Malt

Malt bụ ọka ọka ọ bụla emere ka ọ pulite site n'itinye na mmiri wee kwụsị itolite n'ihu site na iji ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ ihicha, usoro a maara dị ka "malting". A na-eji ọka malted eme biya, whisky, mmiri ara ehi malted, mmanya malt, confection dị ka Maltesers na Whoppers, ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ dị ka Horlicks, Ovaltine, na Milo, na ụfọdụ ihe ndị a na-esi nri, dị ka ogbe achịcha malt, bagels, na biscuits bara ọgaranya. . A na-akpọ ọka malted nke a kụdara n'ime nri siri ike dị ka "nri dị ụtọ".
Melting grain na-emepụta enzymes (α-amylase, β-amylase) achọrọ maka ịgbanwe starch nke mkpụrụ n'ụdị shuga dị iche iche, gụnyere monosaccharide glucose, disakacharide maltose, trisaccharide maltotriose, na shuga dị elu a na-akpọ maltodextrins. Ọ na-emepụta enzymes ndị ọzọ, dị ka proteases, nke na-ebibi protein dị na ọka n'ụdị nke yeast nwere ike iji. Ebe a na-akwụsị usoro malting na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ starch na enzyme, na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke starch gbanwere na-aghọ shuga na-agbanye.
Malt nwekwara obere shuga ndị ọzọ, dị ka sucrose na fructose, nke na-abụghị ngwaahịa nke mgbanwe starch, mana nke dịlarị na ọka. A na-enweta ntughari ọzọ gaa na sugar fermentable n'oge usoro nhazi.
A na-etinye mkpụrụ ọka dị iche iche, ọ bụ ezie na ọka bali bụ nke a na-ahụkarị. Ụdị protein dị elu nke ọka bali a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe e depụtara na ntụ ọka a gwakọtara agwakọta nke a na-ejikarị emepụta achịcha yeast na ihe ndị ọzọ a na-akpọ achịcha.Okwu ahụ bụ "malt" na-ezo aka n'"Ọtụtụ" ngwaahịa nke usoro a: ọka nke a na-etinye usoro a, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọka bali a na-eme ka ọ dị arọ; shuga, nke dị na maltose, nke sitere na ọka ndị dị otú ahụ, dị ka malt nke onye na-eme achịcha nke a na'ihe dị iche iche; otu malt whisky, nke a na na-akpọkarị "otu malt"; ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa dabere na mmiri ara ehi a na-emepụta, nke yiri mmiri ara ehi (ya bụ "malts").
O yikarịrị ka a na-eji mkpụrụ ọka malt eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eme biya kemgbe oge ochie, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Ijipt (Nri ndị Ijipt oge ochie), Sumer, na China.
In Persian countries, a sweet paste made entirely from germinated wheat is called samanū (Templeeti:Lang-fa) in Iran, samanak (Templeeti:Lang-fa) in Afghanistan, (Templeeti:Lang-tg); (Templeeti:Lang-uz-Latn) or sümölök (Templeeti:Lang-ky), which is prepared for Nowruz (Persian new year celebration) in a large pot (like a <i id="mwaA">kazan</i>). A plate or bowl of samanu is a traditional component of the Haft sin table symbolising affluence. Traditionally, women have a special party to prepare it during the night, and cook it from late in the evening until the daylight, singing related songs. In Tajikistan and Afghanistan, they sing: Samanak dar Jūsh u mā Kafcha zanēm – Dīgarān dar Khwāb u mā Dafcha zanēm (meaning: "Samanak is boiling and we are stirring it, others are asleep and we are playing daf"). In modern times, making samanu can be a family gathering. It originally comes from the Great Persian Empire.
Mämmi, ma ọ bụ Ista Porridge, bụ nri Lenten omenala Finnish. Esie ya site na rye malt na ntụ ọka, mämmi nwere ezigbo myiri (na nhazi, agba na uto) ka samanū. Taa, ngwaahịa a dị na ụlọ ahịa site na February ruo Ista. Nnyocha e mere (na-abụghị ndị nnọchiteanya) na 2013 gosiri na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị onye na-esi nri mämmi n'ụlọ na Finland nke oge a..
Malting bụ usoro nke ịgbanwe ọka bali ma ọ bụ ọka ọka ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ malt maka iji ya mee ihe na ịṅụ mmanya, distiling, ma ọ bụ nri, ma na-ewere ọnọdụ na maltings, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ malthouse, ma ọ dị n'ala malting. A na-agbasa ọka ahụ n'ala malting n'ime 4 + 1⁄2 sentimita) omimi.
"A "maltings" na-abụkarị ogologo ụlọ nwere otu ọnụ ụlọ nwere ala nke na-esi na nsọtụ ụlọ ahụ ruo na nke ọzọ. A malitere ikpochapụ malts nke ala na 1940s maka ihu ọma "osisi pneumatic", ebe a na-eji nnukwu ndị na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ na-afụ ikuku site na akwa ọka na-eto eto ma na-ebufe ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ site na malt na-ekpo ọkụ. Dị ka maltings n'ala, osisi pneumatic ndị a na-eji usoro nhazi, ma nke dị ukwuu karịa, ọ na-abụkarị 100-ton batches ma e jiri ya tụnyere 20-ton batches floor maltings.
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014, ọrụ malting kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa bụ Malteurop, nke na-arụ ọrụ na mba iri na anọ.
Barley bụ ọka a na-agbazekarị, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi nnukwu ọdịnaya nke enzymes, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikwa ọka wit, rye, oat, osikapa, na ọka.[16] Ihe dịkwa ezigbo mkpa bụ njigide nke igbe ọka, ọ bụrụgodị na a zọchachara ya, n'adịghị ka mkpụrụ nke ọka wit ma ọ bụ rye a zọchapụrụ akpụ. Nke a na-echebe acrospire na-eto eto (embrayo osisi na-eto eto) ka ọ ghara imebi n'oge malting, nke nwere ike iduga n'ụzọ dị mfe na-eto eto; ọ na-enye ohere ka ihie ọka tụgharịrị mepụta akwa nzacha n'oge ịsa akwa.
Ka mkpụrụ osisi niile na-epulite, enzymes eke dị n'ime ọka na-akụda starch nke ọka a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ shuga dị mfe, nke na-atọ ụtọ ma dị mfe maka yist iji dị ka nri. Malt nwere enzymes na-arụ ọrụ ka a na-akpọ "diastatic malt". Malt nwere enzymes na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ka a na-akpọ "nondiastatic malt". A na-emenyụ enzymes ndị ahụ site na kpo oku malt.
A na-ekewa malt n'ụdị abụọ site n'aka ndị na-aṅụ mmanya: malt na malt pụrụ iche.
Melt nwere ike zuru ezu iji gbanwee starch nke ha na mgbe niile, nke ụfọdụ starch site na ọka na-enweghị malt, nke a na-akpọ adjunts.
Melt pụrụ iche nwere obere ike diastatic, mana ọ na-enye ụtọ, ụcha, ma ọ bụ "ahụ" (viscosity) na biya a rụchara. A na-etinye caramel pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ crystal malts n'okpuru ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ iji gbanwee starch ha ka ha bụrụ shuga na-abụghị nke enzyme. N'ime ụdị ndị a bụ ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke a na-ahụkarị site na okpomọkụ ọkụ.
Na mgbakwunye, a na-amata malts ọka bali site na ụdị abụọ dị mkpa nke ọka bali eji eme malting, ahịrị abụọ, na ahịrị isii.
Malt extract, nke a makwaara dị ka ihe na-esi na malt apụta, bụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ, nke yiri treacle nke a na-eji eme ihe dị ka Ihe mgbakwunye nri. Ọ na-ewu ewu na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20 dị ka ihe na-eme ka nri na-edozi ahụ maka ụmụ nke ndị ọrụ obodo ukwu Britain, ndị nri ha na-enwekarị vitamin na mineral. E nyere ụmụaka Mmanụ imeju cod n'ihi otu ihe ahụ, mana ọ gosipụtara na ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma nke na a jikọtara ya na ihe a na-ewepụta na malt iji mepụta "Malt na Cod-Liver Oil".
Ntuziaka nke British Pharmaceutical Codex' nke 1907 maka ime ihe na-edozi ahụ nke malt anaghị agụnye mashout na njedebe nke mwepụta ma gụnye iji okpomọkụ mash dị ala karịa ka ọ dị na usoro biya nke oge a. Codex na-egosi na a ga-echekwa ọrụ diastatic site na iji okpomọkụ na-agafeghị 55 .
Malt extract is frequently used in the brewing of beer. Its production begins by germinating barley grain in a process known as malting, immersing barley in water to encourage the grain to sprout, then drying it to halt the progress when the sprouting begins. The drying step stops the sprouting, but the enzymes remain active due to the low temperatures used in base malt production. In one before-and-after comparison, malting decreased barley's extractable starch content by about 7% on a dry matter basis and turned that portion into various other carbohydrates.
Na nzọụkwụ na-esote, ndị na-eme mmanya na-eji usoro a na-akpọ mashing iji wepụ shuga. Ndị na-aṅụ mmanya na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbaji malt n'ime mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-eme ka enzymes, nke na-ekewa ihe ndị fọdụrụ na malt n'ụdị shuga dị iche iche, nke kachasị n'ime ya bụ maltose. Omume ịcha biya nke oge a na-agụnye okpomọkụ dị elu na mash-out iji mee ka enzymes fọdụrụ ghara ịrụ ọrụ, ya mere ọ bụghịzi diastatic. A na-etinye mmiri a na-emepụta site na nke a, wort, site na iji okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ usoro ikuku iji mee ka mmiri si na ngwakọta ahụ pụọ. A na-akpọ ihe a na-etinye n'ime ya ihe a na'ime ya malt.
Ndị na-emepụta mmanya na-eji ụdị malt abụọ eme ihe: mmiri malt extract (LME), nke nwere ihe dị ka 20% mmiri, na mmiri malt kpọrọ nkụ (DME), nke mmiri gwụrụ ruo 2% mmiri. LME bụ sirup siri ike nke na-enyekarị ụtọ dị mma karịa ibe ya, ebe DME na-enye nkwekọrịta ka mma na agba. Mgbe ị na-eji nnukwu ihe a na-ewepụta, a na-ejikarị LME eme ihe n'ihi ikike ya ịgbaze na okpomọkụ na-esi ísì, ebe DME nwere ike ịba ụba ma sie ike ime ka ọ bụrụ mmiri. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-akwado DME, na-enwe ogologo ndụ ya. A na-erekwa LME n'ime ite dị ka ngwaahịa ndị ahịa.
Nkà na ụzụ encapsulating ọhụrụ na-enye ohere mmepụta nke Mkpụrụ osisi malt. Usoro a na-akpọnwụ ma na-ekpuchi ihe ndị na-atọ ụtọ n'ime wort mbụ anaghị emebi n'oge nchekwa ma ọ bụ njem, na-agbatị ndụ dị elu, ma na-ebelata uzuzu mgbe a na-ejikwa ya. Usoro ọhụrụ a nwere ike inye ohere maka mmepụta dị n'etiti na nke a na-eme ka ọ dị mma karịa ihe a ga-akwadebe na ụlọ ọrụ biya ọ bụla.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achọ ịchọpụta ihe na-eme n'ime ọka bali ka ha na-aghọ malt iji nyere ndị na-azụ osisi aka mepụta ọka bali ka mma maka nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke United States Agricultural Research Service nwere mmasị na enzymes pụrụ iche a na-akpọ serine-class proteases nke na-agbari beta-amylases, nke na-eme ka carbohydrates ghọọ "sugar dị mfe" n'oge usoro ntolite. Enzyme ahụ na-agbanyekwa protein echekwara n'ime amino acid ha. Nkwado nke protein na carbohydrates nke enzyme mebiri na-emetụta ụtọ malt.
Enzyme-rich malt extract (ERME) bụ ụdị pụrụ iche nke barley malt extract, nke Ateria Health na-ere ), nke a kwadebere iji mee ka amylase na glucanase enzymes dị na ọka. Na mbụ, e mere nnyocha dị ka Ihe mgbakwunye nri nke ịnyịnya, nyocha nyocha nke iji ERME dị ka ihe ntinye nri mmadụ atụwo aro na ọ nwere ike imeziwanye mgbaàmà nke Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) na afọ ọsịsa na-adịghị ala, n'ihi ụzọ o si mebie carbohydrates na obere eriri afọ nke a chọpụtara na IBS ga-egbochi. Otú ọ dị, a na-aga n'ihu na nyocha iji gosipụta njikọ a n'ụzọ zuru ezu.