davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
To hell in a handbasket

"Going to hell in a handbasket", "going to hell in a handcart", "going to hell in a handbag", "go to hell in a bucket", "sending something to hell in a handbasket" and "something being like hell in a handbasket" are variations on an allegorical locution of unclear origin, which describes a situation headed for disaster inescapably or precipitately.
The origin of the phrase has been much debated. Its usage may be dated to the baskets used to catch guillotined heads in the eighteenth century. Early visualizations of the phrase might possibly be associated with religious iconography such as the stained glass windows of Fairford Church in Gloucestershire and Hieronymus Bosch's painting The Haywain, circa 1515, which portrays a large cart of hay being drawn by "infernal beings that drag everyone to Hell".
In the 19th century, the phrase has been found associated with the California gold rush of the 1840s where men were lowered by hand in baskets down mining shafts to set explosives which could have deadly consequences.
The phrase has been used in sermons since at least 1841, as can be seen in the publication, Short Patent Sermons: "[Those people] who would rather ride to hell in a hand-cart than walk to heaven supported by the staff of industry". Also in 1841, a mention of the phrase can be found in The Star of Freedom: "..Sanctified hypocrites will tell you not, and that, do what you will, you are all to go to hell in a handbasket, thereby, in fact, making you mere passive creatures in this world— passive to their will..."
In 1862, the journal Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome: or, The History of Popery stated: "...that noise of a Popish Plot was nothing in the world but an intrigue of the Whigs to destroy the Kings best Friends, and the Devil fetch me to Hell in a Hand basket, if I might have my will, there should not be one Fanatical Dog left alive in the three Kingdoms."
I. Winslow Ayer's 1865 polemic alleges, "Judge Morris of the Circuit Court of Illinois at an August meeting of Order of the Sons of Liberty said: "Thousands of our best men were prisoners in Camp Douglas, and if once at liberty would 'send abolitionists to hell in a hand basket.'"
Various versions of the phrase have appeared in the title of several published works and other media:
Vimi

Vimi (1943 – 22 August 1977) was an Indian actress who acted in Indian films such as Aabroo, Hamraaz and Patanga. She starred with Sunil Dutt in Hamraaz and became notable. According to film expert Rajesh Subramanian, a fraud film broker named Jolly ruined her career and image, by posing as a fake boyfriend and forcing Vimi into prostitution.
Vimi debuted opposite Sunil Dutt in the B. R. Chopra-directed Hamraaz in 1967. The film was a hit but did not help her career. She appeared with Shashi Kapoor in Patanga (1971) and Vachan (1974). She was the leading lady in Aabroo (1968), opposite Deepak Kumar. She appeared in the Punjabi film Nanak Nam Jahaz Hai in 1973. Her last film was Krodhi, released four years after she died in 1977.
Vimi was a Punjabi Sikh girl who married Shiv Agarwal, the son of an Industrialist, with whom she had one son and one daughter. Music Director Ravi got introduced to her at a party in Calcutta and later invited her and Shiv to Mumbai. He introduced them to B. R. Chopra and that is how Vimi got her first film. Even though her husband supported her decision, her parents and relatives abandoned the couple because they were against Vimi joining the film industry. As Sunil Dutt sang to her ("Na Sar Jhuka Ke Jeeyo, Na Muh Chhupake Jeeyo"), the enchanting image of Vimi won the viewers' hearts. At one point, she was called the Most Beautiful Actress of Bollywood. Her famous Filmfare photoshoot, in which she wore a stylised swimsuit, made headlines and established her as a bold actress. She owned a huge house, luxury cars and a huge wardrobe, due to her being the highest-paid actress at the time. Soon after the success of Humraaz, her next big project Aabroo was released in 1968. This film, however, bombed at the box office. Even veteran actors like Ashok Kumar and Nirupa Roy who were also part of the film couldn't do much to save it. After the failure of Aabroo things went spiralling downward for Vimi who was now reduced to posing for photoshoots in magazines. Patanga, her 1971 film with Shashi Kapoor, also failed to strike a chord with the audience. Thus after successive flop films, she went into oblivion.
In an obituary released after her death, several hostile details were revealed which included her being physically abused by her husband and their eventual divorce. Following her separation, she started a textile business in Calcutta but that too failed miserably, and was forced to sell her assets to pay off debts, leaving her homeless. She had started a relationship with a film broker but he had allegedly sold her into prostitution. Devastated by her professional and personal life, Vimi took refuge in alcohol.
Finally, after a tumultuous and tragic life, Vimi died on 22 August 1977 due to liver disease caused by alcohol consumption in the general ward of the Nanavati hospital in Mumbai. Her body was dishonourably taken to the crematorium in a thela hand cart.
Songs picturised on her:
குழந்தைத் தொழிலாளர் எதிர்ப்பு நாள்

குழந்தை தொழிலாளர் எதிர்ப்பு நாள் (World Day Against Child Labour) உலகம் முழுவதும் ஆண்டுதோறும் சூன் 12 ஆம் தேதி கடைப்பிடிக்கப்படுகிறது. ஐக்கிய நாடுகளின் ஓர் அங்கமான பன்னாட்டு தொழிலாளர் அமைப்பினால் (ஐ.எல்.ஓ) அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட இந்த நாள் குழந்தைத் தொழிலாளர்கள் பற்றிய விழிப்புணர்வை ஏற்படுத்த 2002ம் ஆண்டு முதல் கடைபிடிக்கப்படுகிறது. ஐ.எல்.ஓ வின் 138 மற்றும் 182வது உடன்படிக்கைகளின் ஏற்பினால் தூண்டப்பட்டு இந்த நாள் உருவாக்கப்பட்டது.
இதன் அடிப்படையில் குழந்தை தொழிலாளர் முறையை முற்றிலுமாக அகற்றப்பட வேண்டியதன் அவசியத்தை உணர்த்த இந்நாள் கடைப்பிடிக்கப்படுகிறது. 2006 அக்டோபர் 10 ம் தேதி முதல் வீடு, சாலையோரக் கடைகள், ஓட்டல்கள் போன்ற இடங்களில் ௧௪ வயதிற்கு உட்பட்ட சிறுவர், சிறுமியரை வேலைக்கு அமர்த்த மத்திய அரசு தடைவிதித்துள்ளது.
குழந்தைகள் நலனுக்கான சர்வதேச அமைப்பான யுனிசெப் நிறுவனம் குழந்தை தொழிலாளர்களுக்கு ஏற்படும் பதிப்புகளை முன்று வகையாக பிரித்துள்ளது.
கொடிய வறுமை, உட்டசத்துக் குறைவு, கல்வியறிவு பெற முடியாத நிலை, உடல் நலனை பாதிக்கக் கூடிய ஆபத்தான சூழல், காற்றோட்டம் இல்லாத குறுகிய அறை போன்றவை சிறார்களின் உடல் நலனைப் பெரிதும் பாதிப்பதால் ஆஸ்துமா, காசநோய் போன்ற ஆபத்தான நோய்களின் தாக்குதலுக்கு இலக்காகின்றனர்.
மனரீதியான வளர்ச்சி என்பது எழுத்தறிவு, எண்ணறிவு மற்றும் நடைமுறை வாழ்க்கை முறையினைப் பற்றிய பொதுவான அறிவு போன்றவை உள்ளடங்கியதாகும். இவற்றில் ஏற்படும் மாற்றங்கள் சிறார்களை மிகவும் கடுமையாக பாதிக்கின்றன.
கல்வியறிவு பெறமுடியாமல் வறுமையை விரட்ட எண்ணி சிறுவயது முதல் குறைந்த சம்பளத்திற்கு வேலைக்கு செல்லும் இவர்களால் சமுதாயத்தில் கடைசி வரை ஒரு நல்ல நிலைமையை அடைய முடியாமல் சமுகத்தால் புறக்கணிக்கப்படும் நிலைமைக்கு தள்ளப்படுகின்றனர்.
அனைத்துலக பெண்கள் நாள்

