davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Wood science

Wood science is the scientific field which predominantly studies and investigates elements associated with the formation, the physical and chemical composition, and the macro- and microstructure of wood as a bio-based and lignocellulosic material. Wood science additionally delves into the biological, chemical, physical, and mechanical properties and characteristics of wood as a natural material.
Deep understanding of wood plays a pivotal role in several endeavors such as the processing of wood, the production of wood-based materials like particleboard, fiberboard, OSB, plywood and other materials, as well as the utilization of wood and wood-based materials in construction and a wide array of products, including pulpwood, furniture, engineered wood products, such as glued laminated timber, CLT, LVL, PSL, as well as pellets, briquettes, and numerous wood-derived products.
Initial comprehensive investigations in the field of wood science emerged at the start of the 20th century. In 1902, the Wood Processing Laboratory was founded in the Department of Forestry at Tokyo University and academic studies on wood processing were first initiated. The Forest and Forest Products Research Institute in Tokyo was also established in 1905. In 1906 the Forest Products Research Institute was created in Dehradun, India.
The advent of contemporary wood research commenced in 1910, when the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) was established in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. The Forest Products Laboratory played a fundamental role in wood science providing scientific research on wood and wood products in partnership with academia, industry, local and other institutions in North and South America and worldwide.
In the following years, many wood research institutes came into existence across almost all industrialized nations. A general overview of these institutes and laboratories is shown below:
From the '60s, the founding of research institutes in the field of wood sciences continued in many universities, and also in universities of applied sciences and technological universities. Today, the International Academy of Wood Science (IAWS), a recognised and non-profit assembly of wood scientists, represents worldwide the scientific area of wood science and all of its associated technological domains.
The field of wood science can be categorized into three distinct sub-areas, which include:
Below are some of the significant scientific journals within the areas of wood sciences:
Petroleum product

Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries. Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure organic compounds, petroleum products are complex mixtures. Most petroleum is converted into petroleum products, which include several classes of fuels.
According to the composition of the crude oil and depending on the demands of the market, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. The largest share of oil products is used as "energy carriers", i.e. various grades of fuel oil and gasoline. These fuels include or can be blended to give gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and heavier fuel oils. Heavier (less volatile) fractions can also be used to produce asphalt, tar, paraffin wax, lubricating and other heavy oils. Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials. Since petroleum often contains a few percent sulfur-containing molecules, elemental sulfur is also often produced as a petroleum product. Carbon, in the form of petroleum coke, and hydrogen may also be produced as petroleum products. The hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization.
Oil refineries will blend various feedstocks, mix appropriate additives, provide short-term storage, and prepare for bulk loading to trucks, barges, product ships, and railcars.
Over 6,000 items are made from petroleum waste by-products, including: fertilizer, flooring (floor covering), perfume, insecticide, petroleum jelly, soap, vitamins and some essential amino acids.
Ferd (company)

Ferd is a Norwegian holding company which holds partial ownership in companies within industry and finance as well as a real estate portfolio. The company has 75 employees and is owned by Johan H. Andresen and his two daughters Katharina and Alexandra; it was established in 2001. The group also has several venture and private equity holdings.
The company's name ferd is a Norwegian word meaning journey.
The company operates in several business areas including:
The company was founded in 2001, when Tiedemanns-Joh. H. Andresen DA and Hartog & Co AS were merged to form the current Ferd AS. The company's history dates back to 1849, when the Andresen family acquired J. L. Tiedemanns Tobaksfabrik, a tobacco factory. The original tobacco company was sold to Skandinavisk Tobakskompagni in 1998.
Ferd's portfolio consists, among others, of the private holdings in:
1998

1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1998th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 998th year of the 2nd millennium, the 98th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1990s decade.
1998 was designated as the International Year of the Ocean.
1998 in film

Many significant films were released in 1998, including Shakespeare in Love, Saving Private Ryan, Armageddon, American History X, The Truman Show, Primary Colors, Rushmore, Rush Hour, There's Something About Mary, The Big Lebowski, and Terrence Malick's directorial return in The Thin Red Line.
The top 10 films released in 1998 by worldwide gross are as follows:
1998 FIFA World Cup squads

The 1998 FIFA World Cup was the 16th FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial football tournament contested by the senior men's teams of the national associations affiliated to FIFA (the International Federation of Association Football). The tournament was played in France from 10 June to 12 July 1998 and featured 32 teams divided into eight groups of four. Each team was required to submit a squad of 22 players – numbered sequentially from 1 to 22 – from whom they would select their teams for each match at the tournament, with the final squads to be submitted by 1 June 1998. In total, 704 players were selected for the tournament.
It featured players born in four decades, the 1950s, the 1960s, the 1970s and the 1980s. The only other times this has happened at a World Cup was in the 1958, 1970 and 1990 editions.
Players' ages as of 10 June 1998, the tournament's opening day.
Head coach: Mário Zagallo
Head coach: Henri Michel
Head coach: Egil Olsen
Head coach: Craig Brown
Head coach: Herbert Prohaska
Head coach: Claude Le Roy
Head coach: Nelson Acosta
Head coach: Cesare Maldini
Head coach: Bo Johansson
Head coach: Aimé Jacquet
Head coach: Carlos Alberto Parreira (fired after two matches, replaced by Mohammed Al-Kharashy for the final match)
Head coach: Philippe Troussier
Head coach: Hristo Bonev
Head coach: Bora Milutinović
Head coach: Paulo César Carpegiani
Head coach: Javier Clemente
Head coach: Georges Leekens
Head coach: Manuel Lapuente
Head coach: Guus Hiddink
Head coach: Cha Bum-kun (fired after two matches, replaced by Kim Pyung-seok for the final match)
Head coach: Berti Vogts
Note: Kirsten and Marschall also earned additional caps for East Germany (49 and 4, respectively).
Head coach: Jalal Talebi
Head coach: Steve Sampson
Head coach: Slobodan Santrač
Head coach: Hernán Darío Gómez
Head coach: Glenn Hoddle
Head coach: Anghel Iordănescu
Head coach: Henryk Kasperczak (fired after two matches, replaced by Ali Selmi for the final match)
Head coach: Daniel Passarella
Head coach: Miroslav Blažević
Head coach: Renê Simões
Head coach: Takeshi Okada
The English, Spanish, Japanese and Saudi Arabian squads were made up entirely of players from the respective countries' domestic leagues. The Nigeria squad was made up entirely of players employed by foreign clubs. Only three teams, Japan, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia, had no players from European clubs.
Although Turkey and Portugal failed to qualify for the finals, their domestic leagues were represented by 18 and 9 players, respectively. Altogether, there were 38 national leagues who had players in the tournament.
J. T. Walsh

