davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Imisozi ya Mafinga

imisozi ya Mafinga ni ikibaya gitwikiriwe n'imisozi, giherereye ku mupaka wa Zambiya na Malawi, muri Afurika y'Epfo . Iyi misozi igizwe na quartzite, phyllite hamwe n'umusenyi wa feldspathic ukomoka mu butaka .
Iki kibaya gifite umwanya muremure muri Zambiya kuri metero 2339 kuri Mafinga Hagati . Yigeze gukora inzitizi ikomeye hagati y'intara y'amajyaruguru n'uburasirazuba . Gusa ibinyabiziga bifite ibiziga 4 bishobora kwambuka kariya gace, cyane cyane mugihe cy'imvura.
Umuhanda mugufi uhuza intara zombi ubu worohewe no gusana umuhanda Isoka-Muyombe, unyura mu misozi yabo yo hepfo. Kubera ko Muyombe ari umurwa mukuru w'akarere ka Mafinga gashya, ingendo zose zerekeza ku misozi ya Mafinga biba byiza hakoresheje Muyombe nk'intangiriro (amazu abiri y'abashyitsi arahari). Usibye kunyura Isoka, Muyombe ashobora no kugerwaho uva mu majyepfo unyuze kuri Chama, n'ubwo uyu muhanda unyuramo inyamaswa zo mu gasozi za Vwasa zo mu burengerazuba bwa Malawi, cyangwa uva iburasirazuba unyuze mu mujyi wa Bolero wo muri Malawi ku nzira ya nomero104. Nkuko nta sitasiyo ya lisansi iri hafi ya Muyombe, usibye muri Lundazi, Nakonde, cyangwa Rhumpi (Malawi). Umugezi wa Luangwa, uruzi runini rwo mu burasirazuba bwa Zambiya, ufite isoko mu misozi ya Mafinga.
Deep Green Resistance (DGR)

Deep Green Resistance ( DGR ) nigikorwa cyibidukikije gikabije kibona ibikorwa rusange byibidukikije bidakora neza. Iri tsinda, ribona ko kubaho kw’inganda ubwabyo ari byo bibangamiye ibidukikije, riharanira ko abaturage bategura kubaka ibiribwa, amazu, n’ibigo by’ubuvuzi. Uyu muryango ushyigikiye gusenya ibikorwa remezo, ubona ko ari amayeri akenewe kugira ngo ugere ku ntego yawo yo gusenya umuco w’inganda. Intiti mu by'amadini no mu bidukikije Todd LeVasseur ishyira mu bikorwa nk'umutwe utazwi cyangwa w'ikinyagihumbi .
Urugendo rwitandukanya n’ibidukikije byatsi bibisi, birangwa no kwibanda ku muntu ku giti cye, ikoranabuhanga, cyangwa guverinoma n’ibisubizo by’ibigo, kubera ko bifite ibisubizo bidahagije. DGR yizera ko impinduka mu mibereho, nko gukoresha imifuka yingendo n’imifuka ishobora kongera gukoreshwa no gufata imvura ngufi, ni nto cyane ku bibazo binini by’ibidukikije isi ihura nabyo. Ivuga kandi ko ubwiyongere bw’ibidukikije bwahindutse ubucuruzi muri kamere, bityo ubwabwo bukaba bwarakozwe mu nganda. Uru rugendo rwemeza ko umuturage w’imyanda y’inganda yakozwe ari ibicuruzwa bifite ubunini burenze imyanda yakozwe; kubwibyo, ni inganda zigomba kurangira, hamwe nibyo, impinduka zubuzima zizakurikiraho. [ isoko itari iyambere ikenewe
Fremantle Markets

The Fremantle Markets is a public market located on the corner of South Terrace and Henderson Street, Fremantle, Western Australia.
Built in 1897, it houses over 150 shops for craftspeople, fashion designers, and merchants in the historic Hall, and fresh food producers, vegetable growers and food retailers in The Yard. It is open on Friday, Saturday, Sunday, as well as most public holidays and is a popular Fremantle tourist destination considered "a Fremantle institution".
Designed in the Federation Romanesque style, the architects were Joseph Herbert Eales and Charles Oldham. The foundation stone was laid by Premier of Western Australia Sir John Forrest on 6 November 1897, and the principal construction was carried out between 1898 and 1902 at a cost of £8,268, equivalent to A$1.3 million in 2022. The interior walls are mainly rough washed limestone, with a high iron roof supported by large jarrah columns. The perimeter of the markets is lined with small shops, and the main entry to the market is through ornate stone arches on the Henderson Street and Market Street frontages.
The buildings functioned as a wholesale food and produce market until the 1950s, when this was taken over by the Perth Metropolitan Markets on Wellington Street. The original verandahs were demolished, and the main body of the market buildings was used as a packing and distribution centre until the early 1970s. The buildings then sat vacant until they were restored by the Fremantle City Council in 1975 using funding from the National Estate grants program, and reopened on 31 October 1975. While the basic structure was retained, the internal layout was altered to accommodate permanent retail stalls, a bar was built in one corner, and the verandahs were replaced. An area known as Farmer's Lane was established to the north of the main market hall, which housed temporary fruit and vegetables stalls covered with tarpaulins and umbrellas. Part of this area was damaged by fire in May 1992, prompting the building of a new Fruit and Vegetable Hall using tin and timber recycled from the Leach Highway wool stores. This extension won a commendation from the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 1993, and the Fremantle Markets were permanently entered on the Register of Heritage Places in November of that year.
La Paz Public Market

La Paz Public Market is a public market or palengke located in La Paz, Iloilo City, Philippines. It is considered as the birthplace of a popular Filipino dish, La Paz Batchoy.
La Paz has been operated its own market even before its conglomeration with Iloilo City in 1937. The current La Paz Public Market traces its origins to the early 1920s, evolving from a reclaimed fishpond filled with dredged materials from the Iloilo River, as documented in the Quarterly Bulletin of the Bureau of Public Works in 1918. The main market building, showcasing an Art Deco design typical of its era, was constructed between the 1920s and 1930s.
After World War II, the market resumed operations with a general covered area where vendors sold goods on tables or makeshift kiosks. In the 1960s, during the tenure of Vice Mayor Dicen, public stalls were erected and rented out to vendors. Subsequently, walls were installed between stalls, which were then individually leased.
During the 1970s and 1980s, the main building of the La Paz Public Market housed the La Paz Police Station.
A significant fire in 1989 damaged parts of the market's northern section, leading to the temporary relocation of stalls to Rizal Street while repairs were undertaken.
The main building of the La Paz Public Market underwent improvements and rehabilitation in the early 2000s under the initiative of Congressman Raul Gonzales Sr.
The public market underwent major rehabilitation and renovation in 2022, which necessitated the temporary relocation of stalls to Rizal Street once again. The entire market was demolished, except for the distinctive feature structure with art deco architecture, preserved for its historical value. The rehabilitation is expected to be completed in December 2024. The market is set to feature an additional 73 stalls compared to its pre-renovation configuration.
The origin of Batchoy is traced to the public market, with multiple accounts claiming credit for its creation. It is believed to have been created in 1938 by Federico Guilergan Sr., evolving from a playful combination of "bats" and "choy" (from chop suey). However, Inggo's Batchoy also claims to be the first batchoy shop in La Paz, established in 1922 at the La Paz Public Market, predating Deco's La Paz Batchoy Shop by 16 years. Teodorico "Ted" Lepura further popularized the dish with Ted's Oldtimer Lapaz Batchoy, founded in 1945. The dish's name "batchoy" is believed to originate from Hokkien Chinese, meaning "meat soup" or "minced meat."
Chiringuito

In Spain, a chiringuito (Spanish pronunciation: [t͡ʃiɾinˈɡito]) is a small beach bar, selling mainly drinks and snacks, and sometimes meals or tapas, in a more or less provisional building, since a more permanent structure in the beach may be inviable.
They are mainly found on beaches or at tourist attractions, which enjoy only brief but intense seasonal activity. These can be solid structures but are more often no-frills shelters or simply stalls capable of commanding a price premium compared to regular suppliers, as well as high turnover, yielding reasonable profits over a short span of time.
Since many chiringuito bars tend (or tended) to operate in the informal sector of the economy, the term is sometimes extended to any dodgy business activity or company that operates in loosely regulated grey markets or the unlawful black market sector.
In Mexico, an equivalent could be a palapa.
Housing in Barbuda

