davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Argentine Interconnection System

The Argentine Interconnection System (Spanish: Sistema Argentino de Interconexión, SADI) is a wide area synchronous grid that links the regional networks of all Argentinian provinces, with the exception of Tierra del Fuego. It is also connected to the power grids of several neighboring countries.
The network is 20,296 kilometres (12,611 mi) long, of which 14,197 kilometres (8,822 mi) represent 500 kV power lines. These power lines are operated by Transener.
The interconnection system began by including transmission lines and substations built by AyEE, HIDRONOR and others constructed by private initiative. Those lines primarily linked the generation centers distributed along the country with the major consumption center in the Greater Buenos Aires area.
In 1947, the General Direction of Water and Electric Power was created by presidential decree, with the task of planning, construction and operation of electrical power plants, transmission lines and substations.
In 1960, Act 15336 (Electric Energy Law) is approved, recognizing a "National Interconnection Network" that would integrate all the country's regional networks. This would change the jurisdiction of those networks from a provincial to a national control. This new national network would be controlled by a new organism to be created, the Federal Council of Electric Power, under the national Energy & Fuel Secretary structure.
This new organism would have representatives of the central government as well as the provinces and the City of Buenos Aires, intending to unify criteria and not only satisfy the interests of Buenos Aires.
In 1991, the State Reform law brought privatization for the energy companies, creating a new regulatory framework for the energy and utilities sector. This would be included in the 24065 Act, which created the Wholesale Energy Market and the National Electricity Regulatory Entity (ENRE). It also creates a new public entity to regulate the Interconnection, the National Cargoes Dispatch (DNDC), which would incorporate in 1002 in the form of a sociedad anónima (a private corporation) with the name Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico Sociedad Anónima (CAMMESA).
According to the 2019 annual report by CAMMESA, that year the network showed the following figures:
The system connects to several neighboring countries:
On 16 June 2019, a large-scale power outage struck most of Argentina, all of Uruguay, and parts of Paraguay. It was caused by an operational misbehavior from Transener, a transmission lines operator in Argentina.
A short circuit which lowered demand, caused an excess of power generation in the grid, a lack of synchronization of power plants, loss of balance, and a low frequency in the network, triggering massive automatic disconnections from the grid. This caused a blackout that, in a matter of 30 seconds, came to affect 50 million users in the continent.
Daylight saving time in Argentina

Since 2009, Argentina is not observing daylight saving time (DST) and the entire country stays on UTC-03:00.
San Luis Province, which was previously in a different time zone than most of the country and which formerly observed DST, decided in April 2010 not to change its clocks back and to stay on UTC-03:00 all year round.
The most recent history of Argentina observing DST was from 2007 to 2009. After a period of not observing DST, Argentina observed DST in some provinces in an attempt to save energy. For each period, the executive branch of the government set the specific start and end dates for DST, i.e. there was no fixed annual schedule.
Government Building and President's Office

The Government Building and President's Office (Slovene: Vladna in predsedniška palača), also simply the Government Building (Vladna palača) or the President's Office (Predsedniška palača), is a building in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, that houses the Office of the President of Slovenia, the Secretary-General of the Government of Slovenia, and the Protocol of Slovenia. It stands at the corner of Prešeren Street (Prešernova cesta), Erjavec Street (Erjavčeva cesta), and Gregorčič Street (Gregorčičeva ulica) in the Center District, next to the Cankar Centre. It is used for state and ceremonial functions, as well as for receptions and meetings with visiting foreign dignitaries and heads of state. Occasionally, exhibits take place there.
The project documentation for the building was prepared by the engineer Rudolf Bauer based on work by the architect Emil von Förster. The first excavations took place in October 1886; foundations were laid in spring 1897. The usage permit was issued on 11 November 1898. The building was at first used as the headquarters of the provincial Carniolan authorities. After World War II, it housed the Mayors of Ljubljana, the Constitutional Court and, since 1975, the Executive Council of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia. Since 1993 it has housed the Office of the President of the Republic of Slovenia, the Office of the Prime Minister of Slovenia and the Secretary-General of the Government of Slovenia. That year it was protected as a cultural monument.
The three-storey building was built in the Neo-Renaissance style and has an atrial ground plan. There are two courtyards and the great hall, called Crystal Hall, which is now used for receptions, but was originally a chapel. The front façade, turned towards Prešeren Street, has three entrances. On the sides of the main entrance, which is in the middle, stand the allegorical statues of power and law, created by the Viennese architect Josef Beyer. There are also two minor entrances at the front, one to each side of the main entrance. These entrances open to a busy city avenue and do not make an impression typical of a protocol building. In addition, there are entrances from Erjavec Street and Gregorčič Street. The corners of the building are emphasised by towers. The interior was decorated in the interwar period (20th century) by Gojmir Anton Kos with scenes from the history of Slovenia.
坎门鳌龙鱼灯舞