James Thomas Patrick Walsh (September 28, 1943 – February 27, 1998) was an American character actor. His many films include: Tin Men (1987), Good Morning, Vietnam (1987), A Few Good Men (1992), Hoffa (1992), Nixon (1995), Sling Blade (1996), Breakdown (1997) and Pleasantville (1998).
Walsh was born in San Francisco, California. He had three siblings: Christopher, Patricia, and Mary.
After graduating from the University of Rhode Island in 1967, Walsh worked briefly as a VISTA volunteer in Newport, Rhode Island organizing tenants for the United Tenant Organizations of Rhode Island (UTO) before resigning to pursue his acting career. Prior to becoming an actor, he also worked as a barman, an encyclopedia salesman, a junior high school teacher, a gymnasium equipment salesman, and a reporter. In 1974, he was discovered by a theater director and began working in off-Broadway shows, where he began using the initials "J. T." to avoid confusion with another stage actor named James Walsh.
On stage, Walsh received critical acclaim for his performance as John Williamson in the 1984 U.S. premiere of David Mamet's Glengarry Glen Ross in Chicago and subsequently on Broadway. He did not appear in films until 1983, when he had a minor role in Eddie Macon's Run. Over the next 15 years, he appeared in over 50 feature films, increasingly taking the villain role for which he is well known, such as Sergeant Major Dickerson in Good Morning, Vietnam (1987). On television, he again portrayed an evil character, prison warden Brodeur on the 1995 X-Files episode "The List".
Among the films Walsh appeared in are Tin Men (1987), Misery (1990), Backdraft (1991), Sniper (1993), The Client (1994), Miracle on 34th Street (1994), Outbreak (1995), Executive Decision (1996), Sling Blade (1996), and he also played the rather sympathetic Marine Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Markinson in A Few Good Men (1992). He played a member of Majestic 12 in the 1996 sci-fi drama series Dark Skies. Walsh notably played real people in three films: journalist Bob Woodward in Wired (1989), Teamsters president Frank Fitzsimmons in Hoffa (1992), and Richard Nixon's domestic advisor John Ehrlichman in Nixon (1995).
The 1997 thriller Breakdown, which featured Walsh as villainous truck driver Warren "Red" Barr, was his last starring film released during his lifetime. In his final year of life, Walsh starred in The Negotiator (1998), Pleasantville (1998), and Hidden Agenda (1999), all of which were dedicated to his memory.
Walsh died of a heart attack in the hospital in La Mesa, California, on February 27, 1998, at the age of 54, after feeling ill and collapsing at the Optimum Health Institute in Lemon Grove. According to author Marc Seifer, for whom Walsh had narrated a documentary a few weeks earlier, Walsh had experienced chest pains and had an EKG test done that resulted in a misdiagnosis.
Jack Nicholson, who acted with Walsh in A Few Good Men and Hoffa, dedicated his Best Actor Oscar for As Good as It Gets to him.
In his tribute to Walsh in Time Out New York, Andrew Johnston wrote:
Skålgroper

Skålgroper (engelsk: Cupmarks) er en type bergkunst som består av skålformede fordypninger (groper) hugget inn i stein. Skålgroper er den vanligste typen helleristninger i Skandinavia.
Fordypningene har vanligvis en diameter på omkring ca. 4–6 cm, me kan være større, og vanligvis en dybde på ca. 0,5–1 cm, enkelte ganger kan de være enda større. Skålgropene er som regel hugget inn på bergflater eller på løse steiner. Oftest kan skålgroper bare identifiseres dersom det er flere av dem på samme felt, eller dersom den eller de opptrer på samme flate som annen bergkunst.Skålgroper kan opptre alene uten andre helleristninger, gjerne i utmark og særskilt i stølsområder i fjellet, det vil si det hvor buskapen samles og melkes. Skålgropene kan også opptre med andre motiver i helleristninger.
Skålgropenes funksjon er ukjent eller usikre, men det er antatt at de sannsynligvis knyttes til ofringer eller andre ritualer, og at de representerer kvinnekjønnet. Annen forklaring er at de var stedsmarkeringer, astronomiske kart, minnemarkeringer eller brukt for framstille særskilte lyder og klanger. De dateres helst til bronsealderen, men de eldste kan være så gamle som fra slutten av yngre steinalder, og det er også ting som tyder på at de kan ha blitt hugget et stykke opp i eldre jernalder.
Når skålgroper opptrer på fast fjell, slik som svaberg, og helst i samme miljø som helleristninger, kalles de skålgropfelt. Store, naturlige steinblokker med skålgroper innhugd i overflaten kalles skålgropsteiner.
Innen svensk folkeminne finnes begrepet älvkvarnar, alvemøller, men skålgroper er et vitenskapelig, arkeologisk begrep som først ble til på 1900-tallet. Skålgropsteiner kan derfor også kalles offersteiner eller gravsteiner. Fra landskapet Mälaren er det kjent at man pleide å ofre i alvmøller for å kurere sykdommer som man trodde var forårsaket av alver, og da hovedsakelig älvblåst, det vil si elveblest. Det ble laget små dukker av blant annet hår, negler og klesdeler fra den syke. Disse dukkene ble ofret på en stein med skålgroper i tre påfølgende torsdagskvelder. I forbindelse med dette ble også skålgropene smurt med smult, talg eller smør. Knappenåler og mynter kan også tilbys i skålgropene.
I Norge er skålgropene som regel knyttet til helleristninger av den sørskandinaviske typen (jordbruksristninger). De forekommer imidlertid ofte også på steiner og svaberg uten selskap av andre figurer og kan derfor være såvel eldre som yngre enn andre helleristninger.
De nordnorske skålgropsteinene er helt udatert og kan kanskje stamme fra en senere tid enn den øvrige bergkunsten.
I England finnes i alt 1360 kjente skålgroplokaliteter, i Irland 850 og i Skottland 2220. Det dreier seg om ca 50.000 skålgroper (cups) hvorav 7.500 er omgitt av ringer. Dekorasjonene forekommer også som petroglyffisk element på menhirer (stående steiner), steinblokker og megalitter, men også på steiner i de irske ganggraver i Knowth og Newgrange eller de av Clava-type i Skottland, og i enkelte souterrain.
Ove Gude

