davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Korean fox

The Korean fox (Vulpes vulpes peculiosa), also known as the Korean red fox, is a subspecies of red fox that lives on Korean Peninsula, Russia, and Northeast China. It has a body length of 66–68 cm (26–27 in), a tail length of 42–44 cm (17–17 in) and a weight of 4.1–5.9 kg (9.0–13.0 lb).
Prior to the 1960s, the Korean fox was found abundantly throughout Korea. It was found in a wide variety of habitats in the north-eastern, north-western, central and southern Korean peninsula. After the early 1960s, it was determined that populations of the fox were all but eliminated in South Korea. Its populations are also declining in the north and north-eastern areas, found now only in isolated mountain regions. It is most common in lowland forested areas, preferring edge habitats with brushy cover near a stream or river. They have also been found in Korean cemeteries, as they are located near forest edges.
The Korean fox is considered endangered in its native range. Its decline in abundance has been caused by several factors. There is a high demand for fox fur in the clothing industry, as it is used to make mufflers. This has resulted in extensive illegal hunting of the animal. A nationwide rodenticide program led to secondary poisoning of the predator. On top of this, habitat loss and fragmentation has negatively affected the fox population.
A study was done in 2012 to determine the genetic identity of the subspecies V. v. peculiosa to optimize re-introduction efforts since use of original South Korean individuals is practically impossible as no pure breed remains. It was found that the Korean red fox is most closely related to Eurasian and North pacific red foxes. Re-introduction would have the best chance to improve abundance if individuals from North Korea, China, or Russia were used.
In 1976 a male red fox was captured in the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and in 1987 another individual was found in the Jirisian national park. In 2004 the carcass of a red fox was found in Gangwon-do. This finding indicates that these is a possibility that the Korean red fox still lives in the wild forests of Gangwon-do. Reintroduction program with captive animals from the Seoul Zoo has been run at Sobaeksan National Park to reestablish the local population of 50 by 2020.
An experimental reintroduction was conducted within the Korean Demilitarized Zone. In this reintroduction habitat management and constant reintroduction of the red fox was necessary to able to get an increase in the population.
Manchurian mixed forests

The Manchurian mixed forests ecoregion (WWF ID: PA0426) covers the forested hills surrounding the river plains of northern China, Russia, North Korea, and South Korea. The ecoregion supports a number of rare species due to the relative isolation, the diversity of habitat, with mixed forests of deciduous Mongolian oak and conifers of Korean pine. Because mountains rise above the region on three sides, with plains and wetlands below, the area supports high biodiversity as a transition zone.
The ecoregion occupies the middle-elevation slopes of three surrounding mountain ranges: the eastern slopes of the Greater Khingan Mountains, the southern slopes of the Lesser Khingan, and the western slopes of the Changbai Mountains. The southern section of the ecoregion surrounds the higher Changbai Mountains mixed forests ecoregion, while the middle section encircles most of the lower-elevation Northeast China Plain deciduous forests ecoregion, and the northern half of the ecoregion surrounds the lower western sector of the Amur meadow steppe ecoregion.
The climate of the ecoregion is Humid continental climate, warm summer (Köppen climate classification (Dwb)), with a dry winter. This climate is characterized by large seasonal temperature differentials and a warm summer (at least four months averaging over 10 °C (50 °F), but no month averaging over 22 °C (72 °F), and cold winters having monthly precipitation less than one-tenth of the wettest summer month. Precipitation varies by location, ranging from 500 to 1000 mm/year. Summer and Fall are the wet season.
Because the ecoregion ranges from 37 to 53 degrees north latitude, its forests contain more conifers than the deciduous forests to the south. On the eastern side, the most common conifers are Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), Manchurian fir (Abies holophylla), and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata). Deciduous trees include Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica), Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandschurica), Amur linden (Tilia amurensis), and Manchurian elm (Ulmus laciniata). On the western side, common conifers include Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris).
The forests are home to wildlife such as the Ussuri brown bear (Ursus arctos lasiotus), Ussuri black bear (Ursus thibetanus ussuricus), Manchurian wapiti (Cervus canadensis xanthopygus), Manchurian sika deer (Cervus nippon mantchuricus), common raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), wolves (Canis lupus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). The endangered Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) and Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) are also found here.
A 2017 assessment found that 57,139 km², or 11%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Little forest remains outside the protected areas. Protected areas include Heishan Scenic Area, Huazishan Scenic Area, Jiguan Mountain Scenic Area, Laozumu Peak Scenic Area, Menggu Mountain Scenic Area, Wanfo Mountain Scenic Area, Xiangmoshan Scenic Area, and Xinglong National Forest Park in China, Land of the Leopard National Park in Russia, and Seoraksan National Park in South Korea.
Long-nosed horned frog

The long-nosed horned frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus), also known as the Malayan horned frog or Malayan leaf frog is a species of frog restricted to the rainforest areas of southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore, Sumatra, and Borneo. However, records from Thailand to the Sunda Shelf may apply to another, possibly unnamed species.
Formerly placed in the genus Megophrys, it was reclassified into the genus Pelobatrachus in 2021.
This species is a large frog ranging from 100–120 mm in length. They are light to dark brown on the dorsal surface with varying patterns and camouflage very well with the forest floor. The throat is black-dark brown and diffuses into cream-yellow halfway along the ventral surface. The upper eyelids and snout are drawn out into long triangular projections, forming what looks like "horns", giving them their common name. There are two pairs of dorsolateral skin folds running down this species back. One pair starts behind the eye and ends near the groin, the other pair starts at corner of the eye and ends roughly halfway between the armpit and groin. The dorsum has randomly scattered, enlarged tubercles. Arms and legs are barred with skin folds and are mottled cream and different shades of brown. The toes are slightly webbed and the fingers are free from webbing. The tympanum is indistinct and the iris is golden brown.
This species lives in permanently damp and cool lowland and submontane rainforests among leaf litter. The call is a loud, resonating, metallic "honk" or "henk". Breeding takes place in streams, female frogs attach the eggs to the underside of partially or full submerged rocks or logs. The capsules are large and few in number. This species may lie still on the forest floor waiting for an unsuspecting prey item to pass by, they then lash out and engulf the prey. They typically feed on spiders, small rodents, lizards and other frogs.
This species is unlikely to get confused with any other genus of frog and can be distinguished from other species of the genera Pelobatrachus and Megophrys by the elongated nose and the two pairs of dorsolateral skin folds.
Speckled black salamander

