davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
女书

女书，又名江永女書，是一种独特的汉语书写系统。女書是一種專門由女性使用的文字，起源於中國湖南省南部永州的江永县，一般用於书写属于湘语永全片的江永城关方言。女書早期在江永县及其毗邻的道县、江华瑶族自治县的大瑶山、以及广西部分地区的妇女之间流行、传承。由于女书在文化大革命期间被嚴重破壞，再加上随着时代的发展及人口外流，现在女书正濒临失傳。
女书文字的特点是书写呈长菱形，字体秀丽娟细，造型奇特，也被称为“蚊形字”。搜集到的有近2000个字符，所有字符只有点、竖、斜、弧四种笔划，可采用当地的江永土话（属湘语-永全片）吟诵或咏唱。
與漢字不同的地方是：女書是一種標音文字，每一個字所代表的都是一個音。現時文獻搜集到的女書文字約有七百個。女書的字型雖然參考漢字，但兩者並沒有必然的關係。由於女書除了日常用作書寫以外，也可以當成花紋編在衣服或布帶上，所以字型或多或少也有所遷就，變成彎曲的形狀。
关于“女书”文字的记载，至今最早能见到的是太平天国（清朝咸丰年间）发行的“雕母钱”。该钱背面用“女书”字符铸印有“天下妇女”、“姊妹一家”字样。
2005年9月，在湖南省东安县芦洪市镇斩龙桥上首次发现一块刻有女书文字的石碑，打破了对女书材质、流传地域、时间年代等的传统认识。
关于女书的起源，有不同的说法。
旧时当地不少才情女子采用这种男人不识的女书互通心迹，诉说衷肠，将其刺绣、刻划、戳印、书写于纸扇巾帕女红。目前搜集到的近20万字的“女书”作品，绝大部分为歌体，其载体分纸、书、扇、巾四大类。现在的形式包括女书书法、纂刻、激光微雕、石雕、木雕、竹雕、明信片、女巾、女扇、女书提包等。
女书作品主要内容是写婚姻家庭、社会交往、乡里逸闻、歌谣谜语等。也有的编译成汉字的唱本。
《中国女书合集》赵丽明主编 中华书局所收资料占目前所能见到的女书原始资料的90%以上。
女書的存在，主要是由於中國過去的舊思想使當地女性不可以讀書識字：即她們所謂的“男書”，所以當地的女性發明了女書，以作為姊妹妯娌之間的秘密通訊方式。女書嚴禁男子學習，而一般男子亦會把女書當成是普通的花紋。女書的存在已經超過數百年。
文化大革命之前，主人去世后，它们多作为殉葬品焚化或掩埋，只有很少的作为纪念品珍藏保留，因此民间遗存极少。 在文化大革命期間，有大量女書作品被銷毁：一方面，作者擔心自己用女書書寫的秘密會被識破；不少紅衛兵基於“破四舊”的緣故，把這些神秘的文字當作“四舊”來破壞。文化大革命之後，只有少量女書作品得以保留下來。另一方面，文化大革命之後，由於女性的生活水準提高了，女性之間不需要使用女書亦可交流，很少有妇女学习女书，女书开始濒临灭亡。
1982年，由武汉大学宫哲兵教授在湖南省江永县发现。
現今女书只有少数老年妇女才能阅读和书写。从20世纪末开始，經过一批学者努力，这种罕见的女性字符才受世界所了解和认识，并引起了海内外的浓厚兴趣和广泛关注。作为一种独特罕见的文化遗存，中国政府也开始重视保护女书。
2004年9月20日，阳焕宜——女书的最后一位自然传人谢世。
2006年5月，“女书习俗”进入中国第一批国家非物质文化遗产名录，并成为“世界遗产名录”的候选名单。
“女书”是一种独特的文化“化石”，对研究人类文字和文明的起源、女性文化和民族的起源以及文明的发展历程等方面，在人类学、民族学、社会学、语言学、文字学、民俗学、考古学等各个领域，都有重要价值。
2005年，香港女歌手盧巧音推出的概念專輯《天演論》中第七曲曲名即為「女書」，探討了這種文字和女性間的關係，亦有對女權意識的描述。2008年，香港城市當代舞蹈團駐團編舞黎海寧以女書為題，創作舞蹈作品《女書》，在豐富的集體記憶脈絡中追索個人的故事，透過個人故事揭示出群體背後的規範和文化特質。
美國華裔作家鄺麗莎（Lisa See）所著之《雪花秘扇》，便是以晚清道光年間，湖南省江永縣的瑤族村落為故事背景。在這個男性作為社會主幹、女性的人生任務就是找得好歸宿，為夫家奉獻一生的時代中，兩女主角百合（電影版由中國女藝人李冰冰飾演）與雪花（電影版中由韓國女藝人全智賢飾演）透過寫上女書的摺扇展開了足以影響她們一生的重要情誼。書中描述了女書作為女性間的專屬文字，對於婦女的生活甚至人生的重要性。
早在2008年4月25日，女書在ISO 10646的排程已經進入第三階段，但要到2009年夏天的Unicode Consortium會議中才被列入5.2版標準投票。2013年9月27日，女書排程進入第五階段。2016年1月23日，Unicode組織正式确定将女書列入后期版本的Unicode標準，存放于多文種補充平面中，並隨著2017年6月發佈的Unicode 10.0版本而發佈。
《ISO/UCS女书编码提案》以及《女书字表》、《女书字库》、《女书用字比较》等文件由清华大学抢救女书SRT小组学生制作，而他們亦是向相關機構提交編碼提案的代表。
0

