davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Salix aegyptiaca

Salix aegyptiaca, known as the Persian willow, is a large shrub or small tree from the genus of willow (Salix) with red branches that are tomentose in the first two years and leaves up to 15 centimeters long. The natural range of the species is in the Caucasus and in western Asia. It is cultivated in many countries.
The Persian willow is a 2.5 to 10 meter high shrub or tree with striped wood. The twigs are thick, red, with gray tomentose hair up to the second year and later glabrous. The flower buds are egg-shaped, 6 to 9 millimeters long, 4 to 6 millimeters in diameter, blunt or pointed. The foliage leaves have kidney-shaped or half- heart -shaped stipules 1.5 to 6 millimeters long, falling off early. The petiole is 4 to 12 millimeters long. The leaf blade is 5 to 15 centimeters long, 3 to 6 centimeters wide, obovate to elliptical-lanceolate, usually half as wide as long, with a pointed or blunt end, a rounded to broadly wedge-shaped base and a more or less wavy and irregularly serrated leaf edge. 15 pairs of nerves are formed. Both sides are initially hairy, the top later becomes bald and is then shiny green. The underside is blue-green and gray haired pressed.
The numerous catkins are up to 8 inches long, cylindrical to ovate, sitting and densely shaggy hairy. They appear even before the leaves shoot. The bracts are hairy silky, 2 to 3.5 millimeters long and 1.5 to 3 millimeters wide. Male flowers have two stamens with 7 to 10 millimeters long, about half-grown and hairy stamens at the base. The ovary of female flowers is stalked and slightly hairy. The Persian willow flowers from March to April.
The natural range is in temperate areas in the north of Iran and Iraq, in the southeast of Turkey and in Azerbaijan. Other sources also state northeast Greece and Israel as the distribution area. It is cultivated in Egypt, Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan, and other countries. The species grows in floodplain and bank trees on fresh to moist, acidic to neutral, sandy-gravelly soils in sunny locations. The species loves warmth and is usually frost hardy.
Salix aegyptiaca is a species from the genus of willows (Salix) in the willow family (Salicaceae). The species was described in 1759 by Carl Linnaeus. The generic name Salix comes from Latin and was already used by the Romans for various types of willow. The specific epithet aegyptiaca refers to the country Egypt, although the willow is not native there. A synonym of the species is Salix medemii Boiss.
The wood of the Persian willow is rarely used. It is sometimes used as an ornamental shrub because of the decorative flowers.
Its flowers can be infused in a syrup or be distilled like rose water. Musk willow water and syrup are used in Egyptian and Persian cuisines to flavour drinks, pastries and candies.
திருமணம் (இந்து சமயம்)

இந்து திருமணம் அலல்து விவாகம் (மராத்தி:லக்கணம் लग्न), தெலுங்கு:கல்யாணம் அல்லது பெல்லி) திருமணம் என்பது இந்து சமயத்தவர் செய்ய வேண்டிய 16 சடங்குகளில் ஒன்றாகும். இது இந்துக்களுக்கான பாரம்பரிய திருமணச் சடங்கைக் குறிக்கிறது. 'திருமணம்' என்ற சொல்லின் நேரடிப் பொருள்: - குறிப்பாக தாங்குவது என்று பொருளாகும். இந்தியாவில் திருமணம் அக்கினி தேவன் போன்ற தேவர்களால் நடத்தப்படுவதாக கருதப்படுகிறது மற்றும் "அக்னியால் சாட்சியமளிக்கும் புனிதமான சங்கமம்" என்றும் கருதப்படுகிறது. திருமணம் ஒரு புனிதமாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது..
திருமண விழா மிகவும் வண்ணமயமானது மற்றும் பல நாட்கள் நீடிக்கும். மணமகன மற்றும் மணமகள் வீடுகள், நுழைவாயில், கதவுகள், சுவர்கள், தரை, கூரைகளில் வண்ணங்கள், பூக்கள் மற்றும் பிற அலங்காரங்களால் அலங்கரிக்கப்படுகிறது.
ஒரே கோத்திரத்தில் மற்றும் ஒரே குலம் அல்லது வம்சத்தில் பிறந்தவர்களை திருமணம் செய்து கொள்வது என்பது இந்து சமயத்தில் தடை செய்யப்பட்ட ஒன்றாகும். மேலும் சித்தி மகள்/மகனை திருமணம் செய்து கொள்வதும் தடைசெய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது.
வேதங்களின்படி, திருமணம் என்பது ஒரு ஆணுக்கும் பெண்ணுக்கும் இடையேயான சங்கமம் ஆகும். இந்து திருமணத்தில் தர்மம் (கடமை), அர்த்தம் (செல்வம் மற்றும் பிற சொத்துகளைப் பெறுதல்), காமம் (பொருள் மற்றும் பிற) மற்றும் மோட்சம் (நித்திய விடுதலை) ஆகியவற்றைப் பின்பற்றுவதற்கான அர்ப்பணிப்பு உள்ளது.
திருமணத்தின் போது செய்யப்படும் முக்கியச் சடங்குகள் பின்வருமாறு: குடும்ப மரபுகள், உள்ளூர் மரபுகள், குடும்பங்களின் வளங்கள் மற்றும் பிற காரணிகள் திருமணத்தின் போது பிரதிபலிக்கிறது. இருப்பினும் மூன்று முக்கிய சடங்குகள் திருமணத்தின் போது செய்யப்படுகிறது.
தங்க அரிசி

தங்க அரிசி (Golden rice) என்பது மரபணு பொறிமுறையின் மூலம் உயிர்ச்சத்து ஏ யின் முன்னோடித் தாதுவான பீட்டா கரோற்றினை இணைத்து உருவாக்கப்பட்ட புதிய நெல்லினமாகும். கடந்த 2000 ஆம் ஆண்டு பன்னாட்டு அரிசி ஆய்வு மையமும் (IRRI), ராக்கேபெல்லெர் அமைப்பும் (The rockefeller foundation) இணைந்து மரபணு மாற்ற உயிரினத்தின் ஐந்தாவது வருகையான இத்தங்க அரிசி உருவாக்கப்பட்டது.இது பற்றிய அறிவியல் தகவல்கள் 2000 ஆம் ஆண்டு அறிவியல் சஞ்சிகையில் வெளியிடப்பட்டது.
உலகில் சுமார் 400 மில்லியன் மக்கள் உயிர்ச்சத்து ஏ குறைபாட்டினால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளனர்.தங்க அரிசி உயிர்ச்சத்து ஏ குறைபாட்டை எதிர்கொள்ளும் நாடுகளில் அதை நிவர்த்திக்கக்கூடிய உணவாக உருவாக்கப்பட்டது.
2005 இல் தங்க அரிசி-2 எனும் மற்றொரு இனம் அறிவிக்கப்பட்டது. இது முன்னர் உருவான தங்க அரிசியைப் போல 23 மடங்கு பீட்டா கரோற்றினைக் கொண்டதாயுள்ளது.
தங்க அரிசி சுவிஸ் தொழில் நுட்ப நிறுவனத்தின் உறுப்பு நிறுவனமான தாவர அறிவியல் நிறுவனத்தில் இன்கோ பொற்றிகஸ் (Ingo Potrykus) மற்றும் புறுவேக் பல்கலைக் கழக பேராசிரியர் பீற்றர் பேயர்(Peter Beyer) ஆகியோர்களால் உருவாக்கப்பட்டது. இச்செயற்றிட்டம் 1992 இல் ஆரம்பமானது.ஒரு முழுமையான உயிரியல் தொகுப்பிப்பாக அமைந்ததால் இக்கட்டுரை வெளியிடப்பட்ட 2000 ஆம் ஆண்டு தங்க அரிசி உயிரித் தொழில்நுட்பத்தின் முக்கிய அடைவாகக் கருதப்பட்டது.
கருப்பு அரிசி