The speckled black salamander (Aneides flavipunctatus), previously known as just the black salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the U.S. state of California. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and temperate grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Previously, it was referred to as the black salamander, and was thought to have a fragmented range across most of California and southern Oregon. However, a 2019 taxonomic study found it to represent a species complex of multiple species: the speckled black salamander (A. flavipunctatus sensu stricto), the Shasta black salamander (A. iecanus), the Santa Cruz black salamander (A. niger), and the Klamath black salamander (A. klamathensis). These were thus split off as distinct species.
The speckled black salamander can grow to 60 to 75 millimeters (2.4 to 3.0 in) long. The color varies, black with coarse can be the color or fine white spots, black with yellow spots, or black with a grayish or greenish sheen. The underside is paler. Juveniles are greenish-gray or bronze and have yellow at the base of their legs.
The speckled black salamander is found in forested areas and grassland in the coastal ranges of California, mostly at elevations below 600 meters (2,000 ft) but occasionally up to 1,700 meters (5,600 ft). It ranges from southern Humboldt and Trinity counties south to southwestern Sonoma and northern Napa counties. An Aneides population in Glenn County may be of this species but this is debated. In the southern part of its range it hides under logs and rocks in damp places and stream banks in woodland. Northern populations are found in more open country and in the far north of its range it is found among mossy rocks and scree.
The speckled black salamander is mostly terrestrial but has a prehensile tail so may sometimes climb as does the related arboreal salamander Aneides lugubris. It feeds on small invertebrates such as millipedes, beetles, ants and termites. Juveniles have a similar diet but include flies and springtails. Like other plethodont salamanders, it is mainly nocturnal and hides during the day.
The breeding habits of the speckled black salamander have been little studied. The eggs are laid in July or August in underground chambers, where they are attached by short stalks to the moist soil. The female seems to guard the eggs until they hatch. In captivity, the black salamander is aggressive towards its own species and adults in the wild are often scarred, so the species is probably territorial. In the laboratory it has been known to bite the western garter snake when attacked.
The speckled black salamander is listed as least concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In some areas it has been displaced by the planting of vineyards. In addition, this listing is based on the previous definition of the species (prior to other species being split off), when it was thought to have a wider range.
Ambystomatidae

Ambystomatidae is a family of salamanders belonging to the Suborder Salamandroidea in the class Amphibia. It contains two genera, Ambystoma (the mole salamanders) and Dicamptodon (the Pacific giant salamanders). Ambystoma contains 32 species and are distributed widely across North America, while Dicamptodon contains four species restricted to the Pacific Northwest. These salamanders are mostly terrestrial and eat invertebrates, although some species are known to eat smaller salamanders. They can be found throughout the US and some areas of Canada in damp forests or plains. This family contains some of the largest terrestrial salamanders in the world, the tiger salamander and the coastal giant salamander. Some species are toxic and can secrete poison from their bodies as protection against predators or infraspecific competition. Neoteny has been observed in several species in Ambystomatidae, and some of them like the axolotl live all of their lives under water in their larval stage.
Ambystomatids have chunky bodies with broad, flat heads and short legs. Tails are long and flattened. Colors range from black, brown, or a dull grey and can have brightly colored speckles or spots. Their skin is smooth and shiny. Most adults lack gills/gill slits and moveable eyes. There are no nasolabial grooves on the snout. Lungs are well-developed and functional. They have 10 costal grooves. Adult males have six sets of cloacal glands. Adult females have spermathecae in cloaca. Ambystomatids are nocturnal. Although they are more active at night, they may be found on cool days under moist leaf litter, logs, or rocks near water bodies.
The vomerine teeth, which are teeth only located on the upper jaw and in the front part of the mouth, are arranged essentially transversely, not parallel to the maxillary tooth row, which are the other teeth formed along the top jawbone; in mature metamorphosed individuals the dorsal premaxillary fontanelle, a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw in many animals, is nearly or completely obliterated and the maxillae are not reduced.
Adults tend to live in burrows and only return to waterbodies or streams to breed in early Spring. Fertilization is internal. Courtship occurs in water; males "dance," nudging the females then deposit numerous spermatophores. Most species have a larval period that extends for 3–4 months. Ambystomatids can be found in temperate forests and wetlands.
The genus Rhyacotriton was formerly included in this family, but is now usually placed into its own family Rhyacotritonidae. In 2006, a large study of amphibian systematics placed Dicamptodon back within Ambystomatidae based on cladistic analysis. This has been accepted by the Center for Indian Herpetology. Previously they had been categorized by Edwards as a subfamily Dicamptodontinae within Dicamptodontidae together with subfamily Rhyacotritoninae and Scapherpetontinae on the basis of their vertebral nerve patterns.
ہندو

ہندو مت کے پیروکار کو ہندو کہا جاتا ہے۔ لفظ ہندو جغرافیائی پس منظر کا حامل ہے۔ بنیادی طور پر یہ لفظ ان لوگوں کے لیے استعمال ہوتا تھا جو دریائے سندھو کی وادی میں آباد تھے۔یہ لفظ سندھ سے نکلا ہے۔پشتوزبان میں سند دریا کو کہا جاتا ہے،دریائے سندھ کو پشتو میں اباسین (یعنی سب سے بڑا دریا) کہا جاتا ہے بعض محققین کے مطابق ہند کا لفظ پشتو زبان کے لفظ سند سے نکلا ہے،جب پہلی بار یہاں عرب آئے تو وہ لوگ سند ھ کی بجائے ہند کا لفظ بولنے لگے اور یہی لفظ یہاں رہنے والی قوم کے لیے رائج ہو گیا.
فارسی-اردو ڈکشناری لغاتِ کشواری کے مطابق، لفظِ ہندو کی ارتھ ہے چور، غلام، لٹیرا اور ڈاکو.
ایک اور مشاہدے کے مطابق لفظ ہندو کا مطلب فارسی کے ساتھ تمام ترکی زبانوں میں بھی سیاہ ہے۔ صوفی حافظ شیرازی نے اپنے اکثر حوالہ جات میں سیاہ کو مطلع کرنے کے لیے ہندو اصطلاح استعمال کئی۔ مغلئی ہندوستان کے بانی ظاہر الدین محمد بابر نے خود اپنی یادداشتوں میں سیاہ فام لوگوں کی شناخت کے لیے ہندو اصطلاح استعمال کئی۔
دی ہندو

دی ہندو انگریزی زبان کا ایک روزنامہ بھارتی اخبار ہے۔ اس کا صدر دفتر چنائی میں ہے۔ 1878ء میں جب دی ہندو شروع کیا گیا تو وہ ہفتہ وار اخبار تھا اور 1889ء میں روزانہ شائع کیا جانے لگا۔ یہ بھارت کے دو ریکارڈ کے اخبارات میں سے ایک ہے اور دی ٹائمز آف انڈیا کے بعد دوسرا بڑا نشر و اشاعت ہونے والا انگریزی زبان کا اخبار ہے۔ دی ہندو زیادہ تر جنوبی بھارت میں چھپتا ہے اور یہ آندھرا پردیش، تمل ناڈو اور کیرلا، تلنگانہ، کرناٹک میں دور دور تک پڑھے جانے والا انگریزی زبان کا روزنامہ اخبار ہے۔
ہندو قوم پرستی