Ove Gude (født 11. september 1853 i Düsseldorf i Tyskland, død 1. juli 1910 i Greenbrier County i Vest-Virginia) var en norsk diplomat fra unionstiden; han representerte Sverige-Norge, og etter unionsopplysningen var han Norges sendemann til De forente stater.
Ove Gude var sønn av Betsy Anker (1830–1912; av Anker) og maleren Hans Gude av Gude, og bror av maleren Nils Gude. De fulgte faren, så Ove gikk på skole i Dusseldorf 1859–62, i Wales 1862–64, Karlsruhe i 1865 før han 1865–70 tok examen artium ved Nissens skole i Kristiania.
Han ble cand.jur. ved universitetet i Kristiania i 1876.
Unionstiden: Han trådte i 1877 etter inn på den diplomatiske løpebanen. I 1894 avanserte han til legasjonssekretær ved Berlin og i 1891 til legasjonssekretær i London. Så reiste han 1897–98 som ambassadør med særskilt oppdrag til Japan og Kina, for å ordne Norges og Sveriges representasjon i disse statene. Forslaget han avga i den anledning ble lagt frem av regjeringen og godkjent av Sveriges riksdag.
I 1897 ble han ambassadør i Madrid og i 1902 i København, men gikk av ved unionsoppløsningen.
Etter unionsoppløsningen: I 1908 etterfulgte han nyss avdøde Hjalmar Christian Hauge (1862–1907) som minister ved legasjonen i Washington. Han døde i 1910 på et opphold ved feriestedet White Sulphur Springs i Vest-Virginia.
Han var gift med Louise (Lilly) Egeberg (1856–1900) av Egeberg (slekt fra Sjælland). De var foreldre til Hans Carsten Anker Gude (1880-1886), Ove Egeberg Gude (1885-1966), kunstneren Ingeborg Gude (1890–1963) og Sigrid (Simba) Gude (1891-1988). Så giftet han seg 1904 i København med enkefru Elna de Stiernholm (1870–1954).
Gude var innehaver av en rekke ordener og utmerkelser. Han ble i 1892 utnevnt til ridder av 1. klasse av St. Olavs Orden og i 1906 forfremmet til kommandør med stjerne «for Embedsfortjeneste». Han var også innehaver av Kroningsmedaljen 1906. Gude ble hedret med storkors av Dannebrogordenen, storkors av Isabella den katolskes orden (Spania), storkors av Vår kjære Frue av Vila Viçosas orden (Portugal), 1. klasse av Den hellige skatts orden (Japan), 2. klasse 2. grad av Den dobbelte drageorden (Kina), kommandør av første klasse av Nordstjerneordenen (Sverige), kommandør av Albrechtsordenen (Sachsen), ridder av 1. klasse av Zähringerløvens orden (Baden), 3. klasse av Den røde ørns orden (Preussen), 3. klasse av Den prøyssiske kroneorden, ridder av Karl IIIs orden (Spania) og Alfonso XIIIs medalje i gull (Spania).
Bokbuss

En bokbuss er en buss som fungerer som et omreisende bibliotek. Bokbussene har ofte faste ruter i distriktene eller til steder og institusjoner der lånerne har vanskelig for å komme seg til hovedutlånene. Bokbussen i Norge er en del av den oppsøkende bibliotekvirksomheten som blir definert i bibliotekloven fra 1985 og blir blant annet sendt ut fra fylkesbibliotekene. I de tre vestlandsfylkene Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane og Møre og Romsdal går bokbåten «Epos».
Den første bokbussen i Norge begynte å kjøre i Vestfold i 1948, men tjenesten ble etterhvert en viktig kultur- og kunnskapsformidler over hele landet. I dag har kommunikasjonene blitt bedre og folks mobilitet økt. Sammen med lettere informasjonshenting via internettet og TV og andre prioriteringer innen offentlig økonomi har dette ført til at bokbusstilbudet flere steder er i ferd med å legges ned.
Torstein Jørgensen

Torstein Jørgensen (født 26. april 1951 i Kristiansand) er professor i kirke- og misjonshistorie ved Misjonshøgskolen i Stavanger. Han har utdannelse fra samme skole og fra Menighetsfakultetet i Oslo, og ble cand.theol i 1976. Han har teologisk doktorgrad fra Universitetet i Oslo fra 1987.
Først til verdens ende

Først til verdens ende er den norske versjonen av det britiske konkurransedrevne realityprogrammet Race Across the World. Programmet følger deltakerpar i et kappløp rundt i verden, hvor lagene, med begrenset budsjett, kan bruke hvilke som helst av transportmidler til å nå en destinasjon, bortsett fra fly. Første laget som krysser målstreken, vinner. Programleder for Først til verdens ende er Martin Johnsrud Sundby.
Første sesong av Først til verdens ende har premiere på TVNorge og Max våren 2025.
Programmet følger deltakerpar i et kappløp rundt i verden for å være det første laget til å nå målstreken. I den første sesongen startet kappløpet i Marrakech og ble avsluttet ved Verdens ende i Vestfold. Før start fikk hvert lag tildelt et pengebeløp tilsvarende prisen på en enveis flybillett til den endelige destinasjonen, som de kunne bruke til å reise til lands eller til sjøs. Lagene fikk ikke lov til å bruke fly som transportmiddel. Pengene kunne brukes til å betale kostnadene for enhver reise, i tillegg til mat og overnatting, men lagene kunne også jobbe og tigge for å tjene mer penger underveis i kappløpet. Deltakerne hadde ikke lov til å benytte seg av av moderne hjelpemidler, som smarttelefoner og bankkort, men fikk utdelt et verdenskart; en GPS-enhet av sikkerhetsmessige årsaker, til å finne sjekkpunktene og for å spore fremgangen deres; og en reiseguide med lokale jobbannonser; i tillegg til pengene. I hver episode fikk lagene et sjekkpunkt de måtte nå.
Sande (Vestfold)

Sande er en bygd i Holmestrand kommune i Vestfold. Sande var tidligere en egen kommune nord i Vestfold fylke. Kommunen ble slått sammen med Holmestrand 1. januar 2020 til nye Holmestrand kommune. Sande grenser i nord til Drammen, i øst til Svelvik, og i sør og vest til byen Holmestrand. Høyeste punkt er Presteseteråsen, 570 moh. Her er gjort tallrike funn fra forhistorisk tid, blant annet fra Nøstvetkulturen i steinalderen.
Tettstedet Sande var administrasjonssenter i kommunen og hadde 2 342 innbyggere per 1. januar 2023. Andre tettsteder i Sande er Galleberg, Klevjerhagen og Selvik.
Sande har fire barneskoler: Haga skole nær Sande ungdomsskole i Sande sentrum, Galleberg skole på Galleberg, Selvik skole ved Sandebukta og Kjeldås skole nord i Sande. Sande videregående skole ligger også i Sande.
I forbindelse med kommunesammenslåingen med Holmestrand fra 2020 ble det planlagt en ny felles videregående skole beliggende i Sande, men dette er inntil videre lagt på is.
Sandes tusenårssted er Sande torg som er anlagt på den opprinnelige plassen foran jernbanestasjonen i Sande sentrum.
Sande, Vestfold

