davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
2023 Mutua Madrid Open

The 2023 Madrid Open (sponsored by Mutua) was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Park Manzanares in Madrid, Spain from 25 April to 7 May 2023. It was the 21st edition of the event on the ATP Tour and 14th on the WTA Tour. It is classified as an ATP Tour Masters 1000 event on the 2023 ATP Tour and a WTA 1000 event on the 2023 WTA Tour.
This is the first year that the men's tournament was expanded to two weeks and the men's and women's singles draws were expanded to 96 players.
* Players with byes receive first round points.
The ATP and WTA will each play for a share of €7,705,780.
*per team
2022 Mutua Madrid Open

The 2022 Madrid Open (sponsored by Mutua) was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Park Manzanares in Madrid, Spain from 28 April to 8 May 2022. It was the 20th edition of the event on the ATP Tour and 13th on the WTA Tour. It was classified as an ATP Tour Masters 1000 event on the 2022 ATP Tour and a WTA 1000 event on the 2022 WTA Tour.
This was Jabeur's second WTA Tour title, and first at WTA 1000 level.
This was the first career ATP Masters 1000 title for both players.
*per team
List of tennis tournaments

List of current and past men's and women's tennis tournaments.
Criteria for inclusion:
List of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Men's tour events.
List of the Women's tennis Association (WTA) tour events, initially sorted by type, then by date.
List of ATP Challenger Tour events.
Bold events are still active events. This list features the most recent winners of each tournament, as of 2021 season (included).
Barcelona Open (tennis)

The Barcelona Open (currently sponsored by Banc Sabadell) is an annual tennis tournament for male professional players. The event was founded in 1953 as a combined men's and women's tournament until 1980. It is played at the Real Club de Tenis Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain on clay courts. The event is commonly known as Trofeo Conde de Godó (English: Count of Godó Trophy).
The tournament was created at the initiative of Carlos Godó Valls, 2nd Count of Godó, after the tennis club moved to its new location in Pedralbes, a neighborhood in Les Corts district of Barcelona. Vic Seixas won the first singles title as well as the doubles title, partnering Enrique Morea. It was an event of the Grand Prix tennis circuit from 1970 until 1989, except in 1971 when it was part of the World Championship Tennis (WCT) circuit, but also open to non-WCT players. The tournament is currently part of the ATP Tour 500 series on the ATP Tour.
It is Spain's second most prestigious tournament on the ATP Tour after the Madrid Open and the event generally takes place in the last week of April, when temperatures in Barcelona average a daily high of 19 °C (66 °F).
Native Spaniard Rafael Nadal has won the singles title a record twelve times (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2021), and in 2017 the center court of the Real Club de Tenis Barcelona was renamed Pista Rafa Nadal (Rafa Nadal Arena).
Source:
41°23′35″N 2°07′05″E﻿ / ﻿41.393°N 2.118°E﻿ / 41.393; 2.118
2018 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's singles

Alexander Zverev defeated Dominic Thiem in the final, 6–4, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2018 Madrid Open. He did not lose a set en route to the title, and did not have his serve broken throughout the entire tournament.
Rafael Nadal was the defending champion, but lost to Thiem in the quarterfinals in a rematch of the previous year's final. His defeat ended a 50-set winning streak on clay, the longest single-surface set-winning streak in the Open Era.
Despite his withdrawal from the clay court season, Roger Federer regained the ATP No. 1 singles ranking as Nadal failed to defend his title.
The top eight seeds receive a bye into the second round.
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.
Trigonoptera iriana

Trigonoptera iriana adolah kumbang tanduak panjang dari famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Coleoptera, kalas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang iko, nan biaso disabuik panggerek kapalo bunda, manggerek ka dalam kayu, dima inyo dapek manyebabkan karusakan nan laweh untuak batang kayu hiduik ataupun kayu nan lah ditabang.
First ladies and gentlemen of Indonesia

Throughout Indonesian history, the title of First Lady (Indonesian: Ibu Negara, lit. 'Mother of the State') or, in an instance, First Gentleman (Indonesian: Bapak Negara, lit. 'Father of the State') has been used to refer to the wife or husband of the president of Indonesia. The constitution does not provide for the position in any sense, but it continues to influence Indonesian society significantly, usually in social affairs.
Taufiq Kiemas, husband of President Megawati Sukarnoputri, remains the only first gentleman to date.
The current President of Indonesia, Prabowo Subianto, is separated from his wife. Thus, the First Lady's seat is vacant for his presidency. In Prabowo's presidency, most of the functions of the First Lady on social affairs are assumed by the current Second Lady, Selvi Ananda.
It is unclear when the role of Ibu Negara first developed in the Indonesian political convention. Sukarno, the first president, was married to his third wife, Fatmawati, when he became president in August 1945. Sukarno then married Hartini in July 1953 with Fatmawati's permission. Hartini lived in Istana Bogor and accompanied the president to official state duties and visits abroad. Throughout his presidency, Sukarno married another five women, but Fatmawati remained the first lady for the remainder of Sukarno's presidency.
Siti Hartinah, Suharto's wife, occupied the role of Ibu Negara until her death in April 1996. Their eldest daughter, Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana (Tutut), adopted her mother's responsibilities throughout her father's presidency until 1998. From March to May 1998, she also served as minister of social affairs.
Prabowo Subianto, who was elected president in 2024, is the first Indonesian president to begin their tenure without a first spouse. He married Suharto's daughter, Siti Hediati Hariyadi (Titiek), in 1983, but they separated shortly after Suharto fell from power in 1998. However, Titiek was active in Prabowo's 2014, 2019, and 2024 presidential campaigns.
Sega punel

Sega punel ya iku olah-olahan khas saka kutha Bangil, Pasuruan, Jawa Wetan. Sega iki luwih lembut lan disajékaké ing nduwuré godhong gedhang. Kanggo mepaki mangan sega punel, ana serundéng, saté, lentho, tahu goreng, irisan daging utawa kikil lan uga ana sebungkus dhudhuh saka parutan kambil kang rasané legi. Ana uga jangan bung, jangan gori lan sambel uleg.
Sega kapau

