davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Geiranger frå fjord til fjell

Geiranger frå fjord til fjell er et idrettsarrangement som arrangeres i Geiranger i juni hvert år der en kan delta på fire forskjellige arrangement. De største er Nibberittet (sykkel) og Nibbeløpet (løp), begge med start ved den verdenskjente Geirangerfjorden og målgang etter 21 km og 1500 høydemeter på fjelltoppen Dalsnibba. I tillegg blir Nibbemarsjen arrangert, også i samme løypa. Det finnes også to kortere sykkeldistanser, tiltenkt de yngre.
Ved fjorden er det full sommer mens det på Dalsnibba kan være brøytekanter på opp til 10 meter, så løypa går absolutt fra sommer til vinter. Den har også tre små nedoverbakker på 250 meter hver, den siste rett før mål.
Geiranger Halvmaraton ble startet i 1994 og gjaldt da som et av de første motbakkeløp i landet. I 2009 var løpet også NM i motbakkeløp. Vinner i herreklassen var Hans Martin Gjedrem som satte løyperekord med tiden 01:28:57. Rekordholder for kvinner er Anita Håkenstad Evertsen med tiden 01:39:54.
Nibberittet ble første gang arrangert i 2000, og har hatt en kraftig vekst siden den tid. Det er i dag blant de største sykkelritt i Møre og Romsdal. Det er hvert år mellom 400 og 500 deltakere med.
Brudesløret (Geirangerfjorden)

Brudesløret er en foss ved Geirangerfjorden i Stranda kommune i Møre og Romsdal. Den er en av mange fosser i Norge med navnet Brudesløret. Fossen faller ned i Geirangerfjorden fra fjellet Ystehornet like vest for De syv søstrene. Den har en fallhøyde på 300 meter.
List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) designates World Heritage Sites of outstanding universal value to cultural or natural heritage which have been nominated by countries that are signatories to the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. Cultural heritage consists of monuments (such as architectural works, monumental sculptures, or inscriptions), groups of buildings, and sites (including archaeological sites). Natural heritage is defined as natural features (consisting of physical and biological formations), geological and physiographical formations (including habitats of threatened species of animals and plants), and natural sites which are important from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty. Ukraine officially adopted the UNESCO Convention and became an independent member on 12 October 1988, while still officially being a Union Republic of the Soviet Union (prior to its dissolution in 1991).
As of 2023, there are eight World Heritage Sites listed in Ukraine, seven of which are cultural sites and one of which, the Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe, is a natural site. The first site listed was "Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra", in 1990. The most recent site listed was the Historic Centre of Odesa, in 2023. The site was immediately listed as endangered because of the 2022 Russian invasion, the sites of Kyiv and Lviv were added to the endangered list as well later in the same year. Three sites are transnational: the Wooden Tserkvas are shared with Poland, the Struve Geodetic Arc is shared with nine countries, and the Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests are shared with 17 countries. In addition, Ukraine has 16 sites on its tentative list.
UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, and vii through x are natural.
In addition to the sites on the World Heritage list, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage list are only accepted if the site has previously been listed on the tentative list. As of 2023, Ukraine has 16 sites on its tentative list.
Aurlandsfjord

Aurlandsfjord (Norwegian: Aurlandsfjorden, Urban East Norwegian: [ˈæ̂ʉrlɑnsˌfjuːɳ]) is a fjord in Vestland county, Norway. The fjord flows through the municipalities of Aurland, Vik, and Lærdal. The 29-kilometre (18 mi) long fjord is a branch off of the main Sognefjorden, Norway's longest fjord. The fjord is deep and narrow, reaching a depth of about 962 metres (3,156 ft) below sea level, and its width is generally less than 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) wide. About 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) south of the mouth of the fjord, the Nærøyfjord branches off from it to the west. The village of Flåm sits at the innermost part of the Aurlandsfjord; other villages along the fjord are Aurlandsvangen and Undredal. Most of the fjord is surrounded by up to 1,800-metre (5,900 ft) tall, steep mountains with little habitation along the fjord except for in a few small valleys.
Tremors of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami arrived 12 minutes later in Aurlandsfjord, causing 1.5 meter waves for a few hours.
Large parts of the fjord are included in the Nærøyfjord section of the West Norwegian Fjords UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Langnes Fjord

Langnes Fjord (68°30′S 78°15′E﻿ / ﻿68.500°S 78.250°E﻿ / -68.500; 78.250) is a narrow fjord, 10 nautical miles (19 km) long, between Langnes Peninsula and Breidnes Peninsula in the Vestfold Hills of Antarctica. It was mapped from air photos by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936–37) and named after Langnes Peninsula. John Roscoe's 1952 study of air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47) revealed that this fjord continues farther east than was previously mapped, and that it includes what had been plotted as an isolated lake which the Norwegians had called "Breidvatnet."
This article incorporates public domain material from "Langnes Fjord". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Knivsflå

Knivsflå is one of a handful of historic mountain farms on the steep mountainsides along the Geirangerfjorden. It is located in Stranda Municipality, Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. Actually it was two farms sharing the location, and they have been inhabited since at least the 1600s. There is also a mountain pasture situated some 500 metres (1,600 ft) above the fjord. It is reachable by a hardly visible footpath, starting from Knivsflå. The Knivsflå farm was abandoned in 1898 due to the danger of falling rocks. The farm is located to the north of the Seven Sisters waterfall, and directly across the fjord from the old Skageflå farm.
Knivsflå lies approximately 250 metres (820 ft) above the fjord. One can reach Knivsflå from the nearby village of Geiranger with help of the sight seeing boat (M/S Geirangerfjord) that will take one to a spot below the farm, the walk up then takes 30–60 minutes. Also, Coastal Odyssey, a sea kayaking company in Geiranger, runs guided kayaking trips to the farm with interpretation. Active Geiranger also does guided kayak trips to the farm as well as a water taxi that can take you to the trail.
The first element is the genitive of kniv ('knife'), the last element is flå ('field in a mountain side'). The farm is named after a sharp mountain edge with the name Kniven ('the knife').
62°06′35″N 7°05′48″E﻿ / ﻿62.1096°N 7.0966°E﻿ / 62.1096; 7.0966
فطير مشلتت