Sande or Sande i Vestfold is a village in Holmestrand Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The village is located along the Sandebukta bay off the Ytre Oslofjord about 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of Oslo (about 50 minutes driving time). There are several nearby villages around Sande including the villages of Klever and Eikeberg about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the north, the village of Selvik about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the southeast, the town of Holmestrand about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the south, and the village of Hof about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the west. The European route E18 highway and the Vestfoldbanen railway line both past through the village of Sande.
The 1.36-square-kilometre (340-acre) village has a population (2023) of 2,342 and a population density of 1,727 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,470/sq mi). In recent years the village of Sande has grown significantly due to many new apartments and stores.
The newspaper Sande Avis is published in Sande. Portions of the 1973 Olsenbanden movie Olsenbanden tar gull from were filmed in Sande. Another portion was filmed in Stavern.
Finds from the Stone Age indicate that the settlement in the area is up to 6,000–7,000 years old. The village was formerly called Angr (meaning "fjord"), but was later named after the rectory farm called "Sandvin". About 400 ancient artefacts and Burial mounds have been found in several places around Sande. The rock carvings on Sjøl are the only known carving field from the Bronze Age between Bærum and Sandefjord.
The village was the administrative centre of the old Sande Municipality which existed from 1838 until 2020 when the municipality became part of Holmestrand Municipality.
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Sande farm (Old Norse: Sandvin) since the first Sande Church was built there. The first element comes from the word sandr which means "sand". The last element comes from the word vin which means "meadow" or "pasture".
The medieval era Sande Church is located in the village of Sande. The parish is part of the Nord-Jarlsberg prosti. The building material is stone and brick, and it was built in 1150. In 1783, the church burned down; only the walls remained. Over the next eight years, it was rebuilt, and 1860 the church was refurnished. But the older altarpiece, baptismal font, and pulpit were retained. The pulpit is also from 1783 and features Rococo-style carvings. The font of soapstone is the only medieval inventory preserved.
Hof, Vestfold

Hof is a village in Holmestrand Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The village is located about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) northwest of the town of Holmestrand, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southwest of the village of Sande i Vestfold, and about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of the village of Eidsfoss. The smaller villages of Sundbyfoss and Hvittingfoss are both located a short distance south of Hof.
The 0.82-square-kilometre (200-acre) village has a population (2023) of 915 and a population density of 1,112 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,880/sq mi).
Hof Prison was located in the village until its closure in 2019.
The village has a number of ancient burial mounds which testify to the fact that the village was relatively densely populated in ancient times. Eidsfos Verk was established as an ironworks at the end of the 17th century and had its heyday under Peder von Cappelen (1763–1837). On the company's property is a stately main building, Eidsfos Hovedgård, which was made into a historical landmark in 1923. The farm has a large park and unique workers' housing from the 18th century. In Hof, there is an ironworks museum that shows cultural and ironworks history.
The village of Hof served as the administrative centre of the old Hof Municipality from 1838 until 2018 when it became part of Holmestrand Municipality. The medieval Hof Church is located in the village.
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Hof farm (Old Norse: Hof) since the first Hof Church was built there. The name is identical with the word hof which means "pagan temple", a place for worshiping the old Norse Gods.
Mågerø

Mågerø is a small peninsula in Færder Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The peninsula is located on the northeast shore of the large island of Tjøme, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of the city of Tønsberg.
The peninsula is a part of a popular Norwegian summer vacation area and the location of the Royal Norwegian Air Force control and alert station for the southern part of Norway. The Norwegian royal family have their private summer residence, also known as Mågerø, located on the peninsula. The royal home is entirely located in a restricted military area.
Vestfold Hills

The Vestfold Hills are rounded, rocky, coastal hills, 512 square kilometres (198 sq mi) in extent, on the north side of Sorsdal Glacier on the Ingrid Christensen Coast of Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica. The hills are subdivided by three west-trending peninsulas bounded by narrow fjords. Most of the hills range between 30 and 90 metres (98 and 300 ft) in height, with the highest summit reaching nearly 160 metres (520 ft).
The Vestfold Hills are largely snow- and ice-free and are thus classified as an Antarctic oasis. They contain a great variety of lake systems with over 300 lakes and ponds including what is possibly the largest concentration of meromictic (stratified) lakes in the world. This region contains 37 permanently stratified water bodies, including six marine basins and seven seasonally isolated marine basins (SIMBs). These stratified basins also have great variety. They range in salinity from 4 g L to 235 g L, in temperature from −14 to 24 °C (6.8 to 75 °F), in depth from 5 to 110 metres (16 to 361 ft), in area from 3.6 to 146 hectares (8.9 to 360.8 acres) and surface level from 30 metres (98 ft) below to 29 metres (95 ft) above sea level. The region contains a large lake, Lake Burton, as well as the smaller Krok Lake and Camp Lake.
The Vestfold Hills were discovered, and a landing was made in the northern portion, on February 20, 1935, by Captain Klarius Mikkelsen together with his wife and seven crew members (including the ship's dentist, Lief Sørsdal) of the Norwegian whaling ship "Thorshavn" sent out by Lars Christensen. Caroline Mikkelsen, thereby became the first woman to set foot on the Antarctic continent.
The Vestfold Hills are named after Vestfold, a county in Norway where Sandefjord, headquarters of the whaling industry, is located. This hill area and its off-lying islands were mapped from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936–37). Further brief landings were made by Lincoln Ellsworth and several claims were made by Hubert Wilkins in 1939. The area was photographed from the air by USN Operation Highjump (1946–47). Landings were made and exploration carried out in 1954 and 1955 by ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) led by Phillip Law. Davis Station was established by ANARE in January 1957.
68°33′S 78°15′E﻿ / ﻿68.550°S 78.250°E﻿ / -68.550; 78.250 This article incorporates public domain material from "Vestfold Hills". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Vestfold Island

Vestfold Island (54°22′S 36°55′W﻿ / ﻿54.367°S 36.917°W﻿ / -54.367; -36.917) is a small island offshore, forming the northwest entrance point to Larvik, a bay on the south coast of South Georgia. It was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1982, after the whaling firm A/S Vestfold, which operated the whaling ship Vestfold and a shore whaling station at the head of Stromness Harbor, from about 1920.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Vestfold Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
ساندہ، لاہور

