davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
瓶子草屬

瓶子草屬（学名：Sarracenia）包含9種（或可能達13種）北美的食蟲植物，屬於瓶子草科。瓶子草科還包含另外兩個屬──眼鏡蛇瓶子草和太陽瓶子草。
瓶子草是食蟲植物，原產於美國東海岸、德州、五大湖區、以及加拿大東南部。大部分的種類只出現在美國東南部（只有紫瓶子草出現在氣溫較低的地區）。瓶子草的葉特化成漏斗狀的陷阱，並產生酶來分解掉進去的獵物。昆蟲會被瓶口以及瓶蓋密腺所分泌的蜜汁吸引，加上捕蟲瓶上部經陽光照射後如彩繪玻璃般，也會誘使昆蟲前往。光滑的瓶口讓昆蟲容易掉進瓶中被消化液分解，成為瓶子草的養分。
在一般的食蟲植物中，瓶子草通常生長在經年潮濕的地方，硝酸鹽為主的養分持續被水沖走，或因為土壤pH值低而無法利用；而瓶子草可以吸引獵物，因此比其他植物更具有競爭優勢。
瓶子草是多年生草本植物，從地下莖的生長點蓮座狀長出瓶子般的葉，葉子分為具捕蟲功能的捕蟲葉，以及無捕蟲功能的劍形葉。捕蟲葉的開口向上，面向中央，形狀是垂直管狀，瓶口處延伸出一個蓋子，瓶口周圍通常有向外翻捲的「唇」，會分泌蜜糖和氣味，瓶蓋本身也會產生蜜糖，但是量較少。
無論是哪一個種類的瓶子草，捕蟲瓶皆可分為3~5個區域：第一區即瓶蓋，第二區是唇與瓶口，第三、四區（有些種類是合在一起的）和第五區（只有紫瓶子草有第五區）是捕蟲瓶的主體，這些區域都有特定的功能，符合它們型態學上的特色。
所有的瓶子草在捕獵昆蟲或其他獵物時皆是不移動的。它們的陷阱是靜態的，結合數種誘因（顏色、氣味、蜜）以及無法逃脫的環境──藉由以上高度特化的特殊構造，從瓶口到陷阱裡通常是有進無出的。
多數品種充分利用了氣味、有毒的蜜、臘質沉積（妨礙昆蟲的腳）和重力，讓獵物落入瓶中。在黃瓶子草分泌的蜜糖中，可以發現毒芹鹼的成分，毒芹鹼能使昆蟲麻痺。一旦落入瓶中，瓶壁布滿了光滑的蠟質，讓昆蟲無從落腳。再下去布滿了倒生的毛，昆蟲更加無法離開。在捕蟲瓶最底部，具有消化酵素和潤濕劑的消化液很快地將昆蟲淹死並進行消化。昆蟲的外骨骼通常不會被消化掉，經過一個夏天，瓶身往往會裝滿昆蟲。
鸚鵡瓶子草，捕蟲瓶造型像鸚鵡的頭，利用像龍蝦籠的構造讓獵物進入（雨季時還會有蝌蚪、小魚游入），然後再也出不去。它具有尖銳的向內生長的毛，強迫獵物逐漸進入捕蟲瓶底部，然後被消化掉。
瓶子草的花在早春的時候，比第一個捕蟲瓶稍早或同時出現，它會單獨伸出一條長長的莖，通常會高出捕蟲瓶很多，避免授粉的昆蟲掉進瓶中。花朵根據種類不同，直徑約3~10公分，不但很吸引目光，而且還有精密的構造，可以避免自花授粉。瓶子草的花具有五個萼片，基部和三個苞片連在一起，萼片下方具有大量的花葯以及一個具有五個頂點的傘狀花柱，上方懸掛著五片紅色或黃色的長花瓣。整朵花是呈現上下顛倒的樣子，因此這個傘狀花柱可以盛住從雄蕊掉落的花粉。柱頭位於傘狀花柱上，接近五個頂點的地方。最主要的授粉者是蜜蜂，蜜蜂要採蜜的時候，由於花朵的構造，牠們必須先經過其中一個柱頭，才能進入倒傘狀的空腔部分。在空腔內，牠們不免會沾到一堆來自花葯或者掉落的花粉。離開的時候，也由於花朵的構造，蜜蜂得從其中一個蓋狀的花瓣出去，這種方式，可以避免蜜蜂經過柱頭造成自花授粉。然後蜜蜂造訪下一朵花，經過柱頭時就把前一朵花的花粉沾在上面了，這個過程會不斷地重複。
開花公式：Ca Co A G
瓶子草大部分的花是有香味的，這些香味多變，但是通常都很強烈，甚至刺鼻。尤其是黃瓶子草，具有強烈的氣味，聞起來有點像貓尿。
瓶子草的花期約2週，在開花末期的時候，花瓣脫落，而子房如果有授粉，便會開始膨大。種子形成五瓣，其中一瓣產生的種子比其他幾瓣少很多。平均產生300 - 600顆種子，視種類以及授粉成功的情況而定。種子約五個月後成熟，此時種莢會轉變成褐色並且裂開，散出種子。種子約1.5~2mm長，具有粗糙的臘質防水外殼，這個構造可能是為了藉由水流散佈種子。瓶子草的種子需要經過一個「濕冷積層」的階段才會發芽，種子長出的新植株幾乎能立即產生具有功能的捕蟲葉，但是剛開始的一年左右，捕蟲瓶的型態會和成熟葉有所不同，結構上較為簡單。從種子到成熟，約3~5年。
捕蟲瓶從在開花末期開始生長，一直到晚秋。在秋末的時候，捕蟲瓶開始枯萎，植株長出不具捕蟲功能的劍形葉（或稱葉狀柄）。由於冬季的昆蟲減少，天氣轉冷，也降低了植物的新陳代謝和其他功能，此時把能量花在長捕蟲葉很不划算，劍形葉是比較經濟的選擇。
普遍公認的9個物種有：
除被列入附录Ⅰ的所有种均被列為《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》（CITES）附錄二的物種，被限制出口及貿易。
塑料污染

塑膠汙染是指環境中塑膠製品的累積，令野生動物的棲息地受到破壞，甚至對人類產生負面影響。塑料污染有很多不同的種類和形式，影響陸地、水域及海洋。一些地區已經開始進行塑膠減量，其作法是試圖減少塑膠的消費量及提倡塑膠回收（英语：plastic recycling）。塑料污染的重點和便宜及耐用的塑料有關，也使得人們傾向使用高水準的塑膠。
塑料污染中，許多聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯等製品產生的污染物為白色，因此也稱為白色污染。
塑料污染有許多不同的形式，包括（但不限於）垃圾、海洋廢棄物（已進入海洋的人造廢棄物）、塑料顆粒水污染、塑膠網和友好漂浮物。有相當大比例的塑膠是用來製作一次使用、可拋棄式的包裝材料，或是會在一年內丟棄的產品。常常各類塑膠的消費者只使用塑膠製品一次，然後就回收或丟棄。
依美國國家環境保護局的資料，2011年市區固態廢棄物中，塑膠佔其中的12%，而在1960年代時，塑膠只占市區固態廢棄物的1%。
據綠色和平的《塑膠圍港：香港海域塑膠分佈2018》研究報告，香港沿岸水域已遍佈聚苯乙烯（PS）和聚乙烯（PE）的塑膠垃圾，一般常見於即棄食品的包裝。跟三年前的同類報告比較，香港水域的平均微塑膠濃度增幅超過十一倍。2018年8月，他們實地考察9條香港主要河道的塑膠污染情況，並在城門河放置縮時相機，推算後得出單是其大圍段的位置，每年就有超過1750萬件塑膠垃圾直接流入大海。
含氯的塑膠會釋出有害的物質到周圍的土壤、地下水或周圍的水源中。因此飲用這些水源的動物會有健康上的影響。
堆填區域有各種不同種類的塑膠，在堆填區域，微生物會加快塑膠的生物降解過程。若是生物可分解塑膠，在分解時會釋放甲烷，是強力的溫室氣體，會增強全球暖化的效果。有些堆填區域會設置其他設施，可以捕捉甲烷來產生能源，但大部份的堆填區域沒有這類的設備。甲烷的釋放不只是在堆填區域，只要生物可分解塑膠在土裡就會釋放甲烷，而在一般土裡的降解過程需要更長的時間。
塑膠原料常以塑膠珠的形式，以貨櫃船運送。很多的塑膠珠灑入海中，據估計．海灘的垃圾中，有10%是塑膠珠。海中的塑膠大約會在一年內降解．但不會完全降解，而且依塑膠的不同，可能會釋放酚甲烷或聚苯乙烯等有毒物質到水中。聚苯乙烯塊及塑膠珠是最常見的海洋塑膠污染來源，再加上塑膠袋和食品容器等．就是大部份海洋廢棄物的來源。在2012年，估計海洋中大約有1.65億噸的塑膠污染物。
塑膠污染有可能對動物產生毒害，也對動物及人類的食物鏈有負面影響。在書籍《海洋生物導論》（Introduction to Marine Biology）中，將塑膠污染視為為對大型海洋動物的高度威脅：「最大的單一威脅」。綠色和平更提到，微塑膠會令海洋生物腸臟變形，降低其活動能力及反應。包括海龜在內的許多海洋動物都在其胃部發現有大量的塑膠在內，當這種情形時，因為消化道被塑膠堵塞，動物很可能會死亡，有時海洋動物會缠在塑料制品中，像塑膠網，這也可能使他們受傷甚至致命。
包括无脊椎动物在內，已有260種物體被發現吃到塑膠製品或是被塑料制品缠住，當動物被塑料制品缠住時，其活動受到嚴重限制，因此在捕食上會感到困難。而且動物多半會死亡，甚至會有嚴重的劃傷及溃疡 目前估計每年約有四十萬隻海洋哺乳動物因塑料污染而死，2004年時估計北海的鷗胃中平均有三十塊塑膠片。
依塑膠種類的不同，塑膠中有許多不同的化學物質，這些的化學物質是塑膠可以有如此多用途的主要原因，不過塑膠對人類的影響也和這些的化學物質有關。其中有些化學物質可能會被人类的皮肤吸收，因著進入人體內。其中許多化學物質還不確定對人體會造成多嚴重的影響。在許多塑膠中，這些有毒化學物質的使用都非常少．但一般需要顯著性試驗才能確保塑膠中的毒性物質，是否包覆惰性材料或是聚合物
塑料污染會令人類在自然環境中娛樂時構成妨礙，影響人們的娛樂。
比如綠色和平提到微塑膠本來含有毒有害的添加劑，如落入海洋其表面更會黏附像：農藥、塑化劑等的持久性有機污染物（POPs）。有害物質若積聚在食物鏈，將會干擾內分泌系統，孕婦及發育中的小孩尤為危險。
提倡塑膠減量及塑膠回收已有一些成果。有些超商不提供免費的塑膠袋．有些地方則提供更可以重覆使用的包裝材料，或是容易生物降解的包裝材料。有些社區或企業開始禁止使用一些常用的塑膠製品，例如瓶裝水或塑膠袋。
不少環保團體正進行塑膠減量的推動工作，例如：綠色和平2019年透過發布彩虹勇士號的調查報告和一些意見領袖的支持，揭發本地全面海岸塑膠污染情況，警醒社會走塑減廢的逼切性。同時開展與不同在港經營的大型超市企業接觸，交換雙方於走塑工作方面的期望。
生物可分解塑膠的使用具有許多優點，但也存在缺點。 生物可分解塑膠是在工業堆肥器中降解的生物聚合物。 生物降解材料不會像家用堆肥機那樣高效降解，而且在這個較為緩慢的過程中，甲烷氣體可能會排放。
在美國主要的二種回收管道是路边收集（英语：curbside collection）及回收中心。美國約87%（約2.73億人）的人口日常有機會使用路边收集或回收中心。路边收集的普及率約有總人口數的63%（約1.93億人），作法是在路邊規劃特殊的回收桶，人們可將指定材質的塑膠放入，再由公家或私人的運輸公司載走。大部份的路边收集會收集不只一種的塑膠，多半是聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PETE）和高密度聚乙烯（英语：High-density polyethylene）（HDPE）。回收中心的普及率約有總人口數的68%（約2.13億人），人們會將回收物品帶到一個位在市中心的設施。在回收後，塑膠會送到材料回收設備（MRF），依其塑膠成份分類整理，以增加產品價值，接下來塑膠會打包以減少運送成本。
各種塑膠回收的比例都有不同，美國整體的回收率在8%左右。2011年全美國約回收PETE了2.7百萬噸的塑膠。有些種類塑膠的回收比例較高，像在2011年回收了29%HDPE的塑膠瓶和29%PETE的塑膠瓶。
香港政府的三色回收箱現時僅接收樽型塑膠，即是只會接受1號PET、2號HDPE的樽型塑膠。至於3號至7號塑膠，只可以把它們交到民間組織的「不是垃圾站」，或是環保署轄下的回收點。
極速前進中國版4

《极速前进4》（英語：The Amazing Race China 4）是真人秀電視節目极速前进中国版的第四季。节目版权引进自美国真人秀电视节目《极速前进》。中国《极速前进》仍启用“明星阵容”，是次比赛中每一支队伍中都有一或两名名人参赛，本季度共有多對不同關係的選手參賽：范冰冰與謝依霖、賈靜雯與丈夫修杰楷、鄭元暢與王麗坤、吳敏霞與丈夫張效誠、史強（強子哥哥）與張星月、陸婷與許楊玉琢、鄧濱與王新宇及於第二賽段加入的張繼科與父親張傳銘。
本季於2017年8月4日起在深圳卫视播出。本季比赛主持人一职繼續由吴振天（Allan Wu）主持。
下表列出了所有参赛队伍的比赛结果，以排名顺序列出。當中列出的隊員關係為節目拍攝時期的狀態，关系描述为官方版本。
本次极速前进中国版也设定了投票回转，每支队伍都需要回转另一支队伍，票数最多的队伍就会被回转
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番路陸軍第五彈藥儲備庫

番路陸軍第五彈藥儲備庫位於臺灣嘉義縣番路鄉，是中華民國陸軍在八二三砲戰後為了臺灣本島備戰而興建的彈藥庫建築群。後來因軍事部屬等因素，彈藥在2016年左右清空，土地建物移撥給番路鄉公所。
彈藥庫建築群中的其中三座H01、H03和H07號倉庫，於2020年2月11日登錄為嘉義縣歷史建築。2024年，番路鄉公所將彈藥庫舊址在盡量保有原建築結構的情況下改為資源回收場。
番路陸軍第五彈藥儲備庫（第一分庫）約建於民國49年（1960年），是八二三砲戰後軍方為了臺灣本島備戰而興建的彈藥庫建築群。後來因軍事部屬等因素，彈藥在2016年左右清空。原本國防部打算將土地移轉給國有財產署，經番路鄉公所爭取後，土地建物移撥給番路鄉公所。
2020年2月11日，彈藥庫建築群中的其中三座H01、H03和H07號倉庫登錄為嘉義縣歷史建築。2021年8月，彈藥庫聯絡道路進行擴寬工程，後於2023年2月完工，該年3月7日正式通車。
在嘉義縣政府與番路鄉公所為改善番路鄉原有資源回收物貯存空間不足問題，而共同爭取環境部經費及編列配合款後，斥資3600萬元將彈藥庫改作番路鄉資源回收場，於2024年1月24日揭牌啟用。
重返犯罪現場

《重返犯罪現場》（英語：NCIS，Naval Criminal Investigative Service的縮寫）是美國哥倫比亞廣播公司電視網的一部電視影集。內容是關於一組隸屬於海軍犯罪調查局(NCIS)的探員的故事，他們調查牽涉到美國海軍與美國海軍陸戰隊人員的犯罪事件。影集的概念和角色最初是來自CBS的另一部影集《執法悍將》（JAG，Judge Advocate General的縮寫）的連續兩集（集數編號8x20和8x21）。此套影集於2003年9月首映，不同於另一套犯罪影集《CSI》系列，《重返犯罪現場》並不強調實際採證過程，而是將戲劇主軸鎖定在刻劃片中主要角色的個性。
按：以上前妻共同特徵是皆擁有一頭紅髮。
在第一季成功之後，或許它已經建立了自己的地位，所以就把影集的名稱縮短為「NCIS」。
吉布斯有自己的一套規則，不管是在私事還是工作上，他的團隊都要以這些規則來行事，但像是第12條，就幾乎沒有人遵守。不知道為什麼，第1條跟第3條都有重複。在16季第13集，Bishop破了與Ziva有關的案子後，Gibbs就親手把第10條的紙條燒毀，說明第10條已經被打破了。在18季16集，Ｇibbs將他新造好的船命名為第91條規則(Rule91)，Bishop向他問起名字的含義，Gibbs告訴了她，也暗示著Bishop的離開。
重返犯罪現場(NCIS) 已由全球許多地區的電視台播放：
Tropical-Rouge！光之美少女

《Tropical-Rouge！光之美少女》（日语：トロピカル〜ジュ！プリキュア）是由東堂泉製作的魔法少女動畫，為「光之美少女系列」第十八作，第十六代光之美少女。2021年2月28日於朝日放送和朝日電視台播放。台灣由東森幼幼台在2021年6月19日以「熱情閃耀！光之美少女」的名義首播。
夏海真夏是個在小島長大的少女，這個春天她前往藍天市踏入國中生涯。真夏在搬家的當天遇見人魚少女蘿拉，原來蘿拉的國家「人魚王國」格蘭海洋遭到陰暗海底的慢慢魔女的襲擊，格蘭海洋王國的人民的所有活力能量被慢慢魔女給奪走，變得渾身無力。而且敵人甚至也將人類列為目標，如果放任不管的話那麼全世界人們的活力能量也會被奪走，為了阻止慢慢魔女，蘿拉奉人魚女王之命來地面上尋找「傳說中的戰士」——光之美少女。
當慢慢魔女的僕人現身地面企圖捉住蘿拉，真夏一心想著「我現在最應該做的事情，那就是……！」她爆發活力能量並變身成光之美少女──「夏日天使」！真夏為了幫助蘿拉不讓慢慢魔女把活力能量給奪走變身成為「夏日天使」。他們還順利找到另外三位中學生涼村珊珊、一之瀬實，瀧澤飛鳥變身成為「珊瑚天使」，「水果天使」、「紅鶴天使」。她們將與慢慢魔女的僕人展開戰鬥的同時完成光之美少女的使命，就連學校課業跟社團活動，也要用活力展現熱情閃耀的活力！
※注意：部分名字及用詞尚無正式中文譯名，有關翻譯暫以劇中解釋為準。
Love in Singapore (2009 film)

Love In Singapore is a 2009 Indian Malayalam-language comedy drama film directed by Rafi Mecartin, starring Mammootty and Jayasurya in lead role. The film marks the debut of Navneet Kaur in Malayalam cinema.
Machu, is an orphan who became rich by selling scrap. The prime location for the film is in a large hall at a bottle recycling factory in Kochi. Machu starts off rather humbly but soon gets rich. Now his scrap business has branches all over India. Machu, who is uneducated, keeps a low profile and prefers to hang out with his two friends, Shukkoor and Narayanan. His life changes when Andrews Perreira, an Anglo Indian investor cheats Machu into investing all his wealth into Perreira's investment company. Perreira acts as if he tried to commit suicide to give his investment fraud a lively touch. The innocent investors, including Machu, believe this and forgive Perreira, believing it wasn't his fault. The movie takes a wild turn when Machu meets Perreira's daughter, Diana, and wishes to marry her. But Perreira betrays Machu again by interchanging his daughter with his neighbour's daughter, an old friend of Machu's. On the wedding day, all falls apart as Machu and his friends go to confront Perreira for his crimes, but Perreira with his daughter had already escaped to Singapore. Then the movie goes into utter humour as Machu and his sidekick tries to locate Perreira and Diana in Singapore.
The film was produced by Rafi, under the banner M.H.M. Productions. Lyrics of Rajeev Alunkal and Santosh Varma have been set to music by Suresh Peters. The still photographer is Sunil Guruvayur. Navaneet Kaur was chosen as the female lead because the makers wanted a woman "who looks cosmopolitan". Shooting locations included Kochi, Karaikudi and Singapore.
Rediff wrote that "the script is illogical and consists of many 'laugh a minute' portions that have been put together to make this film. [...] Love in Singapore is one of the worst efforts by the director duo Rafi-Mecartin in recent times." Sify wrote, "In one word, avoidable."
99 Bottles of Beer

"99 Bottles of Beer" or "100 Bottles of Pop on the Wall" is a traditional reverse counting song from the United States and Canada. It is popular to sing on road trips, as it has a very repetitive format which is easy to memorize and can take a long time when sung in full. In particular, the song is often sung by children on long school bus trips, such as class field trips, or on Scout or Girl Guide outings. 99 Bottles of Beer's lyrics can be printed in normal programming languages or esoteric programming languages.
The song is a variation of a 19th century college students' song "Forty-nine Blue Bottles a-Hangin' on the Wall" or simply "Forty-nine Bottles Hanging on the Wall". The melody and lyrics are recorded in a college songbook from 1890 as:
By 1898, a variation existed with the modern bottle count of 99 and the bottles specified as beer bottles.
The song's lyrics are as follows, beginning with n=99:
The same verse is repeated, each time with one bottle fewer, until there is none left. Variations on the last verse following the last bottle going down include lines such as:
Or:
Other alternate lines read:
Or:
Or the song does not stop at the last "1" or "0" bottles of beer but continues counting with −1 (Negative one) Bottles of beer on the wall Take one down, pass it around, −2 (negative 2) bottles of beer on the wall... continuing onward through the negative numbers.
Singing all verses takes an extraordinarily long time. The American comedian Andy Kaufman used this for comedic effect early in his career when he actually sang all 100 verses.
Atticus, a band from Knoxville, Tennessee, recorded a thirteen and a half minute live version of the song in its entirety at the Glasgow Cathouse in Scotland. It was included in the 2001 album Figment. Rich Stewart aka Homebrew Stew listed it as the number one drinking song out of 86 in an article for Modern Drunkard Magazine the following year.
Donald Byrd has collected dozens of variants inspired by mathematical concepts and written by himself and others. (A subset of his collection has been published.) Byrd argues that the collection has pedagogic as well as amusement value. Among his variants are:
Other versions in Byrd's collection involve concepts including geometric progressions, differentials, Euler's identity, complex numbers, summation notation, the Cantor set, the Fibonacci sequence, and the continuum hypothesis, among others.
The computer scientist Donald Knuth proved that the song has a complexity of O ( log ⁡ N ) {\displaystyle O(\log N)} in his in-joke-article "The Complexity of Songs".
Numerous computer programs exist to output the lyrics to the song. This is analogous to "Hello, World!" programs, with the addition of a loop. As with "Hello, World!", this can be a practice exercise for those studying computer programming, and a demonstration of different programming paradigms dealing with looping constructs and syntactic differences between programming languages within a paradigm.
The program has been written in over 1,500 different programming languages.
Нарийн сараана

Нарийн сараана - (Латин: Lilium pumilum), (Орос: Лилия узколистная)
40-60 см өндөр иштэй, нарийхан зууван цагаан булцуу ишнийхээ дунд хэсэгт дараалж суусан шугаман навч, хурц улаан өнгийн цэцэгтэй байдаг.
Ойт хээрийн бүсэд голлон тархжээ.
Running Man (ТВ цуврал)

SBS телевизийн "Бүү алх, гүй!" уриатай инээдмийн шоу болох Running Man (런닝맨) нь анх 2010 оны 7сарын 11нд анхны дугаараа гаргаж байсан. Шоуны байнгын оролцогчид буюу дүрүүдэд хөтлөгч жүжигчин 'Yoo Jae-suk', дуучин 'Haha', жүжигчин 'Ji Suk-jin', дуучин жүжигчин 'Kim Jong-kook', жүжигчин 'Lee Kwang-soo' болон жүжигчин 'Song Ji-hyo' нар оролцдог ба продюсэр нь Im Hyung-taek болон Ahn Jae-chul нар юм. 2020 оны 1 сарын 26ны байдлаар нийт 487 ангийг гаргасан байна. Нэг ангийн гарах хугацаа нь 60 - 95 минут ба ням гариг бүр 4:50pm цагаас гардаг.
Шоу гарсан цагаасаа эхлэн тоглоом наадаан дээр төвлөрсөн нь олны танил реалити шоу болоход илүү нөлөөлсөн. Үүнийг тус шоуны гол хөтлөгч Yoo Jae-suk санаачлан хөтөлбөр болгосон юм. Шоу Азийн бусад хэсэг болон Азиас гадагшаа ч их алдартай болж, мөн Hallyu фэнүүдийн дунд онлайнаар их түгээмэл болж сайн дурын орчуулга хадмалын фэнсайтууд бий болсоор байна.
Running Man-ы анхны гишүүд нь Yoo Jae-suk, Ji Suk-jin, Kim Jong-kook, Haha, Lee Kwang-soo, Song Joong-ki болон Gary нар байсан. Song Ji-hyo анх хоёр удаа зочноор орж (2-3р анги) албан ёсоор 6р ангиас эхлэн орсон. Гэхдээ 7р ангид орох боломжгүй байсан юм. 2011оны 4сард, Song Joong-ki жүжигчний карьертаа анхаарах шаардлага гарч хөтөлбөрийг орхин, 41дэх анги дээр сүүлийн удаа орсон байна. Харин дараа нь хагас жилийн дараа 66р ангид зочноор оролцсон. Lizzy албан ёсоор 18р ангиас хөтөлбөрт нэгдсэн, гэхдээ After School хамтлагийн хуваариас шалтгаалан 26дах анги дээр гарсан юм.
Running Man шоунд олон хүн зочноор оролцдог ба баг болон хуваагдаж олон сонирхолтой тоглоом тоглож, хөгжилтэй үйл явдлууд их гардаг учраас Өмнөд Солонгос болон Азийн даяар улам бүр түгээмэл болсон бөгөөд шоуг дунджаар 2.1 сая хүн үзсэн байна.
Running Man-ы гишүүд Ази даяар хэд хэдэн фен уулзалт зохион байгуулсан ба 2013оны 10сарын байдлаар Сингапур дах фен уулзалт 3000 хүнийг хамарсан. 2011 оны арваннэгдүгээр сард шоуг цацагдах эрхийг Азийн есөн газар буюу тухайлбал, Тайвань, Тайланд, Индонез, Хятад, Хонконг, Япон, Сингапур, Камбож, Малайз уруу худалдсан байна. 2013 оны нэгдүгээр сард SBS-ийн 2013 оны том төслүүдийн нэг нь Ази тивд Running Man гаргана гэж мэдэгдсэн байна.
Продюсер Im Hyung-taek, 2014оны 5сард Running Man-ы Хятад хувилбар Hurry Up-г гарна гэж албан ёсоор зарлаж, Zhejiang телевизээр 2014оны 4р улирлаас цацагдаж эхэлсэн.
2015 оны байдлаар Running Man нийт 52 шагнал гардуулах ёслолд нэр дэвшиж, 39 удаа ялсан байна.
Францын төрийн далбаа

Франц Улсын Төрийн далбаа (фр. drapeau tricolore, drapeau bleu-blanc-rouge эсвэл drapeau français мөн түүнчлэн зэвсэгт хүчинд les couleurs) нь анх 1794 оны 2-р сарын 15-нд албан ёсоор үндэсний далбаа болгон хэрэглэж иржээ.
Төрийн далбаа нь босоо тэнхлэг дагуу (ишний дагуу) ижил өргөнтэй хөх, цагаан, улаан өнгө бүхий гурван өнгөт далбаа бөгөөд далбааны талуудын харьцаа нь 2:3. Тэнгисийн далбааны (Тэнгисийн цэргийн далбаа) хөх, цагаан, улаан өнгөнүүдийн харьцаа нь 30:33:37 харьцаатайгаар хуваагдсан байдаг. Энэхүү өөр харьцаа нь төрийн далбаа намирах үедээ усан онгоц дээрх далбааг мандуулсан багана талдаа хэт нарийхан биш харин гурван өнгийг ижил өргөнтэй мэт харагдуулах үүднээс ийм хийцийг сонгожээ.
1970-аад онд тус улсын ерөнхийлөгч агсан Валери Жискар д’Эстен төрийн далбааны хөх өнгийг бага зэрэг цэнхэр болгож өөрчилсөн. Тэр далбааны тэнгисийн гүн хөх өнгийг кобальт хөх болгон цайвар болгосон нь европын далбааны өнгөнд ойртуулсан хэрэг байв. Гэвч ерөнхийлөгч Эмманюэл Макрон 2020 оны долоодугаар сарын 14-нд төрийн далбааны өнгөний түүхийг түүхэн талаас нь бодон хуучин байсан гүн хөх өнгийг нь буцаан хэрэглэх шийдвэрийг гаргажээ. Үнэндээ энэхүү өөрчлөлт нь ямар эрх зүйн баримтад түшиглээгүй, ямар ч хууль дүрмийн заалтад үндэслээгүй байна. Мөн түүнчлэн энэ тухайгаа ямар ч байгууллагад мэдэгдээгүй байж байгаад нэг жил өнгөрсөн хойно сэтгүүлчдийн асуултад Ерөнхийлөгчийн Тамгын Газраас дээрх алхам нь нэгэн төрлийн зөвлөмж байсан гэдэг хариултыг өгчээ (фр. Démarche incitative).
Францын хувьсгал хүртэл (1789 он оноос) болон сэргээн босголтын үеүдэд (1814–1830 он) ханы ордонд алтан шар өнгөтэй сараана цэцэг бүхий туг байсан нь үндсэндээ Францын төрийн далбаа байв. Энэ далбаа нь бас тэнгисийн далбаа байсан ба ханыг байх үед мандуулдаг байв. Энгийн цагаан өнгийн тугийг 17-р зуунаас 1790 оныг хүртэл тэнгисийн дайны далбаагаар ашиглажээ. Хан энэ усан онгоцонд өөрөө явах үед цагаан дэвсгэр дээр алтан шар сараанаар чимэглэсэн төв хэсэгтээ гурван ширхэг сараана цэцэг бүхий хөх өнгийн бамбай түүний дээр францын титэмтэй бөгөөд бамбайг хоёр тэнгэрийн сахиус өргөж буйгаар дүрсэлсэн далбааг мандуулдаг байсан аж.
Цэцэг

Цэцэг буюу дэлбээ, цэцэглэлтийн эрхтэн нь цэцэгт ургамал (Angiospermae ангилалд хамаарах ургамлууд)-ын үржлийн эрхтэн юм. Цэцэг нь вегетатив эрхтнүүдээс бүрддэг бөгөөд үүнд: цэцгийн хөгжиж буй үеийг хамгаалж, бүрхэж байдаг дотоод хэсэг буюу дэлбээнүүд, тоос хүртээгчийг татах үүрэг бүхий тод өнгийн дэлбэн, мөн гамет (үр эс)-ийг үүсгэгч үржлийн эрхтнүүд орно. Эр гаметофит нь тоосонцорт агуулагдах бөгөөд тоосны уутанд үүснэ. Харин эм гаметофит нь үржлийн эрхтэн болох навчинцар дотор үүсдэг.
Ихэнх цэцэгт ургамлууд өөрсдийн тоосыг бусад цэцэг рүү шилжүүлэхийн тулд зөгий, эрвээхэй, шөнийн эрвээхэй зэрэг амьтад тусалдаг. Тэд эдгээр тоос хүртээгчийг татахын тулд тод өнгөтэй, том дэлбэн, хэт ягаан туяанд харагдах өвөрмөц хээ, анхилуун үнэр, мөн тоос хүртээгчдийн хоол хүнс болох бал үйлдвэрлэх зэрэг олон янзын аргыг ашиглан дасан зохицсон байдаг. Ийм байдлаар олон цэцэгт ургамал болон тоос хүртээгчид хамтран хувьсаж, харилцан хамааралтай болсон. Ургамлын хувьд энэ нь эс үржих үндэс суурь болж өгдөг бол, тоос хүртээгчдийн хувьд хоол тэжээл болдог. Цэцгийн тоос нь антерээс өөр нэг цэцгийн үр боловсрох хэсэгт (бүдүүвч) хүргэгдсэнийг тоос хүртэлт гэнэ.
Зарим цэцэг өөрөө өөрийгөө тоос хүртээж, нэгэн ургамлын өөр цэцгийн тоосыг ашиглан үр үүсгэж чаддаг бол, бусад нь өөрийгөө тоос хүртэхээс сэргийлэх арга механизмтай бөгөөд зөвхөн бусад нэг төрлийн ургамлын цэцгийн тоосыг дамжуулан хөндлөн тоос хүртэлтэд үрждэг. Өөрөө тоос хүртэх үзэгдэл нь цэцгийн эр болон эм эрхтэн нь нэгэн зэрэг боловсорч, тоос нь тухайн цэцгийнхээ үр боловсрох хэсэгт хүрэх боломжтойгоор байрлах үед болдог. Энэ тохиолдолд ургамал тоос хүртээгчдийг татах бал, тоосонцор зэрэгт хөрөнгө зарах шаардлагагүй байдаг. Зарим цэцэг бордолтгүйгээр диаспор (тариалангийн тархаагч эрхтэн) үүсгэдэг бөгөөд үүнийг партенокарпи гэнэ. Бордолт явагдсаны дараа цэцгийн үржлийн эрхтэн болох өндгөн эс үр жимс болж хөгжиж, дотор нь үр агуулдаг.
Саскачеван

Саскачеван нь Канадын тал нутгийн мужуудын нэг бөгөөд нийт 588,276.09 ам км нутаг дэвсгэртэй, 1,010,146 хүн амтай (2008 оны тооцоогоор). Хүн амын ихэнх нь мужийн өмнөд хагаст суудаг. Эдгээрээс 233,923 нь мужийн хамгийн том хот болох Саскатунд оршин суудаг бол 194,971 нь нийслэл Режайнад оршин суудаг ажээ. Мужийн нэр нь Саскачевант голын нэрнээс гаралтай бөгөөд энэ голын нэр нь Кри хэлний kisiskāciwani-sīpiy буюу "түргэн урсгалт гол" гэсэн нэрнээс гаралтай билээ.
Lilium pumilum

Lilium pumilum is an Asian species of bulbous plants native to Mongolia, Siberia, the Russian Far East (Amur Krai, Primorye, Khabarovsk), Korea and northern China.
It is a stem-rooting bulb that grows up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) high, though usually rather less. The bulb itself is 4–5 inches (100–130 mm) deep and live from 2 to 4 years. The leaves are slender and grassy. It bears from one to twenty reflexed and nodding flowers, usually red in colour, and which may be spotted with black. The flowers are scented.
Named pumilum (`poo`mill`um) for its small size, compared to other lilies
It may be short lived in cultivation, but tends to last longest in well-drained soils.
In Taiwan, both the flower and bulbs are used as food, as are the other related species: L. brownii var. viridulum, L. lancifolium and L. candidum.
Lily Stockman

Lily Stockman (born 1982) is an American painter who lives and works in Los Angeles and Yucca Valley, CA.
Lily Stockman studied Visual and Environmental Studies at Harvard University, during which time she spent five months in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia apprenticing in Buddhist thangka painting at the Union of Mongolian Artists. In 2011, Stockman moved to Jaipur, India to study pigment and Mughal miniature painting. Her time in India culminated with an exhibition at the Threshold Art Gallery in Delhi. Stockman taught undergraduate painting for two years and received her MFA in studio art from New York University, where she studied with painter Maureen Gallace.
Lily Stockman is a contemporary artist known for her unique painting practice, characterized by a vibrant and abstract approach to landscape and color. Stockman's work often involves large-scale canvases that feature bold, expressive brushstrokes and a vivid palette. In addition to her exploration of color, Stockman's paintings often evoke a sense of place and a connection to the natural world, even as they move towards abstraction. She is known for her ability to capture the essence of landscapes and environments while allowing for interpretation and personal reflection.
Stockman's work has been exhibited at Gagosian Gallery in Athens, Greece, Charles Moffett and Cheim & Read in New York, Almine Rech and Timothy Taylor in London, Massimo de Carlo in London, Milan, and Paris, Jessica Silverman and Berggruen Gallery in San Francisco, Night Gallery, Regen Projects, and the Underground Museum in Los Angeles.
The New Yorker writes, "Stockman’s compositions are both diagrammatic and vaporous, a combination that calls to mind the spiritualist abstractions of the American modernist Agnes Pelton. Although they’re more lyrical, Stockman’s nested shapes also have some of the meticulous magic of Josef Albers’s squares."
Her work has also been reviewed in The New York Times, The Brooklyn Rail, Interview, The Paris Review, New York, Los Angeles Times and Artnet among other publications.
Stockman's work is in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian's Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C., Institute of Contemporary Art (Miami), the Palm Springs Art Museum, the Farnsworth Art Museum in Rockland, ME, the Phoenix Art Museum, and the Orange County Museum of Art in Costa Mesa, CA where she was included in the 2022 California Biennial.
Stockman's essays have been featured in Vogue Magazine, Monocle (UK magazine), and the Iceland Review. In 2019, Charles Moffett Gallery published Stockman's first monograph, Imaginary Gardens with foreword by artist and Paper Monument founder Roger White.
Eremurus

Eremurus /ˌɛrɪˈmjʊərəs/ is a genus of deciduous perennial flowers in the family Asphodelaceae. They are also known as the foxtail lilies or desert candles. They are native to eastern Europe in (Russia and Ukraine), and temperate Asia from Turkey to China, with many species in Central Asia.
The inflorescence consists of a tall floral spike whose individual flowers extend their anthers around the stem axis as in the bottle brushes. Depending on the species, the spike consists of many densely-arranged, small flowers in shades of orange, yellow, white, pale pink or red-orange. The grey-green, straplike leaves grow in a tuft from the succulent root crown. Eremurus is known for its thick, fingerlike roots, which grow from a central growth point. The blooming spike is notably tall and relatively narrow, rising from 3 to 9 or 10 feet above the foliage, depending on the species. These plants are mainly native to western and Central Asia, although Eremurus thiodanthus is endemic to the Crimea.
As of November 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:
Eremurus is hardy to USDA Zones 5–7. Usually four species are available commercially for cultivation:
Also E. × isabellinus which is a hybrid of E. olgae and E. stenophyllus is available as 'Cleopatra', with orange spikes.
The cultivar 'Joanna' has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
The octopus-like tuberous roots are easily injured; planting on a cone of soil, with the crown on the peak and the roots hanging down, is recommended. Plants are readily affected by winter root rot, so that a layer of sand or gravel beneath is recommended to ensure drainage. Covering with compost or mulch provides protection from frost.
Lilium martagon

Lilium martagon, the martagon lily or Turk's cap lily, is a Eurasian species of lily. It has a widespread native region extending from Portugal east through Europe and Asia as far east as Mongolia.
It is stem-rooting, growing between 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) and 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall. The flower colour is typically a pink-purple, with dark spots, but is quite variable, extending from near white to near black. The flowers are scented. Numerous flowers are borne on each plant, and up to 50 can be found on vigorous plants. The green stems can be flushed with purple or red and the leaves are elliptic to inverse lanceolate, mostly in whorls, up to 16 centimetres (6.3 in) long and often lightly hairy underneath.
Numerous names have been proposed at the levels of subspecies and varieties. Only two are recognized by the World Checklist.
Horticulturally it is in Division IX (true species).
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Lilium martagon was used in hybridising with L. hansonii at the end of the 19th century by Mrs RO Backhouse of Hereford, England.
The name Turk's cap lily, also applied to a number of other species, comes from the characteristic reflexed shape of the petals. The specific epithet martagon is of uncertain origin. It has been suggested by one scholar (J.W. Redhouse (1892), that the word is of Ottoman Turkish origin, as mārtağān - a special kind of turban adopted by Sultan Muhammed. However, the word is not found in modern Turkish.
Lilium martagon, like many in the genus, is highly toxic to cats and ingestion often leads to fatal kidney failure; households and gardens which are visited by cats are strongly advised against keeping this plant or placing dried flowers where a cat may brush against them and become dusted with pollen which they then consume while cleaning. Suspected cases require urgent veterinary attention. Rapid treatment with activated charcoal and/or induced vomiting can reduce the amount of toxin absorbed (this is time-sensitive so in some cases vets may advise doing it at home), and large amounts of fluid by IV can reduce damage to kidneys to increase the chances of survival.
List of Fritillaria species

This List of Fritillaria species shows the accepted species names within the genus Fritillaria, of which there are about 100 to 130.
Numerous names have been coined using the name Fritillaria but referring to species now considered better suited to other genera (Calochortus Disporum Erythronium Eucomis Lilium Notholirion). We provide links to help you find appropriate information.
The species of Fritillaria are divided amongst eight subgenera. A partial list of species by subgenera is shown here:
5 species
Monotypic
4 species
Monotypic
Monotypic
8 species
Lily seed germination types

Lilies seed germination is classified as either epigeal or hypogeal. These classifications may be further refined as immediate or delayed. Whether a lily is epigeal or hypogeal may be related to survival strategies developed according to the climate where the lily originated. Epigeal lilies evolved in moderate climates. Hypogeal lilies evolved in harsher habitats where it would be advantageous to store food in a bulb, and later send up leaves in the spring.
Asiatic lilies include species of Lilium lancifolium (syn.tigrinum), L. cernuum, L. davidii, L. maximowiczii, L. macultum, L. hollandicum, L. amabile, L. pumilum, L. concolor, and L. bulbiferum. Epigeal trumpet lily species are L. leucanthum, L. regale, L. sargentiae, L. sulphureum, L. rosthornii and L. henryi. Many interdivisional hybrids also fall into the epigeal category. Epigeal lilies germinate under moist, warm conditions (approximately 70°F) in one stage, taking about 14 days. One stage means that they send up a leaf right away.
Oriental lily species, such as L. auratum, L. speciosum, L. nobilissimum, L. rubellum, L. alexandrae, and L. japonicum and Martagon species L. martagon, L. hansonii, L. medeoloides, and L. tsingtauense, are all hypogeal. Hypogeal lilies require two or more stages with variations of temperature particular to each stage. For hypogeal lilies, the first stage of germination takes place entirely underground, where the bulb is created. Hypogeals require a warm period of 3 months at 70°F, followed by a 3-month period at 40°F. A juvenile leaf appears in the second stage. The tiny bulbs are then planted in a warm area, usually outdoors.
Double hypogeal lilies are the hardest to germinate and need multiple alternating periods of warm and cold. The exact sequence varies by species. Lilies that require these special conditions are often adapted to very specific conditions, and may be rare.
List of monocotyledons of Montana

Monocotyledon species found in Montana number at least 615. The Montana Natural Heritage Program has identified a number of monocot species as Species of Concern.
Monocotyledons are one of two major groups of flowering plants (or angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons, or dicots. Monocot seedlings typically have one cotyledon (seed-leaf), in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots. Monocots have been recognized at various taxonomic ranks, and under various names (see below). The APG II system recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank. There are between 50,000 and 60,000 species within this group; according to IUCN there are 59,300 species. The largest family in this group (and in the flowering plants as a whole) by number of species are the orchids (family Orchidaceae), with more than 20,000 species. In agriculture the majority of the biomass produced comes from monocots. The true grasses, family Poaceae (Gramineae), are the most economically important family in this group. These include all the true grains (rice, wheat, maize, etc.), the pasture grasses, sugar cane, and the bamboos. True grasses have evolved to become highly specialised for wind pollination. Grasses produce much smaller flowers, which are gathered in highly visible plumes (inflorescences). Other economically important monocot families are the palm family (Arecaceae), banana family (Musaceae), ginger family (Zingiberaceae) and the onion family Alliaceae, which includes such ubiquitously used vegetables as onions and garlic.
Order: Najadales, family: Juncaginaceae
Order: Arales, family: Araceae
Order: Typhales, family: Sparganiaceae
Order: Typhales, family: Typhaceae
Order: Najadales, family: Ruppiaceae
Order: Arales, family: Lemnaceae
Order: Alismatales, family: Butomaceae
Order: Cyperales, family: Poaceae
Order: Liliales, family: Smilacaceae
Order: Najadales, family: Zannichelliaceae
Order: Liliales, family: Iridaceae
Order: Liliales, family: Liliaceae
Order: Orchidales, family: Orchidaceae
Order: Najadales, family: Scheuchzeriaceae
Order: Najadales, family: Potamogetonaceae
Order: Juncales, family: Juncaceae
Order: Cyperales, family: Cyperaceae
Order: Commelinales, family: Commelinaceae
Order: Arales, family: Acoraceae
Order: Liliales, family: Pontederiaceae
Order: Najadales, family: Najadaceae
Order: Alismatales, family: Alismataceae
Order: Hydrocharitales, family: Hydrocharitaceae
Order: Liliales, family: Agavaceae
Lilium cernuum

Lilium cernuum is a species of lily native to Korea, the Primorye region of Russia, and northeastern China (Provinces of Jilin + Liaoning).
Lilium cernuum typically grows to 50 cm tall. The flowers are white to purple, though usually pink with maroon spots, and are scented. The species is similar in many respects to Lilium pumilum. The name cernuum refers to its nodding (hanging) flowers.
Kabiskopan Tura

Kabiskopan Tura (Latin: Dioecesis Turana) yaiku kabiskopan sing ana ing kutha Tura, provinsi grejawi Shillong, India.
Koordhinat: 25°31′33″N 90°13′17″E﻿ / ﻿25.5259°N 90.2215°E﻿ / 25.5259; 90.2215
Miss Universe Indonesia 2023

Miss Universe Indonesia 2023 was the 1st Miss Universe Indonesia pageant, held at the Beach City International Stadium in Jakarta, Indonesia, on 3 August 2023.
Fabiënne Nicole Groeneveld of Jakarta SCR was crowned at the end of the event. She represented Indonesia at the Miss Universe 2023 pageant in El Salvador.
The new Miss Universe Indonesia franchise was awarded to Poppy Capella, national director. Capella is an Indonesian actress, singer and businesswoman with business in shipping, commodities, structured sinancing, fund raising, aviation and the trading sectors. It was the first time in franchise that contestants were be allowed to use English, other than Bahasa Indonesia.
On 8 February 2023, this Miss Universe Indonesia organization was formed and launched. The license is owned by Capella, who is also the national director, under a limited liability company Capella Swastika Karya and Just Capella Sdn. Bhd. management. The press launch was attended by the Miss Universe 2022 R'Bonney Gabriel, second runner-up and top five of Miss Universe 2022, Andreína Martínez and Gabriëla Dos Santos, respectively.
From this edition onwards, the organization will officially accept married women and women with children to compete in the pageant, within the age requirement of 18–28 years.
On Monday, 29 May 2023 the organization launched its inaugural crown, The Shimmering Hope Crown at La Moda, Plaza Indonesia, Jakarta. The crown is made by UBS Gold of Indonesia.
§ – Entered the Top 11 as Fanvote winner
In August 2023, three out of the eleven finalists filed police reports regarding incidents of sexual harassment they experienced during body checking. One of the finalists alleged that she was instructed to remove her clothes, including her bra, in a confined room. She expressed her shock at the presence of males in the room and how the cramped space made her uncomfortable. When she tried to cover her breasts, she was reprimanded. Furthermore, she alleged that she was coerced into posing for multiple poses and was made to open her legs while standing. She also reported unwanted touching of her private areas during the body checks. Another contestant also came forward, alleging that she was photographed without her consent while not wearing any clothing. It is also alleged that the organizers were trying to silence the victims. As a result, the Miss Universe Organization terminated their franchise contract with Poppy Capella as the Miss Universe license owner.
Indonesian social media raised concerns over winner Nicole's height, citing it as a reason she should not have won. The event guidelines specified a minimum height requirement of 168cm for contestants, which Nicole did not meet. Four days after her win, the organizers removed the height requirement, stating that disqualifying her based on her height had been deemed unfair.
Miss Cosmo 2024

Miss Cosmo 2024 was the inaugural edition of the Miss Cosmo pageant, held at the Saigon Riverside Park in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, on 5 October 2024.
At the end of the event, Ketut Permata Juliastrid of Indonesia was crowned by the CEO of the Miss Cosmo Organization, Trần Việt Bảo Hoàng, as the inaugural titleholder.
Delegates from fifty-six countries and territories competed in this edition. Kylie Verzosa, Miss International 2016, and Bùi Đức Bảo served as the host for both the preliminary night and the grand finale.
The pageant was held at Saigon Riverside Park in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, from 15 September to 5 October 2024, with participants from fifty-nine countries and territories. The Miss Cosmo Organization held a press conference to launch the competition on 11 June 2024 in Ho Chi Minh City. Miss Cosmo licence holders have been officially announced from 82 countries and territories.
The prize included US$100 thousand in cash (more than VNđ2.5 billion), one year of living in a luxury apartment in Vietnam. The total prizes will be up to US$1 million.
On 27 August 2024, it was announced that AXN will broadcast the grand finale on their channel.
Two contestants were present in many activities, but withdrew from the competition before the final night: United States Virgin Islands (reason not given) and Colombia (health issues).
Notes: § – placed into the Top 10 by the Cosmo People's Choice Award (fan voting challenge) Δ – placed into the Top 21 by the Cosmo Social Ambassador Award (fan voting challenge)
Fifty-six contestants competed for the title.
Lists of 21st-century earthquakes

The following is a summary of significant earthquakes during the 21st century. In terms of fatalities, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was the most destructive event with 227,898 confirmed fatalities, followed by the 2010 Haiti earthquake with about 160,000 fatalities, the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with 87,587 fatalities, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake suffered by Pakistan with 87,351 fatalities, and the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes with 62,013 fatalities.
The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami became the costliest natural disaster, resulting in approximately $360 billion in property damage at the time, followed by the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes and the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, which resulted in $163.6 billion and $150 billion in damage, respectively.
The following are the 20 deadliest earthquakes of the 21st century so far.
Note:This only ranks immediate costs, for example, nuclear meltdown and climate and fossil fuel costs, as well as other ongoing costs from quakes are not included.
These are the deadliest earthquakes per year
These are the largest earthquakes by magnitude per year
Sources
List of solar eclipses in the 21st century

During the 21st century, there will be 224 solar eclipses of which 77 will be partial, 72 will be annular, 68 will be total and 7 will be hybrids between total and annular eclipses. Of these, two annular and one total eclipse will be non-central, in the sense that the very center (axis) of the Moon's shadow will miss the Earth (for more information see gamma). In the 21st century, the greatest number of eclipses in one year is four, in 2011, 2029, 2047, 2065, 2076, and 2094. The predictions given here are by Fred Espenak of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
At this point, the longest measured duration in which the Moon completely covered the Sun, known as totality, was during the solar eclipse of July 22, 2009. This total solar eclipse had a maximum duration of 6 minutes and 38.86 seconds. The longest possible duration of a total solar eclipse is 7 minutes and 32 seconds. The longest annular solar eclipse of the 21st century took place on January 15, 2010, with a duration of 11 minutes and 7.8 seconds. The maximum possible duration is 12 minutes and 29 seconds. The eclipse of May 20, 2050, will be the second hybrid eclipse in the span of less than one year, the first one being on November 25, 2049.
The table contains the date and time of the greatest eclipse (in dynamical time, which in this case is the time when the axis of the Moon's shadow cone passes closest to the centre of Earth; this is in (Ephemeris Time). The number of the saros series that the eclipse belongs to is given, followed by the type of the eclipse (either total, annular, partial or hybrid), the gamma of the eclipse (how centrally the shadow of the Moon strikes the Earth), and the magnitude of the eclipse (the fraction of the Sun's diameter obscured by the Moon). For total and annular eclipses, the duration of the eclipse is given, as well as the location of the greatest eclipse (the point of maximum eclipse) and the path width of the total or annular eclipse. The geographical areas from which the eclipse can be seen are listed along with a chart illustrating each eclipse's respective path.
Anthem of the 21st of April

The Anthem of the 21st of April (Greek: Ύμνος της 21ης Απριλίου) was the anthem of the ruling military regime during the Greek military junta of 1967–74, de facto used as an unofficial co-national anthem along with the Hymn to Liberty. The anthem glorifies the "national revolution" begun by the regime, which took power with the Coup d'état of 21 April 1967.
1980年代香港命案列表

1980年代香港命案列表記錄於1980年至1989年在香港發生過涉及人命的案件，包括謀殺及誤殺等他殺命案，每宗案件必須列明資料來源；而一般的因自殺、疾病、天災、意外等導至死亡的案件則不在此列。此列表可能並不完全，尚有大量案件由於年代久遠，資料不完整而未被記錄。
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1980年代末中国通货膨胀

1980年代末中国通货膨胀是指中华人民共和国发生的1986年至1988年通货膨胀周期。
从1984年第四季度起，中华人民共和国经济发展速度过快，信贷发放过猛。中央曾试图以行政手段控制信贷发放，但未能奏效。1985年，时任国务院总理赵紫阳提出了“软着陆”，即不是通过一年，而是通过数年，缓解经济过热，不再像1981年一样通过大砍基建项目从而在短时间内紧急调整经济。经过1986年、1987年两年的實踐，经济环境从紧张逐步放松，经济既获得降温，又没有出现衰退。雖然如此，到1987年，国民生产总值增长10%以上，国民收入增长10%以上，工业总产值增长17%以上，农业增长近6%，商品零售价格指数上涨7.3%。
1988年市场上仍物价不断上涨，而价格扭曲问题并没有根本缓解，官倒等现象引起人民不满。中共中央高层遂于1988年5月提出进行价格闯关，准备以物价上涨在可控的一定水平为代价，有计划地全面调整价格，改变价格严重扭曲的现状。
1988年初，CPI增长达到拐点。在1986年至1988年的通货膨胀周期中，月度CPI自1987年1月超过5％，至1989年2月达到最高值28.4％，前后共26个月。1988年1月CPI同比增长9.4％，是此轮通货膨胀周期的拐点。
然而在中共中央政治局扩大会议刚刚通过价格改革方案，具体实施方案尚未制订，改革出台时间尚未确定之时，国内新闻媒体便开始大张旗鼓地宣传。一时间，社会普遍流行“物价涨一半，工资翻一番”的传言，人们对通货膨胀的预期迅速增长，而政府又没有承诺保值储蓄。在这种情况下，1988年夏季，各地银行发生了挤兑风潮，各类商品遭到抢购。一些商店和企业趁机涨价，而银行储蓄比预计减少了400亿元人民币，银行不得不通过大量印制人民币来纾缓困境。由於這個情況，已经存在的通货膨胀看樣子會进一步严重，價格闖關出師未捷便宣告失敗，中央遂緊急終止了計畫。
遵照中华人民共和国国务院的决定，中国人民银行确定从1988年9月10日开始，对城乡居民个人3年以上定期储蓄存款实行保值贴补。保值储蓄的实施，有效地缓解了因通货膨胀预期增长带来的通货膨胀。
1988年9月，中央决定实行治理整顿。治理整顿实施后，国家经济局面发生了新的变化。国务院采用行政手段控制价格和基本建设，并取消了一些已经实施的放开搞活企业的改革措施，收回了中央下放到地方和企业的一些权力。最终，通货膨胀受到遏制，但是也随之出现了“经济滑坡、市场疲软、生产停滞”的局面。
人人都爱雷蒙德

《人人都爱雷蒙德》（英語：Everybody Loves Raymond）是美国CBS播出的一部情景喜剧。故事讲述的是体育新闻记者Ray Barone一家的日常生活，地点在纽约的长岛。此剧于1996年播出，已於2005年5月结束。
《人人都爱雷蒙德》讲述的是雷蒙德一家的日常生活剧中人物各种小事都记得一清二楚，动不动就拿出来说。故事主要围绕着婆媳之间、兄弟之间、夫妻之间、亲子之间的各种矛盾展开。此剧是由男主演的亲身经历改编而成，1996年在CBS首播。
最开始放在了星期五晚播出，後來移到了星期一晚，一直延续到今。20世纪90年代末期几年中，此剧一直稳稳占据着收视率排行榜前5名的位置。2005年5月16日的大結局有約三千万美國觀衆收看。此剧在紐西蘭亦一直有很好的收視。
惡人之國

《惡人之國》（韓語：빌런의 나라，英語：Villains Everywhere）是韓國KBS 2TV自2025年3月19日起播出的水木情境喜劇，由《葡萄園之戀》《灰姑娘的姐姐》《蔣英實》《99億的女人》的導演金英兆執導，吳娜拉、蘇有珍、徐鉉哲、宋鎮宇（朝鲜语：송진우 (배우)）、朴英奎主演。
該劇講述了充滿傻氣的家人，時而粗暴時而溫暖的日常生活的家庭情境喜劇。
《惡人之國》於2025年3月19日在韓國地上波KBS 2TV開播，首2集取得2.7%的收視率，高於前一檔《喀喀喀喀》的開播收視（2.1%）與完結收視（0.3%）。第6集創下自身最低收視1.3%，連續3週收視下跌。
社區資本基金

社區資本基金(The Social Capital Foundation, TSCF)創立於2002年，以布魯塞爾為基地，是一家獨立及非牟利的非政府組織，致力推廣社區資本及社會共融。
社區資本基金把其所推廣的「社區資本」界定為一組有利社會合作活動的意識傾向及態度。因此，社區資本可被視為等同社區精神。 社區資本基金透過社會經濟研究、刊物及活動推廣社區資本。組織亦會定期舉辦國際會議。
社區資本基金會為一名為「國際領域評論」(TISR)的國際性學術期刊作編訂工作。該期刊出版之論文主要就各工業國家中發生的當代轉型，進行多角度研究。 國際領域評論透過將經濟關係、種族關係及人際關係三個領域互相聯繫，為社會及經濟的變遷提供全面的理解。 自1999年起，國際領域評論至今共出版12期，主題包括大量擁至西方國家的移民所帶來的啟示、歐洲貨幣一體化的真正目的、已發展國家的社會聯繫漸趨薄弱、個人主義與自殺的關聯、新宗教的出現以及家庭聯繫的當前危機等。最新一期則以社區資本的定義、量度及應用為中心。
社區資本基金國際研討會有：
國際領域評論以“社會轉變三元理論”為據，此理論由Patrick Hunout （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）博士在95-96年以後提出及闡釋。 Patrick Hunout （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）以假設社會上層力求建立一個平等及民主皆較少的新秩序為根，致力探討“新利維坦”(New Leviathan)的形成。 此三元理論提出由“新利維坦”衍生的策略與經濟、種族及人際三方面緊密結合。這些策略包括發展經濟彈性與不穩定性、鼓勵移民及發展一個多元種族社會，以及進一步推動個人主義、享樂主義與消費主義的觀念。最低限度，他們希望創造出一個弱勢社會，受市場價值及政府管制支配，而後兩者乃在分裂社會體制(atomized social body)未能有效自我管理下必然產生。 這個理論指這些由領導層提倡的策略解釋了大部份當代難題。
此乃社區資本基金就社會聯繫之磨蝕而作的回應，其中包括擴大“社區資本”。
社區資本基金的定位著重於：
The International Scope Review （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Community foundation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） NGOs （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） social capital （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） community building （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） sense of community （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） communitarianism （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） anomie （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） social innovation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The Social Capital Foundation(英文)
孽出

在古代东亚奉行一夫一妻多妾制的背景下，孽出、孽子于广义上指男性与妻子之外的女性所生的子女。与庶子女概念重叠，但不尽相同。孽子于狭义上指男性与女性通奸所生之子，即奸生子、奸生男女、奸生子女。
中国自先秦以来，男性的配偶、伴侣在法律上，大体分为妻、妾、姬妾三类，此外还有外室、情婦等。朝鲜半岛亦受中国影响，相类似。男性与不同女性所生子女，依生母身份在法律上和家庭生活中有不同称谓、待遇。妻子所生子女称嫡子女。妾室所生子女称庶子女、妾子。姬妾中的婢妾所生子女称婢子、婢生子、婢生子女，亦归入庶子女、孽子。
奸生子是明清法律专用名词。《大清民律草案》以私生子一词概括旧有的婢生子、奸生子。但到1927年时，中华民国大理院法律解释中仍使用奸生子一词。其后，在中華民國法律中被非婚生子女一词取代。
汉朝文献解释“孽”的字义，或“孽谓庶耳”，或“孽，贱也”。先秦时，即有孽子一词，可解释为庶子或贱子。《張家山漢簡·二年律令》中，嫡子身份高于偏妻子，偏妻子身份高于孽子。当代研究者指出，“孽”与“良”相对，表明其母的“贱民”身份。“孽子”似乎指奴婢或贱民身份的女子与自由民身份的男子所生之子。
中国和朝鲜半岛在历史上，奉行一夫一妻多妾制。法律上，男性配偶、伴侣可分为妻子、妾室、姬妾、外室、情妇等身份。中国、朝鲜不同时期法律对男性与妻子、妾室之外的女性所生子女身份、待遇有不同规定。
汉朝时，男性与自家奴婢所生的子女，当代研究者推定“身分應原即庶人”。《張家山漢簡》显示，除男性与自家奴婢所生的子女外，当时法律规定，奸生子身份随生母，或为奴婢，或为庶人。而自汉代以来，嫡庶分别明显，妻子与妾室、姬妾等身份在法律上通常不可转化，子女亦是如此。《唐律疏议》规定，有子的婢女可以为妾，但不得以婢为妻、以妾为妻。唐宋时，法律没有保障婢生子、奸生子的继承权。《唐户令》规定先奸后娶事发者，纵使已生子孙，仍强制离异。宋朝法律相类，故奸生子身份不可转化。此外，宋朝法律规定，良人男女通奸，所生男女随父。贱民通奸，所生男女随母。其他情况，或各听为良，或各合没官。
元朝法律条令中，奸生男女，有男随父、女随母的情况，又有奸生儿男随母为良的情况。元朝法律规定婢生子、奸生子享有次于庶子的继承权。明清法律条令中，奸生男女，一般由生父收养。明清法律规定，婢生子继承权与嫡子、庶子相同，奸生子为婢生子一半。与明清嫡庶差别渐弱不同，朝鮮王朝家族制度中有更严格的嫡庶之分，实行庶孽禁锢法。成渾认为是因朝鲜“規模狹小”而有此法。
在1911年编定、未及实行的《大清民律草案》中，以私生子取代婢生子、奸生子一类。私生子在父母成婚，经父认领，即为嫡子。父母没有婚姻关系的私生子经父认领后，继承财产份额为嫡子、庶子的一半。
中华民国建国后有一段時期没有正式的民法，北洋時期法律没有明文规定如何对妾的身份进行认定。根据大理院在民国五年、七年的相关解释，男性纳妾即双方有“次于正妻地位之眷属合意”即可，不必具备文书或某种仪式。此后的1919年，大理院《統字第1029號解釋》“姦生子在父母正式婚姻後出生者即取得嫡子身分”。1927年，大理院《統字第2012號解釋》“私生子現行律稱姦生子，乃指其母無妻妾關係懷胎所生之子女而言。私生子本有請求認養之權，惟須待父認領以後，始生親子關係，並其相當之權利義務。關於私生子認領訴訟民訴條例已有明文准許曰親子關係事件程序為特別訴訟程序之一種。現行律載姦生之子如別無子，立應繼之人為嗣。與姦生子均分財產等語。蓋律例原意及我國習慣，均以血統為重故。其母嗣後取得妻妾身分，私生子又經其父認領，仍可取得嫡子或庶子之身分。私生子與母雖不經認領，仍可有親子關係，以生相當之權利義務如前所述，則對於母可以請求扶養，對於父亦可請求認領及扶養。私生子之遺產承繼權。有親生子者，依子數與半分，無子，與應繼之人均分，並無應繼之人，則承繼全分。”
婢子、幸婢子、婢生子即男性的婢妾（姬妾的一类）所生子女，是庶子女的一类。秦汉时，婢妾多为奴婢身份，或被称为御婢。西汉《張家山漢簡·二年律令》规定，御婢与主人生子，在主人逝世后，获得庶人身份。当代研究者据此认为，御婢之子身份当是庶人。而《二年律令》继承规定中提及的儿子，仅有“妻子、偏妻子、孽子”三类，而无御婢子。孽子即指男性与奴婢、贱民所生之子，后世所称婢生子。岳麓秦简涉及的「識劫𡟰案」，大夫沛与奴婢𡟰生育子女，𡟰获得庶人身份，沛又以她为妻。沛死后，两人的长子义继承了父亲的爵位和财产。当代研究者据此认为，当时婢生子亦享有婚生子权利。
自唐朝起，法律规定财产继承采用诸子均分制，获得父亲承认的婢生子有继承权。宋朝沿袭。元朝时，《元典章》规定，婢生子、奸生子继承的家产份额约为嫡子的四分之一。
明代家庭生活中，妾室地位高于姬妾，但两者所生之子“无贰体”，享受相同的礼仪等次。诸子侍奉生母，不得与嫡母同体，以尊嫡母。明朝法律执行诸子均分制。洪武二年（1369年），令“嫡庶子男、除有官荫袭、先尽嫡长子孙。其分析家财田产、不问妻妾婢生、止依子数均分。奸生之子、依子数量与半分。”民间习俗对婢生子、奸生子多有排斥，分家时所得家产少于嫡子。如安徽徽州“乡俗不亲媵人，不子庶孽”，“里俗庶瘠而嫡肥，有分割，则嫡为政”。
清朝沿袭明制，奉行诸子均分制。在臺灣清治時期相关研究中，当时台湾社会有不分嫡庶、诸子均分的做法，亦有“嫡全庶半”的俗语。相关个案中，父亲依“嫡全庶半”分配家产。庶子所得为嫡子一半，婢生子所得少于庶子。
当代研究者指出中国古代法律定义的奸生子不包括女儿，仅指儿子，存在于与继承有关的条文中。与女性通奸、被强奸所生子女相关法律条文，使用“奸生男女”一词。
自唐朝起，法律规定财产继承采用诸子均分制，婢生子有继承权。但唐、宋两朝法律对于奸生子继承权则没有相应记载。《唐户令》规定先奸后娶事发者，纵使已生子孙尤离异之法。《慶元條法事類》记载的宋朝法令相类。当代研究者据《唐户令》，认为唐朝法律对奸生子持否定态度，更不可能保障其继承权。《元典章》规定，婢生子、奸生子继承家产份额约为嫡子的四分之一。明朝奉行诸子均分制，规定奸生子继承份额为诸子的一半。如无他子，所立嗣子与奸生子均分继承。”
臺灣清治時期相关研究提及，习惯中，婢生子分配家产所得少于嫡子、庶子。奸生子亦如此。
别宅子、别室子是男性在家庭之外，与其他女性同居生育的儿子，即不与生父及其他家属同居共籍之子。《宋刑统》使用的名称是“别宅异居男女”、“在外别生男女”，《名公书判清明集》明确使用别宅子一名。此类子女的生母通常是单身女性，称为别室、别妇、外室，视为男性的姬妾。由于生母可归入姘妇范围，故子女亦可归入奸生子范围。所以别宅子与奸生子的概念重叠，又有所区别。宋人所指别宅子，还包括出妻、弃妾、婢女离开家庭后所生的子女。宋以后的法律规范中，多以奸生子代替别宅子。
唐朝法律规定，别宅子无遗产继承权。五代十国连年战乱、纲常礼仪沦丧。宋朝建立后，家庭成员“别籍异财”之风屡禁不止，“家产争讼呈现爆炸之态”。在此背景下，《宋刑统》承认在父亲死亡前入籍的别宅子有一定的继承权。父亲生前，“先不入户籍者，一律禁断”。
丰乳肥臀

《丰乳肥臀》，是作家莫言最具争议也最受欢迎的长篇小说。全书主要刻画了一个从抗日战争到改革开放后的伟大母亲形象。
从抗日战争一直写到改革开放之后，描绘了一部波澜壮阔的历史。书中的母亲和瑞典人马洛亚牧师生下了上官金童，和其他人生下了其他姐妹，这些姐妹亲属是贯穿中国20世纪的权力高层和民间势力，通过描写家庭来反映中国政治气候的变迁，也表现了莫言对于女性的爱戴、同情和赞颂。 各卷提要：
1997年，莫言以长篇小说《丰乳肥臀》夺得中国有史以来最高额的“大家·红河文学奖”，获得10万元人民币的奖金。
莫言自谓：“你可以不看我所有的作品，但你如果要了解我，应该看我的《丰乳肥臀》。”
美国《出版者周刊》：“引人入胜的细节，毫不畏缩的描写……莫言的这部小说是一次感官的盛宴。”
汪曾祺：“莫言的長篇小說《豐乳肥臀》，這是一部嚴肅的、誠摯的、富有象征意義的作品，對中國的百年歷史具有很高的概括性。這是莫言小說的突破，也是對中國當代文學的一次突破。書名不等於作品。但是也無傷大雅。‘豐乳’、‘肥臀’不應引起驚愕。”
武汉大学中文系教授何国瑞在《歌颂革命暴力、爱国主义和国际主义的文艺——社会主义文艺本质论之二》一文中 ，严厉批评莫言的长篇小说《丰乳肥臀》是一部“近乎反动的作品”，并认为一些教授、评论家极力称赞这部作品，是“令人难以理解的咄咄怪事”。
1996年，中共中央的机关刊物《求是》杂志主办的《红旗文稿》发表文章《莫言的枪投向哪里？——评〈丰乳肥臀〉》批判莫言污蔑中共“共产共妻”。
施南生

施南生（英語：Shi Nan Sun，1951年8月8日—），香港傳媒人，其前夫為香港導演徐克。施南生是傳媒界翹楚，70年代先後在無綫、港台、佳視、麗的當製作及行政。80年代在新藝城，創出港產片的黃金時代，後協助有線、傳訊、電訊盈科等收費電視開天闢地。
施南生早年在九龍太子道一座3層高的樓宇成長，出身於中產家庭。她在1956年畢業於聖三一堂幼稚園（現名聖三一堂曾肇添幼稚園，與周松崗為同屆鄰班同學），後入讀瑪利諾修院學校（小學部）。1963年小學畢業後通過升中試升讀瑪利諾修院學校。她与林燕妮、白韵琴、狄娜、俞琤等并称为香江才女，曾主持香港商业电台政论节目《在晴朗的一天出发》。2012年施南生曾加入凤凰卫视香港台，擔任政论节目主持人。
2017年2月，施南生获得第67届柏林影展金摄影奖（类似于终身成就奖），成为继巩俐和许鞍华后，第三位华人得主。
泡沫经济

泡沫经济，是指資產價格上漲到其价值超越实体经济可承受的程度，使其极易丧失持续发展能力的宏观经济状态。
泡沫经济经常由大量的投机活动所支撑。由于缺乏实体经济的支撑，因此其资产犹如泡沫一般容易破裂，因此经济学上称之为“泡沫经济”。
泡沫经济发展到一定的程度，经常会由于支撑投机活动的市场预期或者神话的破灭，而导致资产价值迅速下跌，这在经济学上被称为泡沫破裂。20世纪出现过多次泡沫经济浪潮，其中较为著名的是日本80年代广场协议引發的泡沫经济。其主要体现在房地产市场和股票交易市场等领域大幅投機炒作上漲達四年。但是一旦泡沫经济破裂，其影响将波及到一个国家的大多数产业甚至国际经济的走势。
大幅短期衰退的可怕在於各項資本投資標的物都出現了大量來不及脫身的「套牢族」，例如日本的泡沫崩壞從房屋、土地到股市、融資都有人或公司大量套牢破產，之後產生的社會恐慌心理使得消費和投資緊縮的乘数效应，不只毀掉泡沫成分也砍傷了實體經濟，且由於土地與股市的套牢金額通常極大，動輒超過一個人一生所能賺取的金額，導致許多家庭悲劇，所以這四年爆起爆落的經濟大洗牌等於轉移了全日本社會的大筆財富到少數贏家手中，而多數的輸家和高點買屋的一般家庭則成為背債者，對日後長達一代人的日本社會消費萎縮經濟不振種下了因子。
泡沫經濟的階段，第一階段是由對特定商品或者資產的投機活動，引發商品快速通貨膨脹，商品價格快速的上漲。第二階段是商品的價格飆升吸引了大量的人關注，引起更多投機者的加入，商品價格持續攀升，人們相信無論價格多高，總有人會購買。第三階段就是市場無法支撐商品，泡沫破裂，商品的市場價值開始衰退。最後會導致財務問題、經濟蕭條、通貨緊縮、價格崩盤。大多數發生泡沫經濟的歷史案例都是由特定的商品價格快速通膨和投機活動相輔相成做為開端。
进入21世纪以来，中国的房地产持续走热，对此，许多国际经济学者如格林斯潘、井坂忠明皆认为这是新一轮泡沫经济的开始，中国政府对此说法并不同意。
20世纪的泡沫经济往往在各国中央银行提高存款利率之后纷纷破裂。
2010年後，泡沫經濟主要發生在證券市場或房地產等兩類資產。
在泡沫經濟環境中，資產價格因為投機者為了追求利潤盲目追高的行為造成價格膨脹到超過資產未來所有預期收益的價值總和或是資產的總價值，並且其價格的變化往往是暴漲的形式，此時形成資產泡沫。在泡沫經濟破滅後，投機者害怕虧損恐慌殺低的行為會讓資產價格暴跌到低於資產未來所有預期收益的價值總和或資產總價值，資產價值因為資產價格崩跌出現資產價值全面縮減，此時資產泡沫破滅。
泡沫經濟現象在泡沫破滅的資產價格崩跌後，便無法再漲回到暴漲時的價格高點；景氣循環與泡沫經濟不同之處，在於景氣循環時期是因為供需變化造成資產的價格漲跌，並且在需求復甦時，跌落的價格可能回到先前的高點。
股权泡沫的特征是有形投资和满足高需求合法市场的不可持续愿望。这种泡沫的特点是流动性容易，有形和实际资产以及实际的创新可以增强信心，例如鬱金香狂熱、 .com泡沫等。
债务泡沫的特点是无形或基于信贷的投资，在不存在的市场中，几乎无法满足不断增长的需求。 这些泡沫没有实物资产的支持，其特点是轻描淡写的贷款，希望能返还利润或证券。 当政府不再维持法定货币时，这些泡沫通常以债务通缩结束，导致银行挤兑或货币危机。 例如，二十年代咆哮的股票市场泡沫（导致大萧条）和美国房地产泡沫（导致大萧条）。