davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Philippe Ébly

Philippe Ébly, anv-pluenn Jacques Gouzou (29 a viz Gouere 1920 e Pariz — 1añ a viz Meurzh 2014 e Liège) a oa ur skrivagner belgiat. Skrivet en deus levrioù skiant-faltazi, fantasi ha space opera e galleg evit ar re yaouank.
Tri c’hrennard, Serge, Xolotl ha Thibaut (diwezhatoc’h e teu ur plac’h, Souhi, da gemer perzh er strollad), a ya da veajiñ e broioù pell (Destination Uruapan, en amzer da zont (La voûte invisible), en amzer dremenet (L’évadé de l’an II), pe e lec’hioù ijinet (L’île surgie de la mer).
Embannet ez eus bet daou levr-c'hoari, Deviens Conquérant de l’impossible.
Pevar c’hrennard, Kouroun, Thierry, Noïm ha Didier, a ya da vedoù fantastek, alies awenet gant an istor.
Pevar c’hrennard, Dogann, Hina, Katia ha Xoni, izili eus Polis an Egor, zo kaset da blanedennoù evit kefridioù ergerzh pe saveteiñ.
Meur a wech en deus kaset Philippe Ébly e dudennoù da Vreizh. La Vôute invisible a c'hoarvez tost da Garnag, 5000 bloaz en amzer-da-zont, hag eno e vez komzet ur yezh a zeu eus ar brezhoneg, gant gerioù evel pesk-kemmuz pe hoc’h-gouez. E 2159, la fin des temps troublés e ya ar grennarded d’ar Menez C'homm evit klask un den eus an amzer-da-zont, eno ez eus anv eus an Aotreier hag Itronezed Erer Kaloneg (sic), Naër Enoruz, hag all. E Les Trois Portes e ya ar baotred d’ur bed ijinet, le pays de Ganéom, a denn da Vreizh ivez.
(fr) Dominik Vallet (2007). Destination Philippe Ébly. Temps impossibles. ISBN 978-2-9528567-0-6.
Chaseal

Chaseal pe hemolc'hiñ zo klask tapout loened pe o lazhañ, evit em en vagañ, evit ober kenwerzh, evit implijout danvez tennet eus al loened pe c'hoazh evit kaout dudi. E pep lec'h dre ar bed e vez pe e veze graet gant an dud ; e pep lec'h ivez ez eus lezennoù da resisaat penaos e vez graet. Ar chaseal na vez ket aotreet gant al lezenn a reer "bigriañ" anezhañ. Hiziv an deiz eo deuet ar chaseal, er broioù pinvidik, da vezañ un obererezh dudi pe sport.
Dudi ar briñsed eo bet ar chase a bep amzer. Er Mabinogi e weler chaseal Twrch Trwyth, an hoc'h-gouez hud en danevell Kulhwch hag Olwen.
En Europa e chaseer a gozh ha kemm a reer etre an doareoù disheñvel :
E Breizh e implij ar braz eus ar chaseourien teknikoù chaseal war-droad, e spi (gortoz ul loen en ul lec'h bennak), o tostaat, da lavaret eo en ur gavout roudoù ul loen hag en ur heuliañ anezhañ, pe en huadeg, da lavaret eo en ur vodañ meur a zen, lod anezhe oc'h ober trouz evit kas al loened war-zu chaseourien all prest da lazhañ anezhe. Chase ar c'hefeleged-koad zo poblek er vro-mañ. Chas a bep seurt a c'haller implijout evit bezañ sikouret : lod gouest da chom en o sav dirak ul loen, lod all gouest da zegas loened diwar an dour evel an houidi, pe lod all c'hoazh gouest da vont da gerc'hat bronneged en un toull-douar. Ar chas-Spagn desavet e bro-Gallag zo brudet evit o ferzhioù mat.
Difennet eo chaseal war varc'h en Alamagn abaoe 1936, e Belgia abaoe 1995, hag e Breizh-Veur abaoe 2005. Gwarezet eo gant ar prezidant Emmanuel Macron er stad c'hall.
Adal ar XIVvet kantved e voe gwelet tud uhel eus Portugal, Kastilha, Bro-C'hall, Alamagn en o zouez o lakaat sevel levrioù diwar-benn arz ar chase pe ar gwenaerezh, sport muiañ karet ar rouaned hag uhelidi:
Livouriezh

Al livouriezh a zo un arz neuziañ ma vez implijet evit neuziañ skeudennoù ha figurennoù dre lakaat tresoù livet war danvezioù liesseurt. Evit komz eus an teknikoù implijet e vez graet gant ar ger liverezh.
Gant livioù dourennek pe gludek pe gant traezhennoù karget gant lioù e vez klasket sevel un daolenn a c'hell bezañ priziet gant an arvesterien. Savet e vez livadurioù war gorreadoù plad hag ivez war pep seurt traoù digompez (delwennoù, listri, mogerioù kromm, karregoù).
Sellet ouzh ar pennad Istor al livouriezh
Kavet eo bet al livadurioù koshañ e Bro-C'hall er C'hev Chauvet hag e c'hellfent bezañ bet savet 32 000 bloaz zo. Bez ez eus gwiskadoù livioù hag engravadurioù. Al livioù a zo ar bouliermini ruz hag an du. Dispaket zo bet kezeg, leoned, bualed, mammouted, frikorneged hag tudennoù, ar re-se o chaseal peurvuiañ. E meur a vro eo bet kavet kevioù livet darn o mogerioù e Bro-C'hall, Spagn, Portugal, Sina, Aostralia, etc... Lod a skiantourien a gred eo bet savet tud o chaseal hag al loened da vezañ tapet ganto evit ober ul seurt liderezh, blaz ar relijion warni, a gasfe muioc'h a chañs d'ar chaseourien.
E sevenadurioù ar C'hornôg ez eus un doareoù hengounel ha kemplez gant al liverezh dre eoul hag an dourliverezh evel teknikoù pennañ. Er Reter, e vez graet dreist-holl gant al livioù-skrivañ (du pe e liv) gant hengounioù kemplez ivez.
Falc'hunerezh