ساندہ، لاہور (انگریزی: Sanda, Lahore) پاکستان کا ایک رہائشی علاقہ جو پنجاب، پاکستان میں واقع ہے۔ ساندہ لاہور شہر کے مغرب میں واقع ہے اور تاریخ کے اعتبار سے 100 سال کے لگ بھگ پرانا ہے۔ اس علاقہ میں کچھ سال قبل کھیتی باڑی کی جاتی تھی ۔
ساندہ آباد ہونے سے پہلے یہاں پر کھیتی باڑی کی جاتی تھی۔ اس علاقہ میں آلو، مکئی اور سبزیاں کاشت کی جاتی تھیں مغلیہ دور میں کسان اس علاقہ میں زیادہ کاشت کرتے تھے جس کی بنیادی وجہ اس علاقہ کا دریائے راوی کے قریب ہونا ہے ، اس علاقے کو نین فیروزپور سے تعلق رکھنے والے آرائیں خاندان نے یہاں آکر اس علاقے کی بنیاد رکھی اور یہاں آباد ہوئے۔ جس کے بعد انگریز دور میں اسی خاندان سء ہمیں لاہور کے معروف سیاست دان اور روشن خیال لوگ دیکھنے کو ملے اور تو اور انگریز دور میں لاہور قلعہ کے انچارج بھی اسی خاندان سے تھے
تحصیل وڈھ

تحصیل وڈھ بلوچستان (پاکستان) کے ضلع خضدار کی ایک تحصیل ہے۔ تحصیل وڈھ کے شمال میںتحصیل خضدار، مغرب میںتحصیل نال، جنوب میںضلع لسبیلہ اور مشرق میں سندھ کے ضلع جامشورو کی تحصیل سیہون شریف اور ضلع دادو کی تحصیل جوہی ہے۔ وڈھ تحصیل میں سید بلاول شاہ نورانی کا مزار ہے۔ وڈھ تحصیل کے علاقے وادی پلیماس میں کئی قدیم بستیاں ہیں۔ پلیماس کے قریب پب پہاڑ میں غار بھی دریافت ہوئی ہے جو قدیم ترین ہے۔ استھریہ غار نقش نگاری میں قدیم نقش نگاری (پینٹنگ) بھی ملی ہیں۔ جس کا عرصہ 40,000 قبل مسیح بتایا گیا ہے۔ ضلع خضدار کی تحصیل وڈھ زراعت کے حوالے سے بھی اہمیت کی حامل ہے۔ یہاں ٹیوب ویلوں کے پانی کے ذریعے ہر قسم کی فصلیں اور سبزیاں اگائی جاتی ہیں۔ یہ شہر وڈھ نامی ایک برساتی نالے کے کناری پر واقع ہے جس کی وجہ سے اس کا نام وڈھ پڑا۔
حوالہ جات
ترنگزئی

ترنگزئی (انگریزی: Turangzai) پاکستان کا ایک پاکستان کی یونین کونسلیں جو ضلع چارسدہ میں واقع ہے۔یہ علاقہ انتہائی زرخیز علاقہ ہیں یہاں کے لوگ کھیتی باڑی بہت شوق سے کرتے ہیں آب پاشی کا نظام بہتر ہیں جس کی وجہ سے علاقہ کافی زرخیز ہیں ہر قسم کی سبزیاں پھل یہاں کی پیداور ہیں سٹرابری اور گنا کافی مقدار میں یہاں اگتا ہیں
ترنگزئی علاقہ کے لوگ دین اسلام پر سختی سے عمل کرنے والے لوگ ہیں یہیں بات ہے کہ اس علاقہ میں علما صوفیا کا اثر بہت زیادہ ہیں مجاہد اعظم سید فضل واحد باباجی صاحب ،عاشق رسول محمد امین باباجی ،حضرت پیر سرگند خان باباجی، مولانا شہزادہ صاحب ،حافظ پیر محمد اسماعیل قادری صاحب ،شیخ الحدیث مولانا ادریس صاحب
تحریک لبیک پاکستان کے رکن شوری علامہ ڈاکٹر محمد شفیق امینی کا تعلق بھی اس علاقہ سے ہے
ملیار

ملیار یا مالیار پیشہ ہے۔(انگریزی: Malyar) جس کے معنی اُردو میں باغبانی کرنا ہے ۔ افغانستان اور پاکستان کے شمالی خطہ پوٹھوہار ہزارہ ڈویژن اور کشمیر اور خیبر پختونخوا اور گرد و نواح کی زبان میں باغبان کو ملیار یا مالیار ایک زمیندار پیشہ سے پکارہ جاتا ہے, اس پیشے کو افغان قبائل، راجپوت قبائل، جٹ قبائل، آرائیں قبائل، اعوان قبائل، کمبوہ قبائل اور پختون قبائل نے اختیار کیا ہے۔ اس پیشہ میں زمینی رقبہ پر کھیتی باڑی کرکے فصلیں اور سبزیاں کاشت کرنا ہے, اس پیشے کو مندرجہ ذیل اقوام کے قبائل نے اختیار کیا ہے۔1=کھوکھر راجپوت 2=قطب شاہی اعوان 3=جٹال جٹ 4=جنجوعہ راجپوت 5=کمبوہ 6=آرائیں 7=پختون قبائل 8=افغان قبائل ‏
راجا مل خان جنجوعہ کی مناسبت سے پوٹھوہار میں اٹک چکوال راولپنڈی جہلم میں بکثرت ملیار قبیلہ پایا جاتا ہے۔جوجنجوعہ ہیں
تحصیل کوٹ مومن