ہندو قوم پرستی (انگریزی: Hindu nationalism) بر صغیر میں ایک سیاسی و سماجی تصور ہے جس کی بنیاد روحانی، مذہبی اور ثقافتی روایات پر مبنی ہے۔ ہندو قوم پرستی کے حامیوں کا کہنا ہے کہ ان کے لیے یہ اصطلاح استعمال نہ کی جائے کیونکہ اس کے معنی ہندو راشٹرواد کے آتے ہیں۔ اس کے لیے بہترین اصطلاح ‘‘ہندو سیاست‘‘ ہے۔
18ویں اور 19ویں صدی میں برطانوی ہند کے خلاف جنگ آزادی کے دوران میں قومی سیاست کا عروج ہوا اور ہندوستان کی سیاست میں برطانوی سامراج کے خلاف جدوجہد آزادی، تحریک عدم تشدد کا زور پکڑنے لگا، اور زبردستی کی سیاست بھی ہونی لگی اور نتیجتا مذہب کی بنیاد پر تنظیموں کا بننا شروع ہوا۔ بعد کے دور میں ہندوستان کی معاشی اور سماجی تحریکوں پر ہندو قوم پرستی نے گہرا اثر ڈالا ہے۔
ہندو قوم پرستی یا ہندتوا کا نظریہ سب سے پہلے 1923ء میں ونایک دامودر ساورکر نے دیا تھا جو بعد میں بھارت میں بہت مشہور ہوا۔ ہندوتوا کی رضاکارانہ تنظیم اور بھارتیہ جنتا پارٹی کی بنیادی اکائی راشٹریہ سویم سیوک سنگھ نے اس تحریک کو ملک میں بھر میں جلا بخشی اور سیاسی و سماجی سطح پر مضبوط کیا۔ آر ایس ایس کے علاوہ وشو ہندو پریشد نے بھی ان کے ساتھ مل کر اس تحریک کو خوب آگے بڑھایا۔
شری وشوناتھ مندر

شری وشوناتھ مندر (Shri Vishwanath Mandir) (ہندی: श्री विश्वनाथ मंदिर) جسے نیا وشوناتھ مندر، وشوناتھ مندر اور برلا مندر بھی کہا جاتا ہے وارانسی کے مقدس شہر کے سب سے زیادہ مشہور مندروں میں سے ایک اور مقبول سیاحتی مقام ہے۔ مندر بنارس ہندو یونیورسٹی میں واقع ہے اور بھگوان شیو سے منسوب ہے۔ شری وشوناتھ مندر کا مینار دنیا کا بلند ترین مندر مینار ہے۔ شری وشوناتھ مندر کی تعمیر مکمل ہونے میں پینتیس سال (1931-1966) لگے۔ مندر کی مجموعی بلندی 77 میٹر ہے (253 فٹ) ہے۔
کرشن مندر، لاہور

کرشن مندر، لاہور (انگریزی: Krishna Mandir, Lahore) لاہور، پاکستان میں راوی روڈ، ٹمبر مارکیٹ کے سامنے ہندو دیوتا کرشن کا ایک مندر ہے۔ 2006 میں اسے منہدم کرنے کی افواہوں پر یہ تنازع کو مرکز بنا جس کہ بعد میں غلط ثابت ہوئیں۔
کیلاش مندر

کیلاش مندر بھارت میں چٹان کو کاٹ کر بنایا گیا ایک ہندو مندر ہے۔ یہ ایلورا، مہاراشٹر، بھارت میں واقع ہے۔ یہ صرف ایک چٹان سے بنایا گیا ہے۔ اس مندر کو بنانے کے لیے چٹان سے 2 لاکھ ٹن پتھر کاٹے گئے تھے۔ کیلاش مندر چٹانوں سے بنائے گئے غاروں کے 34 مندروں میں سے ایک ہے۔ یہ ان میں سے 16 واں غار کا مندر ہے۔ کیلاش مندر کو دنیا کا آٹھواں عجوبہ بھی کہتے ہیں۔یہ مندر ہندو بھگوان شیو کے نام منسوب کر کے بنایا گیا ہے۔ یہ مندر آٹھویں صدی میں بنایا گیا تھا۔دیکھنے میں ایسا لگتا ہے کہ یہ مندر کئی دہائیوں میں تعمیر ہوا تھا لیکن حقیقت میں صرف 18 سال میں بنا تھا۔ یہ مندر ایتھنز میں ایکروپولیس اور پارتھینن سے دوگنے علاقے پر پھیلا ہے۔ اس کا شمار دنیا کی بڑی عمارتوں میں کیا جاتا ہے۔ اس مندر کی تعمیر میں پالاوا اور چالوکیا طرز کے آثار ملتے ہیں۔
کیلاش مندر میں ایسے نقوش یا نشانات کی کمی ہے، جس سے اس مندر کے سال تعمیر کے بارے میں پتا چلتا ہو لیکن ایک بات یقین سے کہی جا سکتی ہے کہ یہ مندر راشتراکوتا کے فرمانروا نے بنائے تھے۔ مندر میں ملنے والے کچھ شواہد کے مطابق اس مندر کا تعلق کرشن راجا (Krishnaraja) یا Kṛṣṇarāja):سے ہے۔
کیلاش مندر کو تعمیر کرنے کے لیے معماروں سے اسے اوپر سے تعمیر کرنا شروع کیا۔ یہ مندر ایک چٹان پر مشتمل ہیں۔ معماروں سے سب سے پہلے چٹان کے اوپری حصے کو تراش کر مندر کا اوپری حصہ بنایا۔
یہ مندر ان طریقوں سے ہٹ کر بنایا گیا ہے، جس سے پہلے سطح مرتفع دکن کے مندر بنائے جاتے تھے۔
اس مندر کے صحن میں مرکزی عبادت گاہ بنائی گئی ہے، جسے شِیو سے منسوب کیا گیا ہے۔ اس مندر کی عمارت کے ساتھ پانچ الگ سے عبادت گاہیں بھی ہیں۔ ان میں سے تین دریاؤں کی دیویوں کے نام سے ہیں۔ یہ گنگا، جمنا اور سرسوتی دیویوں کے نام سے ہے۔
پشوپتی ناتھ مندر