坎门鳌龙鱼灯舞，简称鳌龙鱼灯或鳌龙鱼灯舞，又称西台鱼灯，是一种流行于浙江玉环的坎门一带的舞龙，是一种群体性的舞蹈艺术，参舞者身穿渔家特色的表演服装，凭借鳌龙鱼虾造型的灯彩道具和舞蹈，表达渔民征服海洋的意志与对丰收的祈求。主要有灯塔鱼灯和红旗鱼灯两类，分别归属于今天的坎门街道灯塔社区和坎门街道红旗社区。
坎门鳌龙鱼灯舞的历史最早可追溯到清朝，原只是单纯的鱼灯，后来龙、龙珠等元素逐渐加入增强了表演的观赏性。全舞的高潮在“鳌龙抢珠”环节，龙、珠有分有合，有别于其他舞龙的戏龙珠环节。该舞蹈氛围热烈，欢快奔放，具有一定艺术价值。坎门鳌龙鱼灯舞成为玉环海洋文化的象征，被列入浙江省非物质文化遗产名录。
玉环是中华人民共和国14个海岛县之一，境内岛屿林立、海礁棋布，有50多个岛屿。而坎门则是该国东南沿海远近闻名的海岛渔港。相传，坎门前台（今坎门街道灯塔社区）社庙里的蔡王是掌管一方水土的神灵，保佑当地的风调雨顺和渔民满载而归，深受靠海谋生的当地渔民崇拜。为了表达敬意和感激，祈求平安丰收，灯塔渔民在每年农历十二月廿五举行仪式祭拜蔡王，其中鱼灯表演就是仪式中最主要的部分。清朝初年，坎门就盛行鱼灯巡游。据清朝《玉环厅志》风俗篇记载，玉环沿海岛屿春节期间，民间“制禽兽鳞鱼花灯入人家串演戏阵，笙歌达旦，环观如堵”，可见鳞鱼花灯的串演，已有一百多年的传承历史。现今的鳌龙鱼灯是原先的灯塔鱼灯和红旗鱼灯的合称。前者主要在今坎门街道灯塔社区，后者主要在今坎门街道红旗社区。两者原本只是单纯的鱼灯，一支鱼灯队由12条鱼灯组成。后来，人们逐渐加入了龙、龙珠等，增强表演的观赏性。第二次国共内战和文化大革命期间，蔡府圣王庙曾被毁坏，舞龙也一度停止。庙重新修建之后，舞龙才得以继续。1971年，灯塔成立鳌龙鱼灯队，制作鳌龙鱼灯等活动由蔡府圣王庙牵头改为村民自发组织。
鳌龙鱼灯舞活动过去一般以社庙的名义出面组织，由当地士绅、船主等操持。1949年后，一般由村、社等组织置办。坎门鳌龙鱼灯舞的表演者，除了舞鳌龙和龙珠等运动量较大的活，通常由训练有素的成年健壮劳动力担任外，其余一般都是由渔家的青少年来表演。表演者身穿渔家特色的表演服装，系腰带，男子扎头巾，女子则将头发梳成两个发髻盘在左右。鱼灯队的各种灯具都备双数。灯具为“T”形木架式，上横梁为灯座，下直档为手柄。用竹篾扎制轮廊，外用白漂布蒙住，用墨笔勾图上色，并装潢修饰。制作一只鱼灯需要12天。
舞灯人执一具鱼灯，分成两个顺序对应的队列。排在最先的是鳌，金色鳍是雄鳌，银色鳍是雌鳌，均由成年男子扮演。继而是各种鱼，有鲛鱼、黄鱼、鮸鱼、红虾、带鱼、鲳鱼、墨鱼等。随着轻松热烈的吹打乐声，各队列中的海豚先登场，然后在龙珠导引下的鳌龙登场，接着是黄鱼和其他各种鱼灯。全舞的高潮在“鳌龙抢珠”环节。音乐节奏逐渐加快，经过几番交接后，龙头已经衔住了龙珠，舞珠人躺倒在地继续逗引，而龙头紧追不舍。在环绕的其他鱼灯推波助澜之下，气氛变得紧张起来。这时，正在喝彩的围观者会把鞭炮、烟花等射向场中。龙、珠有分有合，有别于其他舞龙的戏龙珠环节。有专家认为，鳌龙鱼灯舞最与众不同的就是咬龙珠，称“在全国都没有看到过”。
鳌龙鱼灯有双元宝、流水阵（又称流水）、跳龙门、出龙门、四鳌戏珠、八卦阵、梅花阵、四角回环（又称四方回环）、五路梅花、十字交叉等十种舞步阵法。主舞者是持鳌龙和持龙珠灯具的成年人，基本步法是小跑，并在马步和弓步间跳转腾身，步步向前。双手高举过肩，肘、臂握杆，大幅度、力度地回环舞动。其他表演者脚踏碎步或小跑步，进三退一，举灯具及肩，以肘、腕转动为主，模仿鱼游动的姿势，摇头摆尾。鱼灯表演的阵式和步法，随锣鼓的音乐节奏而变换。音乐在表演过程中有指挥、控制鱼灯队舞蹈、队形变化和节奏的作用。器乐主要由大锣、小锣、钹、木鱼、镲等吹打乐器组成，主要采用《将军令》《马灯调》等曲。
鳌龙鱼灯舞凭借鳌龙鱼虾造型的灯彩道具和舞蹈，以翻、滚、腾、跃的大幅度动作，展示五彩缤纷的海洋世界。寓有渔民对鳌龙、对大自然的敬畏，对大海的情感记忆和共鸣，也表现了渔民们敢于驾驭大海、争胜好强、顽强拼搏的台州式性格和精神面貌。氛围热烈欢快奔放，阐发了渔民对大海的情感记忆，表达渔民征服海洋的意志与对丰收的祈求。坎门鳌龙鱼灯舞流传至今，具有一定艺术价值。
到2015年，坎门鳌龙鱼灯舞的师徒传承教学活动仍在有序开展，但熟练道具制作的现存传承人所剩无几，且均年过七旬，该技艺濒临消失。2006年6月，坎门鳌龙鱼灯舞以“坎门灯塔鱼灯”之名，被列入第一批台州市非物质文化遗产代表作名录。 2009年6月22日，坎门鳌龙鱼灯舞被列入第三批浙江省非物质文化遗产名录。坎门鳌龙鱼灯舞传承团体以灯塔鳌龙鱼灯队最具代表性。2010年，坎门灯塔鳌龙鱼灯队在浙江省龙舞大赛摘得金奖。同年6月端午节，赴北京参加首届中国农民艺术节，获得最高奖“精粹奖”和最佳组织奖，他们也是唯一由文化部选送的浙江民间表演团队。2011年10月，该队应邀参加第八届全国残疾人运动会开幕式演出。2014年6月赴台湾彰化参加第十届海峡两岸民间艺术节，增进两岸传统文化交流。坎门红旗鳌龙鱼灯队则2012年12月参加台州市舞龙大赛并获得金奖。
2012年6月，家族第五代舞龙人李孙谦被评为第一批玉环县非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人。同年6月7日，玉环县坎门第二初级中学因“将鱼龙灯舞传承与教学实践课程相结合，致力培育年轻一代传承人，使玉环渔区特色民俗文化得以有效传播与弘扬，为我县非物质文化遗产保护和乡土文化教育作出了示范”，而被玉环县教育局、玉环县文广新局命名为首家玉环县非物质文化遗产传承教学基地。2013年11月，浙江省文化厅公布第四批浙江省非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人名单，李孙谦入选。2020年6月5日，玉环市坎门街道灯塔社区居民委员会和玉环市坎门街道红旗社区居民委员会被列为第二批玉环市非物质文化遗产传承基地。
舞龍屬

舞龍屬（屬名：Wulong， 由漢語音譯而來）是中國早白堊世（阿普第階）九佛堂組的一種馳龍科小盜龍類恐龍。它包括一個物種，渤海舞龍（Wulong bohaiensis）。化石殘骸是一個亞成體。
恐龍的正模標本是一位農民在中國遼寧省化石豐富的九佛堂組中發現的。此後，這具化石骨架被收藏在遼寧大連自然歷史博物館中。這些骨骼化石是由Ashley W. Poust和她的前蒙大拿州立大學顧問David Varricchio以及大連古生物學家高春玲、吳建林和張鳳嬌共同研究的。
渤海舞龍的長而纖細的尾巴是它身體長度的兩倍。它的骨骼是中空的。它的四肢長有羽毛，尾巴末端有兩根長長的羽毛。此外，它有一個狹窄的頭部，上面有細長的顎，顎上長滿了小而尖的牙齒。它與義縣組的中國鳥龍關係密切。
孙红雷

孙红雷（1970年8月16日—），中国大陆男演员，毕业于中央戏剧学院表演系音乐剧班。1999年因出演张艺谋电影《我的父亲母亲》，正式开始了其影视演艺生涯，2003年凭着《征服》的刘华强一角走红，其后凭电视剧《潜伏》先后获得金鹰奖、白玉兰奖、飞天奖的男演员最高奖项，成为首位凭同一作品达成中国电视剧三大奖项“视帝”“大满贯”的男演员。
孙红雷出生于哈尔滨，小名三狼。父亲孙振山为一位哲学教师，母亲朱凤琴已经逝世，有两个哥哥。1987年，获黑龙江省霹雳舞大赛一等奖，1988年获全国霹雳舞大赛第二名。1995年至1997年，在中央戏剧学院学生表演系音乐剧班(补招)大专学习，入学考试时差点没有通过，他后来回忆说：“当时就是梁伯龙老师出的题，题目是我们分手吧，我和搭戏的女孩一直打不开局面，然后梁伯龙老师就叫停了，一般正常情况下我就和音乐剧班、跟中戏的表演学习就无缘了”。但退场时梁伯龙又给了他一次机会，因此才得以通过。
1997年成为中国国家话剧院演员。2001年北京鑫宝源影视投资有限公司签约演员。
注：由於上映時間不詳，「#」所標示之年份為拍攝年份
城市广场 (电影)

《城市广场》（英語：Agora）2009年10月9日上映于欧洲的史诗片。
公元4世纪，横跨亚欧非大陆的罗马帝国日渐衰落。在埃及的亞歷山卓，年轻的女学者希帕提娅开馆授徒，她是多神教的教徒，精通数学、天文学。
412年，西里尔出任基督教的大主教，他极富野心和才干，在亚历山大大力推行基督教的传播，与当地多神教的传统发生了不可调和的矛盾。随着基督徒三番五次地掀起动乱，罗马执政官下令多神教徒撤出亚历山大图书馆，基督教在亚历山大取得了压倒性优势，开始对异教徒进行大肆迫害。希帕提娅最终被狂热的教徒残忍地杀害。
电影参加了第62届戛纳电影节。
电影围绕女学者希帕提娅的生平展开故事情节，展现了基督教國教化過程的血腥和暴力，以及其對於科学技术的压制和诋毁。
电影的取景地之一是马耳他的里卡所里堡。
民族舞蹈