تحصیل کوٹ مومن ضلع سرگودھا، پنجاب، پاکستان کی پانچ تحصیلوں میں سے ایک تحصیل ہے۔
21 جون 2003ء کو وزیرِ اعلیٰ پنجاب چوہدری پرویز الہی نے کوٹ مومن کو تحصیل کا درجہ دینے کا اعلان کیا۔ اس تحصیل کا صدر مقام کوٹ مومن ہے۔
کوٹ مومن سرگودھا سے 40 کلومیٹر کی دوری پر شمال مشرق کی جانب موٹروے ٹو (2) پر واقع ہے۔ اس کی کل آبادی پچاس ہزار جبکہ آبادی کی اکثریت مسلمان اور پنجابی بولنے والوں کی ہے۔ قلیل تعداد میں ہندو اور مسیحی بھی موجود ہیں۔ مین بازار میں ایک مندر ہے جو قیام پاکستان سے قبل تعمیر کیا گیا ہے۔
لڑکیوں اور لڑکوں کے ڈگری کالجوں اور سرکاری اسکولوں سمیت کئی ایک غیر سرکاری کالج اور اسکول قائم ہیں جن میں گورنمنٹ ڈگری کالج برائے بوائز، گورنمنٹ کالج برائے خواتین، سپیرئیر کالج، پنجاب کالج، دارالہدای اسکول، دار ارقم اسکول، منہاج القرآن اسکول، مپس اسکول، ارقم گرائمر اسکول کوٹمومن و مڈھ، دی نالج سٹی اسکول مڈھ رانجھا اور قمرالاسلام اسکول بنگله گھله پور شامل ہیں۔ تعلیمی سہولیات کے فقدان کے باعث طلبہ بڑے شہروں کی طرف چلے جاتے ہیں اس کے علاقے محبت نگر میں عالمی مذہبی تحریک دعوت اسلامی کا مرکز فیضان مدینہ ہے جہاں دیگر مذہبی سرگرمیوں کے ساتھ بچوں کے حافظ اور عالم بھی بنایا جاتا ہے علاوہ ازیں مدرسہ انوار مدینہ(مسجد گلزار مدینہ تبلیغی مرکز کوٹ مومن) جھاں بچوں کے لیے حفظ قرآن کا اھتمام ہے
کوٹ مومن ایک زرعی علاقہ ہے جس کی معیشت کا دارومدار زراعت پر ہے۔ یہاں کی بڑی زرعی پیداوار کینو اور مالٹا ہے، جسے ایران، متحدہ عرب امارات، سعودی عرب، سری لنکا، جاپان اور کوریا میں بھجوایا جاتا ہے۔ یہاں پیدا ہونے والے خوش ذائقہ کینو اور مالٹا کی وجہ سے کوٹ مومن کو ’’ترش پھلوں کا شہر‘‘یا (City of Citrus) کہا جاتا ہے۔ دیگر فصلوں میں گندم، چاول، گنا اور مختلف قسم کی سبزیاں شامل ہیں۔
پنجاب، بھارت کی معیشت

پنجاب کی جی ڈی پی ₹3.17 لاکھ کروڑ (امریکی$47 بلین) ہے۔ پنجاب بھارت میں سب سے زیادہ زرخیز علاقوں میں سے ایک ہے۔ خطہ گندم اگانے کے لیے مثالی ہے۔ چاول، گنا، پھل اور سبزیاں بھی کثرت سے پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔ بھارتی پنجاب بھارت کا اناج گھر یا بھارت کی روٹی کی ٹوکری کہلاتا ہے۔ یہ بھارت کی کپاس کا 10.26 فیصد، بھارت کی گندم کا 19.5٪ اور بھارت کے کل چاول کا 11٪ پیدا کرتا ہے۔
یہ بازار کی قیمتوں پر پنجاب کی مجموعی ریاستی دیسی مصنوعات کے رجحان کا ایک اندازہآرکائیو شدہ (Date missing) بذریعہ mospi.nic.in (Error: unknown archive URL) جدول ہے جو شماریات اور لائحہ عمل کے نفاذ کی وزارت نے ملین کی اکائی میں بھارتی روپیہ میں اعداد و شمار کے ساتھ جاری کیے ہیں۔ مرکزی حکومت کے روایتی طویل مدتی مالیاتی حکمت عملی کا مقصد اچھی طرح کارکردگی کا مظاہرہ کر کے ریاست کو بدل دینا ہے۔
2005ء میں ریاست کے قرض کا حساب اپنے جی ڈی پی کا 62 فیصد لگایا گیا تھا۔
ڈیرہ باسی، جالندھر، امرتسر، لدھیانہ، پٹیالہ، بھٹنڈہ , بٹالا، کھنہ، پنجاب، فرید کوٹ ،راجپورہ، اجیت گڑھ، منڈی گوبند گڑھ، روپنگر، فیروزپور، سنگرور، مالیرکوٹلہ اور ضلع موگا بڑے مالیاتی اور صنعتی شہر ہیں۔ ریاست کی جی ڈی پی کا ایک بڑا حصہ ان شہروں سے آتا ہے۔
پنجاب میں چینی کے کارخانے بٹالا، گرداسپور، Bhogpur، پھگواڑا، نواں شہر، زیرا، مورنڈہ، بھارت، راکرا، ضلع سنگرور، فاضلکہ، نکودر، Dasua، بڈھاول، Budhladha، موکیریاں، ترن تارن صاحب، اجنالہ، فرید کوٹ، جگروں، املو، پیٹرن اور لوکھا میں واقع ہیں۔
پیزا کی فراہمی

