davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Mongolian finch

The Mongolian finch (Bucanetes mongolicus), also known as the Mongolian trumpeter finch, is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.
The Mongolian finch is a small, long-winged bird. It has a large head and short, thick greyish-yellow bill. In breeding plumage, males have a pink flush to their face and underparts, and there are extensive white and pink areas in the wings, a pattern that is also present but less marked in non-breeding plumage. Females have fainter, almost unnoticeable pink.
The Mongolian finch is fairly quiet outside of the breeding season. Calls consist of various rising nasal notes and chirrups, while songs are a jumbled series of these notes.
This bird is a resident from eastern Turkey, across the Caucasus, east into Central Asia and on to western China and Mongolia and south into the Kashmir. Mountainous areas of stony desert or semi-arid scrub and rocky slopes are favoured for breeding. It is native to Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Pakistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, India, Nepal, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. It is a vagrant in Bahrain.
The first record for Armenia was in 2001 near Vedi. Further birds were seen here in 2002.
It was first recorded in Azerbaijan at Bulgan in early May 1912 (Beme 1926) Bulgan is in the Nakhchivan region, which is separated from the main part of the country by a strip of Armenian territory; Kirwan & Konrad (1995) incorrectly list this site as being in Armenia. Beddard et al. (2002) were unaware of any records from the main part of the country.
In Turkey, the species' occurrence in the far east of the country is well documented, e.g. Kirwan & Conrad (1995), Roselaar (1995).
Kirwan et al. (2000) published information suggesting that the species' Turkish range may be more extensive, including a record in 1999 from Sivrikaya in the Pontic Mountains, 100 km northwest of the core Turkish range, and one in 1982 from Sultanbabadagi, Tunceli, 200 km west of its core range. They also suggest that an adult with a fledged juvenile seen on the eastern side of Lake Tuz in 1967, and identified at the time as desert finches, may actually have been Mongolian finches.
Mongolian ground jay

The Mongolian ground jay (Podoces hendersoni) or Henderson's ground jay, is a species of bird in the family Corvidae.
The bird is light tan with iridescent blue on its primary feathers. It has a long, curved beak and a black stripe on its forehead.
It is found in arid areas of Central Asia (Mongolia, northern China and adjacent areas of Russia and Kazakhstan). It is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. It tends to live on areas with gravel surfaces.
Eggs are typically laid and hatched in April-May. They nest in Prunus pedunculata. Females spend more time foraging and the males spend more time brooding the chicks at the start of the nesting period.
They are most active in the morning.
Among ground jays, they have a relatively short trill call.
The main diet of the nestling Mongolian ground jay consists of common lizards, toad-headed agama, and invertebrates. It is proposed that Mongolian ground jays feed their chicks based on the availability of their food rather than in relation to the stage of the chicks development. They spend more time foraging at warmer temperatures.
Grey-breasted partridge

The grey-breasted partridge (Arborophila orientalis), also known as the white-faced hill partridge, or Horsfield's hill partridge, is a bird species in the family Phasianidae.
It is endemic to highland forest in the eastern salient of Java, Indonesia. Sightings have been mostly reported from frequently visited nature preserves such as Kawah Ijen in Banyuwangi.
Measuring 28 cm (11 in), this species is a stocky, short-legged bird. Its mostly grey plumage is barred on the lower back and tail. It has a black crown and nape, and conspicuous white forehead, cheeks and throat. Bare skin around the eyes is red. The bill is black and the legs are red.
Some authorities include the Malayan, Roll's and Sumatran partridges as subspecies of the grey-breasted partridge.
The grey-breasted partridge is threatened by habitat loss.
Black partridge

The black partridge (Melanoperdix niger), also known as the black wood partridge, is a small (up to 27 cm long) partridge with a thick bill, grey legs and dark brown iris. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Melanoperdix.
The black partridge is sexually dimorphic. The male has entirely glossy black plumage and a black bill, while the female is generally a chestnut-brown bird with a whitish throat and belly and a dark horn-colored bill. The female is smaller than the male.
The black partridge occurs in lowland rainforests of Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and Sumatra in southeast Asia. It was formerly found but is long extinct on Singapore. The female usually lays five to six white eggs.
Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size and overhunting in some areas, the black partridge is evaluated as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix III of CITES in Malaysia.
The black partridge has two recognized subspecies:
Zion Temple

Zion Temple ni rimwe mumatorero akomeye inaha mu Rwanda ndetse n'imahanga rikaba rifite abayoboke batari bake hirya no hino ku isi. Itorero Zion Temple ryabyawe na minisiteri y'ijambo ry'ukuri (Authentic Word Ministries) iyerekwa ryahawe umukozi w'Imana Apotre DrPaul Gitwaza aho yarafite imyaka 16 mbere y'uko yinjira muri kaminuza ubwo Imana yamubwiraga ko umusore w'umu Authentique azahindura isi, ikaba yarabimubwiye mu rurimi rw'igifaransa (un geune Aunthentique transformera le monde).
ISHAIRO
IGITERANE AFRICA HAGURUKA

