davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Chine : Intrigue dans la Cité interdite

Chine : Intrigue dans la Cité interdite ("Sina : steuñvenn er Geoded difenet") zo ur c'hoari video savet gant Cryo Interactive hag embannet e 1998.
Tremet eo ar steuñvenn e 1775 er Geoded difenet e Pekin. Ma teu da vezañ anvet dreistmerour, sammet eo Anjing gant impalaer Qianlong da enklask ouzh ar muntr an tizog penn Wang. Dont a-wel buan ma al lavaret-se a doa diagent labouret evit an impalaerez enebarzherez, ma zo desket Anjing anezhi ma doa Wang kalz donezonoù, peurgetket ardivinikel. Hepken eo gant ijinek gwikefroù skoachet er geoded ma deus lezet Wang meur anzavadennoù skrivet o tiskuliañ un irienn vras.
Desk a ra Anjing da gentañ ma voe empleget ar muntrad en un adskrid oberennoù ha dreist-holl e sielloù impalaerel, en ur menegiñ en eiler en e azavadenn, an tizog penn Ma, ma zo diwar neuze erlec'hiet en e kefridioù anezhi. Neoazh eo Ma lazhet araog e c'halle bezañ aterset gant Anjing. Renet eo gant e enklask cavet an tizog penn Wen a labourat er sal ar palez, ma vezont ar sielloù roueel e-barzh. E-pad ma dizolo prouennoù sammus e burev Wen, en em adkav Anjing krak gant ar c'helan e disfiziad en e brec'hioù. En ur mervel, e diskuilhet ar rener Li du bureau des placets impériaux.
Dont a ra klaskañ Li war roud a ren betek al liorzhoù impalaerel. Degouezhet, gwel a ra un tizog saouzanet o tec'hout ur groc'h : ar c'helan ar rener zo e-barzh. gant ul list enañ: « Wang ; Ma ; Wen ; Jin Cao » : an teir anv kentañ zo roudennet, ha diviz Anjing da glaskañ Jin Cao ma zo war wel eret an irienn. Desk a ra ma zo hennen an tizog penn ar pevarek adwreg an impalaer ha ma yeas d'ar burevioù an Ti impalaerel (ma labour Anjing). Degouezhet, kav a ra Jin Cao, o marvañ e barr alter, en ur en kemmeskañ gant an dreistmerour Da hag en ur menegiñ e mestrez.
Goude ur c'hlask er ranndioù anezhi, dizolo Anjing ma zo liammet an adwreg ouzh an irienn hag a deus c'hoant da lakaat e man war gador, goude kaout muntret an impalaer. Da muioc'h menegont an dielloù gaou an adrenadur Da. Goude aters koreek, diemorsañ a ra ar stign a pal o lazhañ Quianlong, ha zo uhelet. Marv eo Da e karc'har, harluet eo an adwreg en ur monasti ha n'eo ket trubuilhet e mab.
The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club

The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (pe The Pickwick Papers [ðə 'pɪkwɪk 'peɪpəz], d'ober berroc'h) eo ar c'hentañ romant saoznek skrivet gant Charles Dickens (1812-1870). Goulennet e oa bet digantañ goude ar berzh graet gant Sketches by Boz, embannet e 1836. Embannet e voe a-gaieradoùigoù etre miz Meurzh 1836 ha miz Du 1837, sinet "Boz", ha berzh a reas kenkent. Pevar c'hant skouerenn a oa bet graet eus an niverenn gentañ, ha 40 000 a veze graet eus ar re diwezhañ.
Samuel Pickwick eo haroz al levr, un doare Don Quijote saoz, gant e vevel Sam Weller. Adkemeret e voe skouer ar c'houblad-se gant P. G. Wodehouse adalek ar bloavezhioù 1900.
Yann-Wilhoù Herri

Yann-Wilhoù Herri, pe Iann-Wilhou Herry, (Jean-Guillaume Henry), ganet d'ar 14 a viz Kerzu 1803 e Mellag ha marvet d'an 12 a viz Genver 1880 e Kemperle, oa ur beleg ha yezhour breizhat eus Kerne-Izel.
Ganet e oa en un tiegezh dalc'het gant e dad, a oa maer. Tomm e oa e dud ouzh ar relijion hag ouzh ar renad kozh. Studiañ a reas e Kemper kent bezañ beleget e 1828. Kaset e voe da gure da Lesneven. Fall e oa e yec'hed, ha kaset e voe da aluzener da ospital Kemperle.
Amzer en doa da skrivañ, ha treiñ a reas buhez sant Izidor e brezhoneg, embannet e 1839, ar bloaz ma voe embannet Barzaz Breiz Kervarker. Hervez Fañch an Uhel hag Anatol ar Braz eo Herri e oa gwir oberour ar Barzaz Breiz, evel en dije lâret Kervarker da F. an Uhel e 1890 hervez un disklêriadur skrivet gant F. an Uhel war gein ur golo-lizher.
A-dra-sur eo bet kuzulier Kervarker evit skrivañ ar yezh, met n'en deus ket gallet ober evit embannadur kentañ Barzaz Breiz, pa ne skrive ket c'hoazh e doare ar Gonideg.
Un adwel a reas, pe un ouzhpennig, da Sainte Tryphine et le Roi Arthur, ar mister embannet gant Fañch an Uhel.
E-kichen iliz Mellag emañ e vez.
Ar Re C'hlas

Ar Re C'hlas a c'hall ober dave da veur a dra.
Ar Re C'hlas eo anv meur a strollad politikel ekologour dre ar bed :
Strollad Glas Europa zo ur strollad politikel europat hag a vod strolladoù glas eus ar broioù europat.
E-pad an Dispac'h Gall, ar Re C'hlas e oa ar Republikaned ha stourmañ a raent a-enep ar Re Wenn hag a oa roueelour.
"Ar re c'hlaz" zo ur werz eus ar Barzaz Breiz diwar o fenn.
Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly

Jules-Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly (2 November 1808 – 23 April 1889) was a French novelist, poet, short story writer, and literary critic. He specialised in mystery tales that explored hidden motivation and hinted at evil without being explicitly concerned with anything supernatural. He had a decisive influence on writers such as Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, Henry James, Léon Bloy, Marcel Proust and Carmelo Bene.
Jules-Amédée Barbey — the d'Aurevilly was a later inheritance from a childless uncle — was born at Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, Manche in Lower Normandy. In 1827 he went to the Collège Stanislas de Paris. After getting his baccalauréat in 1829, he went to Caen University to study law, taking his degree three years later. As a young man, he was a liberal and an atheist, and his early writings present religion as something that meddles in human affairs only to complicate and pervert matters. In the early 1840s, however, he began to frequent the Catholic and legitimist salon of Baronne Almaury de Maistre, niece of Joseph de Maistre. In 1846 he converted to Roman Catholicism.
His greatest successes as a literary writer date from 1852 onwards, when he became an influential literary critic at the Bonapartist paper Le Pays, helping to rehabilitate Balzac and effectually promoting Stendhal, Flaubert, and Baudelaire. Paul Bourget describes Barbey as an idealist, who sought and found in his work a refuge from the uncongenial ordinary world. Jules Lemaître, a less sympathetic critic, thought the extraordinary crimes of his heroes and heroines, his reactionary opinions, his dandyism and snobbery were a caricature of Byronism.
Beloved of fin-de-siècle decadents, Barbey d'Aurevilly remains an example of the extremes of late romanticism. Barbey d'Aurevilly held strong Catholic opinions, yet wrote about risqué subjects, a contradiction apparently more disturbing to the English than to the French themselves. Barbey d'Aurevilly was also known for having constructed his own persona as a dandy, adopting an aristocratic style and hinting at a mysterious past, though his parentage was provincial bourgeois nobility, and his youth comparatively uneventful. Inspired by the character and ambience of Valognes, he set his works in the society of Normand aristocracy. Although he himself did not use the Norman patois, his example encouraged the revival of vernacular literature in his home region.
Jules-Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly died in Paris and was buried in the cimetière du Montparnasse. During 1926 his remains were transferred to the churchyard in Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte.
His complete works are published in two volumes of the Bibliothèque de la Pléiade.
The Bewitched

The Bewitched (French: L'Ensorcelée) is an 1852 novel by the French writer Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly. It is set in Normandy in the early 19th century. In the story, a young married woman falls in love with a priest and commits suicide when the infatuation comes to nothing. Her widowed husband, who had been ruined by the French Revolution, then sets out to kill the priest out of jealousy.
The novel was the first in a suite of three novels which were set in Normandy and rooted in local folklore and legend. It was serialised in Journal l'Assemblée nationale in 1852 and published as a book in 1854. An English translation by Louise Collier Willcox was published in 1928.
Brian G. Rogers wrote in his 1967 book on Barbey d'Aurevilly: "L'Ensorcelée, with its real and symbolic landscapes, its well-organised plot and its regionalistic flavour, is one of Barbey d'Aurevilly's most successful novels. Largely free from the repetitions and stylistic errors of the earlier works, it inaugurates the Normandy cycle with a flourish, and, with its parallel themes of passionate and 'satanic' possession, provides a further commentary on its author's evolving attitude to his continuing preoccupations."
The novel was the basis for a 1981 television film titled L'Ensorcelée. The film was directed by Jean Prat and starred Julie Philippe and Jean-Luc Boutté. It was produced for Antenne 2.
Notes
Literature
What Never Dies

What Never Dies (French: Ce qui ne meurt pas) is an 1884 novel by the French writer Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly. It tells the story of the orphan Allan who falls in love with his protectress, Mme de Scudemot, who has become indifferent due to erotic excesses in her youth; Allan eventually marries his lover's daughter Camille, but has been smitten by the older woman's indifference. The book is divided into two parts, where the first focuses on Allan and Mme de Scudemot and the second on Allan and Camille.
The narrative uses techniques from the Gothic novel and its French counterpart, the "roman frénétique". The novel was written between 1833 and 1836, originally under the title Germaine ou La Pitié. It was the first full-length novel to be written by Barbey d'Aurevilly, although for a long time it was left unpublished. It was revised and published in 1884. An English translation was published in 1902, falsely attributed to Oscar Wilde under his pseudonym Sebastian Melmoth.
In his 1967 monograph The Novels and Stories of Barbey D'Aurevilly, Brian G. Rogers wrote about What Never Dies: "Though liberally sprinkled with youthful errors, the novel is the first full-length work to reflect Barbey's enthusiasm for a world completely dominated by passion, and already his treatment of incipient attraction, passionate love and cold disillusion takes on a characteristic flavour. Here, not a single note rings false."
Notes
Literature
The Story Without a Name (novel)

The Story Without a Name (French: Une histoire sans nom) is an 1882 novel by the French writer Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly. It tells the story of an inexplicable pregnancy and the destructive consequences it has for its surroundings.
An English translation by Edgar Saltus was published in 1891. Saltus, a writer associated with the decadent movement, took some liberties in his translation, and upon the original publication, several American critics thought the novel was his own work and that Barbey d'Aurevilly was his literary invention.
Compartmentalization (psychology)

Compartmentalization is a form of psychological defense mechanism in which thoughts and feelings that seem to conflict are kept separated or isolated from each other in the mind. Those with post traumatic stress disorder may use compartmentalization to separate positive and negative self aspects. It may be a form of mild dissociation; example scenarios that suggest compartmentalization include acting in an isolated moment in a way that logically defies one's own moral code, or dividing one's unpleasant work duties from one's desires to relax. Its purpose is to avoid cognitive dissonance, or the mental discomfort and anxiety caused by a person having conflicting values, cognitions, emotions, beliefs, etc. within themselves.
Compartmentalization allows these conflicting ideas to co-exist by inhibiting direct or explicit acknowledgement and interaction between separate compartmentalized self-states.
Psychoanalysis considers that whereas isolation separates thoughts from feeling, compartmentalization separates different (incompatible) cognitions from each other. As a secondary, intellectual defense, it may be linked to rationalization. It is also related to the phenomenon of neurotic typing, whereby everything must be classified into mutually exclusive and watertight categories.
Otto Kernberg has used the term "bridging interventions" for the therapist's attempts to straddle and contain contradictory and compartmentalized components of the patient's mind.
Compartmentalization can be positive, negative, and integrated depending on the context and person. Compartmentalization may lead to hidden vulnerabilities related to self-organization and self-esteem in those who use it as a major defense mechanism. When a negative self-aspect is activated, it may cause a drop in self-esteem and mood. This drop in self-esteem and mood is what the observed vulnerability is attributed to.
Conflicting social identities may be dealt with by compartmentalizing them and dealing with each only in a context-dependent way.
Those who have PTSD often compartmentalize positive and negative self-aspects more than those without PTSD; this helps keep the negative self-aspects from overtaking the positive self-aspects. Positive self-concept can be kept safe through the use of compartmentalization, specifically for those who have experienced sexual trauma and have, subsequently, been diagnosed with PTSD.
Mindfulness meditation may help reduce compartmentalized self-knowledge. Also, those who have greater trait mindfulness may have less negative self-concepts about themselves.
In his novel, The Human Factor, Graham Greene has one of his corrupt officials use the rectangular boxes of Ben Nicholson's art as a guide to avoiding moral responsibility for bureaucratic decision-making—a way to compartmentalize oneself within one's own separately colored box.
Doris Lessing considered that the essential theme of The Golden Notebook was "that we must not divide things off, must not compartmentalise. 'Bound. Free. Good. Bad. Yes. No. Capitalism. Socialism. Sex. Love...'".
The Crimson Curtain (1953 film)

