davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Инструмент

Инструмент (или сечиво) е приспособление, употребяващо се за облекчаване на работата. От обичайните ръчни сечива: чук, лопата и мотика, до сложни технически приспособления, захранвани с електроенергия и др.
Виртуални инструменти са виртуални прибори – компютърни програми, изпълняващи функции на сложни прибори, управлявани от компютъра и свързани с относително несложно оборудване.
Клавирен инструмент

Клавирен или още клавишен инструмент е музикален инструмент, на който се свири с пръсти на музикална клавиатура.
Общото между всички клавиатурни инструменти е, че продължителността на тона може да се контролира прецизно от момента на натискане на клавиша до освобождаването му (обаче при пианото и клавесина избледняването на струната е естествено ограничение за продължителността на тона), в зависимост от дизайна на конкретния клавиатурен инструмент.
Най-разпространеният от тях е пианото, което се използва в почти всички видове музика. Други широко използвани клавишни инструменти са органът, както и други механични, електромеханични или електронни инструменти.
Сред най-ранните клавишни инструменти са органът, клавикордът и клавесинът. Органът несъмнено е най-стар от тях. Появил се е в 3 в. пр.н.е., въпреки че този древен инструмент, наречен хидравлис не използвал клавиатура в съвременния смисъл. От изобретяването си до 14 век органът остава единствения клавишен инструмент. Често и органите са нямали въобще клавиатура, а само бутони или големи лостове, които се задвижвали с цяла ръка. Почти всяка клавиатура до 15 век е имала 7 основни тона за всяка октава.
Клавикордът и клавесинът се появяват през 14 век, като вероятно клавикордът е по-стар. При тяхното усъвършенстване е добавен си-бемол клавиш, за да избегне тритонуса между фа и си, а по-късно били добавени и други полутонове. Клавесинът и клавикордът били многоп популярни до разпространението на пианото през 18 век, след което популярността им намалява. Пианото е революционно нововъведение, защото пианистът можел да променя силата (или динамиката) на звука чрез промяна на силата, с която удрял по всеки клавиш. Пълното име на пианото на италиански е „гравичембало кон пиано е форте“ (клавесин с тихо и силно), което постепенно било съкратено до „пиано-форте“ (тихо-силно) и „пиано“ (тихо).
Клавишни инструменти били усъвършенствани през 20 век. Ранните електромеханични инструменти като вълните на Мартено се появяват рано през този век.
Най-ранните напълно електронни клавишни инструменти са електронни органи, които използвали осцилатори и делители на честота заедно с мрежа от филтри, за да генерират звукови трептения с различна форма на вълната.
Много усилия отиват за откриването на инструмент, който звучи като пиано, но е по-малък и по-лек. Електрическото пиано и електронното пиано са ранни опити, които, въпреки че са полезни инструменти сами по себе си, не успяват да възпроизведат убедително тембъра на пианото. През същия период са разработени и електрическите и електронните органи. Първоначално са наричани Йоника.
Синтезаторът е усъвършенстван през 1960-те години и се развива и до наши дни. Най-забележителният ранен синтезатор е Муг-синтезаторът, който използва аналогова схема. С времето цифровият синтез се разпространява широко.
За разлика от означението на инструментите като „клавишни“, то при музиката, писана за тях, се използва термина „клавирна литература“.
Духов музикален инструмент

Духовият инструмент е музикален инструмент, който произвежда звук чрез симпатиковата вибрация на въздуха в тръбен резонатор в съответствие с вибрацията на устните на музиканта.
Има няколко фактора, които участват в извличането на звук с различна височина чрез духов инструмент. Плъзгачи, клапани, кривини (въпреки че рядко се използват днес) или клавиши се използват за промяна на вибрационната дължина на тръбата, като по този начин се променя наличната хармонична серия, докато напрежението на устните и въздушният поток на изпълнителя служат за избор на специфичната хармоника, произведена от наличните серии.
Възгледът на повечето учени е, че терминът „духов инструмент“ трябва да се дефинира от начина на издаване на звука, както е по-горе, а не от това дали инструментът всъщност е направен от месинг. Така се намират духови инструменти, направени от дърво, като alphorn, цинка, серпентина и диджериду, докато някои дървени духови инструменти са направени от месинг, като саксофона.
Духовите (аерофонни) инструменти се делят на:
Азимутно винторулевo устройство

Азимутно подрулващо устройство (винторулевата колона) е в корабостроенето гребен винт, разположен във въртяща се на 360° колонка. Такова устройство заменя руля и позволява акостиране на тесни места по-рядко прибягвайки до помощта на лоцман и буксирен съд.
Азимутното подрулващо устройство може да бъде както допълнителен движител на кораба, така и основен. Често се явява основен движител за специализираните съдове, които се нуждаят от регулярно маневриране, например буксирите и плаващите сондажни платформи и ледоразбивачите. Съвременното използване на ВРК е много разпоространено и засяга почти всички типове съдове.
Разновидност на ВРК е подрулващото устройство от подвижния или окачен тип (да не се бърка с Azipod).
Винторулевите колонки се класифицират според схемата на предаване на двигателния момент към винта: т.е. според типа трансмисия:
Често азимутното устройство се върти не на всичките 360°, а само в ограничен сектор (например при моторните яхти).
Според броя винтове в колонка:
Според типа на гребните винтове в колонката:
Преимущества:
Недостатъци:
В Русия винторулеви установки с мощност до 9 МВт се произвеждат от корабостроителницата „Звездочка“. Също така от 2019 г. работи завод за производство на винторулеви колонки с мощност до 15 МВт в корабостроителен комплекс „Звезда“.
В Русия, от 2020 г., действат изисквани за локализация на производството на винторулеви колонки.
Мобилно устройство