Sega Kapau ya iku sega rames khas Nagari Kapau, Tilatang Kamang, Kabupatèn Agam, Sumatra Kulon kang isiné sega, sambel, lan lawuh khas gulé cubadak (nangka), gulé cangcang (balung lan daging kebo), gulé babek (jeroan kebo), lan gulé tunjang (kulit utawa kikil, urat daging kebo lan sapi). Panganan kang dadi andalan saka Kapau ya iku gulé Kapau kang rasané gurih lan pedhes sarta duduh kanthi warna kunir kang khas. Jangan gulé Kapau isiné irisan kluwih, bung, kul, pakis, kacang lanjaran, lan jèngkol. Duduh gule iki ora patiya kenthel jalaran ora nganggo santen akèh lan wernane kuning semu abang. Lawuh khas liyané ya iku dèndèng balado, dèndèng lado hijau, randang, gulé iwak, welut goreng, ayam goreng, gulé tambunsu,pangek iwak paweh batalua (gule iwak tawes ngendhog kang dimasak nganti garing),lan sapanunggale. Gulé tambusu ya iku panganan kang digawé saka endhog kang dilebokake ing usus sapi utawa kebo. Beras kanggo sega kapau kudu duwé mutu kang apik, padatan nganggo beras saka Bukittinggi lan Kabupatèn Agam. Tandha khas sakabehing lawuh kanggo sega kapau ya iku rasané rada kecut jalaran masakke akèh nganggo miri. Rasa khas masakan Kapau iku saka cara masakke kang nganggo keren utawa anglo utawa tungku lan disangai (dimasak nganggo tudhung kukus) sajeroning kuwali wesi nganggo geni cilik. Cara masak kang kaya mangkene mbutuhake wektu kang dawa.
Sophan Sophiaan

Sophan Sophiaan (Makassar, Sulawesi Kidul, 26 April 1944–Ngawi, Jawa Wétan, 17 Mèi 2008) iku aktor senior, sutradara lan pulitikus Indonésia. Ramané, Manai Sophiaan, iku pulitikus misuwur Indonésia sing tau dadi duta besar ing Ruslan.
Sophan palakrama karo Widyawati, aktris sénior Indonésia. Sawisé akèh makarya ing donya filem, Sophan mèlu ing panggung pulitik lan tau aktif ing Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan. Ing kapasitasé iku, panjenengané tau dadi anggota Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat lan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat RI.
Ing taun 2005, panjenengané mèlu ngedegaké Parté Dhémokrasi Pembaruan bebarengan karo Laksamana Sukardi, Arifin Panigoro, Roy BB Janis, Sukowaluyo Mintohardjo, Noviantika Nasution, Didi Supriyanto, Tjiandra Wijaya, Postdam Hutasoit lan RO Tambunan.
Sophan tilar donya tanggal 17 Mèi 2008 ing sawijining kacilakan motor ing Ngawi, Jawa Wétan.
Ruma Maida

Ruma Maida ya iku salah sawijining filem Indonésia kang tinulis déning Ayu Utami lan kanthi sutradara Teddy Soeriaatmadja.
Film Ruma Maida nyaritakaké paraga kang aran Maida (Atikah Siholan), sawijining mahasiswa kang idealis. Maida dicaritakaké ngurus sekolah kanggo bocah-bocah jalanan ing omah tuwa kang ora kaurus. Sawijining dina, ana pengusaha kang jenenge Dasaad Muchlisin (Frans Tumbuan) ngaku-aku omah mau lan arep diowahi dadi pusat bisnis. Dasaad iku wong kang rasionalis ekstrem kang negasikake sajarah. Dasaad ora gelem urip ing mangsa kapungkur. Urip iku mangsa saiki lan kang arep teka. Ora urus karo sajarah. Pungkasané, Maida lan bocah-bocah jalanan mau diurak saka omah iku. Sanajan mangkono, Maida ora bisa nrima. Maida tansah ngusahakaké kanggo njaga supaya ora kaurak saka omah iku. Lan ing usahane iku, Maida nemu akèh carita lan sajarah saka omah iku.
Saka filem Ruma Maida iki bisa dijupuk telung wulangan ya iku: Sepisan, bab wigatiné pendidikan. Ruma Maida duwé carita bab pertarungan filosofis antarané Soekarno karo semangat Nation buildinge, lan Hatta kang péngin ngajokaké pendidikan minangka strategi pembangunan bangsa Indonésia kang èsih enom. Nalika semana, pertarungan filosofis dimenangaké déning Soekarno. Nanging saiki, pamikiran Hatta dadi bab kang wigati lan relevan. Pendidikan iku sawijining modal dhasar kanggo pembangunan. Kaping loro, wigatiné sajarah minangka sawijiné cathetan kang duwé makna. Bab iki direfleksikaké ing garapan skripsi Maida kang ngangkat kisah sajarah kang tansah urip lan lumaku. Maida nulis babagan kauripane wong kang duwé omah kang ditinggalake iku. Gunemane Maida ing panutuping filem, nirokake Bung Karno, "Jas Merah", (Jangan sekali-kali melupakan sajarah : aja pisan-pisana nglalekake sajarah) iki dadi ajakan kanggo ngenali lan ngemotake sajarah. Kaping telu, filem iki uga nggawa sapérangan pemahaman bab kasugihan architectural heritage budaya bangsa Indonesia. Ruma Maida nyoba kanggo nyindhir tingkah polahe wong-wong kang duwé modal kang kerep ngrusak gedhong-gedhong tuwa kanggo kepentingan bisnis. Kutha Bandung, Medan, Semarang , ya iku kutha-kutha tuwa kang duwé kasugihan arsitèktur lan duwé eksperimen para arsitek kaya ta Amsterdam School kang misuwur modhel Art Decone. Nanging wangunan iku akèh kang dibubrak kanthi alesan kepentingan bisnis.
Ruma Maida dinominasikake kanggo rolas Piala Citra dalam Festival Film Indonesia ing taun 2009. Film iki menangake siji kategori.
hi im freddy from Five Nights At Freddy's, dont hide cause i will find you and haunt you down hahaha
Glali

Glali ya iku panganan kang digawé saka pintalan gula kang dibakar dhisik. Panganan iki pisanan dikenalke ing taun 1904 déning William Morrison lan John C. Wharton, ing St. Louis World's Fair kanthi nama "Fairy Floss" (benang peri) kanthi sukses. Dhèwèké kasil adol 68.655 kotak kanthi rega kang lumayan larang, ya iku AS$0,25, utawa setengah saka rega tiket mlebi ing pameran iku.
Glali digawé saka gula kang diwènèhi warna panganan. Mesin gulali modern cara kerjane nganggo cara kang padha kayan mesin-mesin kang lawas. Pérangan tengah mesin iku ana wadhah cilik. Ing jerone dileboni gula lan pewarna paangonon. Pemanas cedhaké pinggir wadhah iku gunané kanggo nglumerke gula, kang sateruse diputer lewat bolongan ncilik lan asile dipadetke déning angin. Banjur benang-benang iku mau dikumpulke ing wadhah wesi kang gedhé. Operator mesin kanggo muter ya iku kayu cilik utawa kertas karton kang digawé wujud kerucut (wong-wong kang wis pengalaman racaké nggunakaké tangane dhéwé) pinggire wadhah gedhé mau kanggo ngumpulake.
Glali rasané legi lan kelet. Amarga ketok kaya benang wol, gelali rikat mlumer yèn ing jero cangkem. saliyané iku uga rikat kelet yèn kena uwab banyu.
Roti lapis sarapan