The Crimson Curtain (French: Le Rideau cramoisi) is a 1953 French short film directed by Alexandre Astruc. It was screened at the 1952 Cannes Film Festival, but not entered into the competition.
A young military officer is a tenant in the house of wealthy citizens. He admires their daughter, who eventually makes his dreams come true by spending the night with him. They have a secret love affair. But as surprisingly as she indulged him, she dies in his arms. Desperate, the officer rides away.
Les Diaboliques (short story collection)

Les Diaboliques (The She-Devils) is a collection of short stories written by Barbey d'Aurevilly and published in France in 1874. Each story features a woman who commits an act of violence, or revenge, or some other crime. It is considered d'Aurevilly's masterpiece.
D'Aurevilly, due to the boredom induced by bourgeois life in the French Second Republic, was a dandy. Similarly, the acts committed by the characters in these stories are induced not only by their extreme passion but also by their boredom. Some of the characters spend hours playing whist while others take delight in wearing fine clothes. All of the female characters are best at concealing their passions and are strong, independent instigators.
D'Aurevilly uses récit parlé, a bracketing narrative, as a structural tool for five of the six short stories.
D'Aurevilly wrote "The Crimson Curtain" in 1866. "The Greatest Love of Don Juan" followed in 1867. In 1870, d'Aurevilly retired to the Cotentin Peninsula and finished the collection.
When the collection was first published in France in 1874, it caused up an uproar with the French public and the work was declared a danger to public morality and the Public Prosecutor issued orders for its seizure on the grounds of blasphemy and obscenity. D'Aurevilly defended the work, albeit tongue-in-cheek, by saying that he himself was a Christian and the stories demonstrated the battle of good against evil.
A second edition was published in 1882. Dedalus Books published an English-language version in 1996.
A Woman's Revenge (1921 film)

A Woman's Revenge (German: Die Rache einer Frau) is a 1921 German silent drama film directed by Robert Wiene and starring Vera Karalli, Franz Egenieff and Olga Engl. In order to punish her cold, brutal aristocratic husband for murdering her lover, a woman becomes a common prostitute to shame him. The film received largely negative reviews.
Ranelagh station (Paris Métro)

Ranelagh (French pronunciation: [ʁanlaɡ]) is a station on line 9 of the Paris Métro located in the 16th arrondissement.
It is named after the nearby rue de Ranelagh, which in turn was named after Lord Ranelagh, an Irish peer and amateur musician, who built a rotunda for concerts in his park, Ranelagh Gardens, in Chelsea in 1750 and after whom the affluent Dublin suburb of Ranelagh is named.
A similar establishment, the Jardin du Ranelagh was established on the grounds of the Château de la Muette in 1774. The place was fashionable under Marie Antoinette, under the Directory and then again under the Restoration. It disappeared in 1858 with the creation of the Bois de Boulogne.
The station opened on 8 November 1922 as part of the initial section of the line from Trocadéro to Exelmans.
As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station's corridors and platform lighting were renovated and modernised on 28 April 2004.
In 2019, the station was used by 2,314,539 passengers, making it the 222nd busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.
In 2020, the station was used by 1,234,203 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 206th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.
In 2021, the station was used by 1,779,206 passengers, making it the 199th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.
The station has two accesses:
The station has a standard configuration with two tracks surrounded by two platforms separated by the subway tracks, and the vault is elliptical. The ticket barriers and passenger information counter located at the mezzanine overlooks the tracks, an uncommon situation it shares only with La Muette and Jasmin, which the station is located in between.
The decoration is in the style used for most metro stations. The lighting canopies are white and rounded in the Gaudin style of the metro revival of the 2000s, and the bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the walls, the vault, and the tunnel exits. The advertising frames are made of honey-coloured earthenware with vegetable motifs and the name of the station is also in earthenware in the interwar style of the original CMP. The seats are in the Motte style in red.
The decoration of the platforms is thus identical to that of the neighbouring station, Jasmin.
The station is also served by lines 22, 52 (only in the direction of Opéra), and 70 of the RATP bus network.
Horia Lovinescu

Horia Lovinescu (n. 28 august 1917, Fălticeni, Suceava, România – d. 16 septembrie 1983, București, România) a fost un dramaturg român, recunoscut pentru piesele sale de teatru.
A fost nepotul de frate al criticului Eugen Lovinescu.
Dramaturgul a fost fiul mai mare al lui Octav Lovinescu, avocat, și al Anei Cetățianu, fiica pedagogului Ioan Cetățianu.
Tatăl, Octav, fratele criticului literar Eugen Lovinescu, se trăgea din comuna Rădășeni, iar mama din localitatea Subcetate, având în ascendență pe Ion Budai-Deleanu.
Scriitorul a mai avut doi frati: Octav, avocat (1913-1945), și Vasile, filosof. Horia Lovinescu face parte, așadar, din celebra familie Lovinescu, care a dat literelor noastre mai mulți scriitori, între care și Anton Holban (1902-1937), văr, Monica Lovinescu, vară, și Alexandrina Lovinescu, vară.
A fost timp de două decenii directorul Teatrului Nottara din București.
Debutează în teatru cu piesa Lumina de la Ulmi în anul 1954. Abordează aici problemele și locul intelectualitații în societate, cu trimitere evidentă la problematica social politică. Piesa e o capodoperă a teatrului proletcultist, imitat după teatrul sovietic contemporan epocii stalinismului triumfător.
Piesa Citadela sfărâmată, scrisă în 1955, a avut un mare succes, fiind ecranizată și tradusă în mai multe limbi sub titlul Familia Dragomirescu.
Rând pe rând apar: Oaspetele din faptul serii, Hanul de la răscruce, O întâmplare, Surorile Boga”, ... Și pe strada noastră, Revederea, Febre sau Moartea unui artist.
În 1963, la „Editura pentru Literatură”, apare volumul Teatru care cuprinde cea mai mare parte din piesele enumerate mai sus.
La editura Cartea Românească au apărut în volum, în anul 1971, alte patru piese: O casă onorabilă, Al patrulea anotimp, Jocul vieții și al morții in deșertul de cenușă, Și eu am fost în Arcadia.
Teatrul lui e unul de idei, cu conflicte acute. Întâmplările se desfășoară cu intensitate și dramatism. Horia Lovinescu e un constructor de teatru modern, psihologic deși utilizează speciile și modalitațile consacrate ale genului.
Zid

