davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
The Rice Dumpling Vendors

The Rice Dumpling Vendors (燒肉粽; Tâi-lô: Sio Bah-tsàng) originally named "Selling Rice Dumpling" (賣肉粽), is a popular Taiwanese song from the post-war period in Taiwan. It was composed and published in 1949 (38th year of the Republic of China) by Zong-Hiu, Dung-Qiung. The original singer is unknown, but it became a hit for Kuo Chin-fa and was later covered in Cantonese by Guo Bining-jian. As for the Mandarin adaptation, it features a song titled "配對成雙" (Pairing Up in Pairs) which has been sung by various artists including Yao Su-jung, Chang Siao-ying, Ling Zhen, Shu Ya-song, and Chen Jie, with lyrics by Zhuang Nu.
When creating the song "Selling Rice Dumpling", Taiwan was facing an economic depression in the post-war era, with both the inflation and unemployment rates reaching new heights. The lyrics fully reflect the difficult living conditions of the people at the time and were widely acclaimed by the public. However, due to the negative and melancholic portrayal of the post-war livelihood in the lyrics, the song was banned by the Government Information Office. Kuo Chin-fa renamed the song to "The Rice Dumpling Vendors" and changed the first line of the lyrics from "Lamenting one's fate as a person with a tumultuous destiny" to "remembering the vivacity of childhood," and re-recorded and released it.
According to Mrs. Zhangqiu Dong-song's recollection, one night, after grading papers for her students at Taipei Municipal Jinhua Junior High School (now Jinhu Junior High School), Zhangqiu Dong-song and his wife started chatting. Suddenly, they heard the desolate cry of "Mài Sio Bah-tsàng" (賣燒肉粽) coming from the mouth of the alley. She thought that hungry people would be moved by this familiar call, but who would pity their hardships of life? So she suggested that Zhangqiu Dong-song write a song for this vendor.
A young man who had left school, unable to find employment and lacking the necessary funds to start a business, resorted to temporarily selling meat dumplings on the street. The lyrics also allude to the inflation and hardship experienced by this street vendor.
Kambojika Putta Khemara Tarei

Kambojika Putta Khemara Tarei (Khmer: កម្ពោជិកបុត្តាខេមរាតរី) is a dragon boat from Cambodia. The boat holds the Guinness record of being the longest dragon boat in the world. With an overall length of 87.3 metres (286 ft), in November 2018, the boat beat the previous record of 77.8 metres (255 ft) set by a Chinese dragon boat in May 2016. The boat was showcased during the 2018 Water Festival in Phnom Penh.
The boat was built to remember the history of production and use of dragon boats by the Khmer people and Khmer kings in older times, who used dragon boats as means of transport to defend the territory. The boat was built by Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia at an overall cost of US$60,000 (equivalent to $75,131 in 2024). Construction of the boat began in April 2018 and it took nearly seven months to finish the construction. The boat measures 87.3 metres (286 ft) in overall length, 1.99 metres (6.5 ft) in width and it can accommodate 179 oarsman. More than 13,000 people participated in the construction of the boat and it was completely hand-made.
The name Kambojika Putta Khemara Tarei translates to “Dragon Boat of Khmer Youth in Cambodian Territory".
The 179 oarsman in the boat symbolizes the day Cambodia was liberated from Khmer Rouge (7 January 1979); 1 being the month and 79 the year.
Water-Sprinkling Festival

The Water-Sprinkling Festival or Water-Splashing Festival (simplified Chinese 泼水节 ; traditional Chinese 潑水節; Pinyin: Pōshuǐ jié), is a major and traditional festival of the Dai ethnic group marking the New Year. The Dai are an ethnic minority of China who primarily live in the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in southern Yunnan, and their predominant religion is Theravada Buddhism. This festival occurs on the 6th month of the Dai calendar, which usually corresponds to mid-April of the Gregorian calendar. Additionally, it is known as the Festival for Bathing the Buddha, and typically lasts for three days.
On the first day, a variety of activities such as dragon boat races (held on the Lancang River), setting off of Dai rockets (放高升), and cultural and artistic performances are carried out. On the second day, water-splashing activities are enjoyed. The third and final day also coincides with New Year's Day, where people dress up in traditional garb and visit the temple. Water-splashing activities are carried out in the afternoon, where firstly, the women would clean statues of Buddha with water to obtain blessings; thereafter, individuals splash water on each other to symbolise not only good fortune, but also the "cleansing of illnesses and disasters". Furthermore, men and women take part in activities such as the exchange of small gifts and "losing of items", which are believed to bring good luck.
لوسی او ریلی

لوسی کیتھرین او ریلی (انگریزی: Lucy O'Reilly) (ولادت: 9 نومبر 1999ء، ڈبلن) آئرش قومی ٹیم کی موجودہ خاتون کرکٹ کھلاڑی ہیں۔ لسی ریلی آل- راؤنڈر ہیں۔ اپریل 2019 میں، لسی ریلی نے کرکٹ سے رضاکارانہ بریک لیا۔
لوسی ریلی آئرلینڈ کے ڈبلن میں پیدا ہوئیں۔ انھوں نے 8 جولائی 2013 میں پاکستان کے خلاف ٹی 20 بین الاقوامی میچ کھیل کر بین الاقوامی سطح پر قدم رکھا۔ انھوں نے اپنا آخری کھیل ٹی20، 15 نومبر 2018 کو بھارت کے خلاف کھیلا تھا۔ لوسی ریلی نے ٹی 20 کرکٹ اور ون ڈے کرکٹ کھیلی ہے۔ وہ دائیں ہاتھ سے بلے بازی کرتی ہیں اور گیند بازی کرتی ہیں۔ انھوں نے بین الاقوامی سطح پر مجموعی طور پر 32 ٹی 20 اور 14 ون ڈے میچ کھیلے۔
لوسی ریلی نے پہلا بین الاقوامی ایک روزہ میچ پاکستان کے خلاف 10 جولائی 2013 کو کھیلا۔ انھوں نے 35.77 کی اوسط سے کل 44 رنز بنائے جس میں سب سے زیادہ 14 کا اسکور بھی شامل ہے۔ انھوں نے کل 416 گیندیں پھینکیں اور 8 وکٹیں حاصل کیں۔ ان کی باؤلنگ کی اوسط42.87رہی جس میں 2/65 ان کی بہترین گیند بازی بھی شامل ہے۔ وہ 9 کیچ پکڑنے میں کامیاب رہیں۔
لوسی ریلی نے پہلا بین الاقوامی ٹی 20 میچ انگلینڈ کے خلاف سن 2008 میں کھیلا۔ انھوں نے کل 9 رنز بنائے جس میں سب سے زیادہ 9 کا اسکور بھی شامل ہے۔
صنعت