On the island of Barbuda, which is part of the nation of Antigua and Barbuda, the housing industry is a major economic sector. The majority of households, or 68.38% of all households, are owner-occupied homes.
Barbuda has a total of 545 households as of the time of the Population and Housing Census that was conducted in 2011. 0.73% of housing units are owned with a mortgage, while 67.52% of housing units are owned outright. 6.24% of housing units are rent free, and 24.95% of housing units are rented privately. The remaining 0.37% of housing units are leased, rented from the government, squatted, or some other type of arrangement. Only 0.18% of homes had residents who were unaware of the type of ownership their home was under.
In Barbuda, 34.31% of homes contained only one person, 18.35% of households contained two people, 16.51% of households contained three people, 8.99% of households contained four people, 9.17% of households contained five people, and the remaining households contained at least six people.
4.22% of housing units have concrete as the primary material of the outer walls, 72.84% of housing units had concrete or blocks as the primary material of the outer walls, 12.48% of housing units had wood, 0.55% of housing units had wood and brick, 7.52% of housing units had wood and concrete, and 2.39% of housing units had other materials, such as improvised materials, stone, stone and brick, etc.
Only 11.01% of homes in Barbuda are equipped with air conditioning, while the rest 88.99% do not have this luxury. In Barbuda, there is a significant gap between those who own and those who do not own air conditioners. 89.85% of African Barbudans live in households where there is no access to air conditioning. This can be contrasted with the percentage of White Barbudans who do not have access to air conditioning, which is 50%, 0% for Indian Barbudans, 97.83% for Mixed Black/White people, 68.75% for Mixed (Other) people, 57.14% for Hispanic people, and 100% for Syrian/Lebanese people.
93.76% of Barbudan households use sheet metal as the primary roofing material. 2.02% of Barbudan households use concrete as their primary roofing material. 0.55% of Barbudan households use asphalt shingles. 0.37% of Barbudan households use various types of shingles. 3.12% of Barbudan households use wood shingles. 0.18% of Barbudan households use alternative methods, such as makeshift, tarpaulin, tile, etc. In contrast to the majority of the rest of the country, there is not a significant ethnic divide in the choice of roofing material in Barbuda. Sheet metal is the primary roofing material for the homes of 95.98% of African Barbudans, 100% of White Barbudans, 100% of Indian Barbudans, 86.96% of Mixed Black/White Barbudans, 93.75% of other Mixed Barbudans, 100% of Hispanic Barbudans, and 50% of Syrian/Lebanese Barbudans.
Konan II (dug Breizh)

Konan II, dug Breizh, a oa ganet e Roazhon er bloaz 1030, hag a voe dug eus 1040 betek e varv en 1066.
Darn eus roueed ha Duged Breizh o doa komprenet e vije aesoc'h da Vreizh mirout he frankiz ma vije kresket un tamm mat etrezek ar sav-heol. O fal oa eta gounit douar, da vihanañ betek ar stêr Vezven, da lavarout eo betek kêrioù Laval hag Añje. Konan II a voe unan eus ar re-se.
Ne oa nemet tri miz pa varvas Alan III e dad. E vamm, Berta, a renas da gentañ en e lec'h. Met Eozen Pentevr, e eontr, breur Alan, a gemeras ar bugel. Menoz Eozen oa, hep mar, bezañ dug e-unan. Eneberezh tud uhel all, dreist-holl Jafrez kont Roazhon, a viras outañ da gaout e c'hoant. Konan a voe kurunennet e 1048, pa ne oa nemet 8 vloaz. Ne renas e gwirionez nemet pa voe deuet d'an oad a 15 vloaz echu. Kerkent e rankas ober brezel da Eozen. Hemañ a voe trec'het e 1057. Neuze e voe ret ober brezel da Jafrez, mab Eozen. E 1062 hepken e voe graet ar peoc'h. Neuze e c'hoarvezas un dra iskis a-walc'h. Gwilherm, dug Normandi, a felle dezhañ bezañ ivez mestr Breizh. Konan, dug Breizh, a felle dezhañ bezañ ivez mestr Normandi. Pa voe gourc'hemennet da Gonan gant Gwilherm dont da douiñ sentidigezh outañ, Konan a roas urzh da Wilherm reiñ dezhañ Bro-Normandi, ha mont kuit da gemer Bro-Saoz ma karje: edo Gwilherm oc'h aozañ an dilestradeg e Bro-Saoz. Ha Konan da gerzhout diouzhtu betek Dol, a oa dalc'het gant Riwallon, mignon da Wilherm. Gwilherm a zeuas da sikour Riwallon. Konan a gilas. Gwilherm, o krediñ en doa bet aon razañ, a zistroas d'e vro. Ha Konan da zont adarre, da gemer Dol, ha da gas e arme dirak Kastell-Gontier.
Hervez ar brud, Gwilherm a gargas un trubard da lakaat kontamm e korn-chase, brid-marc'h ha manegoù Konan. Mervel a reas an dug d'an 11 a viz Kerzu 1066..
Diaes-tre eo krediñ an istorioù-se, ken niverus, a dud kontammet. N'eus forzh penaos, ne vo anavezet ar wirionez biken. Pezh a zo, Konan a oa yaouank-flamm pa varvas. Er bloaz-se, Gwilherm a zouaras e Bro-Saoz hag a drec'has ar Saozon en Hastings. An huñvre gaer, sevel ur Stad vreizhek bras ha galloudus, a voe diskaret, ha diwar neuze ne voe spi ebet evit Breizh nemet klask tennañ he mad diouzh an tabutoù etre Bro-Saoz ha Bro-C'hall.
Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu

Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu (Pariz, 9 a viz Gwengolo 1585 – Pariz, 4 a viz Kerzu 1642), kardinal-dug Richelieu ha Fronçac, a oa ur prelad hag un den-a-stad gall, par-a-Frañs ha ministr pennañ Loeiz XIII.
Herri IV (Bro-C'hall)

Herri Bourbon (1553-1610) a oa Roue Navarra, evel Herri III, ha Roue Bro-C'hall evel Herri IV.
Ganet e oa d'an 13 a viz Kerzu 1553 e Pau. Mab e oa da Anton Bourbon ha da Janed Albret, rouanez Navarra.
Roue Navarra e oa adalek 1572, ha roue Bro-C'hall adalek 1589.
Drouklazhet e oa d'ar 14 a viz Mae 1610 e Pariz gant Ravaillac.
Tapet e oa bet gant Brezel ar Relijionoù dre ma oa priñs dre gwad ha penn protestant a-raok azezañ war tron Bro-C'hall ha treiñ d'ar feiz katolik e 1593.
Chom a rae tost eus ar brotestanted ha klask a rae un doare da gavout ur c'hempouez etre an nerzhioù relijiel ha reiñ an tu d'an holl da vevañ e feiz kristen e Bro-C'hall hag er peoc'h. Gantañ eo bet sinet e 1598 Skrid-embann Naoned a ro an tu d'ar brotestanted ha d'ar gatoliked da ober gant ar relijion a fell dezho.
Div wech e timezas. Da Marguerite de Valois (1572-1599) ha da Marie de' Medici (1600-1610)
Audrey Diwan

Audrey Diwan zo ur skrivagnerez, embannerez, kazetennerez, senarioourez ha filmaozerez c'hall a orin libanat, ganet e 1980. Roet eo bet Leon aour Festival etrebroadel Sinema Venezia dezhi e 2021 evit he eil film L'Événement.
Studiet he deus Audrey Diwan ar c'hazetennerezh hag ar skiantoù politikel. Daou vugel he deus.
Roet e voe Priz René-Fallet 2008 d'he romant kentañ La Fabrication d'un mensonge.
E 2013 e teuas da vezañ renerez embann ar gelaouenn Stylist loc'het ganti ha gant Aude Walker, ar bennskridaozerez.
Emezelet he deus er stroll 50/50 hag a stourm evit an ingalded etre merc'hed ha paotred hag al liesseurted revel er sinema hag ar c'hleweled.
An eil film sevnnet ganti L'Événement zo aet gantañ Leon aour festival Venezia 2021.
Christian Troadec