Africa Haguruka ni igiterane ngaruka mwaka gitegurwa n' Umuryango Authentic word Ministry ukorera mu itorero rya zion Temple mu Rwanda.
Icyo giterane ngaruka mwaka kimaze imyaka 23 kiba , bivuga ko cyatanngiye mu mwaka wa 2000, kugeza ubu cyagiye kizana mpinduka mubuzima bw'abantu benshi ,mubijyanye n'iyobokamana ndetse n'indi misozi yose abantu babamo mubuzima busanzwe, Mu kwezi gushize kwa munani igiterane cyarabaye ndetse kijyenda neza ku nshuro ya 23 aho insanganyamatsiko yagiraga iti Afurika ramburira amaboko yawe Imana , (Zaburi 68:32 ).
Umuyobozi mukuru wa Authentic word Ministry Intumwa Paul Dogiteri Gitwaza yahwe iryo yerekwa mu mwaka1995 , avuga ko iki giterane gifitiye abanyafurka akamaro kanini cyane cyane kubijyanye ni iterambere ry,umugabane wa afurika ndetse no guhembuka kuyu mugabane muburyo bwose bijyanye no gusobunukirwa neza umugambi imana ifitiye afurika.
Afurika haguruka rero ni ihuriro rusange ry'abanyafurika bizera Imana bahuzwa no gusengera hamwe ,no kwiga ibyakorwa kugirango uyu mugabane ubohoke kdi abawutuye bagire mpinduka mu misozi irindwi ariyo: Iyobokamana. Umuryango,Politiki, ubucuruzi, uburezi,Imikino n'Imyidagaduro, izo nyigisho kuri iyo misozi zahabwa abakirisitu bose ba zion temple ndetse n'inshuti zose zibasha kwitabira ayo mahugurwa ngaruka mwaka atangwa muri icyo giterane , buri mwaka izo nyigisho zitangwa mu gitondo ku rusengero rwa zion temple mu Gatenga amasaha y' igitondo , mugihe igiterane cy'ububyutse kiba ni mugoroba muri sitade . uyu mwaka rero wa 2022 igiterane cyabereye kumusozi mpindura mateka uherereye mu mudugudu wa Giheka , akagali ka Kagugu, umurenge wa Kinyinya , mu karere ka Gasabo akaba ariho zion Temple yubatse sitade yabereyemo igiterane .
Kunshuro ya 23 igiterane kiba , hagiye habaho guhindukira kwabantu benshi baza kuri christo ndetse no guhindura amatwara y'abanyarwanda n'abanyafurika muri rusange bitewe n' inyigshi bagenda bahabwa mugihe cya afurika haguruka .
Iki giterane rero cyabaye nkaho gifunguye ibikorwa by'iterambere byari byarateganijwe igihe kinini na Zion temple kuri uyu musozi umaze igihe waraguzwe .
Umuyobozi mukuru wa zion Temple Intumwa Paul Dogiteri Gitwaza avuga kandi ko bazahahindura umusozi wamasengesho , aho abantu baza kuruhukira no guhembukira , abantu benshi bazajya bava mubihugu bitandukanye baze kuhakorera umwiherero n'imiryango yabo , avuga kdi ko hazategurwa neza kuburyo buri muntu wese azahisanga akaryoherwa ki agahembuka mu muburiri no mumwuka .
Mutesi Marie Aime

Mutesi Marie Aime ni umupaster wumunyarwandakazi akaba umubyeyi wanyuze muntambara nyinshi mubuzima bwe agera aho yumva bimukomereye ubukene bumurembeje kuburyo yageze aho bimugora kwinjira murusengero ariko afata icyemezo cyo kwikomeza mu mana
Pasiteri Mutesi Marie Aimée ni umukozi w'Imana waherewe inshingano z’ubupasiteri mu itorero rya muri Dormition Church International mu mwaka w'2016. amaze guhabwa ubupasiteri iri torero ryaje gufungwa ariko uyu mukozi w'Imana ntiyaretse gukorera Imana yakomeje kuvuga ubutumwa bwiza nk’umuhamagaro we.
Umutesi yakirijwe mu Itorero rya ADEPR Gasogi mu 1997, yigaga mu mwaka wa gatanu w’amashuri abanza.
Uyu muvugabutumwa yanyuze mu matorero atandukanye, byanamufashije kugwiza igikundiro mu bayoboke be. Yabaye umwe mu bayobozi b’Itorero rya Zion Temple mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo ho muri Paruwasi ya Gisagara.
Mazimpaka Hortense

Mazimpaka Hortense Ni Umuvugabutumwa muri Believe church center mu Rwanda
Pasitei Mazimpaka Hortense yabaye umuyobozi wa zion temple aho bakunda kwita kwa gitwaza igihe cyingana Nimyaka 6 Nibwo Yandikiye Dr Aposlte Gitwaza Paul asezera ku umurimo mu 2017 .Mazimpaka Hortense Ari mu bavugabutumwa bafite igikundiro muri iyi minsi by’umwihariko bitewe n’ubutumwa bukubiye mu ijambo agabura.Pasiteri Mazimpaka kandi yanashyize imbaraga mu gutanga inyigisho ziganisha ku kubaka umuryango binyuze mu nama z’uburyo bwo kubaka urugo rugakomera.
Mazimpaka Arongera yibutsa abantu Kwiringira Imana aho yagize at : Zaburi 20:8 Bamwe biringira amagare, Abandi biringira amafarashi, Ariko twebweho tuzavuga izina ry’Uwiteka Imana yacu.
youtube channel :
Mike kayihura

mike kayihura ni umuhanzi ufite imyaka 25 yamavuko akaba arumwanditsi windirimbo zinyuranye ziganjemo niza hip hop.ndetse akaba akunda imiziki yuwitwa stevie wonder,yatangiye kuririmba afite imyaka 13 yamavuko muri korari yagikirisitu mumijyi wa kigali kayihura yize umuziki muri etiyopiya ninaho yatorejwe kuririmba no no kwandika indirimbo .indirimbo yambere yasohoye yitwa let your wories go,igaragaza benny black muwibihumbi bibiri na makumyabiri nakane(2024)yakurikiwe nizindi ndirimbo icyenda arizo tina ya( 2014),towards everlasting ya( 2014),temptatin (2015),burimunsi ya (2015),ndugu kalisa ya (2015),maria in la,mama and the city(2016),nina with the side eye(2018),religion(2018),over the sun(2018) ndetse nizindi arubumu ajyenda asohora uko ibihe bihita.
MBABAZI Madine

Ni umunyarwandakazi ukora umuziki wo kuramya no guhimbaza Imana. Akaba asengera mu itorero rya Zion Temple Kibagabaga, yatangiye gukora umuziki mu mwaka wa 2021. Akaba abarizwa muri sosiyeti ya Moriah Entertainment Group.
Yize Civil Engineering.
Akiri muto yakuze akunda umuziki cyane, byumwihariko yakundaga umuziki wo kuramya no guhimbaza Imana, bituma akurana inzozi zo kuzaba umuhanzi ukomeye ukora indirimbo zo kuramya no guhimbaza Imana.
Afite indirimbo yakunzwe na benshi yitwa Urakunzwe, wayibona unyuze ku rubuga rwe rwa YouTube MBABAZI Madine
The Sisters

