davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Non-brewed condiment

Non-brewed condiment is a malt vinegar substitute created with water, acetic acid, flavourings and often caramel colour, generally used in fish and chip shops in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is also used in salads.
Traditional vinegars are made by fermenting alcohol (wine, in the case of wine vinegar; cider for cider vinegar; and an ale made from malted barley in the case of malt vinegar). All of the colours in the vinegar are from natural sources, and the fermentation process requires time.
Non-brewed condiment is acetic acid mixed with colourings and flavourings, making its manufacture a much quicker and cheaper process than the production of vinegar. According to Trading Standards in the UK, it cannot be labelled as vinegar or even put in traditional vinegar bottles if it is being sold or put out on counters in fish-and-chip shops.
According to Arthur Slater, writing in the August 1970 edition of Industrial Archaeology, the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate ruled in a 1949 prosecution at Bow Street Magistrates' Court that the term non-brewed vinegar, which up until then had been used to market such acetic-acid solutions, was in contravention of the Merchandise Marks Act 1926 as it constituted a false trade description. The decision was upheld on appeal to the King's Bench Division. Slater goes on to state that after the unsuccessful appeal the trade association concerned announced that in future their product would be sold as non-brewed condiment.
Sining pandigma

Ang sining pandigma ay inayos na sistema at tradisyon ng labanang pagsasanay, na kung saan ay ineensayo dahil sa iba't ibang uri ng rason: pagtatanggol sa sarili, paligsahan, pisikal na kalusugan, angkop na pangangatawan, libangan, ganun din ang pangkaisipang pisikal, at pangispiritwal na pagpapaunlad. Bagaman ang terminong sining panlaban ay naging kasama sa labanang sining ng Silangang Asya, ito ay orihinal na tumutukoy sa panlabang sistema ng Europa noong unng bahagi ng 1550s. Ang terminong ito ay nanggalig sa Latin, at ang kahulugan ay "Sining ng Mars" o ang romanong diyos ng digmaan. Ilang may akda ang nagtalo na ang katawagang labanang sining o panlabang sistema ay mas maging angkop sa batayan na maraming sining na marsyal ay hindi kailanman naging "marsyal" dahil hindi naman ito ginagamit o nilikha ng propesyonal na mandirigma.
Ang mga sining pandigma (Ingles: martial art [isahan], martial arts [maramihan]) ay ang anumang uri o anyo ng pakikipaglabang may pangkat ng mga paraan ng pagsasagawa. Maraming uri ng mga sining marsiyal na nagmumula sa partikular na mga bansa. Isinasagawa ang mga ito ayon sa maraming mga kadahilanan: pakikipagtunggali, pagtatanggol ng sarili, palakasan o palaro, meditasyon, pagpapahinahon ng sarili, at pagpapanatili ng kalusugan. Sa pangkaraniwang paggamit ng pariralang ito, sakop nito ang mga sistema ng pakikipaglabang pinaunlad sa buong mundo. Tinatawag na artistang marsiyal o alagad ng sining panlaban ang isang taong nagsasagawa ng sining panglaban.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Palakasan ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Itak

Ang itak, tinatawag din na bolo at balisong, ay isang malaking kagamitan para sa pagputol na nagmula sa Pilipinas at katulad ng machete. Ginagamit din ito sa mga gubat ng Indonesia, at sa mga tanim ng asukal sa Cuba.
Pangunahing ginagamit ang itak sa pag-imis ng mga halaman, para sa agrikultura o para sa paggawa ng bagong daan sa bundok o gubat. Ginagamit din ang itak sa sining pandigmang Pilipino o sa arnis bilang bahagi ng pagsasanay.
Pirah

Ang Pirah o pira ay isang uri ng Pilipinong bolo o kutsilyo na nailalarawan sa pamamagitan ng matalas na talim at malawak na dulo. Ito ay medyo kahawig ng isang falchion ngunit mas mabigat. Ito ang tradisyunal na sandata na pinapaboran ng mga Yakan sa Isla ng Basilan. Karaniwan itong nagtatampok ng "kakatua" na tatagnan, na kabilang sa mga Yakan ay katangi-tanging pinahaba upang magamit bilang suporta sa braso. Sa mga Cebuano at iba pang mga Bisaya, ang isang katulad na espada ay kilala rin bilang pira, ngunit naiiba dahil mayroon itong matulis na dulo. Tulad ng ibang mga bolo, ang pirah ay karaniwang ginagamit bilang mga kagamitan sa bukid, bukod pa sa ginagamit sa labanan.
Ang tinatawag namang Pira Cotabato ay mas kilala sa orihinal na Pira dahil ito ay ginagamit bilang isang kasangkapan, ginagamit ito sa mga bukid, mga pantalan at palengke para sa pagtaga at paghiwa ng malalaking mga karne ng isda katulad ng tuna at mga balyena.
Monsour del Rosario

Si Monsour del Rosario (Ipinanganak 11 Mayo 1965) ay isang pulitikong Pilipino at martial artist. Ilang beses siyang sumungkit ng mga gold medals. Nagtuturo rin siya ng martial arts sa mga batang gustong matuto nito. Isa rin siya sa mga artista sa Pilipinas. Sa kasalukuyan, siya ay nageendorso ng mga produkto katulad ng Milo. Siya ay nakasama rin sa isang palabas sa telebisyon na Rounin sa ABS-CBN.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Pilipinas at Artista ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Arnis sa Palaro ng Timog Silangang Asya 2005

Ang Arnis sa Palaro ng Timog Silangang Asya taong 2005 ay ginanap Emilio Aguinaldo College Gymnasium sa Ermita, Lungsod ng Maynila, Pilipinas mula Disyembre 3, 2005 hanggang Disyembre 4, 2005.
Ang palakasang ito ay ibinalik ng bansang punong-abala sa edisyong ito. Huling nilaro ang arnis noong edisyong 1991.
Dan Inosanto