پشوپتی ناتھ مندر (Pashupatinath Temple) (نیپالی: पशुपतिनाथ मन्दिर‎) ایک مشہور مقدس ہندو مندر ہے جو نیپال کے دار الحکومت کھٹمنڈو میں وقع ہے۔ وارانسی کا نیپالی مندر اس کی ہو بہو نقل ہے۔
جگن ناتھ مندر، پوری

جگن ناتھ مندر بھگوان جگن ناتھ کی یاد میں تعمیر کردہ ایک مندر ہے، یہ مندر پوری، اڑیسہ میں واقع ہے۔ اس مندر کو ہندوؤں کے چار دھام میں سے ایک شمار کیا جاتا ہے۔ یہ مندر ویشنو فرقے کا ہے۔ مندر کی سالانہ "رتھ یاترا" جشن بہت مشہور ہے۔ اس میں مندر کے تینوں اہم دیوتا، بھگوان جگن ناتھ، ان کے بڑے بھائی بلبھدر اور بہن سبھدرا تینوں، تین الگ الگ خوبصورت رتھوں پر تخت نشین ہوکر شہر کی یاترا (سفر) پر نکلتے ہیں۔.
کلنگ کے گنگ شاہی خاندان کے راجا انتورمن چوڈگنگ دیو نے مندر کی تعمیر شروع کی تھی۔
خیال ہے کہ ہر ہندو اپنی زندگی میں ایک بار یہاں ضرور آنا چاہتا ہے، یعنی یہ جگہ ہندوؤں کے لیے ایک خاص "تیرتھ استھان" (زیارت گاہ) ہے۔
ہندوؤں پر مظالم

ہندوؤں کو مذہبی ایذا رسانی کا تجربہ مذہب کی جبری تبدیلی، قتل عام، مندروں اور اُن کی درس گاہوں کو تباہ کرنے جیسے کاموں سے ہوا ہے۔ زمانہ جدیہ میں مسلم اکثریتی خطے جیسے کشمیر، پاکستان، بنگلہ دیش، افغانستان اور دوسرے ممالک میں بھی ہندو اس کا شکار نہیں ہوتے ہیں۔
مسلمانوں کی برصغیر ہند میں آمد آٹھوں صدی کے اوائل میں شروع ہوئی۔ خلافت امویہ کا دمشق کا گورنر حجاج بن یوسف نے دیبل سے کچھ لوگوں کی درخواست پر، جو وہاں قید کر لیے گئے تھے،محمد بن قاسم کو وہاں بھیجا۔ تاریخی دستاویز چچ نامہ کے مطابق وہاں بہت مندر ڈھائے گئے اور بڑے پیمانے پر مقامی سندھی لوگوں کا قتل عام ہوا۔
تاریخی طور پر برصغیر کے ایک حصے پر مسلم حکمرانی محمد بن قاسم سے سلطنت دہلی اور مغلیہ سلطنت پر رہی ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ کچھ چھوٹی مسلم ریاستیں جیسے بہمنی سلطنت اور ٹیپو سلطان کی میسور کی ریاست بھی موجود تھیں۔ سندھ کی فتح کے بعد محمد بن قاسم نے ہندو، بدھ مت اہل کتاب اور غیر مسلم پر مذہبی آزادی کے لیے جزیہ لگایا جو مسلمانوں کے اگلے 800 سالوں تک حکمرانی کے لیے نہایت اہم ثابت ہوا۔
مورخ کشوری سرن لعل اپنی کتاب میں دعوی کرتا ہے 1000 سے 1500 عیسوی تک برصغیر کی آبادی بیس کڑوڑ سے سترہ کڑوڑ کم ہوئ۔ ایک اور تخمینہ کے مطابق آبادی بیس کڑوڑ سے کم ہو کر بارہ کڑوڑ ہو گئی تھی۔ تاہم عرفان حبیب اور سائمن ڈگبی نے ان تخمینہ پر اعتراض اٹھائے ہیں۔ ول ڈیورانٹ کے بقول فتح مسلم برصغیر کی تاریخ کا سب سے خونی حصہ ہے۔ حتی کے وہ ہندو جو مسلمان ہو گئے تھے ایذا رسانی سے محفوظ نہ رہے۔
سلطنت غزنویہ کا بادشاہ محمود غزنوینے گیارھوں صدی میں برصغیر پر سندھ و گنگ کا میدان میں حملہ کیا اور شبیہ شکنی کی وجہ سے بہت سے مندر توڑے اور بت شکن کہلایا۔ مورخ ال اُتابی کے مطابق، محمود کی مہمات اسلام کو پھیلانے کا جہاد اور بت پرستی کا خاتمہ تھا۔ اگرچہ محمود ذاتی طور پر ہندوں سے نفرت نہیں کرتا تھا، مگر مندروں کو گرانے کے بعد نوادرات کواپنے قبضے میں کر لیتا تھا۔ اُس نے 1026 میں دوسرے سومنات کے مندر پر حملہ کیا اور مشہور شیو کے مندر کو ڈھا دیا۔
سلطنت دہلی تقریباً 320 سالوں تک قائم رہی۔ آس کا آغاز شہاب الدین غوری کی مہمات سے ہوا۔ سلطنت دہلی میں مسلمانوں اور ہندوں کے درمیان بہت تصادم ہوئے۔ مورخ مورخ ضیاء الدین برنی کی کتاب فتوی جہاںدری کے مطابق وہ ہندو جو مسلمان ہو گئے تھے ایذا رسانی سے محفوظ نہ رہے جو مسلم ذات برادری سے عیاں ہے۔
مسلم مورخ مولانہ حکیم سیدی عبدلحی نے خاندان غلاماں کے بادشاہ قطب الدین ایبک کے زمانے میں مذہبی تشد کے بارے میں لکھا ہے۔ اس نے دہلی میں پہلی مسجد قوة الإسلام 20 مندروں کے تباہ حال حصوں سے بنائی۔ بت شکنی اس دور میں بہت عام تھی۔
مذہبی ایزارسانی خلجی خاندان کے بادشاہ جلال الدین خلجی کے دور میں بھی جاری رہی۔ اُس کے جرنیلوں الغ خان، نصرت خان جلیسری، خسرو خان اور ملک کافور نے بہت سے غیر مسلم علاقوں پر حملے کیے انییں مارا اور لوٹا۔ ملک کافور کی قیادت میں 1309 اور 1311 میں تیں جنوبی ہند کی بادشاہت دولت آباد، وارنگل اور مدورئی میں دو مہمات کی گئیں جن میں ہزاروں لوگوں کی ہلاکت ہوئی اور بہت سے مندر تباہ ہوئے۔ اسی مہمات سے وارنگل کے مشہور کوہ نور ہیرا بھی لوٹا گیا۔
Danteshwari Temple