0（零／〇）是代表“空量”（无）的一个数。0是-1与1之间的整数，属于偶数，其既不是正数也不是负数。
0是大多数记数系统的位值记号，同样作为占位符数字使用。这种用法起源于印度数学，中世纪时经伊斯兰数学家传播到欧洲，并由斐波那契推广。玛雅人也独立使用了相关概念。
在数论中，0不属于自然数；但在集合论和计算机科学中，0属于自然数。0在整数、实数和其他的代数結構中都有著單位元這個很重要的性質。
关于“0”的概念在其它地区很早就有。巴比伦人、古埃及人、玛雅人分别独立发明了“0”。公元前3000年，巴比伦人就已经懂得使用零来避免混淆。瑪雅文明最早發明特别字体的“0”。瑪雅數字中，“0”以貝殼模樣的象形符號代表。古埃及早在公元前2千年就有人在记账时用特别符号来表示“0”，但该符号并未加入到古埃及数字中。
现在使用的“0”的發明则始於印度。公元前2000年，印度最古老的文獻《吠陀》已有特別「0」概念的應用，當時的0在印度表示無（空）的位置。0这个字体的数字是在5世纪由古印度人发明。他们最早用黑点“.”表示零，后来逐渐变成了“0”。約在6世紀初，印度開始使用命位記數法。7世紀初印度大數學家婆羅摩笈多說明了0加0是0，任何數加上0或減去0得任何數。遺憾的是，他並沒有提到以命位記數法來進行計算的實例。也有的學者認為，0的概念之所以在印度產生並得以發展，是因為印度佛教中存在著「絕對無」這一哲學思想。公元733年，印度一位天文學家在訪問現伊拉克首都巴格達期間，將印度的這種記數法介紹給了阿拉伯人，因這種方法簡便易行，不久就取代了在此之前的阿拉伯數字了。
10世纪波斯数学家伊本·拉班《印度算术原理》第一部分叙述用印度数字0到9为基础的十进位制四则运算和开平方、开立方的土盘程序。
這套記數法後來又傳入西歐地區。由于一些原因，在初引入0这个符号到西方时，曾經引起西方人的困惑，當時西方認為所有數都是可數，而0這個數字會使很多算式、邏輯不能成立（如除以0），甚至認為是魔鬼數字，而被禁用；直至約公元15、16世紀，0才逐漸給西方人所認同，使西方數學有快速發展。
中国古代的筹算数码中没有“零”，遇到“零”就空位。比如“6708”就可以表示为“〦〧 〨 ”。前4世纪，中国数学家已经了解負數和零的概念。1世纪的《九章算術》说：「正負術曰：同名相除，異名相益，正無入負之，負無入正之。其異名相除，同名相益，正無入正之，負無入負之。」（這段話的大意是「方程相消：遇到同符号系数应相减其数值，遇到异符号系数应相加其数值，正系数遇到没有未知项应取负，负系数遇到没有未知项应取正。」）以上文字裡的「無入」通常被数学历史家认为是零的概念。當時并没有使用符号來表示零。
690年時，武则天颁布了则天文字，其中一个字就是「〇」，当时的意义同“星”，代表圆形的星球。瞿曇悉達于718年将印度数字“0”引入中国，以此来代替算筹。宋代蔡沈《律率新书》中用方格表示空缺。金朝《大明历》中有“四百〇三”，“三百〇九”等数字。1247年，秦九韶在其著作數書九章中使用符號「〇」來表示“0”的概念。1248年，李冶《测圆海镜》中也使用了「〇」。
汉字“零”起初并不具有数字“0”的意思。“零”起初表示“零碎”的意思，比如“零头”等。“一百零五”的意思是：在一百之外，还有一个零头五。随着数字的引进。“105”读作“一百零五”，“零”字与“0”对应，“零”于是具有了“0”的含义。
當 a × b = c {\displaystyle a\times b=c} （ a {\displaystyle a\,\!} 、 b {\displaystyle b\,\!} 、 c {\displaystyle c\,\!} 為整數）時，定義 a {\displaystyle a\,\!} 和 b {\displaystyle b\,\!} 為 c {\displaystyle c\,\!} 的因數， c {\displaystyle c\,\!} 為 a {\displaystyle a\,\!} 和 b {\displaystyle b\,\!} 的倍數。
另外，因为0不能作为任何数的因数，所以0没有倍数。
柯利弗德·皮寇弗; 陳以禮（翻譯）. The Math Book:From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics [數學之書]. 時報文化. 2013-04-16. ISBN 978-957-135-699-0 （中文（繁體））.
神誌文字

古朝鮮文字（朝鮮語：신지비사문／神誌秘詞文），朝鲜民主主义人民共和国称为神誌文字（신지문자／神誌文字）。據朝鲜單方面宣稱是朝鮮半島在公元6世紀漢字文化尚未普遍傳入之前，當地及今日中國東北地區所通行的文字。迄今沒有發現過出土的真正公元6世紀資料。
据李朝时期的伪书《揆园史话》传，神誌文字是檀君朝鲜时期一个叫神誌的人创制的。神誌的传说有抄袭黄帝时期仓颉造字的嫌疑。据朝鲜官方宣称的檀君陵裡有石人像区，该区的石阶左右两旁立有檀君之子和其他亲信臣僚石像。在亲信臣僚石像中，东边的第一个石像便是神誌像。
古朝鮮文字的形態由直線、曲線及圓點所組成，與大篆及小篆全由線條所組成略有不同。從形態上來看，古朝鮮文字與秦朝以小篆統一全國文字以前在齊、魯、燕、趙一帶所流行的「簡化大篆」相似。据朝鲜官方宣称在平安北道龙川郡新岩里出土的陶器里刻有神誌文字模样的两个字，在中国辽宁青铜文化古墓中出土的陶器裡，也刻有与此相似的两个字。出土文物中共找出有16个不同的的象形文字或符号，为这种‘神誌文字’传说的原型。 中国辽宁省喀左县平房子乡北洞村出土殷晚期青铜器中，方鼎内底中心有铭文“亚侯”，佐证是在箕子之国发掘，而箕子朝鲜实际为侯国。在箕侯国发掘的青铜器铭文则为大篆的一种。箕子朝鲜从中原迁出之际，燕国、孤竹国等地也有大量东夷移民进入箕子朝鲜地区，而此段时期正为青铜器文化的顶峰。
韩聯社引述朝鲜民間史學者具吉洙（구길수，音譯）認為：今日在朝鮮半島通行的諺文是直接從古朝鮮文字演變而成，而古朝鮮文字則是從金文演變而來。
根據1911年成书的《桓檀古記》（환단고기）的編撰者桂延壽（계연수）的主張，訓民正音其實脫胎自古朝鮮文字，而古朝鮮文字大約在公元前2181年，由三世檀君嘉勒（가륵）時期的三郞乙普勒（삼랑 을보륵）所發明，取材自古篆字及梵字。在《燃藜室記述》（연려실기술，前2182年－前2137年在位）亦有類似的紀錄。由於桂延壽是日占朝鮮時期的人，其主張與其它在朝鮮時期完成的歷史書（如：《三國史記》、《三國遺事》）等都受到各國歷史學者的質疑。
仓颉编程语言

仓颉编程语言是华为自主研发的编程语言，在2024年华为开发者大会上首次公开发布开发者预览版本。其研发可以追溯到2019年，当时华为启动了这一项目，并由南京大学计算机科学与技术系冯新宇教授担任首席架构师。语言的名称来自于仓颉造字。使用预览版本SDK需要填写姓名、手机号、身份证号等信息申请后并签署保密协议。
华为宣称，仓颉编程语言具有原生智能化、天生全场景，高性能、强安全等特点。从语言规范的制定到实现，以及未来的语言社区都将实现自主可控。
仓颉内置了AgentDSL框架，简化了agent协作和符号表达式。仓颉语言使用用户模式线程和并发对象库来简化开发并提高资源利用率，在编译器和运行时都进行了性能优化。此外，还提供了包括调试、静态验证、性能分析和测试的工具。
仓颉编程语言的编译器是cjc。CPM是仓颉语言内置的包管理器，命令为cjpm。CPM主要用于管理和维护仓颉项目的模块系统，并提供统一的编译入口。在仓颉中，包是最小的编译单元，每个包可以包含多个源文件（.cj文件），并有自己的命名空间；模块则是包的集合，代表一个完整的功能单元，是第三方开发者发布的最小单元。通过 cjpm init 初始化仓颉模块或者工作空间后，项目的配置储存在配置文件cjpm.toml中。
鸿蒙生态向应用开发者提供仓颉和ArkTS等多语言混合开发能力。
仓颉的Hello world程序如下：
不可变变量用 let 关键字声明，可变变量用 var 关键字声明。变量在读取前必须初始化。变量的类型可以根据提供的初始值自动推断。如果初始值在变量声明后才赋予，则必须显式声明类型。
仓颉提供 match 表达式以进行模式匹配，包含带待匹配值的 match 表达式，和不带待匹配值的 match 表达式。带待匹配值的 match 会依次检查每个 case，确保所有可能的值都被考虑到，通常通过在最后一个 case 使用通配符模式 _ 来保证穷尽性。不带待匹配值的 match 表达式无须写条件的括号。
海南日报评论称，华为以「仓颉」为编程语言命名，将神话元素与科技产品巧妙融合，既形象地展示了这个产品的功用，也使产品有了浪漫与典雅的气息。
Simplified Cangjie