Si Daniel Arca Inosanto (ipinanganak 24 Hulyo 1936) ay isang Pilipino-Amerikanong tagapagturo ng mga sining panlaban, lalo na ng Jeet Kune Do at ng mga iba't ibang uri ng sining panlaban ng Pilipinas, tulad ng Arnis. Kilala siya bilang alagad ni Bruce Lee.
Sining panlaban ng Pilipinas

Ang sining panlaban ng Pilipinas ay tumutukoy sa mga pamamaraan ng paglaban na ginawa sa Pilipinas na ang pinaka-kilala ay ang arnis. Ang tunay na pangangailangan ng pag-aalaga sa mga sining na ito ay ang simula ng mga pamamaraan. Sa paglipas ng panahon, ang mga mananakop ay nakapagbigay ng mga kaisipan para sa pakikipaglaban sa mga tao at pakikidigma sa kapuluan na ngayon ay tinatawag na ang Pilipinas. umunlad ang pakikidigma ng mga Pilipino bilang isang tuwirang bunga ng pagpapahalaga ng kanilang nagbabagong kapaligiran. Madalas nilang nalaman sa mga pagkakataon ng pangangailangan na pagtuunan-pansin, maglaan ng oras at magamit ang mga pangkaraniwang mga bagay-bagay sa mga pangyayaring pakikidigma. Ang mga Pilipino ay sobrang naimpluwensiya ng paghahalo ng kalinangan at linguistika. Ang ilan sa mga tiyak na pangyayari na nagbunga ng mga pagkakaibang kalinangan at sa pakikipaglaban ay ang mga digmaan, mga pampolitika at panlipunang sistema, teknolohiya at kalakalan.
Nakikitaan ng sining pakikidigmang Pilipino sa malakihang antas dahil sa ilang mga pelikula mula sa Hollywood at sa mga pagtuturo ng mga kasalukuyang mga dalubhasa gaya nila Venancio "Anciong" Bacon, Dan Inosanto, Teddy Buot, Sam Buot, Bobby Taboada, Cacoy Canete, Leo Gaje, Mike Inay, Ernesto Presas at Angel Cabales.
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Arnis in popular culture

Arnis in popular culture reflects the impact that the Filipino martial arts of arnis/eskrima/kali have made outside of the martial arts community. The three terms are roughly interchangeable and for the purpose of convenience, the term arnis will be used throughout the article. These arts emphasize weapon-based fighting with sticks, blades, improvised weapons and hand-to-hand fighting which is formally known as Mano Mano or Pangamut. Because of this training with live weapons, elements of arnis have made an impact in film, video games, television, and comic books. Arnis is often used to train actors and stuntmen how to handle similar weapons for use in movies.
Arnis at the 2023 SEA Games

Arnis competitions at the 2023 SEA Games took place at Hall A, Changvar Convention Centre in Phnom Penh from 14 to 16 May 2023. Medals were awarded in 12 events.
Cambodia was the first nation other than the Philippines, the sport's country of origin, to hold arnis in the regional meet.
* Host nation (Cambodia)
World Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation

The World Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation (WEKAF) is the international sports body for the sport of Arnis, a Filipino martial art.
WEKAF was formed on August 11, 1989, after a convention was held at the Sacred Heart Center in Cebu City. Dionisio Cañete was elected as their charter president. Cañete would formalize rules and regulations to professionalized the sport of Arnis.
The first WEKAF World Championship in Cebu City also commenced on that date and lasted until August 13, 1989.
With ten member national federations upon its inception, WEKAF grew to around 40 members by 2016.
The following nations and territories have membership with the WEKAF.
The World Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation holds the World Championships every two years with hosting typically alternating between the Philippines and another country.
Arnis at the SEA Games

Arnis events at the Southeast Asian Games was first held at the 2005 edition in Manila, Philippines.
Arnis would first feature in the Southeast Asian Games in 1991 as a demonstration sport when the Philippines hosted the regional games. The sport would only be featured occasionally in the Southeast Asian Games when the Philippines is hosting it until 2023 when Cambodia decided to include it their games' calendar.
In 2005, Arnis was made a regular sport. The martial art would only return in 2019.
As of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games
Does not include medals from the 1991 edition, where arnis is a demonstration sport
Arnis at the 2005 SEA Games

The arnis tournament at the 2005 SEA Games was held on December 1, 2005 to December 4, 2005 at the Emilio Aguinaldo College Gymnasium in Ermita, Manila. This is also the same venue as the wushu events. This is the first time since 1991 that the sport was introduced in the SEA Games, although in 1991 it was played as a demonstration sport. Arnis is an indigenous sport that originated from the Philippines. This was the first international multi-sport event where East Timor received its first medal.
There were six gold medals at stake in Forms and Full-Contact events for men and women.
Whitley Bay
* Host nation (Philippines)
Baston (weapon)