அனைத்துலக பெண்கள் நாள் (International Women's Day) ஆண்டு தோறும் மார்ச் 8 ஆம் திகதியன்று உலகெங்கும் கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது. ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் அவையால் அறிவிக்கப்பட்ட இந்த நாளில் பல நாடுகளில் பொது விடுமுறை நாளாகும்.
அமெரிக்காவின் தொழிற்புரட்சி நகர் நியூயோர்க், இங்கு நெசவுத் தொழிலில் பெருமளவு பெண்கள் ஈடுபட்டிருந்தனர். இவர்கள் பதினாறு மணிநேரம் வேலை செய்து மிகக் குறைவான ஊதியத்தைப் பெற்றனர். அந்த ஊதியத்தைப் பெறுவதற்குக் கூட நிர்வாகத்தில் உள்ளவர்களின் உடற்பசிக்கு இணங்கினால் தான் கிடைக்கும் என்ற நிலை இருந்தது. 1857 இல் நியூயோர்க் நகரில் உழைக்கும் பெண்கள் கூடி குரல் எழுப்பினர். தொடர்ந்து போராட்டங்கள், பெண்கள் அமைப்புகள் தோன்றின. 1908 இல் வாக்குரிமை கேட்டுக் கொதித்து எழுந்தனர். ஜனாதிபதி தியோடர் ரூஸ்வெல்ட்டே போராட்டத்தின் தாக்கம் கண்டு குலைந்து போனார். போராடினால்தான் உரிமைகள் கிடைக்கும் என்ற சிந்தனை உலகெங்கும் கிளர்ந்தெழுந்தது. அதன் விளைவு 1910 இல் ஹேகனில் அனைத்துலகப் பெண்கள் நாள் மாநாடு கிளாரா ஜெட்கின் தலைமையில் கூடியது. அதன் தொடர்பாக சர்வதேச மகளிர் அமைப்பு தோற்றுவிக்கப்பட்டது. இந்த அமைப்பின் சார்பில் 1911 ஆம் ஆண்டு மார்ச் 19 ஆம் திகதி ஜேர்மனி, ஆஸ்திரியா, டென்மார்க் மற்றும் சில ஐரோப்பிய நாடுகளிலிருந்து வந்து கலந்து கொண்ட மகளிர் பிரதிநிதிகளின் முதல் சர்வதேச மகளிர் தினத்தைக் கொண்டாடினர். இந்தக் கூட்டத்தில் தான், அரசன் லூயிஸ் பிளாங்க் பெண்களுக்கு வாக்குரிமை அளிக்க ஒப்புதல் அளித்த நாளான மார்ச் 8 ஐ நினைவு கூரும் வகையில், ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் மார்ச் 8 ஆம் நாளை சர்வதேச மகளிர் தினமாகக் கொண்டாட முடிவு செய்து தீர்மானம் நிறைவேற்றினர்.
பெப்ரவரி 28, 1909 இல் அமெரிக்க சோஷலிஸ்ட கட்சியின் ஒப்புதலுடன் முதன் முதலாக அந்த நாட்டில் பெண்கள் நாள் கடைப்பிடிக்கப்பட்டது. இதனைத் தொடர்ந்து வந்த ஆண்டுகளில் 1913 வரை பெப்ரவரி மாதம் இறுதி ஞாயிற்றுக்கிழமைகளில் பெண்கள் நாளைக் கடைப்பிடித்து வந்தனர். மார்ச் 25 1911 இல் நியூயோர்க்கில் ஒரு கட்டிடத்தில் ஏற்பட்ட ஒரு தீ விபத்தில் சுமார் 140 க்கும் மேற்பட்ட பெண் தொழிலாளர்கள் உடல் கருகி உயிரிழந்தனர். இந்நிகழ்வே அமெரிக்காவில் தொழிலாளர் சட்டத்தைக் கொண்டுவர மிக முக்கிய நிகழ்வானது. தொடர்ந்து அனைத்துலகப் பெண்கள் நாள் ஆண்டுதோறும் கடைப்பிடிக்கப்படலாயிற்று.
1913–1914-களில் முதல் உலகப் போரின் போது ரஷ்யப் பெண்கள் அமைப்பினர் போருக்கு தங்கள் எதிர்ப்பை வெளிப்படுத்தும் விதமாக பெண்கள் நாள் பேரணிகளை நடத்தினார்கள். இதே ஆண்டில் மார்ச் 8 ஆம் திகதியில் பெண்கள் நாள் கடைப்பிடிக்கப்பட்டது.
பின்வந்த நாட்களில் ஐ.நா. பெண்கள் அமைப்பு சார்பில் அனைத்துலகப் பெண்கள் நாள் கடைப்பிடிப்பது என முடிவெடுக்கப்பட்டதன் அடிப்படையிலேயே ஆண்டுதோறும் மார்ச் 8 ஆம் திகதி கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது.
மாகி ஜபீன்