கருப்பு அரசி (Black rice, அல்லது கருஞ்சிவப்பு அரிசி) என்பது நெல் வகைத் தானியங்களில் ஒன்று. இவ்வரிசி அதிக ஊட்ட மதிப்பைக் கொண்டது.
கருமையான அரிசி, ஆசியக் கண்டத்தில் பரவலாகப் பயன்படுத்தப் படுகிறது. பலவகைகளிலும் உணவாகப் பயன்படுகிறது. ஆய்வாளர்கள் இந்த கருமையான அரிசி புற்றுநோயினையும் இதயநோயினையும் கட்டுப்படுத்த உதவுவதாகக் கூறுகிறார்கள்.
சீனாவில் விரும்பி உண்ணப்படும் இவ்வரிசியில் சக்கரையின் அளவு குறைவாக உள்ளது. நார்ச்சத்து அதிகம் உள்ளது. ஒரு கரண்டி அளவே உள்ள அரிசியில் எராளமான எதிர் ஆக்சிடன்று உள்ளதாகக் கூறுகிறார்கள். இந்த அரிசியின் தவிட்டினை வெகுவாக ஆய்ந்துள்ளனர். ஆந்திரசையனைன் என்கிற வேதிப்பொருள், அரிசிக்கு கருமை நிறத்தினைக் கொடுக்கிறது.
அரிசி மாவு

அரிசி மாவு (Rice flour (also rice powder) என்பது அரிசியில் இருந்து செய்யப்படும் மாவு ஆகும்.
அரிசி மாவு வெள்ளை அரிசி அல்லது பழுப்பு அரிசியில் இருந்து தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது. மாவு செய்ய, நெல்லிலிருந்து உமி நீக்கப்படு பெறப்பட்ட, அரிசியில் இருந்து அரிசி மாவு தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது. தமிழ்நாட்டில் பாரம்பரியமாக பசையாக அரைக்கப்படும் அரிசியானது கைகளால் உரலில் அல்லது இயந்திர உரலில் அரைக்கப்படுகிறது. தூள் அரிசி மாவானது ஊறவைக்கப்பட்ட அரிசியை அதில் படிந்துள்ள ஈரத்தைப் போக்கி உரலில் உலக்கைக் கொண்டு இடித்து செய்யப்படுகிறது, அல்லது அதற்கென பிரத்தியேகமாக உள்ள அரவை இயந்திரத்தில் பணம் செலுத்தி அரைத்துக்கொண்டு வருகின்றனர்.
சப்பானில் அரிசிமாவை கோமிகோ( (米粉, komeko) (米粉) என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது இது இரண்டு வகைகளில் பசையாகவும், தூளாகவும் கிடைக்கிறது.
பசையாக அரைக்கப்படும் அரிசி மாவு இட்டலி, தோசை போன்ற உணவுப் பெருட்களுக்கு மூலப் பொருளாக உள்ளது. பசைத்தன்மையற்ற தூளாக உள்ள அரிசி மாவானது கொழுக்கட்டை, அக்கி ரொட்டி மாவிளக்கு போன்றவற்றைச் செய்ய பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. சிலர் அரிசி மாவைக்கொண்டு மாக் கோலம் இடுவர் இந்த மாக்கோலத்தில் உள்ள அரிசி மாவு எறும்பு உள்ளிட்ட பூச்சிகளுக்கு உணவாகட்டும் என்ற எண்ணத்தில் மாக்கோலம் இடப்படுகிறது.
Bhagat Ram

Bhagat Ram is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India from the Phillaur constituency of Punjab as a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
He firmly believes in and working for the victory of Secularism, communal harmony, national unity, upliftment of toiling people, democracy, Socialism and Marxism.
Bhagat Ram was married to Satya Devi, who passed away on February 7, 2021. The couple had four children—two sons and two daughters. He identifies as a non-believer in religion.
Bhagat Ram had a teaching career spanning 16 years, serving in secondary schools from 1961 to 1977. He held the position of Headmaster at Government Middle School, Sunner Kalan, in Jalandhar district before resigning in 1977 to contest the Lok Sabha elections.
He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1977 to 1980, representing the Phillaur (Jalandhar) Parliamentary Constituency as a candidate of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) [CPI(M)]. Over the years, he contested the Lok Sabha elections from Phillaur as a CPI(M) candidate six times, in 1977, 1980, 1985, 1989, 1992, and 1996. Additionally, he contested the Vidhan Sabha election from the Banga Assembly Constituency in 1980 as a CPI(M) candidate.
Sant-Enion-al-Lenn-Veur

Sant-Enion-al-Lenn-Veur a zo ur gumun a Vreizh e Kanton Reudied-1, e Liger-Atlantel, e gevred ar vro.
En gul e sourin en argant heuliet gant teir melchonenn ivez en argant, 2, 1
Bet enrollet ar 17 Meurzh 1791.
Skoed ur yaouzer eus familh Goheau (XVI kantved)
Niver a annezidi
Fulup II an Aogust

Fulub II lesanvet Fulub an Aogust, ganet d’an 21 a viz Eost 1165 e Gonesse, marvet e Mantes d’ar 14 a viz Gouere 1223, ha oa mab hag hêr Louis VII hag Adell Champagne.
Al lesanv Auguste, a voe roet dezhañ en bev, zo da dostaat eus an titr a veze roet d’an impalaerien roman en Henamzer, daoust ma’z eus bet roet sterioù all dezhañ e-pad e ren : meneg a rafe eus ar miz ma oa bet ganet, peotramant eus ar verb latin augere a dalvez « kreskiñ », « lakaat da greskiñ ». Roet e vefe bet al lesanv-se dezhañ marteze pa stagas ouzh damani ar roueed c'hall, e miz Gouere 1185 (Skrid-emglev Boves), aotrouniezhoù Bro-Artez, ar Valois, hag hini Amiens hag ul lodenn vat eus ar Vermandois.
Fulup a voe kurunennet d'ar 1añ a viz Du 1179 dre na oa ket gouest Loeiz VII, kouezhet ar seizi warnañ, da ren ken.
D'an 18 a viz Gwengolo 1180 e varvas e dad hag e teuas da vezañ roue ofisiel ar Franked.
Enez-Hir