Kristian Troadeg a zo ur politikour breizhat, ganet d'ar 24 a viz Meurzh 1966 e Karaez. Kazetenner hag embreger eo bet e Karaez, a-raok mont da vezañ maer ar gêr-se. Unan eus krouerien Gouel an Erer Kozh e voe e 1992.
E dud a oa kouerien e Plevin. Studioù war an Istor a reas Christian Troadec e Skol-veur Brest, hag bet e voe kazetenner e meur a gazetenn. E kreiz ar bloavezhioù 1990 e roas lañs d'ur gazetenn sizhuniek evit Kreiz Breizh, Poher Hebdo. Adwerzhañ a reas anezhi e 1999 d'an Télégramme ha prenañ a reas ar breserezh Korev a lakaas e staliañ en e gêr.
Dilennet e oa bet da vaer kleiz-liesseurt e Karaez-Plougêr e 2001 hag addilennet e 2008 gant 68% eus ar mouezhioù, daoust d'ul listenn "kleiz ofisiel" PS-PCF. Addilennet e voe e 2014 ha 2020. Kuzulier-departamant Penn ar Bed e voe etre 2014 ha 2020, dindan an dikedenn « Ar Rannvroelourien», asamblez gant e vinom Corinne Nicolas. Dilennet e voe da guzulier rannvro "Breizh" e 2004 war listenn Ar Re C'hlas hag UDB. Anavezet eo ivez evit bezañ stourmet a-enep serradur ti-gwilioudiñ ha servij surjianerezh ospital Karaez e miz Meurzh 2008. Addigoret eo bet ar servijoù-mañ gant lez-varn velestradurel Roazhon goude ur stourm kalet ha hir. Freuzañ a reas gant an tu gounid a-gleiz e miz Kerzu 2008 peogwir en em ouestle an Rannvro en ur program kenlabour etre Ospital meur Brest ha pennospital Karaez en ur c'hendeuziñ an eil gant egile evit gwir.
Ur reteredur politikel rannvroelour hag emrenour a weler gantañ, p'en doe bet unan eus pennadurezhioù luskad ar Bonedoù ruz e 2013-2014. Roet en doa lañs d'al luskad Ni ho savo Breizh evit dilennadegoù ar Rannvro 2010, asambles gant Strollad Breizh a yeas e-barzh al listenn e fin ar bloavezh 2009.
E miz Kerzu 2010 e kemeras perzh Kristian Troadeg e krouidigezh ar strollad Mouvement Bretagne et Progrès/Breizh War Raok.
E 2014 a roas e anv evit ar votadegoù evit Parlamant Europa e penn ul listenn, « Breizh War Raok ! » he anv.
Tapet eo bet Christian Troadec gant alkool en e wad pa oa o vleniañ ha goude ur gwallzarvoud. Abalamour da se en doa tennet Loïg Chesnais-Girard e holl gargoù digantañ er rannvro adalek ar 5 a viz C'hwevrer 2024.
Ozan Trio

Ozan Trio zo ur strollad sonerezh Breizh bet savet e 2000. « Gwir OVNI ar vro » (hervez Gouel an Erer Kozh), Ozan Trio zo, e gwirionez, ur strollad diseblant (!) eus al leurenn vreizhek a-vremañ. Muioc'h eget arneveshaat e fell d'an trio-se « adskrivañ » sonerezh henvoazel Breizh, evit lakaat da glevet ur grouidigezh arzel hag a glot gant stumm ar c'han breizhek. E 2009, gant Koñsert 2, ez eo aet gant Ozan Trio priz gwellañ pladenn deroet gant France 3 Ouest.
Festival du Cross

The Festival du Cross, also known as Festival du Cross-Country, is an annual professional cross country running competition in Carhaix, France. First held in 2023, it takes place in November. As of 2024 it is a World Athletics Cross Country Tour Gold status meeting, the highest level, joining Cross d'Allonnes as the only such meetings in France.
The race is organized by the ALCP Athletics club and the Ligue de Bretagne. It was named after the Festival des Vieilles Charrues. The event takes place over 4 days with the professional races occurring on the final day.
The site put in a bid to host the European Cross Country Championships following the 2023 edition.
Les Négresses Vertes

Les Négresses Vertes, formed in 1987, is a French music group that combines world music and some aspects of alternative rock. Tracks often feature acoustic guitar and accordion, with some containing other traditional instruments such as piano and brass.
Formed in 1987, Les Négresses Vertes arose from the alternative-music scene in Paris. The original line-up included singer Helno (also known as Helno Rota de Lourcqua, born Noël Rota), Jo Roz (also known as l'Ami Ro; real name Joe Ruffier des Aimes) (piano), Stéfane Mellino (guitar), Jean-Marie Paulus (bass), Gaby (drums), Matthias Canavese (accordion), Michel Ochowiak (trumpet), Abraham Sirinix (also known as Abraham Braham) (trombone), and Iza Mellino (backing vocals).
The original members were a group of friends, many of whom had not played their instruments before forming the band. The group's name translates as green negresses; and arose from abuse hurled at the members at one of the group's first concerts. The insult is a comparison to the kitsch art of Vladimir Tretchikoff. The group was initially signed to the independent Off the Track label and released the punk protest song "200 Ans D'Hypocrisie" in response to its home country's French Revolution bicentennial celebrations.
In 1989, they released their first album, Mlah, to good reviews in both France and the UK, where the single "Zobi La Mouche" just failed to reach the charts. The group also toured and played the WOMAD festival. The group also made a controversial tour of Lebanon. Their second album, Famille Nombreuse, in 1991, featured new drummer Zé Verbalito.
In 1990, Les Négresses Vertes contributed the song "I Love Paris" to the Cole Porter tribute album Red Hot + Blue, which was produced by the Red Hot Organization. By this time, Helno was struggling with serious heroin addiction, impacting his playing and writing abilities. He died on 22 January 1993.
Several members left the band after Helno's death, but Les Négresses Vertes continued around the nucleus of Mellino, Canavese, Ochowiak, and Paulus. In 1995, the band released the album Zig-Zague, followed by the live album Green Bus. By 1999's Trabendo, the group had shifted to a dub-oriented lounge style.
Slate Roof House

The Slate Roof House was a mansion that stood on 2nd Street north of Walnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from about 1687 until its demolition in 1867. Built for Barbadian Quaker merchant Samuel Carpenter, the house occupied a small hill overlooking the Delaware River. It was built of brick in the Jacobean style with its façade featuring two projecting wings that flanked a recessed central entrance. The house was notable for its large size as well for its slate roof, which was a rarity in early Philadelphia.
For two years (1699-1701), during his second visit to America, William Penn rented the house for use as a city residence while maintaining his country house at Pennsbury Manor in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. It was at the Slate Roof House that he wrote and issued his "Charter of Privileges," a progressive framework for Pennsylvania’s government that became the model for the United States Constitution and is still the basis of free governments all over the world.
James Logan, the secretary of the Proprietary after Penn returned to England, later lived in the Slate Roof House. He administered the colony of Pennsylvania from there between 1701 and 1704.
In later years, the house was the temporary abode of John Adams, John Hancock, and many other distinguished members of the First Continental Congress, and also of Baron Johann de Kalb, who fell, fighting for American independence, at the Battle of Camden. It was the death site for General Charles Lee and for General John Forbes, second in command, and afterwards successor to General Edward Braddock.
The Slate Roof House was altered for commercial use in the 18th century and became dilapidated during the 1800s. Despite protests from historians, the house was razed in 1867. It was replaced by a large Victorian commercial structure that stood until 1976.
In 1982, an urban courtyard called Welcome Park was built on the site, managed by Independence National Historical Park. The park features William Penn’s plan of the city of Philadelphia laid out in slate and marble, as well as a bronze model of the house. A miniature version of the statue of Penn by Alexander Milne Calder that crowns Philadelphia City Hall stands on a pedestal in the center. The park also features a timeline of Penn’s life on the enclosing wall. Welcome Park was named after Penn's ship, Welcome, which brought Penn and over one hundred passengers, mostly Quakers, to America in 1682.
The National Park Service proposed renovation of the park in a 2024 preliminary draft that included removal of the Penn statue. The renovation plan is under review.
The park is adjacent to the Thomas Bond House.
39°56′50″N 75°08′39″W﻿ / ﻿39.94727°N 75.14412°W﻿ / 39.94727; -75.14412
Shingen-ko Festival