民族舞蹈，是一种起源于人民生活中的肢體动作语言，又稱身體語言，以日常活动抽象化为表现形式。亦可稱為土风舞、民俗舞蹈。不同於著重表演的芭蕾舞或是制式化的運動舞蹈，土風舞源自於各國、各地不同環境、種族及風俗，與各國的特色音樂服裝也有相互的搭配，表現形式十分多元。
土風舞，是從英文「folk dance」翻譯而來，它是代表一國的文化、風情、生活習慣、地理氣候以及歷史背景，因此各國有各國的不同的味道，在各國中不同地區也會因為上述的因素而有區別；每個國家都有自己的folk dance，但由於上述說的文化背景的不同，因此他有熱情奔放如美國墨西哥的傳統舞蹈是較激情的，也有一些溫和緩慢如一些歐洲宮廷之舞，這邊簡單列一些土風舞的舞碼如：田納西華士、美國混合舞、德州黃玫瑰、瑞士交換舞、葛萊德宮廷舞等等，都是具有各自特色與風味的土風舞。
傳統土風舞通常稱為傳統舞，源自於各地的節慶或是祭典儀式需要所產生的，如印度或馬來西亞的祈雨舞；或是與生活作息有關的如夏威夷的捕魚舞，以色列的水舞；也有為了驅邪(驅蟲)的義大利鈴鼓舞等等。
現代土風舞仍然保有各國音樂特色以及步伐技巧，如東歐舞蹈的擊鞋，中國舞的身韻或功夫拳術，西班牙的塞維亞舞，並逐漸加上編舞家的創思。近來的土風舞愛好者亦多方採入不同的舞蹈如探戈、 華爾滋、現代舞、爵士、流行舞（歐美的Macarena dance，日本的Para Para），使得土風舞的定義較以往模糊。但基本上土風舞屬於一種全民舞蹈，隨著時代變遷，所產生的舞蹈內容也不斷改變，廣泛的說，由一群人所共同展現的肢體舞蹈可以稱之為土風舞。
泰国民族舞蹈

泰國民族舞蹈，指泰國民間流行的各民族具有觀賞性的群眾舞蹈。伴奏主要用鼓、鑼、鈸、拍板、笛、胡琴、蘆笙等樂器，節奏輕快，旋律優美。
孔剧（又称面具舞、箜劇，泰語：การแสดงโขน）源自北印度高山地區，寺廟祭典和舞蹈的箜劇，在暹羅 阿瑜陀耶王朝屬於宮廷戲劇，當時只有貴族男性才能扮裝登臺的宮廷娛樂，且國王是唯一觀眾，其演出劇本「拉瑪堅(รามเกียรติ์)」是由泰王拉瑪一世（西元1737-1809年）根據印度史詩「羅摩衍那/รามายณะ」撰寫，後由拉瑪二世改編成為流傳至今的經典箜劇本。
「諾拉人鳥舞」（泰文：มโนราห์/โนรา； 英文：Menora/Nora )又稱「瑪諾拉」，流行於泰國南部是泰國舞蹈最古老形式，廣意泛指泰南舞，狹義指起源於南方洛坤府的傳統舞蹈藝術。其主要透過舞者腿部，手臂和手指的緩慢節奏運動來表演。它的特別之處還在於舞者會按照神話故事模仿小鳥的舞姿，並戴上相關道具，因此也有媒體將其稱為「人鳥舞」。
聯合國教科文組織於2021年12月15日正式將泰南「諾拉舞」（Nora)列入非物質文化遺產名錄。
泰國民族舞蹈以服飾華貴、動作優雅、內涵豐富著稱。泰國各地都有充滿鄉土氣息的民族舞蹈，是構成泰國旅遊業的重要支柱之一。
精灵使的剑舞

《精靈使的劍舞》（日語：精霊使いの剣舞）是一部由志瑞祐創作的輕小說，插畫由櫻半片負責，由於原畫師身體健康欠佳的緣故，2015年5月8日宣布改由仁村有志負責插畫，2017年11月，MF文庫J宣布仁村有志因事務繁忙無法再擔任本作插畫，而改由〆鯖コハダ負責。
在Oricon的2013年上半年日本暢銷書榜（2012年11月19日至2013年5月19日），《精靈使的劍舞》在輕小說部門以超過13萬冊排在第17名。《精靈使的劍舞》在台灣也有很高人氣，累計銷量已超過20萬冊。2013年7月發布本作確定將要製作動畫的消息。2014年3月22日宣布電視動畫的首播時間，於同年7月至9月播出。
身為本不可能存在的男性精靈使，風早神人受學院長葛雷沃絲·雪爾麥斯邀请，前往冰清玉潔的大小姐們學習精靈魔法的艾雷西亞精靈學院。神人在前往學院的途中，偶然目擊到正在沐浴的精靈學院學生克蕾兒·露裘，並得知克蕾兒打算與封印精靈締結契約，爾後克蕾兒因與精靈締結契約失敗，導致精靈暴走失控，為了阻止暴走的精靈神人便試圖與該精靈締結契約……
本作目前主要分為3部份，並由20卷書所組成。
代表多拉古尼亞龍公國出賽，本身按照鋼鐵紀律行動而散發出強烈的存在感。契約的皆為龍精靈。以第三名之姿晉級決賽。
代表羅素貝爾公國出賽。穿著統一的白底紅襯騎士裝。成員全都是強力的聖精靈使用者。在與涅般德·羅亞交戰後將近全滅，因力量不足而和〈Team·Scarlet〉成為暫時同盟，期限為到打倒涅般德·羅亞為止。
代表庫那帝國出賽，默契度十分高而擅長團體戰術。操控強大的四大神獸精靈。穿著有著異國風情，散發出和學院大小姐不同的魅力。因中雪拉的計謀而失去三個成員和大量護石，之後和〈Team·Scarlet〉成為暫時同盟，期限為到打倒雪拉為止。
代表阿爾法斯教國出賽，以第一名之姿晉級決賽。
日本深夜動畫：下文記載的日本国内播放時間使用日本標準時間（UTC+9）表示。因為部分時間标识會採用30小时制，因此請留意这类超过24:00的时间，其實際播放時間為翌日清晨。
註:2018年11月28日即將販售專輯(Be Yourself!)售價約3980日圓(不含稅)
收錄在藍光／DVD短篇故事。
极光

