davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Anjing Karakachan

Anjing Karakachan (Bahasa Bulgaria: каракачанско куче; bahasa Inggeris: Karakachan dog), anjing gembala Karakachan (Bahasa Bulgaria: каракачанска овчарка; bahasa Inggeris: Karakachan shepherd dog), atau anjing gembala Bulgaria (bahasa Inggeris: Bulgarian shepherd dog) ialah satu baka anjing yang berasal dari Bulgaria sebagai anjing penjaga haiwan ternakan gunung. Anjing ini dinamai sempena Karakachan, gembala nomad Yunani Balkan. Kerana tradisi gembala ternakan konservatif mereka, mereka telah memulihara sesetengah baka terlama haiwan bela jinak di Eropah: biri-biri Karakachan, kuda Karakachan dan anjing Karakachan.
Dahulu, anjing gunung ini digunakan secara meluas di Bulgaria sebagai anjing pengawal tentera sempadan. Kini, ia digunakan terutamanya sebagai anjing penjaga haiwan ternakan dan anjing pengawal harta milik. Populasi paling besar anjing Karakachan penjaga haiwan ternakan baka tulen dijumpai di Bulgaria dan Amerika Syarikat. Anjing Karakachan diterima secara rasmi sebagai baka asli lama Bulgaria pada 2005. Anjing Karakachan mungkin merupakan keturunan anjing bela jinak Balkan purba, mungkin sejak masa orang Thrace. Di dalam harta karun Thrace purba, figura anjing penjaga besar berbulu panjang dengan ekor tergulung dijumpai. Anjing Karakachan merupakan sebahagian daripada asal usul anjing gembala Bulgaria, yang dengannya ia tidak patut dikelirukan.
Filem Frog Dreaming

The Quest (bahasa Melayu harafiah Pencarian ) atau judul asalnya "Frog Dreaming", ialah sebuah filem berbahasa Inggeris yang mula ditayangkan pada tahun 1986.
Filem The Quest ini telah dihasilkan di bawah arahan pengarah Brian Trenchard-Smith.
Filem ini turut disertai oleh beberapa orang pelakon terkenal, antaranya adalah Henry Thomas, Tony Barry, Rachel Friend
Seorang remaja rakyat Amerika, Cody, yang ibu bapanya yang telah meninggal dunia, tinggal di Australia dengan penjaganya, Gaza. Cody adalah sangat imaginatif ...
Abhishek Dudhaiya

Abhishek Dudhaiya, juga dikenali sebagai Mukesh Dudhaiya, ialah pengarah dan penrbit India yang bekerja di TV dan filem. Beliau telah menerbitkan dan mengarahkan 20 rancangan TV seperti Ehsaas, Agneepath, Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka, Life Ka Recharge dan Umeed Naye Subha Ki antara yang lain.
Malaysia di Sukan Asia 2002

Malaysia telah bertanding dalam Sukan Asia 2002 yang diadakan di Busan, Korea Selatan, dari 29 September hingga 14 Oktober 2002. Atlet dari Malaysia memenangi keseluruhan 30 pingat (termasuk enam emas), dan merangkul tempat kedua belas. Mohd Khalid Mohd Yunus adalah ketua delegasi.
Muhammad Shah Firdaus Sahrom

Muhammad Shah Firdaus bin Sahrom (born 26 November 1995) is a Malaysian professional racing cyclist. He participated in both Sprint and Keirin cycling events during the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. He competed at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in the Keirin event where he won a bronze medal and in the sprint event. He competed in the 2024 Paris Olympics, where in the Keirin Final, he finished in sixth place.
Shah Firdaus was born in Muar, Johor, Malaysia, where he and his family hails from the Kampung Parit Setongkat.
He also competed in Paris Olympics 2024 and finished at sixth place in the final round of Keirin.
Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's keirin

The men's Keirin event at the 2020 Summer Olympics took place on 7 and 8 August 2021 at the Izu Velodrome. 30 cyclists from 18 nations competed.
The medals were presented by Yasuhiro Yamashita, IOC member, Olympian, 1 Gold Medal, Japan; and the medalists' bouquets were presented by Dato' Amarjit Singh Gill, UCI Management Committee Member, Malaysia.
This was the 6th appearance of the event, which has been held at every Summer Olympics since its introduction in 2000.
The reigning Olympic champion was Jason Kenny of Great Britain; Great Britain had won three consecutive titles in the event (Chris Hoy was the winner in 2008 and 2012). The reigning (2020) World Champion was Harrie Lavreysen of the Netherlands.
Russia, Germany, China, Great Britain, Australia, and the Netherlands were traditionally strong track cycling nations. A preview at Olympics.com also identified Azizulhasni Awang of Malaysia, the 2016 Olympic bronze medalist and 2017 World Champion, as a significant contender.
A National Olympic Committee (NOC) could enter up to 2 qualified cyclists in the men's Keirin. Quota places are allocated to the NOC, which selects the cyclists. Qualification is entirely through the 2018–20 UCI nation rankings. The eight nations that qualify for the team sprint event may enter two cyclists each in the Keirin (as well as the individual sprint). The nations that qualify a cyclist through the individual sprint rankings may also enter that cyclist in the Keirin. Finally, seven places are allocated through the Keirin rankings. Because qualification was complete by the end of the 2020 UCI Track Cycling World Championships on 1 March 2020 (the last event that contributed to the 2018–20 rankings), qualification was unaffected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keirin races involve up to 7 cyclists each (though the 2020 format has no races with more than 6). The cyclists follow a pace motorcycle for 3 laps (750 m); the motorcycle then pulls away and the cyclists race for another 3 laps. These distances are changed from the 2016 Games, shortening the paced section from 5.5 laps and lengthening the unpaced sprint from 2.5 laps. The motorcycle starts at 30 km/h and increases speed to 50 km/h before it pulls off.
The tournament consists of four main rounds (up from three in 2016) and a repechage:
All times are Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)
Mani Jegathesan