Ing Amerika Utara, roti lapis sarapan yaiku sandwich sing diisi panganan sing ana gandhengane karo sarapan . Breakfast sandwiches sing dadi ing cepet pangan restoran (contone, ing Burger King sarapan sandwiches ) lan delicatessens utawa tuku minangka cepet, siap kanggo panas lan mangan sandwiches saka toko. Sandwich sarapan umume digawe ing omah. Macem-macem jinis roti lapis sarapan kalebu sandwich daging babi, roti lapis endhog, lan sandwich sosis ; utawa macem-macem kombinasi, kaya ta roti lapis, endhog lan keju . Sandwich sarapan ana gandhengane karo sarapan .
Sandwich sarapan biasane digawe nggunakake daging sarapan (umume daging sing diobati kaya ta sosis, sosis patty, daging babi, ham negara, scrapple, Spam lan daging babi), roti, endhog lan keju . Sandwich iki biasane dadi spesialisasi regional nganti restoran panganan cepat saji wiwit sarapan. Amarga umum jinis roti, kaya ta roti, bagel, lan muffin Inggris, padha padha ing ukuran kanggo cepet pangan hamburger buns, padha digawe pilihan ketok restoran cepet pangan. Ora kaya barang sarapan liyane, cocog banget kanggo inovasi drive-through . Sandwich iki uga wis dadi pokok akeh toko serba ana .
Sogok untu

Sogok Untu ya iku kayu utawa plastik cilik kang wujudé arep kaya biting kang minangka ngresiki sisa-sisa panganan kang nyelip ana ing sela-salané untu. Sogok untu racaké duwé siji utawa loro pucuk kang lancip kanggo nyukil panganan kang isih kèri ing sela-selaning untu.
Anané sogok untu iku wis suwé banget éwonan taun kapungkur, manawa bisa dadi piranti ngresiki untu kang tuwa dhéwé. Sadurungé sikat untuk digawé, anggoné ngresiki untu, wong-wong nggunakaké kayu cilik kang bisa ndadèkaké untu resik. Sogok untu kang nggawéné saka perunggu wis tau tinemu ing antarané perkakas-perkakas kang katut dipendhem ing jero kuburan-kuburan pra-sajarah ing Italia Utara lan Alpen Timur. Sogok untu uga dingertèni ing Mesopotamia.
Ana conto-conto sogok untu kang apik lan artistik saka pérak ing jaman kuna, utawa saka kayu mastis kang racaké dianggo karo bangsa Romawi.
Rikala abad kaping 17, sogok untu dianggep barang mewah nganti dipadha-padhakake karo perhiasan permata. Wong-wong jaman semono nggawe sogok untu saka emas banjur dihiasi karo watu-watu akik.
Saiki, amarga ngèlmu kadhokteran gigi wis maju, pangganggonan sogok untu rada ora diéntuki, mula piranti-piranti liyané kaya benang untu lan sikat untu luwih disenengi. Nanging amarga ana terobosan mutakhir ing tèknologi rasa, sogok untu tetep disenengi wong akèh.
Praja Maine ing Amérikah Sarékat dadi produsen paling gédhé kanggo sogok untu. Ing Koréa Kidul, kanggo ngoyak-ngoyak rakyaté supaya bisa ngajeni lingkungan, ana perusahaan nggawé sogok untu kang bisa dipangan. Sogok untu iki digawé saka tela, ketok bening lan empuk yèn kena banyu panas.
Sogok untu ya iku barang kang kerep digoléki, mligi sawisé mangan panganan kang akèh seraté kaya jangan-jangan lan daging. Malah ora sithik wong kang ora bisa urip tanpa sogok untu, mula dhèwèkè mesthi nyiapaké sogok untu ing tasé. Padahal, yèn kerep-kerep nggunakaké sogok untu lan ora resik bisa mbebayani. Nggunakaké sogok untu kang ora trep bisa natoni jaringan lunak ing sekitaré untu, banjur bisa ndadèkaké keradangan ing jaringan lunak mukosa gronggongan mulut. Saliyané iku sogok untu bisa ndadèkaké untu tambah benggang amarga diameter sogok untu lumayan gedhé. Iritasi lan trauma terus-terusan bisa ndadèkaké benjolan ing gingiva utawa gusi kang kerep diarani epulis.
Epulis amarga nggunakaké sogok untu kerep-kerep lan ora steril iku diarani Epulis Fibromatosa. Epulis iki awujud benjolan lan duwé tangkai, empuk, wernane pucet, ora gampang metu getihe, lan ora lara. Penanganané ya iku eksisi utawa diketok lan di kuretage utawa kuret jaringan lunak. Kumaté penyaki iki yèn pakulinan nganggo sogok untu sig kereb banget lan ora steril tetep dilakoni.
Nam ngiao

Nam ngiao ( Thai: น้ำเงี้ยว , kocapan [ná(ː)m ŋía̯w] ) utawa nam ngio ( Thai: น้ำงิ้ว , kocapan [ná(ː)m ŋíw] )) yaiku ulah-ulahan sop utawa kari saka wong Tai Yai sing manggon ing lor-wétan Burma, provinsi Yunnan, China lan Thailand lor, utamane ing Provinsi Mae Hong Son . Janganan iki misuwur amarga liwat sajian Thailand lor. Nam Ngiao nduweni titikan rasa kang pedhes lan tajem.
Sup iki digawé ngaggo mi; jinis sing paling asring dipigunakaké ya iku chin kang adhedhasar beras sing difermentasi, senadyan kuaitiao utawa mie liyane uga bisa digunakake. Daging sapi utawa daging babi iku bahan utama liyane, lan kue getih (pitik utawa daging babi) diiris bentuke kothak. Irisan tomat menehi sajiane panggan kerasang semu asem lan sedhep ditambah lombok goreng lan bawang putih nambahi pedhes. Bahan-wigati kang sing nyedhiyani luwih akeh rasa yaiku Tua Na, sedele fermentasi digunakake ing Thailand Lor, lan pasta udang sing kadhangkala dipigunakaké minangka pengganti. Nam ngiao asring dianggo karo kulit babi.
Sanadyan sup iki wiwitane dadi panganan Shan, nam ngiao sing misuwur banget ing Thailand Lor ing Provinsi Phrae lan dianggep minangka salah sawijining masakan mupangat ing tradhisi Lanna, sing ditrapake ing pestha lan adicara mligi.
[[Kategori:Sup]] [[Kategori:Kaca sing nganggo sintaksis gambar lawas]]
Asem salisilat