فطير مشلتت ، أكله مصريه ، من اقدم انواع الفطير فى التاريخ. قدمه المصريين القدام قربان للآلهه فى عصر الدوله المملوكيه اللى كان حافل بأنواع كتيره من الحلويات الخاصه بمصر و منها كتير اتنقل للخارج ، ظهر نوع اسمه الفطير الهلالى و ده اتنقل لاوروبا و لفرنسا و بقى يتعرف بالكرواسان croissant.
الفطير المشلتت مغذى لان فيه فيتامينات الدقيق و الدره و السمنه البلدى و السكر و بيتاكل مع العسل او الجبنه المعموله من اللبن.
طلب رئيس امريكا باراك اوباما انه ياكل فطير مشلتت وقت زيارته التاريخيه لمصر فى 4 يونيه 2009.
البودينج الاسود

البودينج الاسود بالانجليزى: Black pudding هو نوع من أنواع سجق الدم المشهوره فى بريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا وفى أجزاء تانيه من قارة أوروبا. تصنع فى الغالب من دهن الخنزير أو شحم البقر، ولحم الخنزير والدم، ونسبة عاليةه من دقيق الشوفان، وفى بعض وصفات الطعام التانيه تخلط بجريش الشوفان أو الشعير.
البودنج الابيض

البودنج الأبيض ، او بودنج الشوفان أو (فى اسكتلندا ) البودينج الدقيقي هو طبق لحم منتشر فى اسكتلندا ، أيرلندا ، أيرلندا الشمالية ، انجلترا (خاصة ديفون ، كورنوال ونورثمبرلاند )، نوفا سكوتيا ونيوفاوندلاند .
البودنج الأبيض يشبه لحد كبير البودنج الأسود ، لكنه لا فيه الدم . تتكون الوصفات الحديثه من الشحم أو الدهن، ودقيق الشوفان أو الشعير ، وفتات الخبز، وفى بعض الحالات لحم الخنزير وكبد الخنزير، المحشى فى غلاف السجق الطبيعى أو السليلوز . تضمنت الوصفات فى القرون السابقة مجموعة واسعة من المكونات.
كان البودينج البيضاء مرتبطة كمان بجنوب غرب انجلترا: يذكر تايلور ، فى القرن السبعتاشر، "البودنج الأبيض فى سومرستشاير". بودنغ الخنزير ، اللى لسه يُصنع فى سومرست وكورنوال وديفون ، يشبه لحد كبير البودينج البيضاء التانيه رغم أنها اكتر متبلة لحد ما.
نوع اسكتلندى آخر، بودنغج الفاكهة ، يشمل الفواكه المجففة و شحم البقر ودقيق الشوفان.
ثائر فى حقل الشوفان

ثائر فى حقل الشوفان (Rebel in the Rye) هوا فيلم سينما من نوع فيلم مبنى على كتب و دراما و فيلم سيرة ذاتيه اتعمل سنة 2017 فى امريكا و كان من اخراج دانى سترونج و من تأليف دانى سترونج.
ثائر فى حقل الشوفان على موقع قاعدة بيانات الأفلام على الإنترنت - IMDb (الإنجليزية)
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
دقيقه

الدقيقه هى وحده بيتسخدموها فى قياس الوقت و الدقيقه الواحده بيبقا فيها 60 ثانيه و بتساوى كمان جزء من 60 جزء من الساعه. الدقيقه ماهياش من وحدات النظام الدولى للوحدات بس استعمالها مقبول مع الوحدات الدوليه التانيه. فيه احتمال ان تقسيم الساعه لستين دقيقه و الدقيقه لستين ثانيه دا اصله من عند البابليين القدام فى بلاد بين النهرين اللى كانو بيستخدمو نظام عد ستينى (sexagesimal) علا العكس من النظام العشرى الشايع استخدامه دلوقتى فى العالم كله و اللى كان بيستعمله المصريين القدام.
عيد المظال

عيد العُرش أو عيد المظلة סוכות، سوكوت هو عيد يهودى يبدأ فى الخمستاشر من شهر تشرى حسب التقويم العبرى ويستمر سبع أيام وييجى بعد عيد الغفران. و هو إحياء لذكرى خيمة السعف اللى آوت اليهود فى العراء وقت خروجهم من مصر بحسب المعتقد التوراتي. فى نهاية العيد، يحتفل باستلام التوراه وتسمى فرحة التوراة «سمحات تورا (שמחת תורה)».
وهو من الأعياد التلاته المهمة لذكرها فى العهد القديم ومن كده: «ثلاث مرات فى السنة يحضر كل ذكورك قدام الرب إلهك فى المكان اللى يختاره فى عيد الفطير وعيد الاسابيع وعيد المظال» (التثنية الإصحاح 16)
يتوقف الشغل فى اليوم الاولانى واللى يعتبر عطلة رسميه وكمان الأخير من العيد، وفى الأيام الخمسة تقام المظلات قرب البيت أو على السطح وشرفات البيوت المفتوحة، وفى اليوم الثامن تبدأ صلوات طلب المطر .
عيد العرش هو عيد تأمر به التوراة ويتم الاحتفال به لمدة سبع أيام، ابتداء من اليوم الخمستاشر من شهر تشرى . و هو واحد من أعياد الحج التلاته ( Hebrew > , لونا غلط:expandTemplate: template loop detected ) حيث أمر الإسرائيليون اللى يستطيعون القيام بالحج لالهيكل فى القدس . و جذور الحصاد، يحمل العيد كمان أهمية روحية بخصوص بتخليه عن المادية للتركيز على الأمة والروحانيه والضيافه، وده المبدأ الكامن بعد بناء هيكل مؤقت للسكة يكاد يكون بدويه.
المرجع غلط: <ref> فى تاجز موجوده لمجموعه اسمها "arabic-abajed", بس مافيش مقابلها تاجز <references group="arabic-abajed"/> اتلقت
مصه

مصه (מצה) هيا نوع من انواع العيش المفرود بيتعمل فى اسرائيل. هيا فطير فى اليهوديه, بشكل رئيسى خلال عيد الفصح.
انواع العيش فى العالم
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله, و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
مثليه جنسيه فى السينيما

المثليه الجنسيه فى السينيما (LGBTQ-related film) اتصورت بطرق مختلفه كتير.
تقديم المثليه الجنسيه فى السينيما بيعتمد على الوقت أو البلد أو نظرةالمخرج الشخصيه.
تقديم المثليه الجنسيه فى السينيما ممكن يكون فى الأفلام الكوميدية أو التجريبية أو الرعب أو التاريخية أو البوليسية أو الاجتماعية أو السيرة الذاتية أو أفلام السلسلة B.
مخرج فيلم الجريمه بيستغل عنصر التشويق الموجود فى معظم حبكات الأفلام بشكل خاص.
الافلام اللى بتقدم المثليه الجنسيه فى السينيما ممكن تكون مستوحاة من خيال او حقيقه.
Kharob

Kharob (Arabic: خروب is a traditional beverage widely enjoyed in Egypt and the Levant, especially during the month of Ramadan. Made from the pods of the carob tree, this drink is celebrated for its naturally sweet, chocolate-like flavor and purported health benefits.
There is some evidence that the beverage was consumed in ancient Egypt, and also that carob was used as a sweetener in other beverages.
In Egypt kharob is prepared by first washing and breaking the carob pods into smaller pieces. These pieces are then roasted until they emit a fragrant aroma. In a separate pot, sugar is caramelized over medium heat until it reaches a golden brown color. The roasted carob pieces are added to the caramelized sugar, and the mixture is stirred continuously. Water is gradually added, ensuring the sugar dissolves completely. The mixture is brought to a boil and then allowed to simmer for a short period. After cooling to room temperature, it is refrigerated for several hours. Once chilled, the mixture is strained to remove solid particles, resulting in a smooth, refreshing beverage.
Alternatively, if whole carob pods are unavailable, carob molasses are used in Lebanon. By diluting a tablespoon of carob molasses in water and adding a teaspoon of brown sugar, a quick and flavorful version of the drink can be prepared.
Kharob is not only valued for its taste but also for its nutritional properties. Rich in fiber, antioxidants, and free from caffeine, it serves as a wholesome alternative to other sugary drinks. Its natural sweetness and health benefits make it a popular choice in Egypt.
Futuro Ancestral

Futuro Ancestral é um livro do ambientalista, filósofo e líder indígena brasileiro Ailton Krenak. A obra é uma coleção de ensaios com alguns dos escritos de Krenak de 2020 e 2021. Foi publicado originalmente em português pela editora Companhia das Letras em São Paulo em 2022.
Quando Krenak foi questionado sobre o conceito em torno do título do livro, ele respondeu:
Através deste conceito, Krenak nos convida a resistir às narrativas sobre o fim do mundo, imaginando um futuro ancestral, moldado pelas memórias que podem ser encontradas no núcleo da Terra e que são carregadas por nossos ancestrais.
Em determinadas falas o autor evoca a ancestralidade como o próprio constructo de um futuro viável, perpassando pelos elementos naturais como as próprias entidades criadoras de tal futuro, como se verifica na passagem: "Os rios, esses seres que sempre habitaram os mundos em diferentes formas, são quem me sugerem que, se há futuro a ser cogitado, esse futuro é ancestral, porque já estava aqui."
A publicação contém cinco capítulos e os textos foram organizados por Rita Carelli a partir das seguintes conversas, entrevistas e palestras com Ailton Krenak:
Na comunidade virtual de leitores da plataforma Goodreads, eles atribuem uma nota de 4,63 com base em 133 avaliações.
Geovani Krenak

Geovani Krenak é um ativista indígena do povo Krenak, localizado no leste do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Ele luta pela justiça socioambiental para seu povo afetado por inúmeros violações de direitos humanos, principalmente após o crime-desastre de Fundão em 2015. Atualmente, é representante no legislativo municipal de Resplendor -MG
Geovani Krenak faz parte do grupo indígena conhecido como Krenak, que é encontrado nos estados brasileiros de Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso e São Paulo. No último século, o povo Krenak foi maltratado no Brasil pelo seu governo, tendo sido empurrado para regiões específicas e forçado a se estabelecer neles. A população do povo Krenak pertence ao grupo linguístico do Macro-Jê. No entanto, as gerações mais jovens são hoje em sua maioria falantes de português e tem havido esforços para incentivá-los a aprender a falar também sua língua nativa Borun. Em Minas Gerais, vivem no Rio Doce e o utilizam para tomar banho, para conseguir sua comida que consiste em pescar, assim como para ter cerimônias tradicionais ou com a água dele.
Em 5 de novembro de 2015, a barragem de Fundão, propriedade da mineradora Samarco, rompeu e soltou uma grande quantidade de resíduos e produtos químicos que entravam no Rio Doce. Esse evento afetou muitos lugares que estavam na represa no momento da ruptura. Também causou a morte de dezenove pessoas. Essa ruptura levou à contaminação do rio e fez com que ele afetasse a vida dos povos indígenas Krenak, que passam grande parte do tempo utilizando sua água para coisas diárias. Essa água também fazia parte de suas práticas espirituais e o rompimento da barragem fez com que isso não fosse possível, interrompendo essas práticas e não permitindo que o povo Krenak continuasse com as suas práticas culturais.
Depois disso, o povo Krenak protestou a poluição que contaminou o rio fechando as ferrovias. O rompimento da barragem foi considerada a maior tragédia a ocorrer no Brasil e a população indígena tem trabalhado para conseguir justiça desde então.
Em 2017, Geovani Krenak participou da Conferência do Clima e denunciou as consequ^encias nefastas do ropimento da Barragem de Fundão.
Em 2018, a France Libertés-Foundation uniu-se à tribo Krenak para se mobilizar contra as empresas de mineração responsáveis pela tragédia e, por extensão, contra as autoridades brasileiras que estão ajudando a encobrir tudo. Eles formaram o movimento "Justice for Krenak" Geovani Krenak está na vanguarda desse movimento. Ele também participou da Cúpula Mundial dos Defensores dos Direitos Humanos.
Em 2018, Geovani Krenak recebeu o prêmio France Libertés-Fundação Danielle Mitterrand por seu ativismo em torno da campanha “Justice for Krenak”. Ele dedicou o prêmio às tribos que estão lutando pela justiça.
Cristino Wapichana