Un zid este o structură neobișnuit de puternică menită să protejeze o anumită zonă. De obicei, un zid delimitează o clădire și susține structura sa superioară, separă porțiuni distincte ale clădirii sau structurii, respectiv protejează și delimitează spații în aer deschis.
Există mai multe tipuri diferite de ziduri, printre care se pot menționa ziduri de despărțire, numite curent pereți, ziduri de construcție, ziduri de delimitare, ziduri de apărare, ș.a.m.d..
Zidurile de construcție au un ca singur scop susținerea tavanelor și respectiv a acoperișurilor. În construcțiile de astăzi, un zid care urmează să aibă și o funcție de perete, va avea izolare termică și elemente de finisare (așa cum sunt drywall or panelling). În plus, un perete de interior poate avea în interiorul său (sau aproape de suprafața sa) diferite cablurile electrice, țevi și elemente de canalizare.
Adesea zidurile de construcție, atât interioare cât și exterioare, pot deveni suporturi pentru diferite opere de artă, așa cum ar fi mozaicuri, picturi murale sau basoreliefuri.
În arhitectură și ingineria civilă, zidul frontal al unei clădiri se numește fațadă și are mai întotdeauna o funcție istorică, culturală și estetică deosebită. Fiind edificată, ornată și decorată corespunzător perioadei istorice a realizării clădirii sau structurii, fațada este de multe ori mult mai valoroasă decât ansamblul pe care îl reprezintă.
Zidurile de delimitare pot include ziduri de marcare a proprietății, ziduri de delimitare în interiorul aceleiași proprietăți și zidurile exterioare ale unui oraș sau castel. De obicei, zidurile de marcare a proprietății sunt echivalente cu gardurile, cu distincția că orice gard desemnează o structură de minimă grosime, de obicei nerigidă, care este deschisă mediului înconjurător, în timp ce un zid este gos, închis, rigid și opac. Simplu definit, dacă un zid este realizat din lemn sau sârmă, atunci este un gard, iar dacă este realizat prin oricare procedeu de zidărie atunci este un zid.
În anumite situații, când există ambiguități de nominalizare, așa cum este cazul Zidului Berlinului, care fusese parțial un gard din sârmă ghimpată și parțial un zid construit din cărămizi și blocuri de beton, se preferă termenul de barieră de separare.
Înainte de inventarea artileriei, multe dintre orașele (în engleză cities) și târgurile (în engleză towns) lumii, mai ales în Europa și Asia, avuseseră ziduri defensive, numite și zidurile orașului. După mecanizarea războaielor, când importanța zidurilor de apărare a scăzut semnificativ și orașele s-au extins mult dincole de limitele lor rigide, multe din aceste ziduri protective sau porțiuni semnificative ale acestora au fost demolate, așa cum ar fi în Roma, Italia sau în Beijing, China. În alte cazuri, cum ar fi orașul Timișoara, România, partea centrală și cea mai solidă a fostului zid de apărare al orașului, cunoscută sub numele de Bastion a fost transformată în anii 1970 într-o încântătoare zonă comercială multifuncțională.
Materiale media legate de zid la Wikimedia Commons
Curentul latinist

Curentul latinist este un curent apărut în lingvistica și filologia română din secolul XIX, care a continuat unele idei ale Școlii ardelene.
Limbile și culturile romanice au fost supuse în epoca Renașterii la un proces profund și deliberat de relatinizare, care s-a manifestat în special la nivel lexical (ortografia etimologică, împrumuturi savante, înlocuirea cuvintelor de origine non-latină). Este vorba probabil de epoca în care latina este abandonată ca limbă de cancelarie în favoarea limbilor neolatine. Este și cazul Transilvaniei, unde limba latină funcționase ca limbă de stat până la momentul compromisului austro-ungar (există dovezi că latina fusese limbă oficială și a cancelariei Moldovei și Țării Românești pentru o perioadă).
În limba română, curentul latinist are meritul de a fi contribuit la generalizarea scrierii cu caractere latine, de a fi stimulat interesul pentru vechile texte de limbă românească și de a fi adus noi argumente în sprijinul originii latine a limbii române.
Împrumutul lexical reprezintă indiscutabil cea mai importantă modalitate prin care s-a realizat relatinizarea lexicului românesc (în contrast cu derivarea sau alte procedee interne). Cu toate acestea, procesul de relatinizare lexicală a limbii române a fost mai puțin pronunțat decât în celelalte limbi romanice, însă de dată mai recentă (secolul XVIII):
Între reprezentanții curentului latinist s-au manifestat ciocniri între tendințele moderate și cele extreme. Mai moderați au fost George Barițiu, Gheorghe Munteanu, Iosif Hodoș etc., iar printre cei care au extremizat curentul latinist au fost G. Săulescu, Timotei Cipariu, August Treboniu Laurian, Ion C. Massimu etc. Exagerările unor reprezentanți latiniști au fost combătute de scriitori moldoveni și munteni ai epocii: Alecu Russo, Costache Negruzzi, Vasile Alecsandri, Alexandru Odobescu, Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Titu Maiorescu.
Curentul latinist și-a încetat influența pe la anul 1880, adică după jumătate de secol de la apariția lui.
Sergiu Cornea

Sergiu Cornea (n. 8 decembrie 1963, Văleni, raionul Vulcănești) este un politolog și istoric moldovean, rector al Universității de Stat „Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu” din Cahul începând cu anul 2020.
Școala primară și gimnazială le-a absolvit în satele Giurgiulești și Văleni. Studiile medii le-a încheiat în Școala Internat nr. 1 din Cahul, în prezent Liceul Teoretic „Ioan Vodă”. Studiile superioare de licență le-a făcut la Universitatea de Stat din Moldova, Facultatea de Istorie în anii 1981-1986. În perioada octombrie 1992 - iulie 1994 a studiat la Școala Națională de Studii Politice și Administrative din București, România, specializarea Științe administrative. După revenirea în țară a urmat studii de doctorat la Academia de Administrare Publică de pe lângă Președintele Republicii Moldova în anii 1995-1999. Este doctor în politologie.
MONOGRAFII ȘTIINȚIFICE, VOLUME COLECTIVE ȘI CAPITOLE ALE ACESTORA
PUBLICAȚII DIDACTICE
ARTICOLE ȘTIINȚIFICE
Ansamblul urban central din Turda

Ansamblul urban central din secolele XVIII-XIX în Turda este înscris pe lista monumentelor istorice din județul Cluj, elaborată de Ministerul Culturii din România în anul 2015 (cod LMI CJ-II-s-B-07797).
Ansamblul urban (nucleul orașului medieval) este delimitat de:
Perimetrul ansamblului urban central din Turda este marcat pe harta alăturată cu puncte albastre și corespunde în mare măsură nucleului vechi al orașului denumit “Turda Veche”.
Papa Ioan al XIV-lea