Jegathesan Manikavasagam (born 2 November 1943), is often referred to as the Flying Doctor of Malaysia for his athletic achievements in Asia, despite being firstly a medical student then a doctor. He was an icon in the 1960s, regarded as the "Golden Era" of Malaysian athletics. In his heyday, he was regarded as the fastest man in Asia. He served the government health service for 32 years including the posts of Director of the Institute for Medical Research and Deputy Director-General of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia
Jegathesan is a Medical Researcher; and was appointed Chairman of the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) Medical Commission and honorary Medical Advisor for the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games. He served as Chairman of the Medical Council, and the Anti-Doping Commission of the Olympic council of Asia. He also served as the Deputy President of the Olympic Council of Malaysia (OCM).
His brother is 1956 800 m Olympian M. Hari Chandra.
In 1966, he earned the accolade of being the fastest man in Asia by winning three gold medals at the Bangkok Asian Games in the 100 m, 200 m and 4 × 100 m Men's Relay events.
At the Kingston Commonwealth Games in 1966, Dr Jega became the first Malaysian to qualify for the final of the 220-yard (now the 200 m) race.
Dr Jegathesan was not only an accomplished athlete, doctor and researcher, but held important responsibilities as Chairman of the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) Medical Commission and honorary Medical Advisor for the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games.
In an interview with the New Straits Times, Dr Jega said it was a great honour, to serve his country.
"But in whatever capacity, being part of the Commonwealth Games in itself keeps the adrenaline pumping as it brings back fond memories," he said.
Dr Jega has competed in three consecutive Olympic Games, namely Rome (1960), Tokyo (1964) and Mexico (1968).
He qualified for two 200m semi-finals and the national record he set in 1968 (20.92s) stood for 49 years until it was broken in 2017.
Abdul Latif Romly

Datuk Abdul Latif bin Romly (born 31 March 1997) is a Malaysian Paralympic athlete who broke T20 long jump world record 3 times on the same day and won Malaysia's third gold medal on 11 September at the 2016 Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. He also won the gold medal in the men's long jump T20 event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics held in Tokyo, Japan. He is Malaysia's most decorated Paralympian.
In 2015, Latif set a record-breaking 7.43 m leap to defend his T20 (intellectual disabilities) long jump gold medal at the 2015 Para Asean Games in Singapore. In 2016 Rio Summer Paralympics Games, Latif broke his own world record three times in the same day. He also earned Malaysia's third gold medal of these Paralympics Games. He was chosen as the Malaysian flag bearer at the opening ceremony.
In 2021, Latif became the first Malaysian to defend his Paralympics title in the Men's long jump (F20) event with a leap of 7.45 m. In 2023, he won the gold medal in the men's long jump T20 event at the World Para Athletics Championships held in Paris, France.
In the Paris 2024 Paralympics, Latif earned Malaysia a silver medal in the men's long jump (T20) event. He had a lead in the event until the very last round on a jump of 7.45 metres (season's best) before Russian Matvei Iakushev, competing under the neutral athlete flag, overtook him for gold with a 7.51m leap at Stade de France.
2012 UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Men's keirin

The men's keirin at the 2012 UCI Track Cycling World Championships was held on 8 April. 33 athletes participated in the contest. After the six qualifying heats, the fastest rider in each heat advanced to the second round. The riders that did not advance to the second round, raced in six repechage heats. The first rider in each heat advanced to the second round along with the eight that qualified before.
The first three riders from each of the two second round heats advanced to the final and the remaining riders raced a consolation 7–12 final.
The heats were held at 14:30.
The heats were held at 16:05.
The heats were held at 19:15.
The finals were held at 20:45.
1988

1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1988th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 988th year of the 2nd millennium, the 88th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1980s decade.
1988 was a crucial year in the early history of the Internet—it was the year of the first well-known computer virus, the 1988 Internet worm. The first permanent intercontinental Internet link was made between the United States (National Science Foundation Network) and Europe (Nordunet) as well as the first Internet-based chat protocol, Internet Relay Chat. The concept of the World Wide Web was first discussed at CERN in 1988.
The Soviet Union began its major deconstructing towards a mixed economy at the beginning of 1988 and began its gradual dissolution. The Iron Curtain began to disintegrate in 1988 as Hungary began allowing freer travel to the Western world. The first extrasolar planet, Gamma Cephei Ab (confirmed in 2003), was detected this year and the World Health Organization began its mission to eradicate polio. Global warming also began to emerge as a more significant concern, with climate scientist James Hansen testifying before the U.S. Senate on the issue.
List of Malaysia international footballers born outside Malaysia

This is a list of Malaysia international footballers born outside their country, including naturalised and overseas players with Malaysian ancestry.
In January 1984, Razali Alias of Singapore became the first naturalised player in Malaysia. He made his debut for the Malaysia national team in a friendly match against the United Arab Emirates in March 1985. The Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) tried to register him for the 1986 FIFA World Cup qualification, however, FIFA prevented him from participating as he was already capped for Singapore. The second naturalised player in Malaysia was Ahmad Paijan of Singapore who received his Malaysian citizenship in late 1995 after 13 years of playing for Terengganu.
In late 2018, there have been more necessities to naturalising foreign players to improve Malaysian football performances. Based on three survey polls conducted by the country three local press, two of them recording a majority positive vote over the necessities to acquire foreign players as a local players. As a result, the FAM began submitting a plan to the federal government. The plan was welcomed by the country prime minister with the latter also urging local talents to improve in par with the absorption of foreign talents.
Виолета Марковска

Виолета Марковска е българска актриса и йога учител.
Родена е в град София на 24 април 1987 г. Първоначално завършва театралната школа към Народния театър „Иван Вазов“, а след това и НАТФИЗ „Кръстьо Сарафов“ с актьорско майсторство за драматичен театър в класа на доцент Веселин Ранков. Снима се в български и чужди продукции. Отделно от това работи като рекламно лице в клипове, прави реклами и е модел.
През 2016 г. завършва следдипломна квалификация към федерацията по йога.
Би Ти Ви Комеди

bTV Comedy (произнася се Би-Ти-Ви Комеди) е български телевизионен канал, ориентиран към семейната аудитория, излъчващ главно комедийна програма. Част е „БТВ Медиа Груп“, собственост на Central European Media Enterprises.
През 1994 г. стартира информационната софийска телевизия Триада, собственост на Триада Комюникейшънс. Каналът стартира на мястото на френската TV5 Monde за България и излъчва международни новини и част от програмата на CNN International, част от която с превод на български език и собствена продукция на Триада Комюникейшънс, собственост на Красимир Гергов. След закриването на българския клон на CNN медията е преименувана на GTV (обявявана понякога като The Good Television, също известна и като Гергов ТВ) и продължава да излъчва ефирно за град София и региона от 1 септември 2005 г. Излъчва основно филми и сериали от комедийния жанр. След придобиването на дял от BTV от страна на Гергов е преименувана на bTV Comedy на 1 октомври 2009 г.
От 7 октомври 2012 г. преминава към излъчване с формат на картината 16:9. От 1 януари 2016 г. bTV Comedy се излъчва в платената онлайн платформата на „БТВ Медиа Груп“ – VOYO, в HD качество, и от 6 юли 2018 г. – в мрежата на VIVACOM в HD качество.
Юнайтед Груп