மாகி ஜபீன் (Mahe Jabeen) (பிறப்பு 1961) ஓர் இந்தியக் கவிஞரும், வழக்கறிஞரும் சிறுபான்மை உரிமை ஆர்வலரும் ஆவார். தனது சமூகச் சேவைக்காக ராஜீவ் காந்தி மானவ் சேவா விருதை வென்றுள்ளார்.
மகா ஜபீன் என நன்கறியப்பட்ட மகா ஜபீன் முகமது, 1961இல் நெல்லூரில் ஓர் முஸ்லிம் குடும்பத்தில் பிறந்தார். இவரது தந்தை மாவட்ட நீதிமன்ற வழக்கறிஞராக இருந்தார். இவரது தாயார் அரசு சமூக நல விடுதியில் பகுதிநேர ஆசிரியராக பணிபுரிந்தார். வறுமையை எதிர்கொண்ட இவர், ஏழை குழந்தைகள் நிதியத்தின் உதவியுடன் கிறிஸ்தவ மிஷனரி பள்ளியிலிருந்து தொடக்கக் கல்வியைப் பெற்றார்.
1985 ஆம் ஆண்டில் திருப்பதி சிறீ வெங்கடேசுவரா பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் குழந்தைகள் உளவியலில் நிபுணத்துவம் பெற்று இளங்கலை பட்டமும், 1987இல் திருப்பதி சிறீ பத்மாவதி மகளிர் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் பெண்கள் மற்றும் குழந்தைகள் நலனில் நிபுணத்துவம் பெற்று முதுகலை பட்டமும் பெற்றார். இவர் ஐதராபாத்து பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் 1999இல் மனித உரிமைகளில் முதுகலை சான்றிதழ் பட்டம் பெற்றார். இவர் 2002இல் ஐதராபாத்தின் உஸ்மானியா பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் பெண்கள் உரிமைகளில் நிபுணத்துவம் பெற்று இளங்கலைச் சட்டம் முடித்தார்.
இந்திய மகளிர் அமைப்பான கூட்டு மகளிர் திட்டத்தின் ஆந்திர மாநிலத்தில்திட்டச் செயலாளராக இவர் உள்ளார். வரதட்சணை கேட்டு துன்புறுத்தல், திருமணப் பிரச்சினைகள், வீட்டு வன்முறை மற்றும் பெண்களுக்கு தங்குமிடம் போன்ற பிரச்சினைகள் குறித்த பட்டறைகளையும் பயிற்சித் திட்டங்களையும் இவர் ஏற்பாடு செய்கிறார். சுற்றுச்சூழல் பிரச்சினைகள், பெண்களின் அரசியல் உரிமைகள் மற்றும் பாலினம் தொடர்பான பிற பிரச்சினைகள் குறித்த பொதுக்கூட்டங்களையும் இவர் ஏற்பாடு செய்கிறார். இவர், பெண்கள் மற்றும் குழந்தைகளுக்கான பீனிக்ஸ் அமைப்பின் செயலாளராகவும் உள்ளார். அமைப்பின் ஒரு பகுதியாக, சிறுபான்மை பெண்கள் மற்றும் குழந்தைகள் தொடர்பான பிரச்சினைகள் குறித்த விழிப்புணர்வு பொருட்களை இவர் தயாரிக்கிறார். மேலும் தெரு நாடகங்களையும் இயக்குகிறார். இவர் ஐதராபாத்து உயர்நீதிமன்றத்தில் வழக்கறிஞராகப் பணியாற்றுகிறார். மேலும், சிறுபான்மையினருக்கு இலவச சட்ட உதவிகளை வழங்குகிறார். அரசாங்க தொலைக்காட்சி சேனலான தூர்தர்ஷன் மூலம் பெண்களுக்கான சட்ட விழிப்புணர்வு மற்றும் ஆலோசனை மற்றும் குடும்ப ஆலோசனை திட்டமான சேதானையும் தொகுத்து வழங்கினார். குழந்தைத் தொழிலாளர் (ஒழிப்பு) சட்டங்களை திறம்பட செயல்படுத்த வேண்டும் என்றும் பிரச்சாரம் செய்கிறார். நகர்ப்புறங்களில் குழந்தைத் தொழிலாளர்களை அடையாளம் காண்பதில் மாநில தொழிலாளர் ஆணையர் அலுவலகத்துடன் ஒருங்கிணைந்து, விழிப்புணர்வு பேச்சுக்களை ஏற்பாடு செய்து கட்டுரைகளை ஊடகங்களில் வெளியிடுகிறார்.
கேந்திரிய சாகித்ய அகாதமியின் வெளியீடுகளில் இவர் பல கவிதைகளை வெளியிட்டுள்ளார். 1995ஆம் ஆண்டில் வோல்கா மற்றும் பிற எழுத்தாளர்களால் வெளியிடப்பட்ட பெண்ணிய கவிதைத் தொகுப்பான நீலி மேகாலுவிலும் இவரது கவிதைகள் சேர்க்கப்பட்டன. இவரது கருப்பொருள்கள் பாலின பாகுபாடு, மனித உரிமைகள், இன ஆய்வுகள், மக்கள் இயக்கங்கள், முஸ்லிம் மற்றும் நக்சல் சிறுபான்மை பிரச்சினைகள் மற்றும் பெண்ணியம் ஆகியவை அடங்கும். கவிதைகள் எழுதுவதைத் தவிர, பல்வேறு இந்தியப் பத்திரிகைகளுக்காக இந்த பிரச்சினைகள் குறித்த கட்டுரைகளையும் எழுதுகிறார். இவரது கவிதைகளில் ஒன்றான 'தெரு குழந்தைகள்' இந்தியாவின் ஆந்திர மாநிலத்தில் உள்ள இடைநிலைக் கல்வி வாரியத்தால் பத்தாம் வகுப்புக்கான பாடத்திட்டத்தில் சேர்க்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
Community development block

In India, a community development block (CD block) or simply Block is a sub-division of District, administratively earmarked for planning and development. In tribal areas, similar sub-divisions are called tribal development blocks (TD blocks). The area is administered by a Block Development Officer (BDO), supported by several technical specialists and village-level workers. A community development block covers several gram panchayats, the local administrative units at the village level. A block is a rural subdivision and typically smaller than a tehsil. A tehsil is purely for revenue administration, whereas a block is for rural development purposes. In most states, a block is coterminous with the panchayat samiti area.
The nomenclature varies from state to state, such as common terms like "block" and others including community development block, panchayat union block, panchayat block, panchayat samiti block, development block, etc. All denote a CD Block, which is a subdivision of a district, exclusively for rural development.
The concept of the community development block was first suggested by Grow More Food (GMF) Enquiry Committee in 1952 to address the challenge of multiple rural development agencies working without a sense of common objectives. Based on the committee's recommendations, the community development programme was launched on a pilot basis in 1952 to provide for a substantial increase in the country's agricultural programme, and for improvements in systems of communication, in rural health and hygiene, and in rural education and also to initiate and direct a process of integrated culture change aimed at transforming the social and economic life of villagers. The community development programme was rapidly implemented. In 1956, by the end of the first five-year plan period, there were 248 blocks, covering around a fifth of the population in the country. By the end the second five-year plan period, there were 3,000 blocks covering 70 per cent of the rural population. By 1964, the entire country was covered.
A Block Development Officer (BDO) is an administrative officer in India responsible for the overall development of a Community Development Block (CD Block), a sub-division of a district. They are appointed by the state government and report to the Chief Development Officer (CDO) or District Development Commissioner or the similar position.
They typically fall under the purview of the Rural Development Department or Department of Panchayats of the respective state government. The BDO is responsible for overall supervision of all the antipoverty schemes and execution of the Developmental works.
The BDO functions as the Secretary of the Panchayat Samiti/Block Panchayat and exercises supervision and control over the extension officers and other employees of the Panchayat Samiti and the staff borne on transferred schemes.
Declaration of the Rights of the Child

