davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Holqa gurraacha

'Black hole' qaama harkisni ykn 'humna harkisoo' isaa baayyee guddaa ta’e fi wantoonni akka suddoo, Madaana elektroomaagneetii kanneen jedhaman akka ifaa keessa bahuu hin dandeenyee dha. Akkasumas wantoota isatti dhihaate gara ofiitti liqimsuun qaama beekkamu dha. Baayyinnaan kan argaman handhuura gaalaaksotaatti.  Maqaan “Black hole” jedhu kan dhihoo ta`uyyuu Yaadni isaa garuu bara 1783ttillee nama John Michell jedhamuun ka`eera. Innis urjiiin tokko hanga barbaachisutti kan ulfaatuufi qabee xiqqaa kan qabu yoo ta`e Ariitii jalbayiisaa (Escape Velocity)n isaa saffisa ifaa caaluu akka danda`u himee ture. Kanaafuu qaamni saffisa ifaa ykn isaa gadiin deemu kamiyyuu keessa bahuu hin danda`u jechuu dha.  Yaada argamiinsaholqa guraacha kana albert aayinistaayin yaadrimee sadhata waliigalaa irratti dhiheessus inumtiyyuu argamiinsa isaanii kanatti hin amanu ture. Sababni isaas inni “namatuu bira hin geenye malee seerri uumamaa (Fiiziksii) taateen kun akka hin uumamne dhowwu ni jira jedhee waan yaadeef dha. Garuu namichi 'karl Schwarzschild' jedhamu akka argaman amanuun qorannoo taasisuun argamiinsa isaanii bifa saayinsaawaan ibsuuf yaalee ture kunis nama duraa isa taasisee ture. Namoonnni baayyeen qaamni kun hin argamuu ykn soba jedhaa turanis, Garuu ebla 10, 2019 yeroo duraatiif fakkii qajeelaaholqa gurraachagargarsa ‘event horizon telescope’ jedhamtuun yeroo duraatiif argamuu danda’eera. Balck hole argame sunis supermassiveholqa gurraachakan ta’ee fi gaalaaksii 'messier 87' keessatti argamu ture.holqa gurraachakan uumamu yeroo urjiileen hammii isaanii baayyee guddaa ta’an du’an ykn Sababa humna harkisoo guddaa qabu irraa kan ka’e ifniyyuu keessa seenee keessaa bahuu iddoo hin dandeenyee dha. Yommuu kana jedhu akkanatti yaadaa (imagine godha) ifa baatirii tokko gara boolla tokkotti yommuu ibsitan akkuma beekkamu achi keessa waan jiruu arguu ni dandeenya kunis sababni isaas harkisni lafaa xiqqoo waan ta’eefi balaqeessa'uu ni danda’a garuu osoo ifa baatiriiholqa gurraachakeessatti ibsitanii wanti adda baafatan tokkos hin jiru ykn hin argitan sababni isaasholqa guraacha humna harkisoo guddaa waan qabuuf of keessatti liqimsa. Daangaan ifti achi keessaa bahuu hin dandeenyes ‘event horizon’ jedhama. Amalli isaa biraa immoo wantoota isatti dhihaatan hunda akka paastaatti adda dheeressuun gara dhukkeetti jijjiiruu isaatii adeemsi kunis taddoo paastummaa(spaghettification) jedhamuun beekkama. Haala kanaan osoo atiholqa gurraachadhihaatte akka paastaa adda si dheeressuun dhukkeetti si deebisa! Namni hundi biyyetti deebi’a jechuu dandeessa garuuholqa gurraachaimmo dhukketti si deebisa!
Funyaan

Funyaan qaamoolee miraa kessa isa tokko yoo ta'u finfachuuf nu tajaajila.
Funyaan qammoolee ala funyaanii kaasee hanga laagaa hammata.Funyaa qaamoota keessoo fi alaa qaba. qaamoonni alaa funyaanii kan jedhaman kannen akka Sulula funyaanii(bridge), Bantii funyaanii(apex nasi), kolaa funyaanii(ala nasi) fi Qaawa funyaanii(nostrils). Qaamoolee kessoo funyaanii ykn Gola funyaanii(nasal cavity) kanneen akka Galloo funyaanni(nasal septum) kan funyaan kan gola funyaan keenya bakka lamattii qooduu; fi Holqa funyaanii ykn Hallayyaa funyaanitti (nasal fossa) fadha. tokkoon tokkoon holqa funyaanii fuulduraan karaa qaawwa funyaaniin(nostrils), duubaan immoo karaa uraa funyaanii(nasal aperteres) gara Funyaagaan ykn Funy-laagaan (nasopharynx) geessuutti banaadha.
Gola funyaanii kessattii qilleensii fuudhatamuu osoo somba hin gahin buheeffamee (hoo'ifamee),qulquleeffame, jiffama.Lubbiyyooleen kubbayyaa(goblet cell )fi xannachootni furrii gola funyaanii keessa jiran furrii uumuun qilleensa afuura fudhatamu keessatti dhukkeewwan fi dhuukuba fiddoota kanneen akka baakteriyaa, jarmootaa ofitti maxxansanii qabuun akka qilleensii qulquulluun galuu taasiisa. Rifeensee(cilia) ;- caasaa rifeensa fakkatu ruqoolee gara laagaatti dhufan kiyyeffachuun gara ifduubatti deebisa. Gola funyaanii gama olii keessatti Siphisoo ykn simaattuu miira funfannaa( Olfactory) kan foolii addan baasuu fi funfachuuf nu gargaaruuttu jira. Kiisha Funyaanii Ykn saayinasii (sinus) iddoo banaa naannoo holqa funyaaniin duuba agamuudha. saayinisii ykn kishiinii funyaanii dhukkuba fiddootaan (paatojeenootaan) qabamee dhukkuba saayinisii ykn dhitta'inna kisha funyaanii jedhamu fida.Dhukkubni saayinasii ykn dhitta'ina kisha funyaanii kan uumamu yeroo furriin huguggee ykn meembiranii keessatti dhangala’u dhiita’ee kisha funyaanii(sinus) cufamedha
Kaachiis

Aanaa gindabarata aanaa akka godina shawa lixaatti balinaa guddaa qabu fi qabeenyaa akka horsisaa,qonnaa ,dammaa ,hambaa seenaa akka haroo samaa ,laftoo seenaa, saqa morree ,holqaa qarree dobbii bosona cillimoo, holqa finca'aa horrondhisaa fi gototaa hedduu qabdi
Hirmeemmii (fraction)