Мобилно устройство (или джобно устройство, т.е. лесно подвижно, преносимо) се нарича всеки смартфон, мини компютър (PDA), електронен четец, и всяко друго устройство, което обикновено има сензорен дисплей, понякога миниатюрна клавиатура (а напоследък сензорен екран с виртуална клавиатура). Първоначално това са предимно малки устройства с джобни размери, но съвременните смартфони имат големина близка до ноутпадите, като разнообразието от размери на екраните се увеличава постоянно. Устройствата и техните екрани стават все по-гъвкави и могат да изпълняват различни функции като възпроизвеждане мултимедия, запис на аудио и видео, видео чат, безжичен мобилен Интернет, платежни функции.
Мобилните устройства имат специфична, програмирана за техните характеристики Мобилна операционна система (ОС) с инсталирани от производителя мобилни софтуерни приложения, така че те могат да изпълняват различни функции чрез тези приложения, към тях могат да се добавят допълнителни OS характерни или хибридни мобилни приложения. Повечето от тях имат хардуер и софтуер също така и за различни видове безжична радиовръзка (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth и навигация), които позволяват свързаност с компютърни мрежи или с други подобни устройства, както и опции за свързване с допълнителна мобилна електроника, като например слушалки. Захранването им се осъществява с мобилна литиева батерия. Често са снабдени с един или два миниатюрни (плюс на фронталния панел) фотокамери на смартфона.
Пример за едно ранно мобилно устройство е PDA на английски: Personal digital assistant) или персоналният дигитален асистент, познат още като джобен компютър с клавиатура. В първото десетилетие след 2000 г. към него се прибавят смартфони, първите таблети (които се опитват да увеличат функционалностите на придобилите донякъде популярност по това време четци за е-книги). Като потребителски интерфейс на мобилните устройства се използват предимно сензорни дигитални екрани, а функционалните им възможности, базирани на мобилната операционна система и основните ОС софтуерни приложения се разширяват с всеки ден и дори отчасти достигат тези на настолните или преносимите компютри. Добавените нови функционалности са баркод четци, мини карта за памет, RFID и допълнителни четци на смарт карти. Към 2010 започват да се добавят сензори за движение, оптични сензори, също акселерометри, компаси, магнитометри; жироскопи, което позволява телефона да реагира на движение и светлина, по време на мобилни изчисления и да определя ориентацията му. Има и биометрични методи за идентификация като разпознаване на лице или пръстов отпечатък.
Производители на мобилни устройства са Motorola, Samsung, HTC, LG, Apple и много други. През 2013 24% от произведените свързани мобилни устройства (главно мобилни телефони, смартфон таблети и таблети) в света са в Китай.
Мобилните устройства имат най-различни функции и включват:
Показващо устройство

Показващо устройство е изходно устройство, предназначено за представяне на информация във визуален или осезаем начин (например в изходни устройства за слепи). Когато предаването на информация включва електронен сигнал устройството се нарича електронен дисплей.
Те се срещат често в телевизори и монитори.
Някои сдиспеи показват само цифри или азбучни символи. Те се наричат сегментирани диспеи, защото са съставени от няколко сегмента които се включват и изключват за да създадат представа за желания сумвол. Сегментите обикновено са светодиоди или течнокристален дисплей. Обикновено се използват за дигитални часовници или джобни калкулатори.
Има няколко типа:
Плоските дисплеи навлизат масово в потребителските електронни устройства след 2010 г.
В историята на технологията на дисплеите са използвани множество устройства и технологии.
Office 1 Superstore

Office 1 International, Inc. (Office 1) is an international franchise company established in Florida, USA and currently present in 27 countries including Bulgaria, France, and Greece. It has over 600 locations. Office 1 was founded in 1989 by Mark Baccash. In 2018, Panda Cooperation acquired all the trademark rights of the Office 1 Superstore portfolio.
In 1998, the chain entered the Bulgarian market when Panda Cooperation received a master franchise for the territory of Bulgaria. The first Bulgarian Office 1 Superstore opened in 1998 in Sofia. Office 1 Superstore is the largest chain of stores for office supplies in Bulgaria with an extensive network of sub-franchisees and own stores.
IEC 61355

The standard IEC 61355-1 Classification and designation of documents for plants, systems and equipment describes rules and guidelines for the uniform classification and identification of documents based on their characteristic content of information.
It is applied for all documents within the life cycle of a technical products like plants, systems or equipment. It also includes non-technical documents. The main application is the construction, erection and operation of industrial plants where the number of documents of all engineering disciplines may sum up to some 100,000 documents.
During 2024, the new cross-standard ISO/IEC 81355 will be published and will replace the second edition of IEC 61355-1 published in 2008. The new standard will switch from "document classification" to "information classification" methods.
The standard provides with the document kind classification code (DCC) a structured letter-code for the classification of any kind of document.
A public access database IEC 61355 DB is available in order to facilitate the individuation of the correct code to be applied to a document
The document kind classification code consists of three code-letters A1, A2, A3, with the prefix "&".
The letter code A1 is optional, if all documents are from the same technical area. The letter codes A2 and A3 are identical for all technical areas.
The technical areas are:
The main classes are:
Table of main classes and subclasses
Source: IEC 61355–1
Designation codes for document kind classification codes in power plants (DCC key) published by VGB PowerTech e.V.
ISBN 978-3-86875-331-8
LibreOffice Draw