The Declaration of the Rights of the Child, sometimes known as the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child, is an international document promoting child rights, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb and adopted by the League of Nations in 1924, and adopted in an extended form by the United Nations in 1959.
The text of the document, as published by the International Save the Children Union in Geneva on 23 February 1923, is as follows:
This text was endorsed by the League of Nations General Assembly on 26 November 1924 as the World Child Welfare Charter, and was the first human rights document approved by an inter-governmental institution. It was reaffirmed by the League in 1934. Heads of State and Government pledged to incorporate its principles in domestic legislation. In France, it was ordered to be displayed in every school.
After considering a number of options, including that of drafting an entirely new declaration, the United Nations resolved in 1946 to adopt the document, in a much expanded version, as its own statement of children's rights. Many different governments were involved in the drafting process. A slightly expanded version, with seven points in place of five, was adopted in 1948. Then on 20 November 1959 the United Nations General Assembly adopted a Declaration of the Rights of the Child, based on the structure and contents of the 1924 original, with ten principles. An accompanying resolution, proposed by the delegation of Afghanistan, called on governments to recognise these rights, strive for their acceptance, and publicise the document as widely as possible. This date has been adopted as the Universal Children's Day.
This Declaration was followed in 1989 by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the UN General Assembly, adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989; entry into force 2 September 1990, in accordance with article 49.
National Commission for Protection of Child Rights

The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) is an Indian statutory body established by an Act of Parliament, the Commission for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005. The Commission works under the aegis of Ministry of Women and Child Development. The Commission became operational on 5 March 2007.
The Commission is mandated under section 13 of the CPCR Act, 2005 "to ensure that all Laws, Policies, Programmes, and Administrative Mechanisms align with the Child Rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child." As defined by the commission, child includes persons up to the age of 18 years.
The commission consist of the following members namely:-
The functions of the NCPCR are-
The above-said recommendations were based on a survey involving 6,632 students. All of them replied to have been harassed. 75% of them were informed of being beaten. 69% did get slaps on their face. 0.4% were given electric shocks by the teachers.
Seminars should be conducted for teachers to improve their teaching styles. The dignity of a student should be accepted by everyone. Drug addiction, copying, violence, etc should be curtailed. State Commissions for the Protection of Child Rights should be established.
Cuas an Ghainimh

Sráidbhaile beag in aice le Baile Átha Cliath is ea Cuas an Ghainimh (Sandycove as Béarla), agus é suite idir Deilginis agus Dún Laoghaire.
Ceiliúrann muintir na háite Féile Bloom go feiceálach, i gcuimhne ar an seal a chaith an scríbhneoir Séamas Seoige i gCuas an Ghainimh go gairid sular imigh sé ó Éirinn le Nora Barnacle.
Tá túr Martello san áit agus é ainmnithe as an Seoigeach. Bhí cara leis, Oliver St John Gogarty, ag cur faoi sa túr san am sin, agus ba chuigesean a tháinig an scríbhneoir ar cuairt. D'éirigh ina chogadh dearg eatarthu, áfach, nuair a bhí an Seoigeach ar cuairt anseo, agus tháinig deireadh leis an gcairdeas.
Feicfear bréagshanasaíocht an logainm thart faoin gceantar fós, cheap roinnt gur ón nGaeilge Sáin le Gó a tháinig Sandycove.
Kingston, Ontario

Cathair in Ontario, Ceanada is ea Kingston. Tá sé suite in oirthear Ontario san áit a dtagann Abhainn San Labhrais agus an Chanáil Rideau le chéile ar bhruach thuaidh Loch Ontario. De réir an daonáirimh a rinneadh sa bhliain 2011 bhí 123,363 duine ina gcónaí in Kingston féin agus 159,561 sa cheantar uirbeach.
Dúnfort de chuid na bhFrancach an chéad iarracht ag na hEorpaigh cur síos san áit. B'in sa bhliain 1673. Fort Cataraqui a tugadh air ar dtús, ansin Fort Frontenac. Scriosadh an dúnfort sa bhliain 1758 ag deireadh Chogadh na Seacht mBliana idir na Francaigh agus na Briotanaigh. Cuireadh campa ar bun ann sa bhliain 1784 chun dídean a thabhairt do na Dílseoirí a theith ó na 13 Choilíneacht níos faide ó dheas. Tugadh cairt chathrach do Kingston sa bhliain 1846. Bhí Kingston ina phríomhchathair ar Cheanada ar feadh tamaill.
D'fhás bunáit de chuid Chabhlach na Breataine Móire in Kingston agus tógadh Fort Henry ann go luath sa 19ú haois. Tógadh sraith túr Martello in aice le Kingston chomh maith. Maireann ceithre cinn díobh ann inniu. Tá Kingston ina lárionad míleata go dtí an lá atá inniu ann: Tá bunáit de chuid Airm Cheanada ina aice agus tá Coláiste Míleata Ríoga Cheanada suite sa chathair.
Tá an Béarla go mór in uachtar in Kingston, ach tá stádas dátheangach tugtha do cheantar Kingston, rud a thuganns seirbhísí i bhFraincis le fáil don mhionlach Fraincise.
Seán Ó Súilleabháin (saighdiúir)

Saighdiúir gairmiúil Éireannach ab ea an Ridire Seán Liam Ó Súilleabháinn (Sir John William O'Sullivan sa Bhéarla). (c.1700 - c.1760). Chaith sé an chuid is mó dá ghairm bheatha i seirbhís na Fraince, ach b’fhéidir go bhfuil aithne níos fearr air mar gheall ar an mbaint a bhí aige le hÉirí Amach na Seacaibíteach sa bhliain 1745, iarracht ar ríchathaoir na Breataine a fháil ar ais do rítheaghlach na Stiúbhartach a bhí ar deoraíocht. Le linn an Éirí Amach ghníomhaigh sé mar aidiúnach ginearálta agus mar mháistir ceathrún ginearálta d'arm na Seacaibíteach agus bhí tionchar mór aige ar an bhfeachtas. Cé go dtugann a lán saothar tánaisteach a shloinne mar "O'Sullivan", d'úsáid sé an fhoirm "Sullivan" ina chomhfhreagras féin.
Rugadh Ó Súilleabháin timpeall 1700 ag Ceapaigh na Coise in aice leis an Neidín, Contae Chiarraí, duine de bheirt mhac le Diarmaid Ó Súilleabháin (Dermot O’Sullivan sa Bhéarla), ar gabhadh a eastát teaghlaigh, sé sin Caisleán Dún Ciarán faoin Acht an tSocraithe 1652. Tá faisnéis maidir lena luathshaol teoranta agus tógtar é as 'The Young Juba', beathaisnéis neamhiontaofa go minic den SéarlasStiúbharta scríobh Aeinéas Mac Dómhnaill (Aeneas MacDonald sa Bhéarla) i 1748, ag úsáid an ainm bréige Michell.
Chuir na Péindlíthe teorainn ar deiseanna na n-uasal Caitliceach in Éirinn agus cosúil le go leor de chuid na linne sin, cuireadh oideachas ar Ó Súilleabháin i bPáras agus sa Róimh, mar ullmhúchán don sagartóireacht b’fhéidir. Maíonn Mac Dómhnaill gur tháinig sé chun bheith ina theagascóir ar mhac an Mharcais de Maillebois, agus chuaigh sé in éineacht leis in athghabháil na Corsaice ag an Fhraince agus phoblacht Genova sa bhliain 1739. Taifeadtar gur fhreastail sé san Iodáil agus ar an Réin le linn Chogadh Chomharbas na hOstaire, cé nach gcuirtear mórán sonraí ar fáil.
Ráth Mhullach Raoileann

Is ráth agus Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta atá suite i gContae Chill Dara, Éire é Ráth Mhullach Raoileann.
Tá Ráth Mhullach Raoileann suite ag airde 170 m (560 tr), ag breathnú amach ar an Abhainn Ghrís. Tá sé timpeallaithe ag Coill Mhullach Raoileann, foraois Choillte.
Luadh an ráth i sean-lámhscríbhinní na hÉireann i gcomhar le Ríthe Laighean: luaitear rí Raithleand (Rí Raoileann) faoi dhó i Lebor na Cert. Sa bhliain 1854, thángthas ar seilt sa ráth. Sa bhliain 1861, thángthas ar urn adhlactha ón gCré-umhaois in aice láimhe.
Helena Molony

Poblachtánach, feimineach, ban-aisteoir, agus gníomhaí ar son an lucht oibre ab ea Helena Mary Molony (15 Eanáir 1883 – 29 Eanáir 1967). Throid sí in Éirí Amach na Cásca i 1916 agus ina dhiaidh sin ba í an dara bean a bhí ina huachtarán ar Chomhdháil Ceardchumann na hÉireann.
Rugadh í ar 8 Lána Cole, in aice le Sráid Anraí, í lár Bhaile Átha Cliath, do theaghlach meánaicmeach agus Caitliceach. Ba iad a tuismitheoirí Michael Molony, a bhí ina ghrósaeir, agus Catherine McGrath, ach fuair siad bás nuair a bhí Molony ina páiste, agus ina dhiaidh sin, thóg a leasmháthair í. Bhí deartháir aici, Frank, a raibh sí mór leis. Chónaigh sí leis gur bhog sé go Meiriceá.
Thosaigh Molony a gairmréim pholaitiúil le Inghinidhe na hÉireann, grúpa feimineach agus náisiúnach bunaithe ag Maud Gonne. Chuaigh sí in Inghinidhe na hÉireann tar éis di óráid de chuid Gonne a chloisteáil ag Teach an Chustaim i mBaile Átha Cliath i 1903.
Rinneadh eagarthóir nuachtáin mhíosúil na heagraíochta, Bean na hÉireann di. Phléigh an nuachtáin le rogha mhaith topaic, ar nós faisean (ag cur béim ar éadaí Éireannacha), cócaireacht, filíocht, agus polaitíocht. Bhí colún dírithe ar ghluaiseacht an lucht oibre, a bhí scríofa ag Molony. Bhí mórán scríbhneoirí mór le rá ag Bean na hÉireann, mar shampla: Eva Gore-Booth, Constance Markievicz, Susan L. Mitchell, Art Ó Gríofa, Pádraig Mac Piarais, agus Ruairí Mac Easmainn.
Bhí Molony lárnach sa ghluaiseacht chun béilí a chur ar fháil do pháistí scoileanna, ag iarraidh go raibh siad cothaitheach agus saor in aisce. Shocraigh Inghinidhe na hÉireann go n-íocfadh na daltaí a bhí ábalta, cé nach raibh sé riachtanach leas a bhaint as an scéim. Anuas ar sin, thairg siad bia a riar do na páistí.
Bhí tionchar ag Inghinidhe na hÉireann ar ghairm Molony mar aisteoir freisin. D'fhreastail sí ar ranganna aisteoireachta a bhí eagraithe ag an ngrúpa chun bolscaireacht a chur ar fháil.
Na hÓglaigh Náisiúnta

Bhí ballraíocht de 180,000 duine ag Óglaigh na hÉireann faoi lár 1914. Ach tharla scoilt eatarthu sa bhliain sin faoi ar chóir nó nár chóir dá mbaill liostáil i bhFórsa na Breataine chun dul ag troid i gcogadh na hEorpa. Chuir thart ar 11,000 duine go láidir ina aghaidh seo agus choinnigh siad an t-ainm bunaithe. Tugadh na hÓglaigh Náisiúnta ar an gcuid eile.
Agus é ag tabhairt óráide ag an Droichead Adhmaid, i nGarraí na nGabhlán, Co. Chill Mhantáin, ar an 20 Meán Fómhair 1914, d’fhógair Seán Mac Réamainn a thacaíocht don chogadh agus d’iarr ar an hÓglaigh dul chun cogaíochta; d'impigh sé ar na hÓglaigh liostáil le hArm na Breataine agus dul ag troid ar an Mór-Roinn. D'iarr sé orthu sin a bhí i láthair a bheith fearúil agus an fód a sheasamh ː
Chruthaigh tacaíocht Redmond don Chogadh scoilt i ngluaiseacht na n-óglach. Tar éis do John Redmond iarraidh ar Óglaigh na hÉireann dul ag troid sa chogadh, chuir coiste sealadach na nÓglach, a raibh Eoin Mac Néill ina Cheann Foirne air, scoilt san eagraíocht. Ar an 24 Meán Fómhair 1914, i ráiteas sínithe ag Pádraig Mac Piarais, Seosamh Pluincéid agus poblachtaigh mhóra eile, shéan Coiste Sealadach Óglaigh na hÉireann ceannas Redmond ar an eagraíocht. Mhaígh nach féidir le hÉirinn “with honour or safety, take part in foreign quarrels otherwise than through the free action of a National Government of her own”.
Thaobhaigh tromlach na mball le Redmond, agus thug siad na "hÓglaigh Náisiúnta" orthu féin. Choinnigh na baill a d’fhan sa bhaile an t-ainm Óglaigh na hÉireann. Ar fud na tíre, thacaigh 93% de na hÓglaigh le Redmond. Ceapadh nach dtacódh aon duine le Mac Néill. Ach thacaígh timpeall 12,000 leis, fad agus a thacaígh 158,000 eile le Mac Réamoinn agus athchóiriú á dhéanamh acu orthu féin faoin ainm Na hÓglaigh Náisiúnta.
As an méid seo áfach, níor ghlac ach 25,000 ballraíocht in Arm na Breataine Móire faoi mhí Feabhra 1917.
Túr Bháibil

Is parabal i Leabhar Gheineasas é scéal Thúr Bháibil (Eabhrais: מִגְדַּל בָּבֶל, Mīgdal Bāḇel; Gréigis: Πύργος της Βαβέλ; Laidin: Turris Babel) a mhíníonn cén fáth a labhraíonn daoine go leor teangacha éagsúla.
Ag tús an scéil, labhair an cine daonna an teanga chéanna ar fud an domhain. Tháinig siad anoir go dtí tír Shionár (שִׁנְעָר‎), agus d'aontaigh siad go dtógfaidís cathair ansin, chomh maith le túr “agus a bharr ag baint neimhe amach in airde” (Geineasas 11:4). Chonaic an Tiarna an chathair agus an túr, agus dá bharr sin, rinne sé “cíor thuathail dá dteanga... i dtreo nach dtuigfidís caint a chéile a thuilleadh.” (11:7), ansin chuir sé fán orthu ar fud an domhain (11:8).
Ó Leabhar Gheineasas, Caibidil 11:
Níl an frása “Túr Bháibil” sa Bhíobla ar chor ar bith; an rud atá ann i gcónaí ná “an chathair agus an túr” (אֶת-הָעִיר וְאֶת-הַמִּגְדָּל), nó “an chathair” (הָעִיר). Ní léir cén bunús atá leis an ainm “Báibil” (an t-ainm Eabhraise ar an mBablóin freisin). Is é Bāb-ilim (“geata Dé”) an t-ainm dúchais Acáidise a bhí ar an gcathair. Mar sin féin, creidtear anois gur tháinig an fhoirm sin chun cinn mar thoradh ar shanasaíocht a chum gnáthdhaoine na hAcáide ar fhoirm níos luaithe den ainm, Babilla, atá de bhunús neamh-Sheimíteach is dócha. De réir an Bhíobla féin, fuair an chathair an t-ainm “Báibil” ón bhriathar Eabhraise בָּלַל (bālal), a chiallaíonn “measc”, nó “cuir mearbhall ar”.
Meelick Martello Tower

Meelick Martello Tower is a Martello tower constructed on Moran Island in the River Shannon between Meelick, County Galway and Clonahenoge, County Offaly. The tower was built about 1811 to protect the river at Meelick rapids where there is a fording opportunity. It was feared at the time that the French would invade Ireland from the west coast. Unusually the tower is cam-shaped with three gun emplacements. It reinforced the existing defences at Keelogue Battery on Incherky Island.
The County Offaly Record of Protected Structures lists the tower as a protected structure (ref 38-03).
Aughinish Tower

Aughinish Tower is a Martello tower at Aughinish, County Clare, Ireland. It was built as a signal and gun tower to defend Ireland against invasion by the French during the Napoleonic Wars.
The tower's construction dates back to March 1811 when 6 acres (2.4 ha) of land for the site was purchased from a Major Lynch. While the Aughinish Tower is the same design as the Finavarra Tower, its small ordnance storage building no longer exists. This structure was previously recorded as being located just west of the tower. The tower itself had accommodation for one officer and thirty-nine men on the first floor. It also contained a basement water tank, a magazine, cellar and store at ground level. An original twenty four pound cannon was still in place until 1992.
In the 1950s, townspeople from Aughinish used the tower for dancing and Ceilidh. The parties were held on special occasions such as Christmas, Easter, and for local weddings. People from New Quay often rowed across the inlet to attend the gatherings.
In 1960, a man named Duffy from Limerick purchased the tower from the Land Commission and sold the property in 1987 for an undisclosed amount of money. The current owner is from Galway and he has refurbished the tower as a residence. A steel stairway has been erected and secured to the outside of the tower.
53°10′6.63″N 9°4′0.43″W﻿ / ﻿53.1685083°N 9.0667861°W﻿ / 53.1685083; -9.0667861
Garnish Island

Garinish or Garnish Island (Irish: Garinis) (also known as Ilnacullin) is an island in Glengarriff Bay, an inlet of Bantry Bay, near the shore of the Beara Peninsula in County Cork, Ireland. It is a tourist attraction with walled gardens and a Martello tower.
The garden was designed by Harold Peto, (1854–1933), for its owner John Annan Bryce, (1841–1923), a Belfast native, who purchased the island from the War Office in 1910. Bryce's son Roland bequeathed the island to the Irish nation in 1953. It was taken over and is still maintained by the Office of Public Works. Renowned for its gardens and architecture (a mansion was designed by Peto but was never built), the island has played host to writers including George Bernard Shaw and George William Russell.
There is a restored Martello tower on the island dating from the time of the Napoleonic Wars. The tower, like others in Cork, but unlike other Irish Martello towers, has a straight cylindrical shape that does not splay out at its base.
Mains electricity was brought to the island in the early 1950s via overhead cable.
The island extends to 15 hectares (37 acres) and is renowned for its gardens which flourish in the mild humid micro-climate of Glengarriff harbour assisted by a mainly pine shelter belt. Structures include a clock tower, a Grecian temple, a Martello Tower, and an Italian casita.
Several ferries service the island from the village of Glengarriff. These ferries generally include a tour of the nearby seal colony.
Artillery Corps (Ireland)

The Artillery Corps (ARTY) (Irish: An Cór Airtléire) are the artillery corps of the Irish Army. The Corps provides fire support to other sections of the Army. The Corps was first founded in 1924.
From the Emergency (1939-1945), the Artillery Corps was organised into separate Coastal Defence, Field Artillery and Air Defence Regiments. In the late 20th century, the Coastal Defence component was dissolved and integrated with the Field Artillery component. In 2013 the Air Defence regiment also ceased to operate as a separate component, and the Field Artillery regiments, known as Brigade Artillery Regiments, took over the Air Defence role.
Today the Artillery Corps comprises the Artillery School, located in the Defence Forces Training Centre (DFTC) in the Curragh Camp, and two Brigade Artillery Regiments (one for each of the two Brigades of the army). They are located in Collins Barracks, Cork (1 BAR) and Custume Barracks, Athlone (2 BAR).
La Tour de Vinde

La Tour de Vinde (aka Noirmont Tower) is a Martello tower that the British erected between 1808 and 1810 to command the approaches to St Aubin's Bay, Jersey. The tower stands at the foot of the cliffs of Noirmont Point, in the Vingtaine de Noirmont in the Parish of Saint Brélade. During the occupation of the Channel Islands in World War II, the Germans erected Battery Lothringen on the top of Noirmont Point. The site of the tower is accessible at low tide by foot, though the tower itself is closed to the public.
La Tour de Vinde is painted black and white to serve as a daymark for sailors. Since 1915 it has housed a light that at night flashes every 12 seconds. The tower is currently under the purview of the Harbour & Airport Committee.
The name comes from the Norse, where "vinde" means to tack or go about. Once a sailing vessel heading for St Aubin's Bay had passed the point it could tack to approach the harbour.
The tower was armed with a single 18-pounder gun on its top; there was a second 18-pounder in a battery at its base. The tower supports the second floor via arches instead of a central pillar. The tower's diameter is 26 ft (7.9 m) and it stands 23 ft (7.0 m) high.
Fort Denison Light

Fort Denison Light, also known as Pinchgut Light, is an active lighthouse located on top of a Martello Tower at Fort Denison, a former penal site and defensive facility occupying a small island in Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. The island is located downstream from the Harbour Bridge near Potts Point and the Royal Botanic Gardens. The fort is also known as "Pinchgut" lending its name to the light.
The lantern and light, built in Birmingham, England, were added on top of the Martello Tower in 1913, replacing an 8 inches (20 cm) gun. The original light source was an acetylene gas carbide lamp, and it was converted to electricity by 1926. The station also includes a tide gauge, established in the mid-19th century, navigation channel markers, and a fog bell.
On 30 October 2003, the entire lightroom structure was removed for renovation. As the National Parks and Wildlife Service curator Stephen Thompson said an airlift was the safest way, the lantern was transported to shore by a helicopter in a sling. Renovation took place at a workshop in the nearby St Peters. The entire operation was coordinated by National Parks, the Sydney Ports corporation and Australian Defence Industries.
For the renovation the structure was disassembled, paint was removed and new steel patches were welded onto corroded areas. A replica base ring was fabricated and hot riveted into place. The surface was then painted and treated against corrosion.
On 20 May 2004, the lantern was returned by helicopter and reinstalled.
The light is managed by the Sydney Ports corporation. The site is managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service in the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water since 1992, as part of the Sydney Harbour National Park.
The island is accessible by boat. It is open for guided tours for a fee, requiring reservation. The tower is now open to the public.
Butter-churn tower

A butter-churn tower (German: Butterfassturm) is a two-part defensive tower in which the upper section has a smaller width than the lower section.
This design provides a ledge or fighting platform about half-way up that acts as a chemin de ronde whilst the narrower tower that rises from this platform acts as a raised observation point. The two sections of the tower are usually cylindrical, but in rarer cases butter-churn towers may have a square plan. Its name derives from its shape which is similar to that of an upright butter churn: a cylindrical container with a shorter, narrower top section.
The design appeared in the 14th century, being especially employed for the bergfriede of castles in Europe, but also for wall towers or watch towers on city walls. Its fighting or defensive value was not much greater than ordinary defensive towers, but it offered better observation over a greater distance. The construction of butter-churn towers may have been more symbolic than strategic.
In the late Middle Ages many butter-churn towers were erected in the Middle Rhine-South Hesse-Taunus region. Examples include those in Bad Homburg (the White Tower), Friedberg (the Adolfsturm), Idstein (the Witches' Tower and the bergfried of Idstein Castle) and Oberwesel (the "Oxen Tower"). The Marksburg above Braubach am Rhein had a square bergfried to which was added a small butter-churn turret in 1468. This burned down in 1705 and was replaced in 1905.
One of the tallest towers is the 56 metres (184 ft) high Round Tower, the symbol of the town of Andernach, which dates to 1453 and has an unusual variation: an octagonal upper turret with a stone gable roof. The highest bergfried of a hill castle with a butter-churn top (1370) was that of Rheinfels Castle above Sankt Goar am Rhein which was 54 metres (177 ft) high at the intermediate platform, but was destroyed in 1797. The third-highest surviving bergfried in Germany is at the Osterburg near Weida in Thuringia; it is 53 metres (174 ft) high and also designed as a butter-churn tower. It is also one of the oldest surviving bergfrieds, dating to 1193. It measures 24 metres (79 ft) to the platform and has an octagonal, stone conical roof dating to the 15th century.
Martello towers in the Greater Dublin Area

29 Martello towers and battery installations were constructed or partially constructed in the Greater Dublin Area between 1803 and 1808. The towers were intended to act as a deterrent against a foreign invasion by Napoleon and his French Armies as well as being used as general lookout posts. In later years, towers were also used as coast guard stations, lookout stations to prevent smuggling and as other general purpose military installations by various British and Irish defence forces.
The Killiney bay towers were specifically planned following a 1797 survey by a Major La Chaussée who was employed by the British administration to survey the area and plot out points of weakness and potential locations for military defensive installations.
Cap-house

A cap-house (sometimes written cap house or caphouse) is a small watch room, built at the top of a spiral staircase, often giving access to a parapet on the roof of a tower house or castle. They provided protection from the elements by enclosing the top of the stairway, and sometimes incorporated windows or gun loops. They were built in various forms, including square turrets, simple boxes, or small houses with gabled roofs, which were sometimes large enough to provide accommodation for a look-out.
Cap-houses were an authentic feature of the design of medieval and early-modern tower houses in Scotland, and were a frequent element used in the later Scottish Baronial architecture.
List of museums in Scotland

This list of museums in Scotland contains museums which are defined for this context as institutions (including nonprofit organisations, government entities, and private businesses) that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing. Also included are non-profit art galleries and university art galleries. Museums that exist only in cyberspace (i.e., virtual museums) are not included. Many other small historical displays are located in the country's stately homes, castles and public libraries.
To use the sortable table, click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order; click again for reverse alphabetical order.
List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Nova Scotia

This is a list of National Historic Sites (French: Lieux historiques nationaux) in the province of Nova Scotia. As of April 2021, there were 91 National Historic Sites designated in Nova Scotia, 26 of which are administered by Parks Canada (identified below by the beaver icon ).
Numerous National Historic Events also occurred across Nova Scotia, and are identified at places associated with them, using the same style of federal plaque which marks National Historic Sites. Several National Historic Persons are commemorated throughout the province in the same way. The markers do not indicate which designation—a Site, Event, or Person—a subject has been given.
This list uses names designated by the national Historic Sites and Monuments Board, which may differ from other names for these sites.
Martello Gallery-Key West Art and Historical Museum

The Fort East Martello Museum & Gardens (also known as the East Martello Tower), is a historic site located at 3501 South Roosevelt Boulevard, Key West, Florida, United States. On June 19, 1972, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. It is the best-preserved example of the Martello style of military architecture in the country.
The site features exhibits of local history and art. Displays include early settlement, sponging and fishing, Cuban influence, military involvement, writers and other characters. The museum features works by folk artist Mario Sanchez, art created from junk by Stanley Papio, and Robert the Doll, a supposedly haunted doll belonging to the late artist Robert Eugene Otto. The Key West Art & Historical Society operates the museum.
James Joyce Tower and Museum

The James Joyce Tower and Museum is a Martello tower in Sandycove, Dublin, where James Joyce spent six nights in 1904. The opening scenes of his 1922 novel Ulysses take place here, and the tower is a place of pilgrimage for Joyce enthusiasts, especially on Bloomsday. Admission is free.
The tower was leased from the War Office by Joyce's university friend Oliver St. John Gogarty, with the purpose of "Hellenising" Ireland. Joyce stayed there for six days, from 9 to 14 September in 1904. Gogarty later attributed Joyce's abrupt departure to a midnight incident with a loaded revolver.
The opening scenes of Ulysses are set the morning after this incident. Gogarty is immortalised as "Stately, plump Buck Mulligan" (the opening words of the novel).
The tower now contains a museum dedicated to Joyce and displays some of his possessions and other ephemera associated with Ulysses (e.g., "Plumtree's Potted Meat" pot). The living space is set up to resemble its 1904 appearance, and contains a ceramic panther to represent one seen in a dream by a resident.
It was purchased in 1954 by architect Michael Scott who, in 1937, built his house, Geragh, next door, on a former quarry. In 1962, he donated the tower for the purpose of making it a museum. Michael Scott is co-founder, with financial assistance by John Huston, of the James Joyce Museum at the Joyce Tower.
The Tower became a museum opening on 16 June 1962 through the efforts of Dublin artist John Ryan. Ryan also rescued the front door to 7 Eccles Street (now at the James Joyce Centre) from demolition and organised, with Brian O'Nolan, the first Bloomsday Celebration in 1954.
The James Joyce Tower is open Thursday-Sunday, 10am-4pm Admission is free, though visits can be booked in advance on the website for a small donation. The museum is run by the Friends of Joyce Tower Society on a voluntary basis.
Jaywick Martello Tower

Jaywick Martello Tower is a renovated Martello tower at Jaywick, 2.7 miles (4.3 km) south-west of Clacton-on-Sea, Essex. It now functions as an arts, heritage and community venue. It is a Grade II listed building and a scheduled monument.
The tower was one of several Martello towers on the east coast of England. They were constructed to defend the country against invasion by Napoleon Bonaparte and his armies. In total, 103 Martello towers were built between 1804 and 1812, 74 were built between 1804 and 1808 along the Kent and Sussex coast from Folkestone to Seaford, and 29 along the east coast between Point Clear near St Osyth and Aldeburgh from 1809 to 1812. The south coast towers were numbered 1 – 74 and the east coast towers were lettered A – Z. Three other east coast towers are known as AA, BB and CC. The tower at Jaywick is Tower D.
The tower was constructed from around 750,000 London Clay bricks manufactured at Grays and transported by barge. The brick walls are 2–3 metres (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in) thick and around 10 metres (33 ft) high. The roof held three sea-facing cannon, usually one heavier gun flanked by two smaller howitzers. The tower at Jaywick retains the installations for the cannon.
In 1904, the tower was sold by the War Office and became part of a golf course.
In 2005 the tower opened as a gallery space and arts venue managed by Essex County Council. It also provides a venue for a range of projects and events including community workshops, living history experiences, and live music. In 2011, a couple got married in the tower. In 2019, the tower hosted a meeting to discuss actions following Historic England reporting that several Martello Towers along this stretch of coast are in need of serious repairs.
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51°46′22″N 1°05′42″E﻿ / ﻿51.7727°N 1.0949°E﻿ / 51.7727; 1.0949
Crockness Martello tower

Crockness Martello Tower is a Martello Tower on Hoy, Orkney, Scotland. It was built during the Napoleonic Wars, at the same time as the Martello Tower at Hackness. It is on the north side of Longhope Sound to the north of Crock Ness point and the hamlet of Crockness, while Hackness is on the south side of the Sound. Crockness Martello Tower is currently not open to the public.
58°49′23″N 3°10′19″W﻿ / ﻿58.8231°N 3.1719°W﻿ / 58.8231; -3.1719
Alice Pataxó

Alice Pataxó (Prado, 7 de junho de 2001) é uma comunicadora e ativista indígena. Ganhou repercussão nacional e internacional ao participar da COP26 em Glasgow, sendo porta-voz da defesa do meio-ambiente e dos direitos indígenas. Foi indicada por Malala Yousafzai para o prêmio "100 mulheres mais inspiradoras e influentes do mundo em 2022" pela BBC.
De origem Pataxó do Sul da Bahia, Alice vem da Aldeia Craveiro no Prado-Bahia (seu nome indígena na sua língua-Patxôhã) é Nuhé, hoje nome do seu canal.
Discente do Bacharelado Interdisciplinar em Humanidades na Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia (UFSB) com segundo ciclo para Direito. Alice tem 20 anos, mas já conta com grande destaque no Ativismo e nas mídias com seu trabalho na comunicação. Sua luta no movimento começou aos 14 anos quando ingressou no movimento estudantil organizado no Brasil e aos 15 anos se tornou liderança de sua aldeia.
Hoje assume uma posição importante na comunicação indígena do país, Jornalista no Projeto Colabora e no Yahoo Notícias ela escreve artigos sobre a vivências, atualidades e descolonização de povos indígenas, ainda participa como colunista do Fontes BR e no blog da Tucum Brasil, Também é integrante das Cunhataí ikhã (Meninas na luta) um projeto da Anaí-Associação Nacional de Ações indigenistas, para meninas indígena de diferentes povos do nordeste para incentivar a fala dessas meninas e a luta pela igualdade de gênero e ao acesso a educação nas aldeias, ainda mais recente se tornou a primeira indigena Embaixadora da WWF Brasil.
Recebeu o prêmio "100 mulheres mais inspiradoras e influentes do mundo em 2022" pela BBC, para o qual foi indicada por Malala Yousafzai.