davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
海拉奈堡

海拉奈堡 (阿拉伯语：قصر خرّانة)是最著名的沙漠城堡之一，位于现约旦东部，距安曼60公里，靠近沙特阿拉伯边境。它被确认为建于8世纪之前，是该地区最早的伊斯兰建筑之一。
建造目的至今未明。城堡是一个错误的用法，因为建筑内部没有体现任何军事用途，墙上的缝隙并不为射箭设计。这个建筑可能是一个客栈或者旅行者休息的地方，但是周边并没有水源，也不位于任何主要贸易路线上。
不管最初的用途是什么，至今保存完好。由于靠近一条主要的高速公路，并且距安曼不远，它成为游客最多的沙漠城堡之一。
31°43′44″N 36°27′46″E﻿ / ﻿31.72889°N 36.46278°E﻿ / 31.72889; 36.46278
Inyamanza y'umuhondo

Mu rwego rwo gushaka imibereho myiza cyangwa umutekano abantu bashobora kuva ku mugabane umwe bakajya ku wundi mugabane. Igikorwa cyo kwambukiranya imipaka ntabwo ari umwihariko ku kiremwamuntu gusa kuko no mu biguruka nk’inyoni n’ibisiga hagaragaramo amoko atandukanye yambukiranya imipaka akajya bu bindi bihugu, ku yindi migabane.
Ibyo byo kwambukiranya imipaka bikorwa mu gihe inyoni zikeneye kororoka kandi aho ziri hadashobora kuzifasha kororoka neza. Ntabwo ari ibyo gusa ahubwo n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, kujya gushaka ibyo kurya na byo bishobora gutuma inyoni zimuka.
Mu Rwanda dufite inyoni z’amoko atandukanye dushobora kuhabona mu gihe runaka ariko mu kindi gihe wazishaka ntuzibone. Ibyo nta kindi kibitera ahubwo biterwa n’uko izo nyoni zishobora kuba zarimutse.
Muri uko kwimuka bishobora kubera imbere mu gihugu ariko kandi bishobora no gukorwa inyoni zimukira kure cyane. Mbese inyamanza z’umuhondo zambukiranya imipaka zikagera mu Rwanda ni inyoni zimeze ite?
Inyamanza y’umuhondo iyo ikuze iba ifite ibara ry’umuhondo urabagirana ku nda kandi ikagira ibara rijya gusa n’icyatsi ku mugongo.
Amababa yayo ni umukara ariko akagira uturongo tubiri tw’umweru. Imirizo yayo aba ari umukara hariho n’umweru ku ruhande. Ku mutwe wayo ni icyatsi kandi hejuru y’ijisho hariho akarongo k’umuhondo. Inyamanza y’umuhondo igira amaguru ananutse y’umukara n’umunwa w’umukara.
Inyamanza y’umuhondo iyo ihagaze uburebure bwayo kuva ku maguru ukagera ku mutwe ni 17cm, iyo amababa yayo iyarambuye agira uburebure bwa 25cm, iyi nyoni ishobora kugira uburemere bwa garama 18 kandi ibasha kuramba imyaka itanu. Iyi nyoni ushobora kuyibona mu Rwanda kuva muri Werurwe gukomeza mu mezi y’impeshyi.
Inyamanza y’umuhondo ikunda kugenda itorera hasi, ahantu hatose n’ahantu haba ubushyo kuko biyorohera kubona ibisimba bituruka mu mase, amasazi n’utundi dusimba duto.
Inyamanza z’umuhondo zikunda kubaka ibyari ku butaka hasi by’umwihariko mu mirima minini. Izi nyoni kandi zishobora kubaka ibyari mu mukenke ahantu hatose. Mu gihe cyo gutera amagi izi nyoni zishobora gutera mu byari bibiri bitandukanye mu gihe kimwe.
Iyo ibyari bimaze kuboneka ingore itera amagi 5-6 muri buri cyari. Iyo gutera amagi hakurikiraho kurarira amagi bikorwa n’ingore mu gihe cy’ibyumweru bibiri (iminsi 14). Imishwi iyo imaze iminsi hagati ya 13-15 iba imaze kumera amababa kandi ishobora kuguruka.
Muri iki gihe harimo kugaragara igabanuka cyane ry’umubare w’inyamanza z’umuhondo bitewe n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ibura ry’udusimba duto, hakiyongeraho n’imiti ikoreshwa mu bworozi.
Imiti ikoreshwa mu bworozi igambiriye kwica, ibibangamira ubworozi bituma inyamanza z’umuhondo zirya udusimba twishwe n’iyo miti bityo bikagira ingaruka kuri izo nyoni.
Isukari

Abantu benshi n’imbuga za interineti zitandukanye zitangaza ko gufata isukari ku rugero ruringaniye ari byo byiza kuko isukari nyinshi mu mubiri itera uburwayi.
Inyinshi muri izi mbuga zitangaza ko ibyo kurya byose umuntu afashe, umubiri uhita ubihindura nk’isukari hatitawe ku bwoko bw’ibiryo wafashe.
Isukari itandukanye n’ibindi biribwa nk’inyama, imbuto, imboga kuko byo bifite intungamubiri, imyunyu ngugu na aside ; isukari yo ikaba itabifite kandi aribyo bifasha mu igogorwa (digestion) ndetse no kunyunyuza ibifitiye umubiri akamaro. Ibi bikaba byatera ikibazo umuntu wabifashe ku rugero rurenze kugira ingaruka.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ikinyamakuru American journal of clinical Nutrition, buvuga ko iyo umuntu afashe garama 100 z’isukari isazwe bigabanya imikorere y’abasirikare barinda umubiri ho amasaha atanu. Ngo iyo bigenze gutya, ubwirinzi bw’umubiri n’ubushobozi bwabwo birahadindirira mu kurwanya indwara.
Ubushakashatsi bukomeza bugaragaza ko abantu benshi bizera ko umutobe wa orange ufite intungamubiri nyinshi. Gusa ngo iyo wamaze guhindurwa, ibyo bita enzymes nzima, intungamubiri ndetse n’imyunyu ngugu biragabanuka.
Uburyo umutobe ukorwa ngo iyo umaze gutunganwa uba umeze nk’isukari y’umweru kuko ngo nta ntungamubiri uba ugifite zafasha isukari karemano iba mu mubiri (glucose) mu gutunganya ibyo kurya ngo bibe byafasha umubiri.
Ngo na none si byiza ko umuntu abaho atazi isukari yafashe ku munsi. Abantu benshi bakunda kurwara kuko ibi ngo batabyitaho bityo bigatera umubiri wabo gukora buhoro ku buryo budakwiriye umuntu muzima.
1. Iyo umuntu akunda kunywa isukari nyinshi, impindura ntabwo ishobora gukura isukari mu maraso ibi bigatera diabete. Ibi bigakunda kugaragara cyane ku babyeyi bageze igihe cyo gucura(menopause).
2. Iyo umuntu akunda gufata isukari nyinshi bishobora kumutera indwara z’amenyo
3. Iyo ukunda gufata isukari nyinshi na none ngo byongera gutakara kw’intungamubiri za kalisiyumu n’imyunyungugu umubiri ukenera igihe umuntu anyara kenshi.
4. Abagore bafata isukari cyane ngo bashobora guhorana umushiha ndetse n’ubwoba.
5. Iyo ufata isukari nyinshi byongera guhorana umunaniro udashira.
Ese ibyiza by’isukari ni ibihe ?
6. Isukari ishobora kukongerera ingufu. Gusa ngo ibi ni iby’igihe gito kuko ihita ishiramo. Ni nko kunywa amazi uramutse ufite inyota kuko wongera kuyigira.
7. Isukari igufasha kumva ko ibyo urya biryoshye.
8. isukari ituma ugira uruhu rwiza.
9. Isukari igufasha gusinzira neza.
Mu Rwanda isukari yari imaze iminsi yariyongereye ibiciro kuko ikilo cyaguraga amafaranga igihumbi na Magana inani y’u Rwanda none ubu ikilo kigaba cyasubiye ku gihumbi na Magana abiri.
Isukari yo mu Nganda : Abashinzwe kumenya impamvu zitera indwara z’ibyorezo basanze ko zifitanye isano no gukoresha isukari, nyuma basanga ububi bw’isukari butagarukiye aho, ahubwo isukari ishobora no gutera kanseri yo mu mura, mu gifu, n’iyo mu munwa wa nyababyeyi (inkondo ya nyababyeyi).
Amavuta y'inka