کسی صنعت کی تعریف معاشیات کی رو سے ایک مخصوص جغرافیائی دائرے میں کسی مخصوص زمرے کے مصنوعات(products) کی تیاری کرنے والے سبھی ادارہ جات پر ہوتا ہے۔ مثلًا بھارت میں ریاست مہاراشٹر کی شکر کی صنعت۔ اس میں گنے کے کسان اور وہ سب کارخانہ دار آ جاتے ہیں جو شکر اور متصلہ مصنوعات جیسے کی گُڑ کے بنانے سے جڑے ہیں۔ دودھ کی صنعت سے وہ سارے کاروبار جڑے ہیں جو دودھ کے کاروبار اور اس بننے والی مصنوعات سے جڑے ہیں۔ دودھ سے جو اشیا بن کر نکلتی ہیں ان میں دہی، لسی، چھانجھ، آئس کریم وغیرہ شامل ہیں۔ کسی صنعت میں اشیا کی نوعیت کے حساب سے اس کی مخصوص خصوصیات ہوتی ہیں۔ مثلٓا دودھ کی اشیا کی شیلف پر زندگی محدود ہوتی ہے۔ لہٰذا ان کی بکری یا تو فورًا ہونا چاہیے یا پھر مصنوعات بے کار ہو جاتے ہیں۔ مگر کچھ مصنوعات کی شیلف زندگی زیادہ ہوتی ہے۔ کئی دوا ساز کمپنیاں اپنی دواؤں دو دو سال تک اس کے استعمال کی میعاد لکھتی ہیں۔ کچھ مصنوعات ایسی بھی ہیں جن کی شیلف زندگی لامحدود ہے یا مصنوعات کے رکھنے پر منحصر ہے۔ جیسے کہ پلاسٹک اور اسٹیل سے بننے والے مصنوعات۔ یہ عملًا رکھ رکھاؤ پر منحصر رہتے ہیں اور اپنے بننے کے سالوں بعد بھی قابل فروخت ہیں۔
کسی بھی فعال معیشت میں صنعتوں کی اپنی اہمیت ہوتی۔ کل گھریلو مصنوعات (جی ڈی پی) کا حساب اشیا اور خدمات کی کل تعداد کے حساب سے ہوتا ہے۔ یہ جب یہ زیادہ ہوتے ہیں، تو ملک میں کم قیمتوں پر زیادہ اشیا دست یاب ہوں گے۔ اسی طرح بیرون ملک اس ملک کے سکے کی قیمت بھی زیادہ ہوگی۔ ملک کی مصنوعات دیگر ملکوں میں بیچے جائیں گے۔ مگر ان کی کمی کی صورت میں ملک میں زیر دوران دولت کی اندرونی افادیت بے حد کم ہو جائے گی۔ بیرون ملک میں بھی اس ملک کی مصنوعات کم ہی فروخت ہوں گی اور اسی طرح اس ملک کے سکے کی قیمت بھی کم گردانی جائے گی۔
2015ء میں، پاکستان ٹیکسٹائل ملز ایسوسی ایشن کے ایک بیان کے مطابق گذشتہ سہ ماہی میں ملک کی ٹیکسٹائل برآمدات میں 12 فیصد کمی واقع ہوئی تھی جس کی بنیادی وجہ یہاں بر آمدات کی کمی ہے۔
روزینہ ایلن خان

روزینہ چنٹل ایلن خان (پیدائش: 10 مئی 1978ء) ایک برطانوی خاتون سیاست دان اور میڈیکل ڈاکٹر ہیں جو 2016ء سے ٹوٹنگ کے لیے رکن پارلیمنٹ کے طور پر خدمات انجام دے رہی ہیں۔ لیبر پارٹی کی رکن، اس نے 2020ء سے 2023ء تک شیڈو منسٹر برائے دماغی صحت کے طور پر شیڈو کابینہ میں شرکت کی۔ وہ 2020ء لیبر پارٹی کی ڈپٹی لیڈر شپ الیکشن میں امیدوار کے طور پر کھڑی ہوئیں، ووٹنگ کے 3راؤنڈ کے بعد دوسرے نمبر پر رہیں۔ وہ اس سے قبل اکتوبر 2016ء اور جنوری 2020ء کے درمیان شیڈو منسٹر برائے کھیل تھیں۔
روزینا چنٹیل ایلن خان ٹوٹنگ میں پیدا ہوئیں۔ اس کے والدین دونوں موسیقار تھے: اس کی پولش ماں پولش لڑکیوں کے گروپ فلپینکی میں گلوکارہ رہی تھی اور اپنے والد سے ملی، جو اصل میں پاکستان سے ہے، جب بینڈ لندن کے دورے پر تھا۔ دو بچے ایک ساتھ ہونے کے بعد جوڑے میں علیحدگی ہو گئی۔ روزینا کی ماں نے روزینا اور اس کے بھائی کی مدد کے لیے 3ملازمتوں پر کام کیا۔ ایلن خان کی تعلیم تثلیث سینٹ میریز پرائمری اسکول، بلہم میں ہوئی، اس کے بعد دی گرے کوٹ ہسپتال۔ لیکن اس کے مایوس کن اے- درجے کے گریڈ نے طب کی تعلیم حاصل کرنے کی اس کی امیدوں پر پانی پھیر دیا۔ اس کی بجائے اس نے برونیل یونیورسٹی میں میڈیکل بائیو کیمسٹری کی تعلیم حاصل کی، پارٹ ٹائم ملازمتوں کی ایک سیریز کے ذریعے اپنی تعلیم کو فنڈ فراہم کیا اور ایک مضبوط ریکارڈ قائم کیا۔ اسے لسی کیوینڈش کالج، کیمبرج میں میڈیسن کی تعلیم حاصل کرنے کے لیے قبول کیا گیا جہاں اس کی مدد اسکالرشپ کے ذریعے کی گئی۔
ڈاکٹر کے طور پر کوالیفائی کرنے کے بعد ایلن خان نے رائل لندن اور ہومرٹن ہسپتالوں میں کام کیا۔ اس نے صحت عامہ میں ماسٹر ڈگری بھی مکمل کی۔ اس کے بعد اس نے غزہ اور اسرائیل، افریقہ اور ایشیا میں انسانی امداد کے ڈاکٹر کے طور پر کام کیا۔ ہاؤس آف کامنز میں اپنے انتخاب سے پہلے وہ ٹوٹنگ کے سینٹ جارج ہسپتال میں ایکسیڈنٹ اور ایمرجنسی ڈیپارٹمنٹ میں جونیئر ڈاکٹر کے طور پر کام کرتی تھیں۔ اپنے پارلیمانی کام کے علاوہ ایلن خان پارلیمانی چھٹیوں کے دوران سینٹ جارج ہسپتال میں کبھی کبھار شفٹوں میں کام کرتی رہتی ہیں۔
ایلن خان شادی شدہ ہے اور اپنے شوہر کے ساتھ ٹوٹنگ میں رہتی ہے جو ویلش اور مسلمان ہے۔ جوڑے کی دو بیٹیاں ہیں۔ وہ ایک شوقیہ باکسر ہے، بلہم باکسنگ کلب میں تربیت حاصل کر رہی ہے۔ ایلن خان ٹیم ڈاکٹر کے طور پر بھی کام کرتی ہیں۔
لسی سیموئل