„Юнайтед Груп“ е медиен доставчик в Югоизточна Европа, който оперира както телекомуникационни платформи, така и средства за масова информация. Компанията оперира в 8 държави. В България Юнайтед Груп са собственици на Виваком, Нова Телевизия, Булсатком, радиостанциите Витоша, Веселина, Меджик ФМ и Дъ Войс, Дъ Войс ТВ, Меджик ТВ и вестниците Монитор и Телеграф.
„Юнайтед Груп“ се създава през 2007 г. с регистрация в Люксембург като мултинационално дружество, при сливането на Serbia Broadband (SBB) и две компании на име Telemach – едната в Словения, а другата в Босна и Херцеговина. През 2014 г. Telemach в Черна гора става част от „Юнайтед Груп“. На 1 април 2015 г. Telemach придобива Tušmobil. Благодарение на това „Юнайтед Груп“ прави първа стъпка в предоставянето на всички далекосъобщителни услуги (стационарни, мобилни, телевизия и интернет) при домакинство.
„Юнайтед Груп“ се превръща в най-голямата платформа за алтернативна платена телевизия в страните от бивша Югославия, предоставяща телевизия, интернет, стационарна и мобилна телефония на голям брой домакинства и офиси в региона чрез своите кабелни, DTH и OTT платформи.
През 2013 г. „Юнайтед Груп“ стартира своята световна OTT платформа NetTV Plus, чрез която предоставя платена телевизия и стационарни телефонни услуги на бившата югославска диаспора. Тъй като платформите за разпространение на „Юнайтед Груп“ се развиват широко в целия регион, компанията предприема стъпка за навлизането в бизнеса с продажби на съдържание и реклама, което днес представлява „Юнайтед Медия“.
През март 2014 г. „Юнайтед Груп“ е закупена от „Колберг Кравис Робъртс“, водеща глобална инвестиционна фирма със седалище в Ню Йорк и управлявани активи на стойност 94,3 милиарда щатски долара. Европейската банка за възстановяване и развитие (ЕБВР) става съинвеститор в „Юнайтед Груп“.
През септември 2018 г. британската частна инвестиционна компания BC Partners започва процес на придобиване на мажоритарните дялове на „Юнайтед Груп“ от „Колберг Кравис Робъртс“, като компанията е оценена на 2,6 милиарда евро. Придобиването е осъществено на 4 март 2019 г.
На 24 декември 2020 г. „Юнайтед Груп“ обявява амбициите си да закупи българската „Нова Броудкастинг Груп“, като придобиването е осъществено на 22 януари 2021 г.
„Юнайтед Груп“ е най-голямата алтернативна платформа за платена телевизия в региона на бивша Югославия, предоставяща телевизия, интернет, стационарна и мобилна телефония на голям брой домакинства и офиси в региона чрез своите кабелни, DTH и OTT платформи.
Групата предоставя услуги в четири ключови марки:
Когато „Юнайтед Груп“ обявява придобиването на „Виваком“ (най-големият български телеком), компанията е добавена към списъка на ответниците по дело от „Empreno Ventures“, което оспорва собствеността на „Виваком“ и продажбата на компанията.
Когато „Виваком“ обявява, че ще купува по-малки регионални компании, се сблъска с негативната реакция от PPF, собственик на „Йеттел България“, и „А1 България“, тъй като придобиванията им стават монопол в много области в България, като Русе, Силистра, Варна, Разград и град София. „Виваком“ отрича твърденията, че монополизира пазара.
Новаци (сериал)

„Новаци“ (на испански: Noobees) е колумбийски телевизионен сериал, продуциран от Vivacom International Studios и MediaPro Films. Сериалът се излъчва премиерно по Nickelodeon в световен мащаб, включително за САЩ на 17 септември 2018 г. Сериалът е обновен за втори сезон, пуснат през март 2020 г.
В България сериалът започва излъчване по локалната версия на Nickelodeon през 2019 г.
Vivacom Arena

Vivacom Arena е български платен телевизионен канал. Стартира на 1 март 2012 г. и се излъчва в сателитната и IPTV мрежа на Виваком.
Излъчва филмови заглавия, като през първата година от съществуването си предава на живо и тенис турнири от сериите „ATP World Tour 250“.
Пиер Луврие

Пиер Луврие е френски бизнесмен, който през март 2015 г. опита да стане собственик на 43% от Виваком АД чрез фирмата „LIC33“ . Няколко месеца по-късно той се отказа да придобива дялове в компаниите .
Към март 2015 г. е Директор на Русгрейн холдинг (руска агро-фирма), като завеждащ Комитетите по корпоративни финанси, по одит и по заплащане. Преди това работи във финансови фирми с интереси в Източна Европа, в руския клон на KMPG и в Accenture.
През март 2015 г. LIC33, фирмата на Луврие, предлага 1 (едно) евро за 43% от дяловете на Виваком, както и за няколко други компании . Това включва обещание за погасяване на заеми към банки на стойност 900 милиона евро, включително 150 милиона евро дължими през май 2015 г. Средно LIC33 очаква да прекара 3 до 5 години с дадена фирма, преди да се раздели с нея. По време на пресконференцията относно сделката, Луврие заявява: „Правителството трябва да е спокойно. Ще платим всичко. Правим подарък на България“.
Край на сделката за Виваком
Няколко месеца по-късно Луврие се отказва да придобива дялове в компаниите. Междувременно Виваком не успява да върне заем на руската банка ВТБ Капитал. Фондът за гарантиране на влоговете също следи развоя на сделката, тъй като институцията очаква възстановяването на 150 млн. евро, които са изтекли от КТБ в посока към телекома.
Висшето си образование получава в Лондонското бизнес училище и Университета в Лувейн.
Според публикации в руските медии Пиер Луврие е приближен до руския олигарх Константин Малофеев, собственик на Маршаш Кепитъл, който е санкциониран от Европейския съюз и от САЩ заради подкрепата, която оказва на руските сепаратисти в Украйна .
Цитат от 16 март 2014 г.:
Поща Шумен (сграда)