Papa Ioan al XIV-lea (n. secolul al X-lea, Pavia, Ducatul Milanului – d. 20 august 984 d.Hr., Roma, Statele Papale) (nume laic, Petrus Canepanova, uns ca papă pe 20 august 984) a fost papă al Romei din 983 până în 984.
În 983 a fost numit papă la inițiativa lui Otto al II-lea al cărui cancelar principal era (încă din 971 fusese episcop de Pavia). În condițiile în care Otto a murit în 983, antipapa Bonfaciu al VII-lea s-a întors în același an la Roma și l-a arestat pe papa Ioan cu ajutorul crescențienilor. A murit încarcerat în Castelul Sant'Angelo pe 20 august 984.
Ioan al XIV-lea nu voia să poarte ca papă numele lui adevărat Petrus considerând că n-ar fi destul de demn pentru a sta la aceeași scară cu apostolul.
Peter II of Moldavia

Petru (Peter) Mușat (d. 1391) was Voivode (prince) of Moldavia from 1375 to 1391, the maternal grandson of Bogdan I, the first ruler from the dynastic House of Bogdan, succeeding Lațcu, Bogdan's son and successor who converted to Catholicism. According to one significant hypothesis, he may have been the first voivode of Moldavia under this regnal name, and should be referred to as Petru I of Moldavia. After 2000, Romanian historian Constantin Rezachevici proposed a novel timeline of Moldavian rulers, according to which Petru Mușat would be referred as Petru II.
He was married twice. From his first wife he had a son, Roman. In 1388 he remarried to Olga, daughter of Janusz I, Prince of Masovia. From his second wife he had another son, Ivașcu.
During his reign, he maintained good relationships with the king of Poland, Władysław II Jagiełło. On 27 September 1387 at Lwów, he paid homage to the Polish king, making Moldavia a Polish fief (which it remained until 1497). In 1388, he received Pokuttya as a pawn for 3,000 silver rubles he lent to the Polish king. Petru also acted as an intermediary in the negotiations between the Wallachian voivode Mircea the Elder and the Polish king that resulted in the treaties signed by the two parties in 1389 and 1390. The first Russian-Moldavian diplomatic contacts also date from his reign.
Petru founded the Suceava Citadel, the Neamț Citadel and Neamț Monastery, and built the Holy Trinity Church in Siret. He also fixed the princely seat of Moldova at Suceava in 1388, effectively dooming the Latin Diocese of Siret in the old capital, and maintained Orthodox Bishop Iosif at Cetatea Albă, contrary to the wishes expressed by the Patriarchate of Constantinople, resulting in his excommunication.
During his reign, a number of important coins were minted; the ones attributed to him, known so far, are: groschen and far more rare half-groschen made of silver. Their design became the standard for coins minted by later Moldavian rulers.
Obverse: Aurochs head, frontal view, a star between the horns, a rose on the right, a crescent on the left. In some cases, the rose is at left and the crescent at right. Sometimes, the aurochs holds a fleur de lys in its mouth. The legend is in Latin: SIMPETRI WOIWOD.
Reverse: Coat of arms, a shield with three or four bars in the right half, and in the left half a variable number of fleurs de lys (seven to one). The legend is SIMOLDAVIENSIS.
Welsh Tower houses

Welsh tower houses were fortified stone houses that were built between the early 14th and 15th centuries. They are related to tower houses, which occur in considerable numbers in Ireland and Scotland and to a much lesser extent in England. A map showing the distribution of tower houses within the United Kingdom is given in Houses of the Welsh Countryside.
The main concentration of tower houses is in southern Pembrokeshire, Wales. These were first published with detailed drawings in 1877–8 by Rev. E L Barnwell. The Pembrokeshire examples have a coastal distribution; this is also true of the Monmouth and Glamorgan tower houses, as well as the demolished examples at Penhryn (in Caernarfonshire) and Ty Gwyn (in Abermo). Otherwise, the tower houses are distributed along the Welsh—English border, with one example, Wattlesborourgh, just over the border in Shropshire. In 1976, Hilling produced a map (with listing) showing seventeen examples. Further houses have been added by Suggett and it is possible that new examples will be recognised as being incorporated into existing buildings, as at Sandyhaven House in Pembrokeshire.
The Welsh tower houses are not particularly large and have up to three storeys above an undercroft, as at the Old Rectory, Angle and the Tower at Talgarth. Smith distinguished a smaller group of house which only have one storey above an undercroft, The best example of this type is Carswell in Pembrokeshire. Smith compared this group to the Irish £10 tower houses. These were built after 1427 when a statute was passed that any of the King’s liege living within The Pale would be paid £10 for building a house of a minimum size. It seems likely that the Welsh houses were built about the same time.”
Taller tower houses, such as the Old Rectory, Angle, are likely to have been built before 1400, as they have arrow slits, rather than an early form of gun port, which would have been used after that date. At Penhryn, Licence to crenellate was granted in 1438. The internal round staircase at the corner at the Old Rectory, Angle is similar to some Irish tower houses and some the Welsh tower house have projecting garderobes similar to the Scottish and Irish tower houses. There is also some evidence that a stone or timber hall would have been built or added to the tower at the same time or shortly after the tower house was built. At Eastington and Bonville Court, the tower which was built against a hall, is rectangular, rather than square. The Old Rectory at Angle clearly shows the evidence for a gable of a hall butting up against the tower.
Grudziądz Granaries

Grudziądz Granaries (Polish: Spichrze w Grudziądzu) is a unique 14th-century fortification complex of river bank granaries on the Vistula river in Grudziądz, Poland.
After the Teutonic Order founded the settlement of present-day Grudziądz in 1291, the Order began building fortifications encompassing the town in the fourteenth-century. Formerly, a line of fortifications already existed on a scarp to the west of the settlement. It was in the years 1346-51 that the first granary, Bornwald Granary, was built, followed by several in 1364. By 1504, around modern-day Spichrzowa Street (lit. Granary Street), fourteen granaries had already been constructed, reflecting the importance of Grudziądz in trade of craftsmanship in the region. A century later, there were 16 granaries. The construction of the granaries on top of the town walls along the Vistula river was done so to be in close proximity with the river port, and thus take advantage of the flourishing grain trade. Due to the different elevations of town and river, the granaries, which from the river side look like imposing multi-stories buildings, from the town side feature only one or two floors.
Other than for grain trading purposes, the granaries performed other functions, i.e. one of the granaries, between 1603 and 1608 (or 1618) served as a Lutheran place of worship. During the Deluge at the hand of the Swedes, most of the granaries were burned down and only six had survived during the Swedish siege of Grudziądz. Rebuilding works lasted until the eighteenth-century, as a consequence of which, in relation to the former granary plans, those rebuilt had been less wide, covering smaller parcels of land individually. The following, nineteenth-century, further framework granaries had been built along the river scarp and riverfront (presently non-existent). Five granaries burned down in 1903, some were utilised for housing via enlarging windows and creating balconies on each elevation.
A monumental amount of damage occurred during the final Soviet Vistula–Oder Offensive during 1945. The granaries were rebuilt between 1946 and 1966. Presently, some of the granary building still perform their storage function, some have been adapted for residential use, whilst others are occupied by the Museum of Grudziądz.
Darłowo Castle