لسی سیموئل (پیدائش:11 دسمبر 1968ء مدراس، ایک سابقہ بھارتی ایک روزہ بین الاقوامی کرکٹ کھلاڑی ہیں جو بھارت قومی خواتین کرکٹ ٹیم کے لیے بین الاقوامی کرکٹ کھیلتی رہیں۔ انھوں نے 3 ایک روزہ کھیلے۔
لسی سیموئل نے 11 دسمبر 1967ء میں واحد ایک روزہ بین لااقوامی کرکٹ کھیلی (کیپ نمبر 51) 15 دسمبر 1995ء کو انگلینڈ کے خلاف کھیلا۔لسی سیموئل نے 3 ایک روزہ بین الاقوامی کرکٹ میچ کھیلے اور 7.66 کی اوسط سے 23 رن بنائے۔
سینٹ لوسی، بارباڈوس

سینٹ لسی، بارباڈوس (انگریزی: Saint Lucy, Barbados) بارباڈوس کا ایک parish of Barbados جو بارباڈوس میں واقع ہے۔
سینٹ لسی، بارباڈوس کا رقبہ 36 مربع کیلومیٹر ہے اور اس کی مجموعی آبادی 9,758 افراد پر مشتمل ہے۔
Doogh

Doogh (Persian: دوغ) is a cold and savoury Iranian drink. It is made with fermented milk. Unlike its sister beverage of Turkish origin, ayran, Doogh is not diluted yogurt. According to the Iranian Ministry of Food Standards, Doogh "is a drink resulting from lactic fermentation of milk whose dry matter is standardized by diluting yogurt (after fermentation) or buttermilk (before fermentation)."
Milk and plain yogurt, at a ratio of 15:1, are mixed and placed on low heat until uniformly warm. Salt is added and the mixture is poured into a closed container and placed in a warm area for 3–4 days, after which it is ready to serve. The longer the drink is left to ferment, the more savoury it becomes. Many subcultures in Iran prefer a longer fermentation period.
Doogh has historically been referenced in Persian literature as the representation of a "sour version" of milk. The history of this word is uncertain. It is present in Avestan scripture, and essentially seems to have been another word for milk, or for the product of milking thus, the word Doogh derives from the Persian word for milking, dooshidan.
In Avestan scripture, doogh is defined as milk. Additionally, in the Avesta, the word for "girl," or "woman," or "female," is dooghtar, which means "the one who milks/is milked," and sounds very similar to the current-day word in Persian for "girl," dokhtar. Some Persian language scholars claim that the English word "daughter" also derives from this word.
Doogh (دوغ) is an Iranian fermented drink that has long been a popular drink and was consumed in ancient Iran (Persia). Doogh is mentioned in Persian literature from the middle period. In Avicenna's Kitab al-Qanun the word denotes milk used medically. Though Avicenna wrote in Arabic, the word "doogh" doesn't exist in Arabic, so his use of it is taken as a part of Persian literature strictly for the purposes of this article.
Doogh is recognized as one of the main Iranian beverages to serve alongside meals. Dishes such as Dizi and Chelo-Kabab are the most commonly served with doogh.
In some parts of Iran, mainly Isfahan, doogh is served with the sweet pastry Gosh-e fil as a hallmark tradition and snack.
In Iranian popular culture doogh is also considered to have a sedative effect. Pop culture jokes imply that it is a bad idea to drink doogh during lunch at work or school.
Shezan International

Shezan International Limited (Urdu: شیزان) is a Pakistani beverage manufacturer based in Lahore. It is one of the smallest food and beverage manufacturers in Pakistan. Its brands include All Pure and Twist. This company is a part of Shahnawaz Group and is traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange.
Since its inception in 1964, Shezan has produced various products including soft drinks, juices, ketchups, and jams. The company is also the single largest grower of mangoes in Pakistan, and employs roughly 1,000 persons. The company is best known for its trademark product, 'Shezan Mango', a mango juice drink popular in Pakistan.
Shezan International was incorporated on May 13, 1964 by Chaudhry Shah Nawaz. It was a joint venture between Shahnawaz Group and Amcor. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided a loan of 2.5 million US dollars to support the purchase of necessary equipment.
In 1965, Shezan began test marketing orange juice and established its fruit processing and bottling plant, along with its headquarters, in Lahore. The hot climate in the region initially caused issues with the shelf life of the juice. However, by the end of 1966, these problems were addressed, ensuring the stability of the bottled juice. In 1967, Shezan expanded its product line to include mango, grape, apple, and berry juices.
In 1968, Amcor exited Pakistan and sold its equity Shahnawaz Group. A year later, Shezan introduced Lemon Barley juice.
In 1980–81, a separate unit was installed in Karachi, which now caters for Karachi, Sindh and also meets the export demand. A bottle filling plant was set up in 1983 in Lahore, Punjab. An independent Tetra Brik plant was commissioned in 1987.
In 1989, Shezan was listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange, following an initial public offering at a strike price of Rs. 38.
In 1990, it was decided to install a juice factory at Hattar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Shezan has been the frequent target of controversy due to the Ahmadiyya affiliation of its owners. Several campaigns led by religious conservatives have in the past targeted Shezan, calling for its boycott, and subsequent ban.
In 2012, campaigns by traditionally bright Islamic groups found a more liberal voice, amongst these were lawyers from Lahore Bar Association. Soon thereafter, The Lahore Bar Association also banned Shezan products from its premises and subordinate court complexes, threatening tough actions against anyone found buying the drink. The move came as 100 lawyers unanimously voted for the ban on Shezan drinks and products.
As a consequence of the numerous initiatives to boycott Shezan products in systematic anti-Ahmadi campaigns, several attacks have been recorded against Shezan factories. In June 2010, unidentified assailants stormed a Shezan factory after which high-explosive bombs were detonated that left four injured.
Lassi Thomson