The baston (Spanish and Filipino for "cane") is one of the primary weapons of Arnis and Filipino martial arts. It is also known as yantok, olisi, palo, pamalo, garrote, caña, cane, arnis stick, eskrima stick or simply, stick.
The usage of bastons for historical fencing (esgrima in Spanish) has been recorded at least as far back as 400 years ago. In Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura's "Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala" published in 1613 in Pila, Laguna, it states:
Another instance where it is recorded is in "Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga en Romance" by Fr. Diego Bergaño published in 1732:
Traditional common materials for wooden bastons are usually rattan, kamagong, and bahi wood.
Rattan is the most commonly used material for bastons in Arnis training. They are light, flexible and good for training in speed. They are made from dried and cut reeds and are typically cut 26–30 in (66–76 cm) in length, 0.75 to 1 in (1.9 to 2.5 cm) in diameter, and rounded at both ends. Prolonged impact training with rattan sticks will tend to splinter their ends so some practitioners use electrical or duct tape in order to protect their bastons, as they are more expensive outside of the Philippines.
Kamagong (also known as Mabolo) is a dark, dense, expensive type of wood known for its weight and hardness. It is said that bone will break before a good kamagong baston will, but those of low quality can splinter or shatter on impact due to their hardness and lack of flexibility. Kamagong is also an endangered species of ebony wood, and its export outside the Philippines is illegal without a permit.
Bahi is a type of wood made from the heart of a palm tree. In weight and density, it is similar to kamagong, but is made of a porous material, which tends to slightly dent on impact, making it less prone to shattering than kamagong. Kamagong is a critically endangered lumber species so it is recommended that practitioners purchase bahi instead.
More modern materials are also used such as fiberglass and plastics, as well as metals like aluminum.
In Arnis and Filipino martial arts, aside from being a primary weapon, bastons are also used as implements to train in bladed weapons such as bolos, machetes and other Philippine knives and swords as many motions using the canes are applicable when translated to blades and vice versa. Using wooden training weapons like the baston in lieu of live blades is also done for safety considerations.
For training in espada y daga styles, a baston and a balisong knife is a common combination. Hitting suspended or mounted vehicle tires is also a common practice in order to build speed, power and impact by practitioners.
Philippine Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation

The Philippine Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation (PEKAF) is the governing body for the sport of arnis in the Philippines. It is a member of the Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) and the World Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation (WEKAF).
PEKAF founded in 2017 with Senator Miguel Zubiri installed as its inaugural chairman and president.
Arnis Philippines (ARPI) was the previous recognized NSA for Arnis in the Philippines. ARPI would be expelled from the POC in 2018.
PEKAF held its first tournament in Cebu in July 2017. It has also been responsible for determining the Philippine delegation for the WEKAF World Championships since the 2018 edition.
PEKAF have also lobbied the permanent inclusion of arnis in the Southeast Asian Games. They were able to return the sport in the 2019 Southeast Asian Games when the Philippines hosted the multi-sport tournament. Arnis was last included in the regional games in 2005, when PEKAF's inception was yet to occur. PEKAF was also able to convince Cambodia to include Arnis in the 2023 Southeast Asian Games, marking the sport's debut in an edition of the games not held in the Philippines.
Mactan Shrine

Mactan Shrine, also known as Liberty Shrine or Lapulapu Monument, is a memorial park on the island of Mactan in Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines. It hosts two monuments, namely the Magellan Monument, which is dedicated to Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and the Lapu Lapu Monument, a bronze statue which commemorates Lapu Lapu, a native leader who defeated Spanish soldiers led by Magellan in the 1521 Battle of Mactan.
The Mactan Shrine in Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu was established in 1969 as national shrine through Republic Act No. 5695 during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos. The site is believed to be the approximate location of the historic Battle of Mactan which saw the defeat of the Spaniards led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan against Lapu-Lapu the datu of Mactan and his forces. The legislation included the Magellan Monument a structure which was erected back in the Spanish colonial era in 1866. Republic Act No. 5695 also mandated for a monument for Lapu Lapu, who is regarded as hero for his role in the historic battle in 1521 as well as the erection of a Liberty House, a facility which would exhibit memorabilia showcasing the Philippines' history prior to the arrival of the Spanish. In 1981, a bronze statue depicting Lapu-Lapu was erected within the shrine.
In National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) announced that it would improve the Mactan Shrine in 2019. Reports of plans for the Lapu-Lapu statue received negative reception but the NHCP gave an assurance that the statue won't be relocated. The following year, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) as part of the National Quincentennial Committee which was formed to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Mactan unveiled a design for a new Lapu-Lapu Shrine which and launched a design competition for a new Lapu-Lapu monument which will serve as a centerpiece of the structure. The NHCP also launched a bidding in relation to the restoration of the Magellan Shrine.
In preparation for the 2021 Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines, the conservation work was done on the Magellan Monument and the Lapulapu sculpture was repainted. Starting January 17, 2021, the mast at the shrine will permanently hoist the Philippine flag.
On April 27, 2024, "Lapulapu Day", 300 “eskrimadores,” with "Lapu-Lapu Arnis de Abanico" performed a historical reenactment of “Kadaugan sa Mactan” at Mactan Shrine as witnessed by Mayor Junard Chan.
The Lapu-Lapu Memorial Shrine and Museum is a proposed structure to built inside the Mactan Shrine. The structure will be built on the shore adjacent to the Mactan Shrine. A new Lapu-Lapu monument will be built inside the structure with the winning entry of a design competition to be used a basis for the monument's design. The existing Lapu-Lapu statue will be kept intact. The groundbreaking is scheduled to take place on April 27, 2021.
Kevin Escorcia

Kevin Andrés Escorcia Torres (Barranquilla, 5 de enero de 1995) es un beisbolista colombiano que juega como lanzador en la organización de Chicago White Sox en las Ligas Menores de Béisbol de Clase A.
El 4 de junio de 2013 inició su carrera en la Dominican Summer League con el DSL White Sox ganando 10 juegos y perdiendo 2 en dos temporadas, recetando un total de 109 ponches en 29 juegos y una efectividad de 1.90 ERA. El 21 de junio de 2015 pasó al AZL White Sox de la Arizona League donde ganó 2 juegos y perdió 2 juegos, recetando 34 ponches en 13 juegos. El 19 de junio de 2016 inició temporada con Great Falls Voyagers en la Pionner League jugando como lanzador relevista, disputando 18 juegos siendo cerrador en 6 juegos, ganando y salvando un juego con 27 ponches. Ascendió a la Clase A con Kannapolis Intimidators el 8 de abril de 2017 en la South Atlantic League, ganando 8 juegos y perdiendo 6 en 69 juegos siendo cerrador, recetando 131 ponches.
En 2018 disputó tres juegos con la Selección de béisbol de Colombia permitió 4 carreras y recetó 6 ponches en 3.2 entradas.​
Juan Escorcia