The Sisters yatangiye muri 2008, ubundi ni ihuriro rya baririmbyi bahimba ,bakaririmba ndetse bagahimbaza indirimbo z'Imana, Aha harimo abagore bane, aribo abarimo Gahongayire Aline wari uvuye muri Afurika y’Epfo, Uwitonze Clementine uzwi nka Tonzi wigaga muri APACE akaba yari umudivantisite w'umunsi wa karindwi na Kamanzi Gaby wasengeraga muri Zion Temple, aho aba bahanzi bose bishyize hamwe maze bakora itsinda bahuriyemo .
Ubu the Sisters batangiye ari abahanzi bagera kuri batanu ba bakobwa, dore uko bari abahanzi batanu ni ukuvuga harimo Queen, Tonzi, Phanny Wibabara, Gaby na Gahongayire . Bakoreraga imyitozo kuri Maison de Jeunes ku Kimisagara. Aho Igitaramo cyabo cyagenze neza ndetse kibahesha n’akazi aho bahawe ubutumire bwo kuririmba mu iserukiramuco ryabereye kuri Sitade Amahoro .
Gahongayire Aline

Gahongayire Aline ni umuhanzikazi wamenyekanye cyane mu ndirimbo zo guhimbaza no kuramya Imana. Aline Gahongayire yatangiye kuririmba ndetse no kubyina mu itorero ryabyinaga ikinyarwanda aho ryatozwaga na Nyirakuru ubyara mama we.Aho yaje gukomereza muri korali Asaph aririmba yo mu itorero rya Zion Temple .
Aline Gahongayire yatangiriye umuhamagaro we mu itorero rya Zion Temple aho benshi bakunze kwita kwa Gitwaza iryo torero rikaba rihereye mu karere ka kicukiro, Umurenge wa Gatenga rikaba rihagarariwe na Apostle Paul Gitwaza. Aline Gahongayire Azwiho indirimbo zifite imbaraga, kandi zifite amavuta.Ku geza ubu Aline Gahongayire amaze gusohora alubumu 6 akaba yitegurira kumurika abakunzi be alubumu ye ya 7 muri uyu mwaka wa 2023 yaboneyeho no gushyira hanze imwe u ndirimbo izaba iri kuri iyo alubumu ya karindwi, yitwa [[Ubu Ndashima]] Aline Gahongayire n'umuririmbyi uzwi cyane, umwanditsi w'indirimbo, umuvugizi, akaba n'umwe mu bayobozi basenga cyane mu rwanda.Ni impano mu rwego rwo guhimbaza no gusenga, kandi aracyashaka urwego rushya rwo gusenga mu buzima bwe.
Umuhanzikazi Aline Gahongayire yavutse ku ya 12 Ukuboza 1986 avukira mu Rwanda mu karere ka kamonyi mu ntara y'amajyepfo akaba ari umukobwa umwe mubavukanyibe bane.
Aline Gahongayire yarashakanye na Gahima Gabriel nyuma baza gutandukana.Aline Gahongayire azwiho gushyigikira abahanzi impano zabahanzi bakizamuka. Mubo yafashije kuzamuka no kumenyekana twavugamo umuhanzi Niyo Bosco ndetse banakoranye indirimbo bise "Izindi mbaraga" [1] Aline Gahongayire yashinze umuryango udaharanira inyungu "Ndineza Organization" mu rwego rwo gufasha abatishoboye cyane cyane abana n'abagore.
Icyifuzo cye ni ugutangaza binyuze mu gusenga izina rya Yesu-Kristo, wapfuye akazuka ku munsi wa gatatu, ku isi hose kandi nkamenyesha abantu ko akiri muzima.
Youtube channel ye :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHZ5fHYMEqE
We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families

We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda is a 1998 non-fiction book by The New Yorker writer Philip Gourevitch about the 1994 Rwandan genocide, in which an estimated one million Tutsi, Hutu, and Twa were killed.
The book describes Gourevitch's travels in Rwanda after the Rwandan genocide, in which he interviews survivors and gathers information. Gourevitch retells survivors' stories, and reflects on the meaning of the genocide.
The title comes from an April 15, 1994, letter written to Pastor Elizaphan Ntakirutimana, president of the Seventh-day Adventist Church's operations in western Rwanda, by seven Adventist pastors who had taken refuge with other Tutsis in an Adventist hospital in the locality of Mugonero in Kibuye prefecture. Gourevitch accused Ntakirutimana of aiding the killings that happened in the complex the next day. Ntakirutimana was eventually convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. The book not only explains the genocide's peak in 1994, but the history of Rwanda leading up to the major events.
The Daily Telegraph, reported on reviews from several publications with a rating scale for the book out of "Love It", "Pretty Good", "Ok", and "Rubbish": Independent, Observer, and Sunday Times reviews under "Love It" and Daily Telegraph, Sunday Telegraph, and Literary Review reviews under "Pretty Good" and Spectator review under "Ok".
This book won numerous awards, including the 1998 National Book Critics Circle Award, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, the 1999 Guardian First Book Award and the George Polk Award for Foreign Reporting.
Africanist René Lemarchand criticizes the book:
The book was featured as one of the first Brotherhood 2.0 book club books. In 2019, it was ranked by Slate as one of the 50 best nonfiction books of the past 25 years.
Elizaphan Ntakirutimana