Simplified Cangjie, known as Quick (Chinese: 速成或簡易) is a stroke based keyboard input method based on the Cangjie IME (Chinese: 倉頡輸入法) but simplified with select lists. Unlike full Cangjie, the user enters only the first and last keystrokes used in the Cangjie system, and then chooses the desired character from a list of candidate Chinese characters that pops up. This method is popular in Hong Kong and Macau, the latter in particular.
Simplified Cangjie is one of the few input methods which has an IME pre-installed on Traditional Chinese-capable personal computers.
Although described as having an easier learning curve with less errors, Simplified Cangjie users have slower typing speed compared to full Cangjie. The user must choose from a list of candidate characters, which can be compared to "hunt and peck" vs. ordinary touch typing. Because Simplified Cangjie does not promote the full sequence of keystrokes of standard Cangjie, it could leave simplified Cangjie users without knowledge of how to code a character without the disambiguation lists.
In Windows, Simplified Cangjie is called 'Quick'. Microsoft Quick IME is bundled with all Traditional Chinese editions of Windows 3.1x or higher. Since Office 2007 and Windows 7, Microsoft offers two types of Quick: 'Quick' and 'New Quick'. Both are found under the section for Chinese (Traditional, Taiwan). The main difference between the two is that after the second keystroke, traditional Quick shows its drop down list while 'New Quick' will guess and output a character depending on the context (the New-Quick list needs to be manually invoked with an arrow key). 'New Quick' may also change previous characters of the sentence depending on whether the context changes. Microsoft also claims New-Quick to have an improved learning algorithm.
In Cantonese-speaking Hong Kong, average computer users tend to prefer Simplified Cangjie over the full Cangjie largely due to its ease of use, and also the lack of other input methods available. The Cangjie IME itself has evidence of a strong presence in Hong Kong with it being available on most operating systems and keyboard layouts. As Hong Kong people are generally unfamiliar with phonetic-based input methods designed for Mandarin speakers such as pinyin and zhuyin, these methods are not widely used. Children in Hong Kong learn Chinese in a very different way from their peers in Mainland China and Taiwan, not only that they generally learn Chinese in Cantonese instead of Mandarin, but they do not learn any transliteration system until perhaps much later in their lives when they start learning Mandarin. Indeed, children in Hong Kong learn Chinese characters from the very beginning in kindergartens; in contrast, in mainland China and Taiwan, transliteration systems like pinyin or zhuyin are taught first before introducing any Chinese characters to children.
Marco, the Invented Truth

Marco, the Invented Truth (Spanish: Marco, la verdad inventada), or simply Marco, is a 2024 Spanish biographical thriller drama film directed by Aitor Arregi and Jon Garaño starring Eduard Fernández as Enric Marco alongside Nathalie Poza.
Primarily set in Barcelona, the plot follows the life of CNT secretary general and imposter Enric Marco, who built himself a fake past as a Nazi concentration camp survivor, gaining public recognition and sympathy.
The screenplay was written by Aitor Arregi, Jon Garaño, Jorge Gil, and Jose Mari Goenaga. The film is an Irusoin, Moriarti, La verdad inventada AIE, Atresmedia Cine and Bteam Prods production, with participation and backing from ICAA, the Basque Government, Atresmedia, Movistar Plus+, and EiTB. It was lensed by Javier Agirre. Shooting locations included the Basque Country (Zarautz), Catalonia, Madrid, and Germany.
Marco had its world premiere in the Orizzonti section of the 81st Venice International Film Festival on 30 August 2024. Its festival run also included screenings at the 72nd San Sebastián International Film Festival, the 2024 BFI London Film Festival, and the 2024 Vancouver International Film Festival (for its North-American premiere). The film was released theatrically in Spain by BTeam Pictures on 8 November 2024. Film Factory acquired international sales rights.
Marta Balaga of Cineuropa declared Marco to potentially be "one of the most watchable films at the Venice Film Festival this year" [being] "dynamic, twisted and blessed with the kind of performance by Eduard Fernández that should get him all the awards out there".
Andrea G. Bermejo of Cinemanía (also niece of Benito Bermejo) rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, writing that Eduard Fernández nails his performance.
In September 2024, the Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences of Spain selected Marco for a shortlist of 3 films to determine their final submission for Best International Feature Film at the 97th Academy Awards.
Decembrie 1989

Decembrie 1989 a fost a douăsprezecea lună a anului și a început într-o zi de vineri.
Edoardo Amaldi, 81 ani, fizician italian (n. 1908) Ćamil Sijarić, 74 ani, scriitor muntenegrean (n. 1913) Kató Ács (Márta Körmendi), 72 ani, scriitoare, jurnalistă și activistă comunistă maghiară (n. 1917) Ioan Zugrăvescu, 79 ani, chimist român (n. 1910) Sammy Lerner, muzician american de origine română (n. 1903) Andrei Saharov, 68 ani, fizician rus, laureat al Premiului Nobel (1975), (n. 1921) Lee Van Cleef, 64 ani, actor american (n. 1925) Anton Breitenhofer, 77 ani, scriitor român (n. 1912) Gheorghe Vlădescu-Răcoasa, 94 ani, sociolog român (n. 1895) Pavel Balogh, participant la Revoluția Română din 1989, ucis de militari și ars în cadrul Operațiunii Trandafirul (n. 1920) Franz Liebhard (n. Robert Reiter), 90 ani, poet român (n. 1899) Alexandru Mitru, 75 ani, prozator român (n. 1914) Samuel Beckett (n. Samuel Barclay Beckett), 83 ani, dramaturg, nuvelist și poet irlandez, laureat al Premiului Nobel (1969), (n. 1906) Vasile Milea, 62 ani, general român (n. 1927) Nicolae Ceaușescu, 71 ani, dictator și politician comunist român, conducătorul României (1967-1989), (executat), (n. 1918) Elena Ceaușescu, 73 ani, politiciană comunistă română, soția lui Nicolae Ceaușescu, (executată), (n. 1916) Marin Ceaușescu, 73 ani, comunist român, fratele lui Nicolae Ceaușescu (n. 1916) Hermann Oberth (n. Hermann Julius Oberth), 95 ani, fizician și inventator român de etnie germană (n. 1894)
Accidentul aviatic din 28 decembrie 1989