Ar falc'hunerezh zo un doare da chaseal gant evned-preizh doñvaet en amboaz-se. Meur a seurt evned-preizh a vez implijet evit se, hervez ar broioù : falc'huned, baoued, erered.
A-gozh e vez kavet meneg eus ar falc'hunerezh en istor : implijet e veze evned-preizh evit chaseal en Azia meur a gantved a-raok Jezuz Krist. Eus kreiz Azia hag eus ar Reter Nesañ e teuas an doare chaseal-se betek Europa. Moarvat e voe an Huned hag an Alaned ar pobloù kentañ a zegasas ar falc'hunerezh da vroioù Europa, war-dro ar bloavezh 400.
Frederig II an Impalaeriezh Santel (1194–1250) zo anavezet evel unan a vrudas an doare-se da chaseal e kornôg Europa. Kontañ a reer en doa desket ober digant Arabed pa oa o vrezeliañ er Reter Nesañ e-pad ar C'hwec'hvet Kroaziadeg (1228–1229). Lakaat a reas treiñ un dornskrid arabek diwar-benn ar falc'hunerezh hag embannet e voe e latin e 1241, gant an titl De arte venandi cum avibus ("Arz ar chaseal gant evned").
E broioù Europa e oa ar falc'hunerezh un obererezh na veze graet nemet gant an dudjentil. E Bro-C'hall e voe paouezet gantañ da-heul un dekred embannet da vare an Dispac'h Bras, e 1792, a verze ar c'hargoù falc'hunerien, tud e servij ar roue pe an aotrounez. Goude an Eil Brezel-bed e voe adroet lañs d'ar falc'hunerezh. E 1954 e voe votet ul lezenn d'e reolenniñ.
Evn

An evned (pe laboused) zo loened mellkeinek pluek hag askellek. Pevar ezel zo dezho, ha daou anezho, anvet an divaskell, a dalv d'an darn vrasañ anezho da nijal. War-dro 25 urzhiad evned zo.
Kanañ pe richanañ a ra an evned peurvuiañ. Darn a ragach pe a c'hragailh (piged).
Evnoniezh a vez graet eus studi an evned. Evneta zo kement ha chaseal evned, hag an evnetaerezh a zo gwelet evel un arz gant tud zo.
N'emañ ket a-du an holl evnoniourien gant an doare da rummata an evned. Amañ-dindan ez eus lakaet un doare da rummata anezho. E-kichen pep urzhiad, etre krommelloù, ez eus lakaet ur skouer pe ziv.
Hunting dog

A hunting dog is a canine that hunts with or for hunters. There are several different types of hunting dog developed for various tasks and purposes. The major categories of hunting dog include hounds, terriers, cur type dogs, and gun dogs. Further distinctions within these categories can be made, based upon the dog's skills and capabilities. They are usually larger and have a more sensitive smell than normal dogs.
For a list of breeds of each type, see the detailed articles for each category:
Pointing dog

Pointing dogs, sometimes called bird dogs, are a type of gundog typically used in finding game. Gundogs are traditionally divided into three classes: retrievers, flushing dogs, and pointing breeds. The name pointer comes from the dog's instinct to point, by stopping and aiming its muzzle towards game. This demonstrates to the hunter the location of their quarry and allows them to move into gun range. Pointers were selectively bred from dogs who had abundant pointing and backing instinct. They typically start to acquire their hunting instincts at about 2 months of age.
Pointing dogs may have descended from dogs from Spain, specifically of the Old Spanish Pointer (Furgus, 2002). Pointing dogs were originally used by hunters who netted the game. The dog would freeze or set (as in Setter) and allow the hunter to throw the net over the game before it flushed. Flushing dogs, on the other hand, were often used by falconers to flush game for the raptors. Most continental European pointing breeds are classified as versatile gun dog breeds or sometimes HPR breeds (for hunt, point, and retrieve). The distinction is made because versatile breeds were developed to find and point game as all pointing breeds, but were also bred to perform other hunting tasks as well. This distinction likely arose because while the British developed breeds which specialized in tasks such as pointing, flushing, and retrieving from land or water, in Continental Europe, the same dog was trained to be able to perform each of these tasks (albeit less effectively). The North American Versatile Hunting Dog Association defines versatility as "the dog that is bred and trained to dependably hunt and point game, to retrieve on both land and water, and to track wounded game on both land and water." As an example, German Shorthaired Pointers are often used to retrieve birds, i.e. duck hunting, whereas calling upon a Pointer to do the same would be less common. Unlike the pure pointing and setting breeds, many versatile dogs were bred for working in dense cover, and traditionally have docked tails.
The Westminster Kennel Club was organized in the early 1870s, and the club's early English import, "Sensation", is still used as the club logo.
Pointing dogs come in all varieties of coats, from short-haired dogs, to wire-haired dogs, to silky-coated Setters. Most breeds tend to have some sort of spots on their body, whether the spots are small and round, or a large oval shape.
Pointers (and setters) include the following breeds:
The following breeds are also considered versatile hunting dogs:
Upland game bird

Upland game bird is an American term which refers to non-waterfowl game birds in groundcover-rich terrestrial ecosystems above wetlands and riparian zones (i.e. "uplands"), which are commonly hunted with gun dogs (pointing breeds, flushing spaniels and retrievers).
As of 2013 the population of upland game birds such as pheasants had been falling in agricultural states such as Iowa where increased commodity prices for crops such as corn had resulted in reductions in game habitat in acreage set aside in the Conservation Reserve Program. A significant reduction in the number of hunters over the previous 20 years was also reported.
At least ten states have passed laws wherein there is a definition of "upland game" giving a list of species. These lists are not at all the same, and some of them contain non-avian species. These species may be listed by common name instead of by scientific name, which can make it difficult to determine from the laws alone what species they intend to protect. The following species appear on one or more state lists of "upland game."
Water dog

A water dog is a type of gundog bred to flush and retrieve game from water. Water dogs are considered the progenitors of most modern retriever dog breeds.
Water dogs are usually medium-sized, active dogs; their most distinctive feature are their tight waterproof coats and their strong desire to swim. Traditionally many long haired water dogs breeds have their coats clipped with a bare midriff and hindquarters to assist in swimming by reducing drag, whilst retaining a long coat around their torso to prevent thermal shock when jumping into freezing water. This classic clip is seen to this day in dog shows with some breeds such as Poodles retaining a variation of this clip. Paintings by artists like Francisco Goya and Albrecht Durer in the 15th century depict early Standard Poodles, which were used for retrieving bird games from water.
Water dogs are an ancient type of dog, used by ancient mariners to retrieve objects lost overboard as well as to pass messages between boats, they were known to the Romans who called them "lion dogs" after the distinctive clipping of their coats. Water dogs continued to be seen aboard ships until modern times. They were known to be prevalent in the Spanish Armada and could still be seen through to the 20th century aboard fishing vessels, particularly in the waters around Spain and Portugal.
In addition to their roles as ships' dogs, in Medieval Europe water dogs were used quite widely by hunters to retrieve ducks from water that had been shot with a bow and arrows, as well as the arrows and bolts that had missed their mark.
With the invention of modern firearms the need for dogs to retrieve arrows disappeared and many of the European water dogs breeds became predominantly ornamental, such as the poodle, whilst others adapted into modern gundogs, like the Wetterhoun. It is believed that water dogs were used, along with other types, in the breeding of most modern retriever breeds.
This is a list of dog breeds usually considered water dogs.
† Extinct breed‡ Often considered a versatile gundog
Longyearbyen lokalstyre

Longyearbyen lokalstyre er det lokale folkevalgte organet i Longyearbyen, hjemlet i Svalbardloven. Lokalstyrets ansvarsområde er avgrenset til eget planområde i og rundt Longyearbyen på cirka 260 km². I dette området kan lokalstyret drive virksomhet av allmenn interesse som ikke ivaretas av staten.
Da Svalbard i 1925 ble en del av Norge ble det foreslått å gjøre Svalbard til en egen kommune eller et fylke. Dette ble forkastet av Stortinget som i stedet oppnevnte en særegen administrativ ordning med en sysselmann, oppnevnt av Kongen, som regjeringens øverste representant. Nå benyttes den kjønnsnøytrale tittelen Sysselmesteren.
Betegnelsen har sin opprinnelse i at Svalbard mangler kommuneinndeling. Det finnes kun ett lokalstyre på Svalbard, i Longyearbyen, der det ble innført den 1. januar 2002. Samtidig ble alle aksjene i Svalbard Samfunnsdrift AS overført fra staten til Longyearbyen lokalstyre.
En egen forskrift om lokalstyrevalg i Longyearbyen regulerer valget til lokalstyret, men følger forøvrig norsk lov som kommunestyrevalget. Dette gjelder også utenlandske statsborgere.
Arctic Race of Norway

Arctic Race of Norway er et norsk etapperitt i landeveissykling som er en del av Europatouren. Rittet går over fire etapper i Nordland, Troms og Finnmark. Den første utgaven gikk i 2013, med start i Bodø. I 2014 var det målgang på Nordkapp.
Rittet arrangeres i samarbeid med Amaury Sport Organisation, arrangør av blant annet Tour de France og Vuelta a España.
Ytre Andørja idrettslag arrangerte NM i 2006, og det førte til at de begynte å tenke større. I 2008 foreslo de å arrangere Sykkel-VM i Tromsø. Utover i 2008 ble de første planene om et internasjonalt etapperitt i Nord-Norge presentert. Initiativtakerne bak var staben bak Tour de Andørja med Knut-Eirik Dybdal i spissen. Planen den gang var at transporten mellom etappene, og kanskje til og med overnattingen skulle foregå med båt. Det var også forslag om å arrangere etapper på kveldstid. I april 2011 fikk de til møte med Tour de France-arrangøren Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO) via kontakter i TV2. ASO var med under forutsetning av en økonomisk garanti på 60 millioner kroner over tre år for å gå i gang med prosjektet. I mars 2013 ble det kjent at Statoil (nå Equinor) gikk inn som hovedsponsor med 24 millioner på tre år. Avtalen er senere blitt fornyet til ut 2021.
Rittet ble første gang arrangert i 2013. Thor Hushovd ble utpekt til ambassadør for rittet, og han endte opp med å vinne den første utgaven.
Før 2015-utgaven ble rittet oppgradert fra 2.1 til 2.HC.
Siden 2016 har regjeringen innvilget 15 millioner i året, kanalisert gjennom fylkeskommunene. Det ble i 2018 estimert at verdien av TV-bildene alene var på 270 millioner, og at rittet bidro til en samlet meromsetning på 67,6 millioner i Nord-Norge. Men for enkelte kommuner ble det kostbart.
Donbas

Donbas, Donbass, Donetsbekkenet eller Donetsbassenget (ukrainsk: Донбас – Donbas eller Донецький басейн – Donetskyj basejn; russisk: Донбасс – Donbass eller Донецкий бассейн – Donetskij bassejn) er et stort steinkulls- og industriområde i østlige Ukraina.
Størstedelen av området omfattes av de ukrainske oblastene Donetsk og Luhansk. Hovedbyen i området er Donetsk. Men donetsbekkenets funnområder strekker seg også litt inn i oblasten Rostov i sørvestre Russland.
Navnet Donbas(s) er en forkortelse av det ukrainske Donetskyj basejn (Донецький басейн) og det russiske Donetskij bassejn (Донецкий бассейн).
Donetsregionen har en overveiende russisktalende befolkning, til forskjell fra størsteparten av det øvrige Ukraina. I Donetsk og Luhansk er mer enn halvparten av befolkningen russisktalende (2022), samtidig som de identifiserer seg som ukrainere.
I 1676 fikk området sin første by: Solanoje (nå Slovjansk) som ble bygd for å dra nytte av de nylig oppdagede saltreservene der.
Rike kullfelt ble oppdaget tidlig i 1720-årene og er blitt utvunnet siden 1770. Disse lagerstättene var en viktig forutsetning for oppbygningen av det russiske jernbanenettet frem til slutten av 1800-tallet.
Siden tidlig i 1930-årene arbeidet det hundrevis av tyskere i kullgruvene her, tilvandret fra Ruhrområdet der mange var blitt arbeidsløse. I den grad de ikke var vendt tilbake til hjemlandet før 1935/36, ble de nesten alle som en ofre for Stalins utrenskninger.
Etter utbruddet av annen verdenskrig ble store industrifabrikker i Donetsbekkenet bygd ned og forflyttet til det vestlige Sibir, for det meste til Kuzbass, der de lå lenger unna eventuelle tyske angripere. Mange fagarbeidere fulgte med. Dermed ble Kusbass til en av sovjetarmeens viktigste våpensmier. Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnojarsk og andre byer østenfor Uralfjellene ble viktige industrisamfunn. Under annen verdenskrig ble Donbas et hovedangrepsmål for de tyske styrkers Unternehmen Barbarossa. Under Donetsbekkenoperasjonen ble det i 1943 gjenerobret av Den røde armé.
Fra 1944 ble det anlagt store fangeleirer for tyske soldater i Donbas, som for eksempel i Stalino, og fangene ble satt i arbeid i kullgruvedriften. Kanskje var det så mange som 200 000 tyske fanger som ble satt til slikt arbeid. I 1944–1945 ble også rumenske tyskere fra Transilvania og Banat transportert og satt til lignende tvangsarbeide, og med tysktalende sivilister bragt fra Jugoslavia til tvangsarbeidsleir ved Vorosjilovgrad. Mange ble offer for arbeidsulykker, underernæring og sykdommer som for eksempel tyfus.
Nord-Pas-de-Calais’ gruveområde

Nord-Pas-de-Calais' gruveområde (frank Bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais) er et verdensarvområde i den nordfranske regionen Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Regionen har tydelige spor, både økonomisk, sosialt, økologisk og kulturelt fra den intensive kullgruvevirksomheten som har pågått her fra om lag 1700 til ut på 1900-tallet.
Verdensarvområdet er den vestlige delen av en mer omfattende gruveregion som ligger på grensen mellom Belgia og Frankrike, langs elvene Samber och Maas. Det ble utropt til verdensarvområde 30. juni 2012.
Verdensarvminnet omfatter 109 bygninger og strukturer: gruver, slagghauger, sjaktheiser, jernbane og annen infrastruktur, gruvelandsbyer og arbeiderboliger, administrasjonsbygninger og bygninger for andre samfunnsformål: skoler, kirker og kommunehus.
De første kullforekomsten ble oppdaget i Boulogne i 1660, og den første gruven kom i drift i 1692. Denne måtte imidlertid raskt innstille. Fra 1720 er det drift i et fire meter tykt kullsjikt i Jeanne Colard-gruven, men denne måtte innstille på grunn av oversvømmelser i gruven. Denne driften har imidlertid vist at det er potensial for gruvedrift, og flere gruver åpenet. Et drivverdig funn oppdages i 1734 i en gruve i Anzin og i 1757 etableres selskapet Compagnie des mines d'Anzin. Selskapet ekspanderer raskt, men også andre selskap dannes, blant annet Compagnie des mines d'Aniche som i 1778 finner kull i Sainte-Catherine - Saint-Mathias.
På begynnelsen av 1800-tallet ble gruvedriften forenklet av dampmaskiner og forbedrede dreneringsteknikker. Den industrielle revolusjon, som skjøt fart på 1830- og 1840-tallet, skapte på sin side økt etterspørsel etter kull som energikilde; dette førte til høyere priser og akselerert utvinning.
I en gruveulykke i 1906 døde 1099 personer. Dette førte i første omgang til streiker, og senere til bedrede sikkerhetstiltak. Store deler av regionen ble herjet under første verdenskrig, og det tok flere år å bygge opp igjen anleggene og infrastrukturen i området. I 1944-46, ved avslutningen av andre verdenskrig, ble selskapene nasjonalisert og samlet i Charbonnages de France. Fra 1960 begynte nedleggelsen av gruver, og på 1980-tallet var bare noen få gruver i drift.
Bill Withers

Bill Withers (født 4. juli 1938 i Slab Fork i Vest-Virginia i USA, død 30. mars 2020) var en amerikansk sanger og komponist innen genrene soul og R&B. Han var aktiv fra tidlig i 1960-årene og frem til midten av 1980-årene.
Withers slo gjennom med sin debutsingel utgitt på Sussex Records i 1971 med «Ain't No Sunshine» fra albumet Just As I Am. Andre kjente sanger fra Withers er «Lovely Day», «Just the Two of Us» og «Lean On Me». Sistnevnte er tatt med i Norsk salmebok 2013.
Erling Mylius

Erling Mylius (født 6. februar 1949) er en norsk skuespiller, arkitekt og musiker (bassgitarist og gitarist). Han er mest kjent som medlem av Travellin' Strawberries som laget den norske versjonen av den danske julekalenderen The Julekalender i 1994. Han har også vært med i de norske gruppene Difference og Missing Links. Begge gruppene spiller fremdeles (2020)
Mylius er utdannet sivilarkitekt og driver sitt eget firma E Mylius Arkitektkontor.
Polar Bears International

Polar Bears International (PBI) is a non-profit polar bear conservation organization. Their research, education, and action programs address the issues that are endangering polar bears. The organization also studies polar bears and monitors their activity data which helped lead to the animals being listed as a threatened species. While Churchill, Canada, serves as an important hub for PBI scientists and educators, the organization's work on behalf of polar bears spans the Arctic including Svalbard, Russia, and Alaska.
PBI's Chief Scientist is Steven Amstrup, winner of the 2012 Indianapolis Prize.
Churchill, Manitoba, is known throughout the world as the place where hundreds of polar bears gather each fall to wait for the sea ice to return to Hudson Bay. The town is also a hub for Polar Bears International and several of PBI's programs including Tundra Connections webcasts – free, live webcasts provided by polar bear and climate scientists and geared towards students, families and professionals, Polar Bear Cams with Explore.org, and Climate Alliance training take place.
Polar bears are marine mammals, adapted to life on frozen or partly-frozen ocean. They hunt seals from the surface of the sea ice, and also rely on the ice to travel. Sea ice is as important to the Arctic as the soil is to the forest – it supports the entire Arctic food chain. Arctic sea ice is melting at a rate of 12.2% to 13.4% per decade. The 13 lowest Arctic sea ice extents on record have all occurred in the last 13 years.
In partnership with Google, polar bear habitats in Churchill were added to Google Maps in February 2014. PBI has worked with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums to create education programs regarding polar bear conservation. In November 2019, PBI unveiled the Polar Bears International House, a new center in Churchill.
Denned polar bears are invisible under the snow; therefore, winter-time petroleum exploration and development activities in northern Alaska have potential to disturb maternal polar bears and their cubs. Previous research determined forward-looking infrared (FLIR) imagery could detect many polar bear maternal dens under the snow, but also identified limitations of FLIR imagery. This study evaluated the efficacy of FLIR-surveys conducted by oil-field operators from 2004 to 2016.
The study "The ecological and behavioral significance of short-term food caching in polar bears (Ursus maritimus)" observed wild polar bears caching of food and has led to the conclusion that such behavior does not occur or is negligible in this species per observations of short-term hoarding by polar bears between 1973 and 2018 in Svalbard, Greenland, and Canada.
Dampier Archipelago

The Dampier Archipelago is a group of 42 islands near the town of Dampier in Pilbara, Western Australia.
The archipelago is also made up of reefs, shoals, channels and straits and is the traditional home of five Aboriginal language groups. It was formed 7000 years ago when rising sea levels flooded what were once coastal plains. The underlying rocks are among the oldest on Earth, formed in the Archaean period more than 2.4 billion years ago.
It is named after William Dampier, an English buccaneer and explorer who visited in 1699. Dampier named one of the islands Rosemary Island.
Despite being a region through which considerable shipping and industrial activity occurs, the archipelago has considerable marine resources.
Dampier Archipelago is the site of some of Australia's oldest domestic structures, estimated to be between 8000 and 9000 years old.
The largest island (or peninsula) in the group was known as Murujuga by the Yaburara people. The first British settlers renamed it Dampier Island and it was later officially renamed Burrup Peninsula.
The Yinidbarndi, Yaburara, Mardudhunera, and Woon-goo-tt-oo peoples have lived in the area for approximately 50,000 years. In 1868, the area was the site of the Flying Foam massacre, in which between 20 and 150 members of the Yaburara are reported to have been killed.
20°32′S 116°36′E﻿ / ﻿20.533°S 116.600°E﻿ / -20.533; 116.600
Trompo alimenticio

El trompo alimenticio o trompo de los alimentos es una versión venezolana de la pirámide alimenticia, presentada en una campaña de Instituto Nacional de Nutrición del año 1993
Para reemplazar al viejo patrón de referencia, el trébol de los grupos básicos de alimentos, creado también por el Instituto Nacional de Nutrición y que se mantuvo vigente hasta 1993.​
Se caracteriza por clasificar los 5 grupos de alimentos para ayudar a diferenciar uno a otro.
El trompo de los alimentos es un modelo para ilustrar cómo se clasifican los alimentos según el tipo de nutrientes que cada tipo de alimento aporta. Está dividido en 5 franjas, cada una de las cuales indica, respectivamente: los carbohidratos complejos, las hortalizas y frutas, las proteínas, los azúcares, las grasas, el agua y la actividad física.​
Carbohidratos: cereales, granos y tubérculos, que constituyen una fuente de energía indispensable para el trabajo, los estudios y la actividad física, pues suministran vitaminas del complejo B, calcio y fibra.
frutas y verduras: hortalizas y frutas. Este grupo se caracteriza por contener vitamina A y b ; y algunos minerales importantes para el buen funcionamiento de nuestro organismo como la manzana,la remolacha,el apio, que nos ayudan a mejorar nuestro cuerpo humano
Proteínas: incluyen todos los derivados de la leche de vaca (queso y yogur), las carnes y los huevos; todos los alimentos necesarios. Contiene proteínas y calcio.
Azúcares: Comprendido por alimentos dulces como el azúcar, la miel, la panela, la leche de almendras y los chocolates. Vitamina
Grasas: En este grupo trata sobre las grasas como la mantequilla la mayonesa entre otros tipos de grasas
Concierto para trompa n.º 2 (Mozart)

El Concierto para trompa n.º 2 en mi bemol mayor, K. 417, fue completado en 1783.
El afecto natural que sentía Mozart hacia sus amigos se hace evidente en la curiosa inscripción manuscrita que presenta la partitura:
La obra consta de tres movimientos:
Este es uno de los dos conciertos para trompa de Mozart que no incluye fagotes.​ Es también uno de los dos conciertos para trompa de Mozart que tiene trompas de ripieno (trompas incluidas en la orquesta aparte de los solistas), aunque en el caso del KV 495, el solo de trompa no duplica la primera parte de ripieno de trompas en los pasajes de tutti.​
Dada su duración (no más de 20 minutos), el Concierto se agrupa habitualmente con los otros tres conciertos para el instrumento. La versión más importante es la de Dennis Brain (noviembre de 1953), registrada para la casa EMI con la Orquesta Philharmonia de Londres, bajo la dirección de Herbert von Karajan.
La dama tapada

La Dama Tapada es la protagonista de una leyenda de la creencia popular ecuatoriana. Según la tradición, la historia ocurrió cerca del año 2015 en la ciudad de Guayaquil , específicamente en la ciudadela Sauces, cuando una mujer joven fue rechazada por su mozo. Desde entonces, en las noches de luna nueva, se escucha una mujer exclamar “¿Dónde está mi marido?”. La tradición popular exhorta a responder en voz alta “No es tu marido, respeta”. Incluyendo, a paso seguido, epítetos coloquiales de la costa ecuatoriana.
Se dice que la Dama tapada era una mujer de gran belleza. Un día, un muchacho llamado Boris, mientras caminaba por los comercios nocturnos del Barrio Sauces, decidió entrar a un bar donde la dama también acudía, al verla, procuró hablar con la misteriosa figura, dirigiéndole estas palabras: -"¿Qué hace alguien tan bella tan sola y tarde?" Ella solo reía, hasta que respondió: -"¡Perdí a quien más quería!" Boris le ofreció su brazo a tan linda muchacha y nadie lo volvió a ver.
Al pensar que aquella mujer sabría la localización de su amigo. Eduardo llegó al bar sentándose en la mesa de siempre y pidiendo una cerveza, diviso a una dama tapada que cumplía con todo lo que le habían contado sus investigaciones, blanca piel de porcelana, sombrilla en su hombro, vestido negro ceñido de seda y ojos fogosos hechiceros, al fin, Eduardo se sentó junto a la mujer y le dijo -Mi estimada señorita,¿No sabrá dónde está Boris? la última vez lo vieron con usted. Tomó tiempo que respondiera y cuando lo hizo le dirigió estas palabras... - Luego de que amablemente me dejara en mi casa, no lo volví a ver -Ahora déjame hacerte una pregunta ¿Tu has sentido amor profundo? Con miedo le dijo... -Sí, un amor continuo con una muchacha llamada Karem, que conocí en las fiestas de Balzar, tenía cabello largo y una manera elegante de caminar pero se fue con un extranjero. La dama le dijo -“Qué bello cuando hablan así los hombres de las mujeres que aman y desean”
Eduardo le pidió que, por favor le contara su historia Respondió ella - Está bien, hace poco tiempo, yo era una bella joven, y me enamoré de un hombre cuyo nombre rima con “trés”, que estudiaba en mi universidad; nos enamoramos uno del otro, pero el nunca hizo pública nuestra relación pues él tenía un relación previa con otra mujer. Respondió alterado -¿Y que paso después? Ella dijo -Ven conmigo y te cuento una historia sobre el barrio Sauces La tomó del brazo y fueron caminando, ella continúo con la historia de lujuria y desamor Hasta que de pronto, se levantó el velo y allí reveló una figura esquelética acompañada de un alarido que preguntaba “¿Dónde esta mi marido?”. Se dice que aquella noche parte del alma de Eduardo fue absorbida por la mujer, la cual decidió dejarlo con vida para lograr que “Trés”, algún día, vuelva a ella.
En las noches de luna nueva, se recomienda a todo aquel que escuche un “¿Dónde está mi marido?” Procure inmediatamente responder en voz alta “¡No es tu marido, respeta!”. Seguido de algún epíteto tradicional de la costa ecuatoriana que logre ahuyentar a la “Dama Tapada”.
Top Gun (videojuego)

Top Gun es un videojuego del año 1986, basado en la película del mismo título del videojuego.
Las desarrolladoras al mando de la adaptación a videojuegos son doublesix subsidiaria de Kuju Entertainment, la creadora de Burn Zombie Burny South Park Atreves de la industria llamada Paramount Digital Entertainment
La trama de la película se centra en la rivalidad entre Maverick y un piloto llamado Bradley Bradshaw, quien es el hijo del fallecido compañero de Maverick, Nick Goose Bradshaw;presenta escenas de combate aéreo y maniobras de vuelo.
La trama del videojuego estuvo dirigirá por Jacks Epps, Jr., el guionista original de la película para la expansión de la historia más allá de la película.
El videojuego está disponible para distintas plataformas y modos de juego:
Top Gun: combate aéreo: Este juego para Nintendo Switch permite elegir entre diferentes sistemas de misiles y rifles.
Top Gun: Fire at Will: Este juego para Mac OS cuenta con diferentes misiones que se pueden completar, y también tiene un modo de entrenamiento
Top Gun: Hard Lock: Este juego cuenta con varios modos de juego, incluyendo Deathmatch, que ofrece un combate aéreo en el que los jugadores pueden jugar hasta con 16 jugadores, Defender la base del equipo contrario, Escoltar un avión y Ataque.
Mixlore Juego de estrategia: Este juego de estrategia permite a los jugadores enfrentarse en un ejercicio de entrenamiento de combate aéreo, en el que deben maniobrar estratégica-mente sus aviones.
Los posteriores lanzamientos de secuelas realizados en relación con este juego son:
2002 Top Gun: Combat Zones
2006 Top Gun
2012 Top Gun: Hard Lock
2021 Top Gun Air Combat
Top Gear (videojuego)

Top Gear (conocido como Top Racer en Japón) es un videojuego de carreras para la consola Super Nintendo publicado en 1992. El juego fue creado por Gremlin Graphics y distribuido por Kemco. El juego puede ser jugado por uno o dos jugadores simultáneamente. La pantalla siempre está dividida, sólo que al jugar de uno, se muestra el avance que hace el automóvil controlado por computadora.
Top Gear es considerado uno de los mejores juegos de carreras para la consola Super Nintendo. Muchos juegos posteriores tanto de la saga como de otros desarrolladores parecían emularlo. Del juego original sucedieron muchas secuelas pero ninguna logró el reconocimiento de la primera entrega.
El juego fue creado a partir de la base de “Lotus Trilogy”, trilogía de juegos desarrollada por Gremlin Graphics para Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Acorn Archimedes, MS-DOS y Sega Megadrive. Si bien los últimos dos juegos de la “Lotus Trilogy” fueron adaptados para Sega Megadrive, la compañía japonesa Kemco requirió de Gremlin Graphics un juego de carreras exclusivo para SNES. Ya sin el auspicio de Lotus, el mismo equipo detrás de la “Lotus Trilogy” crea Top Gear, y posteriormente las dos secuelas que le siguieron para Super Nintendo (Top Gear 2 y Top Gear 3000). Todas esas 3 entregas se usaron sistemas de claves para guardar partida.
Top Gear es un simulador de carreras que trata de recrear lo más posible una carrera real. Es por eso que a diferencia de otros juegos de carreras, hay muchas opciones previas antes de iniciar la carrera: escoger nombre (que se verá después en los resultados), la configuración de botones y si la velocidad estará en millas por hora (MPH) o kilómetros por hora (KM/H). El juego tiene tres dificultades: Amateur, Professional y Championship. Además de la dificultad, los jugadores eligen el modo de transmisión, ya sea manual o automática. Los vehículos solo contienen 3 nitros que se activan manualmente pero los jugadores deben tener cuidado con el combustible, debiendo entrar a los pits para recargarlo. Los jugadores son eliminados si su vehículo se queda sin combustible.
El juego tiene una vista hacia adelante, fuera del coche. La profundidad de la pista y la velocidad se logra gracias a la técnica pseudo-ambiente 3D. Las pistas gozan de muchas curvas y obstáculos incluso dentro del asfalto. Las curvas están indicadas con señales alrededor de la pista, los cuales pueden ser también un obstáculo.
La imagen de fondo de la interfaz es una foto en blanco y negro de Detroit GP de 1988.
La música de Top Gear es uno de los aspectos más memorables del juego y uno de sus aspectos más importantes. Las siete pistas fueron producidas por Barry Leitch y Hiroyuki Masuno. Algunas pistas como el tema principal y el de la tercera pista de cada país son remixes de temas de la serie de juegos de carrera Lotus.
Super NES:
Sega Mega Drive
Commodore Amiga
Nintendo 64:
Game Boy Color:
Game Boy Advance:
PlayStation 2:
Xbox:
Nintendo DS:
Top Gear 2

Top Gear 2 (conocido como Top Racer 2 en Japón) es la secuela del juego de 1992 Top Gear , publicado el 8 de agosto de 1993 para la consola de Super Nintendo, 24 de mayo de 1994 para la consola Mega Drive y en 1994 para Amiga. Ha sido desarrollado por Gremlin Interactive y publicado por Kemco para el Super Nintendo y por Vic Tokai para Mega Drive. Mientras que el juego sea más realista que la precuela, Top Gear 2 conserva su jugabilidad arcade.
En esta secuela, el juego se vuelve más realista, con una barra de daños en el lado izquierdo de la pantalla, los coches más lentos y la posibilidad de comprar partes a los coches. Los coches cada vez más difícil de manejar y los oponentes son más rápidos y más difíciles que en el juego anterior. La nueva adición es el clima que también desempeña un papel que obliga al jugador a cambiar neumáticos de seco a húmedo.
El juego tiene lugar en 23 países, incluyendo 64 ciudades, comienza en la ciudad de Auckland, Nueva Zelanda. Después de superar 4 pistas el jugador recibe una contraseña que puede ser utilizada más adelante para volver al lugar donde se ha quedado.
El modo de juego real es bastante simple, hay un mapa que muestra las direcciones que la próxima será hacer un giro y el jugador se le da 6 "Nitros" al principio que aumenta considerablemente la velocidad de los automóviles durante un período corto de tiempo. En algunos certámenes hay bonus a lo largo de la carretera que van desde un "$" que es de $ 1000 en efectivo, una "N" que es un "nitro " extra y una "S" que es un nitro automático. Los Bonus sólo pueden ser recogidas una vez.
El jugador tiene la opción de cambiar que el manejo del auto sea automático o manual y puede configurar los controles a su antojo en el menú de inicio del juego.
Gabriel Achilier

Gabriel Achilier (n. Machala, Ecuador; 24 de marzo de 1985) es un futbolista ecuatoriano. Juega como defensa central y su equipo actual es Orense Sporting Club de la Serie A de Ecuador.
Gabriel Achilier es hijo y sobrino de exfutbolistas ecuatorianos.​ Desde niño comenzó a jugar en su tierra natal, Machala, en campeonatos escolares y barriales. Luego participó en campeonatos de Segunda Categoría con el Oro Fútbol Club en el 2002.
En el 2003 pasó al Deportivo Cuenca, club con el que jugó en las categorías menores.
En el 2004 tuvo la oportunidad de debutar en la Serie B con la LDU de Loja y ese mismo año ascendió a Primera División.
En el 2007 y 2008 jugó para el Club Deportivo Azogues. En este período fue convocado por la selección nacional de mayores en varias ocasiones, a pesar de nunca haber ganado un campeonato.
En el 2009 pasó a Emelec, club que el año siguiente adquirió sus derechos deportivos,​ y donde ha sido subcampeón de Ecuador en las temporadas 2010, 2011, 2012 y 2016; y tricampeón nacional en las temporadas 2013, 2014 y 2015.
Fue seleccionado de Ecuador Sub-20 para el Campeonato Sudamericano Sub-20 jugado en Colombia en el 2005. Con la selección mayor debutó el 26 de marzo de 2008 en un partido amistoso jugado en Latacunga contra Haití.
El 13 de mayo de 2014 el técnico de la selección ecuatoriana, Reinaldo Rueda, incluyó a Achilier en la lista preliminar de 30 jugadores que representarán a Ecuador en la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2014.​​​ Fue confirmado en la nómina definitiva de 23 jugadores el 2 de junio.​​​
Fue titular en la tricolor en las eliminatorias 2018 disputando un total de 12 partidos, y marcando 1 gol, siendo una de las figuras del proceso de Gustavo Quinteros en la Copa América 2015 y la Copa América Centenario, después de la eliminación en las eliminatorias 2018, participó en los amistosos jugados en el 2018 y 2019 al mando del Bolillo Gómez, su última torneo disputado en la tricolor fue en la Copa América 2019, posteriormente debió a bajo rendimiento no fue tomado en cuenta para los últimos amistosos al mando de Jorge Celico, tampoco fue convocado ni tomado en cuenta por Gustavo Alfaro en las eliminatorias Catar 2022.
Su último partido en la tricolor fue en la Copa América 2019 con la selección de Chile, donde sería expulsado con tarjeta roja por agresión a Arturo Vidal.​
Actualizado al último partido disputado el 21 de junio de 2019.
Actualizado al último partido disputado el 5 de abril de 2025.​
Ángela Tenorio

Ángela Gabriela Tenorio Micolta (born 27 January 1996 in Lago Agrio, Sucumbíos) is an Ecuadorian athlete specialising in the sprinting events. She won two medals at the 2014 World Junior Championships. Earlier she competed at the 2013 World Championships in the 100 metres without qualifying for the semifinals. In addition, she has won multiple medals on regional level.
Outdoor
Emerson Alejandro Chala

Emerson Alejandro Chala (born 2 August 1991) is an Ecuadorian hurdler competing in the 400 metres hurdles.
Chala has represented his country in the Pan American Games, South American Games, Ibero-American Championships, and the Bolivarian Games.
In 2013 he was among the top 60 400 metre hurdlers in the world. He also won the Ecuadorian National Games in the 400 metres hurdler event where he set a national record.
Diego Hidalgo (tennis)

Diego Hidalgo (born 18 April 1993) is an Ecuadorian tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 61 achieved on 1 July 2024. He also has a career high singles ranking of No. 358 achieved on 3 February 2020.
Hidalgo has won 9 ATP Challengers and 16 ITF doubles titles. He represents Ecuador at the Davis Cup where he has a W/L record of 4–6.
Hidalgo played college tennis at the University of Florida between 2013 and 2016. He won the SEC Player of the Year Award in 2016.
Anahí Suárez

Gabriela Anahí Suárez Suárez (born 2 February 2001) is a sprinter from Ecuador.
In 2018, she won double gold in the 100 metres and 200 metres at the South American U18 Championships in Athletics. She won bronze in the 100 metres at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.
On 12 December 2020 in Quito she ran 100 metres in 11.16 seconds which placed her 12th on the year list worldwide for 2020.
In July 2021, Suarez was named to the Ecuador Olympic squad for the 4x100 relay.
She competed at the 2023 Pan American Games.
She ran as part of the Ecuadorean 4x100m relay team at the 2024 World Relays Championships in Nassau, Bahamas. She won silver in the 200 metres at the Ibero-American Championships in Athletics in Cuiabá, Brazil, in May 2024. She competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris over 200 metres.
Arthur - The Dog Who Crossed the Jungle to Find a Home

Arthur - The Dog Who Crossed the Jungle to Find a Home is a memoir written by Mikael Lindnord and Val Hudson in 2016. It is the true story of one man and a dog who found each other during an adventure race in Ecuador.
The book has been translated into multiple languages and has been adapted as the film Arthur the King by Lionsgate.
As Mikael Lindnord leads his Swedish adventure racing team on a challenging 435-mile journey through the jungles and mountains of South America, an unexpected companion joins them for the last stretch of the trip when Mikael shares a meatball with a scruffy yet dignified mongrel. The team find themselves unable to shake off their newfound canine friend, as this dog had been used to following foreigners on medical brigades and research expeditions. However, as Lindnord's team face rivers, illnesses, injuries, exhaustion and some of the toughest terrain on Earth, Mikael thinks he has formed a strong bond with the dog, now named Arthur.
Their shared odyssey, documented with candid photographs and narrated in compelling prose, serves as a powerful testament to the remarkable connection between dogs and humans. When the team reaches the finish line, Mikael decides to adopt Arthur and bring him back to his family in Sweden, demonstrating the enduring and extraordinary companionship that can develop between man and dog. Mikael never asked whose dog it was when he was in the region.
In November 2014, an Ecuadorian man told a local newspaper that Arthur was his dog, Barbuncho. Several people acquainted with the owner told Lindnord that he had actually taken the dog from a man and his family, but Lindnord then blamed them for being complicit in animal abuse. There was never any evidence of abuse, however; the dog lived in a rural, tropical area and was known to accompany his owner on hunting trips and treks with international tropical biologists and health professionals with whom the owner worked. After a petition was started by animal activists in Ecuador threatening violence towards and incarceration of the former owner, the owner and his acquaintances decided to back down to keep his family safe.
The book has been adapted into the film Arthur the King, directed by Simon Cellan Jones and starring Mark Wahlberg as "Michael Light" (a fictional version of Mikael Lindnord), Simu Liu as Liam and Juliet Rylance as Mikael/Michael's wife Helena. Though the story recounted in the books took place in Ecuador, the film was set and filmed in the Dominican Republic, much to the consternation and disappointment of many Ecuadorians who felt that they have not stood to benefit, despite the dog being taken from their country.
Outline of the United Kingdom

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the United Kingdom:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – sovereign country in Europe, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK), or Britain. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain—a term also applied loosely to refer to the whole country—the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of four countries – England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, with Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales each having their own devolved government and national parliament.
Crown Dependencies
British Overseas Territories
The United Kingdom is a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations
Geography of the United Kingdom
List of ecoregions in the United Kingdom
Demographics of the United Kingdom
Courts of the United Kingdom
Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a member of:
Politics of England
Politics of Northern Ireland
Politics of Scotland
Politics of Wales
British Armed Forces
Military history of the United Kingdom
Law of the United Kingdom
Northern Ireland law
Scots law
Economy of the United Kingdom
Culture of the United Kingdom
Architecture of the United Kingdom
Cinema of the United Kingdom
Languages of the United Kingdom
Demographics of the United Kingdom
Religion in the United Kingdom
Sport in the United Kingdom The following are the major sports; local groups may well play many others.
TopSpin 2K25

TopSpin 2K25 is a tennis video game, developed by Hangar 13 and published by 2K. It is part of the Top Spin video game series. A teaser was released on the day of the announcement. It was released on April 26, 2024, and is the first installment since the original to not be released on a Nintendo console.
The game is developed by Czech subsidiary of Hangar 13. Electronic musician BT composes the score for the game.
According to the review aggregation website Metacritic, the game has received generally favorable reviews. It was nominated for "Best Sports / Racing Game" at The Game Awards 2024.
Top Spin 2

Top Spin 2 is a 2006 tennis video game developed by Indie Built, MENT, and Aspyr and originally published by 2K and Superscape. It is the sequel to Top Spin and is followed by Top Spin 3.
The game was showcased at E3 2005.
The game received "mixed or average reviews" on all platforms except the Xbox 360 version, which received "generally favorable reviews", according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 27 out of 40, while Famitsu Xbox 360 gave it a score of all four sevens for a total of 28 out of 40. Nintendo Power gave the DS version a mixed review, about two months before it was released. Edge gave the Xbox 360 version eight out of ten and said: "Developer PAM has reinvented a game that no longer strives to be a thinking man's alternative to Virtua [Tennis], but something altogether superior". However, Computer Games Magazine gave the same console version three out of five and called it "the most complete tennis experience on any platform to date".