月26日進行補選，而工人黨考慮派出方榮發參選。工人党的方荣发发挥了该党的主场优势，在后港区补选中以62％的得票率力挫人民行动党的朱倍庆。
2013年1月的榜鹅东区补选中，工人党的李丽连以54.52%（16,038票）的得票率战胜人民行动党的许宝琨（43.71%的得票率，12,856票），她因此成为自1968年以来第一位赢得单选区的女性反对党议员。在国会议员中，执政党人民行动党还是保住了80个席位，但工人党却史无前例夺走了7个国会和2个非选区席位，席次由2011年的8席提升到9席。
2020年新加坡大選，工人黨不僅在阿裕尼集選區及後港單選區成功獲勝，更贏得新設置的盛港集選區，總計取得10席國會議員，亦為單一反對黨首次取得兩位數以上席次。
工人党秘书长为工人党的领袖。
截至2021年1月6日，工人党中央执行委员会由以下14名成员组成：
United People's Party (Singapore)

The United People's Party was a political party in Singapore, formed by the former People's Action Party (PAP) leader Ong Eng Guan in 1961.
After it won a seat in the Legislative Assembly (won by Ong Eng Guan), in the 1963 General Elections, the party's existence was in doubt as Singapore was knocked out of the Malaysian federation by Malaysia. In June 1965, Ong resigned from his seat and the seat was subsequently won back by the PAP in the by-election. By the 1968 election, the party had dissolved.
Singapore Justice Party

The Singapore Justice Party (abbreviation: SJP) is a political party in Singapore.
The SJP was formed in August 1972 to represent the Indian community in Singapore.
In 1975, SJP joined the United People Front (UPF), a political alliance with the United National Front, Singapore Chinese Party, Singapore Malay National Organisation (PKMS) and members of the Barisan Sosialis (BS) and United Front (UF). On 14 August 1976, SJP left the UPF. In November 1976, SJP joined the Joint Opposition Council, a political alliance with PKMS, BS and UF.
SJP contested the 1980 general election and fielded two candidates in Ayer Rajah and West Coast Constituencies. From 1988 to 1992, the party was mostly active in Marine Parade Group Representation Constituency, where it contested in two general elections and one by-election. In the contested elections, it had lost to the People's Action Party. It did not participate in the 1997 general election.
In the run-up to the 2001 general election, responding to Chiam See Tong's call for a united front against the ruling People's Action Party, the party joined with the National Solidarity Party, the Singapore People's Party and the Singapore Malay National Organisation to form the Singapore Democratic Alliance (SDA). Although SJP failed to win any seats since it was formed, the SDA managed to win one seat at Potong Pasir, with Chiam See Tong of the Singapore People's Party as Member of Parliament. In addition, Steve Chia of the National Solidarity Party was appointed as Non-Constituency Member of Parliament (NCMP).
In 1996, the chairman Desmond Lim Bak Chuan had left SJP to join the Singapore People's Party (SPP). From March 2006, Aminuddin bin Ami was appointed as the secretary-general of SJP. In March 2011, after SPP left the SDA, Lim left SPP and rejoined SJP. He was subsequently appointed as the secretary-general of SJP.
印度人

印度人（印地語：भारत के लोग，英語：Indian people）是世界上最大民族群体，其數量佔世界總人口的17.50%。「印度人」一詞指的是國籍，而不是特定的族裔或語言；印度民族由幾十個區域群體組成，反映了印度豐富而複雜的歷史。由於移民的關係，海外印度人遍布世界各地，尤其是亞洲其他地區、北美洲、歐洲、加勒比海地區、大洋洲及非洲。
現今，「印度人」這一稱謂僅適用於印度國民，但在1947年的印巴分治之前，居住在整個英屬印度的國民（包括現在的印度、巴基斯坦及孟加拉國）也被稱為印度人。在加拿大、加勒比海地區及美國，為了避免與加拿大的第一民族、加勒比海地區的原住民，以及美國國內稱為「印第安人」的美洲原住民混淆，印度人有時會被稱作「亞洲印第安人」（Asian Indian）或「東印第安人」（East Indian）。
海外印度人