Elizaphan Ntakirutimana (1924 – 22 January 2007) was a Rwandan pastor of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. He was the first clergyman to be convicted for a specific leadership role in the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
In February 2003, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda found both Ntakirutimana and his son Dr. Gérard, a physician who had completed graduate work in the US prior to returning to Rwanda, guilty of aiding and abetting genocide and crimes against humanity committed in Rwanda in 1994. The Tribunal found it proven beyond reasonable doubt that Ntakirutimana, himself belonging to the Hutu ethnicity, had transported armed attackers to the Mugonero complex, where they killed hundreds of Tutsi refugees. Ntakirutimana was sentenced to 10 years in prison. He was convicted on the basis of eyewitness accounts. A number of the convictions were overturned on appeal but the sentence was unchanged. He was released on December 6, 2006, after serving 10 years under arrest or in prison, and died the following month.
A letter addressed to Ntakirutimana by Tutsi Seventh-day Adventist pastors, which he showed to author Philip Gourevitch, provided the title for Gourevitch's 1998 book We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families. The book accuses Ntakirutimana of complicity in the deaths of the refugees.
William Robeyns

William Robeyns (born 23 February 1996) is a Belgian-Rwandan basketball player who last played for Liège Basket of the BNXT League. He also represents the Rwanda national basketball team.
Robeyns played for Phoenix Brussels from 2018 to 2021. During the 2020–21 season, he averaged 9.0 points, 1.7 rebounds, and 1.6 assists per game. On 20 May 2021, Robeyns signed with Liège Basket.
In the 2022 Belgian offseason, Robeyns played for APR of the Rwanda Basketball League. On 4 May 2024 Robeyns made his debut in the Basketball Africa League (BAL) with APR, recording 6 points and 5 rebounds in an overtime win against US Monastir.
In August 2021, Robeyn was added to the roster of the Rwanda national basketball team. On 25 August 2021, Robeyn made his debut at the first day of the tournament and contributed 24 points to an 81–68 win over DR Congo.
He won a bronze medal with Rwanda at the 2023 FIBA AfroCan in Angola, which was the country's first podium finish in an international tournament.
Ntore Habimana

Ntore Habimana (born August 15, 1997) is a Canadian-born Rwandan basketball player for the APR of the Rwanda Basketball League (RBL). He is a member of the Rwanda national team. His position has been described as a point forward.
Habimana was born in Mississauga, Ontario to a Rwandan father and Burundian mother, who had moved to Canada in 1994. As a kid, he idolized Vince Carter.
Habimana played five seasons of U Sports men's basketball for the Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks and averaged 10.1 points in his final season. On February 18, 2020, he had a career-high 20 points against the Waterloo Warriors.
On March 2, 2022, Habimana signed his first professional contract with REG BBC of the Rwanda Basketball League (RBL) and the Basketball Africa League (BAL). He was not on the roster for the 2022 BAL Playoffs. Habimana won the 2022 RBL championship with REG.
On July 22, 2022, Habimana signed with the Edmonton Stingers.
On October 6, 2022, he signed a 2-year contract with APR.
Since 2021, Habimana is a member of the Rwanda men's national basketball team. He won a bronze medal at the 2023 FIBA AfroCan in Angola, the first-ever podium finish for the country.
Akazu

The Akazu (Kinyarwanda: [ɑ.kɑ.zu], little house) was an informal organization of elite Hutu extremists whose members contributed strongly to the 1994 Rwandan genocide. A circle of relatives and close friends of Rwanda's then-president Juvénal Habyarimana and his influential wife Agathe Habyarimana, they were also called the Zero Network, for their goal of a Rwanda with zero Tutsi.
The Akazu were relatives of Habyarimana's and others he knew from his Northern Rwanda district; they held important appointed positions of authority in the Hutu regime. The Akazu did not wish to share government with the Tutsis (particularly the expatriate rebels resident in Uganda) or moderate Hutu. They contributed to the development of Hutu Power ideology and fanned resentment against the Tutsi during the 1990s. Some scholars believe their genocidal ideology and massacres were an effort to hold on to the political power they had gathered since Habyarimana came to power in a military coup against the elected government.
B'nai Zion Temple

B'nai Zion Temple is a historic Jewish synagogue located in downtown Shreveport, Louisiana. It was constructed in 1914 and dedicated in 1915.
The Jewish community of Shreveport started off small in the late 1840s. By 1857 a small congregation of Jews had been created. They met in one of the congregant's homes under the leadership of Rabbi Julius Lewin. In 1861 the congregation adopted the name Har-el and started attending services in the home of a local Jewish businessman. At that time, most members of the congregation identified with the Reform tradition of Judaism. Once the Civil War was over, the group became known as Hebrew Zion.
In 1869 the congregation constructed its first building of worship on Fannin Street. In 1875 a disagreement about the religious traditions of Judaism triggered a split in the congregation. A new Orthodox congregation was formed but the split was short lived. In 1877, the two groups reconciled and agreed to become identified with the Reform tradition of Judaism.
By 1910 the Fannin Street building was above capacity, with over 150 members belonging to the Hebrew Zion congregation. By 1910, plans to construct a new temple were being devised. In 1915, the Beaux-Arts building was dedicated and the congregation was renamed B'Nai Zion. The building was seen as "an architectural gem and an ornament to the city." Shortly after the end of World War II, the temple had over 300 members.
In 1955 the congregation had relocated to a new building on Southfield Road. By 1962, membership was above 400 people. After the relocation, the building was sold to the Knights of Columbus. In 1993 the building was bought by a private historical group who planned to preserve the building for its beautiful architecture. The historic structure is now vacant. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.
The building also became a contributing property of Shreveport Commercial Historic District when its boundaries were increased on May 16, 1997.
Mount Zion Temple