LibreOffice Draw is a free and open source vector graphics editor. It is one of the applications included in the LibreOffice suite, developed by The Document Foundation.
LibreOffice Draw can be used to create complicated figures using shape tools, straight and curved tools, polygon tools, among other features.
Like the other components of LibreOffice, Draw can be run on Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows. There are community builds for many other platforms. Ecosystem partner Collabora uses LibreOffice upstream code and also provide apps for Android, iOS, iPadOS and ChromeOS. On the other hand, LibreOffice Online is an online office suite which includes the applications Writer, Calc, Impress and Draw—which also provides an upstream for projects such as commercial Collabora Online.
LibreOffice Draw natively uses Open Document Format for Office Applications (ODF) (.odg graphics extension), which is an international standard file format established by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS).
The Draw app has many important features where one can create flowcharts, technical drawings, brochures, posters, customized photos, photo galleries and albums.
Also, it includes features such as the spellchecker, autocorrect, thesaurus, hyphenation mode and color replacing. A gallery of shapes and drawings for options is also available. It also supports the macro execution with Java extensions and has configurable XML filter settings.
In a 2014 review, Elena Opris wrote in Softpedia, "The Good: LibreOffice's best features are applicable in all modules. Draw sports numerous options and configuration parameters for defining each part of the graphical plan as well as for the general elements in the interface (such as toolbars and keyboard shortcuts). The styles and formatting presets simplify the entire layout designing process. The document recovery feature usually comes to the rescue when experiencing system crashes." Opris noted, "The Bad: The program often takes a while to paste pictures as well as to load some features. It froze several times during our evaluation when inserting files with unsupported formats, which eventually led us to restarting Draw."
Writing in December 2017 for It's FOSS, Ankush Das, said, "LibreOffice Draw module is one of the best open source alternatives to Microsoft Visio. With the help of it, you can either choose to make a quick sketch of an idea or a complex professional floor plan for presentation. Flowcharts, organization charts, network diagrams, brochures, posters, and what not! All that without even requiring to spend a penny."
PAT Research described Draw in a 2018 review, "LibreOffice Draw is a powerful office and flowchart software that provides a clean interface and tools that enable users to unleash their creativity and enhance their productivity".
GoFree wrote, "it is simply amazing that a free vector graphics editor like this can deliver such professional results."
Media related to Screenshots of LibreOffice Draw at Wikimedia Commons
Microsoft Office Mix

Microsoft Office Mix (or simply "Office Mix") was a service offered by Microsoft as part of their Office suite. Introduced in 2014, Mix was offered as part of an Office 365 subscription, before it was retired on May 1, 2018. The Office Mix website remains active, however upon visiting the site, it presents a message that states that the service is now unavailable.
Office Mix was an Office add-in that integrated into the PowerPoint program that was intended as an educational service to assist teachers with creating interactive class presentations. It allowed the user to perform various tasks such as inserting ink, narrations, polls, and screen captures directly into the presentation, share their creation (otherwise referred to as a (singular) "mix" or (plural) "mixes") by exporting the mix into a computer video format or publishing it to online Office 365 Video platform, and view statistical data on users viewing their creations through analytics tools. The service was available for Office 2013 and Office 2016 and it was only made available to the Windows operating system.
Office Mix did not come embedded into the PowerPoint program. Instead, the user had to obtain the Office Mix add-in installer through the mix.office.com website in order to integrate the Office Mix add-in to the PowerPoint program and a global tab named "Mix" would appear across the application's interface where the user could access various options related to Office Mix.
Note: The user would be required to attest their ownership of an active Office 365 subscription through their personal Microsoft account or one that is managed by their organization or institution, or a compatible external SSO service such as a Google account or Facebook account.
The Office Mix service allowed the following features to the user:
Beginning May 1, 2018, the Office Mix service was officially retired by Microsoft and became inaccessible to all customers after users were sent an e-mail notification issuing them several months to retrieve all of their content and mixes off of the platform prior to shutdown. After the discontinuation, the features of Office Mix were instead embedded into the PowerPoint program to users who obtained Office via an Office 365 subscription which remain available.
Music roll

A music roll (French: Rouleau à musique) is a storage medium used to operate a mechanical musical instrument. They are used for the player piano, mechanical organ, electronic carillon and various types of orchestrion. The vast majority of music rolls are made of paper. Other materials that have been utilized include thin card (Imhof-system), thin sheet brass (Telektra-system), composite multi-layered electro-conductive aluminium and paper roll (Triste-system) and, in the modern era, thin plastic or PET film.
The music data is stored by means of perforations. The mechanism of the instrument reads these as the roll unwinds, using a pneumatic, mechanical or electrical sensing device called a tracker bar, and the mechanism subsequently plays the instrument.
After a roll is played, it is necessary for it to be rewound before it can be played again. This necessitates a break in a musical performance. To overcome this problem, some instruments were built with two player mechanisms (referred to as a duplex roll mechanism) allowing one roll to play while the other rewinds.
A piano roll is a specific type of music roll, and is designed to operate an automatic piano like the player piano or the reproducing piano.
Business management tools