An Enez-Hir zo un enezenn e lenn-vor Brest, e kumun Kraozon, stag ouzh gourenez Kraozon. Ganti eo rannet bae Roskañvel diouzh ouf ar Fred. 42 m a uhelder a oa dezhi a-raok labourioù bras 1967-1972.
Diberc'hennet e oa bet 400 den bennak ha skarzhet 6 atant a-benn ober lec'h d'al labourioù.
Ur porzhva kuzh zo enni, ha n'haller ket kaout luc'hskeudennoù eus an enezenn. Manifestadegoù a vez bep bloaz a-enep al listri-spluj nukleel (dizañjer, a-hervez) a zo dalc'het enni.
Berzet eo tapout skeudennoù eus an Enez-Hir ha ne weler mann ebet war gartennoù an IGN. Gant Google Earth avat e c'haller gwelet pizh an traoù (dre loarell). Gallout a reer gwelet ar skeudennoù-se amañ: wikimapia.
XVvet kantved

D'ar 1añ Genver 1401 e krog ar XV kantved hag echuiñ a ra d'an 31 Kerzu 1500.
En Istor Europa emañ war-varc'h ar c'hantved-mañ etre ar Grennamzer hag an Azginivelezh.
Roll ijinadennoù ar XV kantved
XVIIvet kantved

Kregiñ a ra ar XVII kantved d'ar 1añ Genver 1601 hag echuiñ a ra d'an 31 Kerzu 1700 en deiziadur gregorian.
Roll ijinadennoù ar XVII kantved
Kemmoù bras zo bet war dachennoù ar brederouriezh hag ar skiantoù. Mare an dispac’h skiantel eo.
Lenn Gwerledan

Lenn Gwerledan a zo ur virlenn, da lavarout eo ul lennad dour krouet da-heul ur stankell. War red ar Blavezh emañ, hag a zo er rann-se un darn eus kanol Naoned-Brest (tremen a reas ar gobar diwezhañ e Gwerledan d'an 8 pe d'an 9 a viz Gwengolo 1928). Emañ ar stankell etre Mur (e departamant Aodoù-an-Arvor, hag e Bro-Gerne) ha Sant-Inan (e departamant ar Mor-Bihan, hag e Bro-Wened). Kaorel ha Sant-Jelven a zo kumunioù hag o deus un digor war al lenn ivez. Evit ober tredan e oa bet savet ar stankell, bet kaset da benn al labourioù anezhi adalek 1923 betek 1930, gant an Union Hydro-électrique Armoricaine (UHEA). Bezañ e voe kentañ stankell bounner biskoazh savet e betoñs e Frañs. Daou zen a voe pouezus-mat o emouestl er raktres : Joseph Ratier, isprefed Pondi d'ar mare-se hag an ijinour Auguste Leson (1889-1953). Ar c'hannad tregeriat Yves Le Trocquer (1877-1938) eo a zeuas da lakaat kentañ maen ar chanter d'ar 17 a viz C'hwevrer 1924, hag eñ Ministr al Labourioù Foran d'an ampoent. O c'hrabanoù a lakaas an Alamaned war ar savadurioù kenkent hag ac'hubet ar c'horn-bro gante evit ma vije asuret pourveziñ tredan arsanailh ha bon splujerezioù Keroman an Oriant. Bombezet e voe ar greizenn dourdredan e 1943 e-doug an Eil Brezel-bed gant daouzek Douglas Boston eus ar Squadron Niv. 342 eus ar Royal Air Force (Nerzhioù Frañs Dieub (FFL) - Free French).
Mirlenn vrasañ Breizh eo : war-dro 400 ha ar gorread anezhi ha 12 km a hirder. An donder brasañ a zo 50 m. 55 milion a m³ dour a zo miret en doare-se. Bep an amzer (bep 10 vloaz pe war-dro : e 1951, 1966, 1974, 1985 ha 2015) e vez goullonderet al lenn hag e weler neuze dismantroù ar mengleuzioù sklent, ar c'hêriadennoù hag ar seitek skluz bet beuzet. Ul lec'h touristel-kenañ eo deuet da vezañ, ha kaer eo ar vro gant al lenn stanket etre an torgennoù koadek, gant Koad Kaorel ha Koad Kenekann dreist-holl.
Lenn Tana

Al Lenn Tana (ጣና ሐይቅ T’ana ḥāyik’i en amhareg, anvet Tsana gwezhall) eo al lenn vrasañ en Etiopia ha mammenn an Nil glas. Emañ e rannvro Amhara e gwalarn uheldirioù Etiopia e 1788 m uhelder. War-dro 84 km hirder ha 66 km ledander zo enni. An donder brasañ a dizh 15 m. En em deurel a ra ar stêrioù Gilgel Abay, Reb ha Gumara enni. Ur gorread etre 3000 ha 3500 km² he deus hervez koulz ar bloaz hag ar glaveier. Reoliet eo bet live al lenn abaoe savadur ur stankell el lec'h ma tiver al lenn en Nil glas. Kontrollañ a ra ar red etrezek lamm-dour an Nil glas (Tis Abbai) hag ar greizenn hidroelektrek.
E 2015 e oa bet anvet bro al Lenn Tana da virva biosferenn an UNESCO
Krouet e voe al lenn Tana da-heul oberiantiz ar menezioù-tan, a stankas hent ar stêrioù e deroù an Pleistosen, war-dro 5 milion a vloavezhioù zo.
Kalz brasoc'h e oa al lenn gwezhall evit hiziv. Seizh stêr vras padus en em daol el lenn koulz ha 40 stêr vihan dibad hervez koulz ar bloaz. Ar stêrioù Gilgel Abbay, Megech, Gumara, ha Rib eo ar stêrioù pennañ en em daol el lenn
Un niver a enezennoù zo el lenn Tana. Depantout a ra o niver eus live an dour. Diskennet eo eus 1,80 m e-doug ar 400 vloaz diwezhañ. Hervez Manoel de Almeida (ur misioner eus Portugal e deroù ar XVII kantved) e oa 21 enez, seizh pe eizh anezhe gant manatioù warne. Pa voe gweladennet ar vro gant James Bruce e 1771 e skrivas e lavare tud ar vro e oa 41 enezenn daoust ma krede e oa war-dro 11. E 1881, Anton Stecker a ergerzhas al lenn, ar pezh a roas tu da sevel kartennoù resis hag a gontas 44 enezenn. Un douaroniour eus an XX kantved a anvas 37 enezenn. Krediñ a rae e oa ilizoù pe manatioù war 19 anezhe
Dilerc'hioù eus impalaerien gozh Etiopia ha teñzorioù eus Iliz Etiopia zo dalc'het e manatioù digenvez an inizi (en o mesk Kebran Gabriel, Ura Kidane Mehret, Narga Selassie, Daga Estifanos, Medhane Alem war Rema, Kota Maryam, ha Mertola Maryam). War enezenn Tana Qirqos ez eus ur roc'hell, bet diskouezet da Paul B. Henze, m'he dije graet ar Werc'hez Vari un diskuizh pa oa o kuitaat Egipt. Hervez ar pezh a oa bet lâret dezhañ, Sant Frumentius, a avielas Ethiopia, a vije bet douaret war enezenn Tana Cherqos. Interet eo korf Yekuno Amlak e manati Sant Stephen war Enezenn Daga. E-touez an impalaerien douaret ivez e Daga emañ Dawit Iañ, Zara Yaqob, Za Dengel, ha Fasilides.
Krediñ a reer e voe savet ar manatioù war lec'hioù relijius koshoc'h. En o zouez emañ manati Debre Maryam, savet er XIV kantved ha manati Narga Selassie, savet en XVIII kantved, Tana Qirqos (ma vije bet miret an Arc'h aliañs a-raok bezañ kaset da Axum), hag Ura Kidane Mehret.
Lenn an Dreneg