Danteshwari Temple is Hindu temple, dedicated to Goddess Danteshwari, and is one of the 52 Shakti Peethas, shrines of Shakti, the divine feminine, spread across India. The temple built in the 14th century, is situated in Dantewada, a town situated 80 km from Jagdalpur Tehsil, Chhattisgarh. Dantewada is named after the Goddess Danteshwari, the presiding deity of the earlier Kakatiya rulers. Traditionally she is the Kuldevi (family goddess) of Bastar state,
The temple is as according legends, the spot where the Daanth or Tooth of Sati fell, during the episode when all the Shakti shrines were created in the Satya Yuga.
Every year during Dusshera thousands of tribals from surrounding villages and jungles gather here to pay homage to the goddess, when her idol was taken out of that ancient Danteshwari temple and then taken around the city in an elaborate procession, now a popular tourist attraction part of the 'Bastar Dussehra' festival. There also a is tradition of lighting Jyoti Kalashas during Navaratris here.
Situated in Dantewada, south-west of Jagdalpur, at the confluence of the holy rivers Shankini and Dhankini, both the rivers have different colors, this six-hundred-year-old temple is one of the ancient heritage sites of India and is a representation of the religio-socio-cultural history of the Bastar region. Little is known about this shrine to much of India. The vast temple complex today is truly a standing monument to centuries of history and tradition. With its rich architectural and sculptural wealth and its vibrant festival traditions, Danteshwari Mai temple serves as the most important spiritual center for the people of this region.
It is believed that a tooth of Sati had fallen here and Danteshwari Shakti Peetha was established. According to the ancient legend, Goddess Sati committed self-immolation in the fire pit of yagna kund, due to an insult committed by her father Daksha towards her consort Lord Shiva during the Yagna. Raged by the death of Sati, Shiva destroyed the Yagna of Daksha and with the body of Sati in his hands started to do 'Taandav'. Lord Vishnu cut the dead body of Goddess Sati with his Sudarshan Chakra to free Lord Shiva from the grief caused by her death. Parts of the dead body of Goddess Sati were scattered to fifty-two different places, which were consecrated as Shakti Pithas.
The Danteshwari temple was built in the 14th Century. The idol of Danteshwari Mai is chiseled out of black stone. The temple is divided into four parts such as Garbh Griha, Maha Mandap, Mukhya Mandap and Sabha Mandap. Garbha Griha and Maha Mandap were constructed with stone pieces. There is a Garuda Pillar in front of the entrance of the temple. The temple itself is located in a spacious courtyard surrounded by massive walls. The shikhara is adorned with sculptural finery.
Danteshwari Temple is the centre of the famous Bastar Dussehra. The devotion of locals, as well as tribals, is intricately linked to the presiding deity of Bastar. Unlike the idol of the goddess in Dantewada which is black in color, this idol is white.
Hindu Heritage Centre

Hindu Heritage Centre (Hindi: हिन्दू सांस्कृतिक केन्द्र) is a Hindu temple and a Hindu Community Centre located in the city of Mississauga, Ontario, in the Streetsville neighbourhood. The 25 000 square feet temple serves Hindus from the Greater Toronto Area and is considered to be one of the largest Hindu temples in Canada. It features a 10,000 square foot prayer hall, 16 classrooms where daily meditations and scripture teachings are also offered, as are classes in Indian languages, Hindu music and dance, Hindu culture, yoga, and social programs for seniors, and a 9,000 square foot banquet hall also exists for cultural events.
The 2.4 acre land was purchased in 2005, and construction commenced in late 2006. The temple officially opened on a three-day celebration from May 5 to May 8, 2011. Former Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty along with Ontario Ministers Eric Hoskins and Charles Sousa and local MPP Bob Delaney from Mississauga Streetsville, attended the official ceremony.
In 2011, Hindu Heritage Centre was nominated as an architecture icon of Mississauga by Door Opens Mississauga. As a part of the Culture Days celebration, every year three days of the week in July are dedicated to this program where guided tours of the temple are available.
On November 11, 2017 The Canadian Armed Forces represented by the Toronto Scottish Regiment took part in the first Remembrance Day Ceremony to ever be held in a Hindu Temple in Canada's history. The Military first marched to the Hindu Heritage Centre. The ceremony then took place where Hindu pundits blessed the regimental colours and conducted a ceremony of remembrance for Canada’s fallen soldiers. The Hindu Priest did a Shanti Paath for all the soldiers who sacrificed their life for Freedom in both world wars.
The Centre maintains a link with the Consulate General of India. The consulate has held numerous events at the Hindu Heritage Centre such as consular camps for services such as pensioner life certificates, and other general briefing, including consultation and approval of documents for various services.
Cultural Hindus

A Cultural Hindu is a religiously unobservant individual who identifies with Hinduism, usually due to family background.
Emory University professor John Y. Fenton defines the locution as follows:
The term has come into vogue as a result of secularization. Cultural Hindus, while not religiously devout, may still observe and celebrate Hindu festivals, such as Diwali. For these individuals, this commemoration of Hindu festivals, as well as occasional temple attendance, serve as a celebration of their heritage.
Kalaram Temple