Поща Шумен е незавършена сграда в Шумен строена от 1988 – 1990 г..
Сградата е приватизирана и е собственост на „Виваком“, Български пощи и Магистрали Черно море, като „Виваком“ през 2020 г. включва сградата в списък с предложенията за продажби.
Сградата е част от проект включващ група от обществени сгради – търговски дом, концертен център, банка, поща, хотелски комплекс, ресторант и кафе-сладкарница, подземни паркинги и площади с фонтани. Тъй като Шумен се е развивал в направление изток-запад по протежение на Шуменското плато и реката се получили няколко важни успоредни улици в центъра без директна връзка помежду си. Новите сгради разрешавали проблема като свързвали улиците надземно и подземно едновременно за хора, автомобили и градски транспорт. Предвидени били и подземни тролеи.
Blizoo

Blizoo was a Swedish telecommunications operator in Macedonia and Bulgaria. In Bulgaria it was formed by merging two of the biggest television operators in the country — Eurocom Cable and CableTel, in 2010. It was acquired by Mtel on 29 July 2015. The two operators merged their TV offerings on 1 June 2016, and then merged completely on 12 April 2017. In Macedonia Blizoo acquired CableTel on 11 November 2011 and later merged to one.VIP operator on 11 May 2016.
It was founded in 1992 as "Unicoms Trading" in Sofia, and after 1995, in Pleven, Lom and Oryahovo.
In 1999, it built an optic-coaxial network in Sofia providing fast access to Internet using DOCSIS protocol.
In 2001 it was rebranded as Eurocom Cable which unifies all subsidiaries part of "Eurocom" from Sofia and the country. Activity is the delivery of cable TV, high speed Internet and conventional Internet.
In 2002 the SEEF fund invests more than 10 million dollars.
In 2005 it was bought by the Dutch company "FN Cable Holdings B.V." from the group Warburg Pincus (1 of the 3 funds, participated in the bought of Vivacom, then BTC (Bulgarian Telecommunications Company)).
In 2006 "Eurocom" begins to operate its own build metro-coaxial-optical network in Bulgaria, it also begins to offer LAN Internet through its subsidiary "InterBGCom".
In 2007 "Eurocom" announced triple service (triple play) - transferring voice (Phone), video (Television) and data (Internet), which is still in use today.
In 2009 the Swedish investment fund EQT V acquires for 120 million EUR "Eurocom Cable" completely, and 70% from the then opponent "CableTel". Additional 90 million EUR were invested.
On 17 May 2010 the two companies are officially merged into one under the "blizoo" brand, phasing out the longstanding "Eurocom" and "CableTel" brands.. After the merging, "blizoo" is officially the largest telecommunication operator in Bulgaria. Later that year, "blizoo" buys the Montana's cable operator (Mont7) and Dobrich's internet provider, "Link BG".
On July 29, 2015, mobile operator Mobiltel agreed to acquire "blizoo", after previously acquiring rival companies Megalan Network and Spectrum Net. The Bulgarian "Commission for Protection of Competition" (CPC) approved the deal and the merger of the two companies in late 2015.
On 1 June 2016 the two operators finally merged their TV and internet offerings into one single. "blizoo" still operates separately the customers that have still unexpired contracts with it.
On 12 April 2017 "blizoo" was finally flooded intro Mobiltel, with the latter taking officially care of the contracts and services of its customers.
Grife

Grife (ing. slate) ni mwamba metamofia. Imeundwa kutoka kwa mwambatope iliyoathiriwa na shinikizo kubwa na joto. Mwambatope wenyewe ni mwamba mashapo unaotokana na matope ya udongo wa mfinyanzi ukipasuka kirahisi kwa bapa nyembamba. Tabia hiyo ya kupasuliwa kirahisi inaendelea katika grife kwa kuwa chini ya shinikizo na joto la wastani.
Bapa za grife inatumiwa katika nchi nyingi sawa na vigae vya kuezeka paa au kufunika kuta za nyumba zinazokingwa hivyo dhidi ya mvua. Bapa nzito zaidi zinafaa kwa kufunika sakafu ya jengo au pia kwa kupata uso nyororo wa njia ya kutembea.
Sleti za grife zilitumiwa katika nchi nyingi kama bao za mkononi au ukutani kwa kuandika shuleni.
Nyasi

Nyasi ni kundi la mimea inayofunika udongo; nyasi zilizo nyingi si kubwa sana lakini aina kama mianzi hufikia urefu wa miti. Kibiolojia hujumlishwa katika familia ya Poaceae au Gramineae.
Nyasi nyingi huwa na mizizi mirefu inayoshika ganda la juu la ardhi hivyo kuzuia au kupunguza mmomonyoko wa udongo. Kiekolojia aina za nyasi zimezoea mazingira tofauti kabisa kati ya kanda za joto hadi kanda za baridi sana. Wakati wa baridi au ukame majani juu ya ardhi hukauka hata kupotea kabisa lakini mizizi ina uwezo wa kulala muda mrefu na kusubiri mvua au halijoto ya juu zaidi.
Watu wametumia nyasi kwa shughuli mbalimbali. Nyasi ni muhimu kama lishe ya wanyama kama ng'ombe au kondoo. Wanyamapori wengi wanakula nyasi vilevile. Wakulima wanaweza kuteua aina za nyasi zinazofaa kama lishe ya mifugo na kuzipanda. Kumekuwa sababu mbalimbali toka kwa wanasayansi kuelezea kwa nini binadamu hali nyasi.
Aina kadhaa za nyasi hutoa mbegu zinazoliwa na watu kama nafaka; nyasi hizo za nafaka kama vile mahindi, mpunga au ngano ni kati ya vyakula vya msingi vya binadamu duniani kote. Asilimia 70 ya mimea yote inayopandwa ni nyasi.. Aina nyingine za nyasi hutumika pia kama dawa za aina mbalimbali kwa binadamu na viungo vya chakula au vinywaji kama chai.
Katika mazingira ya mjini nyasi za pekee hutumiwa kufunika ardhi hasa katika maeneo ya bustani yanayokanyagwa na watu wengi wanapenda kukalia kwenye nyasi na kupumzika; aina hizi zinatumiwa pia kwenye viwanja vya michezo. Katika bustani nyasi hukatwa kwa mitambo maalum kuwa fupi ili kupendezesha bustani, tofauti na nyasi za mashambani au sehemu za kulishia wanyama. Nyasi hutumika pia kufunika ardhi nje ya nyumba ili kuipendezesha.
Nyasi hutumika pia kwa ujenzi wa nyumba, mara nyingi maeneo ya vijijini, hasa katika nchi zinazoendelea.
Nyasi-bahari zinafanana na nyasi za kweli za oda Poales lakini zinaainishwa katika oda Alismatales. Pwani ya Afrika ya Mashariki ina spishi 12 katika jenasi 8.
Cyperus maranguensis