Amavuta y’inka (mu ndimi z’amahanga bayita beurre mu gifaransa cyangwa butter mu cyongereza).
Mu Kinyarwanda bamwe bayita IKIMURI abandi bakayita IBIRUNGE. Aboneka bahereye ku mata y’ikivuguto, aho bayacunda haba mu buryo bwa gakondo cyangwa bakoresheje imashini zabugenewe, noneho hakavamo ya mavuta.
Nubwo amavuta y’inka kubera kutaboneka hose ashobora gusimbuzwa margarine, nyamara ntabwo binganya umumaro, na cyane ko amavuta y’inka aba ari umwimerere.
Iy’ingenzi twavuga ibamo ni vitamin A iyi ikaba ifitiye umubiri wacu akamaro kanini, nko gutuma tureba neza. Kandi inatuma umubiri wacu ukora imisemburo ucyeneye ku gipimo cyiza. Uretse ibyo kandi hanabonekamo vitamin D, E na K.
Iyo ni nka manganese, chrome, zinc, umuringa, selenium. Selenium by’umwihariko ivana imyanda imeze nk’uburozi mu mubiri. Ikimuri kinabamo iodine. Twibutseko selenium ahandi wayisanga ari mu ngano zikiri zose, atari izagizwe ifarini.
Ibinure byuzuye (saturated fats) ubu byamaze kuboneka ko bifasha mu kurwanya cholesterol mbi, kandi bigafasha umuntu guhaga vuba iyo ari kurya, bigafasha umubiri gukoresha ibinure wifitemo, bikarwanya umubyibuho. Ikindi kandi bifasha umubiri kurwanya mikorobi ndetse bikanatuma igogorwa rikorwa neza. Twibutseko cholesterol mbi ari nk’ingese mu mitsi y’amaraso, kuko ituma ifungana, bigatera umutima gutera nabi.
Habamo rero aside izwi nka arachidonic acid ikaba ifasha mu mikorere myiza y’ubwonko, uruhu rwiza ndetse bikanafasha mu ikorwa ry’imisemburo irwanya kubyimbirwa.
Amavuta y’inka araribwa. Nyuma yo kuyatunganya, uyavanga n’ibyo kurya bimaze gushya bigishyushye.
Amavuta y’inka kandi barayisiga. Kuyisiga bituma uruhu ruba rwiza kandi rukoroha. Ndetse kuri bamwe andi mavuta yananiye akenshi ay’inka kuyisiga birabafasha.
The Late Late Tribute Shows

The Late Late Tribute Shows are a series of special editions of the world's longest-running chat show, The Late Late Show broadcast on RTÉ One in Ireland each Friday evening.
Over decades the shows have featured a broad range of well-known public figures including Micheál Mac Liammóir, Joe Dolan, Maureen Potter, Michael O'Hehir, Brian Lenihan, Jimmy Magee, Christy Moore, Mike Murphy and Paul McGrath.
In 1999, there was a special programme marking six months since the Omagh bombing and there was also a special show in the wake of 9/11. There were also tribute shows celebrating Irish music and a Late Late Show special devoted to Irish comedians. Individual bands and musicians to have been given a tribute show include The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem, The Chieftains, The Dubliners, U2, Westlife and, most recently, Ronnie Drew himself.
The Tribute Shows, along with the Toy Show, tends to be one of the few editions of The Late Late Show to require advance preparation before the week of broadcast.
The Late Late Show owl

The Late Late Show owl is a motif that has been used by the world's longest-running chat show, The Late Late Show on RTÉ One television, since its inception in 1962. The owl symbol (a barn owl) is the only remaining theme from the classic format other than the show's name and the traditional annual ‘toy show’ edition. The first thing Ryan Tubridy said when announcing his plans for his takeover as host in August 2009 was: "I can tell you that the owl is not dead". Tubridy posed for photographs on the set holding a wooden owl.
Such is the nature of the owl theme, that RTÉ have used it in advertising campaigns for upcoming television shows. Halifax, a recent sponsor of the show, created its own giant owl mascot which was used to herald the show's arrival, ending and the in-between commercial breaks. It also ran competitions alluding to the famous owl theme, including one for primary schools, with the aim of building a shelter for the barn owl. A month afterwards, the winners, St. Patrick's Boys National School, were invited onto the show to discuss their design.
The mother of the singer Eva Cassidy was startled by the owl on her appearance on The Late Late Show and was heard by the show's researcher Will Hanafin to exclaim loudly: "What's that chicken doing flying there?".
Frank Twomey

Frank Twomey (1954 or 1955 – 11 December 2023) was an Irish children's show host, best known as the main host of the children's television programme Bosco.
Other than the one in Bosco, his lesser-known credits include other screen appearances and appearances on stage.
Twomey went on to appear on Bull Island, particularly as Mary O'Rourke, the then Minister for Public Enterprise.
Twomey later featured on the advice show Agony OAPs, with retired footballer Pat Spillane and retired politician Mary O'Rourke, whom he impersonated on Bull Island.
Twomey was openly gay, though this was not reflected on his show, Bosco, at which time it was illegal, "but it didn't stop me from being gay. It meant that I was careful and I was very discrete because I had a government job", he said later.
Twomey died from lung disease in Cork on 11 December 2023, at the age of 68.
Toy store