海外印度人按印度的分法可分為兩類，第一類是移民外國的印度公民，早從英属印度時代，正式名稱為「非定居印度人」（Non-resident Indian，簡稱NRI），如果一個印度公民一年離開印度超過180天，即可在稅務和法律上視為「非定居印度人」。
另一類是祖先來自印度（包括英属印度），但不具有印度國籍的人，正式名稱為「源自印度人士」（Person of Indian Origin，簡稱PIO），印度政府定義於上溯四代內從印度移居外國的非印度公民為「源自印度人士」，可獲發「PIO卡」，又稱「印裔卡（英语：Overseas_Citizenship_of_India#Persons_of_Indian_Origin_Card）」。[1].
目前估計「非定居印度人」和「源自印度人士」合共有3千萬人。海外印度人也稱為「印僑」。
印度诺贝尔奖得主列表

诺贝尔奖根据阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔的遗嘱设立，分物理学、化学、生理学或医学、文学、和平和经济学六个奖项，每年颁奖一次，奖励上述领域对人类贡献最大的人士，是世界公认的权威奖项。诺贝尔在遗嘱中将部分遗产用于创立诺贝尔奖，每位获奖者将获得金牌、获奖证书和不菲的奖金，具体金额每年由诺贝尔基金会决定。诺贝尔物理学家、化学奖和经济学奖由瑞典皇家科学院颁布，卡罗琳学院诺贝尔大会颁发生理学或医学奖，瑞典学院颁布文学奖，挪威诺贝尔委员会颁发和平奖。
从1901年创立至今，共有919人（其中865名男子，54位女士）和24个组织至少一次获得诺贝尔奖肯定，其中共有13位印度人（包括2位英属印度公民，另外八人拥有该国血统或在印度居住）。1913年获文学奖的罗宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔是印度乃至整个亚洲首位诺贝尔奖得主，特雷莎修女是仅有的女得主。印度诗人、哲学家、民族主义者和整体瑜伽奠基人师利·奥罗宾多曾于1943年提名诺贝尔文学奖，1950年提名和平奖，但均未获奖。
1999年12月1日，挪威诺贝尔委员会确认圣雄甘地先后五次获和平奖提名，但均未得奖（1937至1939年，1947年，以及1948年1月他遇刺数天前）。2006年，挪威诺贝尔委员会秘书长盖尔·伦德斯塔德（Geir Lundestad）称这是“我们106年历史上最大的遗漏”。
以下诺贝尔奖得主获奖时是英属印度公民
以下诺贝尔奖得主获奖时是印度共和国公民
以下诺贝尔奖得主生于印度，但获奖时是他国公民。
以下诺贝尔奖得主生于英屬印度，或者获奖时在印度居住但不是该国公民。
纱丽

紗丽（又称“紗丽服”，英语：“Saree 或 sari”，印地语：साड़ी）是印度、孟加拉国、巴基斯坦、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡等国妇女的一种传统服装。用印度絲綢制作的紗麗一般長5.5米，寬1.25米，兩側有滾邊，用刺繡装饰。通常圍在長及足踝的襯裙上，從腰部圍到腳跟成筒裙狀，然後將末端下襬披搭在左肩或右肩。
纱丽的穿样式，多种多样，并各地多有一定差异，大致可分为：印度、斯里兰卡、孟加拉、尼伯尔、缅甸及马来西亚等。 但多以披肩为最常见，亦有简单围系于腰间的简单穿法。
马来族