極光，是一種等離子體現象，主要發生在具有磁场的行星上的高緯度區域，而在地球上的極光帶即是經度上距離地磁極10°至20°，緯度寬約3°至6°的區域。當磁暴發生時，在較低的緯度也會出現極光。
現代物理學對其產生原理有詳細描述，地球上的極光是由於來自磁層和太陽風的帶電高能粒子被地磁場導引帶進地球大氣層，並與高層大氣（熱層）中的原子碰撞造成的發光現象。极光不只在地球上出现，太阳系内的其他一些具有磁场的星體上也有极光
極光發現的歷史很早，許多解釋極光的迷信或過時的理論已經存在數百年了。
极光是地球周围的一种大规模放电的过程。来自太阳的带电粒子到达地球附近，地球磁场迫使其中一部分沿着磁場线集中到南北两极。当它们进入极地的高层大气（>80km）时，与大气中的原子和分子碰撞并激发，能量釋放产生的光芒形成圍繞著磁極的大圓圈，即极光。
極光最易出現的時期是春分和秋分兩個節氣來臨之前，且春秋兩季出現頻率更甚夏冬。这是因为在春分和秋分兩節氣時地球位置與「磁索」交錯最甚。另外，在太阳黑子多的时候或當太陽週期在日冕大量抛射增加和太陽風強度增強的階段時，極光出現的頻率和亮度也會增加。
在北半球观察到的极光称北极光，南半球观察到的极光称南极光，经常出现的地方是在南北纬度67度附近的两个环带状区域内，阿拉斯加的費爾班克斯一年之中有超过200天的极光现象，因此被稱為“北极光首都”。而冰岛由于整个国家都在极光带上，也是北半球受欢迎的观测极光地点。南極光與北極光是同時變化的（可視為北極光的鏡像）。在高緯度的南美洲、澳大利亞、紐西蘭和南極洲可以看見南極光。
通常極光出現時，是呈現瀰漫性的發光或"窗簾"，大致向東西方向擴展。有些時候，它們形成"靜態弧"，其它的"活躍極光"則會不停的變化，不斷的改變形態。每一個簾幕由許多平行的光線組成，每一條光線都內襯著當地的磁場線，暗示極光的形狀受到地球磁場的約制。事實上，衛星顯示電子循著磁場線，朝向地球方向螺旋著移動。
與窗簾相似，但皺摺更為強烈的被稱為"條狀（striations）"；當磁場線導引明亮的極光在觀賞著的上方綻放，則可能呈現"冕狀"或發散的輻射狀，這是透視造成的效果。
地球的極光主要有紅、綠二色是因為在熱成層的氮和氧原子被電子激发，分別發出紅色和綠色光。
氧回到基態是不尋常的：它可以在0.75秒輻射出綠光，但要長達兩分鐘的時間才能輻射出紅光。與其它原子或分子的碰撞會吸收激發的能量，並阻止輻射。因為在大氣層的最頂端，氧含量有較高的百分比，但碰撞是稀稀落落的，所以氧有足夠的時間輻射出紅光。下降到較低層，碰撞的頻率變得頻繁起來，就沒有足夠的時間釋放出紅光，最終，連綠光都因為碰撞過於頻繁也被阻止了
這就是為何在不同的高度會輻射出不同的顏色；在最高處，由氧的紅光主導，然後是氧的綠光和氮的藍光與紅光，最後只有氮的藍光與紅光，而碰撞阻止了氧輻射出任何的光線。綠色是極光中最常見的顏色，在它的後方（上方）是粉紅色，混合著淺綠色和紅色，緊接著是純紅色、黃色（紅色和綠色的混合），最後是純藍色。
極光依性質可分為擴散極光和分立極光兩種類型。即使在黑暗的天空中，肉眼可能還是看不見擴散極光散發出瀰漫在天空中的微光和形狀，但它定義出了極光帶的範圍。分立極光是在幾乎看不見的擴散極光中能夠明確看出形狀的部份，肉眼很容易就能看見它們，最亮時的亮度足以在夜晚閱讀書報。但分立極光還是只能在夜空中被看見，因為它的亮度還不足以在陽光下呈現。極光在極光帶中出現時通常是彌漫性的光斑或弧形，且通常是在裸眼可見的程度之下。分立極光通常會顯示出磁場線或像簾幕狀的結構，最常見的是綠色的螢光，並且可以在數秒鐘內發生變化，或是幾個小時光度都不變。
現代潮流引導與推薦比照氣象學來區分極光的現象，但尚未被完全認同。
極光也會發生在其它行星上，與地球一樣，它們也出現在行星磁極的附近。木星和土星這兩顆行星都有比地球更強的磁場（木星在赤道的磁場強度是4.3高斯，相較之下地球只有0.3高斯），而且兩者也都有強大的輻射帶。哈伯太空望遠鏡也很清楚的看見這兩顆行星的極光。
在巨大氣體行星上的極光看起來與地球的相似，也是由太陽風提供能量，另外，木星的衛星，特別是埃歐，更是木星極光的能量來源。這些電流是沿著場線（場準直電流）湧生出的，肇因於衛星繞著行星公轉的相對運動，引起的發電機機制。有著火山活動和電離層的埃歐，是帶電粒子的強力來源，從1955年開始就在研究由它的電流所發射出來的電波輻射。使用哈伯太空望遠鏡也在埃歐、歐羅巴和甘尼米德上觀測到極光，當木星磁氣圈的電漿撞擊到它們稀薄的大氣層時，就會產生極光。
在金星和火星上也曾觀測到極光。因為金星沒有內在（行星本身）的磁場，金星的極光呈現不同的形狀和強度，看起來是明亮但瀰漫的補丁，有時會分布在整個行星的盤面。金星的極光源自太陽風的粒子撞擊和陷入在夜晚側的大氣層。在2004年8月14日，火星快車號上的儀器SPICAM檢測到火星的極光。這道極光位於辛梅利亞高地，東經177°，南緯52°，輻射區域大約寬30公里，高度在8公里左右。經由分析包括火星全球探勘者號過去的地殼磁場異常資料，科學家發現輻射的地區是相對來說是區域性的局部磁場最強的地區。這種相關性顯示，電子是通過火星地殼的磁力線與被激發的大氣層移動。
Dance Dance Dragon

Dance Dance Dragon (Chinese: 龙众舞; pinyin: lóng zhòng wǔ) is a Singaporean comedy film from Mediacorp Raintree Pictures and Golden Village Pictures that was released for Chinese New Year on 19 January 2012 in Singapore and in March in Malaysia. It is MediaCorp Raintree Pictures's last film. It was produced by most of the production team of It's a Great, Great World. The cast includes artistes from both Singapore and Malaysia.
As Chinese New Year 2012 marks the year of the Dragon, the film explores the Chinese's age-old obsession with the Dragon and having children on a "Dragon year" (see Chinese zodiac). In the introduction, Ah Long (Melvin Sia) tells about how his father (Zheng Geping) was desperate to have a son born in the Dragon year because his ancestors had decreed that only a "Dragon boy" could take over the family's Dragon Dance Association, known as Long Zhong Wu Dragon Dance and Lion Dance Association (龙众舞舞龙舞狮团). His mother (younger, Pan Lingling and older, Lai Meng) instead gives birth to "Dragon girls" while Ah Long himself was born several seconds after the clock struck twelve, making him a "Snake baby", much to the disappointment of his father.
At present time, Mother Long prays to the gods for blessings on her three children and pours out her desire for a grandchild. The oldest daughter Lucy, 48, is a spinster and can't find suitable work. The second daughter Ah Bee, 36, is a gambling addiction counselor who is tomboyish and was recently dumped by her boyfriend. The youngest and only son Ah Long is married but is terrified of children.
Meanwhile, up in heaven, the gods are growing sick and tired of hearing Mother Long's daily prayers for a grandchild and deliberate whether to grant Mother Long her wish.
Tai Hang