A toy store or toy shop is a type of retail business specializing in selling toys.
The first toy store was founded in 1760 by William Hamley in London, under the name of "Noah's Ark", later renamed to Hamleys. Set over seven floors, a Hamleys branch at 200 Regent Street in the West End of London opened in 1881. The famous toy store in New York City, FAO Schwarz, was founded under the name Schwarz Toy Bazaar. It was founded in 1862 by the German immigrant, Frederick August Otto Schwarz. The former largest toy retailer in the United States, Toys "R" Us, started business in 1948 by Charles Lazarus, a veteran of World War II. In 2015, FAO Schwarz closed, and did not reopen until after Toys "R" Us went bankrupt in 2018.
Today, toy stores face competition from the online toy market. As a result, many large toy retailers have been rendered bankrupt. These competing websites include Amazon or eBay. Toys "R" Us cut prices in an attempt to compete, but it ultimately ended in failure. As Jeff P. Bezos explained, "For a toy store to survive, they've got to create the kind of fun that Amazon can't." Toy Stores that adopt this model by increasing in-store interactivity have been more successful in maintaining business. Another model many stores have adopted is an online alternative, specifically for the individual retailer.
There can be a large gender bias for the marketing of certain products. This includes using color to market products to a certain gender, or only showing one gender to market to that specific demographic. On the U.S. Disney Store website, the toys for boys are predominantly red, black, brown, or grey, while the toys for girls are mostly pink or purple. However, the toys meant for both boys and girls were mostly of the same color palette as the toys for boys.
Smyths

Smyths is an Irish multinational chain provider of children's toys, games and entertainment products with over 297 shops throughout western and central Europe. The business is owned by the Smyth family.
The company is headquartered in Galway, with other offices in Belfast and London.
The group's turnover reached €1.465 billion in pandemic-hit 2020 with the majority of sales coming from the UK market while in 2023 the group turnover exceeded €2 billion.
Smyths started out as a family newsagent on Main Street, Claremorris, County Mayo in 1935 before branching out into toys in 1986. The original newsagent's shop in Claremorris remained in business under the Smyth's brand until late 2023.
The company is run by three brothers, Tony, Padraig and Thomas Smyth. A fourth brother and director, Liam, died in July 2023. Smyths is the UK and Ireland's largest toy retailer.
On 24 April 2018, Smyths acquired Toys "R" Us shops in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. In 2019, all the remaining shops in those countries were rebranded to Smyths.
In July 2022, Smyths acquired French toy chain PicWicToys [fr] in France out of receivership, taking over 41 shops, 2 warehouses and a head office.
In total as of November 2024, Smyths operates over 297 shops across 7 countries: 21 shop in Ireland, 7 in Northern Ireland, 103 in England, 7 in Wales, 6 in Scotland, 72 in Germany, 16 in Austria, 10 in Switzerland, 45 in France and 4 in the Netherlands.
Dreadlock Holiday

"Dreadlock Holiday" is a reggae song by 10cc. Written by Eric Stewart and Graham Gouldman, it was the lead single from the band's 1978 album, Bloody Tourists. It was a number one hit in several countries.
The song was based on real events Eric Stewart and Moody Blues vocalist Justin Hayward experienced in Barbados, and Graham Gouldman experienced in Jamaica. Graham Gouldman commented: "Some of the experiences that are mentioned are true, and some of them are ... fairly true!" Stewart recalled seeing a white man "trying to be cool and he looked so naff" walking into a group of Afro-Caribbeans and being reprimanded, which became the lyric "Don't you walk through my words, you got to show some respect". Another lyric came from a conversation Gouldman had with a Jamaican, who when asked if he liked cricket replied, "No, I love it!".
The music video for the song was directed by Storm Thorgerson. The beach scene in the official video was filmed on the Dorset coast near Charmouth.
"Dreadlock Holiday" became the group's international number 1 hit topping the charts in the UK, Belgium, New Zealand and The Netherlands. The single also reached number 2 in Ireland and Australia, became a top 10 hit in Norway and Switzerland and top 20 in Germany and Sweden. In Austria the song was 10cc's sole entry in the charts, peaking at number 18.
In North America, "Dreadlock Holiday" became a minor hit, peaking at number 45 in Canada's RPM charts and number 44 on the US Billboard Hot 100. When asked why he thought the song didn't do better in the US, Gouldman said that reportedly some radio stations would not play reggae of any kind.
In the UK, the song was the band's third number 1 and at the same time final top 10 hit.
In a 2025 interview, Gouldman responded to claims that the song's lyrics perpetuated stereotypes about the Caribbean by stating that whilst people from the region he had encountered had expressed uniformly positive opinions, he would not have written some of the lines in the present day.
GAA Beo

GAA Beo (Live GAA) is the principal Gaelic games programme of Irish language-broadcaster TG4.
Typically, it is shown on TG4 on a regular basis on Saturday and Sunday afternoons, as well as midweek, all year round showing live and deferred coverage of hurling and Gaelic football matches in the club championships, National Leagues, Fitzgibbon Cup and Sigerson Cup, as well as the provincial and All-Ireland Championships at minor, under-20 and under-21 levels.
A week after its launch on 31 October 1996, Teilifís na Gaeilge (TnaG) broadcast its first Gaelic games-themed programme. Ard san Aer, a weekly studio-based programme presented by Cynthia Ní Mhurchú, featured special guests who discussed their favourite sporting memories. The programme lasted for one season.
TnaG's first foray into live Gaelic games broadcasting occurred over the June Bank Holiday weekend in 1997 when the fledgling station provided five hours of coverage of the Comórtas Peile na Gaeltachta.
Ard san Aer returned with a new format in October 1998. Mícheál Ó Domhnaill, who previously presented the Spanish football programme Olé, Olé, presented the new version of the programme. Broadcast on Wednesday evenings, the programme initially featured highlights of the previous weekends' games in the club championships and National Leagues. The programme was later expanded to feature highlights of inter-county championship games during the summer months.
The first live edition of Ard san Aer Beo was broadcast on 3 October 1999 and featured coverage of the Offaly Senior Hurling Championship final between Birr and St. Rynagh's.
Ard san Aer Beo proved to be an instant success due to the fact that TG4's television rivals did not show live broadcasts of club championship or National League games. In 1999 the programme underwent a re-branding and was renamed GAA Beo, however, Ard san Aer remained as the name of the mid-week highlights programme. The first edition of the newly styled GAA Beo was broadcast on TG4 on 17 September 2000 and showed live coverage of the Meath Senior Football Championship final between Dunshaughlin and Kilmainhamwood.
Games from the following competitions are regularly shown on GAA Beo:
Adili (fasihi)

Adili katika fasihi ni funzo linalopatikana katika kazi ya sanaa kama hadithi, shairi au tamthiliya.
Hasa kazi zinazo mwelekeo wa kimaadili kama vitabu vya Kiswahili vya Shaaban Robert zina funzo, yaani mafundisho juu ya wema, haki na wajibu.
Arudhi