Lassi Thomson (born September 24, 2000) is a Finnish professional ice hockey defenseman who is currently playing with the Malmö Redhawks of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). He was drafted 19th overall by the Ottawa Senators in the first round of the 2019 NHL entry draft.
He was drafted 19th overall by the Ottawa Senators in the first round of the 2019 NHL entry draft. On July 15, 2019, Thomson was signed to a three-year, entry-level contract with the Senators.
Thomson was invited to the Senators training camp ahead of the 2021–22 season. On October 3, 2021, he was assigned to the Senators American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Belleville Senators. Thomson made his NHL debut on November 12, 2021, with the Senators in a 2–0 loss to the Los Angeles Kings after being recalled the same day from Belleville due to a breakout of COVID-19 in the team. He was returned to Belleville on December 8, 2021, after playing in eleven games. He was recalled for one game on January 1, 2022, against the Toronto Maple Leafs and then called up again on January 25, 2022. He finished the season playing in 16 games for the Senators. At the beginning of the 2022–23 season, Thomson was assigned to Belleville. He was recalled by Ottawa on November 22, 2022. He was immediately slotted into the roster alongside Nick Holden in the November 24 game versus the Vegas Golden Knights, giving up a goal in the third period. He played one more game before being sent back to Belleville. While with Belleville, Thomson suffered an upper-body injury in December that kept him out for 11 games.
On October 1, 2023, after being put on waivers by the Senators, Thomson was claimed by the Anaheim Ducks. However, Anaheim waived Thomson again one week later, and he was subsequently reclaimed by the Senators. He was then assigned to Belleville after no other team put in a claim. Thomson played out the 2023–24 season in Belleville, registering 6 goals and 21 points through 67 regular season games. He helped Belleville make it to the second round of the Calder Cup playoffs for the first time in team history, but was surpassed by other prospects.
As a pending restricted free agent with the Senators, Thomson opted to return to Europe and was signed to a two-year contract with Swedish club, Malmö Redhawks of the Swedish Hockey League, on May 13, 2024.
Thomson's father is Scottish.
Lasi dialect (Sindhi)

Lasi, or Lassi, also called Kohistani (Sindhi: لاسي) is a dialect of the Sindhi language spoken on the western frontier of Sindh and Balochistan in Pakistan. It is spoken by the Sindhi Lasi people of Lasbela, Hub and Gwadar in Balochistan, and Lasi is also spoken in the Kohistan region of Karachi, Thatta and Jamshoro districts of Sindh.
Lasi is known to use loanwords from other languages, primarily from Persian as well as Balochi.
Lasi uses the same orthography as Sindhi except an extra letter, ۏ, which has been added to the Balochi Standard Alphabet. Many educated Lasi speakers use the Latin alphabet in an effort to romanise the language.
Museo del Axolote y Centro de Conservación de Anfibios

El Museo del Axolote y Centro de Conservación de Anfibios, también conocido como Anfibium, es un museo y centro de investigación, conservación y difusión para el saneamiento de los cuerpos de agua y protección del axolote, especie endémica de México en peligro de extinción. Este espacio se encuentra ubicado en el Zoológico de Chapultepec de la Ciudad de México.​​
La inauguración de Anfibium, Museo del Axolote y Centro de Conservación de anfibios se realizó en el marco de los 100 años del Zoológico de Chapultepec el 21 de enero de 2023.​ El objetivo del museo es la protección y estudio del ajolote, especie endémica de la cuenca del Valle de México, en particular de Xochimilco.​​
En el recinto se albergan distintos tipos de anfibios y diferentes especies como ranas, tortugas, salamandras, sapos, tritones, acociles, peces, entre otros. Cuenta con un humedal artificial en su parte exterior, salas de exhibición, talleres educativos, laboratorios para el estudio y reproducción de esta especie, veterinaria para axolotes, peceras para exhibición de anfibios y peces, tina de exploración interactiva, estanques, zona de microscopios y un mirador.​​
Xola (estación)

Xola (pronunciado ['ʃo.la]) es una de las estaciones que forman parte del Metro de la Ciudad de México, perteneciente a la Línea 2. Se ubica al sur de la Ciudad de México, en la alcaldía Benito Juárez.
Esta palabra viene del náhuatl xolotl (monstruo, payaso), la misma que forma las palabras guajolote y axolote. Su femenino, xola, se refiere a la hembra del guajolote. Su isotipo representa una palmera, ya que en el lugar donde se ubica la estación había una casa que tenía una gran palmera que por su tamaño se volvió hito de la zona.​
En 2014 la estación presentó una afluencia promedio anual de 17 714 personas.​
La siguiente tabla muestra la afluencia de la estación en los últimos 10 años:
Existen conexiones con las estaciones y paradas de diversos sistemas de transporte:
Futuro Perfecto (álbum)

Futuro Perfecto es un disco recopilatorio del grupo musical Aviador Dro editado en el año 2019, con el que celebran el 40 aniversario del grupo.​ El autor de la totalidad de los temas es Servando Carballar y el diseño de la portada es obra de Manuel Guío, alias Placa Tumbler (antiguo miembro de la banda). Asimismo las ilustraciones en el interior de la carpeta y en el libreto son de Federico Guzmán y están extraídas del "Libro para colorear del AVIADOR DRO", obra inédita realizada en 1983.
El disco se dio a conocer de forma oficial el 29 de octubre de 2019 y se publicó comercialmente el 29 de noviembre. El álbum (editado en formato CD, vinilo y digital) contiene nuevas grabaciones de los clásicos de su repertorio. Algunos de ellos (marcados con la A de Alpha) han sido producidos por David Kano (Cycle) e incluye colaboraciones de Guille Mostaza (Baila la guerra), Xoel López (Selector de frecuencias) y Olaya Pedrayes del grupo Axolotes Mexicanos (Programa en espiral). El resto del disco (marcados con la Ω de Omega) se completa con grabaciones recientes, registradas en directo en el estudio con los instrumentos analógicos con los que el Aviador Dro inició su carrera musical.​
Dermophis mexicanus