Mount Zion Temple is a Reform Jewish synagogue located at 1300 Summit Avenue, in St. Paul, Minnesota, in the United States. Founded in 1856 as Mount Zion Hebrew Association, it was the first Jewish congregation in Minnesota. The congregation was formed before the statehood of Minnesota in 1858.
Founded in 1856 by eight German-Jewish families, Mount Zion Hebrew Association (as it was then called) was the first Jewish congregation in Minnesota. Through the 1860s the congregation met in rented rooms around St. Paul before their first building was completed in 1871, located at East Tenth Street and Minnesota Street in the Lowertown district. Early on the congregation was divided by a group called Ahabath Ahim, which branched off then returned. Rabbi Leopold Wintner began as Mount Zion's first and Minnesota's first rabbi in 1871; the same year that the congregation built the first synagogue in the state; and founded the Hebrew Ladies Benevolent Society, members of which organized Neighborhood House to serve immigrants in the community. The rabbis and congregants of Mount Zion are still board members of Neighborhood House. In 1878, Mount Zion congregation joined the Reform Movement.
Emanuel Hess, who had been born in Meerholz, Germany in 1845, became rabbi in 1888. He had previously served as rabbi of Temple Israel of Columbus, Ohio in 1876–1877, and then Congregation B'nai Zion in Shreveport, Louisiana, where he served until 1888. Hess was rabbi of Mount Zion until his death in 1906.
In the 1940s the congregation participated in recreations such as "The Jewish Home Beautiful" which shared traditions of daily life. In 1948, began the leadership of Rabbi Gunther Plaut, who published books on the congregation's history and on the Jewish history of Minnesota.
In the 1950s, the congregation chose the prominent avant-garde architect Erich Mendelsohn to design a building for them. After projects in Europe, the Soviet Union, Israel and America – this was his final building, breaking ground in 1952 and completed after his death in 1953. Completed in late 1954, the farewell service in the old temple building at Avon St & Holly Ave took place on Friday, December 17, 1954, with dedication of the new building on Sunday, December 19, 1954, installing the Torah scrolls and lighting an "eternal light" on the altar of the main sanctuary—intended to burn continuously; Rabbi Gunther Plaut stated it was the first such continuously burning light in the United States. It is located on Summit Avenue.
In 2002, the Mount Zion Temple was part of a radio program that detailed their restoration of Torah scrolls. In 2007, 690 families were members of the congregation. As of 2012 the rabbis were Adam Stock Spilker and Esther Adler, and the cantors were Rachel Stock Spilker and Jen Strauss-Klein.
Religión en la Unión Europea

La religión en la Unión Europea se practica en el marco de la libertad de culto garantizada por cada Estado miembro de la organización.​ Sin embargo, mediante el artículo 17 del Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea (TFUE), la Unión cuenta con un fundamento jurídico para un diálogo regular entre sus instituciones y las iglesias, asociaciones religiosas y organizaciones filosóficas o no confesionales.​
El Parlamento Europeo ha definido la laicidad como «la estricta separación de las autoridades religiosas y políticas», lo que según dicha institución conlleva el rechazo de “cualquier injerencia religiosa en el funcionamiento de las instituciones públicas, así como de cualquier injerencia pública en materia religiosa”. No obstante este principio esta sometido al objetivo primordial de “hacer respetar las normas de seguridad y preservar el orden público”.​
En los 27 Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, así como de los Estados en negociaciones de adhesión (Albania, Macedonia del Norte, Montenegro, Serbia, existen algunas diferencias por motivos religiosos entre sus habitantes. En general, la mayoría de ciudadanos europeos que profesan alguna religión se adscriben al cristianismo, en alguna de sus diferentes ramas (católica, protestante u ortodoxa). Así, mientras que en algunos países como Italia, España, Francia o Irlanda predomina la religión católica; en otros como Suecia o Dinamarca predomina la religión protestante,​ y en otros como Grecia o Rumania la religión ortodoxa.
Además, el porcentaje de agnósticos y ateos en los estados de la UE también varía según el estado en el que se encuentre. Por otra parte se encuentran casos, como Dinamarca, donde existe una religión de carácter estatal.​ La aconfesionalidad del estado no es por tanto un requisito para entrar en la Unión (siendo este un aspecto interno de cada país) pero sí que se garantice la libertad religiosa para cualquier credo, según recoge la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales.​
Según un estudio de la Comisión Europea en 2005, cuatro de cada cinco ciudadanos de la Unión Europea tenían creencias religiosas o espirituales. Más en concreto, el 52 % de la población afirmó creer en la existencia de Dios y un 27 % dijeron creer en la existencia de alguna clase de espíritu o fuerza vital. Sólo el 18 % de los ciudadanos declararon no tener ningún tipo de creencia religiosa.​
En el conjunto de la UE, según un eurobarómetro de 2006, el 46 % de los ciudadanos europeos considera que la religión ocupa una posición muy importante en la sociedad. Así, entre los países donde la religión tendría mayor importancia para la población se encuentran Chipre, Italia, Malta, Eslovaquia, Eslovenia, Polonia, Portugal y España, en ese orden.​
Según los últimos eurobarómetros, mientras que tan solo menos de un 2 % de malteses no creen en la existencia de Dios, en España, el 24 % de la población se declara no creyente o atea​ y en Francia entre el 30-35 %.​ Los países con porcentajes más altos de ateísmo o agnosticismo son República Checa (60%)​ y Estonia (76 %).​
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai

Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai (disingkek DPRD Kepulauan Mentawai) adolah lembaga pawakilan rakyat daerah tingkek kabupaten nan ado di Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. DPRD Kapulauan Mentawai mampunyoi 20 urang anggota nan taseba di 9 partai politik, jo parolehan suaro mayoritas diraiah dek Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan.
Pimpinan DPRD Kepulauan Mentawai tadiri atek ciek urang ketua jo duo urang wakil ketua nan barasa dari partai politik nan mampunyoi suaro paliang banyak di dewan.
Barikuik iko adalah komposisi anggota DPRD Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai dalam duo periode tarakhia.
Pado Pemilu 2019, pamiliahan DPRD Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai dibagi ka dalam 3 daerah pamiliahan (dapil) sabagai barikuik:
Barikuik adolah daftar anggota DPRD Kepulauan Mentawai periode 2019-2024.
Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai

Barikuik adolah daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan/desa di Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai mampunyoi 10 kecamatan jo 43 desa. Laweh wilayahnyo mancapai 6.011,35 km² dan panduduak 83.517 jiwa (2017) jo sebaran 14 jiwa/km².
Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai, adolah sabagai barikuik:
catatan: URL sewaktu-waktu dapat berubah/hilang. Bila URL tidak aktif, mohon dihapus dari daftar.
Pamilihan umum Bupati Kapulauan Mentawai 2024