Kalaram Temple, is a Hindu temple in Nashik of Nashik district in Maharashtra, dedicated to the deity Rama. It is a temple situated in Panchavati area of the Nashik. The temple derives its name from a black statue of Rama. The literal translation of kalaram is "black Rama". The sanctum sanctorum also houses the statues of the goddess Sita and the god Lakshmana. Thousands of devotees visit the temple every day.
The original temple dedicated to an unknown deity was very old, estimated to be of the Rashtrakuta Period from the 7th to 11th centuries. However, the claimed antiquity of the Rama idol, which was more than 2000 years old, has not been verified. According to an anecdote, during the early Turkish invasions, the idol of the deity was thrown into the Godavari River by the Temple Brahmins to save it. One Sardar Rangarao Odhekar funded the new temple which was rebuilt around the 1700s. It is claimed that once Odhekar had a dream that the statue of Rama in black color was in the Godavari River. He carried out an expedition to revive the idol and miraculously got it. Odhekar took the statue from the river and requested a saint for the reconsecration of the statue as per the instructions of God in the dream. After that Odhekar built the temple. Odhekar's expedition is an important part of Nashik's history. There is a statue of Sardar Odhekar in the temple.
According to ancient epic of the Ramayana, Rama was sent in exile for fourteen years. After the tenth year of exile, Rama along with Lakshmana and Sita, lived for two and half years on the northern bank of the Godavari near Nasik. This place is known as Panchavati.
The temple came middle of the conflict caused by Satyagraha organised and led by B.R. Ambedkar. Now it is known as Kalaram mandir satyagraha. Ambedkar organised a large protest outside this temple on 2 March 1930, in order to enter into the temple. Many dalit protesters arrived to the town by trucks, they surrounded the temple and sat around it. They sang songs, often raised war cries, demanded to enter in the temple. The people of Nashik boycotted the protesters. On the day of Rama Navami 9 April 1930, the dalit protesters tried to stop the temple ratha yatra; fights and stone pelting began between the higher caste Hindus and the dalit protesters, later Ambedkar reached at the riot spot, he and other all the protesters suffered minor injuries. Somehow a protester named Bhaskar Kendre broke the police cordon who were protecting the temple and enter in it and fell on the floor. This satyagraha ran till 1935.
The main entrance has a black idol of Hanuman.There is also a very old tree that has Dattatreya's footprint impressions marked on a stone. Pilgrims visit the Kapaleshwar Mahadev temple near the Kalaram Temple.
Hanuman's temple is designed in such a way that, Rama's idol can be visible from Hanuman's idol.
Main temple of Rama has 14 steps, which represents 14 years of Rama's exile.
Also, the temple has 84 pillars, which represents cycle of 84 lakh species one has to go in order to get human birth.
20°00′25″N 73°47′44″E﻿ / ﻿20.0069387°N 73.7955010°E﻿ / 20.0069387; 73.7955010
Bendungan

Bendungan ya iku wangunan kanggo ngalang alangi miliné banyu, klebu miliné rembesan banyu njero lemah. Banyu kang dialangi miliné iku, ngembeng dadi wadhuk kang sakliyane bisa nyuda banjir uga bisa nyadhiyani banyu kanggo irigasi, PDAM, budi daya banyu, uga kanggo listrik tenaga banyu. Tembung Bendungan kudu dibedakaké marang tembung Bendung.
Tembung dam bisa ditlusuri saka Inggris Pertengahan, lan sadurungé, saka Walanda Pertengahan, kang katon ing jeneng saka kutha-kutha lawas. Tembung dam pisanan tumon ing taun 1165. Nanging, ana salah siji désa, Obdam, sing wis kasebut ing 1120. Tembungé kétoke ana gegayutan karo tembung yunani taphos, ateges "kuburan" utawa "bukit kuburan". Mula tembungé mesthine dimangerteni dadi "tanggul saka ndudhuk lemah". Jeneng luwih saka 40 panggonan (kanthi owah-owahan sithik sithik ) saka jaman Walanda Pertengahan (1150-1500 CE) kaya ta Amsterdam (didegaké minangka 'Amstelredam' ing abad ka-12) lan Rotterdam, uga nuduhake kanggone tembung iku.
Paheman Pangan lan Tetanèn

Organisasi Pangan lan Tetanèn (basa Inggris: Food and Agriculture Organisation/FAO) ana ing naungan Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB). Nduwèni markas ing Roma, Italia, FAO duwé tujuan kanggo ngundhakaké tingkat nutrisi lan taraf urip; ngundhakaké prodhuksi, prosès, pamasaran lan panyaluran prodhuk pangan lan tetanèn; mromosèkaké pembangunan ing padésan; lan ngilangaké keluwèn. Contoné, langkah FAO kanggo mbasmi laler woh-wohan Mediterania saka Lembah Kali Karibia nguntungaké indhustri jeruk Amérika Sarékat.
FAO diyasa ing taun 1945 ing Quebec City, Quebec, Kanada. Ana ing taun 1951, markasé dipindhah saka Washington, D.C., AS menyang Roma, Italia. Ing tanggal 26 November 2005, FAO nduwé 189 anggota (188 nagara lan Komunitas Éropa).
Aktivitas utama FAO dikonsentrasèaké ana ing patang pérangan:
Payudara

Payudara (Latin: mamma) iku organ awak pérangan ndhuwur jaja saka spésies mamalia kang jinis kelaminé wadon, kalebu manungsa.
Fungsi utama saka klanjer susu iku mènèhi nutrisi ing wujud banyu susu kanggo bayi utawa balita. Prosès pawènèhan banyu susu iki karan nyusoni. (Sanajan klanjer kang ngasilaké banyu susu uga ana ing wong lanang, normalé klanjer susu mau tetep ora ngembang sampurna.)
Pambuluh nadi

Pambuluh nadi utawa arteri iku pambuluh getih kang ana ototé kang nggawa getih saka jantung. Fungsi iki walikané fungsi pambuluh balik kang nggawa getih nuju jantung.
Sistem sirkulasi wigati banget kanggo mempertahankan urip. Fungsi mligi ya iku ngirim oksigèn lan nutrisi nuju kabèh sel, sarta ngangkud dat buwangan kaya karbon dioksida. Ing nagara tumuwuh, loro kadadèan pepati utama dijalari déning infark miokardium lan stroke ing sistem pambuluh getih, umpamané arterosklerosis.
Sistem pambuluh nadi nduwé pérangan tekanan kang dhuwur ing sistem sirkulasi. Tekanan getih racaké nunjukaké tekanan ing pambuluh nadi utama. Tekanan nalika jantung ngembang lan getih lumebu ing jantung karan diastol. Tekanan sistol tegesé tekanan getih nalika jantung kontraksi lan getih metu saka jantung. Tekanan getih iki bisa dikur kanthi tensimeter utawa sfigmomanometer.
Lapisan paling njaba karan tunika adventitia kang kasusun saka jaringan panyambung. Ing lapisan saterusé ana tunika médhia kang kasusun saka otot polos lan jaringan elastis. Lapisan paling njero ya iku tunika intima kang kasusun saka sel endothelial. Getih mili ing njero ya iku ing lumen.
Ana sapérangan jinis pambuluh nadi ing awak, ya iku:
Pambuluh iki nggawa getih kang wis dideoksigenasi kang gèk entes waé diilèkaké saka paru-paru.
Arteri sistemik nggawa getih nuju arteriol lan banjur nuju pambuluh kapiler, ing ngendi dat nutrisi lan gas diijolaké.
Aorta iku pambuluh nadi gedhé dhéwé ing awak kang metu saka ventrikel jantung lan nggawa akèh oksigèn.
Arteriol iku pambuluh nadi paling cilik kang gegandhéngan karo pambuluh kapiler.
Pambuluh iki dudu pambuluh nadi sabeneré. Ing kéné dumadi ijolan dat kang dadi fungsi utama sistem sirkulasi. Pambuluh kapilèr iku pambuluh kang nggandhéngaké cawang-cawang pambuluh nadi lan cawang-cawang pambuluh balik kang paling cilik karo sel-sel awak. Pambuluh nadi lan pambuluh balik iku nduwé akèh cawang, lan ukuran cawang-cawang pambuluh iku saya adoh saka jantung saya cilik. Pambuluh kapilèr alus banget lan dindingé tipis.
Pasta anchovy