Business management tools are all the systems, applications, controls, calculating solutions, methodologies, etc. used by organizations to be able to cope with changing markets, ensure a competitive position in them and improve business performance.
There are tools related to each organization's department which can be classified for each aspect of management. For example: planning tools, process tools, records tools, employee related tools, decision making tools, control tools, etc. A classification by function would consider these general aspects:
Nowadays, management tools have evolved dramatically in the last decade thanks to fast technology advances, so fast that it is difficult to select the best business tools for any situation in any company. This is caused by a never-ending fight for lower costs and increase sales, the willingness for understanding the customers' needs, and the fight for delivering the products that meet their need in the way they require.
Under this scenario, managers should take a strategic attitude to business management tools instead of going for the latest tool. Usually, managers rely on the tools without any adaptation which leads to an unstable situation. Business management tools should be selected carefully, and then adapted to the organization needs and not the other way around.
In 2013, a survey conducted by Bain & Company showed how business tools are used around the globe. These tools reflect how their outcomes contribute to each region's needs, considering the downfall and companies' market situation. The top ten includes:
Software or collection of computer programs used by business users to carry out various business operations is referred to as business software (or a business application). These business applications are used to boost output, gauge output, and carry out various other company tasks precisely.
It started with management information systems and extended into enterprise resource planning systems. Then customer relationship management was added to the solution and finally the whole package moved into the cloud business management space.
Although there is an actual correlation between IT efforts and the organizations' performance, two elements are key to add value to the sum; these are the implementation's effectiveness and the proper tools selections and adaptation process.
The tools focused on SMEs are important because they provide ways to save money and make the entrepreneur's businesses more profitable. These tools have different functionalities such as project management, tracking finances, managing projects, sharing documents, connecting and networking with people, managing social media, and carrying out marketing, as well as everyday uses such as word processing or spreadsheets. Their main objective is to help entrepreneurs perform everyday duties in simple, low-cost ways. The downside to take in consideration is that some of the apps may be unreliable or will require organizations to advertise them.
Perforator vein

Perforator veins are so called because they perforate the deep fascia of muscles, to connect the superficial veins to the deep veins where they drain.
Perforator veins play an essential role in maintaining normal blood draining. They have valves which prevent blood flowing back (regurgitation) from deep to superficial veins in muscular systole or contraction.
Perforator veins exist along the length of the lower limb, in greater number in the leg (anatomical ref to below knee) than in the thigh.
Some veins are named after the physician who first described them:
Others have the name of the deep vein where they drain:
When the valves of perforator veins become incompetent they can cause venous reflux when the muscles contract. This has been explained by Mark Whiteley as "active venous reflux". The resulting reflux can cause a rapid deterioration in an existing varicose disease and be responsible for the development of venous ulcers.
In the past, when varicose vein surgery is undertaken, the surgeon carefully ligated all perforators, but some believe that you can use conservative techniques to treat varicose disease use perforators to drain the superficial venous system. In this case, lower limbs venous ultrasonography plays an important role in evaluating which continent perforators can be used.
However, increasing evidence (see below) is starting to favor the treatment of incompetent perforator veins by minimally invasive techniques such as TRansLuminal Occlusion of Perforators (TRLOP).
Whether incompetent perforator veins (IPVs) require treatment or not is controversial, particularly when associated with the treatment of varicose veins. However research has shown that there is a clear association between the presence of IPVs and recurrent varicose veins.
Before 1985, the ligation of IPVs needed open surgery. In 1985, G. Hauer described the Sub-fascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery (SEPS) technique allowing IPVs to be clipped through a small incision.
SEPS was superseded in 2001 by minimally invasive laparoscopy, a technique using very small incisions, called TRansLuminal Occlusion of Perforators (TRLOP) which by 2009 had shown to be as effective as SEPS in a 5-year study. As TRLOP can be performed under local anaesthetic and under ultrasound guidance, the advantages over the more invasive and painful SEPS were clear.
In 2007 there was an attempt to rename TRLOP as PAPs (percutaneous ablation of perforators) but PAPs was seen to be merely a copy of the already described TRLOP procedure.
Kleinschmidt keyboard perforator

The Kleinschmidt keyboard perforator is a telegraph instrument invented by Edward Kleinschmidt which prepares punched tape for telegraph transmission. A QWERTY keyboard operate hole punches that prepare a Wheatstone slip. Each Morse code of the dots and dashes for the letter is selected by projecting tongues on the key bar. The centre holes used for the paper feed are punched first, then the lower holes, and then the upper holes. The upper holes are the mark holes, which indicate when the symbol (dot or dash) starts, and the lower hole tell when to terminate the symbol. This keyboard can be operated at up to 80 words a minute by a skilled operator.
The Kleinschmidt keyboard perforator was first invented and constructed by Kleinschmidt in 1911. Kleinschmidt wanted to develop a product that could be sold to telegraph companies rather than just selling patents. Western Union Telegraph Company was the first to purchase 50 units. As a result of this order, the Kleinschmidt Electric Company was formed to manufacture the perforator. F. G. Creed ordered ten machines for the "Creed high-speed Continental Morse code system". The British Post Office ordered 20, and then later in 1914 ordered another 100. Later the Teletype Corporation also made this machine.
In London they were sold by Creed & Co, which had a sales contract with the Kleinschmidt Electric Company.
Perforated ulcer

A perforated ulcer is a condition in which an untreated ulcer has burned through the mucosal wall in a segment of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., the stomach or colon) allowing gastric contents to leak into the abdominal cavity.
A perforated ulcer can be grouped into a stercoral perforation which involves a number of different things that cause perforation of the intestine wall. The first symptom of a perforated peptic ulcer is usually sudden, severe, sharp pain in the abdomen. The pain is typically at its maximum immediately and persists. It is characteristically made worse by any movement, and greatly intensifies with coughing or sneezing.
Causes include alcohol, smoking, consuming highly acidic foods and beverages (such as coffee), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
The ulcer is known initially as a peptic ulcer before the ulcer burns through the full thickness of the stomach or duodenal wall. A diagnosis is made by taking an erect abdominal/chest X-ray (seeking air under the diaphragm). This is in fact one of the very few occasions in modern times where surgery is undertaken to treat an ulcer. Many perforated ulcers have been attributed to the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
Treatment generally requires immediate surgery.
Perforated peptic ulcer is a serious condition with an overall reported mortality of 5%–25%, rising to as high as 50% with age. The incidence of perforated ulcer is steadily declining, though there are still incidents where it occurs.
Seder