Firaakshinii ykn Hirmeemmii ( Latin irraa fractus , "cabe") kutaa guutuu lakkoofsa kamiyyuu kutaalee walqixaa bakka bu'a. Ingiliffa guyyaa guyyaatiin yeroo dubbatamu, firaakshiniin kutaaleen hamma murtaa’e tokkoo meeqa akka jiran ibsa, fakkeenyaaf, walakkaa tokko, saddeet-shanffaa, afurtama sadii. Firaakshinii waliigalaa, vulgar, ykn salphaa (fakkeenyota: 1 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}} fi 17 3 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {17}{3}}} ) lakkoofsituu of keessaa qaba, sarara gubbaatti agarsiifama (ykn akka slash dura ), fi waamsisaa zeeroo hin taane, sarara sana jalatti (ykn booda) agarsiifamu. Lakkoofsitoonni fi waamsitoonni firaakshiniiwwan waliigalaa hin taane keessattis fayyadamu, firaakshinoota walmakaa, firaakshinoota walxaxaa fi lakkoofsota makaa dabalatee.
Akkammii

Akkammiin ykn Gari ykn Hammamiin akkaataa nuti addunyaa keenya itti arginu, fi safaruu, olii fi gadi, mirgaa gara bitaatti, duubatti gara fuulduraatti, ho’aa fi qorraa, hammam ulfaataa fi hammam dheerata, akkasumas yaad-rimeewwan sadarkaa olaanaa qaban herregaa fi fiiziksii irraa fayyadamuudhaan. Karaan tokko akkammii hiikuu digrii bilisummaa, ykn akkaataa wanti tokko iddoo murtaa'e keessatti socho'uu danda'u ilaaluudha. Yaad-rimeen ykn karaaleen jechi dimension jedhu itti fayyadamu adda addaa kan jiran yoo ta’u, hiikoonni adda addaas ni jiru. Hiikni yaad-rimee hunda quubsuu danda’u hin jiru.
Samii Kalqabee keessatti V {\displaystyle V} ( kalqabeen kallattii waliin "xiyya" ta'uudhaan), akkammiin V {\displaystyle V} , akkasumas akka dim ⁡ ( V ) {\displaystyle \dim(V)} , kaardinaalii (ykn baay’ina veektarii) bu’uura V {\displaystyle V} (tuuta kallattii addaa meeqa agarsiisu V {\displaystyle V} qabatamaan qaba). Akkasumas lakkoofsa garee guddaa kallattii sarara qajeelaa iddoo sanaa wajjin walqixa. Wantoonni "normal" jireenya guyyaa guyyaa keessatti akkammii sadiitiin ibsamu, isaanis yeroo baay'ee dheerina, bal'ina fi gad fageenya jedhamu. Ogeeyyiin herregaa yaad-rimee kana iddoo Yuukiliidii jedhanii waamu .
Dimensions fayyadamuun bakka safaruuf illee ni danda'ama. Fageenyi bakka tokko bakka jalqabaa irraa kallattii dheerina, bal’ina fi olka’iinsaatiin safaramuu danda’a . Fageenyi kunniin safartuu bakka jiruuti.
Yeroo tokko tokko, akkammiin afraffaan ( 4D ) yeroo, bakka taatee tokko yeroo fi bakka keessatti agarsiisuuf fayyadama.
Carraa Ta'uumsaa

Carraan Ta'uumsaa damee herregaa carraa taatee tokkoo fi isaa ol uumamuu qoratudha. Fakkeenyaaf, saantima tokko qilleensa irratti yeroo darbatamee lafa bu'u, taatee "mataa(Namaa)" ykn "duugda(Leenca)" isa ta'uu danda'uu. Carraa ta'uumsaa keessatti caarraa fuula ta’uu ni safarra, akka waliigalaatti taateewwan lama waan jiraniif carraan ta'umsaa lamaan keessaa tokko uumamuu 1/2 ykn 0.5 ta’a jenna.
Walumaagalatti, "carraa Ta'uumsaa" jechuun mala amantii ykn beekumsa amala taatee tokko ykn isaa ol ta'uu ibsuudha. Har’a qorannoon Carraa Ta'uumsaa (probability research) gosa lama qaba.
Herrega keessatti, carraan taatee kamiyyuu A, 0 fi 1 gidduutti yeroo ta’u, carraan taatee sanaa herregaan akka P( A ), p( A ) ykn Pr( A ) tti bakka bu’a . Yoo ta’iitiin ba’iilee tokko shakkii kan hin qabne ta’e ba’iin akkasiiba’ii shakkiihin qabnejedhama. Carraan ta’umsa isaas 1 dha.Ta’iitii ba’ii irratti carraan shakkii malee ta’uu yoo jiraate ba’iin akkasiiba’ii ta’uudanda’ujedhama.Ta’iitiin ba’ii tokko kan hin danda’amne yoo ta’e ba’iin akkasiiba’ii ta’uu hindandeenye jedhama. Carraan ta’umsa isaas 0 dha
Yaalii jechuun gocha raawatamu keessatti shakkii tokko malee dursaan kanatuta’a jedhamee agarsiisamuu kan hin dandeenye dha (gocha ba’iiwwan isaa shakkiimalee raagamuu hin danda’amnee dha.)Yaalii tasaa jechuun yaalii haalota wal fakkaatan keessatti irra deddeebi’ameeyaalamee dha. Garuu yaalii ba’iin isaa dursee beekamuu hin dandeenye dha. Jechitasa jedhu ba’iileen yaalii kanaa shakkii akka of keessaa qaban agarsiisa. Kanaafuutiyoorii carraa ta’umsaa keessatti yaalii tasaa kan shakkii of keessaa qaban qo’anna.Raawwiin yaalii tasaa murtaa’aan kamiiyyuu yaala (trial) jedhama.
Yoo ta'iin lama A fi B yaalii tokko keessatti uumaman, carraan isaanii carraa ta'umsaa A kipha B jedhama, yeroo herregaan barreeffamu P ( A ∩ B ) {\displaystyle P(A\cap B)} . Yoo taateewwan lama wal-irraa fagaatan, carraan isaanii akkasitti shallagama.
Ta’ii (E) yaalii tokkoo cita tuuta tuuta carraa ta’umsaa yaalii kanaati.
Yoo ta'iin A, yookiin ta'iin B, yookiin lamaan isaaniitu yoo yaali tokko keessatti uumaman, haalli sun ta'ii A makoo B jedhama, yeroo herregaan barreeffamu. P ( A ∪ B ) {\displaystyle P(A\cup B)} ta'uu isaati.
Tuunni ba’iilee jiraachuu danda’anii ba’iilee lakka’amuu danda’anii fi carraa walqixaaqaban of keessatti qabate yoo ta’e carraan ta’umsaa ta’ii, P(E), reeshoo baay’ina ba’iileeta’ii keessa jiran, n(E), gara baay’ina ba’iilee jiraachuu danda’an hundaa, n(S), ti.P(E)= baayina ba'iilee ta'iilee keessaa n(E) baay'ina ba'iilee hundaa n(S)Carraan ta’umsaa ta’ii shakkii hin qabnee 1 dha.
ii Carraan ta’umsaa ta’ii ta’uu hin dandeenyee 0 dha.iiiBaay’inni miseensota ta’ii E yeroo maraa irra xiqqaa yookiinwalqixaa baay’inna miseensota tuuta ba’iilee jiraachuudanda’anii S ti.
Kana jechuun, 0≤P (E)≤1 dha.Kanaafuu ta’ii E kamiifuu 0≤P (E)≤ 1.
Carra sababaawaa kan jennun ta'iin B tokko erga uummamee booda carraa ta'iin A uummammutti. kuniis hima herregaan yeroo barreffamu P(A|B), yeroo dubbifamuu ammoo"B erga ta'ee carra A'n uumamuu".
Ozone layer