Dermophis mexicanus, also known commonly as the Mexican burrowing caecilian or the Mexican caecilian, and locally as the tapalcua or tepelcua, is a species of limbless amphibian in the family Dermophiidae. The species is native to Mexico and Central America, where it burrows under leaf litter and plant debris.
The adult Mexican burrowing caecilian grows to a length of 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 in). In general appearance, it resembles a large earthworm. Around a hundred transverse annular folds in the skin give the appearance of segments. The head has a pointed snout, a single row of teeth in the lower jaw, and two vestigial eyes covered with skin, with a pair of protrusible tentacles between the eyes and the nostrils. The body is elongated and there are no limbs. The upper surface is dark grey and the under surface pale grey with darker markings on the annuli.
The Mexican burrowing caecilian is found in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and possibly Belize, mostly on the Atlantic side, but also in some isolated parts of the Pacific slope. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, moist lowland forests, moist montane forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forests. It is fossorial, living in damp, loose soil and under leaf litter, logs, and plant debris, often in banana and coffee plantations. It is found at altitudes of up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above sea level.
The Mexican burrowing caecilian feeds on invertebrates, including earthworms, termites, crickets, slugs, and snails. It emerges onto the ground surface on nights with light rainfall and catches small prey that come within its reach. Larger individuals may eat mice and small lizards. It moves by internal concertina-like movements and by undulating its body from side to side.
This caecilian is viviparous. Males start spermatogenesis at 1 years of age but may not reproduce until year two due to a greater abundance of spermatogenic lobules. Females can start reproducing after 1 year, but most reproduce in their second year. Fertilisation is internal and up to 16 developing larvae subsist on the yolks of their eggs for three months. Then, they develop rasping teeth and feed on maternal glandular secretions, scraping the inside of the oviduct to stimulate their production. When the young emerge, after 11 months of gestation, they are 10 to 15 cm (3.9 to 5.9 in) long. They then shed their larval teeth and rapidly grow a set of adult ones.
The Mexican burrowing caecilian is listed as least concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It has several disjunct populations, and in areas where it used to be abundant it now seems to be less common, and the locations in which it is found seem to be fewer in number. It may be persecuted in some locations because it superficially looks like a snake.
Pacific giant salamander

The Pacific giant salamanders are members of the genus Dicamptodon. They are large salamanders endemic to the Pacific Northwest in North America. They are included in the family Ambystomatidae, or alternatively, in their own monogeneric family Dicamptodontidae.
Pacific giant salamanders are defined by their wide protruding eyes, costal grooves, thick arms, and dark background coloring. Dicamptodon have a snout-vent-length (SVL) of 350 mm (14 in), a broad head, laterally flexible flattened tails, paired premaxillae that are separate from the nasals, and the aquatic larvae have gills. Dicamptodon have lacrimals and pterygoids that are present, but quadratojugal are absent.
While most salamanders are silent, the Pacific giant salamander is one of several salamanders that have vocal abilities. When startled, these salamanders may respond with a croaky-sounding cry similar to that of a barking dog.
Pacific giant salamanders are semi-aquatic animals that occupy both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They are commonly found in various lotic environments in altitudes ranging from 0 to 7000 feet above sea level in the Pacific Northwest and Northern California. Aquatic salamander abundance has been shown to increase with increasing rock coverage, and decrease with increasing water velocity, and tend to prefer cold mountain streams and lakes. Pacific giant salamanders also utilize terrestrial refuge sites such as decaying wood, burrows, or under rocks.
The genus Dicamptodon was formerly thought to contain two species, Cope's giant salamander (D. copei) on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and the Pacific giant salamander (D. ensatus) which consisted of three geographic populations, an Idaho isolate, a group in northern California, and a group in Oregon and Washington. In 1989, genetic studies showed D. copei to be a distinct species, and the D. ensatus populations to consist of three species: the Idaho giant salamander (D. aterrimus) in Idaho, and two highly divergent species with a narrow hybrid zone in California, the coastal giant salamander (D. tenebrosus) (ranging from northern California to Washington), and the California giant salamander (D. ensatus) (limited only from Santa Cruz County to Mendocino County in California). The earliest known member of this genus and family is D. antiquus from the Paleocene of Alberta.
There are four extant Dicamptodon species.
Linckia

Linckia is a genus of sea stars found mainly in the Indo-Pacific region. They are known to be creatures with remarkable regenerative abilities, and capable of defensive autotomy against predators. They reproduce asexually.
The genus is named after the German naturalist Johann Heinrich Linck (1674–1734).
Five groups within Linckia have been clearly genetically differentiated - L. columbiae, L. bouvieri, two clades within L. guildingi, and one clade with two subclades consisting of both L. laevigata and L. multifora . A list of species of Linckia:
Some sources also give :
External gills

External gills are the gills of an animal, most typically an amphibian, that are exposed to the environment, rather than set inside the pharynx and covered by gill slits, as they are in most fishes. Instead, the respiratory organs are set on a frill of stalks protruding from the sides of an animal's head.
This type of gill is most commonly observed on the aquatic larva of most species of salamanders, lungfish, and bichirs (which have only one large pair), and are retained by neotenic adult salamanders and some species of adult lungfish. They are present on non-transforming salamander species, such as most members of the family Proteidae (the olm and mudpuppies) and the family Sirenidae, which naturally never metamorphose into an air-breathing form. The embryos of frogs and caecilians also develop external gills at some point in their development, though these are either resorbed before or disappear shortly after hatching. Fossils of the distant relatives of modern amphibians, such as Branchiosaurus and Apateon, also show evidence of external gills.
The external gills commonly consist of a single stalk (rami) protruding from a gill arch behind the head of the animal, above an associated gill slit. The stalk usually contains muscle tissue, and may be moved by the animal as a free appendage, in order to stir up stagnant water. The stalk is lined by many thinly walled filaments (fimbriae), containing the majority of blood vessels used in gas exchange. Animals usually have one external gill originating on each gill arch (except the hyoid), which leads to there being three pairs of external gills in salamanders, and four in the gilled larvae of lungfish.
Innovator potato

Innovator is potato variety that is oblong in shape with a smooth skin. It is a popular potato variety in Europe and is gaining popularity in North America as a frying and baking potato. The skin of the potato variety is russeted, similar to that of a Russet Burbank potato. Innovator also has shallow eyes with a cream coloured flesh.
Innovator was bred in the Netherlands and registered in 2004. It is the result of a cross between Shepody x RZ-84-2580.
Due to the Innovator's dry matter content they are well suited for french fry making, boiling or baking.
Innovator is a medium to large plant with stems that are semi erect. The leaves of the plants are a yellow green and are moderately close to one another. When the plant flowers it produces many white flowers. The variety produces tubers that are large and oblong in shape with a tan coloured skin. The potato variety also produces large sprouts that are red-violet in colour.
Innovator potatoes are resistant to potato wart and Globodera pallida (one of the two species of potato cyst nematode). It is also resistant to late foliar leaf blight, Potato virus X and Potato virus Y. The variety is slightly resistant to common scab and tuber late blight.
Cold cream

Cold cream, also known as ceratum refrigerans, is an emulsion of water and certain fats, usually including beeswax and various scent agents, designed to smooth skin and remove makeup. Cold cream is a water-in-oil emulsion (emulsion of small amount of water in a larger amount of oil), unlike the oil-in-water emulsion of vanishing cream, so-called because it seems to disappear when applied on skin. The name "cold cream" derives from the cooling feeling that the cream leaves on the skin. Variations of the product have been used for nearly 2000 years.
Cold cream is mainly used for skin treatment (such as a facial mask or lip balm), due to its moisturizing properties. It can also be used as shaving cream and as a makeup remover.
The invention of cold cream is credited to Galen, a physician in second century Greece. The original formulation involved rose water, beeswax, and either almond or olive oil. The beeswax is essential to a successful cream, as it is the emulsifying ingredient, but it is extremely inefficient compared to modern emulsifiers. Creams made with only beeswax require extensive mixing and can separate upon standing. Thus, small quantities of borax were later added in addition to the beeswax. Borax saponifies fatty acids in the beeswax and allows for a more stable cream, using the small quantities of soap created as the emulsifying agent.
This 1857 account relates:
In France, this substance is still known as cérat de Galien ('Galen's Wax'). A copy of the London Dispensatory, edited by Nicholas Culpeper and published in the year 1650 included the following formula for this substance:
An 1814 poem credited to "Dr. Russell" gives the following account of the benefits attributed to cold cream in that day:
When mixed with water, plant oils spoil rapidly, so cold cream was most often made in small batches at home or in local pharmacies.
Almost all modern cold creams have replaced the plant oils with mineral oil and have added alcohol, glycerin, and lanolin. Beginning in the 1970s, jojoba oil became a common ingredient, used as a substitute of spermaceti from whales. Widely sold brands of cold cream in the United States include Pond's and Noxzema.
Over the centuries, new uses have been found for the product: "As a toilet requisite cold cream is used for softening and cooling the skin after sunburn, as a cleansing cream, to relieve harshness of the skin, etc."
Substrate (aquatic environment)

Substrate is the earthy material that forms or collects at the bottom of an aquatic habitat. It is made of sediments that may consist of:
Stream substrate can affect the life found within the stream habitat. Muddy streams generally have more sediment in the water, reducing clarity. Clarity is one guide to stream health.
Marine substrate can be classified geologically as well. See Green et al., 1999 for a reference.
Mollusks and clams that live in areas with substrate, and need them to survive, use their silky byssal threads to cling to it. See Cteniodes Ales for reference.
Spathodus erythrodon

Spathodus erythrodon is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika though absent from the southern end of the lake. Preferring areas with rubble or pebble substrates, this species prefers very shallow waters usually being found in waters of less than 1 foot (0.30 m) depth. This species can reach a length of 8.5 centimetres (3.3 in) TL. It can also be found in the aquarium trade.
Schistura pridii

Schistura pridii is a species of ray-finned fish, a stone loach, in the genus Schistura. It is found in the upper Chao Phraya basin, in streams in the Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Chiang Mai Province in Thailand. Here it inhabits torrents, with rocky gravel and pebble substrates in which it often hides.
Named in honor of Pridi Banomyong, statesman and former Prime Minister of Thailand.
In the year 2018, this species can be successfully bred by the Department of Fisheries of Thailand, after a 12-year experiment, but the yields were low.
घांगळी

घांगळी हे वारली समाजाचे पारंपरिक वाद्य आहे. हे वाद्य रुद्रवीणेसारखे दिसते. वारली समाजात नृत्याला फार महत्त्वाचे स्थान आहे. दिवाळी, शिमगा यांसारखे सण लग्नसमारंभात तसेच प्रार्थना करताना वारली स्त्री-पुरुष शरीर शृंगारून निरनिराळी नृत्ये करतात. त्यावेळी हे वाद्य प्रामुख्याने वाजविले जाते. आपल्याला घांगळी हे वाद्य भू-मातेने दिले आहे, अशी वारली लोकांची श्रद्धा होती. हे वाद्य वाजविणाऱ्यांना घांगळी भगत असे म्हणत. डाव्या हाताने छातीपाशी घट्ट धरून उजव्या हाताने तारांना छेडून भगत हे वाद्य वाजवितो तेव्हा त्याला इतर दोन भगत साथ देतात.
घांगळी हे वाद्य सहजासहजी कोणीही वाजवू शकत नसे. घांगळी भगत होण्यासाठी खास शिक्षण घ्यावे लागते. अनुभवी भगत ही विद्या तरुण मुलांना शिकवितात. याचे शिक्षण पावसाळ्याच्या प्रारंभी सुरू होते व दिवाळीपर्यंत पूर्ण होते. या काळात शिकाऊ भगतांना काही व्रते कडकपणे पाळावी लागतात. जो भगत ही व्रते व्यवस्थित आचरणात आणणार नाही, त्यास शिक्षा केली जात असे. तरीही त्याच्यात सुधारणा झाली नाही तर त्याला शिक्षण देणे बंद केले जाते. त्यामुळे भू-मातेने दिलेले हे वाद्य वाजविण्याची कला अवगत करण्यासाठी प्रचंड तपश्चर्येचीच आवश्यकता असते.
घांगळी वाद्य बनविण्याचे कौशल्य मोजक्या लोकांनाच प्राप्त असे. त्यामुळे समाजात त्यांना भगतांइतकेच स्थान असे. बहुतेक भगत स्वतःच हे वाद्य बनवितात. घांगळी हे वाद्य बनविण्यासाठी दोन सुकलेल्या भोपळ्यांचा वापर केलेला असतो. दोन्ही भोपळ्यांना जोडण्यासाठी उत्तम प्रतीच्या बांबूंचा उपयोग केला जातो. नाद निर्माण करण्यासाठी या बांबूवर तारा बसविलेल्या असतात. या तारा छेडून जो नाद निर्माण होतो त्याच्या तालावर घांगळी भगत भू-मातेची प्रार्थना करणारे गाणे म्हणतो. त्याला पालघर असे म्हणतात. या गाण्याबरोबर भगत कथाही सांगतो. हे वाद्य मोरपिसे, काचेच्या रंगीत बांगड्या, आरसा किंवा बोटांच्या सहाय्याने वाजविले जाते. एका अर्थाने घांगळी हा तंतुवाद्याचा आद्य प्रकार असावा.
जिव्या सोमा म्हसे