Accidentul aviatic din 28 decembrie 1989 a constat în prăbușirea unui avion de transport civil de tip Antonov An-24 al companiei TAROM care efectua o cursă charter între București și Belgrad pentru a aduce sânge necesar trasfuziei răniților din timpul Revoluției Române din 1989. Resturile aparatul de zbor prăbușit, care avea la bord șase membri ai echipajului și un pasager, un fotoreporter britanic, au fost localizate în pădurea Mălinoasa de pe raza comunei Vișina, județul Dâmbovița. Cauzele accidentului nu au fost complet elucidate, una din ipoteze presupunând doborârea avionului cu o rachetă antiaeriană.
Evenimentele desfășurate în timpul Revoluției Române din 1989 precum și informațiile obținute l-au determinat pe general-maiorul Gheorghe Negoșanu, șeful Statului major al Comandamentului Apărării Anti Aeriene a teritoriului, să dispună interzicerea decolării aeronavelor militare și civile de pe teritoriul României începând cu 22 decembrie 1989 orele 19.
Pe 28 decembrie 1989 Ion Iliescu, în numele noii conduceri a FSN, a cerut efectuarea unei curse către Belgrad pentru a aduce sângele necesar îngrijirii răniților din revoluție. Posibilitatea unui zbor care să părăsească România era cunoscută din ziua anterioară, iar Ian Parry, fotoreporter în vârstă de 24 de ani la ziarul britanic Sunday Times, fiind înștiințat de această posibilitate, a decis să se folosească de această ocazie unică pentru a transporta pelicule fotografice și casete video realizate în București de unii corespondenți de presă străini.
Avionul a decolat cu un echipaj format din șase membri (Ioan Chifor, comandant de bord, Valter Jurcovan, copilot, Mihai Moldoveanu, instructor de zbor, Gelu Cristea, mecanic de bord, Elena Marghidan, însoțitoare de bord și Petre Bănică, însoțitor de bord), dintre pasagerii care așteptau pe Aeroportul Otopeni fiind acceptat la îmbarcare doar jurnalistul Ian Parry care urma să schimbe avionul la Belgrad cu unul pentru Londra.
La scurt timp după decolare, piloții au pierdut controlul avionului și acesta s-a prăbușit la 55 km sud-vest de București, în pădurea Mălinoasa, în apropierea comunei Vișina din județul Dâmbovița. Ancheta care a urmat a fost deosebit de lungă, iar rudele victimelor accidentului aviatic au fost supuse presiunilor, intimidarilor și amenințărilor atunci când încercau să afle detalii despre rezultatele anchetei. Rezultate cercetărilor au fost contradictorii, în 2006 prăbușirea avionului fiind atribuită prezenței de gheață pe aripi pentru ca, doar la câteva luni mai târziu, să fie incriminat impactul cu un obiect aflat în spațiul de zbor a avionului. Una din ipoteze ar fi că avionul a fost lovit de o rachetă antiaeriană, locul impactului cu solul fiind la aproximativ 12 km nord-vest de divizionul 182 Rachete AA de la Boteni.
Enigma prăbușirii acestui avion a constituit subiectul unei anchete realizate de jurnaliștii Carmen Moise și Cristian Tamaș, difuzată pe 28 aprilie 2013 pe postul TV Antena 3.
Vetrești-Herăstrău, Vrancea

Vetrești-Herăstrău este un sat în comuna Nistorești din județul Vrancea, Moldova, România.
Satul Vetresti-Herastrau sau simplu, Herăstrău, se află în partea nordică a județului Vrancea. Are o populatie de peste 372 de persoane (la recensământul din 2002) și conține câteva cătune,cum ar fi: Ungureni, Podul Țârdii (sătuc aflat peste râul Năruja traversarea se face peste un pod din lemn), Podul Șchiopului, Satul Nou sau Schit, Brădet sau Văcărie, Valea Neagră (cu aproximativ 6 familii). Cei care au pus aici bazele localitatii sunt apartinatori ai familiiilor Vatra, veniti se pare din zona Spinesti. Pe raza satului Vetresti-Herastrau se afla una din cele mai frumoase manastiri Valea Neagra,ctitorita pe la anul 1755. Biserica din lemn,detine o icoana facatoare de minuni a Maicii Domnului. Satul Herăstrău apartine de comuna Nistorești, deși candva, a fost reședința unei comune de sine stătătoare.
Aici se întâlnește la tot pasul acel mecanism de taiere a lemnului numit gater sau herăstrău, de la care provine și numele localității. În vechea vatră a satului Herăstrău se află biserica veche din lemn, construită prin contributia materiala a 8 familii ortodoxe, la care s-au utilizat numai cuie din lemn, bârnele fiind îmbinate natural (fiind crestate cu barda), iar temelia fiind făcută din piatra cioplită de râu.
În vatra satului Herăstrău se afla biserica veche din lemn, construita pe la anul 1880 și la care s-au utilizat numai cuie din lemn, bârnele fiind îmbinate natural, iar temelia fiind făcută din piatră cioplită de râu. În centrul satului Herăstrău se află biserica nouă cu hramul „Sfânta Treime”, construită în anii 1998-2003. Printre credincioșii care au contribuit la construcția bisericii din zid se numără cei care au constituit Consiliul parohial al bisericii din localitate, Consiliul de conducere al Obștii Herăstrău (donatorul clopotului bisericii noi de peste 450 kg), dar și familii de rând cum ar fi: Maftei Vatră, Simion Vatră, Ion Fega, Ștefan Găină, Ștefan și Ion Sofronie, din Ungureni, precum și alți creștini din localitate.
Biserica de lemn din Copăceni (Copăceni)

Biserica de lemn „Cuvioasa Paraschiva" din Copăceni, comuna Copăceni, județul Vâlcea, a fost construită în 1775. Are hramul „Cuvioasa Paraschiva". Biserica se află pe noua listă a monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI: cod LMI VL-II-m-B-09728.
Făcută din lemn de stejar, biserica din Copăceni a fost construită folosindu-se tehnici specifice: îmbinări prin chertare, îmbinări în coadă de rândunică, în cep și fixare în cuie de lemn. Construcția e așezată pe un soclu rudimentar, alcătuit din piatră și bolovani de râu nelegați cu mortar, soclu care nu se ridică mai mult de 40 cm. de la nivelul solului. Lăcașul are plan dreptunghiular simplu, cu pridvor deschis, pronaos, naos și altar decroșat, de formă poligonală cu cinci laturi. Pridvorul deschis, relativ îngust și tăvănit cu stinghii de lemn, se sprijină pe patru stâlpi ciopliți simplu, cu intervenții minimale de sculptură decorativă. Pronaosul și naosul, boltite semicilindric, sunt despărțite printr-un perete de lemn în care e practicată ușa de trecere dintre încăperi. Bolta pronaosului și cea a naosului au câte două travee, despărțite și susținute de coaste, așezate pe cai aflați sub tencuială. Altarul este și el acoperit în prima travee cu o mică boltă semicilindrică, ce se racordează pe trei laturi cu pereții dinspre est prin panouri oblice alcătuite din scânduri.
Danube school