Tai Hang (Chinese: 大坑; lit. 'The Big Water Channel') is an area southeast of Causeway Bay located in the mid-north of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. It is home to many luxurious private apartments. Residents are predominantly more affluent Hong Kong locals and expatriate professionals.
Tai Hang is a valley with an opening to Causeway Bay in north and So Kon Po in west. To its south and east are hills. The former coastline is marked by Tung Lo Wan Road and the main road Tai Hang Road winds in the hills throughout the area.
The area of Tai Hang is divided into upper and lower areas. The upper area includes a public housing estate Lai Tak Tsuen and some highrise residential blocks for affluents, such as Illumination Terrace (光明臺, 5-7 Tai Hang Road) or Ronsdale Garden (龍華花園, 25 Tai Hang Drive). The lower area has many old residential blocks, with a number of restaurants along the streets. It is named after a stream (or drainage) from nearby hills.
One interesting recent development in the plain north is that many new and special restaurants were opened, making Tai Hang a hot spot for dining and leisure.
Lai Tak Tsuen is located in the area. The famous Tiger Balm Garden was also located in the area.
The Lin Fa Temple is located at the end of Lin Fa Kung Street. It was originally built 1863, during the Qing Dynasty, and was reconstructed in 1986 and 1999. The original use of the temple was a worship place for Kwan Yin, the goddess of mercy.
For the three nights straddling the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Tai Hang fire dragon dance is held in Tai Hang. The main attraction is a 67-metre-long 'fire dragon' that winds its way with much fanfare and smoke through a collection of streets located in Tai Hang, close to Victoria Park in Causeway Bay. Fire dragon dance started in 1880 when Tai Hang was a small Hakka village of farmers and fishermen on the waterfront of Causeway Bay. This custom has been followed every year since 1880, with the exception of the period during the Japanese Occupation, the 1967 disturbances, and the COVID-19 pandemic.
According to local legend, over a century ago, a few days before the Mid-Autumn Festival, a typhoon and then a plague wreaked havoc on the village. While the villagers were repairing the damage, a python entered the village and ate their livestock. According to some villagers, the python was the son of the Dragon King. A soothsayer decreed the only way to stop the chaos was to stage a fire dance for three days and nights during the upcoming mid-autumn festival. The villagers made a huge dragon of straw and covered it with incense sticks, which they then lit. Accompanied by drummers and erupting firecrackers, they danced for three days and three nights – and the plague disappeared.
Most housing estates in the area are private with the exception of Lai Tak Tsuen (16 Lai Tak Tsuen Road, Causeway Bay):
Tai Hang is under School Net 12 in the Primary One Admission (POA). Multiple government and aided schools are located in Tai Hang, which being the following:
Dances with the Dragons

Dances with the Dragons (されど罪人は竜と踊る Dances with the Dragons, Saredo Tsumibito wa Ryū to Odoru: Dances with the Dragons, lit. "Yet the Criminal Dances with the Dragons") is a Japanese light novel series, written by Labo Asai and illustrated by Miyagi, who was later replaced by Zain. It was originally published as Saredo Tsumibito wa Ryū to Odoru (されど罪人は竜と踊る) by Kadokawa Shoten, who released eight volumes between 2003 and 2006 under their Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko imprint. It switched publishers in 2008 to Shogakukan, who have published twenty-four volumes as of February 2023. A manga adaptation of the original series with art by Yaku Haibara was serialized in Kadokawa's Beans Ace magazine. It was collected in a single tankōbon volume. An anime television series adaptation animated by Seven Arcs Pictures aired from April 5 to June 21, 2018.
A long time ago, dragons were the only creatures capable of wielding magic, which they used to terrorize humanity, until humanity learned to channel magic through special formulas and spells called "jushiiki". Those capable of using jushiiki became known as jushikiists, and became crucial in fighting dragons throughout the years, until a peace treaty was enforced to prevent both races from wiping each other out. In the modern day, Gayus and Gigina are two jushikiists who take special jobs from a variety of clients in the city of Eridana.
An anime television series adaptation animated by Seven Arcs Pictures was originally scheduled to air starting on October 5, 2017 on TBS. However, due to production issues, the anime's premiere was delayed until April 5, 2018 on TBS, and later on April 14, 2018 on BS-TBS. Hiroshi Nishikori serves as chief director of the series, Hirokazu Hanai directing the series, with Takayo Ikami in charge of series composition and Masaru Kitao designed the characters. fripSide performed the opening theme song "divine criminal", and Maon Kurosaki performed the ending theme song "décadence" (-デカダンス-). The series ran for 12 episodes. Crunchyroll streamed the series with subtitles.
Nagasaki Kunchi

Kunchi (くんち), also Nagasaki Kunchi (長崎くんち) or Nagasaki Okunchi (長崎おくんち), is the most famous festival held in Nagasaki, Japan. From October 7–9 the presentations of the festival, which vividly reflect Nagasaki's colourful history, spill over from the three festival sites into the streets and create an atmosphere of celebration throughout the city.
The event began as a celebration of autumn harvests in the late 16th century and became a shrine festival when Suwa Shrine was founded in 1614. The name kunchi is derived from the word kunichi (九日, the ninth day of the ninth lunar month of the year). The festival originally began on the seventh day of the month and lasted through the ninth day, maintained today as Okunchi's start date of October 7 and end date of October 9.
According to local explanation, another purpose was to check for hidden Christians after the ban on Christianity. This is still evident today in the custom of garden showing (庭見せ, niwamise), when the presenting neighbourhoods open up their homes to public scrutiny.
One of the most famous performances of the festival is the Dragon Dance ( jaodori (龍踊り, dragon dance)), which was originally performed on New Year's Eve by the Chinese residents of Nagasaki. Rehearsals for the festival begin on June 1. The festival includes a number of other folk performing arts, including kujira no shiofuki (鯨の潮吹き, the blowing of the whale), kokkodesho (コッコデショ, drum dance), and Oranda manzai (阿蘭陀万才, Dutch dance).
32°45′14.85″N 129°52′55.6″E﻿ / ﻿32.7541250°N 129.882111°E﻿ / 32.7541250; 129.882111
چارپائی

جارپائی ایک روایتی بُنا بستر ہے جو پورے جنوبی ایشیا میں استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ علاقائی تغیرات افغانستان اور پاکستان، شمالی اور وسطی ہندوستان، بہار اور میانمار میں پائے جاتے ہیں۔ اسے کھٹ، کھٹیا، یا منجی اور پنجاب میں مانجا کے نام سے بھی لوگ جانتے ہیں۔
List of airports in Pakistan

Pakistan has a total of 69 airports, including three major hubs in Karachi, Islamabad, and Lahore. Six additional medium-sized airports are located in Peshawar, Multan, Sialkot, Faisalabad, Quetta, and Sukkur, while the remaining are classified as smaller airports.
Most civil airports in Pakistan are operated by the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority. However, Sialkot International Airport, owned by the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry, stands out as Pakistan's first privately owned airport, also the first of its kind in South Asia, and is open to both domestic and international flights. Military airbases are primarily managed by the Pakistan Air Force, except for the Dhamial and Tarbela Army Aviation Airbases, which are under the Pakistan Army's jurisdiction and Faisal Airbase, karachi which is being managed in partnership with Pakistan Navy naval air airm.
Names shown in bold indicate the airport has scheduled service on commercial airlines.
List of military airbases.
Sohrab Cycles

Sohrab (Urdu: سُہراب) was a Pakistani bicycle manufacturer based in Lahore.
Sohrab began in 1952 with a core of traders in Lahore, following a foreign exchange crisis which severely restricted imports in Pakistan. The traders saw an opportunity to domestically produce and sell bicycles, and consequently founded Sohrab on 8 September 1953 under Section 9 of the Co-operative Societies Act II of 1912. It initially had 22 members and produced 5 bicycles a day.
Sohrab was setup keeping its workers in mind. All controlling powers of the company laid with the general body, who were elected into power every 3 years. Since its inception, elections were held on a regular basis. Sohrab provided subsidized workers canteen and company hospital. It also paid for five of its workers to attend the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca each year.
Sohrab initially manufactured a single-speed roadster bicycle. This had a lugged steel frame and rod-brakes. More modern MTB and BMX style bicycles were added to the range in the 1990s. Sohrab also diversified into producing cargo-tricycles, gymnasium equipment, push-chairs and wheelchairs. In 1994, Sohrab entered the motorcycle market with the JS70. A larger version of this was later used as the basis for an auto-rickshaw.
Sohrab's primary market was in mainly remote and rural population areas of Pakistan. It also exported cycles to Afghanistan and Bangladesh and wheelchairs to Madagascar through a French rotary club.
Goods shed