Cristino Wapichana é um músico, compositor, cineasta e escritor indígena premiado. Nasceu em Boa Vista, Roraima, em 1971. Seu livro A Boca da Noite foi traduzido para o idioma sueco e recebeu a Estrela de Prata do Prêmio Peter Pan, do International Board on Books for Young People, da Suécia. Também destaca-se sua contribuição para a antologia de contos indígenas Nós, publicada em 2019 pela Companhia das Letras no selo infanto-juvenil Companhia das Letrinhas.
Cristino Wapichana é um artista do povo indígena Wapichana. É contador de histórias e palestrante de temáticas indígenas. Seu livro A Boca da Noite ficou conhecido por ter sido traduzido para o sueco, concorrido e ganhado diversas premiações da literatura. Foi indicado ao Prêmio da Ordem do Mérito Cultural da Presidência da República, em 2008 e 2014, por seu trabalho com a cultura indígena no Brasil. Suas obras Sapatos trocados: Como o tatu ganhou suas grandes garras e A oncinha Lili foram levadas à Feira de Bolonha, na Itália.
Etnologia

Etnologia é o estudo ou ciência que estuda os fatos e documentos levantados pela etnografia, no âmbito da antropologia cultural e social, buscando uma apreciação analítica e comparativa das culturas e das civilizações.
Em sua acepção original, era o estudo das sociedades primitivas, todavia, com o desenvolvimento da Antropologia, o termo primitivo foi abandonado por se acreditar que exaltaria o preconceito étnico. Assim, atualmente se diz que etnologia é o estudo das características de qualquer etnia, isto é, agrupamento humano - povo ou grupo social - que apresenta alguma estrutura socio-econômica identificável, onde em geral os membros têm interações cara a cara, e há uma comunhão de cultura e de língua. Este estudo visa estabelecer linhas gerais e de desenvolvimento das sociedades.
O etnólogo observa as diferenças entre as sociedades, desde o modo de andar e usar o corpo (técnicas corporais) até a celebração do casamento e dos funerais. Deve-se descrever e analisar toda a vida social de um povo e um lugar, observar principalmente o que esse povo diz de si mesmo e o modo como identifica seus participantes.
A etnografia é um dos mais importantes recursos contra o racismo e a hegemonia cultural na medida em que estabelece os meios de realizar uma crítica ao etnocentrismo, o que parcializa as investigações. Estudos etnográficos têm recuperado os conhecimentos e técnicas dos povos ágrafos como formas de (etno) conhecimento nas mais diversas áreas, como biologia (etnobiologia); farmacologia e botânica (plantas medicinais); engenharia (de barcos, pontes, casas etc.), psicologia, medicina, etc. Nesse último campo há uma integração entre técnica (techné) e saber (episteme) que vem sendo denominada por antropologia médica ou estudos dos sistemas etnomédicos e xamanismo.
Desde a Antiguidade os egípcios já distinguiam em suas pinturas e murais as características das outras etnias que os rodeavam. Os gregos compuseram textos sobre outros povos, como na História de Heródoto (485?–420 a.C.) com detalhadas descrições dos Persas e dos Citas e a Geografia de Estrabão..
Pode-se dizer que o estudo da etnologia acompanhou a expansão do mundo europeu para o oriente, África, Austrália, Américas e Oceania. No início, confundia-se com o estudo das raças e dos povos conquistados.
Outro aspecto precursor do desenvolvimento dessa ciência foram os estudos da moral e dos costumes realizados por filósofos, a exemplo de Kant (1724 — 1804), autor de estudos denominados por ele de antropologia (estudo do homem), a saber: Fundamentação da metafísica dos costumes (1785), Metafísica dos costumes (1798) e Antropologia do ponto de vista pragmático (1798).
O termo ethnologia foi empregado em seu sentido moderno por Adam Franz Kollár (1718-1783) em sua Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates publicada Viena em 1783. como "a ciência das nações e povos, ou, o estudo dos eruditos no qual investigam nas origens, línguas, costumes e instituições das várias nações, e finalmente, na pátria e antigas sedes para poder julgar melhor as nações e povos de seus próprios tempos."
Adolpho Ducke

Adolfo Danque (Trieste, 19 de outubro de 1876 — Fortaleza, 5 de janeiro de 1959) foi um botânico, entomólogo e etnólogo brasileiro, de origem austríaca.
Austríaco nascido em Trieste, hoje território italiano, Ducke começou a trabalhar na floresta amazônica como entomólogo para o Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi mas, sob a influência dos botânicos Jacques Huber (1867-1914) e de Paul Le Cointe (1870-?), se orientou para o estudo da flora. Fez diversas viagens ao Amazonas onde estudou a estrutura do sistema florestal. Publicou 180 artigos e monografias, principalmente sobre as leguminosas.
Ducke descreveu 900 espécies e 50 gêneros de plantas (principalmente árvores) a mais nos catálogos científicos. Em 1918, além de suas intensas atividades para o museu paraense, colaborou em outras instituições como Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro e o Instituto Agronômico do Norte. Durante a primeira metade do século XX, foi uma das mais importantes autoridades sobre a flora amazônica.
Em 1954, preocupado com os destinos da selva amazônica, sugeriu ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), a criação de reservas naturais. Morreu antes de ver seus esforços coroados. Em 1963, foi criado a Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke. Igualmente um jardim botânico em Manaus leva seu nome.
Quilombolas

Quilombolas são habitantes de quilombos, um fenômeno típico das Américas. Inicialmente no período brasileiro da escravidão este termo representava os africanos escravizados e os afrodescendentes que fugiram dos engenhos de açúcar, fazendas e pequenas propriedades para formar os vilarejos chamados quilombos, contemporaneamente este refere-se aos descendentes dessas pessoas que foram escravizadas, que vivem em comunidades rurais, suburbanas e urbanas caracterizadas pela agricultura de subsistência e por manifestações culturais que têm forte vínculo com o passado africano.
Mais de quinze mil comunidades quilombolas espalhadas pelo território brasileiro mantêm-se atuantes, lutando pelo direito de propriedade de suas terras consagrado pela Constituição Federal desde 1988. Tais comunidades estão dispersadas por boa parte do território brasileiro, sobretudo nas regiões Sul, Sudeste, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste. O quilombo é considerado uma das primeiras formas de luta popular no Brasil, formado por pessoas em conflito com o sistema de governo colonial, que enfrentaram a opressão criando uma nova sociedade e economia.
Comunidades quilombolas, juntamente com outros movimentos sociais camponeses articulados, nas últimas décadas conquistaram o direito à educação básica do campo. Trata-se de uma educação com características diferenciadas do ensino escolar tradicional, particularmente em relação ao regime de alternância.
O quilombola é a pessoa que reside no quilombo; a etimologia do termo "quilombola" é controversa, fontes apontam que ele pode ser derivado do tupi "cañybó", que significa "aquele que foge muito", ou de um termo bantu significando «acampamento guerreiro na floresta".
De acordo com o linguista e lexicógrafo brasileiro Antenor Nascentes, o termo "quilombo" é um cruzamento com o termo tupi "canhembora" e, de acordo com o escritor e etnólogo brasileiro Óscar Ribas, este termo é o cruzamento com o termo quimbundo "kuambolola", que representa "surrupiar" ou "levar escondido".
No século XVI, eram denominados mocambos. O termo quilombo surge no final do século XVII, e, ao longo do século XVIII, ambos os termos eram adotados em documentos coloniais para caracterizar comunidades de fugitivos. Já no século XIX, há registros de que os quilombos não se localizavam apenas em áreas rurais, mas também em áreas urbanas, subúrbios das cidades escravistas.
Segundo o parecer CNE/CEB nº 16 de 2012
Lista de comunidades quilombolas que receberam títulos de órgãos fundiários (federais, estaduais, municipais):
Outras comunidades (do Rio Grande do Sul):
Zona Especial de Preservação Cultural

A Zona Especial de Preservação Cultural (ZEPEC) é uma área de preservação e valorização de bens culturais, como a identidade dos bairros e das áreas de interesse histórico-cultural, da cidade de São Paulo. Ela foi definida pela Lei de Parcelamento, Uso e Ocupação do Solo (Projeto de Lei 272/2015), como parte do Plano Diretor Estratégico da cidade, aprovado em 2014 na gestão de Fernando Haddad (PT). Ela difere-se do Território de Interesse da Cultura e da Paisagem (TICP) pelo último exigir regulamentação por uma lei específica na Câmara Municipal. Os bens e áreas de uma ZEPEC podem ser enquadrados em mais de uma categoria definida por lei. A ZEPEC substituiu a Z8-200.
Lélia Gonzalez

Lélia Gonzalez (1 February 1935 – 10 July 1994) was a Brazilian intellectual, politician, professor, anthropologist and woman human rights defender.
The daughter of a black railroad worker and an indigenous maid, she was the second youngest of eighteen siblings, including footballer Jaime de Almeida, who played for Flamengo. Born in Belo Horizonte, she moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1942.
She graduated with a degree in history and philosophy, then worked as a public school teacher. She did her master's degree in media, and her doctorate in political anthropology. She then began to devote herself to research on the relationship between gender and ethnicity. She taught Brazilian Culture at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, where she headed the department of sociology and politics.
As a secondary school teacher at CAp-UERJ (part of Rio de Janeiro State University) during the dictatorship of the sixties, she made her philosophy classes a space of resistance and sociopolitical critique, which influenced the thoughts and actions of her students.
She helped found institutions such as the Black Movement of Brazil, Research Institute of Black Cultures (Instituto de Pesquisas das Culturas Negras, IPCN), the Black Women's Collective, N'Zinga, and the group Olodum. Her activism in defense of black women carried it to the National Council on Women's Rights, where she worked from 1985 to 1989. She was a federal legislative candidate for the Workers' Party, being chosen as the first alternate. In the next election, in 1986, she ran for state representative for the Democratic Labour Party, being chosen again as a substitute.
Her writings, simultaneously permeated by the scenarios of political dictatorship and the emergence of social movements, reveal her interdisciplinary commitment and portray a constant concern in articulating the broader struggles of Brazilian society with the specific demand of blacks and especially of black women
In 1982, together with Carlos Hasenbalg, she published Lugar de Negro and in 1987, she published the book Festas populares no Brasil.
Among other tributes, Lélia Gonzalez is the namesake of a state public school in the neighborhood of Ramos in Rio de Janeiro, a reference center of black culture in Goiânia, and a cultural cooperative in Aracaju. She was quoted by the African bloc Ilê Aiyê in two editions of the Carnival of Bahia: in 1997, as part of the story "Black Pearls of Knowledge", and in 1998 with "Candace".
In 2003, the playwright Márcio Meirelles wrote and directed the play Candaces - A reconstrução do fogo ("Candaces: A Reconstruction of Fire"), based on her work.
In 2010, the government of the state of Bahia created the Lélia Gonzalez Award to encourage public policies towards women in Bahia municipalities.
On 1 February 2020, Google celebrated her 85th birthday with a Google Doodle.
Rosana Pinheiro-Machado

Rosana Pinheiro-Machado (Brazilian Portuguese: [ʁoˈzɐ̃nɐ pĩˈɲe(j)ɾu maˈʃadu]) is a Brazilian anthropologist, currently a professor at the School of Geography at University College Dublin. She has been a lecturer at the Department of Social & Policy Sciences at the University of Bath and studies the economic and political effects of trade in the Global South, particularly in Brazil and China. She is also a columnist for The Intercept.
Pinheiro-Machado earned a BA in social sciences at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in 2002, a discipline which she chose with the intention of preparing herself for a political career. However, during this program she began to instead focus on anthropology and ethnography, and continued studying for a PhD in anthropology at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, completing that degree in 2009. She was also a visiting student at University College London in 2008.
Pinheiro-Machado was a lecturer at the University of Oxford from 2013 until 2016. She has also held visiting positions at Harvard University and the University of São Paulo. In 2016, she became a visiting professor at the Federal University of Santa Maria, and in 2019 she became a professor there. She also became a lecturer at the University of Bath in 2019.
Pinheiro-Machado has been an editor or co-author of six books, three of them solo-authored works. Pinheiro-Machado's first book was China, Passado e Presente, which was published in 2011 and aimed to place contemporary Chinese policy and society in a historical perspective for a global audience. Her second single-authored book, published in 2017, also included China as one of its main cases: in Counterfeit Itineraries in the Global South: The human consequences of piracy in China and Brazil, Pinheiro-Machado presents an ethnographic account of how inexpensive goods produced in China travel through a trade circuit in the global South, focusing on the politics of how value is produced in the exchange of those goods.
In 2020, Pinheiro-Machado published the book Amanhã vai ser maior. The book traces the events in recent Brazilian history that led up to the election of Jair Bolsonaro as President of Brazil, and argues that there are imminent opportunities for the Brazilian left to challenge the right wing government.
Pinheiro-Machado is a regular columnist for The Intercept, where she regularly writes articles about contemporary Brazilian politics and society. She has also written pieces in other prominent media outlets like The Washington Post and Jacobin, and her opinions and work have received frequent coverage in outlets like Zero Hora.
Afro-Brazilian and Indigenous History and Culture Law

The Afro-Brazilian and Indigenous History and Culture Law (Law No. 11.645/2008) is a Brazilian law mandating the teaching of Afro-Brazilian and Indigenous History and Culture which was passed and entered into effectiveness on March 10, 2008. It amends Law No. 9.394, of December 20, 1996, modified by Law No. 10.639, of January 9, 2003, which established the guidelines and bases of Brazilian national education, to include in the official curriculum of the education system the mandatory theme of Afro-Brazilian and Indigenous History and Culture.
The Law reads (unofficial translation):
Art. 1 Art. 26-A of Law 9.394, of December 20, 1996, becomes effective with the following wording:
Art. 26-A. In public and private primary and secondary schools, the study of Afro-Brazilian and indigenous history and culture is mandatory.
§ 1 The syllabus referred to in this article will include several aspects of history and culture that characterize the formation of the Brazilian population, based on these two ethnic groups, such as the study of the history of Africa and Africans, the struggle of blacks and of the indigenous peoples in Brazil, the black and indigenous Brazilian culture and the black and the indigenous in the formation of the national society, rescuing their contributions in the social, economic and political areas, pertinent to the history of Brazil.
§ 2 The contents referring to Afro-Brazilian history and culture and that of Brazilian indigenous peoples will be taught within the entire school curriculum, especially in the areas of artistic education and Brazilian literature and history.
The main criticisms of Law No. 11.645/2008 focus on its effective implementation within the various levels of the education system in Brazil's states in terms of curriculum planning and materials development, together with the degree of authenticity of the incorporation of the perspectives of the Afro-Brazilian and indigenous peoples themselves.
Antonio Cicero

Antônio Cícero Correia Lima (October 6, 1945 – October 23, 2024) was a Brazilian composer, poet, literary critic, philosopher and writer. He wrote poetry and philosophy books, and had a prolific career as a lyricist, composing lyrics for songs by artists such as Marina Lima (his sister), João Bosco, Waly Salomão, Orlando Morais, Ritchie, Adriana Calcanhotto, and Lulu Santos.
On August 10, 2017, he was elected member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, taking office on March 16, 2018.
Antonio Cicero was born in Rio de Janeiro to Amélia Correia Lima and Ewaldo Correia Lima originally from Piauí. His father was one of the founding intellectuals of the Brazilian Institute of Higher Studies (ISEB), and was also director of the BNDE during Juscelino Kubitschek's government. In 1960, Ewaldo took on an executive position at the newly created Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and the whole family moved to Washington, D.C. where Cicero completed his secondary studies.
Back in Brazil, Cicero began studying philosophy at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro and, later, at the Institute of Philosophy and Social Sciences at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. In 1969, due to political problems, he went to London, where he completed a philosophy course at the University of London. In 1976, Cicero went to graduate school at Georgetown University, in the United States, where he studied Greek and Latin, which allowed him to read classics such as Homer, Pindar, Horace and Ovid in the original. Later he would teach Philosophy and Logic at universities in Rio de Janeiro.
After being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, Cicero decided to receive assisted death and moved to Switzerland, where the practice is legal. He carried out the procedure in Zurich and died on October 23, 2024, at the age of 79. Marcelo Pies, a costume designer, was Cicero's life partner for four decades and was present during his assisted death.
Antonio Cicero wrote poetry since his youth, but his poems only appeared to the general public when his sister, the singer and composer Marina Lima, started to set them to music. Before, however, there were already his songs like Fullgás, Para Começar and À Francesa − the first two in partnership with his sister, and the last with Cláudio Zoli. From then on, Cicero would become one of Marina's closest partners. Among other partnerships, those with Waly Salomão, João Bosco, Orlando Morais, Adriana Calcanhotto, Ritchie and Lulu Santos (co-author, together with Antonio Cicero and Sérgio Souza, of the 1984 hit O Último Romântico) stand out.
১৫ সেপ্টেম্বর

১৫ সেপ্টেম্বর গ্রেগরীয় বর্ষপঞ্জী অনুসারে বছরের ২৫৮তম (অধিবর্ষে ২৫৯তম) দিন। বছর শেষ হতে আরো ১০৭ দিন বাকি রয়েছে।
১১ সেপ্টেম্বর

১১ সেপ্টেম্বর গ্রেগরীয় বর্ষপঞ্জী অনুসারে বছরের ২৫৪তম (অধিবর্ষে ২৫৫তম) দিন। বছর শেষ হতে আরো ১১১ দিন বাকি রয়েছে।
টেন্দ্র দিবসের যুদ্ধ (রাশিয়া) খ্রিস্টীয় উৎসবের দিন: ধন্য ফ্রান্সেস্কো বনিফাসিও ডিনিওল ফেলিক্স, রেগুলা এবং এক্সুপেরেন্টিয়াস হ্যারি বার্লেহ (এপিস্কোপাল চার্চ) জন গ্যাব্রিয়েল পারবোয়ার (চীনের শহীদ সাধুদের একজন) লিউডিনাস (বোবো) কোরোমোটোর আওয়ার লেডি থিবসের প্যাফনুটিয়াস (রোমান ক্যাথলিক চার্চ) লিয়নের রোগী প্রোটাস এবং হাইসিন্থ স্পেরান্ডিয়া আলেকজান্দ্রিয়ার থিওডোরা 11 সেপ্টেম্বর (পূর্ব অর্থোডক্স লিটারজিক্স) কায়েদে আজম মোহাম্মদ আলী জিন্নাহ (পাকিস্তান) এর মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী জরুরী সংখ্যা দিবস (মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র) এনকুটাশ এই দিনে পড়ে যদি এটি একটি অধিবর্ষ না হয়। Mäskäräm এর প্রথম দিনে পালিত হয়। (ইথিওপিয়া, ইরিত্রিয়া, রাস্তাফারি) জাতীয় দিবস (কাতালোনিয়া) নাইরোজ (কপ্টিক অর্থোডক্স চার্চ), 12 সেপ্টেম্বর লিপ ইয়ারে। 11 সেপ্টেম্বর হামলা-সম্পর্কিত পালন (মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র): জাতীয় সেবা ও স্মরণ দিবস দেশপ্রেম দিবস শিক্ষক দিবস (আর্জেন্টিনা)
২৬ সেপ্টেম্বর

২৬ সেপ্টেম্বর গ্রেগরীয় বর্ষপঞ্জী অনুসারে বছরের ২৬৯তম (অধিবর্ষে ২৭০তম) দিন। বছর শেষ হতে আরো ৯৬ দিন বাকি রয়েছে।
১৩ সেপ্টেম্বর

১৩ সেপ্টেম্বর গ্রেগরীয় বর্ষপঞ্জী অনুসারে বছরের ২৫৬তম (অধিবর্ষে ২৫৭তম) দিন। বছর শেষ হতে আরো ১০৯ দিন বাকি রয়েছে।
Adrian Langerwerf

Adrian Cornelius Langerwerf (born Adrianus Cornelis Langerwerf; 15 September 1876 – 7 April 1935) was a New Zealand Catholic missionary and writer. He was born in Waspik, Netherlands, the son of Cornelis Bartels Langerwerf (1835–1881) and Lucia Smeur (1845–1890), on 15 September 1876.
Даниел Цочев

Даниел Цочев Стоянов е български театрален, филмов, телевизионен, озвучаващ актьор и певец. По-известен е с озвучаването на Грегъри Хаус в българския дублаж на сериала „Д-р Хаус“, а други заглавия с негово участие са „Спешно отделение“, „Сексът и градът“, „Ориндж Каунти“, „Забравени досиета“ и „Менталистът“, както и анимационните „Железният човек“, „Спайдър-Мен: Анимационният сериал“ и „Секретните Сатърдей“.
Роден е на 26 януари 1964 г. и израства в Плевен. Завършва тамошната математическа гимназия със сребърен медал. Не успява да се класира за пълно отличие, заради петицата си по руски език, която получава в девети клас. Играе няколко години в самодеен театър. През 1988 г. завършва актьорско майсторство за драматичен театър във ВИТИЗ „Кръстьо Сарафов“ в класа на професор Гриша Островски и майсторски клас през 1989 г.
Играе в Нов драматичен театър „Сълза и смях“ от 1989 до 1996 г.
През 1996 г. започва работа в театър Общински театър „Възраждане“, където има над 33 роли от класическия и съвременния репертоар на театъра. Има участия в над 25 български и американски филма. Цочев напуска трупата на театъра през 2017 г.
Той е един от тримата актьори, превъплътили се в ролята на Васил Левски на малкия екран в постановката „Тайната вечеря на Дякона Левски“ на Стефан Цанев с режисьор Димитър Шарков от 2004 г.
Участвал е в българския сериал „Патриархат“ от 2005 г., а също се е снимал в сериала „Людмил и Руслана“, чието първо излъчване е по Канал 1 от 21 до 23 април 2008 г. и в „Столичани в повече“ по bTV през 2013 г.
На 13 март 2017 г. е премиерата на неговия музикален спектакъл „На нея с обич!“, в който Цочев играе Емил Димитров. Постановката е по идея на Нели Бенова, а режисьор е Снежина Петрова. Играе Министър Михайлов в няколко епизода на „Откраднат живот“, излъчени през 2017 г.
През 2020 г. е известен с ролята си на г-н Тасев в българския сериал „Съни бийч“, излъчен по bTV.
През 2020 г. прави дует с Мая Бежанска, в който изпълняват песента „Ще бъдем различни“, седма песен от проекта „Пеещи артисти“ на Игор Марковски.
Цочев се занимава с озвучаване на реклами, филми и сериали от 1989 г. Първата му работа е по минисериала „Дъщерята на Мистрал“ под режисурата на Мария Николова, където дублира Джулиън Мистрал и диктора.
На 27 март 2008 г. печели наградата „Икар“ в категория „най-добър дублаж“ за дублажа на „Д-р Хаус“. В тази категория е номиниран заедно с Елена Русалиева за „Грозната Бети“ и Васил Бинев за „От местопрестъплението: Маями“.
От есента на 2009 г. до март 2016 г. е председател на гилдията на актьорите, занимаващи се с дублажи. Той заема мястото на покойния Борис Чернев.
Освен с войсоувър, сред ролите му в нахсинхронния дублаж са на Дерек в „Принцесата лебед“, Мойсей в „Принцът на Египет“, Хепи Чапман в „Гарфилд“ и други.
Става водещ на „Игра за милиони“ по TV7, която дебютира на 30 април 2007 г. и неочаквано спира през 2008 г., за което като нейно лице получава „Златен скункс“ от „Господари на ефира“.
Женен е за Нели Бенова и има един син, Филип.
Профиздат