Cyperus maranguensis is a species of sedge that is native to parts of eastern Africa. This species was first identified by K.Schum, the first scientific description dating to 1895. The plant is also a part of the Cyperus genus.
The plant grows to a height of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and has slender, grass-like leaves. It produces small, greenish-brown flowers in clusters at the top of the stem. C. maranguensis is often found growing in damp or marshy areas, such as along streams and rivers, and is often used as an ornamental plant in gardens.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Karl Moritz Schumann in 1895 as a part of the work Die pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas und der nachbargebiete by Adilf Engler.
Overall, C. maranguensis is considered by many in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Mozambique. to be valuable plant species with a range of uses and ecological benefits.
In traditional medicine, the leaves and roots of C. maranguensis are used to treat a variety of ailments, including fever, stomachache, and dysentery. The plant is also used to make baskets and mats, and the leaves are sometimes used for thatching roofs.
C. maranguensis is considered to be a useful plant for stabilizing soil and preventing erosion, and it is sometimes planted for this purpose in areas prone to landslides. It is also an important food source for livestock and wild animals, including antelopes, elephants, and hippopotamuses.
Reed (plant)

Reed is a common name for several tall, grass-like plants of wetlands.
They are all members of the order Poales (in the modern, expanded circumscription), and include:
Many different cultures have used reeds in construction of buildings of various types for at least thousands of years. One contemporary example is the Marsh Arabs.
Phragmites australis, the common reed, is used in many areas for thatching roofs. In the United Kingdom, common reed used for this purpose is known as "Norfolk reed" or "water reed". However, "wheat reed" and "Devon reed" are not reeds but long-stemmed wheat straw.
Ancient Greeks used Arundo donax to make flutes known as kalamaulos; this is a compound word, from kalamos (cane) + aulos (flute). At the time, the best cane for flutes came from the banks of river Kephissos, in Attica, Greece. Several kalamaulos tuned differently and tied together, made a syrinx or Panpipes. A. donax is still the principal source material of reed makers for clarinets, saxophones, oboes, bassoons, bagpipes, and other woodwind instruments. The Var country in southern France contains the best-known supply of instrument reeds.
Bamboo and, even more commonly, rattan stems are used as "reed sticks" to wick and disperse the scent of essential oils in aroma diffusers. (See Rattan § Food source.)
Certain reed species were used in the manufacture of the writing implement, Reed pens, by scribes of antiquity. The use is still in practice today within the field of Art, specifically Calligraphy. (see Calligraphy § Tools.)
Кардинал

Кардинал (лат. sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis) нь Ромын католик шашны шатласан тогтолцооны дагуу хамба ламын дээд хэргэм юм. Кардинал хэргэмтэй хамба лам нар католик шашны үзэл номлол, сүм хийдтэй холбоотой асуудлуудыг зөвлөлдөн шийдвэрлэх эрх мэдэлтэй бөгөөд Кардиналуудын Зөвлөл нь Ромын Папыг сонгодог.
Кардиналууд Ромын Папын соёрхлоор шашны үйл хэргийг эрхлэн удирдах, Пап нас барсан эсвэл сэнтийнээс буусан онцгой үеүдэд шашны удирдлагыг хэрэгжүүлэх үндсэн үүрэг хүлээнэ.
Кардинал гэх үгийн гарал үүслийн талаар олон ялгаатай үзэл байдаг. Хамгийн түгээмэл нь латин хэлний cardos чухал, гол тулгуур гэсэн утгатай үгнээс бий болсон гэж үздэг. Христийн тооллын 6-р зуунаас энэхүү үг нь утга шилжин эрхэм хүндтэй хүн, шашны дээд мяндагтныг нэрлэх үг болжээ. 769 оны Латераны Зөвлөлийн хурлаар Ромын Папыг зөвхөн кардинал хэргэмтэй санваартнуудаас сонгох тухай лүндэн гарсан нь өнөөдөр хүчин төгөлдөр хэвээрээ байна. 1244 онд Пап IV Инносент лүндэн буулгаж, кардиналууд өргөн хүрээтэй бүрх малгай өмсөх болжээ. 1567 онд Пап V Пио лүндэн буулгаж кардиналууд албан ёсоор цолны хүндэтгэл, өргөмж хэрэглэх болсон.
Католик шашны кардиналууд Европын улс төр, түүхэнд чухал үүрэг гүйцэтгэж өнөөгийн тогтолцоог бий болгоход нөлөө үзүүлж ирсэн. Дэлхийн хамгийн анхны Гадаад хэргийн яамны бүтцийг Францын кардинал Ришелье бий болгож, өөрөө анхны Гадаад хэргийн сайдаар ажиллаж байсан. Английн кардинал Уолсей VIII Хэнри хааны тэргүүн сайд, зөвлөх байв. 1578-1580 онд кардинал Хэнри Португаль улсын хаанаар өргөмжлөгдөн, тус улсыг удирдсан.
Кардинал хэргэмийг Ромын Папын соёрхлоор олгодог. Кардиналуудыг дотор нь хамба-кардинал, санваартан-кардинал, тахилч-кардинал гэж ангилна.
آنند کارج

آنند کارج (انگریزی: Anand Karaj) سکھوں کی شادی کی رسم ہے۔ اس کا لغوی معنی خوش کن کام ہے۔ آنند سکھوں کے تیسرے گرو امر داس کا کلام ہے، جسے انھوں نے رام کلی راگ کے تحت ترتیب دیا تھا۔ یہ گرو گرنتھ صاحب میں صفحہ 773 پر درج ہے۔ بعد میں چوتھے گرو، گرو رام داس نے چار لاوے بنائے۔ یہ ترکیب سکھوں کی شادی میں پڑھی جاتی ہے اور لاوا کی تلاوت کے دوران، شادی شدہ جوڑا (لڑکا اور لڑکی) اپنے داہنے ہاتھ میں گرو گرنتھ صاحب کو پکڑ کر اس کے گرد گھومتے ہیں۔ یہ چار بار کیا جاتا ہے۔
چیتن آنند (ہدایت کار)

چیتن آنند (انگریزی: Chetan Anand) بھارت کے ایک ہندی فلم پروڈیوسر، منظر نویس اور ہدایت کار تھے، جن کی پہلی فلم نیچا نگر کو 1946ء میں کان فلم فیسٹیول میں گراں پری پرائز (اب گولڈن پام) سے نوازا گیا تھا۔ بعد میں انھوں نے 1949ء میں اپنے چھوٹے بھائی دیو آنند کے ساتھ مل کر نوکتن فلز کی بنیاد رکھی۔ وہ دیو آنند اور وجے آنند کے بڑے بھائی ہیں۔ ان کی چھوٹی بہن شیل کانتا کپور ہندی اور انگریزی فلم ہدایت کار شیکھر کپور کی والدہ ہیں۔
کیتن آنند