Lenn an Dreneg a reer eus ur virlenn e Menez Are, krouet e 1979 war dachenn Kommanna ha Sizun pa oa bet savet ur stankell evit reoliañ fonnder ar stêr Elorn pa vez sec'hor ha pourchas dour da annezidi norzh Penn-ar-Bed : Brest, Landerne ha Landivizio.
En em astenn a ra ar mirlenn war 110 hektar (1,10 km²), ha kaset e vez dour dezhi gant an Elorn hag ur stêrig arall, ar Vougev ; an Elorn hepken a zeu er-maez eus al lennad. Meret e vez al lenn hag he ribloù gant Sindikad Diazad an Elorn. Kempennet eo bet he ribloù evit ma c'hallfe an dud mont da neuial enni ha da vageal warni. Pesketaet e vez enni ivez ha brudet eo an dluzhed a gaver enni.
Ouzh troad ar stankell ez eus bet savet ur c'harrdi bras ha staliet pannelloù fotovoltaek war e doenn 200 m² evit kenderc'hañ tredan, un 12 300 kWh bep bloaz. E miz Kerzu 2009 e oa bet staliet troellrodoù er stankell, d'ober tredan gant nerzh an dour<ref>(fr) 'Le Télégramme, 30/09/2010. Kavet : 03/07/2022.</<ref>.
Pierrette Kermoal

Pierrette Kermoal zo ur skrivagnerez, ur skridvarnerez hag un embannerez vrezhonek, bet ganet e 1942.
Ganet eo e Bergerac, e departamant Dordogne. Bevet he deus e Brest ha skoliataet eo bet eno betek ar c'hlas Lizhiri Uhelañ (Lettres supérieures). Aet eo da genderc'hel studioù Lizhiri e skol-veur Roazhon. Desket he deus brezhoneg e Kelc'h Debauvais war un dro. Perzh he deus kemeret e SADED hag ESB. Kelennerez eo bet war al lennegezh c'hallek, al latin hag ar gresianeg e Roazhon. Ganti eo bet krouet ar gelaouenn lennegel Aber hag an ti-embann gant ar memes anv. Perzh he deus kemeret e bodad-lenn Kemper ha da bodadoù-lenn all.
Troet eo he spered war du lennegezh ar bed hag hini savet e brezhoneg hag e pleustr war tachenn ar skridvarnerezh vrezhonek hag ez eo ar skridvarnerez n'eus ket he far ganti. Pleustret he deus kalz war oberennoù Kervarker, Yann-Ber Kalloc'h, Tangi Malmanche ha Roparz Hemon. Kavout a ra dezhi eo a-bouez bras ivez, re Ronan Huon, Goulc'han Kervella, Jorj Abherve-Gwegen ha Paskal Tabuteau. Skrivañ ha studiañ ar brezhoneg klasel eo he fal.
"Va labour e brezhoneg a ran e sell an dazout [sic]. Ur glaoustre eo, sur, met al lennegezh,—- hag ar c'hrouin, en un doare hollek — zo sichenn buhez ur vroad : mar bez freuzet pep tra, mar chom an arz hag al lennegezh, e c'heller o sevel bepred." (En ur c'hrouiñ Aber) "e felle din digeriñ hentoù nevez d'hon lennegezh o sankañ adarre en henvoazelezh, hag er rannyezhoù, pe zoken, en isrannyezhoù."
Meur a zanevell e kelaouennoù Preder, Al Liamm hag Aber.
Kunsthalle Hamburg

Hamburger Kunsthalle a zo ur mirdi arzoù-kaer e Hamburg, en Alamagn. Ennañ e kaver oberennoù a dnn da Hamburg (XIV kantved), livadurioù izelvroat ha flamank ar XVI hag ar XVII kantved, livadurioù alaman ha gall an XIX kantved hag arz modern. Tri savadur a ya d'ober ar mirdi hag a zo e kreiz-kêr, nepell diouzh ti-gar kreiz Hamburg ha diouzh lenn Binnenalster.
Ar mirdi kentañ a voe savet etre 1863 ha 1869 gant an arkitektourien Georg Theodor Schirrmacher und Hermann von der Hude. An eil savadur, savet e 1919, a voe savet diwar ur steuñv gant Fritz Schumacher. Galerie der Gegenwart a voe savet etre 1976 ha 1997, diwar ur steuñv gant O. M. Ungers.
Er mirdi e kaver livadurioù gant Max Liebermann, Lovis Corinth, Philipp Otto Runge, Caspar David Friedrich, Adolf Menzel. E Gallerie der Gegenwart e kaver oberennoù eus penn-kentañ an XX kantved gant arzourien evel Pablo Picasso, Paul Klee ha Max Beckmann, hag arz krouet goude 1945.
Coutances

Coutances zo ur gumun e departamant Manche e Bro-C'hall. Pennlec'h arondisamant Coutances ha kanton Coutances eo.
En glazur, e deir kolonenn en argant treustellet, e gab en gul karget gant ul leonparzh en aour krabanet ha teodet en glazur. Talvoudegezh an dour-bont galian ha roman e vefe da welout drek skeudenn an teir kolonenn.
Arzhig du

Arzhig Du zo ur rummad levrioù a gont buhez un arzhig du gant e vamm hag e dad, evit bugale eus 2 da 4 bloaz.
Krouet e oa bet an istorioù e galleg da gentañ gant Danièle Bour, an oberourez. ' Petit Ours Brun e oa an anv gallek.
E brezhoneg int bet lakaet gant Arno Elegoet ha Loeiz Elegoet. Gant Bannoù-Heol int embannet.
Embannet e oa bet an istorioù en ur gelaouenn c'hallek evit ar vugale anvet Pomme d'Api adalek 1979. Abaoe 1993 e vezont embannet gant Bayard e stumm albomoù.
Petit Ours Brun a c'haller gwelout ivez e filmoù berr skeudennoù-bev er chadenn skinwel France 5. Kavet e vezont e brezhoneg ivez war www.brezhoweb.com.
Lod tadoù ha mammoù a gav eo familh a c'hiz kozh a weler en istorioù, en doare ma'z eo gwisket an tudennoù ha rannet al labour etre mamm ha tad en ti. Koulskoude e reont berzh, en div yezh, ha n'eo ket nec'het ar vugale gant prederioù ar seurt-se .
Mae 2014: 12 levrig nevez embannet.
Listennad kodoù-statud HTTP