Arudhi katika fasihi ni sehemu muhimu katika elimu ya utunzi wa mashairi. Hasa arudhi inaelezea vipengele vya mashairi kama beti, idadi ya mishororo, vina na mizani.
Arudhi katika isimu inahusu vipengele vya mabadiliko ya vipambasauti, kama vile; toni, wakaa, kidatu, nguvumsikiko (kiimbo) au lahani.
Elias Canetti

Elias Canetti (25 Julai 1905 – 14 Agosti 1994) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya Bulgaria. Baadaye aliishi nchini Uingereza.
Aliandika riwaya na pia tamthiliya; maandishi yake yote yalikuwa katika lugha ya Kijerumani. Mwaka wa 1981 alikuwa mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi.
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Abdulrazak Gurnah

Abdulrazak Gurnah Al Kindi (amezaliwa Zanzibar, 20 Desemba 1948 ) ni mwandishi mwenye asili ya Zanzibar aliyeishi nchini Uingereza tangu mwaka 1968. Huko anafundisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kent tangu mwaka 1982.
Tangu mwaka wa 1987 alitolea riwaya kadhaa kwa lugha ya Kiingereza. Mwaka 2021 alipewa tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi.
Abdulrazak Gurnah alizaliwa katika Usultani wa Zanzibar, ambao kwa sasa ni sehemu ya Tanzania. Alifika Uingereza mwaka 1968 baada ya kukimbia Zanzibar kutokana na machafuko yaliyowalenga watu wenye asili ya Kiarabu wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar. Gurnah amewahi kusema, 'Nilikuja Uingereza wakati ambao maneno kama "asylum-seeker" hayakuwa yakitumika sana kama wakati huu, watu wengi zaidi wanateseka na kukimbia nchi za kigaidi.'
Alipofika Uingereza alianza kusoma kwenye Chuo cha Christ Church College, Canterbury, baadaye akahamia Chuo Kikuu cha Kent alipopata shahada ya uzamili katika fasihi mnamo 1982. Tasnia yake ilikuwa kuhusu Criteria in the Criticism of West African Fiction.
Kuanzia mwaka 1980 hadi 1983, Gurnah alifundisha kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Bayero mjini Kano, Nigeria. Akarudi Uingereza akawa profesa wa fasihi hadi alipostaafu .
Hadithi nyingi zilizosimuliwa na Gurnah zinaonyesha mazingira ya pwani ya Afrika ya Mashariki, na wahusika wakuu wa riwaya zake ni wenyeji wa Unguja. Mhakiki wa fasihi Bruce King aliona kwamba Gurnah anaonyesha wahusika wake Waafrika katika uhusiano mpana na Dunia yote, akiwaona kama sehemu za Dunia kubwa inayoendelea kubadilikabadilika. Kufuatana na King, wahusika wa Gurnah mara nyingi ni watu walioondolewa katika asili zao, wanaokataliwa na jamii na kujisikia kama wahanga wa maisha. Mhakiki Felicity Hand aliona kuwa riwaya za Admiring Silence, By the Sea na Desertion, zote zinajadili hisia za kuwa mgeni na kukosa ndugu zinazotokea kwa watu waliopaswa kuondoka kwao na kukaa ugenini.
Gurnah ndiye mshindi wa tuzo ya Nobel ya fasihi ya mwaka 2021. Alichaguliwa kuwa mmoja wa wanajumuiya ya kitaaluma ya fasihi ya Royal Society of Literature mwaka 2006. Mwaka 2007 alishinda tuzo ya RFI Witness of the world nchini Ufaransa kupitia riwaya yake ya By the Sea.
Tuzo nyingine alizowahi kushinda ni pamoja na tuzo ya waandishi wa Jumuiya ya Madola (Commonwealth Writers Prize (Eurasia Region, Best Book)) mwaka 2006, tuzo ya kitabu ya Los Angeles Times kwenye kundi la tamthiliya mwaka 2001 na tuzo ya Booker mwaka 1994.
Berea

Berea (leo Veria au Veroia) ni mji wa kale wa huko Masedonia (Ugiriki Kaskazini).
Katika Agano Jipya tunasoma Mtume Paulo pamoja na Sila na Timotheo walivyofanya uinjilishaji huko baada ya kutokea Thesalonike mwaka 50 BK (Mdo 17).
Papa Paulo I

Papa Paulo I alikuwa Papa kuanzia mwezi Aprili au tarehe 29 Mei 757 hadi kifo chake tarehe 28 Juni 767. Alitokea Roma, Lazio, Italia katika familia Orsini .
Alimfuata Papa Stefano II ambaye alikuwa kaka yake, akafuatwa na Papa Stefano III.
Kabla ya kuteuliwa Papa alikuwa shemasi na kutumwa na kaka yake kupatana na Walombardi waliotawala sehemu kubwa ya Italia. Alichaguliwa ili kuendeleza sera hiyo, naye alijitahidi kutetea haki za Kanisa kwa msaada wa mfalme wa Wafaranki, Pipino Mfupi, ingawa kwa kufanya hivyo alimchukiza kaisari wa Dola la Roma Mashariki.
Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama mtakatifu.
Sikukuu yake huadhimishwa kwenye tarehe ya kifo chake.
Kabila

Kabila ni jamii ya binadamu yenye umoja fulani upande wa lugha na utamaduni, si lazima upande wa eneo na utawala wa siasa.
Kwa mfano, katika nchi ya Tanzania kuna makabila zaidi ya 120, kama vile kabila la Wachaga, la Waluguru n.k. Nchini Kenya kuna Wakikuyu, Waribe n.k.
Wengine wanaeleza kwamba makabila yalitokea kabla ya madola na yanaendelea kujitegemea kwa kiasi fulani ndani ya dola.Lakini wengine wanatumia neno hilo kwa upana zaidi.
Juhudi

Juhudi (kutoka neno la Kiarabu juhudجهود) ni matumizi makubwa ya akili, ujuzi, maarifa na nguvu ili kujipatia maendeleo ya kiroho, ya kiuchumi n.k.
Dini nyingi zinahimiza juhudi katika maadili na maisha ya kiroho.
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Njaa

Njaa ni hali ya kukosa chakula kinachohitajiwa na mwili ili kujimudu.
Sababu zake zinaweza kuwa mbalimbali, kama vile vita, ukame, maradhi ya mimea, wadudu waharibifu, utovu wa ustadi katika uzalishaji na utunzaji wa mazao, ugumu wa mawasiliano n.k.
Kila bara liliwahi kupatwa na hali hiyo katika historia, na bado hiyo ni tishio kwa nchi mbalimbali, pia kutokana na sababu mpya, kama vile utandawazi, matumizi ya mazao kwa ajili ya kuendesha mashine kiekolojia.
Wamaya