The Shingen-kō Festival (信玄公祭り, Shingen-ko Matsuri) is a Japanese festival (matsuri) which is held annually to celebrate the legacy of daimyō Takeda Shingen in Kōfu, the capital city of Yamanashi Prefecture. It is the "largest gathering of samurai" in the world.
Takeda Shingen (武田 信玄, 1 December 1521 – May 13, 1573), of Kai Province, was a pre-eminent daimyō in feudal Japan with exceptional military prestige in the late stage of the Sengoku period. Shingen was the feudal lord of present-day Kōfu. Shingen was admired by his followers and rivals. He had a legendary rivalry with Uesugi Kenshin and they fought a series of five battles during the Battles of Kawanakajima. Shingen died of a disease during his pursuit to conquer all of Japan.
24 retainers (generals) served under Shingen. They are noted for their exceptional contributions to Shingen and the Takeda family. They are a popular topic for ukiyo-e and bunraku.
This is a three-day festival that starts on the first or second weekend of April. Takeda's death anniversary is on April 12. There's a reenactment of Takeda Shingen's Koshu Battalion Deployment. People dress in traditional and samurai costumes of the Sengoku Period. An actor plays Takeda Shingen and he is surrounded by his Twenty-Four Generals. After the Shingen-ko Tea Ceremony, Takeda leads his army through the streets of Kōfu. They march from the plaza in front of Kosu station through the streets of Kōfu to Maizuru Castle Park which contains the ruins of Kōfu Castle. On the third day they reach the Takeda Shrine (武田神社, Takeda Jinja). A Shinto ritual is held on the anniversary of Takeda Shingen's death.
There are multiple parades going to and from these locations. These parades are very theatrical involving serious reenactments who practice the rest of the year for this one weekend in April. The parades reflect the different comings and goings of Takeda Shingen during his life.
This is one of the largest historical reenactments in Japan. In 2012 the festival was included in the Guinness World Records as the "largest gathering of samurai" in the world with 1061 participants. The role of daimyo Takeda Shingen is usually played by a Japanese celebrity. The 24 generals have extra detailed armor. Seeing so many people in traditional costumes and more than 1000 samurai gives an impression of what the Sengoku Period was like (1467 – 1600 CE).
What's special is that anyone can join after a short application. Exchange students of the University of Yamanashi are usually the guard samurai group of the princess. The princess can also be represented by exchange students from Asian countries. So the festival is not fully historically accurate.
Each festival has more than 100,000 visitors from all over Japan and international tourists. In 2013 there were 130,000 visitors during the 3 days of the festival. Daimyo Takeda Shingen was played by the actor Ken Matsudaira. Part of the proceeds went to support the area affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
Each day has different kinds of events such as:
香啡缤

香啡缤（The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf或简称“The Coffee Bean”、“Coffee Bean”）是一间总部位于美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶市的咖啡连锁店，由国际咖啡茶叶有限责任公司控股经营。
首家香啡缤店于1963年开始营业。现在已经发展为在22个国家拥有750家连锁店的跨国公司。在美国本土，香啡缤于旧金山、凤凰城、拉斯维加斯、檀香山、德克萨斯以及底特律都有分店。大部分分店开设于南加州，包括洛杉矶、圣地亚哥、圣巴巴拉等地。加州以外的许多分店都是采取特许经营的方式。除美国外，香啡缤还在澳大利亚、埃及、印度、印度尼西亚、以色列、马来西亚、墨西哥、卡塔尔、新加坡、菲律宾、韩国、科威特等国家开有分店。并且都开启免费的wifi，在南加州的香啡缤甚至附带超市。
2019年7月24日，快樂蜂斥資3.5億美元向私募公司Advent International收購香啡繽，截至2018年底，香啡繽在全球27個國家和地區開設1189間門店。其中783間門店位於亞洲，2018營業額3.13億美元，淨虧損0.21億美元，債務共計8356萬美元。
五十嵐 (臺灣)

50嵐是臺灣一家手搖飲品連鎖店，1994年創始於臺南市，創辦人暨董事長為馬紹維。目前在臺灣分為北區、中區、高雄區、臺南區等4大經營區域，各區域有各自的加盟總部，全臺灣約有6百家據點，並在海外有派生品牌，如中國大陸的一點點。
1994年，馬紹維（原姓名為馬瑞東）開始在其母親的加盟雞排店（臺南市南區德興路14號，現德興店）前開攤販售飲料，主售果汁飲品。
1995年，馬氏將攤位取名為「50嵐」，並將販售重心轉移至茶飲，後期停止銷售果汁。
1997年，馬氏籌備開設創始店，第一間模範店（新孝店）成立於臺南市新孝路27號。
2000年，郭宗峯成立新嵐有限公司，代理高雄區業務。
2002年，馬雅芬成立雅嵐股份有限公司，代理臺中區業務。
2003年，樓更深成立深耕茶業有限公司，代理臺北區業務。
2005年，馬雅芳成立春嵐有限公司，代理桃竹區業務；2016年併入雅嵐股份有限公司。
2014年，五十嵐企業有限公司更名為「五十嵐企業股份有限公司」。
現時，五十嵐在臺灣地區授權臺北區（臺北市、新北市、基隆）、中區（桃園、新竹、苗栗、臺中市、南投、彰化、雲林、嘉義、澎湖、金門）與高雄區（高雄市、屏東、臺東）設立獨立的加盟總部，臺南區（臺南市、高雄市岡山區、路竹區）由五十嵐總部直接管理，四區域總部各自為政，宜蘭與花蓮暫無設立業務。海外地區未設立任何總部，亦不接受海外加盟連鎖店。
五十嵐成立迄今，僅在臺灣設有各區代理公司，負責管理各區的加盟連鎖店，未曾授權海外代理。
2006年台湾五十岚旗下代理公司「深耕茶業」往中國大陸地區發展時，發現「50嵐」商標已遭當地商家搶註，因此旗下代理商「生根餐饮」另行註冊「KOI Thé」和「一點點」商標。
2022年，「一點點」在新加坡开设分店，2023年又在美国开设分店。
臺灣南區代理五十嵐的新嵐有限公司于2016年1月在美国圣迭戈开设首家分店，命名为「OO Tea」，中文名「圈圈茶」。后又于2017年在聖蓋伯以「Wushiland Boba」（汉字记作「五十嵐」）的名称开设分店。
馬雅芬旗下的KOI Thé（粵语：KOI Thé）于2019年进军美国，2021年更名为「FIFTYLAN」，汉字记作「五十嵐」。
五十嵐多次被驗出大腸桿菌群超標。2015年衛生局清查五十嵐數家店面發現四季春茶農藥超標，同在安平工業區的三清製茶購買的，總量7568公斤，可能已全數被消費者下肚。 除了從茶葉驗出殘餘農藥超標、脆梅也因為含二氧化硫超標而被下架
2019年爆發「手搖飲之亂」事件，五十嵐中區代理雅嵐在中國大陸創立的「KOI」陷入「源自中國臺灣」的政治風波，波及50嵐列入「罷喝行動」名單。 五十嵐臺南總部發表聲明強調僅在臺灣設有代理公司，各區代理在海外所開發及投資之新品牌，與臺灣五十嵐之間並無任何合作關係。
捷榮咖啡