Asem salisilat (saka basa Latin salix, "wit willow") ya iku asem monohydroxybenzoic lipofilik, jinis asem fenolik, lan asem beta hidroksi (BHA). Asem organik kristal tanpa warna iki digunakaké akèh ing sintesis organik, lan fungsiné minangka hormon tanduran. Asalé saka metabolisme salisin. Saliyané iku, zat iki minangka bagéan penting metabolit aktif saka obat aspirin (asem asetilsalisilat), kang tumindak ing bagéan minangka tambahan kanggo asem salicylic, iki paling misuwur amarga akèh migunakaké minangka bahan obat ing topikal produk obat kukul. Garam lan ester asem salisilat dikenal minangka salisilat. Asem salisilat iku kalebu obat golongan keratolitik tegesé obat sing tumindak dadi agén panglupasan kulit kanthi ngilangaké sel kulit mati lan ngalusaké kulit sing kasar.
Asem salisilat iku obat kang digunakaké ing masalah kulit kaya pangandelan lan pangatosan kulit kaya mata iwak lan kutil. Zat iki kerja kanthi ningkataké kelembapan ing kulit, gampangaké prosès panglupasan sel kulit mati, ngredakaké peradangan, lan ngresiki pori-pori buntet. Obat iki gunané kanggo ngobati ganggunan kulit kaya psoriasis, kukulen, ketombé, dermatitis, seboroik ing kulit lan kulit sirah, kapalan, lan kutil plantar.
Asem salisilat minangka bahan wiwitan asli kanggo nggawé asem asetilsalisilat (aspirin) ing taun 1897. Aspirin (asem asetilsalisilat utawa ASA) bisa disiapaké kanthi ésterifikasi klompok fenol hidroksil asem salisilat karo klompok asetil saka anhidrida asetat utawa asetil klorida. Asem salisilat digunakaké minangka pengawét panganan, mateni baktèri, lan antisèptik.
Hippocrates, Galen, Pliny the Elder, lan liya-liyane ngerti yèn kulit kayu willow bisa ngatasi rasa lara lan nyuda demam. Iki digunakaké ing Eropa lan China kanggo ngrampungaké kahanan kasebut. Obat iki kasebut ing teks saka Mesir Kuno, Sumer, lan Asyur . Cherokee lan Pribumi Amerika nggunakaké infus kulit kanggo demam lan obat-obatan liyane. Ing 2014, para arkeolog ngenali jejak asem salisilat ing fragmen tembikar abad kaping pitu sing ditemokaké ing sisih wétan-tengah Colorado. Pendeta Edward Stone, wakil saka Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, Inggris, nyathet ing 1763 manawa kulit wit willow efektif kanggo nyuda demam.
Asem salisilat ana ing tanduran minangka asem salisilat bebas lan ester karboksilat lan glikosida fenolik. Sawetara panalitèn nuduhaké manawa manungsa metabolisme asem salisilat kanthi jumlah sing bisa diukur saka tanduran kasebut. Ombènan lan panganan salisilat dhuwur kalebu bir, kopi, tèh, macem-macem woh-wohan lan sayuran, uwi, kacang-kacangan, lan minyak zaitun . Daging, unggas, iwak, endhog, prodhuk susu, gula, lan roti lan sereal nduwèni kandungan salisilat sing sithik.
Sawétara wong sing duwé sensitivitas salisilat diet bisa uga ngalami gejala reaksi alergi, kayata panandhang asma, rhinitis, gangguan gastrointestinal, utawa diaré, mula bisa uga kudu nggunakaké pola diet sing cendhak salisilat.
Mikotoksin

Mikotoksin ya iku istilah kanggo ngrujuk toksin kang dasilake déning cendawan. luwih lengkape, mikotoksin didefinisekake minngka produk alami kanthi bobot molekul kang cilik kang diasilake minangka metabolit sekunder saka cendawan berfilamen lan bisa nyebabake lelara tumrap manungsa, kéwan, anduran lan mikroorganisme liyané.
ana enem jinis mikotoksin utama yang sok merugikan manungsa, ya iku aflatoksin, citrinin, ergot alkaloid, fumonisin, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecene, dan zearalenone.
aflatoksin diasilake déning Aspergillus flavus Link lan uga A. parasiticus Speare. Loro cendawan mau urip kanyhi optimal ing suhu 36-38 °C lan ngasilaké toksin kanthi maksimum ing suhu 25-27 °C. Modhote cendawan kang ngasilaké aflatoksin lumrahé amarga humiditas /kelembaban 85% lan iki kerep tinemu ana ing Afrika mula kontaminasi Alflatoksin ing panganan dadi prakara umum in bawana mau. Kanggo ngindari kontaminaso aflatoksin, wiji-wijine kudu disimpen kanthi kondisi kang garing, bébas saka karusakan, lan bébas hama.
Cutrinin kang wiwitan diisoasekke saka Penicillium citrinum Thom ing 1931.[5] Mikotoksin iki tinemu minangka kontaminan alami ing jagung, beras, gandum, barley, lan gandum ireng (rye).
Taman Satwa Cikembulan

Taman Satwa Cikembulan iku taman awujud kebun kéwan cilik sing dumunung ing désa Cikembulan, kacamatan Kadungora, Kabupatèn Garut. Taman satwa iki wujud taan rékréasi sing diyasa warga kanthi kolèksi 214 spésies wujud kéwan mamalia, manuk lan rèptilia.
Taman Satwa sing mung siji-sijiné ing Provinsi Jawa Kulon iki, antarané duwé kolèksi Macan Tutul Jawa, loro macan Sumatra (Panthera Tigris Sumatrae), bruang madu, warna-warna kethèk, warna-warna manuk lan isih akèh manèh kolèksi di dirumat kanthi apik. Saliyané kolèksi sato kéwan, ing taman iki uga disadiyakaké papan kanggo rékréasi, papan pamancingan lan mangan-mangan kulawarga.
Yos Sudarso

Laksamana Madya Yosaphat Soedarso utawa kang luwih kaloka kanthi nama Yos Sudarso (lair ing Salatiga, Jawa Tengah, 24 Novèmber 1925 – kapundhut ing Laut Aru, 13 Januari 1962 nalika umur 36 taun) iku pahlawan nasional Indonésia. Dhèwèké palastra ing ndhuwur KRI Macan Tutul ing sajerone perang Laut Aru mungsuh Walanda nalika jaman kampanye Trikora. Kanggo ngenang lelabuhané, namane digunakaké kanggom jeneng KRI lan jeneng pulo.
Kapundhute Yos Sudarso disebabaké perang antarané kapal motor torpedho duwèké Angkatan Laut Indonésia mungsuh Walanda. Kapal Indonésia kang lagi ana ing tengah dalan menyang pasisir kidul Walanda Nugini saka kapuloan Aru.
Buku
Totemisme

Kapercayan totemisme iku kapercayan marang kewan kang dipercaya nduweni daya kang linuwih. Kapercayan iki dianggep asas kapercayan agama nalika wiwitané manungsa primitif. Kapercayan totemisme percaya yèn kewan tartamtu, nduwé jiwa lan daya linuwih kang kudu dikurmati supaya jiwa mau ora ngganggu manungsa lan isa bebantu manungsa. kewan-kewan totem dipercaya minangka wahanane utawa kendaraan Dewa kang kudu dikurmati lan duwe daya kaya Dewane. Bisa dadi, roh kewan totem mau mbiyantu manungsa ing pranatan padinan..
Ana uga kang percaya yèn kewan kuwi asil saka reinkarnasi utawa tumimbal lair menungsa sing wis mati, upamané ing Nias lan ing kapercayan tradhisional liyane.
Kapercayan totemisme kuwi lebur karo kapercayan animisme lan dinamisme kang wis dadi sinkretis karo kapercayan tradhisional lan kapercayan manca kang lumebu ing Indonesia.
Kewan-kewan kang dipercaya kalebu kewan Totem yaiku:
Holosen

Kala Holosen kawiwitan saka 10.000 taun kepungkur nganti tumeka saiki. Ing kala iki pajebluge gunung, pengangkatan lan pelipatan lempeng bumi isih terus kedadean. Lan uga pengendapan kali lan pejebluge gunung isih terus gawe endapan aluvial, lan tatanan topografi Kepuloan Indonesia sing ora adoh bedhane saka kahanan topografi saiki .
Owah-owahan sing penting kedaden ing Kala Holosen yaiku owahe tatanan mangsa (Ikilm). Wusanane Kala Glasial Archived 2019-05-14 at the Wayback Machine. udakara 20.000 taun kepungkur dadi titi pungkasane mangsa adem dan mungkasi jaman es. Sakbubare kuwi iklim saya panas lan miwiti jaman panas. Anane owah-owahan iklim mau dadi sebabe mundhake banyuk sagara lan misahake daratan benuwa dadi pulo-pulo. Kaya déné Dataran Sunda lan Sahun kang owah dadi perangan kulon lan wetane Kepuloan Indonesia.
Ing Kala Holosen, laladan iklim tropik tanpa kejaba Indonesia uwis nuduhake anane tatanan mangsa sing ora beda karo saiki. Iklim sing ana saiki perangan saka tingkat awal mangsa glasial lan pluvial kalima.
Awit saka pisahe Dataran Sunda saka Benuwa Asia lan Dataran Sahul saka Benuwa Ostrali, pisah uga dalan darat kewan-kewan migrasi. Kewan-kewan sing urip ing pulo-pulo cilik dadi urip ka-isolir, lan kepeksa nyelarasake karo kahanan alam sing anyar kanthi cara adaptasi, saperangan ngancik tataran evolusi lokal. Anane kahanan saben spesies sng nyleneh awit saka evolusi lokal lan adaptasi kuwi mau mbutuhake klasifikasi. Klasifikasi diwujudake kanthi garis maya Wallace, Weber, lan Huxley. Telu garis kuwi misahake jenis flora fauna kulon-tengah-wetan.
Lenga samin

Lenga Samin ( Basa Arab : سمن, samn ) utawa ghee ( Hindi घी, Urdu گھی, Punjabi ਘੋ, Kashmiri ग्याव / گیاو - saka Sanskrit ghṛtə घृत padhang ) yaiku mertega saka kewan sing dijupuk gajihé ( daging sapi, kebo, wedhus, unta, unta ) ( daging sapi, sapi, sapi ) mandhiri . Asli saka wilayah lor saka India anak bawana, lenga iki digunakaké lan diprodhuksi ing anak bawana India, Asia Kidul-Wétan, Timur Tengah, Afrika lor lan Afrika Wétan .
Ing India, lenga samin dibedakaké karo ghee lan vanaspati . Kamangka ing Indonesia ghee lan vanaspati dipadhakaké karo lenga samin, sanajan ghee lan vanaspati beda. lenga Samin duwéni 2 jinis, yaiku: [1] Archived 2020-02-06 at the Wayback Machine.
Lenga Samin digunakaké minangka lenga masak kanthi manèka resep ing masakan Asia Kidul ( masakan India lan Pakistan ), masakan Asia Tenggara, lan masakan Timur Tengah . Ing Indonesia, ditepungi minangka lenga samin padhet saka lemak sayuran ( lenga sawit ). Ing Arab Saudi samin lenga sing umumé digunakaké yaiku lenga samin kewan. Bentené lenga sayur lan kewan yaiku gandha, lemak sayuran ora beda karo margarin, déné lenga kewan duwé ganda sing enak kaya butter ( butter ). Ing India lenga samin umumé digunakaké sayur-sayuran, déné ing semenanjung Arab jinis lenga adhedhasar kewan umumé digunakaké kanggo masak. Masakan Indonesia nggunakaké lenga samin, kaya ta martabak, nasi kebuli, sop wedhus, mughalghal, martabak India, lan soto betawi .
Mertèga tawar dimasak ing manci nganti panas kurang luwih nganti kabèh banyu wis nguwab lan protein wis dienggoni. Bagean cuwèran lan bening alon-alon diilangi kanthi nggawa protein susu beku ing sisih ngisor. Bedané karo mertèga, lenga samin awèt disimpen tanpa kudu dipasang selawase ing kulkas yèn dilebokaké ing pakét kedhap udara supaya bebas kelembapan lan nyegah oksidasi
Ing agama Hindhu, ghee digunakaké minangka wedang dewa ing kurban ritual ngombe lan lenga bumi . Malah ana puji kanggo ghee. Wong Hindu ngobong ghee nalika nindakaké ritual Aarti, lan minangka lenga lampu kanggo lampu syukur sing diarani diya utawa jero . Kajaba iku, ghee sing digunakaké ing pernikahan pesta, panguburan, lan adus murti .
Ing perayaan agama liyané, ghee digunakaké nalika ndedonga menyang Shiwa nalika prayaan Maha Shivaratri, digunakaké nalika adus phallus kanthi papat barang suci liyané: gula, susu, yogurt, lan madu (limang sesaji suci utawa panchamrut ). Ing buku Mahabharata Anusasana Parwa, Bhishma ujar manawa ora ana korban sing bisa ditindakaké tanpa bantuan karo yogurt lan ghee . Ing pirang-pirang jumlah, ghee digunakaké minangka barang sesajen nalika nindakaké yadnya ( homam ) amarga dipercaya panganan kanggo para dewa.
Manga (sato)

Manga (miturut analogi basa Inggris: tigon saka tiger lan lion) iku sato kéwan campuran sakan macan lanang karo singa wadon. Manga ora pati akèk kaya kéwan campuran suwaliké yakuwi singa lanang karo macan wadon sing diarani Sican (singa-macan), sajeroning basa Inggris: liger (lion-tiger). Manga dianggep ora bisa dadi ing alam jembar, amarga singa lan macan duwé kabiasaan lan habitat sing béda banget.
Manga bisa ngatonake karakter kaloro wong tuwané: bisa duwé tutul saka ibuné lan lorèng saka bapaké. Wulu manga lanang manawa luwih cendhek tinimbang wulu singa. Ukuran manga luwih cilik tinimbang singa utawa macan, rata-rata boboté watara 150 kilograms, utawa 350 lbs, saéngga luwih katon kaya kucing ingon-ingon.
Manga akèh-akèhé mandhul, nanging ana siji manga sing jenengé Noelle ing Shambala Reserve Archived 2008-09-14 at the Wayback Machine. kawin karo macan lan ngasilaké katurunan sing diarani ma-manga (ti-tigon).
Jerapah

Jerapah (Giraffa camelopardalis) ya iku kéwan mamalia mawa kuku genep endemik Afrika lan kalebu spésies kéwan kang paling dhuwur kang uripé ing dharat. Jerapah lanang dhuwuré bisa 4,8 nganti 5,5 mèter lan boboté nganti 1.360 kilogram. Nanging yèn jerapah wadon racaké luwih cendhèk lan luwih ènthèng tinimbang jerapah lanang.
Jerapah isih kerabat karo menjangan lan sapi nanging saka suku kang béda, ya iku Giraffidae, kang kalebu jerapah lan kerabat paling cedhak, okapi.
Jeneng spesiesé camelopardalis dijupuk saka jeneng latin, amarga dianggep blasteran onta (camel) lan macan tutul (leopard). Jeneng camelopardalis digunakaké déning Plinius senior ing ensiklopedia kang ditulisé. Jeneng iki uga minangka jeneng salah siji rasi lintang. Jeneng "jerapah" dhéwé dijupuk saka jeneng kéwan iki ing basa Arab (الزرافة, zirafah).
Habitat asliné kang kalebu wewengkon saka Chad nganti tekan Afrika Kidul.
Ana sanga subspesies kang umum dibédakaké déning warna lan variasi pola:
Ngarai Sianok

Ngarai Sianok inggih punika satunggalipun lembah curem (jurang) ingkang wonten ing Kitha Bukittinggi, Sumatra Kilèn. Lembah punika panjangipun saking sisih kidul Ngarai Koto Gadang ngantos dumugi Ngarai Sianok Enam Suku, lan pungkasanipun ing Palupuh. Ngarai Sianok gadhah sesawangan ingkang éndah lan dados salah satunggalipun papan pariwisata ingkang utami ing Provinsi Sumatra Kilèn. Jurang Ngarai Sianok lebetipun kinten-kinten 100 m lan panjangipun 15 km kanthi jembar 200 m lan kalebet wewengkon saking patahan ingkang misahaken Pulo Sumatra dados kalih pérangan (Patahan Semangko). Patahan punika mujudaken témbok ingkang curem, ngantos madeg lurus lan mujudaken lembah ingkang ijem. Ing jaman kolonial Walanda, jurang punika dipunsebat minangka kerbau sanget, amargi kathah sanget kebo ingkang taksih alasan lan gesang ing Ngarai wau. Lèpèn Sianok saged dipunmangpaataken kanggé ulah raga kano, lan kayak ingkang dipunsurung déning satunggalipun organisasi ulah raga toya Qurays. Ing sisih pinggir lèpèn saged kapanggih manéka warni wit-witan ingkang sampun langka kados Padma raseksa lan wit-witan ingkang saged dipunanggé minangka obat. Sato kéwan ingkang saged kapanggih kados kethèk abuntut panjang, siamang, simpai, rusa, babi wana, macan tutul, sarta tapir.
Ngarai Sianok di Bukittinggi Lembah Ngarai Sianok Archived 2012-11-27 at the Wayback Machine.
Panthera

Panthera minangka genus ing kulawarga Felidae sing dijenengi lan diterangake dening Lorenz Oken ing taun 1816 sing nglebokake kabeh kucing belang ing grup iki. Macan, singa, jaguar lan macan tutul iku siji-sijine spesies kucing kanthi struktur anatomi sing bisa nggero; macan tutul salju ora bisa.
Warak

Warak (basa Inggris: rhinoceros utawa rhino) iku kulawarga Rhinocerotidae, kalebu ordho Perissodactyla kang asalé kabèh saka Afrika utawa Asia. Kulawarga iki duwé karakteristik: ukurané gedhé, boboté bisa nganti punjul sa-ton; siji utawa rong sungu ing pérangan tengah bathuk, manawa cacahé loro, sing siji ana ing ngarepé sijiné (ora sisihan); hèrbivor; kulit kandel, 1.5 – 5 cm, kawangun saka lapisan kolagèn. Warak duwé driya pangrungu lan pangambu kang landhep, nanging ora bisa nyawang adoh. Sabagéyan gedhé warak bisa urip punjul 40 taun. Anak warak diarani plencing.
Sanajan lumebu golongan hèrbivor, warak iku kéwan kang mbebayani. Ing India lan Nepal, warak dadi jalaran utama patiné manungsa, cacahé ngluwihi kang disebabaké déning macan lan macan tutul. Warak malah tau nyerang gajah sing nggawa turis.
Meru Betiri National Park

Meru Betiri National Park is a national park in the province of East Java, Indonesia, extending over an area of 580 km of which a small part is marine (8.45 km). The beaches of the park provide nesting grounds for endangered turtle species such as leatherback turtles, hawksbill turtles, green turtles, and olive ridley turtles.
Meru Betiri National Park has a varied topography reaching from a plain coast to highlands with an altitude of almost 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). The tallest mountains within the park are Mount Gamping (538 m), Mount Butak (609 m), Mount Sukamade Atas (801 m), Mount Gendong (840 m asl), Mount Mandilis (844 m) and Mount Betiri (1,192 m). The topography along the coast is generally hilly to mountainous. There are only a few sandy plain coasts, most of them located in the west, such as Rajegwesi Beach, Sukamade Beach, Permisan Beach, Meru Beach, and Bandealit Beach. Some rivers across Meru Betiri NP are the Sukamade River, a perennial river, the Permisan River, the Meru River, and the Sekar Pisang River which flows to the South coast.
The Meru Betiri area is influenced by monsoon wind. From November to March, the westerly wind brings rainfall to the area, whereas the dry season occurs from April to October. The average annual rainfall is between 2300 and 4,000 millimetres (160 in), with 4 dry months and 7 wet months on average.
As a result of its diverse topography, Meru Betiri NP contains five distinct vegetation types:
The rare parasitic plant Rafflesia zollingeriana was rediscovered in Meru Betiri NP.
The park provides habitat for many other protected animals, including 29 species of mammal and 180 species of bird. Among them are the banteng, Javan leopard, wild boar, long-tailed macaque, Sumatran dhole, Javanese flying squirrel, leopard cat, Javan muntjac, and green peafowl. The beaches of the park provide a nesting ground for leatherback turtles, hawksbill turtles, green turtles, and olive ridley turtles.
Meru Betiri National Park is known as the last habitat of the Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) which is now considered extinct, with the last sighting having been recorded in 1976. Due to research in 1997, tiger paw prints at a size of 26–28 centimetres (10–11 in) were found, so the Forestry Ministry agreed to monitor the existence of the Javanese tiger with a camera trap in 2011.
The Meru Betiri Forest area was first appointed as a protected forest by the Dutch Colonial Government in 1931. In 1972 the Meru Betiri Protected Forest (500 km) was appointed as a wildlife sanctuary, prioritized for protecting the habitat of the then endangered Javan tiger. In 1982 the sanctuary was expanded to its current extent of 580 km including a marine area of 845 ha. In 1982 the sanctuary was declared a National Park, which finally was designated as such in 1997.
Jellicle cats

Jellicle cats (/ˈdʒiːlɪkəl/) are a fictional type of feline from Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats, a 1939 collection of light poetry by T. S. Eliot. Jellicle cats were adapted for the 1981 stage musical Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber, where the wide array of diverse Jellicles is central to the musical's worldbuilding.
"Jellicle cats" are briefly mentioned in T. S. Eliot's 1933 poem "Five-Finger Exercises", although they are not described until Eliot's poem "The Song of the Jellicles", depicting the cats as commonly nocturnal, black and white, scruffy cats. Eliot specifically mentions how they gather at an event called the "Jellicle Ball". The name "Jellicle" comes from Eliot's unpublished poem "Pollicle Dogs and Jellicle Cats", where "Pollicle dogs" is a corruption of "poor little dogs" and "Jellicle cats" of "dear little cats".
In contrast with their source material, the Jellicles in Cats possess many kinds of coat-patterns, diverse personalities, and individual talents. Many of the ensemble characters were created by the original 1981 London cast through extensive improvisation sessions held during the rehearsal process. Musical theatre scholar Vagelis Siropoulos noted that the level of detail given to each character was crucial in fleshing out the fantasy world of Cats, with even the minor cats having established personalities, relationships, and hierarchies within the tribe. In the musical, sub-plots involving individual Jellicle cats include the struggle of Grizabella, a former "glamour cat", and the kidnapping of the Jellicle patriarch, Old Deuteronomy.
A total of 54 cat names are given in Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats, most of which Eliot derived from British culture, including references to Anglican traditions, historic and literary figures, as well as geographical locations. When not taken from a corresponding eponymous poem, many of the musical's character names are from Eliot's poem "The Naming of Cats".
The 1976 film Logan's Run has the old man offering one of his Jellicle cats to Logan.
Since 2014, the refrain of “Jellicle Songs for Jellicle Cats” from the musical cast recording has been a running gag on the animated series BoJack Horseman; the refrain plays on a loop as the “on hold” music for anthropomorphic cat Princess Carolyn.
The 2017 picture book Jellicle Cats published by Faber and Faber adapts "The Song of the Jellicles" as a standalone poem.
Madame Tussauds New York displays wax figures of some of the musical's Jellicle cats since 2019, including Grizabella who performs the show's theme song.
The 2020 Dungeons & Daddies episode "The Jellicle Ball" features a game played with a team of Jellicle cats.
Highlander cat

The Highlander (also known as the Highlander Shorthair, and originally as the Highland Lynx) is a new breed of cat. The unique appearance of the Highlander comes from the deliberate cross between the Desert Lynx and the Jungle Curl breeds, also recently developed.
The Highlander originated as a crossbreed of the experimental Desert Lynx breed and the Jungle Curl, to add the latter's curled ears to the former. They are bobtailed or short-tailed, have spotted or classic bullseye markings, mackerel and resemble the bobcat. The Highlander has a long sloping forehead and blunt muzzle with a very wide nose. The eyes are wide-set and the ears are upright with a slight curl and a slight turn in the backward direction. The body is substantial and very muscular. Females can grow to between 10 and 14 pounds (4.5 and 6.4 kg), and the males between 15 and 20 pounds (6.8 and 9.1 kg). Despite the "big-cat look", the Highlander is a human-oriented, friendly and playful cat, and very active and confident. The Highlander displays tabby/lynx point or solid point coloration in various colors. Bicolored cats are not allowed in the breed standard. Although some cats are polydactyl, it is not part of the standard and it is a disqualification in the show ring.
The Highlander breed refinement began in 2004, to distinguish the breed better from its foundation stock, and to seek competition status in major breed registries. The name Highlander was adopted in late 2005. Starting May 1, 2008, the breed was recognized by The International Cat Association (TICA) for competition in the Preliminary New Breed class, and in 2016 was moved up to Advanced New Breed. TICA divides Highlanders into two varieties, under the names Highlander Shorthair (HGS) and simply Highlander (HG) for the longer-haired variation. In 2022, the Highlander was accepted as a championship breed in the American Cat Fanciers Association (ACFA).
Ilford Manual of Photography

The Ilford Manual of Photography is a comprehensive manual of photography, originally authored by C.H. Bothamley and first published in 1890 by The Britannia Works Company, which became Ilford, Limited in 1901. The 1890 edition was revised by Bothamley many times over a period of forty years until the first multi-authored edition, edited by George E. Brown, was published in 1935. The Manual is still in print, now named The Manual of Photography.
The earlier editions covered what we now call analog photography. Each featured technical information about optics, chemistry, and printing, which were described in depth. The Ilford Manual quickly became the staple technical book for the professional or serious amateur photographer. It remained so for some time, and with each new edition further information was added so that it might remain relevant.
The ninth edition was the first to include chapters on the newly emerging field of digital photography. The tenth edition is heavily revised and rewritten to include digital topics such as image sensors, digital printing, file formats, image workflow, colour management systems, image processing and compression.
The Ilford Manual of Photography is comparable in many ways to Ansel Adams' books - The Camera, The Negative, The Print, Natural Light Photography and Artificial Light Photography - in its logical description of exposing plates and film, developing the negative, printing from negatives and lighting.
Яг түүн шиг (2-р улирал)

Яг түүн шиг шоуны Хоёрдугаар улирал.
Оролцогчдын 7 хоног болгоны ямар дэлхийн одод хувирсан тухай хүснэгт. Дугаарын ялагч нь алтан шар өнгөтэй. Супер ялагч шар өнгөтэй. Хагас финалаас хамгийн бага оноотой хоёр оролцогч хасагдах болоход Хишигдалай, Ариунцэцэг хоёр нэвтрүүлгийг орхисон. Хагас финалын дугаар дээр 1-р дугаарын зочин шүүгч Ундармаа, 1-р улирлын ялагч Баярцэнгэл 2 Биёонсэ, Bruno Mars-ын дүрээр бэлэг барьсан. Харин супер финалын дугаар дээр Ариунцэцэг алдарт Nightwish хамтлагийн дүрээр бэлэг барьсан. Хишигдалай маань өөрийн шинэхэн цомгийнхоо бэлтгэл ажлыг хийн хилийн дээс давсан болохоор хүрэлцэн ирж чадаагүй.
Perdix

Perdix is a genus of Galliform gamebirds known collectively as the 'true partridges'. These birds are unrelated to the subtropical species that have been named after the partridge due to similar size and morphology.
The genus Perdix was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the grey partridge (Perdix perdix) as the type species. The genus name is Latin for "partridge", which is itself derived from Ancient Greek ‘πέρδιξ’ (pérdīx). They are closely related to grouse, koklass, quail and pheasants.
This genus contains three extant species:
Some prehistoric species have been identified:
A prehistoric species only known from fossils was described as Perdix palaeoperdix. Occurring all over southern Europe during the Early–Late Pleistocene, it was a favorite food of the Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals. The relationships between the prehistoric species and the grey partridge are somewhat obscure; while very similar, they might be better understood as sister species rather than the grey partridge evolving from the Pleistocene taxon.
These are medium-sized partridges with dull-coloured bills and legs, streaked brown upperparts, and rufous tails with barring on the flanks. Neither sex has spurs on the legs, and the only plumage distinction is that females tend to be duller in appearance. Grey and Daurian partridges are very closely related and similar in appearance, and form a superspecies. Tibetan partridge has a striking black and white face pattern, black breast barring and 16 tail feathers instead of the 18 of the other species.
There are representatives of Perdix in most of temperate Europe and Asia. One member of the genus, the grey partridge, has been introduced to the United States and Canada for the purpose of hunting. These are non-migratory birds of the steppes and similar open country, though nowadays they are more associated with agricultural land. The nest is a lined ground scrape in or near cover. They feed on a wide variety of seeds and some insect food.
The bird shares its name with the nephew of Daedalus of Greek mythology, who was transformed into the bird when his uncle murdered him in jealousy. He was killed when thrown headlong down from the sacred hill of Athena, so, mindful of his fall, the bird does not build its nest in the trees, nor take lofty flights and avoids high places.
None of the species is threatened on a global scale, but the two more widespread partridges are over-hunted in parts of their range. The grey partridge has been badly affected by agricultural changes, and its range has contracted considerably. The Tibetan partridge seems secure in its extensive and often inaccessible range on the Tibetan plateau.
Altai snowcock

The Altai snowcock (Tetraogallus altaicus) is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is found in western Mongolia and adjacent areas of China, Kazakhstan and Russia. Its natural habitat is boreal forests.
The Altai snowcock was first described by Frederic Gebler in 1836. He was a doctor and naturalist who lived in the Altai region for forty years and named many previously unknown species. There are two subspecies, Tetraogallus altaicus altaicus and Tetraogallus altaicus orientalis.
The Altai snowcock is a plump, partridge-like bird. While most snowcocks are similar in size, the Altai might be the largest species with a length of around 57 to 61 cm (22 to 24 in) and a mean body mass of approximately 2.54 kg (5.6 lb) in females and 3 kg (6.6 lb) in males. The head and neck are slatey-grey and there is a partial dark collar at the base of the neck. The upperparts are grey with white spots and the tail is black. The chin, breast and belly are white. The throat has a breastband of grey with patches of black. The primary and secondary feathers are black, the former having white bases which show as a white flash in flight. The beak is yellowish brown and the legs and feet reddish brown.
The Altai snowcock is native to the mountain ranges of western Mongolia and southwestern Siberia. Its range includes in Russia the mountainous regions near Abakan, Sayan Mountains and the Tannu-Ola Mountains; and in Mongolia, the Mongolian Altai, the Govi-Altai, the Khangai Mountains, and the mountains east of Lake Khuvsgul. The habitat is open mountainside above the tree line at altitudes usually ranging between 2,000 and 3,600 metres (6,600 and 11,800 ft).
The Altai snowcock feeds on buds, shoots, roots, berries and insects and it also occasionally eats small rodents. About forty different species of plants have been recorded to be part of the diet.
Populations of Altai snowcock are believed to be decreasing as a result of over-hunting and degradation of their habitat. However, in its Red List of Threatened Species, the IUCN lists this species as being of "Least Concern" because it has a wide distribution over an estimated 819,000 square kilometres (316,000 sq mi) and the number of mature birds is over 10,000 and not decreasing at such a rate as would justify their inclusion in a more vulnerable category.