Kodoù-statud HTTP a reer eus ditouroù a vez eskemmet er protokol HTTP etre un arval ((en) client ; un ergerzher peurliesañ) hag ur servijer (server) pa c'houlenn an arval tizhout ur chomlec'h IP — dav eo diforc'hañ etre an arval, a zo ur meziant, hag un implijer (user), a zo un den.
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) zo ur protokol pellgehentiñ etre un arval hag ur servijer, a zo bet krouet evit ar World Wide Web. Ur gentel suraet dre zilesadur ha sifrañ eo HTTPS, m'emañ S evit secure.
Kodoù-statud a vez ganet gant ur servijer evit respont d'ur goulenn digant un arval. Pemp rummad kodoù zo, pep unan o klotañ gant ur rummad respontoù.
Buan-tre e c'hoarvez an eskemmoù etre an arval hag ar servijer, diwelus int d'an den a zo o vizskrivañ war klavier un urzhiataer evit tizhout ur chomlec'h bennak. Ar fazioù avat a zeu war wel war ar skramm. An dud hag a skriv an urzhioù, eleze an diorroerien hag an diorroerezed stlenneg, a wel pep tra evel-just.
Degemeret ha komprenet eo bet ar goulenn. Ar c'hodoù 1nn zo kaset da c'hortoz, endra emeur oc'h ober war-dro ar goulenn, evit lavaret d'an arval gortoz ur respont disoc'hel.
Degemeret, komprenet hag asantet eo bet goulenn an arval. Hervez doare ar goulenn e vo ar respont : mard eo GET an doare, ar respont a endalc'ho ur stlenn a glot gant al loaz (resource) a zo bet goulennet ; mard eo POST an doare, ar respont a endalc'ho ur stlenn a zeskriv pe a endalc'h disoc'h an ober.
Ret eo d'an arval ober traoù ouzhpenn evit klokaat ar goulenn ; evit adkas un URL (Uniform Resource Locator, da lavaret eo ur chomlec'h IP, un ISBN, ul lec'hienn Web...) e vez implijet ar c'hodoù-se peurliesañ.
Ur fazi zo bet a-berzh an arval. War wel e teu ar c'hodoù-se peurliesañ, a-gevret gant un displegadenn bennak hag ur c'hemennad a-zivout padelezh ar blegenn. Atav e vezont kaset pa vez ur fazi, ne vern pe zoare ar goulenn fazius, war-bouez ar re a zo bet kaset dre HEAD.
Ne c'hall ket ar servijer bastañ d'an urzh Expect: 100-continue a zo e talbenn ar goulenn. (Mar gall ec'h adkas ur merk HTTP/n.n 100 continue, hag an arver a lavar pe loaz en deus ezhomm da dithout, da skouer [Video data as content for PUT request]).
Ur fazi zo bet a-berzh ar servijer, a oar ez eus bet ur fazi hogen a zo dic'houest d'e reizhañ ; ne c'hall ket kas ar goulenn da bennvat. Ditouroù a rankfe bout a-gevret gant ur respont 5nn : petra eo ar fazi, ha dibad pe badus e vo ar blegenn. An arval a rankfe o diskwel war skramm an implijer. Forzh pe zoare goulenn HTTP a c'hall resevout kodoù-statud 5nn.
Creation Lake

Creation Lake is a 2024 novel by Rachel Kushner. It was shortlisted for the 2024 Booker Prize.
"Sadie Smith," a pseudonymous freelance spy, works to undermine environmental activists. After being hired to disrupt a farming cooperative in France, she begins to suspect that her mission risks undermining her own humanity.
Creation Lake is Kushner's fourth novel. She has cited Jean-Patrick Manchette and John le Carré as inspirations for the book, along with time spent with performance artists in the 1980s. The main character Sadie is based on the real-life events surrounding Eric McDavid's arrest and the UK undercover police officer Mark Kennedy.
The novel was published in the United States by Scribner on September 3, 2024. It was published in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape.
According to Book Marks, the book received a "positive" consensus, based on thirty-three critic reviews: twenty-six "rave", three "positive", one "mixed", and three "pan". In the November–December 2024 issue of Bookmarks, the book was rated four out of five. The magazine's critical summary reads: "This fun, highbrow thriller should have broad appeal and “consolidates Kushner’s status as one of finest novelists working in the English language” (New York Times)".
It appeared on 16 lists of the best books of the year. Kirkus Reviews positively described the book as being a "deft, brainy take on the espionage novel." Publishers Weekly praised the novel's themes and Kushner's integration of philosophical discussion into the narrative. NPR noted that Kushner's writing used clear language and did not lean into realism, with Kushner instead crafting a disturbing, threatening world, while The Guardian's Anthony Cummings described the book as being "hugely enjoyable," praising the characters and worldview of the novel. M. John Harrison, also writing in The Guardian, praised Kushner's characterization of Sadie, describing the character as "complex and fascinating."
Dwight Garner, writing in The New York Times, described the novel as an improvement over Kushner's previous works and noted the integration of philosophy and historical flashbacks into the story. The Atlantic noted that the book built on themes from Kushner's previous novels, singling out "failures of self-liberation" as a key theme in her work. Slate and The New Republic were similarly positive, with the former noting that the novel explored "universal" ideas and the latter praising the novel's plot.
The Wall Street Journal was more negative, criticizing the book's pacing and what the reviewer described as a lack of suspense. Brandon Taylor, writing in The London Review of Books, described the novel as being "sloppy" and Sadie's characterization as being unbelievable. The Financial Times criticized the book's reliance on email monologues for exposition.
16th century in Canada

The 16th century in Canada saw the first contacts, since the Norsemen 500 years earlier, between the indigenous peoples in Canada living near the Atlantic coast and European fishermen, whalers, traders, and explorers.
Following the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the subsequent voyage to the land that became known as Canada by John Cabot in 1497, Europeans visited the Atlantic coast with increasing frequency. Cabot's report of abundant codfish drew European fishermen to the waters near Canada. Most of the visits in the 16th century were unrecorded, although by mid-century the number of European fishing boats and whaling ships visiting Newfoundland, Labrador, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Nova Scotia ran into the hundreds annually. Many of the Europeans came ashore to trade with the indigenous peoples or process their catch.
The tribes of indigenous people living in the area visited by Europeans were the Inuit in Labrador, the Beothuk in Newfoundland, the Micmaq in Nova Scotia and the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the St. Lawrence Iroquoians along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec and Ontario, and the Innu (Montagnais), north of the St. Lawrence River. The tribes of the Wabenaki and Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacies would also play a role in the history of Canada during this century.
The principal resources drawing Europeans to Canada were a seemingly inexhaustible fishery of cod and marine mammals (for oil). Toward the end of the century, trading with indigenous people for furs became important.
Lake Morat