Wamaya ni kundi la makabila ya Waindio wa Amerika ya Kati, hasa rasi ya Yucatan. Kwa sasa wako milioni 7 hivi katika nchi za Meksiko, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras na El Salvador.
Ndio wajukuu wa watu waliostawisha ustaarabu wa Maya kuanzia mwaka 2000 KK hivi hadi uvamizi wa Wahispania (karne ya 16 na ya 17).
بيمبو

بيمبو (Bimbo) هيا مدينه كبيره و مدينه فى افريقيا الوسطى.
بيمبو موجوده فى منطقه اداريه اسمها اومبلامبوكو.
بيمبو بترتفع عن مستوى سطح البحر 338 متر
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله, و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
جيوفانى بيمبو

جيوفانى بيمبو (بالانجليزى: Giovanni Bembo) كان سياسى من جمهورية ڤينيسيا.
جيوفانى بيمبو من مواليد يوم 21 اغسطس سنة 1543 فى ڤينيسيا.
جيوفانى بيمبو مات فى 16 مارس سنة 1618.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
بيمبو مانويل

بيمبو مانويل (بالانجليزى: Bimbo Manuel) ممثل افلام و ممثل تيليڤزيون و ممثل من نايجيريا.
بيمبو مانويل من مواليد يوم 30 اكتوبر سنة 1958 فى نايجيريا.
درس فى University of Port Harcourt.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
انتونيا بيمبو

انتونيا بيمبو كانت ملحنه مزيكا من جمهورية ڤينيسيا.
انتونيا بيمبو من مواليد يوم 1 يناير 1643 فى ڤينيسيا, ماتت فى 1 يناير 1715. بتقدم الانواع الفنيه:
بيمبو اكينتولا

بيمبو اكينتولا ممثله افلام و ممثله من نايجيريا.
بيمبو اكينتولا من مواليد يوم 5 مايو سنة 1970 فى ابادان.
درست فى University of Ibadan.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
ايس كريم

ايس كريم ice cream من اصل انجليزى: ice cream او چيلاتى من اصل طليانى: gelati جمع و gelato مفرد يعنى حلويات متلجه معموله من لبن و اشطه او زبده و سكر او عسل , و غالبن بيتحط معاهم شربات او عصير فاكهه زى مانجه و فراوله او ڤانيليا او كاكاو او بن او فزدق او نكهات تانيه .
كلو كلو يعنى ايس كريم فى بسكوته شكل مخروط عليه شوكولاته . اغلبه بيكون كاكاو و ڤانيليا لكن ممكن انواع تانيه . بالانجليزى ice cream cone و بالايطالى gelato cono مفرد و gelati cono جمع
سوفت كريم يعنى ايس كريم طرى فى بسكوته شكل مخروط يعنى cono بالايطالى و cone بالانجليزى لازم يكون طرى عشان ينفع يطلع من مكن ثابت او متنقل فبيكترو فيه المواد اللى بتخليه طرى
جرانيتا يعنى چيلاتى سكر و عصير لمون و شربات او عصير فاكهه زى برتقان او مانجه او فراوله . ممكن اضافة مربا او حتت فاكهه زى فراوله . ممكن اضافة كاكاو او بن او غيره .
ستيك يعنى چيلاتى جرانيتا او ايس كريم حوالين عصايه stick. بيسموه بالانجليزى الامريكانى ايس پوپ ice pop من ايس كريم ice cream و مصاصه lollipop
ايس كريم سندوتش يعنى ايس كريم بين بسكوت او شوكولاته
تورته چيلاتو يعنى كيك زى پانتيسپانيا pan di spagna او كيك اسفنجى فوقه چيلاتى شكل تورته
بيتباع فى محلات او عربيات ايد او عربيات ببسكليتات او بموتوسيكلات او ڤان van بالانجليزى او ترك truck بالانجليزى الامريكانى
بيتغرف بمعلقه مخصوصه اسمها سكوپ فيها حته متحركه لتفريغه لكن ممكن يتغرف بمعلئه او كرنيب
جيم مصريه

الجيم المصريه هو مصطلح بيتقصد بيه نطق [ɡ] للحرف ج (زى حرف g فى الكلمه الانجليزى "game"). هو كمان واحد من الأصوات الصحيحه للحرف و "الأفصح" فى اللغه العربى القياسى الحديث, المعروفه أكتر بإسم, العربى الفصيح. التقليد ده مش بس مقتصر على مصر , لكن موجود كمان فى سلطنة عمان و سواحل اليمن. ساعات المصطلح بيمتد لوصف النطق ده بحروف تانية, زى الـ"ق" او الـ"ك".
فى اللغه العربى الكلاسيكى, الحرف ده كان بيعبر عن نطق */ɟ/ او */ɡʲ/.
العربى الكلاسيكى هو لغة القرآن اللى كان فيها النطق مختلف زى ما اتوصف فى الپاراجراف اللى فات, لكن برا السودان و اليمن, ماحدش بيعرف ينطق الصوت الأصلى, و دلوقتى لما مقرئين القرآن فى العالم بيقرو حرف الـ ج, بينطقوه [d͡ʒ] او [ʒ], و دول معروفين بمصطلح ”جيم مُعَطّشَه“, فى مصر.
المصريين بيكتبوا حرف ج لنطق /g/ و بيكتبوا چ (جيم بتلات نقط) لنطق /ʒ/ (اللى ممكن يكون تقريب لنطق /d͡ʒ/). حرف چ فى الاساس من العثمانلى و بيتنطق /t͡ʃ/ ”تش“ و حرف گ (كاف عليها شرطه) بيتنطق /ɡ/ زى نطق المصريين, سلطنة عمان, و الساحل اليمنى للـ ج.
فى شمال افريقيا و غرب اسيا, حرف ج ممكن يتكتب لكل الاصوات دى ([ɡ], [ʒ], [d͡ʒ], و غيرهم). فى العراق و لبنان و سوريا, ممكن يستعملو حرف گ (كاف عليها شرطه) لنطق /ɡ/, فى المغرب, ممكن يستعملو حرف ݣ (كاف بتلات نقط), فى تونس و الجزاير, ممكن يستعملو حرف ڨ (قاف بتلات نقط). فى العراق و لبنان و سوريا, ساعات بيستعملو حرف ك عشان يكتبو نطق /ɡ/. فى دول الخليج, بيستعملو ق. فى لبنان, سوريا, الاردن, و على قناة الجزيره, ممكن يستعملو غ. فى اسرائيل, بالذات, حرف چ (جيم بتلات نقط) ممكن يستعمل لنطق /ɡ/, لكن فى العراق و الخليج, ممكن يستعملوه لنطق /t͡ʃ/.
شوكولاته

شوكولاته Chocolate يعنى حلويات من كاكاو
" شُوكولاته " هيا حلويات من كاكاو مع زبده و سكر او عسل و حاجات تانيه زى لبن و مكسرات و زبيب و جوز هند و غيره
اكتشفت الشوكولاته أوّل مره فى قارة أمريكا الجنوبيّه، نتيجة انتشار شجرة الكاكاو فى المنطقه دى.
كلمة شوكولاته اصلها اسپانى و مشتقه من اسم مشروب كان معروف فى حضارة الأزتيك (فى المكسيك) اسمه xocóatl (شوكواتل) أو xocolatl شوكولاتل ( بلغة ناواتل يعنى مايه مره )، و يتألف من مزيج من كاكاو و مايه و ڤانيليا و فلفل .
الشوكولاته ليها انواع كتير زى :
شوكولاته بيضا
زبدة كاكاو و لبن و سكر
لونها ابيض و طعمها حلو اوى .
هيا اكتر الانواع اللى فيها سعرات حراريه .
شوكولاته بلبن
شوكولاته فيها لبن ، لونها بنى ، طعمها حلو.
شوكولاته غامقه
شوكولاته من غير لبن
لونها بنى غامق، طعمها بين مر و حلو .
شوكولاته ببن
شوكولاته فيها بن
شوكولاته ببندق
شوكلاته فيها بندق
شوكولاته بفزدق
شوكولاته فيها فزدق
شوكولاته بجوز
شوكولاته فيها جوز
شوكولاته بلوز
شوكولاته فيها لوز
شوكولاته بسودانى
شوكولاته فيها سودانى
شوكولاته بزبيب
شوكولاته فيها زبيب
شوكولاته بفراوله
شوكولاته فيها مربا فراوله
شوكولاته ببرتقان
شوكولاته فيها مربا برتقان
شوكولاته بكرامللا
شوكولاته فبها كرامللا
شوكولاته فبها نوجه
شوكولاته بجوزهند
شوكولاته فيها مربا جوزهند
كلمة شوكولاته انتشرت من اللغه الاسپانيه للغات الدنيا . مش معروف ازاى دخلت كلمة Chocolate للاسبانيه ، بس أغلب الآراء بتقول ان الكلمه مشتقّه من لغة ناواتل، اللى كانت بيتكلمو بيها فى الأزتيك، و من كلمة chocolātl شوكولاتل، اللى بتقول شوية مصادر انها ممكن تكون مشتقه من xocolātl شوكولاتل (ʃokolaːtɬ)، اللى تجمع بين كلمة xócoc بمعنا مرر ، و بين ātl بمعنى مايه أو مشروب.[2]
الباحث اللّغوى الامريكانى وليام برايت قال ان كلمة chocolatl شوكولاتل مش موجوده فى المصادر المكسيكيه فى فتره الاستعمار ، يعنى شكّك فى أصل التسميه المذكوره قبل كدا .قدّم الكاتب المكسيكى فرانشيسكو سانتاماريا تصوّر حول اشتقاق الكلمه انّ الكلمه أصلها من كلمة chokol شوكول فى لغة المايا اليوكاتيه اللى معناها سخن، و من كلمة atl يعنى مشروب ، يعنى معنا الكلمه (مشروب سخن). يتوافق الطرح دا مع عادات المايا فى شرب شوكولاته سخنه ، علا عكس الأزتيك، اللى كانو بيشربوها بارده. فى رأى تانى ، إنّ التسميه دى مشتقّه من cacahuatl كاكاهواتل مشروب الكاكاو ، من لغة ناواتل، بس المستعمرين الاسپان بدّلو كلمة caca بكلمة chocol من لغة المايا ، اللى معناها سخن ، بئت الكلمه فى النهايه chocolatl.
بوريو

بوريو هوا نوع من البسكويت المحلى فى مصر شبه اوريو . بيتكون من قطعتين من بسكويت الشوكولاته مع حشوة كريمه بينهما. الشركه الوطنيه الأمريكية للبسكويت (نابيسكو) هيا اللى اخترعت اوريو فى الولايات المتحده سنة 1912 و فاميلى نيوترشن هيا اللى صنعت بوريو و وزعته فى مصر.
استحوذت شركة كرافت فودز على شركة نابيسكو سنة 2000 وشركة فاميلي نيوترشن سنة 2003. وفي عام 2012، أصبح اسم شركة كرافت فودز هو شركة مونديليز الدولية.
List of fictional sports teams

This is a list of fictional sports teams, athletic groups that have been identified by name in works of fiction but do not really exist as such. Teams have been organized by the sport they participate in, followed by the media product they appear in. Specific television episodes are noted when available.
BASEketball is a mix of baseball and basketball played in the 1998 movie of the same name.
Blernsball is the version of baseball in the year 3000 in the show Futurama
Aeroball is a futuristic version of basketball played with jetpacks in the 2000 AD strip Harlem Heroes.
All from the Thursday Next novels, in which croquet has been reinvented as a fast-paced contact sport.
All featured in the film Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story
(all in the CHL)
(Pee-Wee Hockey Teams)
List of 1936 Summer Olympics medal winners

The 1936 Summer Olympics were held in Berlin, Nazi Germany, from 1 to 15 August 1936.
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
* Host nation (Germany)
Canada Bread

Canada Bread Company, Ltd. is a Canadian producer and distributor of packaged fresh bread and bakery products. The company operates 17 bakeries and employs over 4,800 employees across Canada.
Purchased by Grupo Bimbo (BIMBOA:Mexico) on May 23, 2014 for CAD$1.83 billion, Canada Bread is currently led by Alejandro Pintado, President, and operates as an independent business unit of the global baking company.
The logo is a combination of a "CB" (the company's initials), a Maple Leaf, and a wheat shoot. It was designed by Phil Slous.
Canada Bread was founded in June 1911 following the merger of five of Canada's leading baking companies: Bredin Bread Company, Model Bakery (founded by George Weston), Toronto Bakery, Stuarts Limited and Boyd's Bakery. The founders of these acquired bakeries, their companies no longer theirs, agreed not to compete with Canada Bread, in bread for ten years. Weston and Stuart immediately formed new baking companies making biscuits and cakes. Weston Bakeries reentered the bread market in 1921, becoming over time a major competitor to Canada Bread.
Over a span of 30 years, the company quickly grew, purchasing over 20 bakeries in a dozen cities across the country and establishing new bakery locations in Kingston, Ontario, Cornwall, Ontario, Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Chatham, Ontario and Sudbury, Ontario. In 1968, the company acquired Dempster's Bread Limited, which had become the nation's best-selling brand of bread. It followed this acquisition in 1969 by changing the name of the company to Corporate Foods Limited, but later reverted to Canada Bread Company, Limited in 1997. Quebec-based Multi-Marques, with its brand POM, was acquired in 2001.
In May 2014, Canada Bread was purchased from Maple Leaf Foods by Mexican-based bakery organization, Grupo Bimbo. Less than a year later, in February 2015, Canada Bread acquired the bakery division of Saputo Inc., Vachon Bakery (which had purchased Stuart in 1979), for CAD$120 million. In March 2015, Canada Bread also acquired two former Sobeys bakeries located in Winnipeg, Manitoba and Calgary, Alberta in Western Canada.
In May 2016, Canada Bread announced it was closing its North Bay, Ontario location after nearly 50 years of operation in the city; to be divested across other Canada Bread locations.
In June 2023, Canada Bread pleaded guilty to four counts of price fixing with its grocery competitors to increase the price of bread products over a 16-year period and was fined $50 million. According to the Competition Bureau, the fine was the highest ever price-fixing fine in Canadian history.
Hobnob biscuit