پیزا کی فراہمی یا پیزا کی ڈیلی ویری (انگریزی: Pizza delivery) ایک خدمت ہے جس کے تحت ایک سلسلہ وار پیزا فراہم کنندہ پیزوں کو کسی گاہک کے حوالے کرتا ہے۔ ایک آڈر عام طور سے فون کے ذریعے یا پھر انٹرنیٹ کے ذریعے کسی پیزا فراہمی خدمت کو پیش کی جا سکتی ہے جس میں پیزا کی قسم، پیزا کا سائز اور اس متعلقہ دیگر مصنوعات جیسے کہ کول ڈرنکس، ان سب کی تفصیلات دی جاتی ہیں۔ پیزا کسی مخصوص پیزا بکسے میں یا فراہمی کے تھیلے میں دیا جا سکتا ہے۔ پیزا خدمت کی مناسبت سے گاہک آن لائن یا شخصی آن لائن ادائیگی، نقد یا کریڈٹ کارڈ، ڈیبٹ کارڈ یا کرپٹو کرنسی کے ذریعے پیسوں کو دے سکتے ہیں۔ فراہمی کا خرچ بھی اکثر گاہکوں دینا پڑتا ہے۔
دنیا کا سب سے بڑا پیزا بنانے کا اعزاز ایک پاکستانی شہری عابد چودھری کو جاتا ہے۔ یہ پیزا سازی اور فراہمی کے کاروبار میں لمبے عرصے سے جڑے ہوئے ہیں۔ وہ بنیادی طور پر پٹرولیم انجینئر ہیں لیکن وہ اٹھارہ سال تک اٹلی میں ایک پیزا ریسٹورنٹ چلاتے اور اس کے ذریعے لوگوں کو پیزے فراہم کرتے رہے ہیں۔ 2010ء میں وہ لاہور میں اطالوی پیزا فروخت کرنے والا ایک ریسٹورنٹ پاستا اینڈ پیزا بنانے کا اعلان کیے۔ ان کے مطابق ہزارمیٹر لمبے دنیا کے اس سب سے بڑے پیزے کو بیس افراد پینتالیس گھنٹوں میں تیار کیے۔اس پیزے کی تیاری میں نو سو کیلوگرام پنیر، پندرہ سو کیلوگرام میدہ، چھ سو کیلوگرام سبزیاں اور ٹماٹر اور سات سو کلوگرام مرغی کا گوشت استعمال کیا گیا۔ ہے۔عابد چودھری کے بقول دنیا کے سب سے لمبے پیزے کی تیاری پر کل لاگت پچاسی لاکھ روپے آئی ہے۔ان میں سے ستر فی صد اخراجات میٹرو کیش اینڈ کیری نے برداشت کیے ہیں۔اس جرمن ادارے نے پیزے کی تیاری کے لیے تمام اجناس کی فراہمی، پیزے کی نمائش کے لیے جگہ کی فراہمی اور بازار کاری میں معاونت سمیت پاستا اینڈ پیزا کو کافی مدد فراہم کی جو لاہور میں ان کی ریستوران رہی ہے۔
روس میں ڈومینوز پیزا کی ایک شاخ نے 2018ء میں اعلان کیا تھا کہ ان کا لوگو اپنے جسم پر بنوانے والے پہلے 350 افراد کو 100 سال تک مفت پیزا دیا جائے گا اور ایک شخص سال میں 100 پیزا حاصل کرسکے گا۔اس کے لیے سادہ سی شرط یہ رکھی گئی تھی کہ وہ صارف اپنے بدن کے کسی نمایاں حصے پر کمپنی کا لوگو ٹیٹو کی طرح چسپاں کروائے اور اس کے بعد مفت پیزا کی فراہمی شروع ہوجائے گی۔ انتظامیہ نے اس کا اعلان 31 اگست کو کیا تھا اور کمپنی کا خیال تھا کہ صرف چند لوگ ہی اپنے بدن پر عمر بھر کے لیے ٹیٹو گدوانے پر راضی ہوں گے لیکن پیزا کے دیوانے اس پیشکش پر پاگل ہو گئے اور کئی افراد نے اس سے استفادہ کیا۔ پیزا کمپنیاں دنیا بھر میں مقامی ذوق کے پیش نظر اپنی تشہیری اسکیموں کا اعلان کرتی ہیں۔
قبضہ گروہ

قبضہ گروپ ایسے اشخاص یا ٹولے کو کہا جاتا ہے، جو زبردستی یا غیر قانونی طور پر یا قابل اعتراض ہتھکنڈے استعمال کرتے ہوئے، کسی وسیلے (عام طور پر زمین کے کسی ٹکرے) پر قبضہ کر لیں۔ زمین ہتھیانے کی اس غنڈہ گردی کے لیے انگریزی سے ماخوز "لینڈ مافیا" (Land mafia) کی اصطلاح بھی مروج ہے۔ عام طور پر قبضہ کا نشانہ سرکاری اراضی بنتی ہے، جیسا کہ پارک، سبز فضاء (green spaces)، ریلوے کی ملکیتی زمین، وغیرہ۔ اس کے علاوہ یتیموں، بیؤاں کی زراعتی اور رہائشی زمین پر قبضہ بھی سننے میں آتا رہا ہے۔ اکثر یہ کسی سطح پر سرکاری اہلکار یا سیاسی رہنماء کی ملی بھگت سے کیا جاتا ہے۔ حالات اتنے سنگین ہو چکے ہیں کہ وزیر اعظم شوکت عزیز نے 2005ء میں اس کے خلاف نئی قانون سازی کرنے کی "نوید" سنائی۔ آصف علی زرداری کی صدارت کے دوران قبضہ گروہ اپنے عروج پر پہنچ گئے۔ مبصرین کے مطابق ان گروہوں نے دہشت گرد تنظیموں کی خدمات حاصل کر لیں۔
مختلف علاقوں میں قبضہ گروہ کی وارداتوں کی چند مثالیں:
سبزیاں ، کرمان

سبزیاں، کرمان (انگریزی: Sabzan, Kerman) ایران کا ایک گاؤں جو Central District میں واقع ہے۔
سبزیاں، کرمان کی مجموعی آبادی 286 افراد پر مشتمل ہے۔
رودبارجزائر

رقبہ 75 مربع میل۔ یہ جزائر انگلش چینل میں فرانس کے شمال مغربی ساحل سے کچھ دور واقع ہیں۔ جرسی اور الڈرنی اور سارک بڑے بڑے جزیرے ہیں۔ آب و ہوا معتدل اور زمین زرخیز ہے۔ سبزیاں پھل اور پھول کثرت سے پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔ جو انگلستان کو بھیجے جاتے ہیں۔ نارمنوں نے ان جزائر کو فتح کیا اور اس وقت سے انگریزوں کے قبضے میں چلے آتے ہیں۔ یہاں کی سرکاری زبان فرانسیسی ہے گو انگریزی زبان بھی بولی اور سمجھی جاتی ہے۔ جزائر کے قوانین الگ ہیں انگزیری پارلیمنٹ کے بنائے ہوئے قوانین کا یہاں اطلاق نہیں ہوتا، جب تک کہ پارلیمنٹ میں خاص طور پر اس کی صراحت نہ کر دی جائے۔ 1940ء میں جرمنوں نے ان جزائر پر قبضہ کر لیا تھا جو 1945ء تک قائم رہا۔
مآرب

یمن کا ایک ضلع جو دارالحکوت صنعاء کے شمال مشرق میں واقع ہے اور جس میں تاریخی شہر بنام مأرب واقع ہےـ اس ضلع کے باشندے زیادہ تر مزارعین ہیں ـ مأرب کی پیداوار میں پھل، دالیں اور سبزیاں شامل ہیں ـ اس کے علاوہ یہاں معادنیات بھی حاصل ہیں، خصوصاً نمک، جپسم اور سنگ مرمر ـ سنہ 1986ء میں یہاں سے تیل بھی حاصل ہونے لگاـ
Color preferences