Castle of the Pomeranian Dukes - the only Gothic castle located on the coast of the Baltic Sea in Poland. The castle's layout is close to that of a square, with a tower measuring 24 metres in height. The castle's construction began in 1352, in the reign of Bogusław V, whose reign began the alliance with the Hanseatic League. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the castle was used as a warehouse and a prison. In 1930, the castle was turned into a museum.
The Castle of the Pomeranian Dukes was built during the second half of the fourteenth century, in 1352. It was constructed during the reign of Bogusław V and Elżbieta, the daughter of Casimir III the Great. Although this was only a secondary residence of the House of Pomerania, the castle was enlarged and modernised in the fifteenth and sixteenth century, becoming a worthy royal residence. The town of Darłowo was given the title of The Royal City of Darłowo (Królewskie Miasto Darłowo, Polish)
The greatest expansion of the castle was done under the reign of Eric of Pomerania, who rebuilt the castle to that of the design of his previous residence, Kronborg Castle. He also modernised the castle's defensive fortifications, and built a second defence line, in the form of dikes around the castle. The following expansion of the castle was done under the reign of Duke Bogusław X, when a new wing was built. The next changes were done by Duke Barnim XI. After a great fire, which devastated the castle in 1624, the last Duke of the House of Pomerania, Bogusław XIV, rebuilt the castle. However, he did not restore the castle to its original architectural style. The castle lost many of its defences, and a chapel was built inside the Duke Hall. After the duke's death, his widow, Duchess Elżbieta, took over the castle, and lived there until her death.
झी मराठी उत्सव नात्यांचा पुरस्कार

झी मराठी उत्सव नात्यांचा पुरस्कार हा महाराष्ट्राच्या झी मराठी मालिका-जगतामधील एक वार्षिक पुरस्कार सोहळा आहे. झी मराठीद्वारे आयोजित केले जात असलेले झी पुरस्कार दरवर्षी मालिकांमधील कला गुणवत्तेसाठी बहाल केले जातात.
हलवा

हलवा हा एक भारतीय गोड खाद्य प्रकार आहे. हलवा भारत वगळता अरबस्तान, इराण, तुर्कस्तान अशा इतर देशातही बनतात.
हलव्याचे खालील प्रकार बनतात.
भारतीय नीलपंख

भारतीय नीलपंख हा रोलर कुळातला पक्षी आहे Indian Roller or Blue Jay (Coracias benghalensis). याला चास किंवा नीलकंठ असेही म्हणतात.
भारतीय नीलपंख साधारणपणे ३१ सें. मी. आकाराचा, स्थानिक निवासी पक्षी असून हा स्थिर बसल्यावर याचा पिसारा गडद निळा दिसतो. या पक्ष्याचा आकार मोठ्या कबुतरा एवढा असतो. डोके मोठे असून याची चोच चांगलीच जाड आणि काळ्या रंगाची असते. तांबूस तपकिरी रंगाची छाती व पोट आणि शेपटीखालचा भाग फिकट निळ्या रंगाचा असतो. पंखाची आतली बाजू व टोके गडद निळ्या रंगाची असतात. उडताना गडद निळ्या रंगाचे पट्टे उठून दिसतात. डोक्याच्या वरची बाजू मंद निळ्या रंगाची असते, गळ्याभोवती व मानेभोवती निळ्या, तपकिरी पांढरट रंगाचे बारीक बारीक फराटे असतात. नर व मादी दिसायला सारखेच असतात.
भारतीय नीलपंख भारतात सर्वत्र आढळून येतो. आपल्याकडे हे पक्षी हिवाळ्यामध्ये हिमालयातून स्थलांतर करून येतात. तसेच बांगलादेश, पाकिस्तान, श्रीलंका, म्यानमार येथेही याचे वास्तव्य आहे. निलकंठ हा माळरानात व विरळ जंगलात वावरणारा पक्षी आहे. दाट जंगलाबाहेर राहावयास त्यांना आवडते. रंग आणि आकारावरून याच्या किमान तीन उपजाती आहेत. भारतीय नीलपंख खुल्या मैदानी भागात, पानगळीच्या जंगलात, शेताच्या जवळ, रस्त्याच्या कडेने असलेल्या विद्युत तारांवर दिसतो. याचे खाद्य कीटक, बेडुक, पाली हे आहे. हा पक्षी आंध्र प्रदेश, कर्नाटक, तेलंगाणा आणि ओडिशा या राज्यांचा राज्यपक्षी आहे.
शेतीच्या विजेच्या तारांवर बसून त्यांच्या तेज नजरेने नाकतोडे, भुंगे आणि मोठाले कीटक. याशिवाय सरडे, पाली, बेडूक विंचू व अन्नधान्याचे नाश करणारे लहान उंदीर खातो. शेतामध्ये उंच जागी हा पक्षी बसून आजूबाजूस नजर ठेवून असतो. कीटकांनी थोडी जरी हाल चाल केली कि हा पक्षी त्यावर झेप घालून पकडतो. व आपल्या जागेवर येऊन बसतो, नंतर त्यास खातो. त्यांची कीटक खाण्याची क्षमता खूप असल्यामुळेच त्याला शेतकऱ्याचा मित्र मानतात. शेतकरी त्याची पूजा करतात व दसऱ्याला यांचे दर्शन शुभ मानले जाते.
निलकंठ हा तेलंगणा तसेच कर्नाटक राज्यांच्या राज्यपक्षी आहे. तेलंगणात यास पालपिट्टा असे संभोधले जाते. भारतीय टपाल खात्याच्या तेलंगणा विभागातर्फे दि. १४ डिसेंबर २०१८ रोजी तेलंगणा संस्कृतीवर विशेष आवारांच्या मालिकेत निलकंठ या पक्ष्यावर विशेष आवरण प्रकाशित केले आहे. या आवरणावर निलकंठची प्रतिमा व त्याची मुद्रा असलेला शिक्का तिकिटावर मारलेला आहे.
मार्च ते जुलै महिना हा काळ भारतीय नीलपंखचा वीण हंगामाचा काळ असून गवत, काड्या वगैरे वापरून झाडाच्या ढोलीत किंवा भिंतीतील छिद्रात तो आपले घरटे बांधतो. मादी एकावेळी ४ ते ५ चमकदार पांढऱ्या रंगाची अंडी देते.
भारतीय रातवा