A goods shed is a railway building designed for storing goods before, after, and during loading to and unloading from a train. A typical goods shed will have a track running through it to allow goods wagons to be unloaded under cover, although sometimes they were built alongside a track with possibly just a canopy over the door. There will also be a door to move goods to or from road wagons and vans, this sometimes is parallel to the rail track, or sometimes on the side opposite the rail track. Inside the shed will generally be a platform and sometimes a small crane to allow easier loading and unloading of wagons.
Some goods sheds had more than one track. If one were not adjacent to the unloading platform then the method of working the second siding would be to first empty the wagons adjacent to the platform, and then open the doors on their far side to access those on the second track. Planks or portable bridges were normally provided for this purpose.
When no longer required for goods traffic goods sheds have often been converted for other uses, such as the booking office at Paignton railway station, or as housing. When many rural branch lines in New Zealand were closed, goods sheds along the closed branches often formed integral parts of the depots of road freight companies that replaced the railway.
Transfer sheds, sometimes called transshipment sheds, were provided to transfer goods between two different railways of different gauges, such as the broad gauge and standard gauge on the Great Western Railway in the United Kingdom. Those at Exeter and Didcot are still intact.
The term can also be applied to a shed on a pier in a harbour where cargo is/was transferred from rail cars or trucks to ships and vice versa. The cargo was temporarily stored in the shed.
Indian spotted chevrotain

The Indian spotted chevrotain (Moschiola indica) is a species of even-toed ungulate in the family Tragulidae. It is native to India and possibly Nepal. It lives in rainforests and is nocturnal. It has a body length of 57.5 cm (22.6 in) with a 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long tail length and weighs around 3 kg (6.6 lb). This was earlier included under the name of Tragulus meminna, but studies on the systematics of the group have led to that name being restricted to the Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain.
Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain

Moschiola meminna is a species of even-toed ungulate in the chevrotain family (Tragulidae). Particularly in the old literature, M. meminna often refers to the spotted chevrotains as a whole. Today, the name is increasingly restricted to the Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain or white-spotted chevrotain, with the Indian spotted chevrotain M. indica and/or the yellow-striped chevrotain M. kathygre treated as distinct species.
In Sri Lanka, this species is found in the dry zone and is replaced in the wet zone by the yellow-striped chevrotain.
Head and body length in the species typically is 55–60 cm. It is dull brown in color with three or four dotted white stripes going longitudinally along flank.
Moschiola

Moschiola, the spotted chevrotains, are a genus of small even-toed ungulates in the family Tragulidae. They are found in forests in India, Sri Lanka and perhaps Nepal, and have pale-spotted or -striped upperparts unlike the other Asian members of the family, the mouse-deer of the genus Tragulus.
In former times, the genus was usually treated as monotypic. Described as Moschus meminna, for most of the time the name Tragulus meminna was used, but changed to Moschiola meminna eventually. In the 21st century, this is increasingly divided into up to three parapatric species:
South African small-spotted genet

The South African small-spotted genet (Genetta felina) is a species of genet endemic to Southern Africa.
Genetta felina was first described in 1811 by Carl Peter Thunberg. It was considered a subspecies of the common genet (Genetta genetta) but since MSW3 in 2005, was split off and classified as its own species. Its classification is disputed.
Genetta felina is found in South Africa, Angola, Botswana, Namibia and Zambia. It lives in woodland savanna, grassland, thickets, and dry vlei areas that border deserts.
The South African small-spotted genet is identified by the white tip on its tail, dark feet and dark chin.
Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests

The Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests ecoregion (WWF ID: IM0141) covers the central-eastern coast of Vietnam from the Red River delta in the north to Tam Kỳ in the center of the country and neighboring adjacent parts of Laos. The region is one of the wet evergreen forests, with rain over 50 mm in every month. The forests have been highly degraded by human use, and the high levels of biodiversity have been pushed back into relatively small protected areas like Pu Mat National Park.
The region is about 380 km from north to south, and about 50 km wide on average. It is bounded by the coast on the east, and the Northern Annamites rain forests to the west. The geological base features extensive limestone ('karst') mountains and valleys. Elevations range from sea level to 1,000 meters, with an average of 88 meters. The primary wet evergreen forest has mostly been cleared in the past by humans; by one estimate only 10% of the original remains.
The climate of the ecoregion is Tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification (Af)). This climate is characterized as hot, humid, and having at least 60 mm of precipitation every month. Annual rainfall increases towards the south, averaging 1,500 mm in the north near Hanoi, and reaching 3,000 mm in the south near Huế. The wet seasons are typically September to January.
The original wet evergreen forest has been mostly broken up by human agriculture and use, and now exists in scattered patches. Over the ecoregion as a whole, only 28% is currently under forest cover; 31% is under agricultural cultivation. The primary forest that exists exhibits a three-tiered canopy rising 25–35 meters, but emergents can grow up to 45 meters. The highest tier is dominated by trees of the Hopea genus, Castanopsis hystrix and Madhuca pasquieri. A common sub-canopy tree is the Taraw palm (Livistona saribus), used for thatching on huts.
The tree Leoheo domatiophorus is endemic to the ecoregion. It is native to Huế, Quang Tri and Quang Nam provinces, where it typically grows at the edges of primary and secondary forests.
The ecoregion supports some rare animals, including the largest viable population of the critically endangered Northern white-cheeked gibbon (living in Pu Mat National Park), the critically endangered Red-shanked douc, and populations of Gray langurs (a genus of Old world monkey).
Officially protected areas in the ecoregion include:
Lochmaea suturalis

Lochmaea suturalis, commonly referred to as the heather beetle, is a beetle of the genus Lochmaea native to north-west Europe. It feeds upon heather. They are difficult to spot as they are camouflaged with a brownish colour, and are about 6 millimetres (0.24 in) long. They have a tendency to hide, and they drop into the undergrowth if they are disturbed. They are easier to see when in large numbers on the same plant.
The adult beetle spends the winter in dormant diapause in moss or litter in the undergrowth of the heather plants, and they do this until the spring weather brings a rise in temperature, which stimulates them to emerge, feed, and reproduce. They are able to fly up to a range of several miles after spring emergence. They will generally do this after fire, when the surrounding heather is of poor quality, or if the heather has been browsed enough that it turns into grassland. They do however, have a level of resilience and are able to survive for some time in grassland such as Deschampsia flexuosa.
Punji stick

The punji sticks or punji stake is a type of booby trapped stake. It is a simple spike, made out of wood or bamboo, which is sharpened, heated, and usually set in a hole. Punji sticks are usually deployed in substantial numbers. The Oxford English Dictionary (third edition, 2007) lists less frequent, earlier spellings for "punji stake (or stick)": panja, panjee, panjie, panji, and punge.
Punji sticks would be placed in areas likely to be passed through by enemy troops. The presence of punji sticks may be camouflaged by natural undergrowth, crops, grass, brush or similar materials. They were often incorporated into various types of traps; for example, a camouflaged pit into which a soldier might fall (it would then be a trou de loup).
Sometimes a pit would be dug with punji sticks in the sides pointing downward at an angle. A soldier stepping into the pit would find it impossible to remove their leg without doing severe damage, and injuries might be incurred by the simple act of falling forward while one's leg is in a narrow, vertical, stake-lined pit. Such pits would require time and care to dig the soldier's leg out, immobilizing the unit longer than if the foot were simply pierced, in which case the victim could be evacuated by stretcher or fireman's carry if necessary.
Other additional measures include coating the sticks in poison from plants, animal venom, or even human feces, causing infection or poisoning in the victim after being pierced by the sticks, even if the injury itself was not life-threatening.
Punji sticks were sometimes deployed in the preparation of an ambush. Soldiers lying in wait for the enemy to pass would deploy punji sticks in the areas where the surprised enemy might be expected to take cover, resulting in soldiers diving for cover potentially impaling themselves.
The point of penetration was usually in the foot or lower leg area. Punji sticks were not necessarily meant to kill the person who stepped on them; rather, they were sometimes designed specifically to only wound the enemy and slow or halt their unit while the victim was evacuated to a medical facility.
In the Vietnam War, this method was used to force wounded soldiers to be transported by helicopter to a medical hospital for treatment.
Punji sticks were also used in Vietnam to complement various defenses, such as barbed wire.
The term first appeared in the English language in the 1870s, after the British Indian Army encountered the sticks in their border conflicts against the Kachins of northeast Burma (and it is from the Tibeto-Burman language that this word probably originated).
Gwenvenez-Penfaou