ozone layer yokan ozonosphere layer (maqqa yeroo bayye hin fayyadatamne), kutta lafaa kan ozone (O3) bayye qabu dha. "Relatively high" (million kessa waan diqqo qabachu) yoo ta'u, atmosferra jalatti argamu calla walitti kan qabame ta'ulle yoo kuttalle atmosferra durra wajjin walitti ilallani walitti-kufama (concentration) bayye diqqa qaba. Bayyinan kan argamu jalla stratosphere yoo ta'u tilmamaan 15 km hangaa 35 km laffa irra olii ka'e argama. Ji'a ji'anni fi bakka bakkan furdinni ozone jijjirama demma. Ozone layeriin kanitti argamme bara 1913 Physicst French Charles Fabry fi Henri Buisson jedhamaniin. Fakkii fi qabenyi ozone ballinan kan iffa ta'e British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson jedhamu kan spectrophotometer salpha midhasee. Meshan kunis stratospheric ozone lafa irra akka lakka'an qarqarra. Bara 1928 fi 1958 jiddutti Dobsoniin network adunya kan ta'e station wa'e ozone hojjattu dhabee, stationii kunis hanga amma ni hojjatta. "Dobson unit" kan jedhamu unitiin lakka bayyina ozone maqqa isaan moggafame.
Wikimedia Commons on Ozone layer
Speed of Sound

Speed of Sound kan jedhamu kuni speed sound waveiin wanna yokan (medium) Elastic ta'e kessa demuni. Gossa wanna kessa darbu irratti hunda'e speed kuni gargara jirra (Fakkena sound waveiin qillensa kessa calla bishanii kessa bayye faggo demma). Kana qoffa osoo hin ta'in garagarruman kuni fakki medium sunni irrattille ni hunda'a (fakkena Temprature). Maqqan kuni bayyinan sound wave qillensaffi fayyadatama. Sea Levelitti, temprature 21°C (70 °F) fi atmosferra sirritti (normalitti) speed kuni 344 m/s (769 mph or 1238 km/h) dha.
Maqaan sound velocity(v) fi sound speed(c) kan yerro guddo walli wajjin fayyadamani maqaa Sound Particle Velocity(v) wajjin gargarri bafachunni barbachissa dha. Sound particle velocityiin velocity particle(yokan velocity wantotta diddiqo waan adunya hundaa kessatti argamanitti).
Gossa atmosferra irratti hunda'e speed kuni gargarri jirra. Kan kessa immo kan bayye speed jijjiru tempraturadha. Dhibaan qillensa speed soundii irratti jijjirama homma hiin fiddu. Ideal gas irratti dhibaan qillensa jijjirama homma fidu hin danda'u. Kunis sababa dhibaan kunif densityiin qillensa jijjirama wal-qixxe ta'e waan fidanuffi. Kanaffu ideal gas kessatti density fi dhiban walli ballessu. Kunni immo jijjirami sababa tempraturra qofaan akka dhufu sababa ta'a. Tempraturra gudda kessatti speed of soundiin gudda dha. Fagganne gara olii yoo demnu speed of soundiin hirdhacha dhuffa kunis sababa yoo ollii demnu tempraturii waan hirdhacha dhufuffi. Haa ta'u malee olii demne yoo Stratosphere dhaqabnu temprecherii ni darrata kunis sababa ho'a Ozone Layeriif, kanafu speed of soundillen ni darratta.
Jidhii (Humidity)iin jijjirami speed of sound irratti qabu diqqa haa ta'u malee lakka'amu ni danda'a. Speed of soundiin qillensa jidha kessatti percentii 0.1%-0.6% hirdhatta.
Tilmammi speed of soundii halla qillensa jidha hinqabne fi temprecherri 0 °Cfi dhihoo ta'e kessatti meters per second (m·s-1)iin formula kanan argamu ni danda'amma.
where ϑ {\displaystyle \vartheta \,} is the temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
Formulan kuni kan dhufee formula Taylor Expansion term lamman dura irratti. Formulan Taylor immo kan fakkatta:-
Lakkofsii 331.3 m/s kuni speed temprature 0 °C yoo ta'u, lakkofsi kuni guddinan theoryiin kan argame fi hanga ta'een immo lakka'amme argame yoo ta'u kan itti hunda'e immo specific heat ratio, γ {\displaystyle \gamma } . Yoo ideal gasiin γ {\displaystyle \gamma } tilmamee 7/5 = 1.4000 ta'a jedhame, speed temprecheraa 0 °C argammu 331.3 m/sec ta'a (lakkofsi kuni immo lakkofsa formula irratti fayyadame dha). Haa ta'u malle speed temprature 0 °C kan ideal gas hunda 331.2 hanga 331.6 ta'a.
Formulan kuni range temprecherra bayye kessatti ni hojjatta, haa ta'u malle Heat Capacityiin kuni akka temprecherra irra ofii danda'etti yoo fudhatame. Formulan kuni immo temprecherra guggudatti hin hojjattu. Haa ta'u malle formulan kuni tilmamma garri kan kennu yerro qillensi goggoga, qabana'a fi dhibaa qillensa diqaa qabattu dha. Fakkenafi Stratospheretti.
Hoq Cave

The Hoq Cave or Hawk Cave (Arabic: كهف هوق) is a limestone cave on the island of Socotra, Yemen. It is located in the Hala spot approximately 1.5 km from the north-eastern coast, facing the open sea to northeast. Clearly visible from the sea, but difficult to access, it is situated at an altitude of 350 m. The about-2-km-deep cave has a main passage with a mean width of 50 m and a mean height of 20 m. Sunlight reaches about 200 m from the entrance. The temperature is constant during the year and varies between 25 and 27 °C, with a humidity higher than 95%.
All sorts of speleothems, where numerous endemic troglobionts are living, can be found along the way into the cave.
A range of epigraphy from the 1st to the 6th century CE has been recorded in the back part of the cave, placing Socotra as a major hub in the overseas trading links in ancient times, where merchants from all coasts of the northern Indian Ocean were brought together.
The cave is a protected area under the law. To conserve the cave, a pathway has been constructed. The end of the cave is still under study for future archaeological investigations.
In 2001, a group of Belgian speleologists from the Socotra Karst Project mapped and investigated the cave, finding numerous graffitis and drawings on speleothems and floors. Subsequent research concluded that they were the work of navigators or merchants who visited the island at the beginning of the first millennium. The corpus of inscriptions is in Indian Brahmi, South Arabic, Ethiopian Geʽez, Ancient Greek, Palmyrene, and Bactrian scripts. All the inscriptions are rather short, containing personal names, hometowns, professions, or ethnic and religious affiliations.
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1989