کیتن آنند ایک بھارتی فلم ڈائریکٹر ہیں۔ وہ فلم ساز چیتن آنند اور اداکارہ اوما آنند کے بیٹے ہیں۔ وہ ہدایت کار شیکھر کپور کے کزن ہیں۔ انھوں نے فلم ٹوٹے کھلونے اور شرط کی ہدایت کاری کی اور ہیر رانجھا کے ایسوسی ایٹ پروڈیوسر تھے۔
اپنی زندگی کے ابتدائی سالوں میں کیتن اور اس کے بھائی وویک آنند کو فلم فنتوش کے دیو آنند اور شیلا رمانی کے ساتھ ایک گانے میں دکھایا گیا تھا۔ اپنے والد کو فلمیں بناتے دیکھ کر کیتن نے انتظامیہ کو اپنے میجر کے طور پر چھوڑنے کا فیصلہ کیا اور تھیٹر پر توجہ دی۔ انھوں نے سینٹ سٹیفن کالج، دہلی سے گریجویشن کیا۔ انھوں نے اپنی ماں کے ساتھ کتاب چیتن آنند: دی پوئٹکس آف فلم کی مشترکہ تصنیف کی۔
List of barley-based drinks

Barley, a member of the grass family, was one of the first domesticated grains in the Fertile Crescent and drinks made from it range from thin herbal teas and beers to thicker drinkable puddings and gruels.
Barley has been used as a source of fermentable material for beer for thousands of years and whiskey for centuries. Barley beer was probably one of the first alcoholic drinks developed by Neolithic humans. More recently, it has been used as a component of various health foods and drinks.
In 2016, barley was ranked fourth among grains in quantity produced (141 million tonnes) behind maize, rice, and wheat (all of which are used for beer).
Nirma

Nirma is a conglomerate based in Ahmedabad, India, involved in the manufacture of various products, including detergents, soaps, cement, cosmetics, salt, soda ash, linear alkyl benzene, and injectables. It was founded in 1969 by Karsanbhai Patel, a laboratory technician, as a one-man operation.
In 1969, Dr. Karsanbhai Patel, a chemist at the Gujarat Government's Department of Mining and Geology manufactured phosphate-free synthetic detergent powder, and started selling it locally. The new yellow powder was priced at ₹3.50 per kg, at a time when HUL's Surf was priced at ₹13. Nirma sold well in Ruppur (Gujarat), Patel's hometown. He started packing the formulation in a 10x10 ft room in his house. Patel named the powder Nirma, after his daughter Nirupama. He was able to sell about 15-20 packets a day on his way to the office on bicycle, some 15 km away. By 1985, Nirma washing powder had become one of the most popular household detergents in many parts of the country, which was aided in part by the popular "Washing Powder Nirma" television advertisement.
By 1999, Nirma was a major consumer brand, offering a range of detergents, soaps and personal care products. The group also set up a healthcare subsidiary called Nirlife to manufacture intravenous fluids.
In November 2007, Nirma purchased American raw materials company Searles Valley Minerals Inc., making it among the top seven soda ash manufacturers in the world.
Nirma Group started cement manufacturing in 2014 from a single plant in Nimbol, with a newly established company Nuvoco Vistas Corporation. In 2016, Nirma acquired Lafarge India's cement assets for $1.4 billion. In February 2020, Nirma acquired Emami Cement for ₹5,500 crore (US$742.24 million).
In September 2023, Nirma acquired a 75% stake in Glenmark Life Sciences from Glenmark for ₹5,652 crore (US$680 million). In 2024, Glenmark Life Sciences was renamed Alivus Life Sciences.
The company established Nirma University in 1995, which is managed by the Nirma Education and Research Foundation (NERF). It also runs the Nirmalabs education program, which has been dedicated to training and supporting entrepreneurs since 2004.
List of serial killers in Chile

Chile has had multiple serial killers, coming from different regions and backgrounds and with different motivations. Below is a list of Chileans that have committed three or more verifiable murders. The vast majority of these individuals were or are being held in prison where they are serving life sentences, while others were sentenced to death, before its abolition, by firing squad.
Not listed below are various military and police members active during the military dictatorship of Chile active from 1973 until 1990 who were convicted of multiple murders and tortures (such as Álvaro Corbalán and Miguel Krassnoff).
IWI ARAD

The ARAD is an assault rifle designed in 2019 by Israel Weapon Industries, named after the Israeli city of Arad. It is primarily designed for export purposes, and is not intended to replace the IWI Tavor X95 currently in service with the Israel Defense Forces. However, the Arad was adopted by the YAMAM, Israel's National Counter-Terror Unit, after it was found best in tests held by the unit.
The ARAD is an assault rifle visually similar to the AR-15, though it uses a short-stroke gas piston, rather than the direct impingement system seen in the AR-15. It is chambered in either 5.56×45mm NATO or .300 AAC Blackout and is designed to be modular, allowing a change of caliber through a quick-change barrel. All of its metal parts are corrosion-resistant.
The IWI Arad is a modular assault rifle designed and manufactured by Israel Weapon Industries.
The IWI Arad 7 is a heavier battle rifle variant of the Arad.
The IWI Arad 7 DMR is a semi-automatic designated marksman rifle variant of the Arad 7.
Pimekrolimusi

Pimekrolimusi (pimecrolimus, inayouzwa kwa jina la chapa Elidel, ni dawa inayotumika kutibu ugonjwa wa ngozi (eczema) na hali ya seli za ngozi kujikusanya na kutengeneza gamba na mabaka yanayowasha na kukauka (psoriasis). Ni matibabu ya mstari wa pili baada ya madawa yanatotumika kutibu ngozi (topical corticosteroids). Dawa hii inatumika kwa ngozi kama krimu.
Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na mmenyuko wa ngozi, maumivu ya kichwa, na kikohozi. Matatizo yake mengine yanaweza kujumuisha saratani na maambukizo. Haipendekezwi kuitumia wakati wa ujauzito. Dawa hii ni kizuizi cha kalsiamu iitwayo calcineurin.
Iliidhinishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2001. Nchini Uingereza, mrija wa gramu 30 hugharimu Huduma ya Afya ya Kitaifa (NHS) takriban £20 kufikia mwaka wa 2021. Kiasi hiki nchini Marekani ni takriban dola 70.
Mwarobaini

Mwarobaini (Azadirachta indica) ni mti unaofahamika kwa uwezo wake wa kutibu magonjwa ya aina mbalimbali. Inaaminika kuwa mti huu umetoka huko India na Burma. Mwarobaini hushamiri zaidi katika nchi za tropiki na una uwezo mkubwa wa kuhimili ukame.
Jina “mwarobaini” linatokana na imani kuwa mti huu una uwezo wa kutibu magonjwa yapatayo arobaini. Majani na mbegu ya mwarobaini imekuwa ikitumiwa kama tiba kwa miaka maelfu huko nchini India na hivi sasa inatumiwa katika sehemu mbalimbali duniani likiwemo bara la Afrika.
Wanasayansi wa nchi za Magharibi hutumia pia mti huu kwenye tiba na utafiti. Mwanzoni mwa mwaka 2005, serikali ya India ilipeleka kesi mahakamani kupinga hatua ya mamlaka ya leseni ya Ulaya (European Patent Office) kutoa leseni kwa Wizara ya Kilimo ya Marekani na kampuni ya kimataifa ya WR Grace kumiliki haki ya kutengeneza na kuuza dawa ya ukungu inayotokana na mwarobaini.
Kati ya magonjwa ambayo mti huu umetumika kutibu au kupoza ni matatizo ya kusaga chakula tumboni, kisukari, kansa, magonjwa ya ngozi, malaria, ukungu (fungus), n.k. Matawi yake hutumiwa kama mswaki na magome yake hutumiwa kama dawa ya kusafisha meno.
Mafuta ya mbegu ya mwarobaini hutumika kutengenezea vipodozi na sabuni. Kiziduo cha mbegu au mafuta yake hutumiwa kama dawa ya kuulia wadudu wanaoharibu mimea shambani.
Amra (tunda)

Amra ni tunda, aina ya mimea ya maua katika familia ya Anacardiaceae. Ni asili ya Amerika ya kitropiki, ikiwa ni pamoja na Karibi. Mti umekuwa wa asili katika sehemu za Afrika, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka na Indonesia. Ni mara chache kulimwa isipokuwa katika sehemu za kaskazini mwa Brazil.
Matunda yaliyokomaa yana ngozi na safu nyembamba ya ganda. Mbegu ina mjao wa mafuta kwa asilimia 31.5.
Nyama ya matunda inaweza kuliwa au kufanywa juisi, makini, mafuta na stafeli.
Huko Thailand matunda haya huitwa makok (kwa Kithai: มะกอก) na hutumiwa kama som tam, kama kiungo. Majani machache, ambayo huwa na uchungu mdogo na uchachu, wakati mwingine hutumiwa ghafi pamoja na aina fulani za nam phrik (pilipili ya Thai). Pia hutumiwa na unga wa chili huko Bangladesh ambapo matunda hujulikana kama আমড়া (Amṛa).
Juisi ya matunda hutumiwa kama dawa ya homa na dawa ya kuongeza ukojoaji. Mizizi inajulikana kwa kupunguza homa huko Ivory Coast, wakati mwingine hutumiwa na majani ya Ximenia, Premna hispida, Ficus sp., hupikwa, kuchemshwa kwa maji, na kunyweka, au kutumika kama losheni au kuogea. Gome hutumiwa kama dawa ya kuhara na matumizi ya ukoma. Mchemsho wa gome hutumiwa kutibu kikohozi , na kutuliza kupitia kutapika. Gome kavu iliyokatwa hutumika kama kuvaa kwa jeraha la kutahiriwa. Gome ina kiasi fulani cha tanini. Mchanganyiko wa majani ni dawa ya kawaida ya kikohozi au kutumika kama dawa ya kuhara ,homa na kuvimbiwa. Mchemsho wa jani hutumiwa kutibu kisonono. Majani yenye ya Vitex kwiinata na avisenoidi ya Teminalia, hutumiwa huko Ivory Coast kwa majeraha mapya kuzuia kuvimba. Majani haya yote hutumiwa kutibu ukoma. Ikichanganywa na limao huuwa minyoo kwa watoto. Huweza kusagwa kupata juisi. Kutolewa kwa majani twangwa hutumiwa kama dawa ya jicho , hutibu watoto wenye matatizo ya tumbo.
Guselkumab

Guselkumab, inayouzwa kwa jina la chapa Tremfya, ni dawa inayotumika kutibu ugonjwa wa ngozi kavu iliyoinuka yenye kuwasha na iliyo na mabaka (plaque psoriasis). Dawa hii inatumika kwa ugonjwa wa wastani hadi mkali. Inatolewa kwa sindano chini ya ngozi.
Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na maambukizi ya sehemy ya juu ya njia ya upumuaji. Madhara yake mengine yanaweza kujumuisha maambukizi, maumivu ya kichwa, maumivu ya viungo, matatizo ya ini na kupungua kwa ufanisi wa chanjo. Usalama wa matumizi yake katika ujauzito hauko wazi. Dawa hii ni kingamwili ya monokloni ambayo inashikamana na kuzuia interleukin-23.
Guselkumab iliidhinishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani na Ulaya mwaka wa 2017. Nchini Uingereza, iligharimu Huduma ya Afya ya Kitaifa (NHS) takriban £2,250 kwa miligramu 100 kufikia mwaka wa 2021. Kiasi hiki nchini Marekani ni takriban dola 11,600 za Marekani.
Papai