Juan Guillermo Escorcia Torres (Barranquilla, 22 de agosto de 1996) es un beisbolista colombiano que juega como lanzador en la organización de Philadelphia Phillies en las Ligas Menores de Béisbol de Clase A Media (A-).
El 3 de julio de 2014 inició su temporada en la Dominican Summer League con DSL Yankees ganó 3 juegos y perdió 2, recetó 14 ponches en 9 juegos. El 27 de junio de 2015 disputó la Gulf Coast League con GCL Yankees ganando 1 juego y perdiendo 1, recetó 21 ponches en 9 juegos. El 28 de agosto de 2016 pasó al GCL Yankees East finalizando temporada con 1 victoria, 3 derrotas y 26 ponches en 10 juegos.
El 18 de junio de 2018 ascendió a la Clase A Media (A-) con Williamsport Crosscutters de la organización Philadelphia Phillies donde disputó 11 juegos, ganando 1, perdiendo 4 y recetando 49 ponches.
En 2018 disputó dos juegos con la Selección de béisbol de Colombia frente a México y Puerto Rico, siendo abridor en ambos juegos permitió 1 carreras y recetó 14 ponches en 10 entradas.​
Hacienda pública

Se puede denominar hacienda pública:
La hacienda pública estudia:
Los bienes públicos son bienes económicos cuya naturaleza conlleva que son no rivales y no excluyente. Un bien es no rival cuando su uso por una persona en particular no perjudica o impide el uso simultáneo por otros individuos, un ejemplo lo puede constituir una señal de radio que puede ser disfrutada por un consumidor sin que eso afecte al resto de los consumidores y es no excluyente cuando no se puede impedir su disfrute por usuarios potenciales o reales.
Estudio de la toma de decisiones públicas.
A través de la teoría de los ingresos públicos se estudian las distintas formas de financiación que tiene el Estado para captar los recursos financieros necesarios que exigen las actividades de gasto que demanda la sociedad.
Moteméi

El moteméi o motemei (mote maíz) es un tipo de mote, similar al mote de trigo, pero elaborado a base de maíz.​​​ Los moteros de antaño, de tanto gritar «mote de maíz» (y con su pronunciación particular), acabaron bautizando este grano como motemei (aunque el nombre correcto es Mote Maíz).​
El origen del nombre «motemei» procede de la transformación del término maíz, que al grito del pregón popular fue cambiando con el tiempo por el conocido mei.​​
Los quechuas llamaban al maíz hervido con el nombre de «mot’e» o «mut’i», mientras que los mapuches usaron el término «muthi» o «muti» para el maíz y el trigo cocido. El motemei es por tanto «mote de maíz».
La preparación del producto es un proceso largo, llegando a tardar cerca de 9 horas y parte con la cocción de los granos de maíz en abundante agua con cenizas (lejía) para que bote el hollejo y quede pelado. Después se lava, se frota, se saca el carboncillo y ya limpio parte la segunda cocción hasta que está listo para poner en la canasta.​
El «motero» o «motemei» es un personaje característico y muy popular como comerciante callejero. Tradicionalmente era un individuo que vivía en las afueras de la ciudad y hacía su entrada especialmente en las noches de otoño e invierno, con un canasto colgando del brazo, cuyo contenido iba cubierto por albos paños que resguardaban el calor del mote de maíz.
Este personaje llevaba un farol de confección casera con una vela en su interior para iluminar su camino. Su pregón era el siguiente: «¡Mote'e mei, pelao el meyo, calentitoooo!», grito con el cual el motemei anunciaba su producto.​
Carlos Martínez Becerra es conocido como el último motemei de Valparaíso', un oficio que fue declarado Patrimonio Intangible de la ciudad de Valparaíso, Chile.​ Durante más de 40 años siguió el mismo recorrido que le enseñó su abuelo. El lunes salía a Playa Ancha, el martes al cerro Los Placeres, el miércoles a Cerro Alegre y Concepción, el jueves por Recreo y Viña del Mar, y el viernes las partes bajas de cada sector. Esta ruta la heredó junto con la receta.
En la actualidad, la ciudad de Rancagua alberga uno de los últimos motemei, llamado Carlos Garrido Riquelme de 60 años, con más de 45 años vendiendo motemei y que lo sigue vendiendo actualmente, oficio que heredo de su padre que le enseñó todo lo que sabe a la edad de 10 años cuando él salía a vender el producto junto con su progenitor.
“Calentinto el Motemei, peladito el Motemei, que rico el Motemei”, así ofrece su producto diariamente, Víctor Castro Ulloa, Vendedor de Motemei en la comuna de Puente Alto. Siendo un personaje fundamental dentro del patrimonio popular chileno. Por más de 40 años ha recorrido todo Puente Alto y algunas comunas de la zona sur del Gran Santiago vendiendo el tradicional motemei que el mismo elabora. A las 6 de la tarde, luego de una ardua jornada como Soldador, y creador de figuras de fierro, Víctor, retrocede en el tiempo, y se viste como vendedor de Motemei de principios del siglo XX, usando ojotas, sombrero, poncho, calcetas chilotas, y una camisa de cuadros, al igual como lo hizo su abuelo y su padre.
Colombian Space Commission