In the psychology of color, color preferences are the tendency for an individual or a group to prefer some colors over others, such as having a favorite color or a traditional color.
An 'ecological valence theory' (EVT) has been suggested to explain why people have preferences for different colors. This is the idea that the preference for color is determined by the average affective response to everything the individual associates with the color. Hence, positive emotional experiences with a particular color are likely to increase the propensity to develop a preference for that color and vice versa. Social and cultural factors also factor into this affective response. A study in 2011 on the effects of "school spirit" and color preferences found members of Berkeley were more likely to favor the school's official colors than rival university Stanford. This degree of preference was also correlated with their self-reported level of "school spirit". The researchers conducting the study concluded that this was evidence for the EVT.
Infants as young as 12 weeks old exhibit color preferences. Generally, children prefer the colors red/pink and blue, and cool colors are preferred over warm colors. Color perception of children 3–5 years of age is an indicator of their developmental stage. Color preferences tend to change as people age.
Favoritism of colors varies widely. Often societal influences will have a direct impact on what colors are favored and disdained. In the West, the color black symbolizes mourning and sadness, red symbolizes anger and violence, white symbolizes purity and peace, and yellow symbolizes joy and luck (other colors lack a consistent meaning). From a recent study, it was discussed that associative learning is the process where an individual develops color preferences. In different countries, color preference vary. In China, red indicates luck, while in Nigeria and Germany it means the exact opposite.
Produce Pete

Peter Napolitano (born February 23, 1945) better known by stage name Produce Pete (sometimes referred to as Pete Your Produce Pal), is an American grocer, chef, and celebrity spokesperson who is perhaps best known for his weekly fruit and vegetable segments that appear on WNBC in [[New York City) for the last 33 years and WCAU in Philadelphia. Napolitano had appeared in commercials and at special events for the now defunct A&P-owned supermarket chain Pathmark since 2001, although he never appeared in Pathmark's post-2010 bankruptcy ad campaign.
Napolitano was born into an Italian-American family in Englewood, New Jersey. In 1953, as a young boy he began selling fruits and vegetables at the neighborhood farmer's market which was owned by his family.
In 1970 Napolitano took ownership of the business and ran it as a seasonal operation, often selling items beyond his line of produce, geared towards upcoming holidays and celebrations. In 1997 he turned the business over to his son, Peter Charles Napolitano. Napolitano Produce closed in 2006 after serving the Bergen County, New Jersey community for 53 years.
Pete met his wife, Bette, when he was 16 years old and she was 14. In 1967 they married. Pete and Bette have 2 children and seven grandchildren. Bette frequently makes appearances on Produce Pete segments.
Napolitano has hosted numerous produce, food, and nutrition-themed television segments since the late 1980s. The author of Produce Pete's Farmacopeia: From Apples to Zucchini, and Everything in Between (1994, republished in 2001), he has published numerous recipes and tips pertaining to picking, buying, and cooking produce. In 2000, he also worked as a buyer for S. Katzman Produce at the Hunts Point Market in the Bronx, New York. He has also taught cooking classes for Macy's and Bloomingdale's, among other chains. Produce Pete's new book They Call Me Produce Pete ( publishes 2023) In the Kitchen with Bette & Produce Pete( publishes 2024)
He has been a resident of North Haledon, New Jersey.
Napolitano's television segments have been parodied by actor and comedian Steve Carell on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart.
Produce 101

Produce 101 (Korean: 프로듀스 101) is a reality television talent competition franchise created by South Korean entertainment conglomerate CJ E&M, based around the formation of a K-pop girl group or boy group. The format is noted for having no panel of judges, employing audience participation to make decisions, as well as for starting with a very large number of competitors, 101, narrowing that number down to the final 11. The franchise began in 2016 and has since expanded to China, Japan and Thailand.
The franchise has attracted a wide following in the world. More than 10 million people cast votes during the finale of Season 2 in 2017, equivalent to a fifth of South Korea's population. In 2018, the eight episodes of Produce 101 China attracted more than 4.3 billion views on Tencent Video.
Following the Mnet vote manipulation investigation, on 14 November 2019, producer Ahn Joon-young partially admitted to rigging the votes of all seasons of Produce 101 during police questioning. He was arrested before over allegations of bribery and fraud in the franchise.
As of 29 December 2024, there have been 12 groups debuted with 127 members involved in over 3 franchises of Produce 101.
Out-of-market sports package

In North America, an out-of-market sports package is a form of subscription television that broadcasts sporting events to areas where the events were unable to be seen by viewers on other broadcast and cable television networks due to the games not being broadcast in their local market.
Many leagues with major television contracts establish elaborate rules regarding which games are broadcast in different regions (with local teams usually getting preference). For viewers who prefer to see a game other than the one being locally broadcast in their designated market area, the out-of-market package provides additional options.
NFL Sunday Ticket is exclusive to YouTube in the United States, but in other countries (most notably Canada) it is available more broadly, on several cable providers.
Internet sports packages are primarily marketed directly to consumers and not through cable or satellite providers. Current Internet television and radio subscription or pay-per-view services include:
Major League Baseball and the National Football League are the only professional sports leagues to black out local affiliates' internet radio feeds. Ironically, while the NFL charges money for radio feeds, it sells the Internet television rights to other networks that make those games available online for free, the opposite model of the other U.S cities major sports leagues.
Aubrey Woods

Aubrey Harold Woods (9 April 1928 – 7 May 2013) was an English actor. He is best remembered for playing Bill in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, where he sang "The Candy Man".
Woods was born on 9 April 1928 in Edmonton, Middlesex and grew up in nearby Palmers Green. He was educated at the Latymer School. His first film role was at the age of 17 as Smike in The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (1947). On stage he played the role of Fagin in Lionel Bart's production of Oliver! at the New Theatre, St Martin's Lane in the 1960s alongside Nicolette Roeg and Robert Bridges. Woods played Alfred Jingle in the TV musical Pickwick for the BBC in 1969.
His best remembered film role is in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, where he played the character of Bill, the owner of Bill's Candy Shop, singing "The Candy Man" near the beginning of the film; the single was later a hit for entertainer Sammy Davis Jr. During the early 1970s Woods collaborated on the musical Trelawny with his friend Julian Slade.
His television credits include Z-Cars, Up Pompeii!, Doctor Who', Blake's 7, Auf Wiedersehen, Pet and Ever Decreasing Circles.
He also appeared as Jacob and Potiphar in the 1991 production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat at the London Palladium, the soundtrack of which topped the British albums chart in August 1991.
His radio credits include the original radio series of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, appearing in Fit the Sixth. He dramatised E. F. Benson's 1932 comic novel "Secret Lives" in three parts for BBC radio, and was also the narrator.
Woods met his future wife Gaynor at RADA. They married in 1952.
Woods died of natural causes aged 85, on 7 May 2013, at his home in Barrow-in-Furness.