Gwenvenez-Penfaou a zo ur gumun eus Breizh e Liger-Atlantel, e reter ar vro. Ghemenë e gallaoueg.
Rannet etre gul ha glazur : ouzh 1 e groaz velchonek en aour, ouzh 2 e wezenn diwriziek en argant ; e gab en erminoù.
Emañ Gwenvenez-Penfaou e bro C'hallo, komzet e vez gallaoueg eta.
Brezhoneg a zo bet komzet gwezharall avat. Muioc'h ag 20% ag an anvioù lec'h a zo brezhonek, pezh a zo kalzig evit ur barrez ken pell e Reter Breizh. Un tamm bennak gerioù brezhonek a bes evel kik (kig fall), oualë (gouelañ evit ur babig), h.a.
Er barrez-mañ evel evit reoù arall Gwalarn Bro an Naoned e vez kavet breuriezhioù.
Niver a annezidi
Kanton Gwenvenez-Penfaou

Kanton Gwenvenez-Penfaou a zo anezhañ ur rann velestradurel eus Breizh, e departamant al Liger-Atlantel hag e rannvro Broioù-al-Liger (Frañs). Brasaet e oa bet da 19 kumun gant dekred ar 25 a viz C'hwevrer 2014.
Kanton Gwenvenez-Penfaou a yae pemp kumun d'ober anezhañ :
Kanton Gwenvenez-Penfaou a yae 5 kumun d'ober anezhañ :
Kanton Gwenvenez-Penfaou a ya 19 kumun d'ober anezhañ :
Kumuniezh kumunioù Bro Gwenvenez-Penfaou

Kumuniezh kumunioù Bro Gwenvenez-Penfaou a oa un aozadur savet etre kumunioù eus departamant al Liger-Atlantel, e Breizh. Krouet e voe e 1993. Bremañ int bodet gant Kumuniezh-kumunioù Bro-Redon.
Kumuniezh kumunioù Bro Gwenvenez-Penfaou a yae 4 c’humun d’ober anezhi:
La Bretagne linguistique

La Bretagne linguistique zo ur gelaouenn c'hallek a yezhoniezh embannet e Skol-veur Breizh-Izel, ma kaver pennadoù savet gant kelennerien vrezhonek eus ar skol-veur-se, Nelly Blanchard, Ronan Calvez, Yves Le Berre, Daniel Le Bris, Jean Le Dû, Mannaig Thomas, ha gant kelennerien eus skolioù-meur all ivez.
Atlas linguistique de la Basse-Bretagne

An Atlas linguistique de la Basse-Bretagne ("Atlas yezhoniel Breizh-Izel"; anavet ivez evel an ALBB) zo un dastumad kartennoù savet gant ar c'helenner skol-veur Pêr ar Rouz diwar an enklaskoù renet gantañ etre 1911 ha 1920, e 77 lec'h eus Breizh-Izel. Mont a ra 6 levrenn ha 600 kartenn d'ober an oberenn-mañ. Pep kartenn a ro troidigezhioù ur ger gallek hag an distagadur anezho, ha hini an deveradoù a-wezhioù. Embannet e oa al levrennoù diwezhañ dindan renerezh Frañsez Falc'hun.
Kontañ a reer e reas an enklaskoù war varc'h-houarn. An dud aterset a veze dibabet gant skoazell skolaer ar gumun a ranke kavout:
Dielfennet e vo an oberenn-mañ goude gant Kenneth Jackson, Frañsez Falc'hun, ha re all.
Adembannet e voe an ALBB gant ar gelaouenn STUDI, e CRDP Roazhon er bloavezhioù 1980.
Un ALBB all (Nouvel Atlas linguistique de la Basse-Bretagne) zo bet savet gant Jean Le Dû, hag embannet e 2001.
Hans Vredeman de Vries

Hans Vredeman de Vries pe Jan de Vriese, pe c'hoazh Friedman de Frise, (1527 e Leeuwarden e Friz - 1606 pe marteze diwezhatoc'h e Antwerpen) a oa ul livour hag ur savour izelvroat eus mare an Azginivelezh. A bouez bras e voe e berzh evel savour dre ma'z implijas kalz an diarsell linennek, diwar teknikoù mentoniezh Italia. An teknik-se a voe skignet gantañ ivez.
Diwar un akta noter deiziet d'an 29 a viz Here 1560 e ouezer e oa 34 bloaz Hans Vredeman de Vries e bloaz-se. Mab da («Diericx») de Vries e oa. E dad a oa artilher e servij stathouder Friz, ar baron Jörg Schenck Tautenburg. E vreur, Sebastian Vredeman de Vries e anv, a oa ograour ha sonazour e Mechelen.
Vredeman a zeskas ar vicher e stal al livour ha livour gwer Reiner Gerrits e Amsterdam, ha goude-se e studias e Kampen (1546-47) gant Ernst Mæler. Azalek 1548 e kemeras perzh e sevel ar volz a enor a oa da vezañ savet da enoriñ Karl V hag e vab Felipe II. Ar chanter a voe aozet en Antwerpen dindan renerezh Pieter Coecke van Ælst. Soñjal a reer e voe dizoloet Vitruvius gant Vredeman de Vries dre zaremprediñ Coecke van Ælst, hag a droas De architectura e flandrezeg. Pleustradoù savouriezh Sebastiano Serlio a studias, ha dre en ober e teskas an diarsell kreiz. Ken dedennet e voe gant an teknik-se ken e teuas da vezañ arbennigour an teknik-se en Izelvroioù. E Mechelen edo o labourat azalek 1552-1553, hag eno e teuas da vezañ brudet evel mestr an diarsell, ha meur a ginkladur c'hoariva a savas. E 1561 e timezas gant Johanna, hag a oa c'hoar al livour Gilles van Muysene. Asambles o doa labouret an daou zen war ginkladur ul lidkerzh bloaziek.
En em staliañ a reas en Antwerpen e 1565, goude marv e wreg. Eno e voe anvet da savour-kêr (hiziv an deiz e vefe lavaret kêraozour). Goude diskar Antwerpen gant an arme spagnol (1575) e kemeras perzh e adsevel ar mogerioù-kreñv. En Antwerpen e chomas pa voe tapet ar gêr gant Alessandro Farnese hag a oa dug Parma. En nevez-amzer 1586 e kuitaas Antwerpen gant e eil gwreg Sara van der Elsmer hec'h anv, hag o mab Paul hag ez ejont da Frankfurt-am-Main. Eno e voe tutaet evel ijinour gant Julius Brunswick-Lüneburg e Wolfenbüttel ha goulennet e voe digantañ sevel ur ganol eus ar stêr Elbe betek ar stêr Weser. Une nebeud brastresoù a voe savet, klasket e voe peadra da baeañ ar raktres, met mervel a reas an dug e 1589, hag e warlerc'hiad a zilezas ar raktres.
Goude-se e veajas Vredeman de Vries e Hamburg, Gdańsk ha Praha, eno ec'h aozas diskouezva an taolennoù. E 1598 e tistroas da Hamburg. E 1600 e voe galvet da vont da Amsterdam, hag eno e voe lakaet da vourc'hiz. E 1604 e voe anvet da gelenner savouriezh e skol-veur Leiden.
Ne ouezer ket pe zeiz e varvas Vredeman de Vries. An dra nemetañ a ouezer eo e voe graet anv eus e hêrezh en ul lizher skrivet e miz Eost 1609 e Hamburg gant e vab, Paul Vredeman de Vries e anv.
Hans Vredeman de Vries a levezonas al livour Izaak van den Blocke.
Claude Hagège