The Colombian Space Commission (CSC) is Colombia’s government body for the promotion and use of space. It is in charge of promoting the development of space technology and communication satellites as well as applications for the navigation and maritime transportation in Colombia. It also works in the observation and surveillance of the country's natural resources. It was created by presidential decree No. 2442 in July 2006. although there have been some Americans of Colombian descent who have gone into space such as George D. Zamka.
List of books bound in human skin

Anthropodermic bibliopegy—the binding of books in human skin—peaked in the 19th century. The practice was most popular amongst doctors, who had access to cadavers in their profession. It was nonetheless a rare phenomenon even at the peak of its popularity, and fraudulent claims were commonplace; by 2020, the Anthropodermic Book Project had confirmed the existence of 18 books bound in human skin, out of 31 tested cases.
The ability to unequivocally identify book bindings as being of human skin dates only to the mid-2010s. For many years, identification tended to be visual, based predominantly on the structure of pores such as hair follicles in the skin. This could be combined with evidence as circumstantial as the bindings being of subjectively poor quality—taken as a sign the skin used was acquired through suspicious means. In the early twenty-first century, DNA testing emerged as a potential means of identification, but this was confounded by human handling; items frequently touched by human hands could produce false positives, as tests would pick up on their remnants. DNA testing also proved non-viable owing to the degradation of DNA over time and the acceleration of such degradation by the tanning process used to turn skin into leather. The development of peptide mass fingerprinting permitted conclusive testing and became the gold standard method. The first book confirmed as authentic through its use was in 2014; it was a copy of Des destinées de l'ame by the French philosopher Arsène Houssaye, held in the Houghton Library of Harvard University. Ten years later, Harvard University removed the book's anthropodermic bindings.
Not all putatively anthropodermic books have been subject to such testing. A library or archive may decline testing if their policies prohibit any technically destructive tests; peptide mass fingerprinting requires removing a minuscule portion of the book's bindings. Other collections may be unwilling to suffer possible negative publicity if a book is confirmed as bound in human skin. Many others still remain to be tested, including those bound in the skin of executed criminals. While such books are generally treated as legitimate, due to their clear provenance compared to the mysterious or untraceable origins of most anthropodermic books, it is possible individual cases may be fraudulent. Such cases are further complicated by requests by descendants to return such books to the families, after which they may be buried or destroyed before they can be tested.
Themes emerge in what purportedly anthropodermic books turn out to be legitimate or illegitimate. Books that call attention to the race of those whose skin was used to bind them, for instance, generally turn out to be frauds. Most legitimate anthropodermic books were owned or bound by physicians, and many of them are dedicated to the practice of medicine. In her book Dark Archives, the anthropodermic bibliopegy expert Megan Rosenbloom connects this to changing standards of medical ethics and the relatively recent emergence of the concept of consent in medicine.
Sal Maida

Salvatore Maida (July 29, 1948 – February 1, 2025) was an American bass guitarist. Raised in Little Italy, New York City, he moved to London after university, where he played with Roxy Music, Milk 'N' Cookies, Sparks, Cherie Currie, Cracker, the Brandos, and a Lovin' Spoonful tribute band. He also authored the 2014 memoir Four Strings, Phony Proof, and 300 45s and co-authored the 2023 book The White Label Promo Preservation Society Vol 2: More Flop Albums You Ought to Know.
Maida was born in New York on July 29, 1948. He was raised in Little Italy and started playing in the local band The Ouija before joining The Five Toes. He graduated from Fordham University with a BA in economics. After Fordham, he traveled to London. He found a job there working in a record store. While working at the record store in London, he met Paul Thompson, the drummer of Roxy Music. He went on to join the band on their 1973 Stranded Tour. His contract with the band ended after the tour.
In 1974, he became a member of Milk 'N' Cookies, a band from Long Island. The band's power-pop sound was influential in the early punk scene. In 1976 he recorded the album Big Beat with Sparks who had the same manager and the same producer as Milk 'N' Cookies. Later that year, they toured with Patti Smith Group who had just released their Radio Ethiopia album. In 1977 Maida played the bass on Beauty's Only Skin Deep, the debut solo album of Cherie Currie, the former lead vocalist of The Runaways. In 1980 he teamed up with new wave solo vocalist Lisa Burns and arranged her single Love Wanted. Later on, in 1983, they released the EP After Hours by going under the band name Velveteen. Milk 'N' Cookies debut album Milk 'N' Cookies was reissued in the mid-2000s, prompting the band to reunite and play occasional shows during the following decade.
In 2006, Maida joined the band Cracker with David Lowery, Johnny Hickman, and Frank Funaro. Maida and the rest of the band co-wrote most of the material on the band's 2009 album, Sunrise in the Land of Milk and Honey. As of 2010, Maida played the bass on six albums recorded by the British songwriter Edward Rogers. In 2014, Maida authored the memoir Four Strings, Phony Proof, and 300 45s, which detailed his experience of being in the music scene as the major changes which brought the end of the psychedelic era occurred. In an article about the book's release, Tim Scott of Vice stated that he "may not have a Wikipedia page" but he was "one of the coolest 70s rock stars you've never heard of". In 2015 he started a Lovin' Spoonful tribute band called A Spoonful of Lovin' and in 2017 and 2018 he toured with the band The Brandos in Germany and the Netherlands.
In 2023, Maida authored The White Label Promo Preservation Society Vol 2: More Flop Albums You Ought to Know with Mitchell Cohen and 53 friends of his. The book examines 100 albums which were not commercially successful, "flopping" by not making the top 100 in Billboard. Maida died due to complications of a fall in New York, on February 1, 2025, at the age of 76.
The Image (1975 film)

The Image is a 1975 American adult drama that was re-released in an edited version in 1976. The film is also known by two other titles: The Punishment of Anne and The Mistress and the Slave and was directed by Radley Metzger. The film is based upon the classic 1956 sadomasochistic novel L'Image, written by Catherine Robbe-Grillet and published under the pseudonym of "Jean de Berg".
Jean, a middle-aged writer living in Paris, meets an old friend, Claire, and is soon drawn into her world of sadomasochism along with Claire's younger partner Anne.
The film is divided in 10 chapters, titles in white letters on a black background:
The Image received mixed critical reviews. Buzz Burgess of DVDTalk gave the film four out of five stars for content, stating that "Metzger [...] has created a piece argued by some to be the best erotic film ever made." Charles Tatum, of eFilmCritic.com disliked the film, awarding it just two out of five stars, citing a lack of substance, "The Image is just that- pretty pictures of pretty people whipping each other during sexual sessions. Its infamy is understandable, but not deserved." Michael Den Boer praised the actor's performances, especially Brooke's, even implying that she carried the film with her portrayal of Anne. Although initially praised in Germany, the film became controversial later, and withdrawn from circulation.
The film The Image was released during the Golden Age of Porn (inaugurated by the 1969 release of Andy Warhol's Blue Movie) in the United States, at a time of "porno chic", in which adult erotic films were just beginning to be widely released, publicly discussed by celebrities (like Johnny Carson and Bob Hope) and taken seriously by film critics (like Roger Ebert).
According to one film reviewer, Radley Metzger's films, including those made during the Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984), are noted for their "lavish design, witty screenplays, and a penchant for the unusual camera angle". Another reviewer noted that his films were "highly artistic — and often cerebral ... and often featured gorgeous cinematography". Film and audio works by Metzger have been added to the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City.
In 2011, Synapse Films re-released The Image on Blu-ray and DVD. The original 35mm negatives were scanned to facilitate the high definition release. In addition to the visual remastering, the audio was also reworked for the re-release, adding DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1 to the Blu-ray. Synapse also created new cover art for the re-release.
Communion (book)

Communion: A True Story is a book by American ufologist and horror author Whitley Strieber that was first published in February 1987. The book is based on the supposed experiences of Whitley Strieber, who experiences "lost time" and terrifying flashbacks, which hypnosis undertaken by Budd Hopkins later links to an alleged encounter with aliens. Communion was a nonfiction best seller for six months in 1987.
The book was later made into a film directed by Philippe Mora and starring Christopher Walken as Strieber and Lindsay Crouse as his wife, Anne. A 2008 trade paperback edition presents a new preface by the author.
Strieber compares the "familiar" being he sees, whom he describes as female, to the Sumerian goddess Ishtar.
The cover painting of an alien was rendered by Ted Seth Jacobs. The painting is considered one of the most widely recognised popular culture images of alleged "grey" aliens. The Communion cover, Jacobs recounts:
The X-Files episode "Jose Chung's From Outer Space" parodied the book cover.
Virginia screamo band Pg. 99 included an audio recording of a person reading a short excerpt of the story in their album Document #5.
Swedish progressive metal band Evergrey's album In Search of Truth is a concept album based on the book.
Sahar is seen reading a well worn copy of this book in "Love Language" (S1, Ep5) of the SyFy series Resident Alien.
Strieber makes an appearance in the 2009 film Race to Witch Mountain.
Playa de la Ensenada de los Galápagos

La playa De la Ensenada de los Galápagos está situada en la Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla, España. Se accede a través del foso de Santiago, posee una longitud de alrededor de 200 metros y un ancho promedio de 30 metros.​​​​​​
En el año 2015 esta playa fue galardonada con bandera azul y es de las más visitadas por toda Melilla por su ubicación y fácil acceso.​
Oumagadoki Doubutsuen

Ōmagadoki Dōbutsuen (逢魔ヶ刻動物園, ''Ōmagadoki Dōbutsuen''), también conocida como Oumagadoki Zoo o como Crazy Zoo en España, es una serie de manga escrita e ilustrada por Kōhei Horikoshi. Fue serializada en la revista de manga shōnen de Shueisha Weekly Shōnen Jump desde julio de 2010 hasta abril de 2011, con sus capítulos recopilados en 5 tankōbon volúmenes. La historia sigue a Hana Aoi, una torpe joven que trabaja en un zoológico e intenta mejorar, además ama a los animales, pero se da cuenta de que el zoológico está maldito.
Hana Aoi, una torpe joven, es conocida en su escuela por el apodo de "Torpe, buena para nada". Un día, ve un volante en la ciudad sobre un zoológico que necesita trabajadores. Después de aparecer allí, descubre que el zoológico oculta cosas extrañas, de lo que se da cuenta después de ver a Shiina, el director del infame zoológico Oumagadoki. Ha sido maldecido por un conejo fantasma y le ha dado el cuerpo de un conejo. Para recuperar su cuerpo original, tiene que demostrar que se preocupa por los animales reuniendo a todos los animales del mundo y haciendo su propio zoológico popular.
El zoológico de Oumagadoki está escrito e ilustrado por Kōhei Horikoshi . La serie fue serializado en Shueisha 's Weekly Shonen Jump del 12 de julio de 2010 al 18 de abril de 2011.​​ Shueisha reunió sus capítulos en cinco volúmenes de tankōbon, publicados del 4 de noviembre de 2010 al 4 de agosto de 2011.
Galápagos (programa de radio)

Galápagos es un programa de radio ecuatoriano que habla de la actualidad de las Islas Galápagos transmitido por la emisora de onda corta HCJB todos los sábados a las 2100 UTC en la frecuencia de los 12000 kHz, banda de 25 metros. Es presentado por el locutor Edwin Chamorro.
Galápagos está enfocado principalmente a todo lo que tenga que ver con el medio ambiente, el turismo y el desarrollo del archipiélago. También se presentan piezas musicales de origen ecuatoriano. El programa posee una duración de 15 minutos.
El eslogan del programa es "Galápagos, una maravilla de la creación de Dios".
Wall of Tears (Galápagos Islands)

The Wall of Tears (Spanish: El Muro de las Lágrimas) is a historical site 5 km west of Puerto Villamil on Isabela Island in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. It was constructed between 1945 and 1959 by prisoners in the penal colony on the island, which had been established by President José María Velasco Ibarra in 1944, using infrastructure left by the US military after World War II.
The wall is about 8 m (25 ft) tall and is said to have been the cause of thousands of deaths during its construction. Locals call it the Wall of Tears because it is said to emanate eerie cries and have a heavy energy surrounding it.
0°57′54″S 91°00′49″W﻿ / ﻿0.964925°S 91.013578°W﻿ / -0.964925; -91.013578
Copa Vacía

"Copa Vacía" (English: "Empty Cup") is a song by Colombian singers Shakira and Manuel Turizo. The song was released on June 30, 2023, through Sony Music Latin as the fourth single from Shakira's twelfth studio album, Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran (2024).
Following the release of "Shakira: Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol. 53" with Bizarrap and "TQG" with Karol G, Shakira confirmed that she had a song with Manuel Turizo titled "Copa Vacía", set to be released later in 2023. Several weeks later, images of the music video began to leak. Rumors started circulating that the song would be released soon and it was expected that it would be in April 2023, since Manuel Turizo has his birthday in that month. However, due to the massive leaks, the song was not released then. Plans were eventually scrapped in favor of the release of Shakira's single "Acróstico" on May 12, 2023.
On June 9, 2023, the singer shared a photo of herself as a mermaid on her social media that says "You want thingamabobs? I got twenty...". On June 15, she shared a new preview of the song.
The single was announced on June 19, scheduled to be released on June 29, 2023. She also announced that the duo "made a movie", referring to the music video.
The music video was co-directed by Shakira and Jaume de la Iguana. Its cinematography was handled by Rafa Lluch. On June 28, just one day before its release, he publishes a preview of the song's video, and in it you can see a partially sunny day in a sea where Manuel Turizo submerges in the water and Shakira is found swimming like mermaid and takes her out of the water and they stay on a seashore. Also in another part of that video you can see Shakira sirena tied up as it appears on the cover.
The official music video was released simultaneously with the single on June 29, 2023. Its premiere establishment had been scheduled a few hours before. In the video, we can see Shakira dressed as a mermaid with pink hair. At the beginning, the singer is seen lying on the shore of a sea full of garbage and singing. Later, we see Manuel Turizo who submerges himself in the sea water and meets a mermaid and takes her out of the sea water and takes her with him. Throughout the video, Manuel Turizo is seen singing in a chair in a shelter next to Shakira, who has her in a fish tank. Later, Shakira and Manuel Turizo can be seen singing in a cave and dancing. At the end of the video, Shakira is seen as she appears on the cover of the song, dressed as a mermaid and tied by her hands.
Tortuga Bay

Tortuga Bay is located on the Santa Cruz Island, about a 20-minute water-taxi ride from the main water taxi dock in Puerto Ayora. There is also a walking path, which is 1.55 miles (2,490 m) and is open from six in the morning to six in the evening. Visitors must sign in and out at the start of the path with the Galapagos Park Service office. Tortuga Bay has a gigantic, perfectly preserved beach that is forbidden to swimmers and is preserved for the wildlife where many marine iguanas, galapagos crabs and birds are seen dotted along the volcanic rocks. There is a separate cove where you can swim where it is common to view white tip reef sharks swimming in groups and on occasion tiger sharks
There is always a large variety of small fish, birds, including the brown pelican and gigantic galápagos tortoise. The Galápagos Islands were discovered in 1535, but first appeared on the maps, of Gerardus Mercator and Abraham Ortelius, in about 1570. The islands were named "Insulae de los Galopegos" (Islands of the Tortoises) in reference to the giant tortoises found there.
0°45′47″S 90°20′06″W﻿ / ﻿0.7631°S 90.3350°W﻿ / -0.7631; -90.3350
Metro International