Lake Morat or more rarely Lake Murten (French: Lac de Morat [lak də mɔʁa]) is a lake located in the cantons of Fribourg and Vaud in the west of Switzerland. It is named after the small bilingual town of Murten/Morat on its southern shore.
It is the smallest of the three lakes in the Seeland or Pays des trois lacs area of the Swiss plateau located at the foot of the first chain of the Jura mountains. The main tributary is the river Broye.
Since the Jura water correction its water leaves the lake through the Broye Canal (Canal de la Broye) into nearby Lake Neuchâtel that is connected to Lake Bienne/Lake Biel through the Thielle canal. Thus all three lakes form a natural reservoir in order to retain overflow water from the river Aare that flows into Lake Bienne/Biel: in times of combined heavy rainfalls and glacier melting in the Alps, the peculiar situation arises that the water flows backwards through the Thielle and Broye canals, preventing an overflow of the Grand Marais.
List of lakes of Canada

This is a partial list of lakes of Canada. Canada has an extremely large number of lakes, with the number of lakes larger than three square kilometres being estimated at close to 31,752 by the Atlas of Canada. Of these, 561 lakes have a surface area larger than 100 km, including four of the Great Lakes. Almost 9% (891,163 square kilometres (344,080 sq mi)) of Canada's total area is covered by freshwater. There is no official estimate of the number of smaller lakes. This list covers lakes larger than 400 sq mi (1,000 km).
This is a list of lakes of Canada with an area larger than 1,000 km (390 sq mi).
This is a list of lakes of Alberta with an area larger than 400 km (150 sq mi).
This is a list of lakes of British Columbia with an area larger than 400 km (150 sq mi).
*"Nechako Reservoir". BC Geographical Names.
This is a list of lakes of Manitoba with an area larger than 400 km (150 sq mi).
This is a list of lakes of Newfoundland and Labrador with an area larger than 400 km (150 sq mi).
This is a list of lakes of the Northwest Territories with an area larger than 400 km (150 sq mi).
Bras d'Or Lake is the largest lake in Nova Scotia with an area of 1,099 km (424 sq mi). The tidal lake has a maximum length of 100 kilometres (62 mi), a maximum width of 50 kilometres (31 mi) and a maximum depth of 287 m (942 ft).
This is a list of lakes of Nunavut with an area larger than 400 km (150 sq mi).
This is a list of lakes of Ontario with an area larger than 400 km (150 sq mi).
This is a list of lakes of Quebec with an area larger than 400 km (150 sq mi).
This is a list of lakes of Saskatchewan with an area larger than 400 km (150 sq mi).
Kluane Lake is the largest lake in Yukon at 409 km (158 sq mi) located at an elevation of 781 m (2,562 ft)
This is a list of lakes shared between Canada and the United States.
Greifensee (lake)

Greifensee (Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈɡraɪfn̩ˌseː]) is a lake in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.
Greifensee is located 11 km (6.8 mi) to the east of the city of Zürich, separated by the Pfannenstiel from Lake Zurich. As the second largest lake in the canton of Zürich (Lake Zurich being the largest), it is about 6 km (3.7 mi) long and 1.6 km (0.99 mi) at the widest point, with a maximum depth of 32 m (105 ft). The Aabach (Greifensee) (or just Aa) is the main supplying river, while its outlet is the Glatt. On its southeastern end the Mönchaltorfer Aa (or just Aa) enters the Greifensee.
A boat connects small towns along the edge of the lake, Maur, Niederuster, Fällanden, Mönchaltorf and the town Greifensee with its charming Altstadt and Greifensee castle.
Greifensee is the scene of the Greifensee-Lauf, a semi-marathon around the lake held every year.
Greifensee is a popular recreation area for biking and inline skating on the paved recreation path around the lake. Easy hiking trails follow the water and pass Greifensee castle before entering a nature preserve. There are well maintained bicycle roads all around the lake as well as on the banks of Aabach.
The lakeside is under UNESCO protection, and buildings are not allowed, resulting in reed bed and a rich fauna and flora: Around 400 plant species in the lake and 19 species in its tributaries. The nature reserves are important for the birds breeding there including more than 120 migratory species.
The lake was known as Glattsee (after the Glatt) in the medieval period Greifensee (Grifense) was at first the name of the fort built by the counts of Rapperswil in the 12th century, recorded as the name of the bailiwick in 1260. This was adopted as the name of the lake by the 16th century.
Located on the lakeshore, the Prehistoric pile dwelling settlement Greifensee–Storen–Wildsberg is part of the 56 Swiss sites of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps, and the settlement is also listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class object. Because the lake has grown in size over time, the original piles are now around 4 metres (13 ft) to 7 metres (23 ft) under the water level of 406 metres (1,332 ft).
Château d'Annecy

The Château d'Annecy is a restored castle which dominates the old French town of Annecy in the Haute-Savoie département. It was bought by the town, restored and transformed into a museum, le musée-château d'Annecy. The castle is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1959.
The castle was built between the 12th and 16th centuries. It served as the residence of the Counts of Geneva and the Dukes of Genevois-Nemours. Several times the victim of fires, the castle was abandoned in the 17th century and later repaired to serve as a barracks until 1947. The town of Annecy acquired the castle in 1953, restored it with the help of Monuments historiques and installed a museum there.
Since 1993, the Tower and the Logis Perrière have housed an observatory (l'Observatoire régional des lacs alpins).
The Tour de la Reine (Queen's Tower) is the oldest part of the castle, dating from the 12th century. Its walls are over 4 m (13 ft) thick. At the bottom of the courtyard, the tower and the Logis Perrière date from the 15th century. Other notable parts of the castle are: the Vieux Logis, the Logis Nemours, the Logis Neuf. From the castle terrace there is a view over the old town with its narrow streets and decorated roofs.
The museum is installed in the Logis Vieux and the Logis Nemours. The observatory is in the Tower and the Logis Perrière.
Of particular note is the Museum of Alpine Popular Art (Musée d'art populaire alpin) with numerous regional sculptures and paintings. There is an important collection of vernacular furniture, dating from the 15th century onwards, sculpted objects, photographs and models of Alpine chalets.
L'Observatoire régional des lacs alpins (Alpine Lakes Regional Observatory) includes exhibitions covering:
45°53′51″N 6°7′34″E﻿ / ﻿45.89750°N 6.12611°E﻿ / 45.89750; 6.12611
Lake Isabella

Lake Isabella also called Isabella Lake, is a reservoir in Kern County, California, United States created by the earthen Isabella Dam. At 11,000 acres (4,500 ha), it is one of the larger reservoirs in California. Lake Isabella is located about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of Bakersfield, and is the main water supply for that city. It was formed in 1953 when the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dammed the Kern River at the junction of its two forks. The area is in the southern end of the Sierra Nevada range and the lake itself is located in low mountains at an elevation of approximately 2,500 ft (760 m) where summer temperatures reach over 100 °F (38 °C) but low enough to avoid winter snows on the surrounding ridges. The former towns of Isabella and Kernville were flooded when the reservoir was created.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers operates and has jurisdiction over the main and auxiliary dams. In 2006, Isabella Dam was found to be too unstable to hold a full amount of water and approximately 37% of a full reservoir had to be let out to restabilize the earth works. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers did not let the water get above 63% of capacity until an estimated 10–15 years of studies and repairs were made. The Isabella Dam bisects an active fault that could lead to a catastrophic failure if an earthquake occurs along it. This fault was considered inactive when the site was studied in the late 1940s. The project to retrofit the dam was substantially completed in 2022.
On February 3, 2023, the Army Corps of Engineers requested a deviation from the operating pool restriction of 361,000 acre-feet (445,000 dam) of water. If approved, Lake Isabella will be allowed to fill to its full capacity of 568,000 acre-feet (701,000 dam) for the first time in nearly 15 years.
Kern County Parks maintains law enforcement and rescue responsibilities on the lake. Several recreation areas are located around the lake as a part of the Sequoia National Forest. The U.S. Forest Service oversees the majority of the land that touches the shore including boat ramps, campgrounds, roadways, and leases to private vendors providing services. The nearby towns of Lake Isabella and Kernville receive economic benefit from tourism created by the Lake Isabella Recreation Area and the whitewater rafting attraction of the Upper and Lower Kern River. Lake Isabella can be reached by car from Bakersfield via state Highway 178 and from Delano via Highway 155.
Premio Nacional de Arquitectura de Chile

El Premio Nacional de Arquitectura de Chile es otorgado por el Colegio de Arquitectos. Fue creado en 1969 como Premio de Honor otorgado "por una vida dedicada al servicio de la Arquitectura". Fue otorgado anualmente hasta 1977. Desde entonces, se hace coincidir su entrega con la Bienal de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de Chile.
Unidad Vecinal Portales

La Unidad Vecinal Portales (Villa Portales) es un conjunto de bloques de viviendas, obra emblemática de la arquitectura moderna en Chile. Ubicada en la comuna de Estación Central, en la ciudad de Santiago, limita al sur y este con la Universidad de Santiago, y al norte y oeste con la comuna de Quinta Normal. La Unidad Vecinal está ubicada en el polígono definido por El Belloto, Las Sophoras, El Arrayán, Las Encinas, Av. Portales y General Velásquez.
La Unidad Vecinal Portales ocupa un terreno de 31 hectáreas, de las cuales 6,2 están construidas. El conjunto está compuesto por 1940 viviendas organizadas en 19 blocks, tanto en casas de uno o dos pisos, departamentos simples y dúplex en edificios de entre 5 y 7 pisos.​
Fue diseñada en los años 1950 por la oficina de arquitectos B.V.C.H. (Bresciani, Valdés, Castillo y Huidobro) luego de recibir el encargo de una de las tres sociedades de la Caja de Previsión de Empleados Particulares (EMPART) en que fue dividido un terreno vendido por la Universidad de Chile a la EMPART, siendo construida entre 1954 y 1966. El proyecto buscaba solventar la falta de vivienda.
Monasterio Benedictino de la Santísima Trinidad de Las Condes

El monasterio Benedictino también conocido como el Monasterio de los Benedictinos y cuyo nombre completo es Monasterio Benedictino de la Santísima Trinidad de Las Condes, se ubica en calle Montecasino 960, en el cerro San Benito de los Piques, en la comuna de Las Condes en la Región Metropolitana, Chile. Diseñado por los arquitectos Martín Correa Prieto y Gabriel Guarda, fue construido entre 1962 y 1964. Posee un cementerio al interior de sus dependencias, donde descansan los restos de Pedro Subercaseaux, entre otros religiosos.
Fue declarado Monumento Nacional de Chile, en la categoría de Monumento Histórico, mediante el Decreto Supremo N.º 1661 del 9 de abril de 1981.​
Planetario Chile

El Planetario Chile, también conocido como Planetario de la Universidad de Santiago de Chile o Planetario Usach, está ubicado en las dependencias de dicha universidad en la comuna de Estación Central, Santiago de Chile. Desde su inauguración en la década de 1980 se ha convertido en uno de los principales escenarios turísticos de Santiago.​ Es uno de los 50 centros audiovisuales de difusión astronómica más reputados en el mundo,​ y su cúpula de 20 metros de diámetro lo sitúan entre los planetarios de mayor tamaño.​
A finales de la década de 1960, durante el gobierno del Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva, Chile recibió como donación un proyector estelar Carl Zeiss modelo VI, proveniente de la República Federal de Alemania, según fuentes oficiales,​ aunque se especula también un posible origen desde la República Democrática de Alemania, y por tanto de la Unión Soviética.​ Una vez recibida esta donación, a mitad de la década de 1970 este equipo es transferido desde el Ministerio de Educación a la Universidad Técnica del Estado, hoy Universidad de Santiago de Chile, para que fuese instalado en su campus. Su ubicación definitiva fue establecida en el año 1982, cuando el rector Jorge O’Ryan Balbontín resuelve la construcción de lo que hoy conocemos como el edificio Planetario Chile.​
El edificio fue construido entre los años 1982 y 1984, y fue inaugurado oficialmente el día 14 de marzo de 1985, bajo la rectoría de Patricio Guada Tiffaine, abriendo sus puertas al público. El edificio fue diseñado por el arquitecto Óscar MacClure Álamo, y cuenta con una superficie de 4350 metros cuadrados.​ Se cree que el diseño de su domo estuvo inspirado en la pirámide maya de Chichén Itzá.​ En 1997 se reviste el domo en cobre electrodepositado, labor de renovación que fue llevado a cabo con el apoyo de Codelco.​
El Planetario Zeiss, junto con el proyector estelar Carl Zeiss VI, que llegó a Chile directamente desde Alemania a inicios de los años 1970, sigue operativo en el domo del Planetario. Con 160 lentes y un peso de 2.500 kilos, reproduce más de cinco mil estrellas y constelaciones del hemisferio norte y sur.​ Destacaba en su origen porque era el único planetario en el mundo que operaba sobre una plataforma hidráulica multinivel, cualidades que hasta el día de hoy manifiestan su diseño original.​
En el año 2013, Planetario Chile recibe una importante renovación tecnológica, al implementar el sistema de proyección fulldome, para entonces, más moderna de Latinoamérica, en combinar la proyección digital con un simulador análogo de estrellas.​
Ciudad subterránea

Una ciudad subterránea es una red de túneles que conectan edificios, normalmente del área central de una ciudad, como por ejemplo edificios de oficinas, centros comerciales, estaciones de tren y metro, teatros, y otras instalaciones. Normalmente se accede a una ciudad subterránea a través del espacio público de cualquiera de los edificios que conectan con ella, y a veces también dispone de entradas separadas.
Las ciudades subterráneas son especialmente importantes en lugares con un clima frío, ya que permiten a sus ciudadanos disfrutar de los servicios del centro sin tener en cuenta los problemas del clima.
Las ciudades subterráneas son similares en su naturaleza a los sistemas de pasarelas elevadas (llamados "skyway systems"), y pueden incluir también edificios interconectados mediante pasarelas elevadas, o pasillos a nivel de suelo, en vez de pasajes subterráneos.
La ciudad subterránea más conocida y transitada del mundo es Montreal, Canadá.
Las 5 principales ciudades subterráneas (chikagai) en Japón son centros comerciales:
La ciudad subterránea más grande de Turquía fue descubierta en 2007 en Gaziemir, Güzelyurt. Ésta era una parada en la ruta de la seda, permitiendo a los viajantes y a sus camellos descansar seguros, bajo tierra, en un hotel "fortaleza".
GJ 1132 b

GJ 1132 b (also known as Gliese 1132 b) is an exoplanet orbiting GJ 1132, a red dwarf star 41 light-years (13 parsecs) from Earth, in the constellation Vela. The planet is considered uninhabitable but was thought to be cool enough to possess an atmosphere. GJ 1132 b was discovered by the MEarth-South array in Chile.
It had been called "one of the most important planets ever discovered beyond the Solar System": Due to its relative proximity to Earth, telescopes should have been able to determine the composition of its atmosphere, the speed of its winds and the color of its sunsets, if an atmosphere was present. This is due in part to the small diameter of its parent star (20% that of the Sun), which increases the effect on the star's light of its transits. The planet's diameter is approximately 20% larger than that of the Earth and its mass is estimated at 1.6 times that of Earth, implying that it has an Earth-like rocky composition. GJ 1132 b orbits its star every 1.6 days at a distance of 1.4 million miles (2.24 million kilometres).
The planet receives 19 times more stellar radiation than Earth. The equilibrium temperature is estimated at 529 K (256 °C; 493 °F) for an Earth-like albedo, or 409 K (136 °C; 277 °F) for a Venus-like albedo. The planet is likely to be hotter than Venus, as higher temperatures likely prevail at the surface if the planet has an atmosphere.
GJ 1132b has been subject to multiple claims about the detection of an atmosphere. In April 2017, a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere was claimed to have been detected around GJ 1132 b. However, subsequent, more precise work ruled out the claim. Instead, in 2021 detection of a hazy hydrogen atmosphere without helium but with the admixture methane and hydrogen cyanide (implying substantial underlying free nitrogen in the mix, at around 8.9% of the atmosphere) was claimed. However, two subsequent studies found no evidence for molecular absorption in the HST WFC3 Spectrum of GJ 1132 b. Instead, the spectrum was found to be flat, which is more consistent with our current understanding of photoevaporation.
A secondary eclipse observed by the James Webb Space Telescope and published in 2024 revealed a substellar temperature of 709±31 K (436 °C; 817 °F). This is only slightly below the maximum possible dayside temperature of 746+11−14 K (473 °C; 883 °F), assuming a zero albedo planet with no heat redistribution. The thermal emission spectra rules out pure-carbon dioxide atmospheres above 0.006 bar and pure-water vapor atmospheres above 0.16 bar. Therefore, GJ 1132b likely has little to no atmosphere, consistent with the idea of the "Cosmic Shoreline" and similar to other hot rocky M-Dwarf planets including LHS 3844 b (Kua'kua), GJ 1252 b, TRAPPIST-1b and c, GJ 367b (Tahay), and GJ 486b (Su).
Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile

Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile (Spanish: Atala Riffo y Niñas vs. Chile) was a landmark Inter-American Court of Human Rights case on LGBT rights, which reviewed a Chilean court ruling that in 2005 awarded child custody to a father due to the mother's homosexual orientation.
It was the first case the Inter-American Court took regarding LGBT rights. The Court's ruling also determined sexual orientation to be a suspect classification.
Karen Atala Riffo is a Chilean judge and lesbian mother of three daughters. Atala was separated from her husband in 2001, and originally reached a settlement with her ex-husband that she would retain custody of the children. When Atala came out as a lesbian in 2002, however, the ex-husband sued for custody, where the case was eventually heard by the Supreme Court of Chile. That court awarded the husband custody, saying that Atala's relationship put the development of her children at risk.
In late 2004, Atala took the case to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, supported by amicus briefs from a number of rights organizations including the National Center for Lesbian Rights. In 2008, the Commission ruled that the case was admissible to the Court, as it concerned Article 24 of the American Convention on Human Rights concerning equal protection. This marked the first time the IACHR had taken an LGBT rights case.
In 2010, the Court ruled that sexual orientation was a suspect class, and that in Atala had been discriminated against in the custody case in ways incompatible with the American Convention. In 2012, the court further awarded custody and damages of USD $50,000 damages and $12,000 in court costs. Chile's Minister of Justice, Teodoro Ribera said that Chile would abide by the ruling.
In December 2012, Mexico's highest judicial body, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, unanimously struck down an Oaxaca law which prohibited same-sex marriage, with a decision based in part in the Atala ruling's prohibition of "any rule, act, or discriminatory practice based on sexual orientation".
Luntur harimau

Luntur harimau (Harpactes oreskios) atau kasumba dada-oranye adalah spesies burung dalam famili Trogonidae. Burung ini tersebar di Myanmar, China, Vietnam, Sumatra, Jawa, dan Kalimantan.
Luntur harimau jantan berukuran sekitar 26,5-31,5 cm. Pejantannya memiliki kepala dan dada bagian atas berwarna zaitun kehijauan. Bagian leher dan dada tengah berwarna kekuningan. Tubuh bagian atas berwarna merah kecokelatan. Sementara tubuh bagian bawah berwarna oranye kekuningan dengan lubang yang lebih pucat dan lebih kuning.
Pada betina, kepala hingga punggung berwarna coklat zaitun. Leher dan dada atas berwarna abu-abu. Bagian atas bulu ekor berwarna kusam. Bagian bawahnya berwarna pucat dan kuning. Pada sayapnya terdapat garis pucat lebar.
Pada luntur harimau remaja, kepala, bagian atas dan dada berwarna coklat kemerahan. Sayapnya lebih lebar dan berwarna pucat. Bagian perutnya lebih pucat.
Luntur harimau banyak menghuni hutan berdaun lebar menengah ke atas, dan bambu.
Perseftim Flores Timur

Persatuan Sepakbola Flores Timur (atau disingkat Perseftim Flores Timur) adalah tim sepak bola Indonesia yang bermarkas di Stadion Ile Mandiri, Kabupaten Flores Timur, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Tim berkompetisi di Liga 4 Zona Nusa Tenggara Timur.