तपकिरी-करडा-बदामी रंगाचा त्यावर तुटक रेषा आणि ठिपके असलेला भारतीय रातवा साधारण २४ सें. मी. आकाराचा निशाचर पक्षी आहे. हा उडतांना याच्या पंखावरील पांढरा पट्टा दिसतो. नर-मादी दिसायला सारखेच असतात. हे पक्षी सहसा एकटे राहणे पसंत करतात. निशाचर असल्याने हे दिवसा एखाद्या झुडपाच्या आडोशाने लपून राहतात, अंधार पडल्यावर सर्वत्र यांचे आवाज ऐकू येतात.
भारतीय रातवाचा आवाज ऐका (सहाय्य·माहिती)
झुडपी जंगले, शेतीचे प्रदेश, गावाच्या जवळील मोकळ्या प्रदेशात वास्तव्य असलेला भारतीय रातवा संपूर्ण भारतभर निवासी आणि स्थानिक स्थालांतर करणारा आहे. भारताशिवाय तो बांगलादेश, पाकिस्तान, श्रीलंका, म्यानमार या देशातही आढळतो. श्रीलंकेतील Caprimulgus asiaticus eidos ही भारतीय रातवाची उपजात किंचीत लहान आहे.
लहान-मोठे कीटक हे भारतीय रातवा पक्ष्यांचे खाद्य आहे.
फेब्रुवारी ते सप्टेंबर हा काळ या पक्ष्यांचा प्रजनन काळ आहे. हे पक्षी घरटे बांधत नाहीत. मादी जमिनीवरच १ किंवा २ फिकट गुलाबी रंगाची त्यावर तपकिरी किंवा जांभळे ठिपके असलेली अंडी देते. पिलांचे संगोपन नर-मादी मिळून करतात.
तरला दलाल

तरला दलाल (३ जून १९३६ - ६ नोव्हेंबर २०१३) एक भारतीय खाद्य लेखिका, आचारी, कुकबुक लेखिका आणि कुकिंग शोच्या सूत्रधार होत्या. त्यांचे पहिले पाककृतींचे पुस्तक, 'द प्लेझर्स ऑफ व्हेजिटेरियन कुकिंग' इ.स. १९७४ मध्ये प्रकाशित झाले. तेव्हापासून त्यांनी शंभरहून अधिक पुस्तके लिहिलीत आणि दशलक्षाहून अधिक प्रती विकल्या.
तरला दलाल यांनी सर्वात मोठी भारतीय फूड संकेतस्थळ देखील चालविली, आणि स्वयंपाक आणि बरेच काही द्वि-मासिक मासिक प्रकाशित केले . तिच्या कुकिंग शोमध्ये 'तरला दलाल शो' आणि 'कुक इट विथ तरला दलाल'चा समावेश होता. त्यांच्या पाककृती सुमारे २५ मासिकांमध्ये प्रकाशित झाल्या आणि अंदाजे १२० दशलक्ष भारतीय घरांमध्ये प्रयत्न केले गेले.
तरला दलाल यांनी बऱ्याच पाककृती आणि पौष्टिक स्वयंपाकाबद्दल लिहिले असले तरी त्यांची ओढ भारतीय खाद्यपदार्थांत, विशेषतः गुजराती पाककृतींमध्ये विशेष होती . इ.स. २००७ मध्ये भारत सरकारने पद्मश्री पुरस्काराने सन्मानित केले होते, यामुळे त्यांना स्वयंपाकाच्या क्षेत्रातील एकमेव भारतीय म्हणून पदवी दिली गेली. त्यांना २००५ मध्ये इंडियन मर्चंट्स चेंबरतर्फे वुमन ऑफ द इयरचा पुरस्कारही मिळाला.
हृदयविकाराच्या झटक्याने ६ नोव्हेंबर २०१३ रोजी तिचा मृत्यू झाला.
आंबेमोहर

आंबेमोहर हा भारतातील महाराष्ट्र राज्यातील पश्चिम घाट प्रदेशाच्या पायथ्याशी उगवला जाणारा एक सुगंधी तांदूळाचा प्रकार आहे.
आंबेमोहर या शब्दाचा अर्थ मराठी भाषेतील आंबा मोहोर असा आहे जो महाराष्ट्र राज्यात बोलला जातो जेथे या जातीचा उगम झालेला आहे. तांदळाला आंब्याच्या मोहोराची आठवण करून देणारा तीव्र सुगंध असतो. या भागात भाताची लागवड फार पूर्वीपासून केली जात आहे. एक शतकापूर्वी पुणे जिल्ह्यातील मुळशी भागात सुमारे ५४००० टन आंबेमोहर जातीच्या तांदळाचे उत्पादन झाले होते.
भारतातील महाराष्ट्र राज्यातील पश्चिम घाट प्रदेशाच्या पायथ्याशी या जातीचे पीक घेतले जाते. हा कमी उत्पन्न देणारा तांदूळ आहे (१.९ टन प्रती हेक्टर). सुप्रसिद्ध बासमती तांदळाच्या तुलनेत हा तांदूळ लहान आकाराचा असतो. याचा आकार 5.5 मिमी उभा आणि २.२ मीमी रुंद असतो. परंतु दोन्ही जातींमध्ये समान प्रमाणात सुगंध आहे. हा सुगंधी तांदूळाच्या प्रकारात मोडतो उदा बासमती. हा तांदूळ कमी शिजवलेल्यावर सहजपणे तुटतो आणि एकत्र चिकटकू शकतो.
आंबेमोहर हे भाताच्या इतर जातींच्या तुलनेत कमी उत्पादन देणारे आहे, मुख्यत्वे ते रोगास बळी पडत असल्यामुळे. अंबेमोहरापसून इंद्रायणी नावाची संकरित प्रजाती १९८७ मध्ये प्रसिद्ध झाली. लोणावळ्याजवळील भात संशोधन केंद्राने ती जात विकसित केली आहे. फुले मावळ आणि फुले समृद्धी या तांदळाच्या नवीन जाती तयार करण्यासाठी इंद्रायणीमध्येही बदल करण्यात आले आहेत.
आंबेमोहर तांदळाचा वापर तांदूळ आणि दुध यांच्यापासून जाड सूप (भातची पेज) तयार करण्यासाठी वापरला जातो. स्थानिक पातळीवर प्रामुख्याने लहान मुले, वृद्ध लोक आणि रुग्णांना ही पेज दिली जाते. धार्मिक आणि लग्न समारंभातही हा तांदूळ वापरला जातो. पुणे जिल्ह्यातील मुळशी भागात, मकर संक्रांती सणाच्या वेळी तयार केलेला 'वाफोल्या' - एक पारंपारिक खाद्यपदार्थ बनवण्यासाठी वापरला जातो. हा तांदूळ मऊ इडली आणि कुरकुरीत डोसा बनवण्यासाठी वापरला जातो. याचा वापर कुरमुरे बनवण्यासाठी देखील केला जातो. तांदळाचा कोंडा तेल काढण्यासाठी किंवा मशरूमच्या लागवडीसाठी वापरला जातो.
सह्याद्रीच्या पूर्व पायथ्याशी असलेल्या पुणे जिल्ह्यातील मुळशी तालुका उपविभागाला आंबेमोहरचे भौगोलिक संकेत देण्यात आले आहेत.
आंबेमोहर नियमितपणे पिकवणारे शेतकरी आता दुर्मिळ झाले आहेत. उत्पादन खर्च आणि विक्री खर्चही जास्त असतो. त्यामुळे, महाराष्ट्रातील किरकोळ विक्रेते, जास्त नफा मिळविण्यासाठी मूळ आंबेमोहराच्या ऐवजी त्याच्या सारखा दिसणारा तांदूळ विकतात. यामुळे आंबेमोहरचे उत्पादन करणारे शेतकरी अजून निरुत्साहित झाले आहेत. आंध्र प्रदेशातील जीरा सांभर तांदूळ आणि मध्य प्रदेशातील जावाफुल हे किरकोळ विक्रेत्यांकडून विकले जाणारे सर्वात लोकप्रिय आंबेमोहर सारखे दिसणारे तांदूळ आहेत.
वऱ्हाडी साहित्य संमेलन