Metro International es una compañía sueca de medios de comunicación con sede en Luxemburgo.
Usualmente bajo la marca Metro es la cadena de periódicos gratuitos más grande del mundo, con 74 ediciones diarias distribuidas en 17 idiomas, en 198 ciudades de 24 países del mundo en África, América, Europa y Asia. Sus periódicos tienen una tirada conjunta de más de 6.000.000 de ejemplares y unos 15.000.000 lectores (datos de 2005).
El periódico se distribuye sobre todo en ferrocarriles metropolitanos, y localmente el nombre puede variar debido a las existencia previa de Metro como marca registrada. Ejemplos son las ediciones chilena, mexicana y colombiana, denominadas Publimetro; las españolas, bautizadas como Metro Directo; la guatemalteca, denominada Publinews o la edición de Hong Kong, que se llama Metropolis Daily.
Existe otro periódico gratuito llamado Metro, publicado por Associated Newspapers en doce áreas metropolitanas del Reino Unido. Aunque el concepto es similar, no tiene relación con Metro International, que utilizó la cabecera Morning News para su (ahora difunto) periódico gratuito distribuido en algunas zonas del Reino Unido.
La idea de crear un diario gratuito de tamaño pequeño la gestaron en Suecia dos periodistas, Robert Braunerheilm y Pelle Andersson y un ejecutivo de prensa diaria, en 1992. En febrero de 1995, tras varios intentos fallidos, encontraron el apoyo de la compañía Modern Times Group, con Jan Stembeck y Pelle Törnberg, que consiguieron autorización de la compañía de transportes de Estocolmo para distribuir su primer número en las estaciones y accesos al ferrocarril suburbano. Su circulación aumentó de manera notable y pronto se situó como segundo diario de Estocolmo.​ En el 2000, Metro International, dirigida por Törnberg, fue desgajada de Modern Times y cotiza actualmente en la Bolsa de Estocolmo (Stockholmbörsen O-List) y en el Nasdaq.
Bajo el nombre de Metropol, una edición en lengua alemana fue publicada en Suiza por "Metro Publication (Schweiz) AG". Comenzó el 31 de enero de 2000 como competidor directo de 20 Minuten, aunque dejó de publicarse el 13 de febrero de 2002 acusada de competencia desleal.​
En América Latina, donde se le llama Publimetro, Metro o Publinews, tiene ediciones locales en Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, Perú, Puerto Rico y República Dominicana. En Chile, comenzó a circular en septiembre de 2000. En la Ciudad de México comenzó a circular en 2006, convirtiéndose en el primer diario gratuito de distribución masiva, con un promedio diario de 150,000 ejemplares. A Colombia llegó en 2011. También estuvo presente en Argentina desde 2000 hasta 2002, bajo el nombre de Metro.​ En Perú, estuvo entre agosto de 2011 y mayo de 2020.​
Metro tiene o ha tenido ediciones en los siguientes países y ciudades:
Franklin metro station

Franklin is a transfer station between the Line 2 and Line 6 of the Santiago Metro. Their namesake is the Franklin Neighborhood. The Line 2 station was opened on 31 March 1978 as the southern terminus of the inaugural section of the line, from Los Héroes. On 21 December 1978, the line was extended to Lo Ovalle. The Line 6 station was opened on 2 November 2017 as part of the inaugural section of the line, between Cerrillos and Los Leones.
The station has a central mezzanine on the first level down containing turnstiles and a ticket booth. Stairs at the two northernmost corners of the mezzanine provide access to the platform level, whereas at south end of the mezzanine, one stair per platform go up to it.
A passageway connects the mezzanine's east end to the only access to the station. The original entrance pavilion was replaced by the current more modest structure. It features two parallel escalators, one up and the other down, which are separated by a central unused space that is provisioned to accommodate two additional escalators. The escalators are flanked by two staircases.
República metro station (Santiago)

República is an underground metro station on the Line 1 of the Santiago Metro, in Santiago, Chile. This station is named for República Avenue. The station was opened on 15 September 1975 as part of the inaugural section of the line between San Pablo and La Moneda.
Like most underground Line 1 stations, it has two levels below street level: the central mezzanine and the platform level. There are three entrances from street level. The only exit on the north side of Alameda Avenue leads to the Barrio Concha y Toro. The portions of the walls along the platforms that are under the station name signs are painted yellow, which originally featured small square mosaic tiles.
The station's artwork, installed in December 2000, is entitled La República de los Niños (The Republic Of The Children) and consists of paintings on ceramic tiles, which were created by children with the support of Chilean artists.
Pedro de Valdivia metro station

Pedro de Valdivia is an underground metro station on the Line 1 of the Santiago Metro, in Santiago, Chile. The station is named for the nearby Pedro de Valdivia Avenue, which in turn was named for Pedro de Valdivia. It was opened on 22 August 1980 as part of the extension of the line from Salvador to Escuela Militar.
The platform level features a vaulted drop ceiling of stained glass. A second work of art is entitled La Ciudad (The City), which consists of four enameled steel murals placed on the walls of the four platform stairways. Both artworks were unveiled on January 13, 1999.
It is expected that by 2028 this station will be combined with the future Line 7.
Huechuraba

Huechuraba (Spanish pronunciation: [wetʃuˈɾaβa]) is a city and commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region.
Huechuraba has a mild mediterranean climate: relatively hot dry summers (November to March) with temperatures reaching up to 35 °C (95 °F) on the hottest days; winters (June to August) are more humid, with typical maximum daily temperatures of 12 °C (54 °F), and minimums of a few degrees above freezing.
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Huechuraba spans an area of 44.8 km (17 sq mi) and has 74,070 inhabitants (36,433 men and 37,637 women), and the commune is an entirely urban area. The population grew by 19.9% (12,286 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. The projected 2006 population was 82,200 (2006 projection)
The Municipality of Huechuraba is directed in the period 2021-2024 by the Mayor Carlos Cuadrado Prats (PPD), who is advised by the councilors:
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Huechuraba is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Érika Olivera (RN), Jorge Durán Espinoza (RN), José Carlos Meza (REP), Andrés Giordano Salazar (FA), Karol Cariola (PC), Boris Barrera (PC) and Maite Orsini (RD), as part of the 9th electoral district, (together with Conchalí,Quinta Normal, Independencia, Recoleta, Lo Prado, Cerro Navia and Renca).
Estadio Santa Laura-Universidad SEK

Estadio Santa Laura is a football stadium in Independencia, Santiago, Chile. It is the home stadium of Unión Española. The stadium holds 19,887 people and was built in 1922. It is a multi-use stadium, also used for concerts.
On February 27, 1997, English rock band Deep Purple performed at the stadium, this being the first time they performed in Chile. While performing the song "Fireball", the concert was marred by the collapse of the control tower. Nobody died, but approximately 44 people were injured.
33°24′16.39″S 70°39′32.46″W﻿ / ﻿33.4045528°S 70.6590167°W﻿ / -33.4045528; -70.6590167