Pasta Anchovy minangka salah sawijining olahan produk panganan tempel iwak sing disiyapake nggunakake iwak teri minangka bahan utama. Iki digunakake minangka bumbu lan bahan ing macem-macem panganan, kayata Scotch woodcock, lan minangka produk sing diproduksi kanthi massal . Wis pirang-pirang abad digunakake kanggo nyedhiyakake rasa lan panganan kanggo sumber nutrisi, lan kalebu bagean saka masakan ing Inggris Raya, Italia, Filipina lan Vietnam. Iki minangka produk ekspor utama Maroko.
Panyoklatan panganan

Panyoklatan utawa Browning minangka proses panganan dadi coklat amarga reaksi kimia sing ana ing njero ati. Proses coklat minangka salah sawijining reaksi kimia sing ana ing kimia pangan lan nuduhake topik riset sing menarik babagan kesehatan, nutrisi, lan teknologi panganan. Sanadyan ana akeh cara pangan kimia owahan liwat wektu, Browning ing dawah tartamtu menyang 2 kategori utama: enzim mungsuh pangolahan Browning non-enzim.
Browning duwe akeh pengaruh penting ing industri panganan sing ana gandhengane karo nutrisi, teknologi, lan biaya ekonomi. Peneliti utamane kepengin sinau kontrol (penghambatan) kecoklatan lan macem-macem cara sing bisa digunakake kanggo nggedhekake hambatan iki lan pungkasane nambah umur panganan.
Diet karbohidrat asor

Panganan karbohidrat sithik mbatesi panggunaan karbohidrat relatif kanggo diet rata-rata. Panganan sing akeh karbohidrat (kayata, gula, roti, pasta ) diwatesi, lan diganti karo panganan sing ngemot persentase lemak lan protein luwih dhuwur (kayata, daging, unggas, iwak, kerang, endhog, keju, kacang-kacangan, lan wiji ), uga panganan sing kurang karbohidrat (kayata bayam, kale, chard, collard, lan sayuran serat liyane).
Kurang standardisasi babagan diet karbohidrat karbohidrat sing kudu ana, lan iki nduweni riset rumit. Siji definisi, saka American Academy of Family Physicians, nemtokake diet rendah karbohidrat amarga kandungan karbohidrat kurang saka 20%. Ora ana bukti sing apik yen diet karbohidrat murah menehi tunjangan kesehatan tartamtu kajaba diet bobote, nalika diet kurang karbohidrat entuk asil sing padha karo diet liyane, amarga penurunan bobot utamane ditemtokake dening watesan kalori lan ketaatan.
Bentuk ekstrem rendah karbohidrat - diet ketogenik - pisanan digawe minangka panganan medis kanggo ngobati epilepsi . Liwat dukungan selebriti, wis dadi pola diet penurunan berat badan sing populer, nanging ora ana bukti manawa ana mupangate khusu kanggo tujuan iki, lan bisa uga ana efek efek samping . Asosiasi Dietetik Inggris milih salah sawijining "panganan paling larang saka 5 panganan sing ora bisa diidhep ing taun 2018".
Pathi

Pathi utawa amilum yaiku karbohidrat polimer sing kasusun saka pirang-pirang unit glukosa sing gabung karo ikatan glikosidik . Polisakarida iki diproduksi dening akeh tanduran ijo minangka panyimpenan energi. Iki minangka karbohidrat paling umum ing panganan manungsa lan kalebu akeh ing panganan pokok kaya ta kentang, jagung (jagung), beras, gandum lan singkong .
Ing industri, pati diowahi dadi gula, kaya ta malting, lan difermentasi kanggo ngasilake etanol ing pabrik bir, wiski lan biofuel . Diolah kanggo ngasilake akeh gula sing digunakake ing panganan olahan. Campuran umume pati ing banyu anget ngasilake tempel, kaya ta pasta gandum, sing bisa digunakake kanggo agen penebalan, pengakuan utawa perekat. Pati pati non-panganan industri paling gedhe yaiku adesif sajrone proses nulis kertas . Pati bisa ditrapake ing bagean sawetara sandhangan sadurunge nyetrika, kanggo kaku .
Glukosa

Glukosa, salah siji gula monosakarida, yaiku karbohidrat wigati kang digunakaké minangka sumber kéwan lan tetuwuhan. Glukosa yaiku kasil utama fotosintesis lan respirasi wiwitan. Glukosa (C6H12O6) yaiku heksosa-monosakarida kang ngandhut enem atom karbon. Glukosa iku aldehida kang ngandhut CHO lan dadi sumber tenaga ing endi-endi sajeroning biologi. Glukosa bisa diwangun saka formaldehida ing kaanan abiotik, saéngga bakal gampang sumadya kanggo sistem biokimia primitif. Glukosa yaiku gula utama kang digawé awak. Awak nggawé glukosa saka protéin, lemak, lan mligi saka karbohidrat. Glukosa diteraké menyang saben sèl lumantar iliné getih. Nanging , sèl-sèl iku ora bisa nggunakaké glukosa tanpa pambiyantu insulin. Glukosa uga diarani dekstrosa.
Tèh fermentasi

Teh fermentasi (uga dikenal minangka teh post-fermentasi utawa teh peteng ) minangka kelas teh sing ngalami fermentasi mikroba, wiwit pirang-pirang wulan nganti pirang-pirang taun. Cahya saka godhong tèh kanggo asor lan oksigen sak proses uga nimbulaké endo- oksidasi (asalé saka teh godhong-godhong enzim piyambak) lan exo- oksidasi (kang microbially catalysed ). Godhong teh lan omben-omben digawe saka bahan kasebut dadi luwih peteng nalika dioksidasi. Mula, macem-macem jinis teh fermentasi sing diproduksi ing saindenging Tiongkok uga diarani teh peteng, ora bakal bingung karo teh ireng . Paling teh fermentasi misuwur iku kombucha kang asring homebrewed, pu-Erh, diprodhuksi ing Yunnan Province, lan Anhua peteng teh diprodhuksi ing Anhua County of Langkawi District .
Fermentasi godhong teh ngowahi kimia, nyebabake kualitas organoleptik teh sing digawe saka bahan kasebut. Fermentasi mengaruhi mambu teh lan biasane mellows rasa, nyuda astringency lan pait nalika nambah tutuk lan aftertaste. Mikroba uga bisa ngasilake metabolit kanthi mupangat kesehatan.
Fermentasi ditindakake kanthi cetakan. Niger Aspergillus kena pengaruh minangka organisme mikroba utama ing proses Pu-erh, nanging identifikasi spesies kasebut ditantang karo analisis PCR-DGGE sing komprehensif, sing nuduhake Aspergillus luchuensis minangka agen utama fermentasi .
Ès krim tèh ijo