捷榮，是香港製造的品牌老字號，主業咖啡、食肆、批發等。捷榮咖啡的母公司是捷榮國際控股有限公司，後者在2001年於新加坡成為上市公司，簡稱捷榮集團(新加坡交易所除牌前: T26、港交所：2119) ，董事局成員為黃達堂、黃達培、陳心宇等。捷榮建立的咖啡、紅茶王國在香港的市佔率高逾80%（如計算黃氏其他家族成員如黃家和旗下金百加集團，市佔率更達90%），向茶餐廳、McCafe，以至海逸酒店供貨。。捷榮已發展為大中華區的咖啡、紅茶餐飲服務供應商，2013年全年收入7.72億港元。
捷榮始創於1932年，初為雜貨士多、港式茶餐廳、自行咖啡豆炒磨、批發咖啡及紅茶。1955年註冊成為有限公司。
1962年在大角咀櫸樹街自置廠房。1980年在葵涌葵德街再購置廠房，並引進美國先進電腦化設備大量生產，擴展產品市場由香港至國際化。1990年代市場進入加拿大、又在西班牙五年獲「國際食品獎及飲品獎」。現在，捷榮的商品，三合一鴛鴦及香滑奶茶在超級市場、工展會等也很常見。
2012年2月，捷榮集團（香港）有限公司與新加坡高檔茶葉品牌「TWG」（The Wellness Group）在香港爆發商標糾紛，捷榮集團指「TWG」使用涉嫌侵權的商標在中環國際金融中心開設茶室。後來向高等法院取得臨時禁制令，禁制「TWG」在香港使用相關商標。
2014年10月23日捷榮國際控股有限公司（「捷榮集團」）宣佈，引入日本的三井物產為機構投資者，後者斥資約22億日圓（約1.6億港元）購入少於20%的捷榮股權，交易完成後，捷榮主席兼行政總裁黃達堂全資持有的 Hero Valour Limited仍為最大股東，而三井物產將成為第二大股東。
2018年，捷榮國際控股有限公司正式於香港主板上市（港交所：02119）。
傲勝國際

傲勝國際企業有限公司，簡稱傲勝國際企業，以及傲勝國際（英語：OSIM International Limited，新交所除牌前：O23、OTCBB：OMIMY）在1980年，由沈財福（現任董事長及首席執行官）於新加坡創立。業務除了經營及生產各種類型電動按摩椅（主要品牌為uDream、uInfinity、uLove、uDivine、uRegal、uNano、uDiva、uDesire、uCrown、uPapa Hug和uKimono），還經營各種保健產品（主要品牌為「LAC」）。 旗下擁有TWG Tea公司，經營餐飲服務及食品銷售。
其股份自2000年在新加坡交易所上市。其中以香港、中國、台灣、新加坡居多，其次是美國等國家地區，例如在2005年收購美國布洛史敦零售店（英语：Brookstone）55%股權，而在2010年，計劃在台灣證券交易所申請以台灣存託憑證上市，但由於受到歐債危機拖累而被迫擱置。
該公司被股東沈財福以3.2億元新加坡，每股1.39坡元進行私有化。
2017年1月初，該公司正計劃來港上市，並把原有旗下TWG和Oni業務從中剝離。
世界運動會

世界運動會（簡稱世運會或世運）是一個國際性體育競賽盛會，1981年於美國加州聖克拉拉首次舉辦，之後每四年舉行一次，競賽項目以非奧運會項目為主，由國際世界運動總會（IWGA）舉辦，於每屆奧運一年後舉行。與奧運會分為夏季、冬季不同，世界運動會沒有冬季項目。
世運會項目大概介於25至35種之間，數量由各主辦城市的場地設施而定，很少會為了某項目而新建場館設施。被列為「邀請賽」的項目仍會舉辦，但並不會頒發獎牌，就算某些比賽是正式項目，主辦城市仍可將其列為邀請賽。一些世運會的競賽項目已成為奧運正式比賽項目（如鐵人三項），或曾是過去奧運會的項目（如拔河）。2004年8月12日，奧運會決議將世運會比賽情形納入挑選奧運新項目的條件，然而，奧運會近年的參賽選手已逼近10,500人，因此世運會的項目很有可能不會再被納入奧運。2000年與國際奧委會簽訂備忘錄，國際世界運動會協會IWGA受國際奧委會IOC所授權及資助，為共同推廣世界運動而努力，共享資源與宣傳。
舉辦非奧運會綜合運動會的想法來自國際單項運動總會聯合會（GAISF）。意識到成為奧運會項目的機會很少，非奧運會運動聯合會希望組建自己的競賽展演活動，以增加其體育運動的宣傳，該運動會被稱之為世界運動會。1981年國際世界運動總會成立，同年第一屆世界運動會在美國聖塔克拉拉舉行，首屆世界運動會共有15個比賽項目，包括羽毛球、壁球和跆拳道，第一枚獎牌是在640公斤級拔河比賽中頒發的，金牌由英國隊奪得。2022年世界運動會的賽事部分門票收入將捐贈給烏克蘭，用於俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭後重建體育場館。
世界運動會過去一直以非奧運体育項目為主，包括沙灘排球、女子舉重、跆拳道等項目在未獲納入奧運之前，一直为世界運動會的比赛项目。世界運動會現時舉辦的运动項目包括蹼泳、壁球、野外定向、劍道、箭術、撞球、健美、保齡球、曲棍球、合球等。2012年奧運會剔除壘球項目，故2009年的世運會將壘球列入邀請賽項目；另一個被剔除的項目棒球則未列入。
HDC-3100型巡防艦

馬爾瓦級巡防艦 (英語：Miguel Malvar-class frigate)，之前稱為HDC-3100型巡防艦 (英語：HDC-3100-class Corvette)，為菲律賓海軍在2016年向韓國現代重工訂購的護衛艦，該級艦是大邱級巡防艦的縮小版設計。
菲律宾海军预计将獲得两艘新的巡防艦，这两艘巡防艦是根据修订后的AFP现代化计划“地平线”-2阶段采购项目获得的，涵盖2018至2022年。
菲律宾国防部(DND)于2021年12月28日与韩国造船企业现代重工(Hyundai Heavy Industries)签署了一份合同，现代重工将交付其大邱級巡防艦的变体。
建造工作在2023年5月11日的钢材切割仪式上正式开始（原定于2022年开始建造），第二艘轻型护卫舰的仪式于2023年11月22日举行。
菲律宾海军计划采购 2 艘新型导弹护卫舰，作为“地平线2”现代化改造阶段的一部分，菲律宾总统罗德里戈·杜特尔特于 2018 年 6 月原则上批准了这项预算为 280 亿菲律宾比索（约合 5.5 亿美元）的提案。
在采购前的开发阶段，负责该项目的技术工作组（TWG）将菲律宾海军的最新战舰何塞·黎剎級巡防艦作为新轻型护卫舰的基线，并将根据2016年至2020年上述护卫舰开发和建造过程中的经验教训进行改进。
根据公开信息，新护卫舰的大小与何塞·黎剎級巡防艦大致相似，但传感器和武器方面将有所改进。
据信，传感器包括以下内容：
武器系统包含以下内容:
该项目分为两个标段。第 1 批拨款 250 亿菲律宾比索，用于采购轻型护卫舰和武器系统；第 2 批拨款 30 亿菲律宾比索，用于采购舰艇弹药。
大埔县