The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1989 took place 17–26 February 1989 in Lahti, Finland, for a record fifth time (1926, 1938, 1958, 1978). The women's 5 km was not held after being reintroduced in the previous championships. These championships featured separate races of men's 15 km and women's 10 km both in the classical technique and in the freestyle technique. Additionally, the women's 15 km event debuted and the women's 20 km event was lengthened to 30 km.
22 February 1989
20 February 1989
18 February 1989
26 February 1989
24 February 1989
Among the 19 relay teams competing were Australia, Denmark, Greece, and the Netherlands.
19 February 1989
17 February 1989
21 February 1989
25 February 1989
24 February 1989
18/19 February 1989
23/24 February 1989
26 February 1989
The event was originally scheduled for 25 February, however, due to adverse weather conditions it was postponed to the following day. Due to strong winds no second round took place and results were taken from the first round.
20 February 1989
22 February 1989
Medal winners by nation.
* Host nation (Finland)
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1954

The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1954 took place 13–21 February 1954 in Falun, Sweden. These were the first races where women competed with events in the 10 km and 3 × 5 km relay. It also saw the 18 km reduced to 15 km in men's cross-country along with the return of the 30 km which was last held in 1926. The Nordic combined saw the ski jump held first with the cross-country distance reduced to 15 km as well. The Soviet Union also debuted in these championships as well.
17 February 1954
14 February 1954
Vladimir Kuzin was the first person from the Soviet Union to win an event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships.
21 February 1954
20 February 1954
21 February 1954
Kozyreva was the first woman to win at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships.
17 February 1954
16 February 1954 (Jumping) 17 February 1954 (Skiing, included in 15 km run)
14 February 1954
Оранжева гвардия

Оранжева гвардия е неофициално наименование на проправителствените военизирани отряди от привърженици на Българския земеделски народен съюз (БЗНС) в периода 1919 – 1923 г. Нейните членове са наричани сопаджии от тогавашната опозиция.
Създадени са по време на управлението на Александър Стамболийски като силов механизъм за крепене на земеделската власт. Инициатор на създаването им е земеделският политик Райко Даскалов (водач на Владайското въстание), който е и командващ на Оранжевата гвардия.
БЗНС ги използва срещу Транспортната стачка (1919 – 1920), учредителния събор на Конституционния блок (1922) и други прояви на опозицията.
По време на Деветоюнския преврат (1923) са съсредоточени в София. Нападнати са изненадващо от превратаджийските войски и бързо са обезоръжени. Разформировани са по нареждане на правителството на Александър Цанков.
Старата гвардия

„Старата гвардия“ (на английски: Dad's Army) е британска ситуационна комедия на BBC за Британската домашна охрана по време на Втората световна война, създаден от Джими Пери и Дейвид Крофт. Излъчва се по BBC от 1968 до 1977 г. Сериалът се състои от 9 сезона – общо 80 епизода, има и радио версия, базирана по телевизионния сценарий, пълнометражен филм и постановка. Сериалът редовно се гледа от 18 милиона зрители.
Старата гвардия е отбранителна бойна единица, под командването на кап. Мейнъринг и неговия асистент, серж. Уилсън. Този голям взвод е абсолютно неподготвен да отблъсне каквато и да било атака на нацистите и нито един боец в него не може да се сражава като хората.
Редник Фрейзър е един мрънкащ шотландец, ефрейтор Джоунс е твърде стар за каквото и да е, а маминото синче, редник Пайк, току-що е завършил училище. Останалите ентусиасти от Гвардията не са много по-различни.
В България сериалът е излъчен по Нова телевизия с български дублаж през 2004 г. с превода на Златна Костова. Дублажът е на Арс Диджитал Студио, чийто име не се споменава.
Велика армия

Великата армия (на френски: Grande Armee) е основната военна сила на Франция по време на Наполеоновите войни, създадена през 1805 г.
Състояла се е предимно от французи, но и от много наемни войници, най-вече нидерландци, поляци и австрийци. Първоначално в нея влизали 6 корпуса войници, като 4 от тях са били под френско командване, а другите 2 – под австрийско и полско. С времето силата и числеността ѝ нарастват неимоверно и в началото на войната срещу Русия тя е най-многобройната армия в Европа.
Когато Наполеон започва разширяването на своята империя, Великата армия прегазва Австрия. С времето нейната численост расте и през юни 1812 мощта ѝ е ненадмината. Първото ѝ поражение е нанесено по време на войната срещу Шестата коалиция. След тази загуба френските войски намаляват, и в крайна сметка претърпяват тежко поражение от руснаците. От близо 600 000 души войска оцеляват едва няколко хиляди. През 1813 Великата армия е окончателно победена. Наполеон събира втора Велика армия, но тя никога не успява да достигне числеността на първата.
Добрата организация е една от основните причини за успехите на Великата армия. Тя е била съставена от 5 до 7 корпуса, всеки от които е действал самостоятелно и е включвал всички войскови елементи. Числеността на персонала в корпусите е била между 10 000 и 50 000 души, но най-често броят на войниците е бил около 30 000. В зависимост от важността и задачата те са били командвани от маршал или генерал-майор (General de Division), на които Наполеон често е предоставял свобода на действие.
Всеки корпус е бил съставен от дивизии, всяка наброяваща между 4000 и 6000 души. Те са се състояли от 2 или 3 бригади, всяка от които има два полка. Към дивизиите е имало артилерийска бригада от 3 или 4 батареи, а всяка батарея е включвала 4 оръдия и две гаубици – общо 18 или 24 оръдия.
Понякога кавалерийските единици са били отделяни в собствени малки корпуси, за да не бъде забавено действието им от пехотата.
Това е най-елитното формирование в армията. Тя е основана през 1800 година като полк, който бързо се разраства и достига числеността на редовна армия през 1805 г. Императорската гвардия (Garde Impériale) се състои от най-верните на императора войници, сражавали се в няколко кампании. Според Наполеон, гвардията е пример за всички останали формирования на Великата армия. Основни звена са гвардейската пехота и гвардейската кавалерия, които понякога са подсилени с артилерийски формирования.
състояща се от три вида войски:
Маншук Маметова