Pamilihan umum Bupati Kepulauan Mentawai 2024 dilaksanakan pado 27 November 2024 untuak mamilih Bupati Kepulauan Mentawai periode 2024-2029.
Bupati petahana Yudas Sabaggalet indak dapek mancalonkan diri baliak karano alah manjabat salamo 2 periode.
Islam di Sumatra Barat

Islam di Sumatra Barat adolah agamo nan dipaluak dek sakitar 98% panduduak Sumatra Barat. Persentase pamaluak Islam di Sumatra Barat ka maningkek manjadi 99,6% kok kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai indak dimasukkan dek 1,4% dari 2% nan indak manganuik Islam marupoan pauni kabupaten tu.
Agamo Islam pertamo kali mamasuki Sumatra Barat pado abaik ka-7, dimano pado taun 674 alah didapati masyarakek Arab di pasisia timur pulau Sumatra. Salain badagang, sacaro palahan mareka membawok masuak Agamo Islam ka dataran tinggi Minangkabau atau Sumatra Barat kini malalui aliran sungai nan bermuaro di timur pulau Sumatra, misalnyo Batang Hari.
Parang Padri malibekan sasamo masyarakaik Minang, iyolah antaro Kaum Padri dan Kaum Adaik Satelah 20 taun konflik balangsuang, pado taun 1833 tajadi panyasalan di Kaum Adaik dek alah mangundang Belandao 12 taun sabalunnyo, nan salain mangakibatkan karugian harato dan mangorbankan jiwa rago, jugo maruntuahkan kakuasaan Pagaruyuang. Saaik itu, Kaum Padri nan dipimpin dek Tuanku Imam Bonjol mulai marangkul Kaum Adaik, dan tajadilah suatu kasapakaitan di antaro kaduo pihak untuak basatu malawan Belando. Ndak hanyo itu, Kaum Adaik dan Kaum Padri jugo mawujuikkan konsesus basamo, iyolah "Adaik basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah" (Adaik balandaskan ajaran Islam, ajaran Islam balandaskan Al-Qur'an).
Daftar gunung di Sumatra Barat

Provinsi Sumatra Barat mampunyoi 34 (tigo puluah empek) gunuang yang tasebar di tujuh) kabupaten/kota dari 19 (sembilan belas) kabupaten/kota yang ado. Gunuang yang tatinggi adolah Gunuang Talamau dengan katinggian 2.913 meter, sadangkan gunuang yang tarandah adolah Gunuang Galanggang dengan katinggian 20 meter. Kaduo gunuang tersebut barado di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. Sadangkan Gunuang Kerinci talatak di pabatasan provinsi Sumatra Barat jo Jambi.
Barikut iko adolah daftar gunuang di Provinsi Sumatra Barat berdasarkan data Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatra Barat tahun 2008.
Daftar stasiun televisi di Sumatra Barat

Barikuik ko adoah daftar stasiun televisi di Sumatra Barat.
Stasiun analog (PAL) nan baroperasi hinggo taun 2022.
Stasiun digital (DVB-T2) maliputi Kota Padang, Kota Pariaman, Kota Bukittinggi, Kota Padang Panjang, Kota Solok, Kota Sawahlunto, Kabupaten Solok, Kabupaten Sijunjung, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman jo Kabupaten Agam.
Maliputi Kabupaten Pasaman Barat.
Maliputi Kabupaten Pasaman.
Maliputi Kota Payakumbuh jo Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota.
Maliputi Kabupaten Dharmasraya.
Maliputi Kabupaten Solok Selatan.
Maliputi Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan.
Maliputi Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai.
Daftar spesies Araneidae: G–M

Barikuik adolah dafatar spesies Araneidae
Gasteracantha Sundevall, 1833
Gastroxya Benoit, 1962
Gea C. L. Koch, 1843
Gibbaranea Archer, 1951
Glyptogona Simon, 1884
Heterognatha Nicolet, 1849
Heurodes Keyserling, 1886
Hingstepeira Levi, 1995
Hypognatha Guérin, 1839
Hypsacantha Dahl, 1914
Hypsosinga Ausserer, 1871
Ideocaira Simon, 1903
Isoxya Simon, 1885
Kaira O. P.-Cambridge, 1889
Kapogea Levi, 1997
Kilima Grasshoff, 1970
Larinia Simon, 1874
Lariniaria Grasshoff, 1970
Larinioides Caporiacco, 1934
Leviellus Wunderlich, 2004
Lewisepeira Levi, 1993
Lipocrea Thorell, 1878
Macracantha Simon, 1864
Madacantha Emerit, 1970
Mahembea Grasshoff, 1970
Mangora O. P.-Cambridge, 1889
Manogea Levi, 1997
Mastophora Holmberg, 1876
Mecynogea Simon, 1903
Megaraneus Lawrence, 1968
Melychiopharis Simon, 1895
Metazygia F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904
Metepeira F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1903
Micrathena Sundevall, 1833
Micrepeira Schenkel, 1953
Micropoltys Kulczynski, 1911
Milonia Thorell, 1890
Molinaranea Mello-Leitão, 1940
Urang Kayan

Urang Kayan adolah urang Dayak dari rumpun Kayan atau Urang Ulu nan barasa dari pahuluan sungai Baram, Sarawak, Malaysia. Katiko mamasuaki Kalimantan Utaro urang Kayan partamo-tamo manatok di daerah Apau Kayan tapeknyo di daerah alian sungai Kayan, dikaranoan alasan parang antar urang jo mancari daerah nan labiah subua. Kini Urang Dayak Kayan taseba di Kalimantan Utaro, Kalimantan Timua, Kalimantan Baraik, Sabah jo Sarawak.
Mereka mungkin barasa dari sapanjang batang aia Kayan di Provinsi Kalimantan Utaro Kalimantan. Mereka tingga di sapanjang hulu Kayan jo tangah sungai Kapuas jo Mahakam. Mereka nampaknyo alah malueh ka salatan di Sarawak pado maso basijarah, manimbuakan babarapo konflik jo Iban nan malueh ka utaro pado wakatu nan samo. Mereka manatok di Sarawak di tangah Sungai Baram, Sungai Bintulu jo sapanjang Sungai Rajang, saketek tadasak pado akhir abek ka-19. Pado tahun 1863 Kalimantan Baraik, urang Iban bamigrasi ka hulu Sungai Saribas jo Sungai Rejang jo mulai manyarang Urang Kayan di daerah tasabuik jo taruih malakukannyo ka utaro tu baru ka timua. Paparangan jo sarangan pangayauan manyababkan banyak suku lain mangungsi, tamasuak Urang Kayan nan marupokan 1,4 parsen dari populasi Kabupaten Kutai Barat. Ekspansi signifikan ka Kalimantan timua tajadi pulo pado maso sijarah, konversi urang Kayan ka Islam mambantuak etnogenesis urang Bulungan.
Budayo dasa mereka mirip jo urang Dayak lainnyo di Kalimantan. Patanian mereka didasakan pado teknik paladangan bapindah jo budidayo padi dataran tinggi. Partanian lain sarupo sagu, jaguang, ubi, labu jo tambakau juo dibudidayokan. Salamo batahun-tahun kalaparan, sagu ditabeh. Pamainan mamanciang (mambunuah ikan jo racun) mampunyoi paran pantiang, jo paran nan labiah ketek dimainkan jo baburu pakai sumpitan. Urang Kayan bataranak kandiak jo ayam, sadangkan anjiang dipiyaro untuak tujuan ritual. Urang Kayan dikenal subagai pandai basi nan ahli (Parang Mandau Kayan adolah barang patukaran utamo), pambuek biduak jo tukang kayu. Masin tanun, mananun, produksi cokelat, kasenian, ukian kayu, pambuatan topeng jo tambika dikambangan pulo.
Sacaro tradisional, mereka tingga di rumah panjang di tapi batang aia. Pamukiman mereka tadiri dari ciek atau babarapo rumah panjang sapanjang 300 meter, nan dapek manampuang hinggo 100 kaluargo (400–600 orang) jo tadiri dari teras jo biliak basamo. Panghuni rumah panjang marupokan komunitas suku. Urang-urang Kayan tabagi manjadi tigo kalompok kasta-pakabunan endogami; "kalompok pamiliak rumah" atau bangsawan ( ipun uma atau keta'u ), anggota masyarakek atau rakyat jalata ( panyun ) jo budak ( lupau ).Di kalangan bangsawan, panikahan biasonyo dilakukan di lua komunitas, acok kali jo suku lain; samantaro anggota masyarakat jo budak biasonyo manikah di dalam masyarakaik. Pamimpin biasonyo dipiliah dari kalangan bangsawan (pado abek ke-19, inyo manjabaik pulo sabagai pamimpin militer). Panyalasaiannyo basifek bi-lokal jo filiasi basifek bilateral, sadangkan sistem kakarabaikannyo mode Inggirih.
Kota Sungaipenuh

Kota Sungai Penuh adolah kota gadang nomor duo di Provinsi Jambi, Indonesia. Kota iko dibantuak badasarkan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 2008 nan marupoan pamekaran dari Kabupaten Kerinci dan pangesahannyo dilakuan dek Menteri Dalam Negeri pado tanggal 8 Oktober 2009. Panduduak kota Sungai Penuh tahun 2019 bajumlah 90.910 jiwa.
Kota Sungai Penuh mampunyoi luweh kasaluruahan 39.150 ha, 59,2 % atau 23.177,6 ha marupoan kawasan Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat, sadangkan sakitar 40,8% atau 15.972,4 ha baru marupoan daerah efektif perkotaan. Curah hujan harian rato-rato kota iko dalam satahun sakitar 49,4 - 169,2 mm/tahun, samantaro suhu harian rato-rato dalam satahun antaro 17,2 °C – 29,3 °C dengan kalembaban udaro barado pado 39 % rato-rato dalam per tahun dan kacepatan angin rato-rato dalam satahun sakitar 13 m/detik.
Wilayah kota ini mampunyoi topografi babukik-bukik, barado pado kawasan Bukit Barisan jo hutan tropis dengan katingian 650 – 1200 m di ateh pamukaan lauik, dengan luweh kamiriangan lahan antaro 0 – 20% sakitar 6.300 ha, luweh daratan bagalombang dengan kamiriangan antaro 5 – 150% sakitar 1.295 ha, luaweh daratan curam bagalombang dengan kamiriangan antaro 16 – 400% sekitar 4.345 ha, dan luweh daratan sangaik curam nan bagalombang dengan kamiriangan antaro labiah 400% sekitar 1.295 ha.
Bateh wilayah Kota Sungai Penuh antaro lain
Barikuik Daftar Wali kota Sungai Penuh dari maso ka maso.
Barikuik iko adolah komposisi anggota DPRD Kota Sungaipenuh dalam duo pariode tarakhia.
Sacaro administratif pamarintahan, kawasan kota iko dibagi ateh 8 kecamatan yaitunyo: Kecamatan Hamparan Rawang, Kecamatan Kumun Debai, Kecamatan Pesisir Bukit, Kecamatan Sungai Penuh, Kecamatan Tanah Kampung, Kecamatan Sungai Bungkal, Kecamatan Koto Baru, Kecamatan Pondok Tinggi.
Mentawai Islands rain forests