Sederul Paștilor (în ebraică סֵדֶר, "ordine", "rânduială") este un ritual festiv ebraic important celebrat în prima noapte de Pesah (în ziua a XIV-a a lunii[[1]]i Nisan), și în diasporele Israelului în prima și a doua noapte de Paști (XV și XVI Nisan), cu ocazia prăznuirii debutului Sărbătorii Paștilor. Condusă de capul familiei, seder urmează unei liturghii, Haggadah, prin care le amintește participanților povestea Exodului.
Care sunt semnificațiile acestor ingrediente și cum se pregătesc ele? În primul rând, trebuie să spunem că masa de seder are o semnificație simbolică, ea amintind poporului evreu de perioada sclaviei sale în Egipt . În al doilea rând, ingredientele sunt alese pentru a comunica această semnificație, ele fiind următoarele :
1. Mațah: pască sau azimă, care este pâine frământată fără aluat sau fermenți. Când evreii se pregăteau în grabă să plece din Egipt, nu au avut timp să coacă pâine dospită și, în schimb, au copt acest tip de azimă. Ea simbolizeaza sclavia evreilor în Egipt.
2. Ħaroset (nefuncțională – [http://web.archive.org/web/*/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroset%7CHaroset arhivă], Charoset, ori Charoses (în ebraică חֲרֽוֹסֶת [ḥărōset]) : amestec de nuci măcinate, mere, scorțișoară și miere. Acestea simbolizează mortarul folosit de sclavii evrei în Egipt pentru construcțiile Faraonului.
3. Ou; acesta se fierbe tare și simbolizează viața și renașterea.
4. Apă sărată; ea simbolizează atât lacrimile provocate de opresiune, cât și cele produse de bucuria libertății. Oul se înmoaie în apă.
5. Maror: hrean foarte amar, simbolizând greutățile sclaviei.
6.Karpas: amestec de cartofi fierți sau ridichi și pătrunjel. El se înmoaie în apa sărată și simbolizează atât subnutriția sclavilor evrei, cât și noul anotimp al primăverii.
7. Zeroah: bucată de carne de vită, câteodată reprezentată de un os. Ea simbolizeaza mielul pascal și se referă la salvarea evreilor de către Dumnezeu din sclavia Egiptului.
Toate acestea se așează pe un platou mare, keara, special pregătit pentru seder.
De asemenea, se mănâncă supă de găluște preparate dintr-o făină specială și se beau cel puțin patru pahare de vin roșu. Desertul este o prăjitură făcută tot din făină pentru pască.
În cartea Exodul (Șemot 12:1-14) se instituie Sederul festivalului de Paști. Însă în lipsa unui Sanctuar la Ierusalim, în diaspora ebraică începând cu anul 70 e.n. s-a renunțat la obligativitatea tăierii unui miel pentru cina pascală.
https://www.chabad.org/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/1980/jewish/Passover-Seder.htm?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=BL-Holidays-Passover-Seder&utm_term=passover%20seder&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw5v2wBhBrEiwAXDDoJdfm7mxWeyiPeCjTNYDpKGzP0ifYRj_j-t4lFvBedjrJ02WNb3X-4hoC0HMQAvD_BwE
https://patch.com/california/lajolla/passover-celebrating-freedom
Penny (The Big Bang Theory)

Penny este un personaj fictiv din serialul Teoria Big Bang, jucat de Kaley Cuoco. Penny este vecina de visavis a lui Leonard și Sheldon și, după Wolowitz, este "o zeiță cu miresme de prăjitură". Orginară din Omaha, Nebraska, ea este o frumoasă chelneriță la fabrica locală de plăcinte cu brânză, care, în afara faptului că a dat audiții pentru câteva seriale, scrie un film semi-autobiografic despre o fată din Lincoln, Nebraska ce se mută la Los Angeles pentru a deveni o actriță, dar sfârșește prin a lucra la Fabrica de Plăcinte cu Brânză. Penny este foarte sociabilă, drăguță și încrezută.
Balut