Маншу́к (Мансия́) Жиенгали́евна Маме́това (на казахски: Мәншүк Жиенғалиқызы Мәметова е картечар от 100-тна отделна стрелкова бригада на Калининския фронт, гвардейски старши сержант. Първата казахстанка, на която е присвоено званието Герой на Съветския съюз.
Маметова е родена на 23 октомври 1922 г. в аула Жиеккум в Урдински район на Уралска губерния, Киргизка АССР (днес в Република Казахстан). Тя е от казахски произход. Родителите ѝ умират рано и петгодишното момиче е осиновено от леля си Амина Маметова. Маншук прекарва детството си в Алмати. Истинското име на Маншук е Мансия, но като дете Амина я нарича умалително „Моншакъм“, откъдето произлиза и името ѝ, с което е известна.
Преди войната Маметова завършва рабфак, два курса в медицинския институт. Работи в апарата на Съвета на народните комисари на Казахската ССР като секретар на заместник-председателя на Съвета.
В Червената армия се записва през септември 1942 г. като писар в щаба на 100-тна казахска отделна стрелкова бригада (на 8 декември 1943 г. преобразувана в 1-ва стрелкова дивизия), след това като медицинска сестра. На фронта Маметова завършва курсове за картечар и е назначена като първи номер на картечарски разчет в строевата част.
На 15 октомври 1943 г., в боевете за освобождението на град Невел, при отбраната на доминиращата височина, Маметова остава единствена от картечарския разчет, но унищожава 70 вражески войници. Ранена е тежко от шрапнел в главата и загива в боя. Погребана е в Невел.
Старши сержант Маншук Жиенгалиевна Маметова е посмъртно наградена със званието Герой на Съветския съюз, присвоено с указ на Президиума на Върховния съвет на СССР на 1 март 1944 г.
Кунчо Патев

Кунчо Павлов Патев е български партизанин, офицер, генерал-майор.
Роден е на 10 юни 1922 г. в пловдивското село Слатина. Завършва гимназия в Карлово през 1941 г. От 1939 г. е член на РМС, а от август 1944 г. и на БКП. През 1940 г. основава комитет на съюза в родното си село. От 1941 до 1943 г. е на наборна военна служба в двадесет и трети пехотен шипченски полк. Докато служи там през 1942 г. завършва Школа за запасни офицери. От 2 октомври 1943 г. е партизанин и командир на богданската чета в рамките на пловдивския партизански отряд „Васил Левски“, а от 1944 г. е военен инструктор на втора средногорска бригада „Васил Левски“ и малко по-късно командир на батальон в бригадата. След 9 септември 1944 г. става командир на гвардейски батальон в девети пехотен пловдивски полк, с който участва в сражения с германците. На следващата година завършва курс в Народното военно пехотно училище „Васил Левски“. След това е последователно командир на батальон в първи пехотен софийски полк и девети пехотен пловдивски полк. През 1949 сключва брак със Слава Иванова Велинова – партизанка от Радомирския отряд. Има двама сина. Овдовява през 1960 г. Негова втора съпруга е певицата Стефка Съботинова. До 1952 г. е началник на Организационния отдел на Организационно-мобилизационното управление на Генералния щаб. След това е назначен за командир на седемнадесета стрелкова родопска дивизия. Завършил е Военната академия „М.В. Фрунзе“ (1946 – 1949) със златен медал и Военната академия на Генералния щаб на армията на СССР. В периода 1963 – 1969 г. е командир на втора мотострелкова дивизия. От 1964 г. е генерал-майор. През 1983 г. публикува партизански спомени „Дни на обич и омраза“. Почива на 10 март 2008 г. в гр. София.
Илиян Михов

Илиян Михов с прякор Баровеца (р. 14 юли 1962 г., Ловеч) е български попфолк певец, музикален педагог и инструменталист.
Репертоарът му е изключително богат – включва руски, сръбски, северномакедонски, италиански, гръцки, испански и много други песни. Свири на кларинет и саксофон.
Прякорът Баровеца идва от песента му „Баровец“ към неговия първи албум със същото име. Членува в българската организация „Музикаутор“ за защита на авторските права.
Завършва основно образование в Ловеч и през това време учи музика и започва да свири на кларинет. През 1977 г. е приет да учи в София в Сержантското средно военно-музикално училище „Маестро Георги Атанасов“, което завършва през 1981 г. с отличие и златен медал.
Започва работа в гвардейския духов оркестър като гвардеец, през 1987 г. е повишен в концертмайстор. Остава там до 1995 г. От 1990 до 1995 г. учи и завършва Музикалната академия в Пловдив със специалност „Кларинет“. През 1995 г. е поканен в правителствения оркестър като диригент, но решава да продължи кариерата си като певец.
Около средата на 90-те години започва работа по първия си албум. Поради липса на спонсори записва за своя сметка в студиото на Максим Горанов. След като завършва първия си албум не намира издатели, които да го размножат и разпространяват и със собствени средства го пуска на пазара през 1994 г. със заглавие „Баровец“. Едноименната песен от албума става хит в жанра по това време и му носи известност и прякора, който носи и до днес – Баровеца. Впоследствие издава още 9 албума (един, от които в дует с Бойка Дангова), част от които издава сам, други чрез музикалните компании „Меджик филм“ и „Ара Аудио-видео“.
Освен като певец, той се изявява и като композитор, аранжор и текстописец. Писал е песен за химн на „Литекс“, песен за ЦСКА, за Димитър Бербатов и др.
От 2013 г. също е и преподавател по народно пеене и кларинет в 144-то училище в „Младост 3“.
Женен е с две деца и живее в София. Неговият син Станислав Михов също е певец и се занимава с музика.
National Ceremonial Guard

The National Ceremonial Guard (NCG) is an honor guard battalion of the South African National Defence Force serving during ceremonies involving the President of South Africa, Deputy President of South Africa, Minister of Defence and Military Veterans and the Chief of the South African National Defence Force. It is composed of a guard of honour, a drill team, and a military band.
The unit was originally founded on 01 May 1967 as the State Presidents Guard when Charles Robberts Swart was the State President of South Africa. It was dissolved in 1990 ahead of the first democratic elections in 1994. The unit was rebranded in September 1996 as the National Ceremonial Guard. The NCG's old uniform of dark green tunic with black pants was reinstated after it was reestablished. In April 2008, the NCG moved into the Sebokeng Military Complex by order of the president.
The NCG takes part official state functions such as the opening of Parliament, and the welcoming ceremonies of visits by international leaders and statesmen to South Africa. It also provides guards of honour at inaugurations of Presidents, state funerals and certain national monuments.
The NCG Band is the military band unit attached to the NCG. It currently serves as the senior most band of the entire SANDF. Both the NCG and its military band have been sent to different countries to perform in military tattoos and other international events. Since 2001, the band has undertaken the role of training military bandsmen from Namibia and Botswana.
KTM Antarabandar

KTM Antarabandar (bahasa Inggeris: KTM Intercity) merujuk kepada perkhidmatan kereta api antara bandar berkuasa diesel di Semenanjung Malaysia, Singapura, dan Negara Thai dioperasikan oleh Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB). Kebanyakan perkhidmatan beroperasi dari stesen Kuala Lumpur Sentral di Kuala Lumpur. Namun terdapat beberapa perkhidmatan yang hanya beroperasi di landasan Pantai Timur antara Tumpat dengan Gemas dan terus ke Singapura. Terdapat juga satu perkhidmatan kereta api merentas sempadan antara Butterworth dengan Hat Yai, Thailand.
KTM Antarabandar telah lama menikmati kejayaan sederhana, namun bertambah persaingannya dengan pengangkutan jalan raya dan pengangkutan udara atas penambahan bilangan lebuh raya dan penerbangan murah menawarkan masa perjalanan yang lebih singkat. Pada tahun 2006, KTM Antarabandar mendapat untung sebanyak RM70.94 juta sebagai hasil kumpulan, kekal sekitar RM 65 juta sejak 2001.
Terdapat dua jenis perkhidmatan KTM Antarabandar: ekspres dan kereta api mel. Kereta api mel secara umumnya juga dirujuk sebagai kereta api tempatan atau tren lokal. Semua kereta api penumpang pada landasan Pantai Barat merupakan kereta api ekspres - kecuali satu perkhidmatan kereta api tempatan antara Singapura dan Gemas - yang hanya berhenti pada stesen-stesen utama. Landasan Pantai Timur masih ada kereta api mel yang berhenti pada semua stesen dan perhentian.
KTM pernah mengoperasikan satu perkhidmatan shuttle antara Johor Bahru dan Singapura untuk memberi manfaat mereka yang bekerja di negara bandar ini, namun perkhidmatan ini telah ditamatkan pada 15 April 2006. Ini disebabkan oleh projek pembaharuan landasan antara Seremban dan Singapura. Kini perkhidmatan shuttle dilarikan antara Ipoh dan Sentral KL, Tumpat dan Kemubu serta Woodlands dan Gemas
Pada 1 Julai 2011, berikutan penamatan operasi KTM di Stesen Keretapi Tanjung Pagar di Singapura, perjalanan KTM Antarabandar ke selatan Semenanjung Malaysia berakhir di terminal Woodlands di Woodlands, Singapura yang hanya terletak kira-kira 2 kilometer dari Johor Bahru.
Berikut antara perkhidmatan yang beroperasi bagi KTM antarabandar :
Ekspres Rakyat : Woodlands-Butterworth, Butterworth-Woodlands
Ekspres Sinaran Selatan : Woodlands-KL Sentral, Kl Sentral-Woodlands
Ekspres Senandung Timuran : Woodlands -Tumpat
Ekspres Senandung Wau : KL Sentral-Tumpat
Ekspres Senandung Langkawi : KL Sentral-Hat yai
Ekspres Senandung Sutera : Woodlands- KL Sentral
Perkhidmatan yang telah diberhentikan/tamat beroperasi oleh pihak KTM Berhad :
Ekspres Kenali
Express Antarabangsa
Express Senandung Malam
Ekspres Gading Mas
Express Lambaian Timur
Ekspres Sinaran Utara
Ekspres Senandung Mutiara
Ekspres Sinaran Timur
Ekspres Sinaran Pagi
Express Kembara
Perkhidmatan Tren Express Baharu Yang diperkenalkan oleh pihak KTM Berhad :
Express Rakyat Timuran ( ERT )
Express Selatan ( ES )
Shuttle Tebrau ( SH )
Express My Sawadee ( Antara KL Sentral Ke Hatyai )
Railway To See Malaysia ( RTSM )
Berikut merupakan senarai stesen KTM Antarabandar.
Stesen keretapi Serdang

Stesen Keretapi Serdang atau Stesen Komuter Serdang atau Stesen KTM Serdang ialah stesen keretapi & komuter yang terletak di Serdang, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia. Stesen ini menyediakan kedua-dua perkhidmatan Laluan Rawang-Seremban KTM Komuter dan KTM Antarabandar.
Stesen Komuter KTM Serdang juga merupakan hab untuk bas henti-henti dan dapat didatangi menerusi bas kendalian rapidKL dan lain-lain.
KTM ETS

ETS adalah singkatan untuk Electric Train Service, merupakan perkhidmatan tren laju antara bandar di antara Padang Besar, Butterworth, Kuala Lumpur dan Gemas yang diperkenalkan oleh Keretapi Tanah Melayu pada 12 Ogos 2010. Terdapat 36 stesen yang berkhidmat sepanjang laluan ini iaitu dua di Perlis, empat di Kedah, empat di Pulau Pinang, 14 di Perak, lima di Selangor, empat di Kuala Lumpur, dua di Melaka dan dua di Negeri Sembilan.
Kelajuan operasi maksimum armada ETS adalah 140 km/jam, walaupun tren ETS direka untuk mencapai kelajuan 160 km/jam. Setiap tren boleh mengangkut maksimum 350 orang penumpang, dan terdiri daripada enam gerabak yang mencapai jumlah panjang 138 m dan berat 231.8 ton. Setiap gerabak 22.95 m panjang, 2.75 m lebar dan 4 m tinggi.
Dilancarkan pada Ogos 2010, perkhidmatan mula-mula melayan Ipoh hingga Seremban tetapi sektor KL Sentral-Seremban diberhentikan pada Oktober 2012.
Kemudian perkhidmatan dilanjutkan dari Ipoh ke Padang Besar melalui Butterworth dengan pengenalan ETS Transit pada 10 Julai 2015, dengan 24 stesen hentian. Pada mulanya, hanya satu perkhidmatan tren di kedua-dua arah diperkenalkan. Pada hari berikutnya pada 11 Julai 2015, diperkenalkannya ETS Express antara KL Sentral dan Padang Besar melalui Butterworth dengan 15 stesen hentian. Sekali lagi hanya satu perkhidmatan untuk kedua-dua arah.
Kemudian pada 1 September 2015, perkhidmatan tambahan antara KL Sentral dan Butterworth diperkenalkan, dan pada 10 Oktober 2015, dilanjutkan lagi dari KL Sentral ke Gemas, bersama dengan pengenalan perkhidmatan baru antara Padang Besar dan Gemas. Lanjutan KTM ETS ke Gemas menggunakan landasan kembar elektrik antara Seremban dan Gemas yang siap pada 2014.
Juga pada 10 Oktober 2015, perkhidmatan baru dilancarkan antara Butterworth dan Padang Besar di samping perkhidmatan sedia ada tetapi yang ini kemudian dikurangkan kekerapan dengan pelancaran KTM Komuter Sektor Utara.
Makin banyak tren yang ada, makin kerap disemak jadual dan perkhidmatan. Diperkenalkannya kelas-kelas servis Platinum, Gold dan Silver sementara istilah "ETS Ekspres" dan "ETS Transit" dilucutkan
Sistem penomboran perkhidmatan tren berikut digunakan untuk KTM ETS:
Stesen keretapi Butterworth