Hobnobs (sometimes stylized as HobNobs) is the brand name of a commercial biscuit. They are made from rolled oats, are similar to a flapjack-digestive biscuit hybrid, and are among the most popular British and Irish biscuits. McVitie's launched Hobnobs in 1985 and a milk chocolate variant in 1987. The plain variety is manufactured at Tollcross factory in Glasgow, and the chocolate variety is made at the Harlesden factory in north-west London.
They are primarily sold in the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and Ireland but are available in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and several European and Asian countries (e.g. Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong). In Italy they are now marketed as a variety of digestive biscuits, having previously been known as Suncrok. They were also released in Canada in November 2012, made available in Wal-Mart's British modular section in their food aisles. The McVitie's Hobnob is the third-most-popular biscuit in the UK to "dunk" into tea, with its chocolate variant sixth. In 2014 a UK survey declared the Chocolate Hobnob the nation's favourite biscuit.
The commercial recipe for Hobnob biscuits was introduced by McVitie's in the UK in 1985. A best seller, demand for the plain Hobnobs led to the introduction of a chocolate variant in 1987. The biscuit is available in many varieties, including dark chocolate, chocolate orange, and Hobnob bars. Other Hobnobs-branded snacks include a Hobnobs flapjack. Hobnobs contains approx 0.16 g of sodium per biscuit.
The name Hobnob comes from the verb 'to hobnob', which means to spend time being friendly with someone who is important or famous. Channel 4's Secret World of Biscuits programme claims that the name comes from the two words "hob" (suggesting home-cooked on a stove) and "knobbly" referencing the texture.
Plain Hobnobs are made at the Tollcross factory in Glasgow. The chocolate variety is made at the Harlesden factory in north-west London. The basic ingredients for Hobnobs are oats.
The original tagline of the Hobnobs was "one nibble and you're nobbled", and was removed. It has since been brought back, but slightly changed by adding "hob" to the beginning of the last word.
The tagline "Chocolate now has Hobnobs underneath" was used for the introduction in the UK of chocolate Hobnobs.
LU (biscuits)

Lefèvre-Utile, better known worldwide by the initials LU, was a French manufacturer brand of biscuits, emblematic of the city of Nantes. The brand is now part of US confectionery company Mondelēz International since 2012, after splitting of its previous owner Kraft Foods Inc., which had acquired it as part of its acquisition from Groupe Danone in 2007. The Petit-Beurre biscuit remains the flagship product alongside the Ladyfinger, Champagne, Petit four, Prince de LU, Pim's, Paille d'Or, etc.
Lefèvre-Utile was founded in Nantes, in 1846 by Jean-Romain Lefèvre. Originally he sold biscuits from the English factory Huntley & Palmers and then he began his own production. The name comes from Lefèvre and his business partner and wife, Pauline-Isabelle Utile. Their initials were first utilized by Alfons Mucha for an 1897 calendar ad for the "Lefèvre-Utile Biscuit Co." That same year the company hired Firmin Bouisset to create a poster ad. Bouisset, already noted for his work for the Menier Chocolate company, created Petit Écolier ("the Little Schoolboy") which incorporated the LU initials. Bouisset's poster was used extensively and the image was embossed on the company's Petit Beurre line of biscuits. Within a few years, the success of the logo resulted in the company becoming known as LU.
The founder's son, Louis Lefèvre-Utile, took over the company and eventually it was acquired by Générale Biscuit S.A., which in turn was acquired by Groupe Danone in 1986. Although an international brand today, LU products are primarily distributed in Western Europe, and in 2005 represented nearly half of the sales for Danone's biscuits and cereal division.
In July 2007, LU was sold to Kraft Foods (now Mondelez International).
Bimbo Ademoye

Bimbo Ademoye (Listen) (born 4 February 1991), is a Nigerian actress. She won Best Actress in a comedy TV series at the 2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards for her role in the film Selina.
Bimbo Ademoye was born on 4 February 1991, in Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria.
Bimbo Ademoye and elder sister Adebike Maryam were raised by their dad after their parents separated when she was just 2 years old.
She obtained her secondary education from Mayflower School and is an alumna of Covenant University, where she studied Business Administration. In an interview with The Punch newspaper, she said she was raised by a single father who supported her chosen profession.
In an interview with The Daily Independent newspaper, Bimbo Ademoye said that her acting career began in 2014 when she was cast in the short film Where Talent Lies. The film received accolades from the Africa International Film Festival. She describes Uduak Isong as her mentor, who assisted her in getting into the industry. In 2015, Ademoye was cast in her first feature film Its About Your Husband, which was also produced by Isong.
In a 2018 compilation by Premium Times newspaper, she was listed as one of five actors who were predicted to have a successful career before the end of the year. In April 2018, she co-featured with Stella Damasus in Gone, which was directed by Daniel Ademinokan. Ademoye described working with Damasus as a motivating moment in her career.
She was nominated for Best Actress in a Comedy/TV series at the Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards in 2018, for her role in the film Backup Wife (2017).
At the 2018 City People Movie Awards, she was nominated for Revelation of the Year, Best New Actress and Best Upcoming Actress. Bimbo's role in Backup Wife also earned her a nomination for Best Lead Role at the 2018 Nigeria Entertainment Awards. She has also received two individual nominations at the 2018 Best of Nollywood Awards for her role in Personal Assistant, winning the award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and getting a nomination for Best Kiss in a Movie.
Ademoye has been described as a celebrity style icon by several media outlets.
Pristimantis tayrona

Pristimantis tayrona​​​ es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Craugastoridae.
Esta especie es endémica de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Habita en los departamentos de Magdalena, Cesar y La Guajira entre los 1300 y 2700 m de altitud.​
Los machos miden de 15.3 a 25.1 mm y las hembras de 22.6 a 30.2 mm.
Esta especie lleva el nombre en honor a los taironas.
Ikakogi tayrona

Ikakogi tayrona es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia de las ranas de cristal (Centrolenidae).​ Es endémica de la sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia), entre los 980 y los 1790 m s. n. m.. La pérdida de su hábitat natural y la contaminación de las aguas son las principales amenazas a su conservación.
Montañas de la península de la Guajira

Montañas de la península Guajira, se encuentran ubicadas en el departamento de La Guajira en Colombia.​ Formadas en la era Paleozoica, estas montañas están compuestas por rocas de granito, gneis, cuarcita y esquistos hornbléndico. Los macizos cristalinos se encuentran separados entre sí por llanuras que son antiguas fallas formadas en el Oligoceno y costas con depósitos marinos recientes.
El departamento está conformado por el Macizo Guajiro al noreste, un macizo antiguo que abarca la península de La Guajira y comprende las serranías de Jarara Cocinas, Carpintero y La Macuira, esta última posee la máxima elevación que alcanza el cerro Palúa con 865 m;​ además el cerro LaTeta y Huitpana.​
Al suroeste está la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, un macizo joven que alcanza su máxima altura en el pico Codazzi con 5.390m,​ llegando a ser la mayor elevación del departamento. Está constituida por la sierra de Treinta y numerosas cuchillas que definen el paisaje de la planicie aluvial Ranchería-Cesar en el sector occidental.
La serranía del Perijá abarca una angosta franja territorial al sur de La Guajira, siendo los Montes de Oca y la serranía de Carraipía las principales formas del relieve al norte de este macizo joven. Define de lado oriental la planicie aluvial del departamento y su máxima elevación se encuentra al sur en cerro Pintao, con 3000 m convirtiéndose en la segunda elevación.​
También existen cerros independientes de altura inferior a los 200 m, los cuales son cerro Peralta y Anaime. La planicie aluvial surcada por los ríos Ranchería y Cesar se encuentra a una altitud promedio de 200 m, a diferencia de la planicie baja del centro del departamento que posee altitud inferior a 50 m y constituye la mayor porción territorial.
El ambiente ecológico es semidesértico en gran parte de la península Guajira, solo en las montañas se concentra alguna humedad que produce un "monte guajiro" con vegetación xerófila.
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Ruinas de Jiaohe

Las ruinas de Jiaohe están situadas a unos 10 kilómetros al oeste de la ciudad de Turfán en la región autónoma uigur de Sinkiang de la República Popular China.
Estas ruinas corresponden a una antigua ciudad que fue el centro económico, político, militar y cultural de la zona durante el periodo comprendido entre el año 108 a. C. al 450. La ciudad fue la capital del antiguo reino de Cheshi y quedó abandonada en el siglo XIII. Las ruinas ocupan un área de 220.000 m² y están consideradas como las ruinas de una ciudad construida en tierra mejor conservadas del mundo.
La ciudad se construyó en un pequeño islote situado entre dos ríos que le proporcionaban una defensa frente a los ataques de los enemigos. Las ruinas presentan algunas características que la distinguen de otras ciudades de la época. Una de ellas es la ausencia de murallas defensivas, sustituidas aquí por la barrera natural de los ríos. Otra de las características distintivas de Jiaohe es el hecho de que los edificios se construyeron excavando en la tierra y que apenas se utilizó madera para su construcción.
Jiaohe disponía de una gran avenida central de 350 metros de largo que dividía la ciudad en tres zonas distintas. Cada una de ellas tenía un propósito distinto: una, la situada al oeste de la avenida, estaba destinada a la residencia de la gente común; otra, situada al este, a la residencia de los aristócratas y la tercera, al norte de la ciudad, a los templos.
Las ruinas que se pueden ver en la actualidad corresponden a la época de la dinastía Tang. Las viviendas no tienen puertas que den acceso directo a la calle ya que la defensa militar era uno de los puntos de mayor interés en la época. La zona de los templos contiene un total de 101 estupas datadas hace más de 1600 años.
Al oeste de la ciudad se encuentran las grutas Yarkol, un conjunto de siete cuevas que contienen numerosas pinturas que ocupan alrededor de 150 m² de superficie total. Las pinturas fueron realizadas por encargo del último de los reyes de Cheshi.
Las ruinas del Edén

Las ruinas del Edén, disco del grupo español de Metal/Rock, Avalanch, que reedita sus antiguas canciones tocadas por la nueva formación y de la forma en que lo hacen en directo. Ramón Lage consigue con su voz darle un nuevo aire a los temas de siempre adaptándolos a él como si siempre los hubiera cantado.
Ruinas de la antigua catedral de Hamar

Las ruinas de la Catedral de Hamar (en noruego, Domkirkeruinene på Hamar, o Hamardomen) fueron una catedral católica del siglo XII localizada en la ciudad noruega de Hamar. En la actualidad las ruinas conservan un carácter cultural y de memoria histórica. Forman parte del Museo de Hedmark.
La construcción de catedral fue iniciada en 1152 y concluida en 1200. Tenía un estilo románico con ciertas características del gótico, y funcionaba como sede de la diócesis de Hamar, sufragánea de la de Nidaros. Con la reforma protestante fue reutilizada como parroquia luterana.
En 1567 fue destruida por el ejército sueco durante la Guerra Nórdica de los Siete Años. La sede episcopal tendría que mudarse a otra iglesia en la ciudad.
En 1985, por decisión del Departamento de Medio Ambiente (que se encarga también de la preservación de la memoria histórica) del gobierno noruego, los restos de la construcción fueron cubiertas con plástico, para hacer menores los efectos del hielo y la humedad. Posteriormente se construyó una estructura de vidrio y metal para proteger las ruinas y al mismo tiempo permitir la visita del público, una obra de los arquitectos Kjell Lund y Nils Slaatto.
Las nuevas instalaciones fueron inauguradas por el príncipe Haakon el 9 de agosto de 1998. En la actualidad recibe el título de Hamardomen (Catedral de Hamar) y es utilizada como un espacio museístico, a la vez que ha sido habilitada para algunas ceremonias religiosas tales como bodas y bautismos. También sirve como un centro de espectáculos para conciertos y obras de teatro, con una capacidad para 800 personas.
Es propiedad del gobierno, pero su administración y uso depende de la diócesis de Hamar de la Iglesia de Noruega.
Gaira-Rodadero

Gaira-Rodadero es una Localidad del distrito de Santa Marta. Está ubicada en la bahía del mismo nombre sobre el mar Caribe. Es conocido por la playa de El Rodadero, uno de los balnearios más populares de Colombia.​​
Gaira-Rodadero está dividida por la Carrera 17 en los sectores Gaira y El Rodadero. Estas a su vez se dividen en los siguientes 24 barrios:​
Gaira limita al norte con el cerro Ziruma y Santa Marta. Al sur, con el río Gaira y cerro de Mamorón. Al este, con Santa Marta y la quebrada Tamacá. Y al oeste, con el mar Caribe.
Es recorrida en el sur por la parte baja del río Gaira.
El clima es cálido. La temperatura promedio es de 28 °C. Predomina el ambiente seco debido a las brisas provenientes de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Se dan varios tipos de vegetación, como húmeda tropical y seca.
La temporada lluviosa se da entre junio y octubre, la seca, entre diciembre y abril. La precipitación varía entre 12 y 975 mm mensuales.
La economía de Gaira se basa en el turismo que arriba a El Rodadero, Bello Horizonte y sectores aledaños.