Un balut este un ou fertilizat, de gâscă sau găină, cu un embrion aproape dezvoltat în interior, fiert și consumat în coajă. Sunt considerate delicatese în Asia, în special în Filipine, China, Cambogia și Vietnam. Se crede că este un afrodiziac și este o mâncare cu conținut ridicat de proteine, fiind vândută la colț de stradă noaptea, în regiunile unde este consumat. Deseori se servește împreună cu bere. Cuvântul balut (balot) din filipino și malaeză se poate traduce ca „învelit”. În limba laoțiană, se numește „ໄຂ່ລູກ” (khai look), în khmeră se numește „ពងទាកូន” (pong tia koon), iar în vietnameză se numește „trứng vịt lộn” sau „hột vịt lộn”.
Balut este de obicei consumat cu puțină sare, dar unii îl preferă asezonat cu chili sau oțet. Ouăle sunt apreciate pentru gustul și textura lor; lichidul care înconjoară embrionul este sorbit din ou înainte ca coaja să fie înlăturată, iar gălbenușul și puiul sunt consumate. Tot conținutul oului este consumat. În Filipine, balut a intrat recent în rândul mâncărurilor alese, fiind servit în restaurante: gătit în stil adobo, prăjit în omlete sau chiar ca umplutură în plăcinte.
Balutul nu este originar din Filipine. O mâncare asemănătoare este cunoscută în China ca maodan (Chineză: 毛蛋; pinyin: máo dàn; literal: „ou împănat”), modan (Chineză: 末蛋; pinyin: mò dàn; literal: „ou în stadiu final”) sau huozhuzhi (Chineză: 活珠子; pinyin: huózhūzi; literal: „mărgea vie”), și se spune că ideea consumului de ouă fertilizate a fost adus de comercianții chinezi în Filipine. Însă secretul pregătirii balutului a fost localizat de mangbabalut, comercianții de balut. Azi, producția de balut nu a fost mecanizată, în favoarea producției tradiționale. Cu toate că balutul este produs peste tot în Filipine, producătorii din Pateros sunt renumiți pentru selecția și incubația ouălor.
Ouăle fertilizate sunt ținute la cald în soare și depozitate în coșuri pentru a reține căldura. După nouă zile, ouăle sunt ținute la lumină pentru a vedea zigotul din interior. După încă aproximativ opt zile, balutul este gata de preparare, vânzare și consum. Vânzătorii vând balut din găleți cu nisip, folosite pentru a reține căldura. Balutul negătit este rareori vândut în Asia de sud-est. În Statele Unite, multe piețe asiatice uneori vând balut negătit, însă cererea în America de Nord nu este mare. Procesul de gătire este identic cu cel al ouălor fierte, iar balutul este consumat cald.
Ouăle de gâscă care nu sunt încă dezvoltate după nouă până la douăsprezece zile sunt vândute ca penoy, care arată, miros și au un gust similar cu cel al ouălor fierte. În bucătăria filipineză, acestea sunt uneori bătute și prăjite, asemănător cu omleta și sunt servite cu oțet.
Vârsta oului înainte de a fi gătit este determinată de preferințele locale. În Filipine, balutul perfect are 17 zile, când este numit balut sa puti ("învelit în alb"). Puiul din interior nu este suficient de dezvoltat pentru a-și arăta ciocul, penele sau ghiarele, iar oasele sunt subdezvoltate. Vietnamezii, în schimb, preferă balutul între 19 și 21 de zile, când puiul este suficient de dezvoltat pentru a fi recunoscut drept pui de gâscă, având oase care vor fi ferme, dar moi după gătire.
Cortinarius praestans

Cortinarius praestans (François Simon Cordier, 1826 ex Claude Casimir Gillet, 1876), denumit în popor cortinaria uriașă sau ciuperca bufniței, este o ciupercă comestibilă din familia Cortinariaceae și de genul Cortinarius. Denumirea științifică provine din cuvintele latine (latină cortina=văl, perdea și latină praestans=extraordinar, excelent). Acest burete coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). În România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord, se dezvoltă, crescând solitar sau în grupuri mici, pe soluri calcaroase precum călduroase, în păduri de foioase erbacee, în special sub fagi, dar de asemenea sub stejari și aluni. Prin luminișuri de păduri de conifere pe lângă brazi și pini se întâlnește mult mai rar. Timpul apariției este din (iunie) iulie până în octombrie (noiembrie). Această specie este de departe cea mai mare a acestui gen.
Cortinarius praestans a fost identificat ca specie autonomă destul de târziu, anume de micologul francez François Simon Cordier (1797-1874) în lucrarea sa Guide de l'amateur des Champignons ou précis de l'histoire des champignons alimentaires vénéneux et employés dans les arts din 1826 sub denumirea Agaricus praestans. Compatriotul său Claude Casimir Gillet a transferat soiul la genul Cortinarius cu același epitet în volumul 3 al marii sale opere Les Hyménomycètes: Ou, Description de tous les champignons (Fungi) qui croissent en France din 1876.
Redenumiri mai recente (Cortinarius infractus Miles Joseph Berkeley, 1860, Cortinarius berkeleyi Mordecai Cubitt Cooke, 1883, Cortinarius torvus var. berkeleyi (Cooke) Émile Boudier 1905, Phlegmacium praestans (Cordier) Meinhard Michael Moser, 1953) sunt acceptate ca sinonim, dar nu aplicate.
Acest burete este de abia plin dezvoltat ușor de recunoscut datorit mărimii evidente. Poate fi confundat (adesea în stadiu mai tânăr) cu următoarele ciuperci:
Câteodată, soiul se confundă (de asemenea în stadiu tânăr) cu unele specii ale genului Hebeloma, cu toate necomestibile prin gustul și/sau mirosul lor nepotrivit, ca de exemplu cu Hebeloma laterinum sin. Hebeloma edurum (pălărie crem până ocru-maroniu cu tonuri roșiatice, lamele la început albicioase, apoi maronii, picior albicios-ocru.
Această ciupercă este foarte savuroasă, fiind vândută în Franța și Elveția]] la paiață. Se oferă ca adăugare la mâncăruri cu alte ciuperci, în primul rând cu hribii. Buretele este predestinat pentru prepararea în legătură cu legume fine sau adăugați la jumări de ou, omletă precum sufleu sau folosiți pentru un foietaj cu șuncă sau într-o plăcintă (de exemplu „în stilul reginei”, cu carne de vițel sau pui, sparanghel și mazăre).
Tiropita