Green tea ice cream (抹茶アイスクリーム, Matcha aisu kurīmu) matcha ice (抹茶アイス Matcha aisu) yaiku Japanese ice cream rasa tèh ijo. Iki minangka rasa kang kawentar sing digawe saka tèh ijo. Werna panganan iki ijo lan disajekake adhem.
Osèng tomat lan endhog orak-arik

Tomat goreng lan endhog orak arik ( Chinese ) minangka panganan umum ing Tiongkok . Biasane dadi mangan utama. Amarga kesederhanaan persiyapan, dadi populer ing kantin siswa.
Shakshouka (Arab: شكشوكة) minangka panganan sing padha banget sing dipangan ing Levant ing Timur Tengah . Pangan kasebut uga dianggep minangka panganan utama ing macem-macem wilayah ing Arab .
Versi saka sajian iki, sing diarani ginisang kamatis ing itlog, uga dipangan ing Filipina, biasane nalika wayah sarapan, lan dipasangkan karo sega goreng bawang putih, utawa dicincang ing antarane pandesal iris.
Carbohydrate counting

Carbohydrate counting or "carb" counting is a meal planning tool used in diabetes management to help optimize blood sugar control. It can be used with or without the use of insulin therapy. Carbohydrate counting involves determining whether a food item has carbohydrate followed by the subsequent determination of how much carbohydrate the food item has in it.
Carbohydrate is one of three major macronutrients found in food. The other major macronutrients are protein and fat. Carbohydrate in its simplest form is known as glucose and can contribute to a rise in blood sugar. In people with diabetes, the body's ability to keep blood sugar at a normal level is impaired. Dietary management of carbohydrate consumed is one tool used to help optimize blood sugar levels.
Carbohydrate is found in a number of foods including fruits, starchy vegetables (such as peas, potatoes, and corn), grains, milk and yogurt, legumes, and desserts. In general, foods such as meat, eggs, cheese, fats, and non-starchy vegetables (such as greens and broccoli) have little to no carbohydrate. Other foods free of carbohydrate include small quantities of certain condiments, unsweetened coffee and tea, and sugar free sodas.
Carbohydrate content of foods is listed on the Nutrition Facts panel as "total carbohydrate". Some food labels will list specific types of carbohydrate, such as "fiber, sugar, or other carbohydrate". With carbohydrate counting, the "total carbohydrate" is used as the carbohydrate amount. Carbohydrate counting can be done by either adding up grams of total carbohydrate or adding "carbohydrate units". A carbohydrate unit is simply 15 g of carbohydrate.
Carbohydrate counting can be used with or without insulin therapy.
When carbohydrate counting is used without insulin, it can be used as a tool to manage blood sugar levels. A certain number of carbohydrate grams or carbohydrate units is consumed with each meal and with each snack. In keeping the carbohydrate at a certain level, the blood sugar is able to remain within a normal level. The American Diabetes Association recommends starting at around 45–60 carbohydrate grams (3–4 carb units) at each meal, with potential to increase or decrease that amount.
Carbohydrate counting may be used with either a fixed insulin dosage or with a more flexible insulin dosage. Carb counting for fixed insulin dosage is done in the same manner as carbohydrate counting without insulin. The only difference is that insulin is administered with the meal. With more flexible insulin dosage, the insulin is administered in regards to the amount of carbohydrate consumed. The insulin amount will vary based on the amount of carbohydrates consumed.
Фетяска нягра

Фетяска негра (на румънски: Fetească neagră, в превод „черно момиче“) е винен сорт грозде с произход от Румъния.
Лозите са много студоустойчиви – до -24. Имат кратък период на отглеждане и зреене, не изискват богата почва. Идеална за тях е варовикови почви. Податливи са на мана и сиво гниене. Гроздовият сок е безцветен.
От него се получават качествени сухи, полусухи и десертни червени вина, с рубинен цвят и аромат на червени плодове и касис. Нормално са със съдържание на алкохол от около 12-12,5%. Има добър потенциал за стареене.
Поради дебелата си люспа сортът не е подходящ за трапезно грозде.
Бъз

Бъз (Sambucus) е род двусемеделни растения от около 30 вида, основно разпространени в умерения пояс на северното полукълбо, но има и в южното. Повечето са храсти или ниски дървета. В България виреят 3 вида: черен, червен бъз и бъзак (тревист бъз).
Внимание: зелените или недоузрели плодове, както и семената на зрелите плодове съдържат самбуцин и самбунигрин, които са отровни. И при трите вида бъз плодовете имат високо съдържание на витамин С.
Физалис

Физалис (Physalis) е род растения от семейство Картофови (Solanaceae), отдел Покритосеменни, клас Двусемеделни.
Естествената страна на растението е топъл умерен и субтропичен климат. Плодовете са оранжеви и по големина, форма и структура приличат на малки доматчета, които обаче са частично или изцяло скрити в подобна на хартия шушулка, която се формира от изсъхналия цвят на растението. Цветът е жълтеникав и наподобява този на петунията (Petunia). Растението е тревисто и височината му варира от 40 cm до 3 m и прилича на обикновения домат. Растението е популярно за украса. Самите цветове на растението са отровни.
Класическото растение е чувствително на замръзвания, но има една разновидност, която води началото си от южна Европа – Physalis alkekengi, която презимува безпроблемно в цяла южна Европа до Китай. Тя се отличава по ярко червените си шушулки и тъмно оранжевите си до ярко червени плодове.
Пуска много дълбоки и разклоняващи се корени. За да се развие добре, Physalis peruviana изисква да е на слънце. Растението се чувства добре във всякакъв вид почви и дори в по-бедните на минерали и хумус. По време на растежа трябва да се полива обилно. По време на зреенето на плодовете и самото плодообразуване растението изисква по-суха почва. Плодът е сладък и сочен, леко кисел и много освежаващ. Според някои хора вкусът му се сравнява с този на малки сладки доматчета и ананас. 100 грама от плода съдържат около 130 калории. Плодът има високо съдържание на криптоксантин или витамин А. Използва се много в сладкарството за украса на торти, пудинги, кремове и мелби, както и в плодови салати. Може да се прибави в сладка и мармалади, както и да се изсуши като смокините, гроздето и кайсиите.