Stesen keretapi Butterworth merupakan sebuah stesen kereta api yang terletak di Butterworth, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Stesen ini merupakan salah sebuah stesen dalam jajaran KTM Komuter Sektor Utara dan KTM ETS. Stesen ini juga merupakan stesen terminus bagi beberapa laluan KTM Komuter dan KTM ETS.
Stesen keretapi Butterworth menyediakan perkhidmatan kereta api yang dikendalikan oleh Keretapi Tanah Melayu melalui Laluan KTM Komuter Sektor Utara dan KTM ETS.
Melalui Laluan KTM Sektor Utara, stesen ini menyediakan perkhidmatan kereta api merangkumi;
Melalui Laluan KTM ETS, stesen ini menyediakan perkhidmatan kereta api merangkumi;
Stesen keretapi Sungai Siput

Stesen keretapi Sungai Siput merupakan sebuah stesen keretapi yang terletak di Sungai Siput, Perak, Malaysia. Stesen ini merupakan salah sebuah stesen dalam jajaran KTM Komuter Sektor Utara dan KTM ETS.
Stesen keretapi Sungai Siput menyediakan perkhidmatan kereta api yang dikendalikan oleh Keretapi Tanah Melayu melalui Laluan KTM Komuter Sektor Utara dan KTM ETS.
Melalui Laluan KTM Sektor Utara, stesen ini menyediakan perkhidmatan kereta api merangkumi;
Melalui Laluan KTM ETS, stesen ini menyediakan perkhidmatan kereta api merangkumi;
Stesen keretapi Padang Rengas

Stesen keretapi Padang Rengas merupakan sebuah stesen keretapi yang terletak di Padang Rengas, Perak, Malaysia. Stesen ini merupakan salah sebuah stesen dalam jajaran KTM Komuter Sektor Utara dan KTM ETS.
Stesen keretapi Padang Rengas menyediakan perkhidmatan kereta api yang dikendalikan oleh Keretapi Tanah Melayu melalui Laluan KTM Komuter Sektor Utara dan KTM ETS.
Melalui Laluan KTM Sektor Utara, stesen ini menyediakan perkhidmatan kereta api merangkumi;
Melalui Laluan KTM ETS, stesen ini menyediakan perkhidmatan kereta api merangkumi;
Kereta api bukit

Kereta api bukit, juga dipanggil kereta api funikular atau kereta api cerun merupakan sejenis kereta kabel di mana kabel dipasang pada sepasang kenderaan yang menyerupai kereta api pada landasan dan seterusnya kenderaan tersebut digerakkan menaiki dan menuruni cerun curam; pergerakan naik turun bukit bagi setiap kereta api saling mengimbang antara satu sama lain.
Prinsip asas pengendalian kereta api bukit ialah kedua-dua kereta api disambungkan secara kekal melalui kabel - satu di puncak bukit manakala satu lagi di kaki bukit - yang digerakkan oleh takal di puncak bukit. Pengimbangan kedua-dua kereta api, dengan satu mendaki dan satu lagi menuruni cerun mengurangkan masukan tenaga yang diperlukan bagi menggerakkan kereta api yang mendaki bukit. Ia dilakukan dengan menggunakan motor elektrik yang menggerakkan takal. Roda-roda pada landasan memandu kabel yang menyokong kereta api.
Kereta api bukit terawal menggunakan dua landasan lurus selari, dengan pelantar stesen berasingan bagi setiap kereta api. Landasan dibina dengan ruang mencukupi bagi kedua-dua kereta api untuk berselisih di pertengahan jalan. Roda kereta api biasanya berbibir tunggal sebagaimana kereta api biasa. Contoh landasan jenis sebegini ialah Duquesne Incline di Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, serta kebanyakan kereta api bukit di UK.
Susun atur landasan yang memerlukan kurang lebar landasan sudah dibangunkan, dengan hanya dua atau tiga rel bagi kebanyakan cerun dan empat rel di bahagian yang berselisih.
Jurutera Switzerland Carl Roman Abt mencipta kaedah yang membolehkan gerabak menggunakan konfigurasi dua rel: roda di bahagian luar mempunyai bibir pada kedua-dua belah, yang menjadikan kereta api mengikut rel luar, sekaligus mengekalkan kedudukan kereta api, manakala roda di bahagian dalam pula tidak berbibir serta bergerak di atas rel bertentangan, membolehkan kereta api melintasi rel (dan kabel) di landasan selisih. Kaedah ini tidak memerlukan suis dan lintasan, memandangkan kereta api dengan roda berbibir di salah satu sisi secara automatik memilih landasan berbeza.
Bagi susun atur tiga rel, rel tengah dikongsi oleh kedua-dua kereta api. Susun letak tiga rel lebih lebar daripada dua rel, tetapi gelung selisih pula lebih mudah untuk dibina.
Susun atur landasan juga boleh diubah semasa pengubahsuaian sistem kereta api bukit, dan biasanya sistem empat rel dibina semula sebagai sistem dua atau tiga rel; contohnya Kereta Kabel Wellington di New Zealand dibina semula dengan dua rel.
Landasan kereta api

Landasan kereta api (Tulisan Jawi: لندسن کريتا اڤي)membolehkan pemanduan kereta api tanpa memerlukan stereng. Ia terdiri daripada dua batang rel keluli yang selari yang dipasang pada rajang yang dibenam pada batu kerikil. Rel ini kemudiannya diikat pada ranjang landas melalui pancang rel, skru bebat, atau klip (seperti klip Pandrol).
Jenis pengikat yang digunakan bergantung sebahagiannya kepada jenis ranjang landas yang digunakan. Pancang digunakan pada ranjang landas kayu, manakala klip lebih digunakan untuk ranjang landas konkrit atau simen.
Biasanya, plat dasar (atau plat sambung, walaupun plat sambung juga merupakan palang yang digunakan untuk menyambung rel) digunakan di antara rel dan ranjang landas kayu untuk mengagih-agihkan beban rel pada kawasan ranjang landas yang lebih besar. Kekadangnya, pancang ditukul ke dalam plat dasar untuk memasang rel dengan kukuh, sedangkan pada masa yang lain, plat-plat dasar dipancang atau diskru pada ranjang landas, dan rel-rel tersebut kemudian diklipkan pada plat dasar.
Rel keluli berupaya membawa beban yang lebih berat, berbanding dengan bahan-bahan yang lain. Ranjang-ranjang landas mengagih-agihkan beban daripada rel ke atas tanah, dan juga bertindak untuk menetapkan rel-rel pada jarak (dipanggil tolok) yang tetap.
Landasan kereta api biasanya dipasang di atas dasar serpihan batu kasar yang dikenali sebagai balast. Balast menggabungkan ciri-ciri kebingkasan, dan setakat kelenturan, serta penyaliran yang baik. Rel keluli juga boleh dipasang pada papak konkrit (landasan papak). Untuk menyeberangi jambatan, landasan kereta api seringnya dipasang pada kayu-kayu rasuk bujur atau galang-galang keluli rasuk bujur.
Perincian tambahan mengenai landasan yang digunakan untuk operasi-operasi trem dan Sistem Transit Aliran Ringan, berbanding dengan landasan berat, boleh didapati di landasan trem.
Brek kereta api