Tiropita or tyropita (Greek: τυρóπιτα, "cheese-pie") is a Greek pastry made with layers of buttered phyllo and filled with a cheese-egg mixture. It is served either in an individual-size free-form wrapped shape, or as a larger pie that is portioned.
When made with kasseri cheese, it may be called kasseropita (κασερόπιτα).
Spanakotiropita is filled with spinach and cheese; cf. spanakopita.
According to some scholars, it is stated that in Ancient Greek cuisine, placenta cake (or plakous, πλακοῦς), and its descendants in Byzantine cuisine, plakountas tetyromenous (πλακούντας τετυρομένους, "cheesy placenta") and en tyritas plakountas (εν τυρίτας πλακούντας, "cheese-inserted placenta"), are the ancestors of modern tiropita. A recipe in Greek tradition recorded in Cato the Elder's De Agri Cultura (160 BC) describes placenta as a sweet layered cheese dish:
Placenta remains the name for a flat baked pie containing cheese in Aromanian (plãtsintã) and in Romanian (plăcintă).
Other sources state that Turks also developed similar layered dishes like tiropita. Layered pan-fried breads were developed by the Turks of Central Asia in the Late Middle Ages.
The ancient tyropatinum described by Apicius, despite the similarity in name, was a sweet custard with no crust.
Pot pie

A pot pie or potpie is a type of savory pie, usually a meat pie, covered by a pie crust consisting of flaky pastry. Pot pies may be made with a variety of fillings including poultry, beef, seafood or plant-based meat substitute fillings, and may also differ in the types of crust.
In the 16th century, the English gentry revived the custom of serving pies and the tradition soon swept the country. A British food commenter once described them as, "which they bake in pasties, and this venison pasty is a dainty rarely found in any other kingdom." The meat pies made by the English of that era (called pot pies in North America) included various meats such as pork, lamb, birds and game. During the reign of Elizabeth I, English cooks made pies using “chicken peepers,” which consisted of chicks stuffed with gooseberries. Soon after the pies spread across Europe, early European American settlers took them to the New World.
Pot pie can be prepared in a variety of ways including in a baking dish in an oven, or in a pie iron over a campfire. There are numerous other types of pot pies including taco, coconut curry chicken, and steak and mushroom. The pie shell and crust can be made from scratch or can be fashioned from store-bought pie crust or biscuit dough and includes ingredients such as butter, lard, olive oil, flour, and shortening. Once prepared and served, the pot pie leftovers can be stored in the freezer for later consumption.
In the Pennsylvania Dutch region, some people make a dish called "bot boi" (or "bottboi") by Pennsylvania German-speaking natives. Pennsylvania Dutch pot pie is a different definition of pot pie: a stew without a full crust, but with a biscuit topping that is traditionally baked directly atop the stew, in similar manner to a cobbler casserole. Most commonly made with chicken, it usually includes homemade dumpling-style dough noodles and potatoes, and sometimes vegetables such as carrots or celery.
Tim Walz

Is polaiteoir Meiriceánach é Timothy James Walz (a rugadh ar an 6 Aibreán 1964); iarmhúinteoir ardscoile is ea é chomh maith agus chaith sé 24 bliain mar bhall den Gharda Náisiúnta. Toghadh é mar an 41ú gobharnóir ar Minnesota sa bhliain 2019. Is ball den Pháirtí Daonlathach é.
I mí Lúnasa 2024, roghnaigh iarrthóir uachtaránachta an Pháirtí Dhaonlathaigh Kamala Harris Walz le bheith ina iarrthóir leasuachtaránachta aici i dToghchán Uachtaránachta na Stát Aontaithe 2024. Deirtear gur líofa an t-óráidí é agus bhí daoine áirithe an-tógtha leis an gcáineadh a rinne sé tamall roimhe sin ar Donald Trump agus ar a chomhiarrthóir siúd JD Vance. Tharraing sé aird na tíre air féin nuair a dúirt sé go raibh Donald Trump agus a chomhbhádóir JD Vance “aisteach” (nó 'weird' i mBéarla).
Rugadh Walz i West Point, Nebraska agus faoin tuath in Nebraska a d’fhás sé aníos.
Chuaigh sé isteach i nGarda Náisiúnta an Airm agus d'oibrigh sé sa talmhaíocht, déantúsaíocht agus teagasc tar éis na hardscoile. Bhain sé céim amach níos déanaí ó Chadron State College i Nebraska sular bhog sé go Minnesota i 1996. D'oibrigh sé ansin mar mhúinteoir staidéir shóisialta agus mar chóitseálaí peile i gceantar scoile Mankato .
Bhí sé ina bhall de Theach Ionadaithe na Stát Aontaithe ó 2007 go 2019, ag déanamh ionadaíochta ar an 1ú ceantar comhdhála de chuid Minnesota. Rinne sé ionadaíocht ar cheantar mór tuaithe de dheisceart Minnesota, suite feadh na teorann le hIowa.
Toghadh é don chéad uair in 2006 nuair a chuir sé an ruaig a chur ar an sealbhóir Poblachtach sé théarma Gil Gutknecht. Toghadh é cúig huaire, ag éirí as i 2019 tar éis dó a bheith tofa ina ghobharnóir.
Toghadh Walz ina ghobharnóir ar Minnesota ar an 6 Samhain 2018, ag fáil an ceann is fearr ar ainmní na bPoblachtach, coimisinéir Chontae Hennepin, Jeff Johnson. Atoghadh é i dtoghchán gobharnóra Minnesota 2022, ag sárú Scott Jensen, Poblachtach.
Tá an cháil ar Walz gur forásaí é a deir an rud atá ar a chroí agus go bhfuil bealach lách aige fiú agus é ar an ionsaí. Eisean a bhí i bhfeighil le linn na gcíréibeacha in Minneapolis a lean dúnmharú George Floyd in 2020. Labhair sé amach le linn na n-agóidí. Ritheadh dlíthe in aghaidh foréigin in Minnesota níos déanaí.
Ar 6 Lúnasa, 2024, d'fhógair an Leasuachtarán Kamala Harris go raibh Walz roghnaithe aici mar chomhiarrthóir i dToghchán Uachtaránachta na Stát Aontaithe 2024. Tháinig sé chun cinn ainneoin go leor sa bpáirtí a bheith den tuairim gur cheart gobharnóir Pennsylvania Josh Shapiro a roghnú.
Bhí Walz 60 bliain d'aois nuair a roghnaigh Harris é mar iarrthóir – gan é ach tuairim is sé mhí níos sine ná Kamala Harris.
Tá Walz ina chónaí i gCathair St Paul, mar ar lonnaigh Gaeil go leor san am a caitheadh, go háirithe muintir Chonamara.
Phós sé Gwen Whipple in 1994. Rugadh a iníon Hope in 2001 agus a mhac Gus in 2006. Maraíodh a dheartháir in 2016 nuair a thit crann air.
Alexander Macomb House