大埔县位于中国广东省梅州市东部，其北边和东边与福建省龙岩市永定区、漳州市平和县相邻，南边接壤丰顺县和潮州市饶平县，西边与梅县区、梅江区相邻，地处无污染的山区，以其优美的自然环境被誉为「客家世界的香格里拉」，县政府駐湖寮镇同仁路191号。
大埔縣有梅江、汀江和韓江流經縣境，境內有梅大高速、梅坎鐵路。大埔縣，有“文化之鄉、華僑之鄉、世界長壽之鄉、陶瓷之鄉、名茶之鄉、中華詩詞之鄉、中國青花瓷之鄉、中國蜜柚之鄉”之譽。
大埔县建置于东晋义熙九年（公元413年）。据《大埔县志》：“大埔，盖俗称，平旷高原，仅宣果瓜蔬麻者曰埔；自茶山（旧县治）之麓，弥望平原，无虑数百顷地，总呼为埔。”秦汉时属揭阳县地。 东晋义熙九年立义招县，属义安郡。隋大业三年（607年）改义招为万川县，唐武德四年（621年）废万川并入海阳县，属潮州。历宋、元及明前期，仍属海阳县光德乡。明成化十三年（1477年），设饶平县，今大埔县地域属之。明嘉靖五年（1526年），改名大埔县，属潮州府。1931年2月—1935年，中国共产党的地方组织在福建省平和、诏安与广东省饶平、大埔4县交界区域建立饶和埔诏苏区。1949年中华人民共和国成立后，先后属兴梅专区、粤东行政区，1956年属汕头专区管辖，1965年属梅县地区管辖，1988年属梅州市管辖。
大埔县下辖14个镇：
湖寮镇、​青溪镇、​三河镇、​银江镇、​洲瑞镇、​光德镇、​桃源镇、​百侯镇、​大东镇、​大麻镇、​枫朗镇、​茶阳镇、​高陂镇、​西河镇、​丰溪林场、​洲瑞林场和​大埔林场。
全县总面积2467平方公里，位于广东省东北部、韩江中上游，境内山脉大多为北南走向，四周高，中间低，层峦起伏，千岩万壑，中部丘陵广布，散布于四周边陲的海拔千米以上的山峰有27处，境内最高峰为西南部的明山嶂银窿顶，海拔1357米，最低处是高陂镇黄竹居的韩江岸，海拔26米。
境内属于亚热带季风气候，全年气温温和，雨量、光照充足，热量丰富，雨量充沛，四季宜耕宜牧。昼夜温差大，夏日长，冬日短，气候温和，年平均日照时数2000小时,年均无霜期306 天，偶有奇旱和严寒。年平均气温20.7°C—21.4°C，1月平均气温 10.9°C—13°C，7月平均气温28.3°C—28.5°C。平均降雨量1400—1800毫米，4—9月为雨季。汛期在7～9月，期间受到西太平洋台风影响较大，全县普降暴雨到大暴雨，出现了持续强降水天气过程，全县性洪涝、山体滑坡等灾害频繁发生。
金属矿有：铁、镍、铅、锌、钨、钼、锡、铜、金砂等；非金属矿：磷、水晶石、长石、石英石、稀土、瓷土、紫砂陶土等；水力资源丰富，还有天然矿泉水、瓷器、茶叶、烟叶、蜜柚等。
境内的河流为韩江水系支流，其中韩江源在大埔的三河镇；
大埔县的农业比较有特色的是烤烟、茶叶、蜜柚、水果、芦笋种植业。工业比较有特色的是陶瓷、食品罐头和水泥等制造业和加工业，特别是陶瓷有700年历史，被誉为“陶瓷之乡”，高陂鎮素有“白玉城”之稱。大埔的矿藏资源也非常丰富，瓷土、矿泉水、稀土的储量较大。
大埔县总人口534461人，以汉族客家人为主，此外，还有少量蒙、回、壮、满、瑶、土家、黎、高山等少数民族居民。
根據第七次全国人口普查數據，截至2020年11月1日零時，大埔縣常住人口330948人。
大埔县大部分居民讲客家语大埔话，属于粤台片龙华小片(亦有歸入漳潮片埔順小片者)，但在光德镇九社、高陂镇古埜蒲田等村间有閩南語漳州話和潮州話。
大埔县被称为广东省“汉乐之乡”。2004年9月26日至27日，“大埔广东汉乐大型音乐会”和“中国音乐文化·大埔广东汉乐理论研讨会”在大埔县共同举行。在活动期间，该县被广东省文化厅授予广东省“汉乐之乡”称号。
大埔历史悠久，具有丰富的自然和人文景观。2009年在由中国传统文化促进会、中华民族和谐发展促进会、欧中经济技术交流促进会、中国影响力传媒、中国县域旅游网等机构联合主办的网络票选中荣获十佳“中国最美小城”。
梅坎铁路，大埔站位于该县三河镇。
七海

七海（英語：Seven Seas）一词为一地理概念，在不同时期意思所指代的海大不一样，或指特定的某七个海（或内陆湖），或只作为地球上所有水域的总称。也可译作“七大洋”，指地球上的七个大洋。该词汇常见于欧洲语言，如成语“七海扬帆”（英语：Sail the Seven Seas）中，该词是可以航行水体的总称。
该用语有其明显的历史痕迹，显然目前认定为“海”的水体远多于七个。
“七海”一语最早见于前23世纪，出现在苏美尔人对其女神伊南娜的颂诗中。
在西元9世纪，穆斯林作家雅库比有关于“七海”的描述，叙述从伊朗城市西拉夫起航去往中国广州所经过的七片海域，其水体颜色、风向、生物类型都不一样，甚至相邻两个海域状况迥异。这些描写说明“七海”可以指波斯湾（“Sea of Fars”）、坎贝湾（“Sea of Larwi”）、孟加拉湾（“Sea of Harkand”）、马六甲海峡（“Sea of Kalah”）、新加坡海峡（“Sea of Salahit”）、泰国湾（“Sea of Kardanj”）以及南海（“Sea of Sanji”）。
阿拉伯人及其周围民族所称的七海（阿拉伯语：بحار العالم ، سبعة البحار）是指其向东方航行过程中要穿过的几片水域。这条航路曾是阿拉伯人的商贸路线，先知穆罕默德时期之后，这条路线周边更成为伊斯兰教发展并且高度兴盛的地区，如今在阿拉伯世界以外，东南亚一些国家也拥有高比例的穆斯林人口。这些水域包括：
有时也包括阿拉伯人和腓尼基人航行过的邻近海域或内陆湖，即：
古罗马时期，并非所有罗马人对于“七海”（拉丁文：septem maria）的观念在今日还能引起共鸣。在古罗马时期，当地人最早所称之“七海”，是指波河注入亚得里亚海之处，在盐滩上形成的纵横交叉的河网。罗马作家、舰队指挥官老普林尼，曾经提到这些由于沙坝的分割而与大海相隔的潟湖。他提到这些最早是伊特拉斯坎人开凿的港汊，将河流分流，形成“七海”。一个威尼斯史学家提到，“七海扬帆”这个成语体现了古代高度发达的航海技术，并且反映威尼斯人在很早以前就曾在海中航行。
中世纪时期“七海”的概念源于古希腊和古罗马的文明，在中世纪文学中指如下海域（或内陆湖）：
有时也包括：
到文艺复兴时期，对于大洲和大洋的现代地理观念逐渐建立，地图学日益发展，“七海”不再作为地理词汇出现。
波斯人所说的“七海”是指汇成阿姆河的若干支流。
17世纪神职人员兼学者约翰·莱特福（John Lightfoot）在其《新约评论》（Commentary on the New Testament）一书中提到一种与过去观念迥异的定义。在该书“塔木德中的七海以及包围全地的四河”（The Seven Seas according to the Talmudists, and the four Rivers compassing the Land）一章中，提及“大海”（Great Sea，即现在的地中海）、“太巴列海”（Sea of Tiberias，即加利利海）、“所多玛海”（Sea of Sodom，即死海）、“萨摩可湖”（Lake of Samocho）以及“西比凯恩”（Sibbichaean）。
在殖民时期，从中国到英格兰运输茶叶的路线是世界上最长的商贸路线。往来于此路线的水手需要穿过荷属东印度的七片海域：班达海、西里伯斯海、弗洛勒斯海、爪哇海、南海、苏禄海和帝汶海。如果提到某人“七海扬帆”（Sail the Seven Seas）以指其往来于世界的另一端，则这里的“七海”源于此。
欧洲人发现美洲大陆后，一些人开始用“七海”一词来描述地球上面积最大的七片水体，分别为太平洋、大西洋、印度洋、北冰洋、地中海、加勒比海以及墨西哥湾。
一些现代地理学分类法将地球上的大洋分为七个，也称作“七海”，分别指南太平洋、北太平洋、南大西洋、北大西洋、印度洋、南冰洋以及北冰洋。
世界各地税率

比较世界各地税率是一件很难而且带有主观意念的事情。税法在很多国家都是很复杂的，而且在同一个国家和地区税收负担对不同群体都是不同的。下面的列表通过一些常用的税种来进行比对。
这是一个世界各地税率列表。它关注三种税项：企业所得税、个人所得税、消费税（增值税 / 商品及服务税(GST) / 销售税）。这个列表并不是要说明表内所有国家的个人或公司的税收负担。
茶盞

茶盞，是東亞傳統用以盛茶湯的碗或杯形茶器，也稱茶碗、茶鍾、茶盅、茶盌、茶圓、茶甌、茶杯等，而大小、材質、文飾不一，有多種形制。在中國，茶盞的主流，因為食茶法的不同，器形大小從唐宋的大盞發展到明清的小盞，色彩從唐的尚青、宋的尚黑發展到明的尚白，經歷了數次嬗變過程。
茶盞一形的茶器在古代漢文典籍中有多種名稱，但並無嚴格的定名標準。台北國立故宮博物院的研究員廖寶秀指出，茶盞、茶碗、茶甌的器形較大，茶杯、茶鍾較小。明清的茶杯沿用茶盞、茶碗等名，但器形大小已與唐宋茶盞有了很大的不同。而據清宮檔案所載，清代宮廷作為品茶用的茶碗、茶圓、茶鍾，口徑有不同，茶鐘口徑約10公分，茶碗約11公分，高度無明顯差別。
盞，《博雅》：“杯也”；郭璞注《方言》：“最小杯也”。本作琖。《說文》：“玉爵也；夏曰琖，殷曰斝，周曰爵。从玉戔聲；盞，或从皿。”
盌，《說文》：“小盂也”。椀，《正韻》：“與盌同”。埦，《集韻》：“與盌同”。
鍾，《說文解字注》：“酒器也。古者此器葢用以宁（貯）酒。故大其下，小其頸。自鍾傾之而入於尊，自尊勺之而入於觶。故量之大者亦曰鍾”；《澄衷蒙學堂字課圖說》：“俗呼小杯為鍾”；《通雅》：“今謂茶鍾曰甌，古則曰甂”。
甌，《玉篇》：“椀之小者”。
茶盞的美名，又有啜香、陶寶文等。
中國的茶盞有多種形制，宋之前較大，明朝之後由於飲茶方式改變，茶盞變得細小。
日本的茶碗形制，請參閱茶碗 (日本)。
许四海

许四海（1946年5月15日—2020年6月5日），江苏盐城人，中国艺术品鉴藏家、紫砂壶制作師傅、茶文化专家。
1946年生于江苏省建湖县的一个农民家庭。幼年随母逃荒到上海，10岁开始拣煤渣养家。由于家境艰难，只读过两年书，在上海当过售票员和木工。1964年参加中国人民解放军，随部队驻扎在广东潮汕地区。潮汕人喜饮工夫茶，好用紫砂壶。在部队当文化干事的许四海耳濡目染，也渐渐爱上了饮茶玩壶。1960年代末参加越南战争，任侦察排长。回国后曾在广州空军服役，1970年代末转业回上海，在公用事业学校历任学生科、总务科和膳食科科长等职。期间自学陶艺，拜唐云为师。1984年辞去公职，赴江苏宜兴制作茶壶。参与宜兴紫砂二厂的创建工作，任助理厂长。1985年，其手制的紫砂滴水“夏意”在轻工部首届全国陶瓷作品评比中获得金奖。1987年回到上海，在兴国路成立四海茶具馆，唐云题写馆名，藏有近两百件宜兴紫砂茶具。1989年赴新加坡举办个人作品展。1992年，四海茶具馆获得上海市文物管理委员会的特批，成为中华人民共和国第一家私立博物馆。1997年，博物馆搬至嘉定江桥。同时，他还在嘉定区曹安路建设百佛园，弘扬茶文化。2012年，许四海被评为上海市第三批非物质文化遗产项目海派紫砂艺术代表性传承人。
2020年6月5日上午6时06分在上海逝世。
皇家雪蘭莪

3°11′46″N 101°43′26″E﻿ / ﻿3.196242°N 101.723957°E﻿ / 3.196242; 101.723957
皇家雪蘭莪（英語：Royal Selangor）是一家馬來西亞錫鑞生產及零售商，也是全球最大的錫镴生產公司，由錫鑞匠楊堃創立於1885年，現任掌舵人是楊氏家族的第四代成員——執行董事楊永禮。
皇家雪蘭莪的創始人是楊堃（亦名楊坤）， 生於清同治十年（1871年），祖籍中國廣東汕頭。楊堃與妻子羅八育有4子——楊炳包、炳桑、炳楷和炳祥。
1885年，楊堃從中國南下馬來亞半島，較後在吉隆坡哥洛士街（Cross Street，今 Jalan Silang）開設「玉和」錫鑞坊，以手工生產香爐、燭台等華人家庭的祭祀用品，成品都會烙上「玉和足錫」的印鑑。英國殖民時期，工坊的產品擴展到啤酒杯、煙灰缸、茶具等西方餐飲器具；同一時期，楊氏兄弟對工坊的經營方式開始出現分歧，四兄弟分家以後各自創業，其中包括皇家雪蘭莪的前身——雪蘭莪錫鑞。
1970年代，雪蘭莪錫鑞的產品開始出口至新加坡、香港和澳大利亞；1980年代，開始擴展至歐洲和日本，目前在全球多個國家都有行銷點。
1992年，雪蘭莪錫鑞獲得雪蘭莪蘇丹沙拉胡丁·阿都阿茲沙頒發皇家認可證書，易名為皇家雪蘭莪，每一件皇家認可的錫鑞製品都會刻上「雪蘭莪蘇丹殿下御許」的字樣。
皇家雪蘭莪的總部位於馬來西亞吉隆坡，現在主要是生產餐具和禮品，出口到倫敦、多倫多、墨爾本、東京、上海、香港、孟買和新加坡等多國城市。皇家雪蘭莪在全球20多個國家擁有零售商店，在世界五大洲有8個辦事處。
1989年和1991年，皇家雪蘭莪在法蘭克福國際禮品展上獲得「歐洲設計獎」；1997年，獲得英國禮品協會授權禮品類別的「年度禮品獎」。
皇家雪蘭莪的「慶祝酒會」漏斗醒酒器獲得三個國際設計獎項：德國設計中心的紅點獎、美國工業設計師協會的 IDEA2002 銅獎和日本工業設計促進組織（英语：Japan Institute of Design Promotion）的2002年優良設計獎。
1985年，雪蘭莪錫鑞製造出「世界上最大的錫鑞啤酒杯」，高 1.987 米、重量 1,557 公斤和容量 2,796 公升，作為成立一百年的紀念，目前陳列於皇家雪蘭莪總部的「當代錫鑞館」，這項記錄由吉尼斯世界記錄認可。
Bober Tea and Mochi Dough

Bober Tea and Mochi Dough is a chain of bubble tea and mochi donut shops, featuring Bober Tea-branded drinks and Mochi Dough-branded doughnuts.
The chain operates in China, the Philippines, Singapore, and the United States.
Bober Tea-branded drinks include the Okumidori Matcha Latte, the Supreme Pink Pear Green Team, and the Thai Tea Latte. Shops also serve milk teas, some of which are topped with salty cream cheese foam. Mochi Dough-branded doughnut varieties include black sesame, churro, funnel cake, and taro.
The company was established in 2017. There are locations in China, the Philippines, and Singapore.
In the United States, Bober Tea USA and Mochi Dough USA launched in Sacramento and has grown to 25 franchises in nine U.S. states as of October 10, 2023.
In Carmel, a shop on Carmel opened in December 2022. It was originally owned by Dave and Irene Tang, and later Aparna and Hari Prasad. In New Jersey, the chain operates in Bergen-Lafayette, Jersey City.
A combined Bober and Mochi shop opened at Green Firs Towne Center in University Place, in Tacoma, Washington, in October 2023. Owned by Van Duong and Tammy Phan, the Tacoma shop was the chain's first in Washington. The chain began operating on Seattle's Capitol Hill in 2024.
There is a combined Bober and Mochi shop on the University of Minnesota campus, in Dinkytown.
Ravi Jaipuria

Ravi Jaipuria is an Indian billionaire business magnate and chairman of RJ Corp. Under his company, RJ Corp, he manages Varun Beverages which is the largest bottling partner for PepsiCo's soft drink brands outside the US, and Devyani International, which is India's largest franchisee of Yum! Brands and operates KFC, Pizza Hut, Costa Coffee and TWG Tea outlets. He is referred to as India's cola king.
Jaipuria studied business management in the United States and returned to India in 1985. He joined the family business as a bottler for Pepsi-Cola. He also holds a minority stake in Medanta, a health care firm. In 2013, Jaipuria, through his company Varun Bevrages, took over his brother CK Jaipuria’s Pepsi products manufacturing and marketing business in Delhi.
Varun Beverages got listed on BSE and NSE after an initial public offering in 2016. Devyani International got listed on the BSE and NSE after its IPO in 2021. In October 2024, Jaipuria was ranked 14th on the Forbes list of India’s 100 richest tycoons, with a net worth of $17.3 billion.
His wife's name is Dhara Jaipuria. He has two children, one son named Varun and a daughter named Devyani. He hails from a Marwari Hindu family.
Mariage Frères