Papai ni tunda la mpapai ("Carica papaya"), mti wa familia Caricaceae. Una asili ya Amerika ya Kusini na ya Kati na unakuzwa huko Meksiko, karne kadhaa kabla ya kuibuka kwa tamaduni mpya za huko Amerika.
Ni mti mrefu wenye shina la urefu wa mita 5 mpaka 10, wenye majani yaliyojipanga yaliyojizungusha na kujishikiza juu kwenye shina la mti, shina kwa upande wa chini huwa na makovu mengi kuonesha sehemu ambayo majani yalikuwa. Majani ya mpapai ni makubwa sm 50 – 70 kwa upana, maua yake ni madogo na hutokea sehemu yalipochomoza majani, hutengeneza tunda papai lenye urefu wa sm 15- 45, na upana wa sm 10 – 30.
Tunda huiva pale linapokuwa laini (kama vile parachichi au zaidi) na ngozi yake inapokuwa na ngozi yake inapokaribia rangi ya chungwa ladha ya chungwa hukamilana na ile kati ya nanasi na peasi, ingawa huwa ya utulivu bila ya uchungu wowote.
Kutoka asili yake ya Meksiko, Puerto Rico, Amerika ya Kati na kusini mwa Asia.
Papai lililoiva huliwa bila ya maganda wala mbegu zake; papai bichi huliwa baada ya kuchemshwa na kupimwa pamoja na saladi ya michemsho mingine.
Papai bichi na mti wake huwa na utomvu wenye kemikali inayoitwa papaini ambayo hutumika kulainisha nyama kwa kuvunjavunja protini iliyo ndani yake. Uwezo wake huu wa kulainisha nyama ngumu umetumiwa na watu wa kale tangu enzi za zamani.
Tafiti mbalimbali zimeonesha kwamba mbegu za papai ni muhimu kwa afya ya binadamu kuliko papai lenyewe; zinaweza kutibu matatizo ya ini, figo, malaria, baadhi ya minyoo na hupunguza unene uliopitiliza.
Wanawake huko Uhindi, Pakistani na Sri Lanka walitumia sana papai kama njia ya kuzuia mimba na hata kutoa mimba wanawake waliokuwa utumwani ai pia walionekana sana wakitumia sana papai ili kuzuia wasishike mimba na kuwazaa watoto wao utumwani imegundulika hata mbegu za papai nazo huweza kusababisha kuondoa uwezo wa kuzaa kwa wanaume.
Shina na matawi ya mipapai pia yanatumika kutengenezea kamba. Mbegu zaidi za mipapai huweza kuliwa na zina ladha kali sana. Husagwa na wakati mwingine kutumiwa kama mbadala wa pilipili. Sehemu fulani za Asia, majani machanga ya mpapai huchemshwa kwa mvuke na kuliwa kama spinachi. Sehemu fulani duniani majani ya mpapai hunyweshwa na chai kama dawa ya kutibu malaria, japo hakuna ushahidi wa kutosha juu ya matibabu haya.
Tunda la papai, mbegu na utomvu wake, pia majani yake yana kiwango kikubwa cha carpaine, kemikali inayoondoa minyoo kwenye mwili lakini matumizi ya kiasi kikubwa huweza kuwa hatari.
Inafahamika kuwa mapapai mabichi yanaweza kusababisha kutoka kwa mimba kutokana na kiwango kikubwa cha kemikali ya Latex ambayo husababisha kuta za uterasi kusinyaa japo haijathibitishwa bado.
Kula sana mapapai kama ilivyo kwa karoti, huweza kusababisha ugonjwa wa karotinemia ambapo nyayo na viganja huwa vya rangi ya njano japo hakuna madhara yoyote.
Prophetess Syokimau

Syokimau was a Kamba medicine woman and prophetess who lived in the 1800s long before Kenya became a colony. She was born and lived in Iveti Hills near the today's Machakos town. It is claimed that Syokimau could predict impeding attacks from other communities such as the Maasai and Gikuyu giving Kamba warriors ample time to prepare for the defense.
Syokimau is credited as the greatest prophetess among the Kamba people because she foretold the coming of the white men and the construction of the railway line. In her vision, she saw a long snake belching fire and smoke as it moved from waters to another waters. In it there were people with skin like meat who spoke unintelligibly like birds and carried fire in their pockets. Her prophecy came to pass in the 20th century after the completion of the Kenya-Uganda Railway that ran from Mombasa to Kisumu, the lakeside city then known as Port Florence. The people she saw were white people who spoke English and carried matchboxes in their pockets.
Syokimau, a fast-growing residential area in Machakos County that is close to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport and where Syokimau Railway Station and the Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway Nairobi Terminus are located, is named after her. Some sources claim that Syonguu wa Kathukya, a later prophetess from around Athi River renamed her territory after Syokimau because she was impressed by her work. That is how the popular residential area came to bear the name of the prophetess.
Combretum apiculatum

Combretum apiculatum is a species of tree in the family Combretaceae known by the common name red bushwillow. It is native to the mesic to semi-arid savanna regions of Africa, southwards of the equator.
This is a semi-deciduous tree growing up to 10 meters tall, or sometimes a shrub remaining shorter. It has rough gray-black bark with fissures, and the smaller branches may be woolly in texture. The oppositely arranged leaves are up to 11 to 13 centimeters long. They are hairless or hairy. The tip of the leaf tapers abruptly to a twisted point. The foliage turns reddish or golden in the fall. The spike inflorescences emerge between the leaves and are up to 7 centimeters long. They bear yellow or green flowers with tiny sepals and petals, and with style and stamens about half a centimeter long. The flowers have a strong scent. The reddish, winged fruit is 2 or 3 centimeters long.
There are two subspecies, the southern ssp. apiculatum, and ssp. leutweinii, which occurs from Namibia to Malawi and northwards, which is differentiated by its more hirsute leaves.
It occurs in South Africa, Eswatini, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Zimbabwe, southern Angola, Zambia, Malawi, southeastern DRC, Tanzania and southern Kenya.
This tree occurs in various ecosystems in southern Africa. It is the dominant tree on the savanna in many areas, including regions characterized as lowveld and mopane savanna. It grows alongside other woody vegetation such as common hook thorn (Acacia afra), sicklebush (Dichrostachys cinerea), large sourplum (Ximenia afra), livelong (Lannea discolor), white seringa (Kirkia acuminata), and marula (Sclerocarya afra).
Many animals use the tree, especially for food. Kudu, bushbuck, elands, giraffes, and elephants browse the leaves. Eland are so attracted to the tree that they can do damage to it with their feeding. The brown-headed parrot eats the seeds.
Cattle also eat the leaves. The fruits are hazardous to livestock, however, because they are toxic. The foliage can be fed to goats as a supplemental fodder.
This tree has dense (1.15), fine-grained, strong, dark brown to black heartwood, sometimes used as firewood or for making charcoal. It is hard, and termite-resistant. The tree responds well to coppicing, growing back with plentiful foliage. The bark has been used in leather tanning. Medicinal uses for the species include the treatment of conjunctivitis and stomach ailments. It contains a number of antioxidant compounds, such as cardamonin, pinocembrin, quercetin, and kaempferol. It is an appropriate garden tree, as it is tolerant of frost and drought and provides shade.
Common names for the tree in other languages include rooiboswilg (Afrikaans), umbondwe (Zulu), imbondvo (Swazi), mohwidiri (Tswana), mohwelere (Sepedi), muvuvha (Tshivenḓa), ndhuva (Tsonga), rukweza (Shona), and omumbuti (Herero).