The Alexander Macomb House at 39–41 Broadway in Lower Manhattan, New York City, served as the second U.S. Presidential Mansion. President George Washington occupied it from February 23 to August 30, 1790, during New York City's two-year term as the national capital. The building was demolished in 1940, the last former U.S. presidential mansion to be demolished.
Alexander Macomb (1748–1831) was an Irish-born American merchant and land speculator. He built the four-story city house on the west side of Broadway in 1786–1788. Macomb leased it to the French Minister Plenipotentiary, the Comte de Moustier, who occupied it until his return to Paris in early 1790.
President Washington purchased furniture, mirrors and draperies from the departing Minister with his own money, including American-made furniture in the French style. Some of these items survive at Mount Vernon and elsewhere.
The first Presidential Mansion was the Samuel Osgood House at 1 Cherry Street in Manhattan, which Washington occupied from April 23, 1789, to February 23, 1790. He had been living there a week prior to his April 30, 1789, inauguration as first President of the United States. The Osgood House (demolished 1856) was in the most congested part of Manhattan, near the port along the East River, and Washington found it cramped for his presidential household.
The Macomb House was significantly larger, located in a neighborhood just north of the Bowling Green.
The presidential household functioned with a staff of about 20, composed of wage workers, indentured servants and enslaved servants. Slavery was legal in New York, and Washington brought 7 enslaved Africans from Mount Vernon to work in his presidential household: William Lee, Christopher Sheels, Giles, Paris, Austin, Moll, and Oney Judge.
Under the July 1790 Residence Act, the national capital moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for a 10-year period while the permanent national capital was under construction in the District of Columbia. Washington vacated the Macomb House on August 30, 1790, and returned to Mount Vernon, stopping in Philadelphia to examine what was to become the third Presidential Mansion, the Masters–Penn–Morris House at 190 High Street.
In 1821, the Macomb House was converted into Bunker's Mansion House Hotel: "Bunker's Mansion House, a famous hotel, was situated at No. 39 Broadway, and was a large double-brick house, erected in 1786 by General Alexander Macomb as a residence for himself. It was a most comfortable and well-conducted hotel, and was patronized largely by Southern families. Bunker, who was noted for his affability to his customers, grew rich rapidly, and eventually sold the property and retired from business."
In 1861, Daniel Huntington painted a fanciful depiction of the interior. "Mr. Huntington has in his famous painting of the Republican Court made the Macomb home on Broadway the background of his picture. This was a much more commodious house, to which the President and his family removed in the spring of 1790."
In 1939, the Daughters of the Revolution erected a bronze plaque at 39 Broadway. The house was demolished in 1940.
Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972)

The Executive Committee for Northern Ireland was the government of Northern Ireland created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Generally known as either the Cabinet or the Government, the executive committee existed from 1922 to 1972. It exercised executive authority formally vested in the British monarch in relation to devolved matters.
Under the Act as originally enacted, the "Executive Committee for Northern Ireland" was an executive committee of the Privy Council of Ireland consisting of the ministers appointed by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to head departments of state. Ministers so chosen did not have to be members of the Parliament of Northern Ireland but were required to become members within six months. The Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act, which came into force in December 1922, replaced the Lord Lieutenant and Privy Council of Ireland with the Governor of Northern Ireland and Privy Council of Northern Ireland.
As in many Westminster-style systems, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 did not explicitly provide for such an office, but in practice the executive committee was headed by a Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. In theory the executive committee was not answerable to the House of Commons but held their positions "during the pleasure of the Lord Lieutenant". In practice the executive committee was answerable to the elected House of Commons of Northern Ireland. As a result, the executive committee stood in a similar relationship to the legislature and Crown (within devolved Northern Ireland) as the UK's Cabinet does to the Crown and Westminster Parliament. The executive committee thus played an equivalent constitutional role in relation to Northern Ireland as the UK Cabinet did to the United Kingdom as a whole.
The system of government created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 was first suspended by the Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972, and then abolished completely the following year by the Government of the United Kingdom under the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973.
The executive committee was based in the Stormont Parliament Buildings and the nearby Stormont Castle, whilst the Governor resided at Hillsborough Castle. Original plans to build a separate executive building were abandoned in the 1920s as a result of the economic difficulties that resulted from the Wall Street crash.
From 1937 to 1944, Parker was Parliamentary Secretary (junior minister) to the Ministry of Education. One of her civil servants in that office, J.A. Oliver, described her as an "adroit politician and a formidable operator". She was the only woman to serve in the then cabinet of Northern Ireland (the Executive Committee of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland), as Minister of Health and Local Government from 1949 to 1957.