The Mentawai Islands rain forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in Indonesia. It covers the Mentawai Islands, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Sumatra. The islands have been separated from Sumatra since the mid-Pleistocene period, and their geographic isolation allowed the evolution of several endemic species, including 17 endemic mammals.
The ecoregion has an area of 6,513 square kilometers, which includes all the Mentawai Islands, the largest of which are Siberut, Sipura, North Pagai, and South Pagai, as well as Enggano Island further to the southeast. The islands lie 80 to 120 km from the west coast of Sumatra.
The islands have a tropical rainforest climate. Average annual rainfall is approximately 4,500 mm, with an October to March wet season. Temperatures average about 30°C year-round.
The forests have a closed canopy about 36 metres high, with emergent trees rising 45 metres or more. Trees of the dipterocarp family are common canopy and emergent trees. Emergent trees include species of the dipterocarp genera Dipterocarpus and Shorea, and species of Koompassia, Sindora, and Dialium. Canopy trees include species of Mallotus, Knema, Santiria, Bhesa, Eugenia, Baccaurea, Dillenia, Artocarpus, and Horsfieldia.
There are six endemic primates in the ecoregion – Kloss's gibbon (Hylobates klossii), Mentawai macaque (Macaca pagensis), Siberut macaque (Macaca siberu), Mentawai langur (Presbytis potenziani), Siberut langur (Presbytis siberu), and pig-tailed langur (Simias concolor). Other endemic mammals include the Mentawai treeshrew (Tupaia chrysogaster), Sipora flying squirrel (Hylopetes sipora), Mentawai long-tailed giant rat (Leopoldamys siporanus), Pagai spiny rat (Maxomys pagensis), Mentawai rat (Rattus lugens), Mentawi flying squirrel (Iomys sipora), Siberut flying squirrel (Petinomys lugens), and short-headed leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros breviceps). Other native mammals include the Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) and crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis).
There are ver 250 native species of birds on the islands. the Mentawai scops owl (Otus mentawi) is the only known endemic species.
30.94% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. These include Siberut National Park, which covers the western portion of Siberut, including the islands' largest areas of intact forest in northwestern Siberut.
Sumatra's West Coast Residency

West Coast Sumatra (Dutch: Sumatra's Westkust Residentie, abbreviated SWK) refers to the administrative region in the Dutch East Indies that covered the west coast of Sumatra, including the Mentawai, Nias, Banyak and Batu Islands.
The area originally had the status of a keresidenan in 1819, rose to gouvernement from 1837, and became a keresidenan again from 1914 until it was occupied by the Japanese in 1942. The administrative centre of the West Coast of Sumatra is located in Padang.
When the region had gouvernement status, the West Coast of Sumatra once housed a number of keresidenan, namely Padangsche Bovenlanden, Padangsche Benedenlanden, Bengkulu, Tapanuli, Singkil, Rokan Hulu, Kampar, Kuantan Singingi, and Kerinci. Today, part of the West Coast of Sumatra is inherited by the Province of West Sumatra, while other parts are incorporated into the Provinces of Aceh (Singkil), North Sumatra (Batu Islands, Nias and Tapanuli), Riau (Rokan Hulu, Kampar and Kuantan Singingi), Jambi (Kerinci) and Bengkulu.
Until 1862, the West Coast of Sumatra was ruled by middle-ranking officers, and between 1862-1915 by civilian governors. Notable leaders in this area were Andreas Victor Michiels (1838-1849), Jan van Swieten (1849-1858) and Elisa Netscher (1870-1878).
In early October 1842, overseer Eduard Douwes Dekker arrived on the West Coast of Sumatra.
Pastor Marius Buys travelled in this area between 1878-1879. The prints were published as serialised stories in the Opregte Haarlemsche Courant between 1878-1882, and later published as a book.
During the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945, the West Coastal region of Sumatra, which had the status of a prefecture, was called Sumatora Nishi Kaigan Shu.
The ruler who once reigned in Sumatra's Westkust.
Mentawai Strait

Mentawai Strait separates the island of Sumatra from the small archipelago of the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia. Its waters belong to the Indian Ocean and both banks are part of the province of West Sumatra.
The strait is about 450 km long and its width varies between 100 and 150 km. The main city on the edge of the strait is the capital of West Sumatra, Padang.
The strait is in major fault zone and several earthquakes have been located in it, being the most known those of 1833 Sumatra earthquake and that of 2009 Sumatra earthquake.
The Sumatran Fault Zone is a highly active fault with slip rates ranging from 10 to 27 mm/yr. Historical earthquake records suggest that fault stepovers constrained past fault ruptures.
The Mentawai segment is also still carrying the potential to produce earthquakes in the near future, probably within the next several decades.
Circles of latitude between the Equator and the 5th parallel south

Following are circles of latitude between the Equator and the 5th parallel south:
The 1st parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 1 degree (69.2 miles/111.36 kilometers) south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.
The parallel defines most of the border between Uganda and Tanzania, and a very short section of the border between Kenya and Tanzania.
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 1° south passes through:
The 2nd parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 2 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.
Under this latitude, the illumination time at the summer solstice is 12 hours and 14 minutes, and the illumination time at the winter solstice is 12 hours and 0 minutes
At 2° south latitude, one degree of longitude is equivalent to 111.252 km.
Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 2° south passes through:
The 3rd parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 3 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 3° south passes through:
The 4th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 4 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 4° south passes through:
The 5th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 5 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 5° south passes through:
Sungai Penuh

Sungai Penuh (Indonesian: (Kota) Sungai Penuh, lit. "Full River (City)") is a city in Indonesia, in western Jambi province, on the island of Sumatra. It is an enclave within Kerinci Regency, of which it was formerly part but from which it became administratively separate on 24 June 2008. The city, whose name means "Penuh River", is also known as Siulak. It covers an area of 391.50 km and had a population of 82,293 at the 2010 Census and 96,610 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 99,771 (comprising 50,137 males and 49,634 females).
At the 2010 Census there were five districts (kecamatan), but three more were added subsequently. The eight districts currently forming the city are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of villages in each district (totaling 4 urban kelurahan and 65 rural desa), and its post code(s).
Notes: (a) including 2 kelurahan - the towns of Pasar Sungai Penuh and Sungai Penuh. (b) except the town of Pasar Sungai Penuh, which has a post code of 37113. (c) The 2010 population of these new districts are included with that of Sungai Penuh District, from which they were cut out in 2013. (d) includes the town (kelurahan) of Pondok Tinggi. (e) except the town of Pondok Tinggi, which has a post code of 37114. (f) includes the town (kelurahan) of Dusun Baru. (g) except the town of Dusun Baru, which has a post code of 37112. (h) The 2010 population of Koto Baru District is included with that of Pesisir Bukit District, from which it was cut out in 2013.