The Danube school or Donau school (German: Donauschule or Donaustil) was a circle of painters of the first third of the 16th century in Bavaria and Austria (mainly along the Danube valley). Many were also innovative printmakers, usually in etching. They were among the first painters to regularly use pure landscape painting, and their figures, influenced by Matthias Grünewald, are often highly expressive, if not expressionist. They show little Italian influence and represent a decisive break with the high finish of Northern Renaissance painting, using a more painterly style that was in many ways ahead of its time.
According to Alfred Stange, Albrecht Altdorfer and Wolf Huber were two of the central most figures within the Danube school. Altdofer was the artist that created most of the artworks associated with the Danube school. The term "Danube school" was most likely not what these groups of artist called themselves but a name that derived hundreds of years after a man by the name of Theodore von Frimmel was observing a painting in 1892 in the Danube region around Regensburg, Germany. When artist Lucas Cranach's art work was recognized to have stylistic elements of the "Danube" the name "the Danube school" began to take a deeper meaning.
Rugged mountain terrain, towering fir trees and dramatic lighting effects of sunset and dawn are the main characteristics of the Danube school. Other elements that distinguish Danube school artworks is the prominence of nature and how it is represented through these pieces of art as well as the human figure in these natural elements and human events that happen within nature.
Of all the artists within the Danube school, Albrecht Altdorfer is one that has mastered the landscapes of the Danube. His painting, Danube Landscape has been dated between 1520 and 1525 which is a result from Altdorfer's mature years capturing the Danube landscapes.
Other members included:
Lucas Cranach the Elder had a major influence on the Danube school and is occasionally considered a member of the group.
Inland port

An inland port is a port on an inland waterway, such as a river, lake, or canal, which may or may not be connected to the sea. The term "inland port" is also used to refer to a dry port.
The United States Army Corps of Engineers publishes biannually a list of such locations and for this purpose states that "inland ports" are ports that are located on rivers and do not handle deep draft ship traffic. The list includes ports such as St. Louis, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Kansas City, and Memphis. A dense network of inland waterways including ports exists also in Europe (France, Germany, Poland, Russia, the United Kingdom and the Benelux countries), as well as in China and Brazil.
New Danube

The New Danube (German: Neue Donau) is a side channel of the Danube in Vienna, Austria, situated parallel to the east of the main river. It was built as part of the flood protections of the city.
The New Danube extends for approximately 21 kilometers, beginning in Langenzersdorf, a town just north of Vienna, after branching off from the main stream. It rejoins the river at the Danube-Auen National Park in the southeast of the city.
The New Danube stretches approximately 21.1 kilometers in length, with an average width of around 200 meters, covering a surface area of between 330 and 420 hectares. The depth ranges from 1.6 to 6.5 metres. It has a maximum flow rate of 5,200 cubic meters per second.
As the river is cut off from the Danube and only fed through ground water, it is essentially a lake. This gives the water a much higher quality compared to the main river. It is usually much bluer than the comparatively grey Danube.
Throughout Vienna's history, the city has suffered multiple devastating floods, such as in 1897, 1899 and 1954. In September 1969, the Vienna City Council decided to improve the flood protection of Vienna. The planned measures included the construction of a 21-kilometer relief channel, separated from the main river by a man-made island, to help prevent overflowing.
The project was approved in July 1970, and construction began in March 1972. The construction process took 16 years, during which approximately 30 million cubic metres of material were excavated, which was used to construct the Donauinsel (Danube Island). The island now also serves as a park and recreation area.
When the Danube starts overflowing, the two weirs on either end open, allowing water to flow in. This overflow happens when the water level of the Danube reaches 5.2 metres. At this point the flood service staff are deployed and a swimming ban is put in place. To be able to accommodate sufficient water as a narrower overflow channel during high water, the bed of the New Danube is lower than that of the main stream. The project was referred to by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) as "the first truly multipurpose fully sustainable flood protection scheme."
The system helped protect Vienna during the 2024 Central European floods, with the city coming away relatively unscathed. Austrian hydrologist Günter Blöschl claimed the damage Vienna avoided was far higher than the investment in flood protection.
The river can be used for swimming, with many public beaches on both sides of the river, as well as rowing and other aquatic activities. It is also home to the world's largest floating trampoline park.
The river can be accessed by the U1, U2 and U6 metro-lines, which stop at the Donauinsel, Donaustadtbrücke, and Neue Donau stations respectively, as well as by S-Bahn, trams and buses.
A series of articles on regulation of the Danube in chronological order:
Gabčíkovo Dam

Gabčíkovo Dam is a major dam and hydroelectric powerplant on the Danube located in southwest Slovakia near the Hungarian border and the town of Gabčíkovo, after which it has been named. The dam was opened in the 1990s for the purpose of harnessing Danube's power in form of electricity, easing the navigability of the relatively busy waterway and providing greater flood protection to the nearby area of Žitný Island. However, it has been criticized for its impact on the natural environment, namely on rare alluvial forests spread around Danube's uniquely preserved system of river arms.
The dam creates a reservoir of the same name, which spans upstream to Slovakia's capital Bratislava. It is a popular location for recreational activities, including watersports and cycling. Since Gabčíkovo dam has been constructed on a lowland with no natural barriers and elevation differences to hold the retained water, long artificial levees have been constructed on the sides of the reservoir, spanning its length. The original plan involved constructing part of the reservoir on Hungarian soil, but due to Hungary having abandoned the project, secondary Čunovo Dam has been constructed to restrain the flooded area only to Slovak soil. Čunovo Dam lets a portion of river's discharge flow into the old (former) Danube's main channel, around which the aforementioned alluvial forests are located, while Gabčíkovo Dam together with the side levees create a new, artificial main channel for the rest of the water volume.
Miroč

Miroč (Serbian Cyrillic: Мироч) is a mountain in eastern Serbia, between the towns of Donji Milanovac and Tekija. Its highest peak Štrbac has an elevation of 768 meters (2,520 ft) above sea level. Along with Liškovac, it is part of the Iron Gate gorge of the Danube river. It is located in the Đerdap national park.
In Serbian folklore, it is considered a mystical mountain with magic herbs to heal all wounds of haiduks, and the specific above of Vila Ravijojla (cf. the article on Vilas), the blood sister of Prince Marko. According to legend, after the Battle of Rovine (in which historical Marko Kraljević was killed), heavily wounded Marko swam across the Danube on his horse Šarac and reached the Koroglaš locality. Vila Ravijojla collected medicinal herbs from the Miroč mountain and treated his wounds. Koroglaš Monastery was built on the location in the 14th century.
The mountain is known for its quality honey. The surrounding area is rich in animal life, especially deer and wild boar, and there are protected hunting, like Vratna and Ploče.
The watershed of the Blederija river has been declared a natural monument in December 2019, due to the "richness and variety of geodiversity". It includes four springs which form the river, a natural reservoir in the lower section of the river valley, the Sokolovica spring cave, a small limestone gorge and the water cascades.
Danube, Minnesota

Danube is a city in Renville County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 505 at the 2010 census.
Danube was laid out in 1899, and named after the Danube, the European river. A post office called Danube has been in operation since 1903.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.47 square miles (1.22 km), all land.
As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $40,000, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $35,781 versus $22,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,807. About 3.8% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.
As of the census of 2010, there were 505 people, 209 households, and 145 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,074.5 inhabitants per square mile (414.9/km). There were 227 housing units at an average density of 483.0 per square mile (186.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 97.4% White, 1.2% African American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.7% of the population.
There were 209 households, of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.6% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.90.
The median age in the city was 39.8 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.2% were from 25 to 44; 28.1% were from 45 to 64; and 17.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.
Danube Fun Days, the city's annual celebration, is an extended weekend with many traditional events taking place during the second weekend in July.
Danubian provinces

The Danubian provinces of the Roman Empire were the provinces of the Lower Danube, within a geographical area encompassing the middle and lower Danube basins, the Eastern Alps, the Dinarides, and the Balkans. They include Noricum, Dacia (Trajana and Aureliana), the northern part of Dalmatia, Moesia (Inferior and Superior), Scythia Minor, and Pannonia (Superior and Inferior). The Danube defined the region to the north, with the Carpathian Mountains to the north and east. These provinces were important to the Imperial economy as mining regions, and their general significance in the Empire of the 3rd century is indicated by the emperors who came from the region.
The Roman presence in the region can be described as having four phases from Augustus to Hadrian: military conquest under Augustus, and consequent military actions; the establishment of military bases along roads and river crossings under Claudius; the establishment of camps along the river for stationing legions and auxiliaries carried out by the Flavian dynasty and Trajan; and further expansion into Dacia north of the Danube. Hadrian's approach was to defend and maintain, a policy that remained more or less in effect until the latter 4th century, when Roman control disintegrated. The pattern of Roman settlement after the time of Hadrian became standard: a fort (castra), a military town (canabae) associated with it, and a town (municipium) developing two or three miles away.
The Danubian population has been estimated as at least 2 million during the reign of Augustus, and 3 million in the 2nd century, but these figures are not based on hard data, and later archaeological investigations indicate a greater degree of development than had been recognized. In the time of the Antonines, there were perhaps 3 to 6 million inhabitants.
Inner City (Budapest)

Inner City (Hungarian: Belváros; German: Innenstadt) the central part of Budapest. It is more or less equivalent with the historic old town of Pest.
The Inner City is situated on the east bank of the river Danube. Until 1949 it was the 4th district of the town. Since then it has largely comprised the 5th district and the 6th district. The border of the city from the east follows the line of the old city walls, which is the Small Boulevard; its sections are Károly körút (Charles Boulevard), Múzeum körút (Museum Boulevard) and Vámház körút (Vámház Boulevard). The border from the west is the river Danube itself.
A colloquial definition of inner city (or city centre, both with lower case letters) also exists according to which the city centre of Budapest, in a broader sense, is bordered by the Grand Boulevard on Pest side of the city. In Buda (if it is also included), it is bordered by the continuation of Grand Boulevard by Margit körút (Margaret Boulevard), Krisztina körút (Christina Boulevard), Budaörsi út (Budaörsi Street) and Bocskai út (Bocskai Street). So the wider area comprises the whole 5th district and some parts of the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and the 13th districts on the Pest side, while also certain parts of the 1st., 2nd, 11th, and the 12th. districts on the Buda side.
Dunakorzó is a long esplanade along the east bank of the river with some of monuments.
Belvárosi plábániatemplom is the oldest church of the town.
Egyetemi templom is a church next to ELTE university.
Evangelical Church on Deák Square is an old Lutheran church on Deák Ferenc tér.
Pilvax kávézó is a café with historical significance.
Váci Street is the town's main shopping street full of shops, banks and also some travel agencies. Many tourists start sightseeing there.
The Parliament building is the largest one in Hungary and serves as the center of the Hungarian lawmaking.
Szabadság Square is in the center of the town surrounded by monuments and historic buildings.
Hungarian State Opera House is one of the most precious historic buildings of the town hosting the Hungarian State Opera.
The building was the host of the Hungarian ballet.
Várhegy contains the Buda Castle and a lot of historic buildings around it.
The three Budapest Metro lines converge at Ferenc Deák Square where the Blue and Red lines meet the Millennium Underground Railway (yellow). There are several bus, tram and trolleybus lines in this area.
47°29′53″N 19°02′24″E﻿ / ﻿47.498°N 19.040°E﻿ / 47.498; 19.040
Navies of landlocked countries

A landlocked navy is a naval force operated by a country that does not have a coastline. While these states are unable to develop a sea-going, blue-water navy, they may still deploy armed forces on major lakes or rivers. Such forces are often referred to as brown-water navies.
There are several reasons a landlocked country may choose to maintain a navy. If a river or lake forms a national border, countries may feel the need to protect and patrol that border with a military force. In some regions, roads may be unreliable or circuitous, and a river or lake may be the easiest way to move military forces around the country. Sometimes, possession of a body of water may actually be contested – for example, countries around the landlocked Caspian Sea have different views of how ownership should be divided.
Patrol boats of various types are the most common craft among landlocked navies. Some landlocked navies possess troop or vehicle transports, allowing ground forces to cross or travel along a lake or river.
The operation of military forces in lakes and rivers is not limited to landlocked countries. Many states maintain these forces in addition to their seagoing navy. They may be part of the same organisation (e.g. the Russian Caspian Flotilla) or not (e.g. U.S. Coast Guard).
Other countries operate water-based military forces without actually establishing an independent navy—instead, responsibility may be given to a branch of a different service.
Estadio Olímpico de Atenas

El Estadio Olímpico de Atenas "Spyros Louis" (en griego: Ολυμπιακό Στάδιο της Αθήνας "Σπύρος Λούης", Olympiako Stadio Athinas "Spyros Louis") es el estadio principal del Complejo Olímpico de Deportes de Atenas (OAKA), en la ciudad de Marusi, Grecia. Tiene una capacidad máxima de 75 263 espectadores.​ Fue la sede principal de los Juegos Olímpicos de Atenas 2004.
Fue originalmente completado en el año 1982, albergó en 1997 el Campeonato del Mundo de Atletismo, como forma de demostrar la capacidad de la ciudad de Atenas para albergar eventos de gran magnitud, tras el fracaso en la postulación de la capital helénica para realizar los Juegos Olímpicos de 1996 por la crisis griega en 1990.
Tras la elección como sede de los Juegos Olímpicos de 2004, el estadio sufrió una completa reconstrucción, no exenta de polémicas tras la elección del español Santiago Calatrava para el diseño de la obra, que contemplaba dos arcos sobre el cielo del estadio. La construcción del estadio sufrió muchos retrasos, lo que hizo peligrar la organización de los Juegos. Sin embargo, la nueva techumbre y la remodelación fueron concluidas a tiempo, siendo reinaugurado el estadio el 30 de julio de 2004, solo 13 días antes de que en el mismo estadio se celebrara la Ceremonia de Apertura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Atenas 2004. Durante agosto de ese año, fue sede de algunos partidos de fútbol y de los eventos de atletismo de los Juegos. El 29 de agosto se realizó la ceremonia de clausura.
Fue renombrado como Spiridon Louis en honor al famoso maratonista griego ganador de la primera maratón de los Juegos Olímpicos de Atenas 1896, y fue sede del partido final de la Liga de Campeones en el año 2007.
En 2023, las autoridades griegas ordenaron el cierre del estadio después de que una inspección detectara deficiencias en la adecuación estática de la cubierta debido a su falta de mantenimiento.​
En este estadio actuaron como local el Panathinaikos y el AEK Atenas, que tienen aficiones muy problemáticas. Gracias a la pista de atletismo que hay entre el terreno de juego y las gradas, se evitan muchos incidentes que puedan afectar a los jugadores. Los aficionados de este equipo portan bengalas en las gradas; a pesar de que está prohibido por la UEFA. Las autoridades griegas se las permiten por "temor" a que los seguidores tengan una respuesta violenta. Junto a la afición de Olympiakos, son los más numerosos del país heleno; también son los más revulsivos y problemáticos.
Estadio Olímpico de Berlín

El Estadio Olímpico de Berlín (en alemán: Berliner Olympiastadion) es un estadio multiusos ubicado en el distrito de Charlottenburg en la ciudad de Berlín, capital de Alemania. Fue la sede principal de los Juegos Olímpicos de Berlín 1936. Albergó partidos de las Copas del Mundo de 1974 y 2006, en esta última incluyó la final. Desempeñó la misma función de escenario principal, incluyendo el duelo definitivo, en la Eurocopa 2024.
Es el quinto de los estadios que albergaron los dos eventos deportivos más importantes del mundo, los Juegos Olímpicos y la Copa Mundial de Fútbol. En ambas ocasiones como escenario principal, en la ceremonia de inauguración del evento olímpico y de la final del certamen futbolístico, un hito que comparte con seis estadios más.​​​
Es uno de los estadios usados por la selección de fútbol de Alemania y en condición de arrendamiento del club deportivo Hertha BSC,​ fue casa del ya extinto equipo Berlin Thunder que participaba en la también extinta NFL Europa. Adicionalmente, este estadio ha sido sede de la final de la Copa de Alemania en 1936, 1938-1942 y desde 1985 hasta la actualidad; además del Campeonato Mundial de Atletismo de 2009, la Copa Mundial Femenina de Fútbol de 2011 y certámenes internacionales de clubes de fútbol como la final de la Liga de Campeones de la UEFA 2014-15.
Fue diseñado por el arquitecto alemán Werner March, fue construido entre 1934 y 1936 para los Juegos Olímpicos de 1936, reemplazando al "Estadio Alemán" (Deutschlandstadion originalmente llamado Grünewaldstadion) recinto con capacidad para 32 000 espectadores inaugurado en julio de 1913, diseñado por Otto March padre de Werner March, para Juegos Olímpicos de Berlín 1916 que nunca se realizaron por causa de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Fue sede de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 1974. Se restauró por completo con el fin de albergar la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2006,​ con proyecto a cargo del estudio Gerkan, Marg und Partner. Tiene capacidad para 74 475 espectadores.​
En el Berliner Olympiastadium solo se jugaron tres partidos de la primera ronda correspondientes al Grupo A de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 1974.
En el Berliner Olympiastadion se jugaron seis partidos, entre ellos uno de cuartos de final y la gran final del certamen.
En 2011, el Olympiastadion acogió el partido inaugural de Alemania en la Copa Mundial Femenina de Fútbol de 2011, fue el único partido del torneo disputado en el estadio.
El 6 de junio de 2015, el Olímpico de Berlín fue sede de la final de la Liga de Campeones de la UEFA 2014-15, donde el Barcelona derrotó 3-1 a la Juventus, y se proclamó Campeón de Europa por quinta vez en su historia, y sumado a la Copa del Rey y la Liga Española, logra su segundo Triplete.
El Olympiastadion albergó seis partidos de la Eurocopa 2024, incluido un juego por octavos de final, uno de cuartos de final y la final el 14 de julio de 2024.​
El 17 de junio de 2023, se llevó a cabo la ceremonia de apertura de los Juegos Olímpicos Especiales 2023 en el Estadio Olímpico.​
Chilean Olympic Committee

The Chilean Olympic Committee (COCh) (Comité Olímpico Chile) is a non-profit private organization composed of all Chilean sports federations who join it and accept its governance through statutes and regulations. It was created on 20 June 1934 and recognised the same year by the International Olympic Committee. The Committee is the organization in charge of coordinating Olympic activities in Chile. Before the COCh was formed, this duty was carried out by the “Liga Deportiva de Chile” (Chilean Sports League).
The motto of the COCh is the Latin phrase “Citius, Altius, Fortius”, meaning “Faster, Higher, Stronger”
The main goals of the Chilean Olympic Committee, as described in Title I, Article III of its statute are:
The board of the Chilean Olympic Committee in 2014 is as follows:
Martina Weil

Martina Weil Restrepo (born 12 July 1999) is a Chilean track and field athlete who competes as a sprinter. She is the Chilean national record holder over 400 metres indoors and outdoors.
Weil was trained at the Villa María Academy where she was coached by her Olympic medal winning mother Ximena Restrepo, before relocating to Belgium.
Weil became Chile's u20 national champion in the 100 metres and 200 meters at 18 years-old. At the Pan American Youth Games, in Cali in 2021, she finished second in the 400 metres with a time of 52.35, behind the Fiordaliza Cofil.
In May 2023, Weil broke the Chilean national record for the 400 metres, and then proceeded to lower it twice more before clocking 51.07 at the Diamond League event in Silesia, Poland in July 2023.
In November 2023, Weil won a gold medal in the 400 meters Pan American games event in Santiago, Chile, 32 years after her mother claimed silver. At the same championships she was part of a Chilean team who set a new national record for the women's 4 × 100 m relay to secure a silver medal.
In July 2024, she lowered her own national 400 metres record to 51.05 seconds in Hengelo. She competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics over 400 metres in August 2024.
Competing in Karlsruhe on 7 February 2025 she improved the Chilean indoor record over 400 metres to 52.40. She lowered it again the following month, running 51.67 seconds to qualify for the final of the 400 metres at the 2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships in Nanjing.
She is the daughter of former Olympians; sprinter and Olympic bronze medalist Ximena Restrepo and shot putter Gert Weil.
Athletics at the Summer Olympics