马来族（马来语：Etnik Melayu；英语：Malays），习惯上多称为马来人，旧时又译为巫来由人，故当地华语常以巫为族名简称，分布于东南亚。马来族有狭义和广义之分，前者指分布于马来半岛南部及苏门答腊东南部的一个民族，该民族在马来半島人口最多。而广义上，马来族有时候也用来指馬來語（印尼語）族群甚至整个南島語系族群。
从15世纪馬六甲蘇丹王朝始，大量马来人由古代佛教、印度教转為皈依伊斯蘭教，主要分布于东南亚的马来半岛、圣诞岛、科科斯（基林）群岛、印度尼西亚、新加坡、文莱、菲律賓和大洋洲等。
这名称可能来自苏门答腊岛上一个约1500年前由印度人所建立的古国——末罗瑜（马来文亦是Melayu）。末罗瑜遗址位于现苏门答腊岛上一条河流上游的支流巫来由河（Sungai Melayu）附近。后来末罗瑜被苏门答腊岛上的另一个著名古国三佛齐所并吞。
另一种说法是「Melayu」这名词来自印度的梵文中一读音为Malaya的词。这梵文词的意思为山或高处。
马来文学作品《马来纪年》将“Melayu”的词源与印尼苏门答腊的巫来由河（Sungai Melayu）联系在一起。这个词被认为是由马来语“melaju”衍生而来的，“melaju”是一个词前缀“me”和词根“laju”的组合，意思是“加速”，用来描述河流加速的强劲水流。
“Melayu”用来指称一个明显包含不同的民族的群体被认为在15世纪时，马六甲王国作为马来群岛的区域力量整合的结果。它是马六甲王国人民对国外人士，特别是爪哇人和泰国人的一种社会偏见。 这一点从16世纪早期由参与麦哲伦环球航行探险家安东尼奥·皮加费塔所列出的马来单词列表就可以看出，它提到了马来方式（chiara Malaiu）在海洋东南亚的应用，指代说马六甲语（al parlare de Malaea）。
马来语原词“Melayu”，在葡萄牙语中被用成“Malaio”，后来成为在荷兰语中“Malayo”，最终再成为英语中的“Malay”。在15世纪之前，“Melayu”及其发音相似的变体一般是指马六甲海峡地区的一个古老地名。
另外，爪哇语中的“mlayu”来源于“mlaku”或马来语“melaju”，指的是该国人民的高流动性和迁徙性质，然而这说法虽然流行但没有确凿的证据。 有些人，特別是漢語地區的漢語使用者，誤將马来人当成马来西亚人的简称，向他们自认是马来西亚人就会被误解是在自认是马来人。其实马来人只是马来西亚的民族之一，马来西亚人不等于马来人。而马来西亚人指的是拥有马来西亚国籍的人士，包括马来人、华人、印度人三大民族及各少数民族。马来西亚人的简称可用大马/马国人。如：大马本土华人可以被称为“马来西亚华人”、「马国华人」或“大马华人” 。
原马来人（马来文：Melayu Proto）是第一批到达南洋群岛的马来人，目前使用的語言屬於南岛語系，他们在新石器时代晚期迁徙至南洋群岛。书籍 The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History 指出了马来人起源的三大理论，但是历史学界尚无定论。 值得注意的是，现今存在的原马来人依旧可见，他们包括了莫肯人、Orang Jakun、Orang Kuala、Orang Temuan和Orang Kanaq。[41]
发表于1889年，主要的支持者有R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slametmuljana 和Asmah Haji Omar等。南亚起源说的依据如下：
南亚起源说被广大人群所接受，马来西亚的中学历史课本中都介绍马来人起源于南亚。但已被現代分子人類學(基因研究)否決。
发表于1965年，支持者有J.Crawfurd、K.Himly、Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana和Gorys Keraf等。马来群岛起源说的的依据如下：
马来群岛起源论在马来西亚只得到极少数人的支持。
发表于1997年。一般認為是在公元前4,000年左右，在東亞大陸南部與中南半島一帶的原住民族，移居臺灣，之後由臺灣開始向外拓展，形成南島民族。包括賈德·戴蒙在內的一些學者依據歷史語言學的證據，支持臺灣起源說，這是因為南島語言在臺灣有最高的多樣性：據白樂思的研究，南島語言的十大語支有九支都在臺灣。另外張至善等人分析南島民族傳統作物構樹的基因多樣性後，認為南島民族的祖先應是自東亞大陸南部將構樹帶到臺灣，再從臺灣傳至各太平洋島嶼。
混血马来人（马来文：Melayu Deutro）是铁器时代的人，从属于南岛民族。 混血马来人和原马来人相比，拥有更先进的耕作技术和对金属的认识。他们更加蒙古人種化，与原马来人相比具有较小的身躯、较暗的皮肤、卷发的出现频率较高，头型狭长（英语：Dolichocephaly）的百分比高得多，并且拥有内眦赘皮的可能性明显较低。相比之下，混血马来人较倾向于定居者而不是游牧者，他们定居并建立了“甘榜”（马来语：kampung，意为马来人村庄）作为社会主要单位。这些甘榜通常位于河岸或沿海地区，在食物和其他必需品中自给自足。在公元前上个世纪末，这些甘榜开始与外界进行一些贸易。混血马来人被认为是当今马来西亚马来人的直接祖先。 一些学者将原马来人及混血马来人又合称南岛人（英文：Austronesian），二者的文化为新石器时代的文化。南岛人其实是最后移入马来群岛的人群。之前迁入的有澳大利亞人種（英文：Australoid），矮黑人（英文：Negrito）和美拉尼西亚人（英文：Melanesoid）。
马来人是东南亚岛屿和马来半岛的一个讲南岛语的族群。 2021/2022 年的一项研究得出结论，一个独特的东亚祖先血统（有时称为“东亚和东南亚血统”（ESEA））起源于东南亚大陆，大约在公元前 50,000 年，并在多个波浪中分别向南和向北扩展.这个人口是现代安爬曼矮黑人、东亚和东南亚人、波利尼西亚人和西伯利亚人的祖先，但与欧洲人或澳大利亚原住民不同。
早期东亚血统(以安達曼矮黑人為代表)，以及后来的南亚語系稻作人群，在南岛語系人群扩张之前就已经扩散到东南亚沿海地区。南岛语使用者本身被认为是在公元前 10,000 至 7,000 年间从中国南部沿海抵达台湾和菲律宾北部，并从那里传播到整个东南亚岛屿。作者得出的结论是，现代说南岛语的民族，如马来人，其祖先主要来自早期东亚人、来自中南半島的说南亞語的移民以及来自菲律宾的说南岛语的人群混合而形成。。
根據2016年最新論文，一例距今四千多年前的馬來半島古人考古樣本，其基因不含南島血統，也與現代馬來人差距甚遠，性質更接近安達曼矮黑人。
采尔马特

策馬特，又译策马特（德語：Zermatt，義大利語：Zermatt，法語：Praborgne），是位于瑞士瓦莱州馬特洪峰北麓以德语和天主教为主的一個市镇，距离意大利边境约10公里。策馬特為世界著名滑雪勝地，同時也是瑞士著名冰河快车的終點站。
策馬特作为旅游城市，服务设施一应俱全，世界各地的餐馆云集，有中餐、泰餐和印度餐馆。瑞士名表店也比比皆是。
策馬特是无车小镇，所有燃气的机动车都禁止通行，当地仅可以用电瓶车或馬車代步，公交车和出租车均是电瓶车。策馬特有火车通往菲斯普和特施，在菲斯普可以转乘去列车去其他临近城市如洛桑，日内瓦，因特拉肯。所有的汽车均停靠在特施转乘火车进入策马特。从策马特游览瑞士南部雪山馬特洪峰，可以选择乘齿轮火车或缆车。作為游览馬特洪峰的中转站，登山及滑雪爱好者常下榻於這個小镇。
印度華人

华裔印度人（英語：Chinese Indian；印地語：भारत में चीनी लोग），指移民到、或出生在印度的华裔。印度具有華裔血統的人大多數生活在加爾各答附近區域。
這些印度華僑在加爾各答作出了許多社會以及經濟生活上的貢獻. 今天，大多數從事商業的一個主要部門包括製造業和皮革製品作貿易。加爾各答是印度唯一有唐人街的城市，另外一個主要城市：孟買的唐人街已經消失了。
印度華人人口是有爭議的，如果把藏族居民計算在內，印度華人約有十四萬之衆.
在中印衝突中，印度華人面臨印度國大黨政府所引發的反華勢力。華人企業被查處關於中華人民共和國聯繫，甚至不少印度華人被關在北印度監獄中。許多共產黨人發現自己身陷囹圄，並標示為「外國代理人」。
印度從大英帝國獨立之後，並沒有阻止中國人湧入加爾各答。1961年，有將近7,000人移居至印度。1962年，中印戰爭結束了中國移民潮，未知的華人人口啟程到澳大利亞、加拿大及美國。此外，還存留在印度的華僑往往受到印度政府的懷疑；根據2005年之紀錄片，一些華人被送往拉賈斯坦集中營，這種情況在1976年印度和中華人民共和國恢復外交關係之後才緩解。直到1998年，印度華人被允許恢復印度國籍。2005年，第一個漢字路標在加爾各答唐人街架起。
今天的印度華人大多是皮革業業主、鞋店業主、醬油製造商、飯店老闆、美容院老闆。除了佛教、道教以外，許多印度華人是基督徒。而受教会学校的影响，年輕人一代中許多也信仰基督宗教，但無論宗教，華人三大節日，尤其是春節傳統，仍被普遍保留。
中印戰爭之後，許多華人移民到了澳大利亞、加拿大及美國，或者選擇回到中國大陸以及台灣。