Brek yang berada di kereta api digunakan untuk memperlahankan kelajuan atau mengekalkan kedudukan kereta api itu apabila ia berhenti. Tidak seperti prinsip brek yang terdapat pada kenderaan jalan raya, brek pada kereta api ini lebih kompleks kerana ia diperlukan untuk mengawal beberapa gerabak kereta api yang bersambung di antara satu sama lain. Brek dinamik adalah jenis brek yang biasanya digunakan pada kereta api.
KTM Komuter Utara

KTM Komuter Utara adalah salah satu daripada lima perkhidmatan KTM Komuter yang dikendalikan oleh Keretapi Tanah Melayu. Perkhidmatan ini diperkenalkan pada 11 September 2015 setelah siapnya projek pembinaan Landasan Berkembar Elektrik Ipoh-Padang Besar pada Disember 2014 yang turut menyaksikan pelanjutan khidmat tren elektrik (ETS) dari Ipoh ke Padang Besar.
Perkhidmatan Komuter Utara kini terdiri daripada dua jajaran, iaitu jajaran Butterworth–Padang Besar dan jajaran Butterworth–Ipoh. Kedua-dua jajaran berkongsi landasan dengan ETS tetapi bukan semua stesen yang dilayani Komuter juga dilayani oleh ETS.
Perkhidmatan KTM Komuter Utara diperkenalkan pada 11 September 2015, mula-mula melayani dari Gurun, Kedah melalui Butterworth hingga Kamunting, Perak.
Pada 1 Januari 2016, diperkenalkannya perkhidmatan antara Butterworth dan Padang Besar. Ekoran pembukaan khidmat KTM Komuter di bahagian ini, maka perkhidmatan ETS antara stesen-stesen tersebut ditamatkan.
Pada 17 Januari 2016, jajaran asal Gurun–Butterworth–Kamunting dipecahkan kepada dua, iaitu Butterworth–Gurun dan Butterworth–Kamunting. Kedua-dua jajaran beroperasi seiring dengan jajaran Butterworth–Padang Besar sehingga jajaran Butterworth–Gurun ditamatkan pada 1 Julai 2016.
Pada 1 September 2016, jajaran Butterworth–Kamunting menerima pindaan di mana terminus utaranya beralih dari Butterworth ke Bukit Mertajam dan terminus selatannya pula ditambah dua stesen dari Kamunting untuk mencakupi Taiping dan tamat di Padang Rengas.
Mulai 4 November 2021, kereta api dari Padang Rengas dan Padang Besar berakhir di Butterworth, menjadikan Butterworth dan Bukit Mertajam stesen pertukaran yang dikongsi oleh kedua-dua jajaran.
Pada 16 September 2023, jajaran Butterworth–Padang Rengas dilanjutkan ke Ipoh, mencakupi Kuala Kangsar dan Sungai Siput.
KTM Komuter Utara terdiri daripada dua jajaran, iaitu:
Yang berikut adalah susun atur jajaran KTM Komuter Utara terkini (setakat Oktober 2023):
KTM AG

KTM AG (dahulu KTM Sportmotorcycle AG) ialah sebuah pengeluar kereta sukan dan motosikal Austria yang dimiliki oleh KTM Industries AG dan pengilang India Bajaj Auto. Ia dibentuk pada tahun 1992 tetapi mengesan asasnya seawal tahun 1934. Hari ini, KTM AG ialah syarikat induk Kumpulan KTM.
KTM dikenali dengan motosikal luar (enduro, motocross dan supermoto). Sejak akhir 1990-an, ia telah berkembang menjadi pengeluaran motosikal jalanan dan membangunkan kereta sukan - iaitu X-Bow. Pada tahun 2015, KTM menjual hampir banyak jalan sebagai basikal luar jalan. Pengeluaran KTM X-Bow bermula pada tahun 2007.
Sejak 2012, KTM telah menjadi pengeluar motosikal terbesar di Eropah selama empat tahun berturut-turut. Di peringkat global, syarikat itu adalah antara pengeluar motosikal luar bandar yang terkemuka. Pada tahun 2016, KTM menjual 203,423 kenderaan bermotor di seluruh dunia.
KTM Intercity

KTM Intercity (Malay: KTM Antarabandar) are diesel-hauled intercity train services in Peninsular Malaysia, operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB). Services operate along the East Coast Line between Tumpat and Gemas and on towards JB Sentral on the West Coast Line. The former Intercity services along the West Coast Line between Padang Besar in the north (and subsequent services to Thailand) and Gemas have been converted to the KTM ETS service.
KTM Intercity has long enjoyed moderate success, but increasingly faces competition with road and air travel, as expressways (motorways) increase in number and budget airlines offer shorter travelling time. In 2006, KTM Intercity earned a profit of RM 70.94 million as group revenue, hovering around the RM 65 million mark since 2001.
As of October 2023, three travel classes are offered on KTM Intercity services:
During festive seasons, special overnight trains are operated. These include:
Shuttle Tebrau is a cross-border train service between Johor Bahru, Malaysia and Woodlands, Singapore. There are 31 daily trains running between JB Sentral and Woodlands Train Checkpoint, consisting of 18 Singapore-bound trains and 13 Johor Bahru-bound trains.
When travelling from Johor Bahru to Woodlands, passengers will clear Malaysian immigration at JB Sentral station before boarding the train. Upon arrival at Woodlands, passengers will go through Singapore immigration checks.
When travelling from Woodlands to Johor Bahru, passengers will go through both Singapore and Malaysian immigration checks at Woodlands Train Checkpoint before boarding the train. There are no further immigration checks upon arrival at Johor Bahru.
Photography and videography is not permitted at the immigration control section of JB Sentral station and at Woodlands Train Checkpoint, as both facilities are designated as restricted areas.
Below is the list of KTM Intercity stations, green ticks are two-way trips available while red ticks are one-way stops available only.
KTM Intercity services from Padang Besar to Gemas have been absorbed into KTM ETS. The diesel-hauled locomotives now only operate between Tumpat, Gemas and Johor Bahru. Stations in bold are stops of the current Southern Express route, and will be replaced with ETS trains once services commences in 2025.