अखिल भारतीय वऱ्हाडी साहित्य मंचाची स्थापना सुप्रसिद्ध वऱ्हाडी साहित्यिक श्याम ठक ह्यांनी केली आहे . निलेश कवडे वऱ्हाडी साहित्य मंचाचे उपाध्यक्ष आहेत. ह्या मंचाच्या माध्यमातुन वऱ्हाडी बोलीभाषा जतन होण्यासाठी वेगवेगळ्या कार्यक्रमाचे आयोजन सातत्याने केले जाते. वऱ्हाडी बोलीभाषा, खाद्य संस्कृती, पेहराव, सण उत्सव, इत्यादी विषयावर लोक काम करीत आहेत.
१ले वऱ्हाडी साहित्य संमेलनअकोल्यात २९ एप्रिल २०१८ रोजी घेण्यात आले होते.
२रे वऱ्हाडी साहित्य संमेलन २-३ जून २०१९ या काळात रोजी अकोल्यात झाले. पत्रकार प्रकाश पोहरे अध्यक्ष होते.
३रे संमेलन ४ जानेवारी २०२० रोजी अमरावती येथे झाले. नरेंद्र इंगळे हे संमेलनाध्यक्ष होते.
४थे अखिल भारतीय वऱ्हाडी साहित्य संमेलन शेगाव जिल्हा बुलडाणा येथे नियोजित आहे संमेलन अध्यक्षपदी सुप्रसिद्ध समीक्षक प्रा डॉ राजेश मिरगे आहेत
पौष

पौष हा एक भारतीय पंचांगानुसार वर्षातील दहावा महिना आहे. हा महिना ३० दिवसांचा असतो.
प़ौष महिना हा ग्रेगोरियन कॅलेंडरच्या डिसेंबर आणि जानेवारी महिन्यांत येतो. पौष महिन्यात येणारी मकर संक्रांत ही १४ जानेवारी या तारखेच्या आसापास असते.
राशी

सूर्य ठराविक काळानंतर एका तारकासमूहामधून दुसऱ्या तारकासमूहामध्ये जातांना दिसतो. या सूर्याच्या मार्गास क्रांतिवृत्त असे म्हणतात. या मार्गाचे प्रत्येकी तीस अंशाचे असे बारा भाग केले आहेत. या प्रत्येक भागात सव्वादोन नक्षत्रे येतात. ही २। नक्षत्रे मिळून जो तारकासमूह बनतो त्याला एक राशी असे म्हणतात. असे एकूण १२ तारकासमूह आहेत. ह्या राशी क्रमवार मेष, वृषभ, मिथुन, कर्क, सिंह, कन्या, तूळ, वृश्चिक, धनु, मकर, कुंभ, मीन अशा आहेत. ज्या वेळी राशींची संकल्पना मांडण्यात आली त्या वेळी 'वसंतसंपात' बिंदू मेष राशीमध्ये होता म्हणूनच मेष ही सुरुवातीची रास मानली जाते.
दर १४ जानेवारी रोजी भारतात 'मकर संक्रांत' साजरी होते कारण त्यावेळी सूर्य (ज्योतिष) मकर राशीमध्ये प्रवेश करीत असतो. या राशींची नावे, राशी स्वामी आणि क्रांतिवृत्तातील अंश खालीलप्रमाणे आहेत.
क्रांतिवृत्ताचा १/२७ भाग म्हणजे एक नक्षत्र. एकूण नक्षत्रे २७ आहेत. एका राशीत सव्वा दोन नक्षत्रे असतात, प्रत्येक नक्षत्र १३ अंश २० कलांचे असते. (त्यात ४ चरण असतात). एक नक्षत्र अनेक तारकांनी बनलेले असते. व्यक्तीच्या जन्माच्या वेळी चंद्र ज्या राशीत असेल ती त्या व्यक्तीची चंद्ररास आणि जन्माच्या वेळी पूर्व क्षितिजावर उदित होणारी जी रास असेल ती त्या व्यक्तीची लग्नरास.
प्रत्येक राशीला विशिष्ट वर्ण, रंग, स्वामित्व, तत्त्व, इ. असते. राशींची तत्त्वे चार आहेत अशी कल्पना आहे. अग्नि (स्वभावाने कठोर, दाहक), पृथ्वी (स्वभावाने समंजस), वायू (स्वभावाने चंचल, गतिशील) आणि जल (स्वभावाने हळवा). मेष रास, सिंह रास आणि धनु रास या अग्नि तत्त्वाच्या, वृषभ रास, कन्या रास आणि मकर रास या पृथ्वी तत्त्वाच्या, मिथुन रास, तूळ रास आणि कुंभ रास या वायू तत्त्वाच्या तर कर्क, वृश्चिक आणि मीन या जल तत्त्वाच्या राशी आहेत.
इ.स. २०१७ मध्ये भारत

इ.स. २०१७ हे इसवी सनामधील २०१७ वे व चालू वर्ष आहे. रविवारी सुरू होणारे २०१७ हे २१व्या शतकामधील १७वे तर २०१० च्या दशकामधील आठवे वर्ष आहे.
राज्यसभा निवडणुक भारतामध्ये २१ जुलै रोजी आणि ८ ऑगस्ट रोजी १० सदस्य निवडण्यासाठी झाली.