Athletics has been contested at every Summer Olympics since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics. The athletics program traces its earliest roots to events used in the ancient Greek Olympics. The modern program includes track and field events, road running events, and race walking events. Cross country running was also on the program in earlier editions but it was dropped after the 1924 Summer Olympics.
The events contested have varied widely. From 1900 to 1920, tug of war was considered to be part of the Olympic athletics programme, although the sports of tug of war and athletics are now considered distinct.
No new events have been added to the men's athletics programme since the 1956 addition of the short racewalk. The roster of events has not changed since then, with the exception of the omission of the long racewalk in 1976 (the IAAF held a 50 km walk World Championships that year instead and as a result the event was restored in 1980). The long racewalk is the only event currently held for men but not included on the women's programme, with the exception of women taking part in the heptathlon rather than the decathlon and the 100 metres hurdles rather than the 110 metres hurdles. The last women's event added to the roster was the 3000 metres steeplechase in 2008.
A total of 52 different events have been held in the men's competition. The current list comprises 23 events. Many of the discontinued events were similar to modern ones but at different lengths, especially in the steeplechasing, hurdling, and racewalking disciplines. Team racing events have been eliminated after appearing in six early editions of the Games. The athletic triathlon (an unusual event, held only once and featuring gymnasts competing in the long jump, shot put, and 100 metre dash) and pentathlon multi-discipline events were phased out in favor of the decathlon, and the medley relay replaced with even-leg relays. Standing jump competitions are no longer held, nor are the various modified throwing events which were experimented with in 1908 and 1912. Cross country running was on the program from 1912 to 1924 and is the most prominent form of athletics not to feature at the Olympics.
Past events that occurred only once
Past events that occurred twice to five times
Women's competition in athletics began at the 1928 Summer Olympics
The mixed event, a 4 x 400 meters relay, first made an appearance at the 2020 Summer Olympics. The event includes teams of four athletes, two men and two women who are allowed to run in any order decided by the team. Paris 2024 featured another mixed team event: the Marathon Race Walking Mixed Relay.
Every nation that has competed at the Olympics has entered the athletics competition. The numbers below represent how many athletes each nation sent that year, starting with 1896.
NOTE: This table is a work in progress. The empty boxes in the 2016, 2020, and 2024 columns do not necessarily mean that the country did not send athletes that year.
Updated after the 2024 Summer Olympics, considering stripped medals and reallocated medals as of August 2024.
Sources:
জিও পেমেন্টস ব্যাঙ্ক

জিও পেমেন্টস ব্যাংক একটি ভারতীয় পেমেন্ট ব্যাংক যা ২০১৮ সালে শুরু হয়। ভারতে পেমেন্ট ব্যাংকগুলি একটি বিশেষ শ্রেণীর ব্যাঙ্ক যা আমানত গ্রহণ করতে পারে এবং অর্থ প্রদান করতে পারে তবে ঋণ বা ক্রেডিট কার্ড সহ অন্যান্য ধরনের ঋণ ইস্যু করতে পারে না।
জিও পেমেন্টস ব্যাংক লিমিটেড হল রিলায়েন্স ইন্ডাস্ট্রিজ এবং ভারতীয় স্টেট ব্যাঙ্কের মধ্যে একটি যৌথ উদ্যোগ যা ৭০ঃ৩০ ভাগে রয়েছে।
১৯ আগস্ট, ২০১৫ এ রিলায়েন্স ইন্ডাস্ট্রিজ ব্যাংকিং নিয়ন্ত্রণ আইন, ১৯৪৯ এর ধারা ২২ (১) এর অধীনে ভারতীয় রিজার্ভ ব্যাংক থেকে পেমেন্ট ব্যাংক পরিচালনার জন্য লাইসেন্স পেয়েছিল। ১০ নভেম্বর, ২০১৬ এ এটি একটি পেমেন্ট ব্যাংক স্থাপনের জন্য পাবলিক লিমিটেড কোম্পানি হিসাবে নিবন্ধভুক্ত হয়। ৩ এপ্রিল ২০১৮ জিও পেমেন্টস ব্যাঙ্ক ষষ্ঠ পেমেন্ট ব্যাঙ্ক হয়ে ভারতে অপারেশন শুরু করে ।।
জিও প্ল্যাটফর্ম

জিও প্ল্যাটফর্ম হল একটি ভারতীয় বহুজাতিক প্রযুক্তি কোম্পানি। এর সদর দপ্তর মুম্বাইতে অবস্থিত । এটি রিলায়েন্স ইন্ডাস্ট্রিজের একটি সহযোগী প্রতিষ্ঠান । ২০১৯ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত এই কোম্পানিটি ভারতের বৃহত্তম মোবাইল নেটওয়ার্ক অপারেটর জিও এবং রিলায়েন্সের অন্যান্য ডিজিটাল ব্যবসার জন্য একটি হোল্ডিং কোম্পানি হিসাবে কাজ করে।
২০২০ সালের এপ্রিল থেকে রিলায়েন্স ইন্ডাস্ট্রিজ কোম্পানির ৩২.৯৭% মালিকানা শেয়ার বিক্রি করে ₹ ১৫২,০৫৬ কোটি সংগ্রহ করেছে। ২০২১ সালের আগস্টে, এটি বিশ্বের বৃহত্তম কর্পোরেশনগুলির ২০২১ ফরচুন গ্লোবাল ৫০০ তালিকায় ১৫৫ তম স্থানে ছিল।
জিও ফিল্মস

জিও ফিল্মস হল করাচিতে অবস্থিত পাকিস্তান-ভিত্তিক জিও টেলিভিশন নেটওয়ার্ক মালিকানাধীন একটি চলচ্চিত্র পরিবেশক কোম্পানী। জিও ফিল্মস সমস্ত পাকিস্তান জুড়ে হলিউড, বলিউড এবং ললিউড চলচ্চিত্রসমূহ পরিবেশন করে থাকে।
পাকিস্তানের জিও ফিল্মস কর্তৃক পরিবেশনকৃত চলচ্চিত্রের সম্পূর্ণ তালিকা:
জিও পাগলা

জিও পাগলা শৈলেশ দে’র জনপ্রিয় নাটক 'জয় মা কালী বোর্ডিং' অবলম্বনে নির্মিত একটি কমেডি ধাঁচের ছবি। ছবিটি প্রযোজনা করেছে সুরিন্দর ফিল্মস এবং পরিচালনা করেছেন রবি কিনাগী। জিও পাগলা ২০১৭ সালের ২০ অক্টোবর কলকাতায় মুক্তি পায়, বাংলাদেশে মুক্তি পায় ২০১৮ সালের ১৯ জানুয়ারি।