„Профиздат“ е вече несъществуващо българско издателство. Сред неговите редактори са Михаил Величков, Йордан Радичков, Никола Радев, Дончо Цончев, Радослав Михайлов, Красимир Мирчев и др. Главен редактор на издателството между 1945 и 1952 г. е Драгой Коджейков.
Книгите от тази библиотека излизат със знака на „Профиздат“ до 1965 г.
Книги джобен формат. След № 60 излизат с обложки. Създател на поредицата е Христо Траянов (писател)
Книги джобен формат с кратка проза. Своеобразно продължение на „Библиотека за работника“.
Част от предвидените в поредицата заглавия не са издадени
Ку-Ку бенд

„Ку-Ку бенд“ е българска музикална група. Създадена е през 1993 г. с първоначален състав от Слави Трифонов, Евгени Йотов и Илия Илиев-Професора. Групата притежава някои от най-скъпите инструменти в страната и участва в много телевизионни предавания. Има издадени 23 албума, над 300 песни, стотици концерти, 13 турнета (1 от които в САЩ).
Групата твори в различни стилове като фронтменът ѝ Слави Трифонов многократно е определял стилът на тяхната музика като „етно-рок“, смесица между рок музиката и балканското звучене, тъй като в групата има изключително различни инструменти – както електрически китари, така и кларинет. Много от песните на Ку-Ку бенд могат да бъдат определени като попфолк песни, но те имат и собствени разработки или аранжименти на някои от най-популярните народни песни.
Продуцент на Ку-Ку бенд, както и песните и клиповете на групата, през годините винаги е бил фронтменът ѝ Слави Трифонов, но – като част от различни музикални компании. От създаването на групата до 1996 г. – като съдружник с Камен Воденичаров в Камен Во. Студио; след това (от 1996 г. до 2004 г.) – еднолично чрез Българска музикална компания; а оттогава – до днес – продуцент на Ку-Ку бенд е компанията Seven-Eight Production, отново със собственик Слави Трифонов.
В началото на 2013 г. Seven-Eight Production сключва договор за дистрибуция на цялата продукция на Ку-Ку бенд в Интернет с водещата компания от този бранш – Silvernoise – създаден е официален профил на Слави Трифонов и Ку-Ку бенд във видеопортала YouTube, където е качена по-голямата част от продукцията на артистите, а част от албумите са качени и на някои от платформите за легално разпространение на музика чрез заплащане като iTunes, Spotify и Amazon MP3.
Януари

Януари е името на първия месец от годината според григорианския календар и има 31 дни.
Януари е предпоследният месец в римския календар. Януари и февруари са последните два месеца, добавени към календара, тъй като римляните смятали зимата за безмесечен период.
Името на месеца идва от латински Iānuārius, месецът на Янус, римският бог на вратите и проходите, на Слънцето и светлината, както и на всяко начало и край.
Старото българско име на януари е Голям Сечко, тъй като големият студ пресича всякаква земеделска дейност. Старото славянско название на месеца е . Прабългарите наричали този месец Алем.
Световен шампионат на Формула 1 (1968)

Световен шампионат на ФИА – Формула 1, Сезон 1968 година e 19-и пореден. Започва на 1 януари 1968 г. и завършва на 3 ноември. Съдържа в календара 11 старта.
През този сезон за първи път биват използвани аеродинамични спойлери на автомобилите.
Emblem of the People's Republic of Bulgaria

The Emblem of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Герб на Народна Република България (Герб на НРБ)) was first used from 1946 until the end of communist rule in 1990. Following the communist September 9, 1944 coup d'état, the insurgents used royal flags defaced by cutting out the crown and the royal cyphers. Around the arms was a garland of branches of oak and olive. On 15 September 1946, the People's Republic was proclaimed. On 6 December 1947 an emblem patterned after the State Emblem of the Soviet Union was adopted which consisted of a red five-pointed star with eight ears of wheat or tied with a red ribbon inscribed with the motto 9 IX 1944.
In 1948, the ribbon was changed to the colors of the flag of Bulgaria. In 1967, the design of the emblem was changed slightly, with the white wheat replacing the gold. The most recent version of the emblem was used from 1971 with the motto changed to 681/1944, with 681 indicating the year of the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire by Asparuh.
A new coat of arms of Bulgaria was adopted in 1997 and replaced the Emblem of the People's Republic.
2024 New Year Honours

The 2024 New Year Honours are appointments by some of the 15 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries. The New Year Honours are awarded as part of the New Year celebrations at the start of January and those for 2024 were announced on 29 December 2023, on the same day as the 2022 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours.
The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by the country whose ministers advised Charles III on the appointments, then by the honour and by the honour's grade (i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander, etc.), and then by divisions (i.e. Civil, Diplomatic, and Military), as appropriate.
The BBC reported that it had already received press releases from some recipients before the honours list was published, contrary to the "longstanding practice of modest secrecy ahead of the announcement, even though award winners will have known for weeks".
Below are the individuals appointed by Charles III in his right as King of the United Kingdom with honours within his own gift and with the advice of the Government for other honours.
Jorge Manuel Martins Fernandes Jose, Palace Attendant, Royal Household.
Below are the individuals appointed by Charles III in his right as King of Antigua and Barbuda, on advice of His Majesty's Antigua and Barbuda Ministers.
Below are the individuals appointed by Charles III in his right as King of The Bahamas, on advice of His Majesty's Bahamas Ministers.
Below are the individuals appointed by Charles III in his right as King of Grenada, on advice of His Majesty's Grenada Ministers.
Below are the individuals appointed by Charles III in his right as King of Papua New Guinea, on advice of His Majesty's Papua New Guinea Ministers.
Below are the individuals appointed by Charles III in his right as King of the Solomon Islands, on advice of His Majesty's Solomon Islands Ministers.