Claude Hagège (ganet e 1936 e Kartada, e Tunizia) zo ur yezhour gall.
Meur a briz en deus bet, evel priz an Académie Française pe medalenn aour ar CNRS Brudet eo abalamour m'eo gouest da gomz nouspet yezh, en o zouez ar galleg, ar saozneg, an italianeg, an arabeg, ar sinaeg, an hebraeg, ar rusianeg, an hungareg, an turkeg, ar japaneg, ar gwaranieg, an hindieg, ar pandjabeg, ar malteg, ar malezeg, ar perseg....
Fanny Chauffin

Fanny Chauffin, ganet e 1962, zo kelennerez, bet kelaouennerez evit an ABP, skrivagnerez vrezhonek dindan an anv Milena Krebs ha filmaozourez. Tapet ganti un doktorelezh d'an 31 a viz Meurzh 2015 dindan renerezh Ronan ar C'hoadig e Skol-veur Roazhon 2 : Diwan, pédagogie et créativité : approche critique des relations entre pédagogie, créativité et revitalisation de la langue bretonne dans les écoles associatives immersives Diwan. Aozerez Festival Taol Kurun etre 1995 ha 2014, prezidantez féa, bet prezidantez ha besprezidantez Kuzul Skoazell Skol Diwan Kemperle ha Cent pour un toit. C'hoarierez er strollad "Fubudenn", strollad c'hoariva e brezhoneg hag e galleg. Kanerez gant ar strollad FAMS hag ar c'houblad Colomer/Chauffin.
Kazetennerez e Ya !, Ar Men (pajenn e brezhoneg : Mai Ewen, Jean-Bernard Huon, Meuriad Berdewi, Mickael Bernadat, Anna Duval-Guennoc...), Al Liamm
European route E3

European route E3 is a series of roads in France, part of the United Nations International E-road network. It runs from Cherbourg to La Rochelle.
The road is 459 km (285 mi) long, and travels along the French routes nationales. From Cherbourg to Carentan, it travels along the Route nationale 13. At Carentan, it changes to the Route nationale 174. It then moves onto the autoroute, mainly the A84 (which it joins at Junction 40) until it reaches Saint-Lô at Junction 16. It then rejoins the RN, mainly Route nationale 136 at Rennes before finally travelling along the Route nationale 137 to its final destination of La Rochelle. It also comes close to the outskirts of Nantes.
The original trajectory of the E3 ran from Lisbon, Portugal to Stockholm, Sweden, and later to Helsinki, Finland. It was a series of existing secondary roads and highways, officially bundled under the name E3 by European decree on 16 September 1950. In 1975 the numbering system of European roads changed drastically. The name E3 was applied to the part from Cherbourg-La Rochelle to Carentan, which was part of the original E3. The name of the historical trajectory lives on in E3 Harelbeke, a cycling race in Belgium.
The route of the old trajectory:
E80 – Lisbon – Salamanca – Valladolid – Burgos – Vitoria-Gasteiz – San Sebastián
E70 – San Sebastián – Irún – Biarritz – Bayonne – Bordeaux
E5 – Bordeaux – Poitiers – Tours – Orléans – Paris
E15 – Paris – Arras
E17 – Arras – Lille – Kortrijk – Ghent – Antwerp
E34 – Antwerp – Turnhout – Eindhoven – Venlo – Duisburg
E37 – Duisburg – Osnabrück – Bremen
E22 – Bremen – Hamburg
E45 – Hamburg – Flensburg – Frøslev – Kolding – Vejle – Aarhus – Aalborg – Frederikshavn – ... – Gothenburg
E20 – Gothenburg – Stockholm
E18 – Stockholm – Turku – Helsinki
Анейтюм

Анейтюм (на Бислама Aneityum) е остров в Тихи океан разположен в архипелага Нови Хебриди с площ 159 км. Той е най-южният остров на Република Вануату и съгласно административното деление на страната е включен в провинция Тафеа.
Анейтюм представлява овален остров с дължина 17 км. Той се е образувал като резултат от дейността на два подводни вулкана, чийто кратери – Инрероу Атамуан и Нанаварез днес се извисяват над повърхността на океана съответно с и 812 и 804 метра.
Поради ниската си влажност и прохлада Анейтюм се слави като острова с най-приятен климат в сравнение с всички останали острови на Вануату - например Ефате. Наситената с вулканична пепел почва е много плодородна и благоприятства сформирането на обширни сандалови гори и способства растежа на над 80 разновидности на орхидеята. Някога практически напълно унищожената, днес гората на Анейтюм интензивно се възстановява. Впрочем наред със сандаловото дърво тук се засажда и иглолистното дърво каури, което допреди в изобилие е растяло по планинските склонове. Паралелно с гората се развиват и фруктовите градини.
Анейтюм е идеално място за пешеходен туризъм и трекинг. Великолепният пейзаж, полегатите планински склонове на Инрероу Атамуан, Нанаварез и Тахентчаи, величествените гори и древни водопади са главните забележителности на острова. Рифът Инвек Айленд („острова на тайните“), Порт Патрик и Инмал са идеални за подводно гмуркане, а топлите извори в Умеч, Итчептав Бей и Анвунупол образуват цели каскади от минерални води.
Островитяните са създали неголям резерват за опазване на морските костенурки. Както на другите острови така и тук, те се избиват заради високо ценимата супа от костенурка.
Островът е бил първият религиозен център на презвитерианската църква на Вануату. Тук даже е била построена най-голямата църква в южните ширини, но в наши дни тя лежи в руини.
Фантастична светлина

„Фантастична светлина“ (на английски: The Light Fantastic) е роман в жанр хумористично фентъзи. Тя е втората по ред издадена книга от поредицата на Тери Пратчет Светът на диска. Фантастична светлина е издадена през 1986 г. и заглавието и е цитат от стихотворение на Джон Милтън. Действието, развиващо се в книгата е продължение на историята в първата книга от поредицата - Цветът на магията.
След като магьосникът Ринсуинд пада от ръба на света, неговият живот е мистериозно спасен. Междувременно магьосниците в Анкх-Морпорк разбират, че светът скоро ще бъде унищожен, освен ако не бъдат прочетени осемте магии на Октаво: най-могъщите магии на света, една от които се намира в главата на Ринсуинд.
След като Ринсуинд, който отново среща Двуцветко, успява да избяга от преследващите го магьосници, вижда, че Великата А'Туин, гигантската небесна костенурка, която носи на гърба си Светът на диска, е поела по нов курс, който ще доведе света право в една червена звезда, около която се движат осем луни. По време на своето пътуване Ринсуинд и Двуцветко са придружени от Коен Варваринът, герой на преклонна възраст и Бетан, спасената от Коен жертвена девойка.
Ринсуинд става един от малкото хора, които за влизали в къщата на Смърт, докато са още живи. Той почти умира, когато среща осиновената дъщеря на Смърт - Изабел, но е спасен от Багажът.
С приближаването на звездата силата на магията започва да расте. Бившият съученик на Ринсуинд Тримън прави опит да побере останалите седем велики магии своята глава, но силата им се оказва прекалено голяма за него и е отворен портал към Подземното измерение, от където ужасяващи създания се опитват да нахлуят в реалния свят. Ринсуинд, след като побеждава тези същества, се оказва способен да прочете осемте магии. След като ги прочита Октаво бива погълната от Багажът.
В края на книгата Двуцветко решава да се върне в своята страна и да остави Багажът си на Ринсуинд.