Mariage Frères (French, Mariage Brothers) is a French gourmet tea company, based in Paris. It was founded on 1 June 1854 by brothers Henri and Edouard Mariage.
The tea trade in France began to boom in the middle of the 17th century. At this time, King Louis XIV and the French East India Company encouraged the exploration of distant lands in the search of exotic goods. Around 1660, Nicolas and Pierre Mariage began voyaging on behalf of the royal court: Pierre was sent to Madagascar on a mission for the French East India Company, while Nicolas made several trips to Persia and India before being named part of an official deputation sent by Louis XIV to sign a trade agreement with the Shah of Persia. Successive generations of the Mariage family remained in the tea trade and in 1843, by then reflecting their experience and knowledge of the tea trade, members of the Mariage family opened their first wholesale shop in Paris.
On 1 June 1854 Henri and Edouard Mariage, founded the present-day Mariage Frères Tea Company. For over 130 years the company was managed by four generations of Mariage tea merchants who maintained a wholesale-only business from their Parisian warehouse. The business consisted of importing premium quality leaf teas from the Orient, which were then traded to first class hotels and tea shops in France.
In 1983 the company transformed itself from a wholesale import firm into a retail company. Under the leadership of Kitti Cha Sangmanee and Richard Bueno, Mariage Frères started opening tea houses within central Paris. The first tea emporium and tea salon, located on rue du Bourg-Tibourg, opened in the same building where Henri Mariage had his offices over 150 years ago. The 19th-century colonial and exotic furniture, cash registers, counters and tea instruments come from the historic former tea office and deposit in Rue du Cloître-Saint-Merri.
Today, the company operates over 30 Mariage Frères points-of-sale within France, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan. There are five Mariage Frères tearooms in Paris. The brand is also distributed through a network of resellers in over 60 countries, served in grand hotels such as the Meurice in Paris, Claridge's in London, Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Bangkok and Singapore as well as being offered to first-class voyagers on Japan Airlines.
In the early 2000s, an online shop (available in French, English, and Japanese) with worldwide distribution was launched.
There is one unique production platform in Paris for Europe, as well as for the rest of the world, and another platform for distribution only in Japan.
In Episode 11, Season 3 of American TV series Gossip Girl, Blair's mother, Eleanor, returns from a trip to Paris. Blair suspects her mother has been keeping a big secret from her. When she suggests that her mother opens an envelope she had just received, Eleanor replies: "But tea first. I have the most amazing Lapsang Souchong from Mariage Frères".
Lady M (boutique)

Lady M is a luxury confections brand established in 2001, most famous for its signature Mille Crêpes Cakes. It operates over 50 boutiques worldwide.
One of Lady M's founders, Emi Wada, invented the mille crêpes cake and sold them in her Paper Moon Cake Boutiques in Japan starting in 1985. The mille crêpe [ja] cakes she created consist of 20 thin handmade crêpes layered with light pastry cream and topped with a caramelized crust.
In 2001, Wada helped found Lady M as a wholesale business delivering cakes to hotels and restaurants in New York City. By 2004, the Lady M cakes had become so popular that the company decided to open a store in Manhattan's Upper East Side. Kumi Iseki, a restaurateur who owned the Shogun of Japan restaurants in California, was also an early investor in Lady M. Wada later relinquished ownership in Lady M so she could concentrate on business back home in Japan.
Ken Romaniszyn joined the business in 2008 through his mother, Iseki, and became the CEO. He has overseen its introduction and growth of online shipping, its expansion into new markets, and its launch of new product lines.
Following success in Hong Kong and Taiwan, Lady M opened its first boutique in mainland China in Shanghai in 2017 to huge crowds. It expanded rapidly in the country in subsequent years, but in 2022 announced the closure of all Chinese stores.
In 2021, Lady M opened its first champagne bar at its Singapore boutique in the ION Orchard mall.
As of 2023, Lady M operated boutiques in the following locations.
Solanda (Metro de Quito)

Solanda es la tercera estación del Metro de Quito, que funciona como parte de la línea 1.​
La construcción de la estación ha resultado polémica, que resultó en el hundimiento de las casas de los vecinos. Fernando Chamba, representante del barrio de Solanda, afirmó que son 400 viviendas que se encuentran afectadas y las autoridades no les han dado ninguna solución. Además, responsabiliza a la construcción del Metro de Quito para que la situación de las viviendas del sector 1 y 4 de Solanda estén hundiéndose y presenten daños estructurales. "Si en el estudio previo que realizaron se determinó que las viviendas tenían fallas entonces porque decidieron construir el Metro en ese sector, es negligencia de ellos", manifestó. [1]
Gruta de Lourdes (estación)

Gruta de Lourdes es una estación ferroviaria perteneciente a la red del Metro de Santiago, en la ciudad capital de Chile. Está ubicada en la comuna de Quinta Normal, en la intersección de Avenida San Pablo con la calle Patria Nueva, cerca de la Autopista Central - Eje General Velásquez.
Pertenece a la Línea 5 y está en subterráneo entre las estaciones Blanqueado y Quinta Normal. En sus alrededores está el Internado Nacional Barros Arana y la Basílica de Lourdes. Tiene una superficie de 2900 m².​
El 18 de octubre de 2019, en el marco de las protestas en Chile, la estación sufrió un incendio que afectó la mezzanina y la boletería, lo que impidió su funcionamiento normal hasta el 21 de noviembre, fecha en que fue reabierta al público.​​​
Su nombre se debe a la Gruta de Lourdes, singular templo al aire libre que emula a la gruta de las apariciones de la Virgen María como la Inmaculada Concepción a Bernadette Soubirous en 1858, ubicada en la ciudad francesa de Lourdes. Está ubicada en el Paseo Lourdes, a unos pocos metros de la intersección de General Velásquez y San Pablo, donde se encuentra ubicada la estación. La gruta forma parte de un complejo religioso mayor conformado por esta y la basílica homónima de estilo gótico-bizantino que la enfrenta, denominado Santuario de Lourdes. La gruta es considerado el corazón del santuario y de allí el nombre de la estación.
La estación posee 8 paraderos de la Red Metropolitana de Movilidad en sus alrededores (sin la existencia del paradero 6), los cuales corresponden a:
(*) Solo tiene parada de lunes a viernes de 07:30 a 10:00 horas
Portales (estación del Metro de Ciudad de México)

El día del metro aficionado,se celebra el 23 de Abril.El creador de los metro aficionados fue Milton Jesús Marmolejo Hernández
El nombre proviene de la colonia donde se ubica la estación, ya que antiguamente existió una ladrillera en los terrenos de la colonia, que en su edificio principal levantó una serie de portales de ladrillo. Su isotipo representa la silueta de un portal (arco que corona una entrada).
En el 2014, la estación presentó una afluencia promedio anual de 17 967 personas.​
La siguiente tabla muestra la afluencia de la estación en los últimos 10 años:
Tasqueña (estación del Metro de Ciudad de México)

Tasqueña es una de las estaciones que forman parte del Metro de la Ciudad de México, es la terminal sur de la Línea 2. Se ubica al sur de la Ciudad de México, en la alcaldía Coyoacán.
Originalmente llamada Taxqueña (Tasqueña es la ortografía utilizada desde hace unos años sobre todo para el nombre de las estaciones del metro y del tren ligero de la zona), debe su nombre a que se localiza junto a la Calzada Taxqueña. Taxqueña es el gentilicio de las mujeres de Taxco, en el estado de Guerrero, localidad famosa por su trabajo de la platería. El ícono representa la silueta de la luna, deidad adorada en la zona de Culhuacán, ubicada al final de la Calzada Taxqueña.
Al igual que en otras terminales como Indios Verdes y El Rosario, en ella también se da mantenimiento y resguardo a los vagones.
En esta estación se encuentran cuatro murales hexagonales de Alberto Castro Leñero que constituyen la tetralogía Elementos: "Fuego", "Aliento", "Azul" y "Horizontal". Cada mural mide 11 metros de largo y 3 metros de altura y están realizados con recortes de azulejo tipo talavera y cerámica policromada.​
La siguiente tabla muestra la afluencia de la estación en los últimos 10 años:
Existen conexiones con las estaciones y paradas de diversos sistemas de transporte: