davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Baud, Morbihan

Baud (Baod in Breton) is a commune in the Morbihan département in Brittany in northwestern France.
There are many flower beds on the approaches to the town and in the area around the church. The "Town Centre" is the highest point of the town in the area besides the Church. Baud is essentially a market town, a location where the local farmers used to trade their goods for services. Baud is situated on the crossroads of two major roads bisecting Brittany: the North South Road, which links Saint-Brieuc and Saint-Malo on the north coast to the ancient towns of Vannes and Lorient on the south coast, and the East West Road which links Rennes (the capital of Brittany) to Quimper (an old cultural capital). The Quimper Road then continues on to the tip of Brittany at Brest.
Baud is the administration centre for a number of small villages in the vicinity. It has a police station, fire brigade, ambulance, a large secondary school, a school of music and dance - "la maison des arts", a library and a selection of sporting facilities including a swimming pool, tennis courts, two football fields and a stadium. It also has a number of primary schools including a diwan school teaching in the Breton language.
It has a fair range of social outlets. A cinema, the "Celtic", which is unusual in rural France, a nightclub called "Le Podium" and a selection of restaurants and pubs and similar. There is a small market held on Saturdays where animals such as rabbits, turkeys, ducks and chickens can be purchased. There are several supermarkets including Champion, Lidl, Intermarché and a number of bakeries. There are a number of pharmacies, medical doctors and nursing services in the town.
There are many festivals that take place in and around Baud. These include the beer festival, the camion cross, the auto cross, the music festival and the festival of traditional crafts.
The town's population is about 6000, and is growing each year. There are extensive small scale property developments particularly to the west of the town. Over the last few years, Baud has become popular as a location to have a holiday or retirement home and there is a growing number of estate agents.
The Blavet river basin is a local beauty spot. This river links with the Canal de Nantes à Brest at Pontivy. There are extensive cycle / pedestrian paths along the riverbank.
The famous statue Vénus de Quinipily is situated on the outskirts of Baud.
Baud is also home to the Musée de la carte postale, with a focus on images and artifacts of regional interest.
The Ével forms most of the commune's eastern border, flows westward through the middle of the commune, forms part of its western border, then flows into the Blavet, which forms the commune's north-western border.
Baud is at the crossroad between Pontivy, Lorient and Vannes which makes Baud a good town to take a halt.
Inhabitants of Baud were called Baudais, but now they are called Baldiviens.
In 2008, 10.7% of primary-school children attended bilingual schools.
List of twin towns and sister cities in China

This is a list of places in China which have standing links to local communities in other countries known as "town twinning" (usually in Europe) or "sister cities" (usually in the rest of the world).
Anguo
Anqing
Anshan
Baoding
Baotou
Beihai
Beijing
Bengbu
Bozhou
Changchun
Changji
Changsha
Changshu
Changzhou
Chaohu
Chengdu
Chenzhou
Chizhou
Chongqing
Chongqing – Nanchuan
Cixi
Dalian
Dandong
Daqing
Datong
Deqing
Deyang
Dujiangyan
Dunhuang
Emeishan
Foshan
Fuzhou
Guang'an
Guanghan
Guangzhou
Guilin
Guiyang
Haikou
Hami
Handan
Hangzhou
Hangzhou – Fuyang
Hangzhou – Xiaoshan
Harbin
Harbin – Daoli
Hefei
Hegang
Heihe
Huai'an
Huaibei
Huainan
Huangshan
Huizhou
Hulunbuir
Hulunbuir – Hailar
Jiamusi
Jiangmen
Jiangyin
Jiaxing
Jilin City
Jinan
Jining
Jiujiang
Jixi
Kaifeng
Kaili
Karamay
Kashgar
Kunming
Kunshan
Lanzhou
Leshan
Lhasa
Lianyungang
Lijiang
Liuzhou
Lu'an
Luoyang
Luzhou
Ma'anshan
Macau
Meishan
Mianyang
Mingguang
Mudanjiang
Nanchang
Nanchong
Nanjing
Nanning
Ningbo
Pengzhou
Pinghu
Qingdao
Qiqihar
Qitaihe
Quanzhou
Quzhou
Sanmenxia
Sanya
Shanghai
Shantou
Shaoxing
Shenyang
Shenzhen
Shihezi
Shijiazhuang
Shuangyashan
Suining
Suzhou, Anhui
Suzhou, Jiangsu
Suzhou – Gusu
Suzhou – Wujiang
Suzhou – Wuzhong
Tacheng
Taicang
Taiyuan
Taizhou, Jiangsu
Taizhou, Zhejiang
Tang
Tianjin
Tongling
Ürümqi
Weihai
Weinan
Wenzhou
Wuhan
Wuhu
Wuxi
Wuxi – Binhu
Wuxi – Huishan
Wuxi – Xinwu
Wuxi – Xishan
Xi'an
Xiamen
Xiamen – Siming
Xianyang
Xining
Xinxiang
Xuancheng
Xuzhou
Yangquan
Yangzhou
Yantai
Yantai – Penglai
Yibin
Yichang
Yichun
Yinchuan
Yixing
Yueyang
Yuyao
Zhangjiagang
Zhangjiakou
Zhanjiang
Zhangzhou
Zhengzhou
Zhenjiang
Zhongshan
Zhuhai
Zibo
Zigong
Melaine

Saint Melaine (Latin: Melanius or Mellanus; Breton: Melani; Cornish: Melan; Welsh: Mellon) was a 6th-century Bishop of Rennes in Brittany (now in France).
Melaine was born at near Redon in Plaz in Brain, to a Gallo-Roman family. He became a monk and then abbot of a small monastery he established near his home. He was nominated the successor to Bishop Amand of Rennes. Traditions recounted by Baring-Gould state that on the death of Amand, he was compelled by the local population to become the next Bishop, accepting the role with great reluctance; that he performed many miracles and put an end to heathen practices; and that following his death at La Vilaine, his body was placed on a boat which then returned to Rennes against the current without the assistance of rowers or sails. (However, Louis Duchesne is of opinion that the Amandus reckoned among the bishops of Rennes at the end of the fifth century is the same as Amand of Rodez. He therefore excludes him from his list of authentic bishops of Rennes.)
During his rule, Clovis took over the area and Melaine became his trusted advisor. He opposed immigration from Britain and attended the First Council of Orléans in 511. He died at Plaz in 530 and was buried in the Abbey Church of Notre-Dame en Saint-Mélaine in Rennes.
Melaine quickly became revered as a saint, especially after the wooden tower above his grave burnt down and his tomb miraculously survived. Saint Melaine is the principal patron saint of the Diocese of Rennes. The abbey church of Notre-Dame-en-Saint-Melaine in Rennes was dedicated to him.
His feast day is 6 November. In the 2004 edition of the Roman Martyrology, Melaine is listed under 6 November, with the Latin name Melánii. He is mentioned as follows: 'At Rhedónibus (Rennes) in Brittany, bishop, who passed to God in the place called Plácium on the River Vicenóniam (Vilaine), where with his own hands he built a church and gathered a congregation of monks and servants of God'.
In the English translation of the 1956 edition of the Roman Martyrology, he is listed under 6 January with the citation: At Rennes, in France, St Melanius, Bishop and Confessor, who displayed innumerable virtues, and with his thoughts ever fixed on heaven, passed from the world in glory. In the Diocese of Quimper his feast is celebrated on 6 January.
In Cornwall, he is the patron of the villages of St Mellion and Mullion, where there is a tradition of his visit.
In Wales, his feast is celebrated locally on 10 October rather than 11 October at St Mellons, in modern-day Cardiff, though there is ambiguity over whether Melaine is the Saint 'Mellonius' said to have been born there.
Redon, Ille-et-Vilaine

Redon (French pronunciation: [ʁədɔ̃] ; Breton pronunciation: [ˈreːdõn]) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.
Redon borders the Morbihan and Loire-Atlantique departments.
It is situated at the junction of the Oust and Vilaine rivers and Nantes-Brest canal, which makes it well known for its autumn and winter floods.
It is located at 50 km from Nantes, Rennes, Vannes and their airports
The town has a station which connects to Quimper and Rennes then Paris in 2h05.
Very little information exists about this area before 832; however, it would seem that there was a parish by the name of Riedones which gave the town its name. In 832, Conwoion, a Breton monk with the help of the Carolingian Emperor Louis the Pious founded the abbey of Saint-Sauveur de Redon. Today, documents relating to the life of the abbey still exist.
The town developed around the abbey until a small rural community of 6,000 inhabitants was formed in the 1960s.
In the Middle Ages, Redon benefitted from maritime commerce due to its location on the Vilaine.
Inhabitants of Redon are called Redonnais/Redonnaises in French.
The municipality launched a linguistic plan through Ya d'ar brezhoneg on 10 October 2008.
In 2008, 14.31% of primary-school children attended bilingual schools.
Redon is twinned with:
Freshwater Bay (Washington)

Freshwater Bay is a bay upon the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the northern coast of the Olympic Peninsula, 10 miles (16 km) west of Port Angeles off State Route 112 and 3 miles (4.8 km) north on Freshwater Bay Road. It is just east of Striped Peak. The bay has water access via a small boat ramp, although launching is only recommended for small boats and kayaks. Launching and retrieving of boats can be especially difficult at low tide, as the bay is very shallow, leaving the small paved ramp completely exposed. The launch ramp has no dock.
The park also includes 1,450 lineal feet of public tidelands. It is a starting point for many boaters and kayakers. Also, located there is a 5-acre (20,000 m) park open during the summer months.
A small public beach is accessible surrounding the boat ramp, and at low tide extends significantly northward into the bay. One can also go clamming and observe a number of species of wildlife, including, sea stars, sea anemones, kelp, and sea gulls. Bachelor Rock, a sea stack, is also visible from the bay.
The Spanish Explorer Manuel Quimper named the bay Ensenada de Davila in 1790. It received its present name in 1846 from Henry Kellett.
48°08′31″N 123°35′43″W﻿ / ﻿48.14194°N 123.59528°W﻿ / 48.14194; -123.59528
René-Marie Madec

René-Marie Madec (February 7, 1736 – 1784), called Medoc in Anglo-Indian writings, was a French adventurer in India.
Madec was born at Quimper in Brittany to poor parents.
Aged twelve, he embarked as ship's boy on a boat from Lorient heading for the island of Hispaniola (present day Dominican Republic). From there, he embarked for Pondichéry, a French trading post in India. Madec lived there for about twenty five years, sometimes a French corsair, sometimes a British corsair. He became a soldier under Joseph François Dupleix and sergeant under Lally-Tollendal. Being taken prisoner by the British, he enlisted in the Bengal army. Deserting with some of his companions shortly before the Battle of Buxar (1764), he became military instructor to various native princes, organizing successively the forces of Shuja-ud-Dowlah the Nawab of Oudh, and of the Jats and Rohillas.
In 1772 he took service under the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, who gave him the title of Nawab, reserved to the highest dignitaries of the Sultan's court. When that prince was defeated at Delhi by the Marathas, Madec rejoined his own countrymen in Puducherry, where he took an active part in the defence of the town (1778). He became the King of the Deccan, defender of the Indies for the King of France and accumulated great wealth.
After the capitulation of Puducherry, in 1779, he returned to France with a considerable fortune. The King appointed him Colonel and named him Chevalier de Saint Louis. He then settled in Quimper, at house number 5 of the street which nowadays bears his name, not far from his birth-house. He lived a fabulous life until a bad fall off a horse in 1784. He died soon thereafter. He is buried in the graveyard at Penhars.
At one point of time he formed a scheme of a French alliance with the Mughal Emperor against the British, but the project came to nothing.
African Queen (boat)

African Queen (also known as S/L Livingstone) was the name of two boats used in the 1951 movie The African Queen starring Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. It was filmed in the Belgian Congo on a tributary of the Congo River, and on the Nile in the Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda. Two boats were used, one in each location. One of the boats is now located in Key Largo, Florida, and on February 18, 1992, was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The other is located in Jinja, Uganda.
This African Queen was a 30-foot steam boat built of riveted sheet iron in 1912 in the United Kingdom for service in Africa on the Victoria Nile and Lake Albert where the movie was filmed in 1950. Originally named Livingstone, she was built for the British East Africa Railway and used from 1912 to 1968. She spent most of her first 50 years in the waters of the Ruki River in the northern Democratic Republic of Congo where she was used to transport hunters, mercenaries, and cargo.
According to an article on its 2012 restoration, the boat was built by Lytham Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., as evidenced by the boiler plate and Lancashire records.
The boat was found in Cairo, Egypt in the 1970s, with coal still in its bilges. Purchased and shipped to the United States, she has had a succession of owners and is currently held in trust. The boat was refurbished in 2012, including installation of an interior steel hull frame and new boiler, and restored to service as a tourist boat.
The other African Queen was built in 1950 for the film and was discovered by Yank Evans, a Patagonian mechanical engineer who had come across what was left of the vessel while working on the roads in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda in 1984. "Yank came across a carcass of a steel boat, in the bushes there just left to rot. He asked the locals what this was and they said well that's the African Queen. So he bought it off the National Parks for $1." Evans, who had worked on the boat with his son Billy and gave her a steam engine then stored the boat when he moved to Kenya in 1997 and her new home became a trailer in the garden.
Cam McLeay purchased the Nile African Queen after hearing her story and set to finishing the restorations and getting the boat's original steam engine functioning and in the water. McLeay and his team rebuilt the African Queen's century-old Brady steam engine and replating the hull and replacing over 100 pipes, sourcing parts mostly from the UK but also from within Uganda.
مقبرہ نور جہاں

مقبرہ نور جہاں (Tomb of Nur Jahan) شاہدره باغ، پنجاب، پاکستان میں واقع ایک مقبرہ ہے۔ اسے مغل شہنشاہ نورالدین جہانگیر کی ملکہ نورجہاں کے لیے حکومت کروایا گیا تھا۔
مقبرے کی حالت انتہائی تکلیف دہ ہے۔ مقبرے کے گرد باغات کے ایک بڑے حصے پر سرکاری دفاعی ادارے نے ایک باڑ لگا کر اپنے استعمال میں رکھا ہوا ہے۔ تاہم تھوڑے عرصے سے مقبرے کی چاردیواری شروع کی گئی ہے جو مقبرے کی اصل حدود سے کافی اندر ہونے کی وجہ سے مقبرے کا رقبہ بہت کم ہو گیا ہے۔ مقبرے کی مغربی اور شمال سیدھ کی دیواروں پر ستر کی دہائی میں کچھ کام ہوا تھا جبکہ مشرقی اور جنوبی سیدھ کی دیواریں آج روز تک بغیر پتھر کے ہیں۔ عمارت کے وسط میں دونوں قبور کے تعویذ دکھائی دیتے ہیں جن پر سنگ مرمر لگا ہوا ہے۔
ان پر اسمائے ربی کندہ ہیں جبکہ لاڈلی بیگم اور نور جہاں کی اصل قبور نیچے تہ خانے میں ہیں جن کے گرد فرش برابر کر دیا گیا ہے اور اس کے اردگرد لوہے کی زنجیریں باندھ کر ان نشانوں کا احترام باقی رکھا گیا ہے جبکہ اوپر والی منزل پر حکیم حافظ محمد اجمل خان دہلوی حاذق الملک بہادر مرحوم کی طرف سے سنگ مر مر کی ایک لوح نصب ہے جس پر یہ تحریر ملتی ہے:
حاذق الملک حکیم محمد اجمل خان در 1913ء بمطابق 1430 ہجری ایں لوح دا نصب کرد نہ
شاید نور جہاں کو اپنے مقبرے سے ہونے والے سلوک کا علم پہلے سے تھا۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ ایک زمانے تک نور جہاں کی خود تحریر کردہ لوح بھی نصب تھی جو ہمیں پران نوئل کی یادداشتوں میں یوں ملتی ہے:
مقبرے کی عمارت میں موجود تہ خانوں کے باعث زمینی منزل کے چاروں جانب روشن دانوں کے لیے سفید جالیاں نصب کی گئیں تھیں جو اب چونے کی ہیں ۔ مقبرے کی مشرقی جانب چبوترے کے ساتھ نیچے تہ خانے کو جانے کا رستہ ہے جس پر ایک لوہے کا دروازہ ہے اور عوام الناس کے لیے بند ہے۔ اس دروازے سے نیچے اترنے کے لیے کچھ سیڑھیاں ہیں۔ دائیں جانب ایک سرنگ کا راستہ ہے جو بند کر دیا گیا ہے۔ اس سے آگے ایک محرابی گزرگاہ ہے۔ جس سے انسان کو سر جھکا کر گذرنا پڑتا ہے۔ یہاں پر کسی بھی قسم کی برقی آلات کی سہولت موجود نہیں ۔ خصوصی اجازت سے اندر جانے والے لوگ اپنے ساتھ موم بتیاں لے کر جاتے ہیں ۔ اندر لوہے کی زنجیر کے اندر دونوں قبور کے نشان ہیں۔ نہ کوئی آرائش، نہ کوئی زیبائش بس ایک خاموشی اور چاروں طرف تاریکی ہے۔ اندر جانے والے لوگ کئی لمحوں تک رنج و الم کی کیفیت میں مبتلا رہتے ہیں جب وہ تاریخ کی ایشیا کی طاقتور ملکہ کے مقبرے کی حالت کو دیکھتے ہیں۔
نور جہاں پانیزئی

ڈاکٹر نور جہاں پانیزئی 21 مارچ 1991 سے 20 مارچ 1994 تک نائب صدر ایوان بالا پاکستان کے طور پر خدمات انجام دیتی رہیں۔ وہ مذکورہ عہدہ سنبھالنے والی پہلی خاتون تھیں۔
وہ 30 اگست 2014 کو انتقال کر گئیں۔
نور جہاں (فلم)

نور جہاں (انگریزی: Noor Jehan) محمد صادق کی ہدایت کارِی میں 1967ء بننے والی ایک بالی وڈ فلم تھی جس کے پروڈیوسر شیخ مختار تھے۔
سرگم (پاکستانی فلم)

سرگم (انگریزی: Sargam) 1995ء میں جاری ہونے والی اردو زبان میں پاکستانی نغماتی فلم تھی۔
فلم سرگم یکم ستمبر، 1995ء میں نمائش کے لیے پیش ہوئی۔ اس فلم کے فلم ساز، ہدایت کار اور کہانی کار سید نور ،موسیقار عدنان سمیع خان اور نغمہ نگار ریاض الرحمان ساغر تھے۔
اس فلم کی موسیقی عدنان سمیع خان نے ترتیب دی جبکہ نغمات ریاض الرحمان ساغر نے لکھے۔ اس فلم میں استاد حامد علی خان، آشا بھوسلے، حدیقہ کیانی، عدنان سمیع خان اور مہاراج غلام حسین کتھک نے اپنی آواز کا جادو جگایا۔
سرگم نے مجموعی طور پر 8 نگار ایوارڈ حاصل کیے۔ سرگم نے یہ ایوارڈ جن شعبوں میں حاصل کیے ان میں:
آئینہ (1977ء پاکستانی فلم)

آئینہ (انگریزی: Aina) 1977ء میں جاری ہونے والی اردو زبان میں پاکستانی فلم تھی۔
فلم آئینہ 18 مارچ، 1977ء میں نمائش کے لیے پیش ہوئی۔ اس فلم کے فلم ساز اے آر شمسی، ہدایت کار نذر الاسلام،نغمہ نگار تسلیم فاضلی، اختر یوسف اور موسیقار روبن گھوش تھے۔ آئینہ نے پاکستان میں کامیابی کے نئے ریکارڈ قائم کیے۔ کراچی صرف ایک سینما اسکالا میں اس کی نمائش 4 سال، 9 ماہ، 27 دن جاری رہی۔ یوں اس فلم نے مجموعی طور پر اپنی نمائش کے 401 ہفتے مکمل کیے۔
فلم کی کاسٹ میں ندیم، شبنم، ریحان، قوی خان، زرقا، شاہ زیب (چائلڈ اسٹار)، خالد سلیم موٹا، حنیف، ناصرہ، بابر، نمو اور نینا شامل تھے۔
اس فلم کی موسیقی روبن گھوش نے ترتیب دی جبکہ نغمات تسلیم فاضلی اور اختر یوسف نے لکھے۔ اس فلم میں مہدی حسن، مہناز بیگم، نیرہ نور اور عالگیر نے اپنی آواز کا جادو جگایا۔
آئینہ نے مجموعی طور پر 12 نگار ایوارڈ حاصل کیے۔ یہ ریکارڈ ایسا ریکارڈ ہے جو آج بھی قائم ہے۔ آئینہ نے یہ ایوارڈ جن شعبوں میں حاصل کیے ان میں :
خوشبو (پاکستانی اداکارہ)

خوشبو ایک پاکستانی اداکارہ ہے جو 1969ء کو لاہور میں پیدا ہوئی ان کی پہلی فلم ماں بنی دلہن 1988ء تھی جس سے اس نے اپنے کیرئیر کا آغاز کیا۔ ‎
عارفہ صدیقی (پاکستانی اداکارہ)

عارفہ صدیقی (انگریزی: Arifa Siddiqui) (ولادت: 9 جون 1969ء) ایک پاکستانی اداکارہ اور گلوکارہ ہیں جنھوں نے 1980ء اور 1990ء کی دہائی میں پی ٹی وی اور پاکستانی ٹیلی ویژن کے لیے کام کیا۔
عارفہ صدیقی 9 جون 1969ء کو پاکستان کے شہر لاہور میں پیدا ہوئیں۔ عارفہ اداکارہ طلعت صدیقی کی بیٹی ہیں جنھوں نے ریڈیو پاکستان اور پاکستانی سنیما میں کام کیا۔ ان کی بہن ناہید صدیقی کلاسیکی رقاصہ ہیں اور ٹیلی ویژن کی شخصیت ضیا محی الدین سے شادی کی۔ عارفہ ایک اور مشہور پاکستانی پاپ اور ٹی وی گلوکارہ فریحہ پرویز کی کزن بھی ہیں۔
عارفہ صدیقی نے پہلے استاد نظر حسین سے شادی کی جو عمر میں عارفہ صدیقی سے 30 سال بڑے تھے۔ استاد نظر حسین پاکستان کے پی ٹی وی، لاہور میں موسیقی کمپوزر اور گلوکار تھے جو عارفہ صدیقی کے موسیقی کے استاد بھی تھے۔ یہ ایک محبت والی شادی تھی اور جنوری 2018ء میں پھیپھڑوں کے کینسر کی وجہ سے استاد نظر حسین کی موت تک، 23 سال دونوں ایک ساتھ رہے۔ عارفہ نے پہلی شادی کے بعد ٹی وی دنیا چھوڑ دی تھی۔ استاد نذر حسین کی وفات کے بعد، عارفہ نے تعبیر علی سے شادی کی جو ایک کمپوزر اور گلوکار بھی ہیں۔جس کے ساتھ اس کا ایک گانا کچھ بھی نہیں 2022ء میں ریلیز کیا۔
عارفہ نے کم عمری میں ہی اداکاری اور گلوکاری شروع کر دی تھی۔ وہ پاکستان میں مختلف ٹی وی سیریل یا پروگراموں میں نظر آ چکی ہیں ۔
سونیا جہاں

سونیا رضوی (ولادت: 24 اپریل 1980ء) جو اپنے فلمی نام سونیا جہاں سے مشہور ہیں، ایک پاکستانی فلمی اداکارہ ہیں جو بنیادی طور پر اردو اور ہندی زبان کی فلموں میں کام کرتی ہیں۔ سونیا جہاں نے متعدد پاکستانی ڈراموں، اشتہاروں اور بھارتی بالی وڈ فلموں میں کام کیا- سونیا معروف گلوکارہ نور جہاں اور فلمساز شوکت حسین رضوی کی پوتی ہیں۔ انھوں نے متعدد فلموں میں معاون کردار ادا کرنے کے لیے جانا جاتا ہے، ان میں فلم مائی نیم اِز خان (2010ء)، انگریزی زبان میں سیاسی فلم “دی ریلکٹنٹ فنڈامینٹلسٹ” (2012ء) اور آنے والا دور کا میوزیکل ڈراما ہو من جہاں (2015ء) شامل ہیں۔ سونیا رضوی کو ان کے کرداروں کے لیے نگار ایوارڈ کے بہترین معاون اداکارہ کے لیے نامزد کیا گیا تھا۔
سونیا رضوی نے فلموں میں اداکاری کے علاوہ، ایک باورچی شو میں بطور جج کام کیا ہے اور وہ کراچی کے فرانسیسی ریستوراں، کیفے فلو کی مالک ہیں۔
سونیا جہاں 24 اپریل 1980ء کو پاکستان کے شہر کراچی میں پیدا ہوئیں۔ان کے والد اکبر حسین رضوی کراچی میں مقیم ایک کاروباری ہیں اور ان کی والدہ ، فلورنس رضوی ایک فرانسیسی شہری ہے۔ سونیا کا اصل نام سونیا رضوی ہے لیکن انھوں نے اپنی دادی، معروف گلوکارہ نور جہاں کے اعزاز میں اپنا آخری نام بدل کر جہان کر دیا۔ان کا ایک بھائی ہے ، اس کا نام سکندر رضوی ہے، جو فلمی اداکا رہے۔ سونیامعروف فلم ساز شوکت حسین رضوی کی پوتی ، گلوکارہ ظل ہما کی بھانجی اور اداکار احمد علی بٹ کی پہلی کزن ہیں۔
سونیا جہاں کی شادی ایک ہندوستانی بینکر، ویویک نارائن سے 2005ء میں ہوئی ہے اور وہ بھارت کی دار الحکومت دہلی میں رہائش پزیر ہیں۔ اس شادی سے سونیا کے دو بچے، ایک بیٹی نور اور ایک بیٹا نروان ہیں۔ سونیا اپنے شوہر ویوک کے ساتھ مل کر ایک کلب، کورم کی مالک ہیں، جس کی شاخیں گرو گرام اور ممبئی میں ہیں۔ سونیا ایک ریسٹورنٹ جس کا نام کوالسکی ہے، کی مالکن ہیں اور وہ کراچی کے فرانسیسی ریستوراں، کیفے فلو کی بھی مالکن ہیں۔
چوڑیاں (فلم)

چوڑیاں (انگریزی: Choorian) ‏1998ء میں نمائش کے لیے پیش ہونے والی پنجابی زبان کی پاکستان کی مقبول ترین نغماتی فلم تھی۔ فلم چوڑیاں نے صرف لاہور میں 200 سے زیادہ ہفتے چلنے کا ریکارڈ قائم کیا جو آج تک قائم ہے۔
چوڑیاں کی نمائش 15 اکتوبر، 1998ء کو ہوئی۔ اس فلم کے فلم ساز حاجی فقیر محمد، ہدایت کار و اسکرین پلے سید نور، کہانی کار رخسانہ نور، موسیقار ذو الفقار علی، نغمہ نگار احمد عقیل روبی، تدوین کار شوکت علی اور عکاس نصیر الدین تھے۔
اس فلم کی موسیقی ذو الفقار علی نے ترتیب دی جبکہ نغمات احمد عقیل روبی تحریر کیے۔ پس پردہ گلوکاروں میں سائرہ نسیم، عذرا جہاں، نصرت فتح علی خان اور امیر علی شامل تھے۔
فلم چوڑیاں نے مجموعی طور پر 14 نگار ایوارڈ حاصل کیے۔ اس فلم نے یہ ایوارڈ جن شعبوں میں حاصل کیے ان میں:
بہارو پھول برساؤ (فلم)

بہارو پھول برساؤ (انگریزی: Baharo Phool Barsao)، اردو زبان میں 1972ء میں ریلیز ہونے والی بلاک بسٹر گولڈن جوبلی پاکستانی فلم تھی۔ اس فلم کو سال 1972ء کی بہترین فلم کا نگار ایوارڈ ملا۔
فلم بہارو پھول برساؤ 11 اگست، 1972ء میں نمائش کے لیے پیش ہوئی۔ اس فلم کے فلم ساز، ہدایت کار اور مصنف ایم صادق، موسیقار ناشاد اور نغمہ نگار شیون رضوی تھے۔ ایم صادق بھارتی فلمی صنعت کے معروف مصنف اور ہدایت کار تھے، بہارو پھول برساؤ ان کی پاکستان میں ان کی پہلی اور آخری فلم تھی۔ پاکستان منتقل ہونے سے پہلے بھارت میں وہ رتن، کاجل، پگڑی، سبق، ڈاک بنگلہ اور جگ بیتی جیسی فلمیں بنائیں۔ 3 اکتوبر، 1971ء میں ایم صادق کے انتقال کے بعد اس فلم کو حسن طارق نے مکمل کیا۔
اس فلم کی موسیقی معروف موسیقار ناشاد نے ترتیب دی جبکہ نغمات شیون رضوی نے تحریر کیے۔ اس فلم میں میڈم نورجہاں، مسعود رانا، تصور خانم، مالااور احمد رشدی نے اپنی آواز کا جادو جگایا۔
بہارو پھول برساؤ نے مجموعی طور پر 4 نگار ایوارڈ حاصل کیے۔ یہ ایوارڈ جن شعبوں میں حاصل کیے ان میں:
مشتاق گزدر

مشتاق گزدر (انگریزی: Mushtaq Gazdar) (پیدائش: 1940ء - وفات: 15 نومبر، 2000ء) پاکستان سے تعلق رکھنے والے ممتاز فلمساز، مصنف، محقق اور آرٹس کونسل آف پاکستان کراچی کے سیکریٹری تھے۔ وہ دستاویزی فلمیں بنانے میں اختصاص رکھتے تھے۔
مشتاق گزدر 1940ء کوکراچی، برطانوی ہندوستان (موجودہ پاکستان) میں پیدا ہوئے۔ وہ دستاویزی فلمیں بنانے میں اختصاص رکھتے تھے اور انھوں نے 175 سے زیادہ مختصر فلمیں، دستاویزی فلمیں اور نیوز ریلز بنائی تھیں۔ انھوں نے طویل دورانیے کا ایک کھیل گرہستن اور ایک ڈراما سیریل آنسوؤں کا سمندر بھی بنایا تھا۔ انھوں نے متعدد قومی اور بین الاقوامی اعزازات بھی حاصل کیے تھے جن میں نگار پبلک فلم ایوارڈ،فن لینڈ کا ٹیمپیرے انٹرنیشنل فلم فیسٹیول کا گرانڈ پرکس ایوارڈ اور 14 اگست، 1990ء کو عطا کیا جانے والا صدارتی اعزاز برائے حسن کارکردگی شامل تھا۔۔
وہ پاکستانی فلمی صنعت کی تاریخ پاکستان سنیما (1947ء تا1977ء) کے مصنف تھے اور زندگی کے آخری ایام میں آرٹس کونسل آف پاکستان کراچی کے سیکریٹری کے عہدے پر فائز تھے۔
مشتاق گزدر 15 نومبر، 2000ء کو کراچی، پاکستان میں وفات پا گئے۔
اعجاز درانی

اعجاز درانی (ولادت: 18 اپریل 1935ء - وفات: 1 مارچ 2021ء) جنہیں فلمی صنعت میں صرف اعجاز کے نام سے بھی جانا جاتا ہے ایک پاکستانی اداکار، فلمی ہدایت کار اور فلم پروڈیوسر تھے۔ انھوں نے نور جہاں سے شادی بھی کی لیکن بعد میں طلاق دے دی۔ ان کی سب سے مشہور فلم ہیر رانجھا ہے۔ 1 مارچ 2021ء کو وہ لاہور میں انتقال کر گئے۔ وہ طویل عرصہ سے علیل تھے۔
شاہراہ نورجہاں

مغل ملکہ نورجہاں کے نام سے موسوم یہ شاہراہ شمالی ناظم آباد کی دوسری اہم سڑک ہے جو عبداللہ کالج چورنگی سے شروع ہوکر قلندریہ چوک پر ختم ہوتی ہے۔
Noor Jehan (film)

Noor Jehan is a 1967 Bollywood film produced by Sheikh Mukhtar and directed by Mohammed Sadiq.
It featured Meena Kumari, Pradeep Kumar, Helen and Lalita Pawar in lead characters. The film is a fictional depiction of life of Nur Jahan, the twentieth (and last) wife of the Mughal emperor Jahangir.
Roshan was the music director. Hit songs from the movie include "Aap Jabse Qareeb Aaye Hain" sung by Mohammed Rafi and Asha Bhosle and "Sharaabi Sharaabi" sung by Suman Kalyanpur.
When Akbar the Great learned that his beloved son Prince Salim had turned a rebel, he was shocked. Akbar decided to crush the rebellion and the whole nation grieved. Emotion & duty crossed swords. Akbar's prestige, mother's love and grandmother's affection battled with the sublime love of Salim. Love blossomed stealthily between Salim and Meherunissa. And as the time passed on, it knew no bounds. For Salim and Meherunissa, love was a many pleasured thing. But the world is more cruel than one can think of. And the cruel hands of courtiers created a wide gap between the lovers. Salim was sent to Gujarat to suppress the rebellion of Pathans. Meherunissa was married to Sher Afghan. But it did not end there, Sher Afghan had dreams of a grand empire for himself. Prince Salim became emperor Jahangir after his father's death. Jahangir ruled wisely but was madly in love with Meherunissa. Sher Afghan met the fate of many over-ambitious generals. He was killed. Mehrunissa accused Jehangir, the apostle of justice, for this ghastly deed. The apostle of justice had to face the trail. And the justice was done! It was the justice of Jehangir, it was the justice of God!
Sangeeta (Pakistani actress)

Parveen Rizvi, better known as Sangeeta, (Urdu: سنگیتا; born 14 June 1958) is a Pakistani film actress, filmmaker and director of television drama serials.
Parveen Rizvi was born on 14 June 1958 in Karachi, Pakistan. Parveen Rizvi's (or Sangeeta's) mother Mehtab Rizvi also had a career in show business. Additionally, Parveen's younger sister, Nasreen Rizvi (professionally known as Kaveeta) is also associated with Pakistani cinema. The British-American actress Jiah Khan was her niece.
In 1969, Sangeeta appeared on the film Koh-e-Noor (1969) as a child star; it was directed by Agha Husaini. In 1971, she moved to Lahore from her birthplace of Karachi and started a more serious career in Lollywood movies in Lahore. Her role as a supporting actress in Riaz Shahid's movie Yeh Aman (1971) was well-liked by the Pakistani public. She went on to act in dozens of other movies before deciding to become a film producer-director with her own film Society Girl in 1976. Sangeeta has over 120 films to her credit as an actress and a producer-director. In 2022 on August 14, she was honored by the Government of Pakistan with the Pride of Performance for her contributions towards the film and television industry.
Sangeeta directed her debut film in 1976, Society Girl, which was a box-office hit. Her second film as director was Mujhay Galay Laga Lo, starring Sangeeta, Kaveeta, Ghulam Mohiuddin, Nayyar Sultana, and Bahar Begum. In 1978, she directed the critically acclaimed film Mutthi Bhar Chawal. Her film Mian Biwi Razi (1982) celebrated its Platinum Jubilee and was a highly successful movie. Her film Thori Si Bewafai was the first Pakistani film to be shot in United States. During the 1990s, she directed commercially successful films like Khilona (1996) and Nikah (1998). In 2019, she directed the romantic film Sirf Tum Hi To Ho.
Sangeeta's first marriage was to fellow Pakistani actor Humayun Qureshi. Together, they had a daughter. After some years, this marriage failed and they divorced. Sangeeta,then married the business tycoon Naveed Akbar Butt with him she had two daughters but they divorced and took the custody of her daughters. She is also the aunt of British American actress Jiah Khan.
Khushboo (Pakistani actress)

Khushboo (born 24 June 1980) is a Pakistani film and stage actress and dancer. Her first film was Maa Bani Dulhan, in 1988.
Khushboo started her career in 1988 as a supporting actress, which she remained in most movies. Her only lead role was in Dil kisi ka dost nahi (1997). After garnering insufficient fame, she turned to stage shows in 2000 and married a coworker, Arbaaz Khan, with whom she has two sons.
Rozina (Pakistani actress)

Ayesha Qureshi, best known by her screen name Rozina (Urdu: روزینہ ;born 21 September 1950), is a Pakistani film actress. She was popularly known as The Lipton Girl and The Glamorous Actress due to her stylish and fashion roles by critics and viewers. She is known for movies like Armaan (1966), Josh (1966), Ehsaan (1967), Ishara (1968), Tum Hi Ho Mehboob Mere (1969), Khamosh Nigahen (1971), Basheera (1972), and Daulat Aur Dunya (1972). She won a Nigar Award for best supportive actress in the movie Ishara (1968). Rozina is the mother of model/actress Saima Qureshi and the aunt of actor/producer Faysal Quraishi.
Rozina was born in a Sindhi family, as Ayesha Qureshi, on 21 September 1950, in Karachi. In the early 1960s, she lived with her sister, Raheela, and her mother at Pakistan Chowk, Karachi. She was educated at St. Joseph School Karachi.
Rozina started her career with the film "Hamein Bhi Jeenay Do" in 1963 as a supporting actress. She gradually progressed from supporting to leading roles in films. Her first film as a heroine was Ishqe Habib (1965) which was based on a religious theme. She was paired with the romantic hero Waheed Murad in several notable movies like, Josh (1966), Khamosh Nigahen (1971), and Daulat Aur Dunya (1972). She was labelled as a "glamorous actress" by critics and viewers. After working in 61 Urdu and 32 Punjabi films, Rozina ended her cinema career with her last movie, Hum Ek Hain, that was released in 2004. She acted in 100 films during her film career spanning over 3 decades.
In the late 1960s, Rozina gained enormous popularity by appearing in a 'Lipton' tea jingle along with Nirala for Pakistan television. She also showed her face in a Lux advertisement in the 60s.
Rozina married the sound specialist, Riffat Qureshi and converted to Islam as Ayesha Qureshi. She has a daughter, Saima Qureshi, who is a model and actress. TV actor and producer Faysal Quraishi is her nephew.
After leaving films in 2004, she devoted herself to her family. Her husband died on 21 September 1995, in Karachi. Lately, she has been inclined towards religion and doesn't like to talk about her film career. She performed a pilgrimage (Umrah) to Mecca along with her daughter in 2020. She now lives in Karachi.
List of Pakistani pop singers

Pakistani singers and bands became popular during the early nineties, with pop, rock and Ghazal becoming more fashionable with the younger generations. This article contains a list of notable singers who are based in Pakistan. This list includes singers who in many genres including pop, rock, jazz, traditional, classical, Ghazals styles or folk music. Following are the most popular Pakistani pop singers of all times.
For more pop singers by their letter specifications you can find it below.
List of Pakistani musicians

This is an alphabetical list of musicians from Pakistan. The list includes musical bands, some groups and solo artists that were and are in the industry today. The list also includes film singers, folk singers, pop/rock singers, jazz musicians, rap artists, dj, qawwal and ghazal traditional artists. Pakistani singers and bands became very popular and started to spring up during the early nineties, with pop, rock and Ghazal becoming more fashionable with the younger generations.
Kaifi Khalil

Kaifi Khalil (Urdu: کیفی خلیل; born 2 September 1996) is a Pakistani singer-songwriter and composer based in Karachi. He rose to prominence in 2022 after his debut in Coke Studio's Balochi song "Kana Yaari". His song "Kahani Suno 2.0" topped Spotify charts in Pakistan, Bangladesh and India.
Kaifi was born and raised in Karachi's neighborhood of Lyari to a family of Baloch musicians. He lived a relatively troubled childhood with financial troubles after his father died, and frequently skipped school.
In 2015, he started his own YouTube channel and uploaded his first video in 2016. His first song was a cover of "Mani Tawe Dost," a Balochi tune.
He used to upload covers of songs and original music by him on his YouTube channel before being discovered in 2022 by Coke Studio's music producer, Xulfi. He wrote and composed his verse in "Kana Yaari" three years prior to releasing it on the Coke Studio platform, singing alongside artists Eva B and Abdul Wahab Bugti.
Since its release in 2022, his Urdu language song "Kahani Suno 2.0" continues to be the top song for Spotify charts in Pakistan with 350 million plus streams to date. It also topped charts in Bangladesh and became a trending song in neighbouring India. The song's top countries for listeners include India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the UK, US and Canada. The music video also secured a spot in YouTube's Top 10 Global Charts peaking at number 8, the first Pakistani music video to do so. It is also listed among the most-viewed Pakistani YouTube videos.
In 2023, he announced his first international tour in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. During one of his interviews at Saudi Arabia, the artist disclosed his liking for Prague and plans to visit the city soon.
He has a vast discography with multiple songs, including Dilbar Dila Bide, Afsos, Beqaraar, Jungle Jungle, Tauba Tauba, Drog and Kadi Kaye.
Other singles released by Kaifi include Baali Guraab (2021), Kadi Kaye (2021) and Mast (2022).
He is recognized for putting a contemporary spin on traditional Balochi folk music with modern day music.
Lollywood

Lollywood is Pakistan's film industry, which has served as the base for both Urdu- and Punjabi-language film production.
Lahore has been the center of Pakistani cinema since independence in 1947. However, with the Urdu film hub largely shifting to Karachi by 2007, the film industry in Lahore became synonymous with the Pakistani Punjabi film Industry.
The word "Lollywood" is a portmanteau of "Lahore" and "Hollywood", coined in 1989 by Glamour magazine gossip columnist Saleem Nasir, and is usually used comparatively with respect to other film industries in South Asian cinema.
"Lollywood" is a portmanteau derived from Lahore and "Hollywood", a shorthand reference for the American film industry, Hollywood.
Prior to the 1947 partition of India into the Republic of India and Pakistan, the Lahore film industry was initially part of the British Raj-era cinema of India. The Bombay cinema industry (now known as Hindi cinema or "Bollywood" in modern India) was closely linked to the Lahore film industry, as both produced films in the Hindustani language, also known as Hindi-Urdu, the lingua franca of northern and central British India. Many actors, filmmakers and musicians from the Lahore industry migrated to the Bombay industry during the 1940s, including actors K. L. Saigal, Prithviraj Kapoor, Dilip Kumar and Dev Anand as well as playback singers Mohammed Rafi, Noorjahan and Shamshad Begum. After the 1947 partition and the foundation of Pakistan, the Lahore film industry transitioned to becoming the centre of the new Pakistani cinema.
Lollywood films in Punjabi were most popular in the 1960s and are often referred to as the golden age of Pakistani Punjabi cinema.
Pashto cinema

Pashto cinema (Pashto: د پښتو سينما; Pashto: پالېوډ), refers to the Pashto-language film industry of Pakistani cinema based in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Yousuf Khan Sher Bano was the first-ever Pashto film produced in Pakistan and released in theaters on 1 December 1970. It was directed by Aziz Tabassum, with debut stars Yasmin Khan and Badar Munir. The story is based on the Pashto folk story Yousuf Khan and Sher Bano and completed 50 weeks at number 1 in Peshawar.
In 2015, Sanober Qaiser's film Sartez Badmash was released at two cinemas in Kabul and Pakhtun Pay Dubai was released in Dubai as well as Kabul. In 2013, the first high definition Pashto film Zama Arman was released. After 35 years, in 2015 the Pashto film industry released seven new movies, thus breaking all previous records of film production. All films were screened at the cinemas in Peshawar, Mingora, Mardan, Kohat and even in a few theatres of Karachi city. The movies released were Ma Cheera Gharib Sara, Sar-Teza Badmash, Daagh, Mayeen kho Lewani vee, Khanadani Badmash, Pukhtoon pa Dubai ke and I Love You too. Shama cinema in Peshawar is popular. Reham Khan's movie Janaan has won awards for its screenplay. Naz cinema was first to provide 3D digital movie experience at Peshawar.
Sudhir (Pakistani actor)

Shah Zaman Khan Afridi ,better known as Sudhir (Urdu: سدھیر) or Lala Sudhir (25 January 1921 – 19 January 1997) ,was a Pakistani actor, director, and producer.
Sudhir was a highly respected film personality.
With his film roles symbolizing valour and bravery, he is known as the first action-hero of Pakistani cinema, appearing in 173 films, including 101 in Punjabi, 70 in Urdu, one in Pashto, and one in Bollywood before Partition.
He was born as Shah Zaman Khan Afridi into a Pashtun family on 25 January 1921 in Lahore, where he lived for much of his life.
Sudhir started his career with a role in a Bollywood film named Farz in 1947 in British India. Afterwards, he migrated to Pakistan. After 1947, he started his career in Pakistani cinema. His first film was Hichkolay in 1949. He appeared in the hit musical film Dupatta in 1952. In 1954, Sassi was the first ever Urdu film to celebrate a Golden Jubilee. Dulla Bhatti (1956), Mahi Munda (1956), and Yakke Wali (1957) were the highest grossing Punjabi films of the time. Yakke Wali (1957) was the first blockbuster Punjabi film. These two films led to the building of large film studios in Pakistan. Sudhir was the hero of the action film Baghi (1956), the first Pakistani film to be shown in China.
He was an "action film hero,"but appeared as Hatim Tai in Hatim (1956), as Prince Saleem in the famous film Anarkali (1958), as Mirza Jat in the film Mirza Sahiban (1956), as Mahinwal in the film Sohni (1955), and as Mirza Ghalib in the film Ghalib (1961). He acted in the films Nooran (1957), Jhoomer (1959), and Gul Bakawli (1961), etc. He starred in one of the highest grossing Punjabi films, Kartar Singh, in 1959. He later appeared in hits such as the films Farangi (1964) and Ajab Khan (1961), on the struggle against the British Raj.
His film Jeedar (1965) was the first to reach aPlatinum Jubilee status. Maa Puttar (1970) was another Punjabi film to celebrate a Platinum Jubilee. He once fought a real battle with a tiger in film Sahil (1960). He appeared as a sidekick with his son in film Dushman Ki Talash (1978).
At a very old age, he had a special appearance on PTV and was interviewed by Izhar Bobby.
Sudhir married four times, twice within his extended family. These two marriages were 'arranged marriages' by his elders, which is commonly practiced in Pakistani culture, then with fellow actress Shammi and finally with Pakistani film actress Zeba. His marriage with Zeba lasted a very short time. Zeba later went on to marry actor Mohammad Ali. Sudhir had four sons out of these marriages. He had his elder son Noor Zaman Khan from his first wife. He had one son from his second wife namely Meer Zaman also an actor. He had two sons from actress Shammi – Nadir Zaman Khan and Sikandar Zaman. His younger son Sikandar Zaman Khan is married to renowned playback singer Noor Jehan's granddaughter Fatima. He had no children with Zeba.
Sudhir died on 19 January 1997 and was laid to rest at Defense Society Graveyard in Lahore, Pakistan.
List of most-viewed Pakistani YouTube videos

On the American video-sharing website YouTube, "Tajdar-e-Haram" sung by Atif Aslam became first Pakistani music video to cross 100 million views. "Zaroori Tha" sung by Rahat Fateh Ali Khan became first Pakistani music video to reach 500 million views as well as first video to complete 1 billion views on 3 January 2021. "Mere Rashk-e-Qamar" by Junaid Asghar became second video to garner over 500 million views. This is the list of most-viewed Pakistani music videos on YouTube.
As of 20 February 2023 (2023-02-20), 35+ videos have exceeded 100 million views (including 2 videos having 1 billion views).
"Zaroori Tha" is the first ever Pakistani music video to receive a billion views on YouTube. It attained its 1 billionth view on 8 January 2021. Rahat Fateh Ali Khan became the first Pakistani artist to garner over a billion views.
The following table lists the most-viewed Pakistani videos on YouTube with their view count, uploader, artist, language and upload date.
Oseledets

Oseledets (Ukrainian: оселедець, IPA: [oseˈlɛdetsʲ]) or chub (чуб [tʃub]) is a traditional Ukrainian hairstyle that features a long lock of hair sprouting from the top or the front of an otherwise closely shaven head (similar to a modern Mohawk). Most commonly it is associated with the Zaporozhian Cossacks.
The earliest description of a possible oseledet comes from a description of Sviatoslav, prince of the Kievan Rus'. Sviatoslav's appearance has been described very clearly by Leo the Deacon, who himself attended the meeting of Sviatoslav with John I Tzimiskes. Following Deacon's memories, Sviatoslav had a bald head and a wispy beard and wore a bushy mustache and a sidelock as a sign of his nobility.
A closely related haircut, czupryna, was worn by the Wends of early medieval Poland, and later by the Szlachta from the 12th until the 18th century.
During the 16th and 17th century, the Cossacks of Ukraine shaved their heads, leaving a long central strip which was often braided or tied in a topknot.
The oseledets underwent a revival among romantics and nationalists during the early 20th century. Romantic painters associated Leo the Deacon's description of Sviatoslav's appearance and equestrian lifestyle with the cossacks and depicted him as such.
After independence, the oseledets made a comeback among modern Ukrainians. It was seen during the Euromaidan protests of 2014.
The Ukrainian name for this type of haircut is oseledets (Ukrainian: оселедець, literally "herring") or chub (Ukrainian: чуб, meaning "crest"). There are several Ukrainian surnames derived from this word.
The oseledets/khokhol is a standard feature in the stereotypical image of a Ukrainian Cossack. This haircut is depicted in various motion pictures such as The Lost Letter that is based on works of Nikolai Gogol.
Historically, Ukrainians used the term khokhol amongst themselves as a form of ethnic self-identification to visibly separate themselves from Russians.
A Russian name for the oseledets hairstyle, khokhol (Russian: хохол, IPA: [xɐˈxol]) is commonly used as an ethnic slur for a Ukrainian male (feminine form: Russian: хохлушка, romanized: khokhlushka), as it was a common haircut of Ukrainian Cossacks. The term is usually derogatory or condescending. The word comes from Proto-Slavic xoxolъ < *koxolъ, lit. 'crest, tuft'. Accordingly, Khokhliandiya (Russian: Хохляндия, Хохландия) and Khokhlostan (Russian: Хохлостан) are derogatory references to Ukraine.
Hairstyles:
Slurs:
Шарлът Флеър

Ашли Елизабет Флеър (родена на 5 април 1986 г.) е американска професионална кечистка.
Понастоящем работи с WWE под сценичното име Шарлът Флеър, където е бивша шесткратна Шампионка при жените на Първична сила, седемкратна Шампионка при жените на Разбиване, двукратна Шампионка при жените на NXT, както и последната Шампионка на Дивите. Дъщеря е на пенсионирания професионален кечист Рик Флеър и сестра на Дейвид Флеър и Рийд Флеър. През 2014 е избрана за „новобранка“ на годината от Pro Wrestling Illustrated.
Свёкла кормовая

Свёкла кормовая — группа разновидностей обыкновенной корнеплодной свёклы; техническая культура.
Кормовая свёкла была выведена в XVI веке в Германии и уже в XVIII веке эта культура быстро распространилась по странам Европы. Используемая часть кормовой свёклы по химическому составу мало отличается от других видов свёклы, но её корнеплоды содержат большое количество клетчатки и волокон.
Кормовая свёкла в первый год жизни формирует крупный (до 1,5—2,7 кг) корнеплод разнообразной формы (мешковидная, овально-коническая, цилиндрическая, шаровидная) и окраски (жёлтая, белая, красная и др.) и розетку зелёных листьев, используемых в качестве сочного корма (листья также силосуют), питательная ценность 0,11 кормовой единицы на килограмм; легко убирается благодаря тому, что корнеплоды на две трети находятся на поверхности.
Возделывается во многих европейских странах, в Америке (США, Канада, Бразилия и др.), в Австралии, Новой Зеландии, Алжире, Тунисе и др. Уход за посевами аналогичен уходу за столовой свёклой. Убирают кормовую свёклу картофелекопателями, картофелеуборочными комбайнами, свеклоподъёмниками. Хранят в буртах или хранилищах. Урожай корнеплодов доходит до 900—1100 центнеров с гектара.
Свёкла (род)

Свёкла (лат. Béta) — род одно-, дву- и многолетних травянистых растений семейства Амарантовые (по устаревшей классификации включался в семейство Маревые, которое в настоящее время в качестве самостоятельного не выделяется). Встречается на всех континентах, кроме Антарктиды.
Самыми известными представителями являются культурные формы ботанического вида свёкла обыкновенная — овощная (столовая) свёкла, сахарная свёкла, кормовая свёкла и листовая (шпинатная) свёкла. В обиходе все они носят общее тривиальное название — свёкла.
Многолетние, двулетние, реже однолетние травянистые растения.
Листья очередные, голые или покрытые короткими простыми волосками. Черешки довольно длинные. Листовые пластинки яйцевидные или продолговато-яйцевидные, плоские, более или менее цельные.
Цветки 3-6 мм в диаметре, обоеполые. Собраны по 1-3 в пазухах верхних листьев-прицветников, соцветие колосовидное. Прицветнички очень мелкие или отсутствуют. Листочки околоцветника в нижней части сросшиеся, травянистые или лепестковидные. Тычинок 5. Завязь с 2-5 рыльцами. Формула цветка: ∗ P 5 A 5 G ( 2...3 _ ) {\displaystyle \ast P_{5}\;A_{5}\;G_{({\underline {2...3}})}} .
Плоды сухие с очень твердой оболочкой или немного мясистые. Часто срастаются с плодами соседних цветков и формируют единую многосемянную структуру.
Природные виды встречаются в Европе, Юго-Западной Азии и Северной Африке. Культурные формы распространены повсеместно.
Beta L., 1753, Sp. Pl. 2: 222
Род Свекла относится к семейству Амарантовые (Amaranthaceae) порядка Гвоздичноцветные (Caryophyllales). Кладограмма в соответствии с Системой APG IV:
Нисуаз (салат)

Сала́т нисуа́з (фр. salade niçoise) или салат с анчоусами — знаменитый кулинарный рецепт французского города Ниццы из свежих овощей, варёных яиц, анчоусов и оливкового масла. В качестве заправки в салат также добавляют лимонный сок или винный уксус. Существует версия, что в его создании принимал участие известный хореограф Джордж Баланчин. Салат используется как начинка для популярного в Ницце сэндвича пан банья.
Классический рецепт включает в себя следующие ингредиенты:
Вопреки тому, что практикуется в некоторых ресторанах, в салат нисуаз, по мнению бывшего мэра Ниццы и автора поваренной книги Жака Медесена, никогда не кладут ни рис, ни картофель, ни стручки зелёной фасоли, ни отварные овощи.
Мимоза (салат)

«Мимо́за» — праздничный слоёный салат или салат-коктейль, появившийся в СССР в начале 1970-х годов. Получил название из-за внешнего сходства с цветками мимозы (акации серебристой). В европейской кухне известен гарнир или украшение блюда «мимоза» из протёртых яичных желтков, получивший название также по аллюзии с лепестками акации.
Продукты: рыбные консервы (горбуша, сайра, сардина, тунец и т. п.), репчатый лук, сыр, яйца, майонез, сливочное масло, зелень.
Все компоненты измельчаются. Рыба раздавливается вилкой. На тёрке натираются сыр, сливочное масло (замороженное) и, отдельно друг от друга, белки и желтки варёных яиц. Подготовленные продукты укладываются слоями в следующей последовательности:
Перед подачей на стол салат выдерживают в холодильнике.