जिव्या सोमा मशे(जन्म : १९ मे इ.स.१९३४; - १५ मे इ.स.२०१८) हे एक मराठी चित्रकार व कलाकार होते. त्यांनी वारली चित्रकलेला आंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तरावर पोहचविले. पद्मश्री पुरस्काराने सन्मानित झालेले ते पहिले आदिवासी कलावंत आहेत. वारली जमातीत प्रामुख्याने महिलांची कला म्हणून ओळखला जाणारा हा कलाप्रकार म्हसे यांनी वयाच्या तेराव्या वर्षी आत्मसात केला.
पालघर भागातील आदिवासींचे वास्तव्य असलेल्या डहाणू तालुक्यातील गंजाड या गावात त्यांचे वास्तव्य होते.
कलात्मक वस्तूंना बाजारपेठ उपलब्ध व्हावी व कलाकारांना संधी मिळावी या उद्देशाने भारताच्या तत्कालीन पंतप्रधान इंदिरा गांधी यांनी मोहीम सुरू केली. या मोहिमेत भास्कर कुलकर्णी यांची जिव्या सोमा म्हसे यांच्याशी ओळख झाली, आणि म्हसे यांच्या निमित्ताने वारली चित्रकला समाजासमोर आली.
पारंपरिक वारली चित्रांमध्ये म्हसे यांनी प्राणी, पक्षी, सूर्य, चंद्र, फूल, फळ अशा निसर्गचित्रांना स्थान मिळवून दिले, हे त्यांचे योगदान म्हणून सांगता येईल.
वारली चित्रकलेला नावलौकिक मिळवून दिल्याबद्दल भारत सरकारने त्यांना इ.स. २०१६ मध्ये त्यांना पद्मश्री पुरस्काराने सन्मानित केले आहे. इ.स.१९७६ साली म्हसे यांना राष्ट्रपती पुरस्काराने सन्मानित करण्यात आले.
भारतासह जर्मनी, रशिया, जपान, इटली, इंग्लंड, चीन, बेल्जियम या देशांमध्ये म्हसे यांनी आपली कला सादर केली आहे. बेल्जियमच्या राणीने त्यांचा यथोचित सन्मान केला आहे. जपानमधील मिथिला म्युझियमचे संचालक होसेगवा यांच्या हस्तेही म्हसे यांचा गौरव करण्यात आला आहे.
४. https://www.loksatta.com/lekha-news/artist-jivya-soma-mashe-1682967/
चित्रकला

चित्रकला हा कलेचा एक प्रकार आहे. मानवी सर्जनशीलतेचा अविष्कार यातून दिसून येतो. चित्रकलेचा इतिहास अतिशय पुरातन आहे. लिओनार्डो-द-व्हिन्सी, रॅफेल, मायकेल ॲंजेलो, राजा रवी वर्मा इत्यादी महान चित्रकार ऐतिहासिक कालखंडात होउन गेले.
प्राचीन ग्रंथ विष्णूधर्मोत्तर पुराणामध्ये भारतीय चित्रकलेचा स्रोत आहे. भारत, चीन आणि इजिप्त या देशात प्राचीन काळापासून चित्रकला अस्तित्वात होती.
महाराष्ट्रातील अजिंठा लेण्यामध्ये प्राचीन चित्रकला पहावयास मिळते.
पुराणातील विविध प्रसंगानुरूप चित्रे रेखाटली जाऊ लागली, त्यास पौराणिक चित्रकला म्हणतात.
महाराष्ट्रातील काही प्रसिद्ध चित्रकार
संगणकीय चित्रकलेने विषय सहज स्पष्ट होतो . या प्रकारातील मोडणारे sOftware निर्मित इमारत चित्रे सातारा येथील कॅड point येथे बनवली जातात.
वारली

वारली ही महाराष्ट्रातील एक आदिवासी जमात आहे. मुख्यत्वे ठाणे आणि पालघर जिल्ह्यात या जमातीचे वास्तव्य दिसून येते. वारली चित्रकला हे वारली जमातीचे वैशिष्ट्य आहे.या चित्रकलेचा प्रचार जगभरात झालेला आहे.
वारल्यांची वस्ती मुख्यत्वे महाराष्ट्र, व गुजरात राज्यांत तसेच दादरा व नगर हवेली या केंद्रशासित प्रदेशांत असून महाराष्ट्र राज्याच्या ठाणे, पालघर व नाशिक जिल्ह्यांत त्यांची वस्ती अधिक प्रमाणात आढळते. सात- आठ किंवा दहा-पंधरा खोपट्यांचा समूह ज्या ठिकाणी असेल त्याला पाडा म्हणतात. वारली पाड्यांतच राहतात. साधारण उंचवट्यावर झाडांचा आश्रय घेऊन सावलीला हे पाडे वसलेले असतात.
वारली या नावाच्या व्युत्पत्तीबद्दल विद्वानांत मतैक्य नाही आणि तत्संबंधी अनेक कथा, दंतकथा व वदंता प्रसृत झाल्या आहेत. प्राचीन साहित्यातही या जमातीचे भिन्न नावांनी उल्लेख आढळतात. कात्यायनाने वार्तिकात निषाद, व्यास व वरूड या तीन अनार्य जमातींचा उल्लेख केला आहे. त्यांपैकी वरूड म्हणजे वारली होत, असे वि. का. राजवाडे यांनी महिकावतीच्या बखरीत म्हणले आहे. 'वरूड' शब्दावरून वरुडाई-वारुली-वारली अशी त्यांनी व्युत्पत्ती दिली आहे. डॉ. विल्सन यांच्या मते दक्षिणेतील सात कोकणांपैकी वरलाट ह्या कोकणात राहणारे ते वारली, अशी या शब्दाची व्युत्पत्ती आहे. आर्. इ. एन्थोवेन व लॅथॅम हे वारली ही भिल्लांचीच एक पोटजात असल्याचे नमूद करतात.
जिव्या सोमा म्हसे या वारली चित्रकलाकाराने वारली चित्रकला जगभरात पोहोचविली.
या चित्रांमधे एक वर्तुळ, एक त्रिकोण आणि एक चौरस असतो. ही अत्यंत प्राथमिक भित्तिचित्रे अतिशय मूलभूत समजली जातात.या चित्रांचा मध्यवर्ती भाग विशेषकरून शिकार, मासेमारी आणि शेती, उत्सव आणि नृत्य, झाडे आणि प्राणी अशा दृश्यांचा असतो. मानवी आणि प्राणी दोन त्रिकोणाद्वारे प्रस्तुत केले जातात; वरचा त्रिकोण म्हणजे पोट आणि खालचा लहान त्रिकोण म्हणजे ओटीपोट.
विधी चित्रे ही बहुधा झोपड्यांमध्ये आढळतात. भिंती बनवण्यासाठी, झाडाच्या फांद्या, माती आणि शेण यांचे मिश्रण वापरले आहे. लाल गेरूने रंगविलेली भिंत वारली चित्रांची पार्श्वभूमी असते. वारली चित्रकलेत फक्त पांढरा रंग वापरतात. एक पांढरे रंगद्रव्य आणि घट्टपणा यावा म्हणून तांदुळाची पिठी आणि डिंक असतो. कुंचला म्हणून दातांनी चावलेली बांबूची लवचिक काडी वापरतात. भित्तिचित्रे फक्त विवाहसोहळ्यासारख्या विशेष प्रसंगी काढली जातात.
डहाणू

डहाणू महाराष्ट्र राज्यातील पालघर जिल्ह्यातील गाव आहे.
या गावाला सुंदर व शांत असा समुद्रकिनारा लाभलेला आहे. येथून जवळच डहाणूचा किल्ला आहे. डहाणूवरूनच आपण नरपडचा समुद्रकिनारा तसेच येथून २७ कि.मी. अंतरावर असलेल्या उंच डोंगरावरील श्री महालक्ष्मीचे जागृत स्थानही पाहू शकतो. तसेच डहाणू आगर येथील केवडावंतीचे मंदिर व हनुमान मंदिर ही मंदिरे प्रसिद्ध आहेत.
मूळ डहाणू परिसर हा आदिवासी वस्ती असलेला परिसर असल्यामुळे येथील परिसरात आदिवासी पारंपरिक सण आणि उत्सव तसेच जग प्रसिद्ध वारली चित्रकला पाहावयास मिळते.
Glod, Dâmbovița

Glod is a Roma village in the commune of Moroeni, Dâmbovița County, Romania, having a population of 1,723 as of 2011. The majority of residents are of Romani descent. Its name is an archaic word for "mud" in Romanian. The village is located near the towns of Pucioasa and Fieni.
Glod was a shooting location for the 2006 mockumentary film Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (but was not used in the 2020 sequel), representing Borat's fictional home village of Kuzcek, Kazakhstan. For the original film, the villagers of Glod were paid the equivalent of four U.S. dollars a day each for their appearances and were told the film would be a documentary about the hardships of rural village life. According to 20th Century Fox, the movie's comedic nature was obvious to everyone since it included many blatantly absurd and ridiculous scenes, such as one of a cow living inside someone’s house. Fox claims that the production team and star Sacha Baron Cohen each donated $5,000 to the town, as well as paid a location fee, and bought computers, school supplies, and business supplies for the residents. Two residents of Glod, Nicolae Todorache and Spiridon Ciorbea (role as Mukhtar Sakanov; a pun name for Mukhtar Shakhanov), hired the services of Edward Fagan to sue the producers of the film, but the lawsuit was thrown out by U.S. District Judge Loretta Preska in a hearing in early December 2006 on the ground that the charges were too vague and nebulous to stand up to legal examination in court.
Nua Bou

Nua Bou is a 1962 Indian Odia film directed by Prabhat Mukherjee, which presents the sociocultural scenario of rural village life in India.
Sura Babu lives with his wife Parbati, brother Raju and son Debi. Parbati loves Raju more than her own son. Parbati falls ill and Raju comes to Puri believing that Lord Jaganath's prasad can cure Parbati and brings prasad. The illness continues and native doctor Das is called in. Parbati is gradually cured. Later Parbati's mother and sister Champa come to stay with her. Parbati's mother is not well disposed towards mischievous Raju and tries to influence Parbati against him. Her efforts fail as Champa takes the side of Raju. Dr. Das's assistant Mukund and doctor Rabi, a newcomer to the village compete for Champa's hand. Dr. Das makes the proposal to Sura Babu on behalf of Mukund for Champa's hand. Sura agrees with a misunderstanding that Doctor Das himself wants to marry Champa. In the meantime, Mukund decides that he is not suitable for Champa. On the marriage day, Sura Babu forces Dr. Das to marry Champa. At the last moment, Raju is found in wedding attire. Mukund comes forward and explains that Champa is in love with Dr. Rabi. The marriage of Rabi and Champa is celebrated.
Riffians

Riffians or Rifians (Tarifit: Irifiyen, singular: Arifi; Arabic: الريفيون) are a Berber ethnic group originally from the Rif region of northeastern Morocco (includes the autonomous city of Spain, Melilla). Communities of Riffian immigrants are also found in southern Spain, Netherlands and Belgium as well as elsewhere in Western Europe. They are overwhelmingly Sunni Muslims.
According to Irina Casado i Aijon, Riffians have traditionally organized themselves under "patrilineality and patrilocality principles". The oldest man in the household commands authority and responsibility for decisions, while women jointly care for the young and sick without any discrimination. Like other Berbers, temporary migration is an accepted tradition. The Riffians have been a significant source of Moroccan emigrants into some European countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.
Riffians speak Tarifit, which belongs to the Zenati group of Berber languages. The languages spoken depend on the region, with many Riffians who speak a Berber language also speaking Moroccan Arabic or Spanish. Nineteen groups or social units of Riffians are known: five in the west along the Mediterranean coast which speak Riffian and Moroccan Arabic, seven in the centre of which one speaks mainly Moroccan Arabic and rest Riffian, five in the east and two in the southeastern desert area also speak the Riffian language.
They have inhabited an impoverished and an eroded, deforested, poorly irrigated region. Poverty rates and infant mortality rates among Riffians have been high, according to a study published in 1980 by Terri Joseph. The Riffians have lived a largely settled, agricultural lifestyle, using hand tools, oxen and cattle to plow the steeply terraced land in their valleys. Horticultural produce along with sheep and goat meat, cheese, and milk provide the traditional sustenance. Some practice sardine-seining along the Mediterranean coast.
Riffians have experienced numerous wars over their history. Some of their cultural traditions reflects and remembers this history, such as the singing and dancing of Ayara Liyara, Ayara Labuya, which literally means "Oh Lady oh Lady, oh Lady Buya" and is accompanied by izran (couplets) and addjun (tambourine tapping). This tradition, states Hsain Ilahiane, is linked to the 11th-century destruction and deaths of the Riffian fathers during the raid by the Almoravid leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin. In more modern times, the Rif War caused numerous deaths of Riffian people and of Spanish as well as French soldiers. The Rif War witnessed the use of chemical weapons in the 1920s by the Spanish army.
In 1958, some Riffians revolted against the government. In the decades that followed, the Rif region has witnessed popular demonstrations and demands for better education, healthcare and job opportunities. A resurgent Riffian popular movement in 2010, their protests in 2013 and protests in 2017 for hogra – a humiliating treatment by an abusive state – has drawn public attention, as well as claims of brutal suppression by Moroccan authorities.
The Riffians are divided into these tribes and tribal groups: