davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Betok

Betok (Anabas testudineus) nyaéta lauk darat anu asalna tina kulawarga anabantidae. Lauk betok loba kapanggih hirup di nagara : Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapura;, Srilanka; Thailand; Viet Nam, jeung nagara Asia tenggara séjénna.
Mangsa kulah, balong, atawa rawa tempat hirupna saat ku lantaran usum halodo lauk betok mah bisa pindah tempat néangan kulah anu aya cai, ku jalan hanjat kadarat ngarayap dina leutak atawa taneuh garing ngagunakeun cécépétna, nu matak betok disebut ogé climbing gourami atawa walking fish. Sagigireun éta lauk betok mah mibanda dua organ pikeun ngambekan (ngarenghap) anu ngajadikeun ieu lauk bisa langsung nyokot hawa/oksigén ti luar, ku kituna lauk betok mah bisa hirup dina kaayaan kurang hawa/oksigén.
Lauk betok kaasup lauk leutik, ukuran awakna anu déwasa panjangna ngan nepika 23 cm kalawan beurat 200 gr, ieu lauk disebut ogé papuyu ; balang balang. Di Kalimantan, Sumatera jeung Sulawesi ieu lauk dipikaresep pisan malahan hargana leuwih onjoy ti batan lauk lélé. Ngan hanjakal sakapeung sok langka aya di pasar ku lantaran ngandelkeun beubeunangan ngala ti susukan, kulah, jeung rawa. Lauk betok anu ngahaja dipiara di balong, mikabutuh waktu 5 - 6 bulan nepika waktuna dipanén. ti mimiti melak binih lauk betok anu panjangna 5 - 8 cénti méter, ieu lauk baris dipanén jadi lauk betok déwasa anu ukuranna hijina 80-100 gram atawa 10-15 siki dina sakilo.
Pindang

Pindang mangrupa hasil olahan lauk ku cara dikulub maké uyah. Ngahasilkeun produk lauk nu awét tapi kadar uyahna leutik. Nurutkeun Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, pindang miboga harti lauk anu diuyahan jeung dibumbuan tuluy dihaseupan atawa dikulub nepi ka garing sangkan awét". Sanggeus diolah, biasana wadah masak lauk sok langsung dipaké jadi wadah neundeun jeung ngangkut pindang.
Pindang miboga rupa, rasa, tékstur, jeung kaawétan anu has jeung loba variasina luyu jeung jinis lauk, kadar uyah, jeung lila ngulubna. Lauk anu umumna dipindang nyaéta lauk-lauk pelagis siga lauk layang, selar, japuh, lauk tembang, lamburu, lauk kembung, tuna, cakalang, jeung tongkol. Olahan séjén anu dihasilkeun tina lauk pindang nyaéta petis lauk.
Béda jeung lauk asin, cara ngolah pindang anu maké uyah dibarung ku prosés pemanasan ngahasilkeun pindang miboga karakteristik anu unik. Lauk anu leutik dipindang dina kayaan utuh sedengkeun lauk anu garedé dipindang sanggeus dipotongan heula.
দীপ দাশগুপ্ত

দীপ দাশগুপ্ত উচ্চারণ (জন্ম ৭ জুন ১৯৭৭, কোলকাতা, পশ্চিমবঙ্গ) একজন ভারতীয় ক্রিকেটার (উইকেট-কীপার ব্যাটসম্যান), যিনি দেশের হয়ে জাতীয় উইকেটরক্ষক হিসেবে ২০০১ থেকে ২০০২ সাল পর্যন্ত ৮ টি টেস্ট এবং ৫ টি একদিনের ক্রিকেট খেলেছেন। দীপ দাশগুপ্ত একজন হিন্দু বৈদ্য বংশে জন্ম নেন। তার বাবা বিপ্লব দাশগুপ্ত পেশায় একজন চাকুরীজীবী এবং মা গৃহবধু বর্তমানে নয়ডার বাসিন্দা। স্ত্রী অমৃতা দাশগুপ্ত।
যদিও তিনি কলকাতায় জন্মগ্রহণ করেন, দীপের অল্প বয়সের একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অংশ ভারতের রাজধানী দিল্লিতে কাটানো এবং সেখানেই তিনি প্রথমবারের মত স্কুল ক্রিকেটের সাথে যুক্ত হন।
দাশগুপ্তের জীবনের প্রথম কোচ ছিলেন একজন মহিলা। যিনি ভারতের প্রথম মহিলা ক্রিকেট কোচ সুনিতা শর্মা। সুনিতাই প্রথম দাশগুপ্তের বিশেষ প্রতিভা আবিষ্কার করেন এবং তাকে গুরসরণ সিংয়ের কাছে উপস্থাপন করেন।
দীপ সর্দার প্যাটেল বিদ্যালয়ে অধ্যয়ন করেন এবং পরে স্নাতক শেষ করার জন্য হিন্দু কলেজে যোগদান করেন।
ব্যাটসম্যান হিসেবেই দাশগুপ্তের ক্রিকেট ক্যারিয়ার শুরু হয় এবং রঞ্জী ট্রফিতে তার অভিষেক ম্যাচেই তিনি প্রথম সেঞ্চুরিটি করে তার আত্মপ্রকাশ ঘটান।
দাশগুপ্ত ২০০১ সালে দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকা সফরে ভারতীয় দলের অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিলেন। টসে জেতার এক ঘণ্টা আগেই সৌরভ গাঙ্গুলি দাশগুপ্তকে বলেন যে ব্লুমফন্টেনে ভারতের উইকেটরক্ষক-ব্যাটসম্যান সমীর দীঘের পরিবর্তে তার টেস্ট অভিষেক হতে যাচ্ছে। ওই টেস্টেই বীরেন্দ্র সহবাগ তার অভিষেক ম্যাচে সেঞ্চুরি করেন। ইংল্যান্ড ২০০১ সালে টেস্ট সিরিজের জন্য ভারত সফর করেছিল এবং উদ্বোধনী টেস্টের প্রথম ইনিংসে স্বাগতিকরা ২৩৮ রানে অলআউট হয়ে যায়। দাশগুপ্তের অনবদ্য ১০০ রানের ইনিংসের দৌলতে ভারতের যথাযোগ্য শুরু হয়। দীপ একজন আক্রমণাত্তক ওপেনিং ব্যাটসম্যান যিনি সৌরভ গাঙ্গুলি র পর ক্যাপটেন হিসেবে বাংলা ক্রিকেট দলের দায়ীত্ত্ব নেন এবং ইষ্ট জোনের হয়ে জাতীয় উইকেটরক্ষক মহেন্দ্র সিং ধোনীরর সাথে রিজার্ভ উইকেটরক্ষক ও ছিলেন। দীপ পরবর্তীকালে ইন্ডিয়ান ক্রিকেট লিগ জয়েন করেন যেখানে তিনি "রয়েল বেঙ্গল টাইগার" দলের হয়ে খেলেছেন।
দীপ দাশগুপ্ত, সম্বরন ব্যানার্জীর পর বাংলা ক্রিকেট দলের সবচেয়ে সফল অধিনায়ক ছিলেন যিনি পরপর দুটি রঞ্জি ট্রফির ফাইনালে দলকে পৌঁছেৌঁছেছিলেন।
দীপ ২০১৫ সালের ফেব্রুয়ারি মাসে "সি বি আর ই" গ্রুপে স্ট্রাটেজিক প্রোজেক্ট হেড হিসেব জয়েন করেন। এছাড়া তিনি ২০১৬ থেকে আই পি এল এবং হটস্টার ক্রিকেট লাইভ এ এক্সপার্ট কমেন্টেটর হিসেবে ধারাভাষ্য দেন।
দীপ গগৈ

দীপ গগৈ (অসমীয়া: দীপ গগৈ; জন্ম ১৭ ডিসেম্বর ১৯৫১) আসামের একজন ভারতীয় রাজনীতিবিদ যিনি ২০০২ থেকে ২০১৪ সাল পর্যন্ত কালিয়াবড় লোকসভা কেন্দ্র থেকে সংসদ সদস্য, লোকসভার সদস্য ছিলেন। তিনি ২০০১ থেকে ২০০১ সাল পর্যন্ত কালিয়াবড় নির্বাচনী এলাকা থেকে আসাম বিধানসভার সদস্য ছিলেন এবং ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেসের সদস্য। তিনি আসামের প্রাক্তন মুখ্যমন্ত্রী তরুণ গগৈয়ের ভাই।
দীপ গগৈ তরুণ গগৈয়ের একজন ভাই যিনি আসামের প্রাক্তন মুখ্যমন্ত্রী ছিলেন। দীপ গগৈ ডিব্রুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে শিক্ষিত হন এবং স্নাতক হন বিএসসিডিগ্রী। মিতালি গগৈকে বিয়ে করেছেন তিনি।
গগৈ এক মেয়াদে বিধানসভার সদস্য (এমএলএ) হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছেন। তিনি ২০০১ সালে তিতাবর নির্বাচনী এলাকা থেকে আসাম রাজ্য বিধানসভায় নির্বাচিত হয়েছিলেন কিন্তু কয়েক মাস পরে তার ভাই তরুণ গগৈয়ের জন্য আসনটি খালি করেন। গগৈ এর পর থেকে তিনবার লোকসভার সাংসদ (এমপি) হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছেন। তিনি ২০০২ সালের উপ-নির্বাচনে কালিয়াবর থেকে নির্বাচিত হয়েছিলেন (তার ভাই কর্তৃক খালি করা আসন) এবং ২০০৪ এবং ২০০৯ সালে পুনরায় নির্বাচিত হন। গগৈ ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেসের সদস্য।
আকাশ দীপ

আকাশ দীপ (জন্ম: ১৫ ডিসেম্বর ১৯৯৬) একজন ভারতীয় ক্রিকেটার। তিনি ঘরোয়া ক্রিকেটে বাংলার হয়ে এবং আইপিএলে রয়্যাল চ্যালেঞ্জার্স ব্যাঙ্গালোরের হয়ে খেলেন। ২০২৪ সালের ২৩ ফেব্রুয়ারি তারিখে ইংল্যান্ডের বিপক্ষে ৪র্থ টেস্টে অভিষেক ঘটে তার।
দীপা শ্রী নিরৌলা

দীপা শ্রী নিরৌলা (নেপালি: दिपाश्री निरौला) একজন নেপালি অভিনেত্রী, কৌতুকাভিনেতা, পরিচালক এবং রেডিও ব্যক্তিত্ব। তিনি চলচ্চিত্রে পার্শ্ব চরিত্রে অভিনয়ের মাধ্যমে ক্যারিয়ার শুরু করেন এবং পরে নেপালি টেলিভিশন সিটকম "টিটো সত্য"-তে তার অভিনীত নারী চরিত্রের জন্য জনপ্রিয়তা অর্জন করেন।
নেপালি চলচ্চিত্র জগতে তিনি অন্যতম জনপ্রিয় কৌতুকাভিনেতা ও অভিনেত্রী। পাশাপাশি, তিনি নেপালি চলচ্চিত্রের সর্বোচ্চ আয়কারী চলচ্চিত্র পরিচালকদের মধ্যে একজন। পরিচালক হিসেবে তিনি "ছক্কা পাঞ্জা" ফ্র্যাঞ্চাইজির জন্য বিশেষভাবে পরিচিত, যা নেপালি চলচ্চিত্রের সর্বোচ্চ আয়কারী ফ্র্যাঞ্চাইজি। এছাড়া তিনি "মুন্দ্রে কো কমেডি ক্লাব"-এর প্রথম মৌসুমে স্থায়ী অতিথি হিসেবেও উপস্থিত ছিলেন।
দীপা শ্রী নিরাউলা বিরাটনগরের ত্রিভুবন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের অধিভুক্ত মহেন্দ্র মোরাং ক্যাম্পাস থেকে ইন্টারমিডিয়েট স্তরের শিক্ষা লাভ করেছেন।
নিরৌলা থারু সিনেমার মাধ্যমে তার অভিনয় কর্মজীবন শুরু করেন, যেখানে তিনি "হাতাই কুহিরা" চলচ্চিত্রে অভিনয় করেন। এই সিনেমাটি থারু ভাষায় নির্মিত। পরে তিনি নেপালি চলচ্চিত্রে আত্মপ্রকাশ করেন, তবে জনপ্রিয় টেলিভিশন সিরিয়াল "টিটো সত্য"-তে অভিনয়ের পর প্রকৃত স্বীকৃতি অর্জন করেন। এছাড়াও, তিনি সংস্কৃত ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র "রাগ-বিরাগম"-এ অভিনয় করেছেন।
দীপা মেহতা

দীপা মেহতা (জন্ম: ১৯৫০) একজন বিতর্কিত ভারতীয়-কানাডীয় চলচ্চিত্র পরিচালক এবং চিত্রনাট্যকার। তিনি দিল্লী এবং টরন্টো-তে বসবাস করেন।
দীপা মেহতা "এলিমেন্ট্‌স ত্রয়ী" নামে খ্যাত চলচ্চিত্র তিনটির জন্য সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত। তার এই চলচ্চিত্রগুলোতে ভারতের বিখ্যাত অনেক অভিনেতা অভিনয় করেছেন। এদের মধ্যে রয়েছেন আমির খান ও শাবানা আজমি। এই ত্রয়ীর চলচ্চিত্রগুলোর নাম হল:
দীপা শশীধরন

দীপা শশীধরন (মালয়ালম: ദീപ ശശീന്ദ്രൻ ; জন্ম: ৩ জুলাই ১৯৭৪) একজন ভারতীয় নৃত্যশিল্পী এবং কুচিপুড়ি নৃত্যবিদ শ্রীমতি মঞ্জু ভারগাভির প্রধান শিষ্য। তিনি ভারতীয় ধ্রুপদী নৃত্যের ধরন কুচিপুড়ির একজন শিক্ষক, প্রেরণাদায়ক ও উদ্যোক্তা।
দীপা প্রথমে নামকরা গুরু কলামন্ডলম ঊষা দাতর এবং ড. সাবিত্রী রামাইয়ার অধীনে ৫ বছর বয়সে ধ্রুপদী নৃত্য ভরতনাট্যম শেখা শুরু করেন। তারপর ৮ বছর বয়স থেকে কুচিপুড়ি বিশারদ শ্রীমতি মঞ্জু ভারগাভির অধীনে কুচিপুড়ি শেখা শুরু করেন এবং শেখেন তিন দশক ধরে। বর্তমানে তিনি গুরু ভেমপতি রবি শঙ্করের কাছে প্রশিক্ষণ নিচ্ছেন ।
অজস্র একক নৃত্য পরিবেশনা সহ ভারত ও বিদেশে নৃত্যনাট্যে মুখ্য ভূমিকার পাশাপাশি দীপা তাঁর গুরুর সাথেও নৃত্য পরিবেশন করেছেন। এছাড়াও বহু সম্মানজনক উৎসব এবং অনুষ্ঠানে তিনি নৃত্যাভিনয় করেছেন। কর্ণাটক সরকারের কুচিপুড়ি পাঠ্য বইয়ের কমিটি তাঁর নৃত্যের ছবি রাজ্যের কুচিপুড়ি পাঠ্য বইয়ে অন্তর্ভুক্ত করেছেন। তাঁকে সংস্কৃতি কর্তৃক আয়োজিত হিউস্টন-টেক্সাসে অনুষ্ঠিত উত্তর আমেরিকার প্রথম আন্তর্জাতিক কুচিপুড়ি নৃত্য সম্মেলনে আমন্ত্রণ জানানো হয়েছিল। তাঁর দলের সাথে তিনি সেখানে নিবন্ধ উপস্থাপন করেছিলেন এবং একক নৃত্য পরিবেশন করেছিলেন।
দক্ষ পরামর্শদাতা হিসাবে দীপা ব্যাঙ্গালোরের কুচিপুডি শিল্প শৈলীর প্রশিক্ষণ প্রদান ও প্রচারের জন্য কুচিপুড়ি পরম্পরা ফাউন্ডেশনএর প্রতিষ্ঠাতা। সম্প্রতি এই ফাউন্ডেশন শ্রী কৈথপ্রম দামোদরন নাম্বুথ্রির নেতৃত্বে কালিকটের স্বামী তিরুনাল একাডেমিতে মাস্টার ক্লাস পরিচালনার ক্ষেত্রে তার পরিষেবা শুরু করেছে। একজন স্বতন্ত্র শিক্ষক হিসেবে দীপার পরিষেবা ব্যাঙ্গালোরের বহু প্রবীণ শিল্পী ব্যবহার করেছেন। তিনি ব্যাঙ্গালুরুতে উদ্ভাবনী নৃত্য উৎসব, কর্মশালা এবং বেশিরভাগ কাঙ্ক্ষিত অনুষ্ঠানের আয়োজনের সাথে জড়িত থাকেন।
দীপা সৃজনশীল সাংগঠনিক দক্ষতার অধিকারী একজন চিন্তাশিল্পী। তিনি তাঁর নাচের কৌশল এবং প্রচুর নৃত্যনাট্য তিনি শুধু ভারতেই নয় উত্তর আমেরিকা, সংযুক্ত আরব আমিরাতেও দেখিয়েছেন। তাঁর কুচিপুড়ি নৃত্যের স্বাভাবিক আকর্ষণ তাঁকে প্রজন্মের অসাধারণ নৃত্য শিল্পী হিসাবে আলাদা করেছে এবং তিনি প্রচুর প্রশংসা কুড়িয়েছেন।
তিনি বহু উপাধি এবং পুরস্কার পেয়েছেন, যেমন যুবরঙ্গ কর্তৃক কর্ণাটকের সেরা কুচিপুড়ি নৃত্যশিল্পী, কটকের নৃত্য শিরোমনি জাতীয় পুরস্কার এবং কুচিপুড়ি নৃত্যশিল্পী পদ্মশ্রী শোভা নাইডু কর্তৃক সত্যভামা পুরস্কার। ১৯৯৫ সালে তিনি দূরদর্শনের স্বীকৃত শিল্পী ছিলেন।
নৃত্য ছাড়াও শিল্প সম্পর্ক ও ব্যক্তিগত ব্যবস্থাপনায় আইন বিষয়ের ওপর তাঁর স্নাতকোত্তর ডিপ্লোমা আছে। তিনি সফটওয়্যার শিল্পে মানব সম্পদ উন্নয়নে বিশেষজ্ঞ এবং বর্তমানে মানব পুঁজি ব্যবস্থাপনা সেবার একজন উদ্যোক্তা এবং কর্মা ক্রিয়েটর্স কোম্পানির মালিক।
সেরা কুচিপুড়ি শিল্পী যুবরঙ্গ নৃত্য শিরোমণি জাতীয় পুরস্কার সত্যভামা শ্রেষ্ঠ পুরস্কার নৃত্য বিলাসিনী
দীপ নেভে নাই

দীপ নেভে নাই নারায়ণ ঘোষ মিতা পরিচালিত ১৯৭০ সালের বাংলাদেশী প্রণয়-নাট্যধর্মী চলচ্চিত্র। এর চিত্রনাট্য লিখেছেন বেবী ইসলাম এবং সংলাপ লিখেছেন ইসমাইল মোহাম্মদ। এতে প্রধান দুই চরিত্রে অভিনয় করেন রাজ্জাক ও কবরী। এছাড়া অন্যান্য পার্শ্ব চরিত্রে অভিনয় করেছেন আনোয়ার হোসেন, রোজী সামাদ, রাজু আহমেদ, হাসমত প্রমুখ।
দীপ নেভে নাই চলচ্চিত্রের সঙ্গীত পরিচালনা করেছেন সত্য সাহা। গীত রচনা করেছেন মোহাম্মদ মনিরুজ্জামান ও গাজী মাজহারুল আনোয়ার। গানে কণ্ঠ দিয়েছেন খন্দকার ফারুক আহমেদ, মাহমুদুন্নবী, আব্দুল জব্বার, মোহাম্মদ আলী সিদ্দিকী এবং সত্য সাহা।
সাতটি তারার তিমির

সাতটি তারার তিমির কবি জীবনানন্দ দাশের লেখা পঞ্চম কাব্যগ্রন্থ। ১৯৪৮ খ্রিষ্টাব্দে (১৩৫৫ বঙ্গাব্দ) কলকাতা থেকে এটি গ্রন্থাকারে প্রকাশিত হয়। প্রকাশিত হওয়ার পর থেকেই এই কাব্যগ্রন্থের বিরুদ্ধে দুবোর্ধ্যতার অভিযোগ ওঠে।
সাতটি তারার তিমির ১৯৪৮ সালে কলকাতা থেকে প্রকাশিত হয়। গুপ্ত রহমান এ্যান্ড গুপ্ত প্রকাশনী থেকে প্রকাশক আতাউর রহমান এটি প্রকাশ করেন। প্রচ্ছদ করেছিলেন সত্যজিৎ রায়। প্রথম প্রকাশের সময় বইটির দাম রাখা হয় আড়াই টাকা। বইটি উৎসর্গ করা হয় হুমায়ুন কবিরকে।
এই কাব্যগ্রন্থে মোট চল্লিশটি(৪০) কবিতা অন্তর্ভুক্ত আছে। কবিতাগুলোর শিরোনাম হলোঃ
চার্লি অ্যান্ড দ্য চকলেট ফ্যাক্টরি (চলচ্চিত্র)

চার্লি অ্যান্ড দ্য চকলেট ফ্যাক্টরি (ইংরেজি: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory; অনুবাদ: চার্লি ও চকলেট কারখানা) হল ২০০৫ সালে মুক্তিপ্রাপ্ত একটি সাংগীতিক ফ্যান্টাসি চলচ্চিত্র। ছবিটি পরিচালনা করেন টিম বার্টন। রুয়াল দালের লেখা ও ১৯৬৪ সালে প্রকাশিত একই নামের একটি ব্রিটিশ উপন্যাস অবলম্বনে এই ছবির চিত্রনাট্য রচনা করেন জন অগস্ট। ছবিতে উইলি ওয়াংকার চরিত্রে অভিনয় করেন জনি ডেপ এবং চার্লি বাকেটের চরিত্রে রূপ দেন ফ্রেডি হাইমোর। অন্যান্য চরিত্রে অভিনয় করেন ডেভিড কেলি, হেলেনা বনহ্যাম কার্টার, নোয়া টেলর, মিসি পাইল, জেমস ফক্স, দীপ রায় ও ক্রিস্টোফার লি। ছবিতে দেখা যায়, কেন্দ্রীয় চরিত্র চার্লি অন্য চারটি ছেলেমেয়ের সঙ্গে একটি প্রতিযোগিতায় জয়ী হয় এবং উইলি ওয়াংকা তাদের নিজের চকলেট কারখানা ঘুরিয়ে দেখাতে নিয়ে যান।
চার্লি অ্যান্ড দ্য চকলেট ফ্যাক্টরির উদ্বধনী প্রদর্শন হয় ২০০৫ সালের ১০ জুলাই গ্রমেন'স চাইনিজ থিয়েটারে, যেখানে মেইক-এ-উইশ ফাউন্ডেশনের জন্য অর্থ সংগ্রহ করা হয়েছিল। চলচ্চিত্রটি ২০০৫ সালের ১৫ই জুলাই যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ৩,৭৭০টি প্রেক্ষাগৃহে মুক্তি দেওয়া হয়েছিল (আইএমএক্স প্রেক্ষাগৃহসহ)।
২০০০ সালের ফেব্রুয়ারিতে চার্লি অ্যান্ড দ্য চকলেট ফ্যাক্টরি উন্নয়নের শুরুর দিকে ওয়ার্নার ব্রোস. ব্রডওয়ে থিয়েটারের সাথে মুক্তির পর চলচ্চিত্রটির বিপণনে তাদের আগ্রহের কথা ঘোষণা করে।
পুপুল ভূঁইয়া

পুপুল ভূঁইয়া (ওড়িয়া উচ্চারণ: [pupulɔ bʱujaː̃] ) একজন ভারতীয় অভিনেত্রী, টেলিভিশন উপস্থাপিকা এবং মডেল যিনি মূলত ওড়িয়া চলচ্চিত্র, টিভি চলচ্চিত্র, টিভি ধারাবাহিক এবং বিনোদনমূলক অনুষ্ঠানে কাজ করেছেন। তিনি ২০১৩ সালে কাব্য কিরণের সাথে প্রথম ওড়িয়া থ্রিডি ছবি কৌনরি কন্যায় অভিনয়ের মাধ্যমে ওড়িয়া চলচ্চিত্র জগত অলিউডে তার অভিনয় জীবন শুরু করেন। ২০১৮ সালে, তিনি অপেরা মিসেস ইন্ডিয়া গ্লোবাল প্রতিযোগিতায় বিজয়ীর শিরোপা পেয়েছিলেন।
তিনি ওড়িশার কেওনঝর জেলার সাইনকুল গ্রামে বাটাকৃষ্ণ ভূঁইয়া এবং বৈজয়ন্তীমালা ভুঁইয়ার ঘরে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তিনি ভুবনেশ্বরের বক্সি জগবন্ধু বিদ্যাধর কলেজ থেকে স্নাতক ডিগ্রি অর্জন করেন। ২০১৬ সালে, তিনি দীপ থাদানিকে বিয়ে করেন।
ভূঁইয়া তার কর্মজীবন শুরু করেছিলেন একজন মঞ্চ উপস্থাপক হিসেবে। তারপর তিনি ই-নিউজ, আপানঙ্কা পছন্দ ইত্যাদির মতো কিছু একক টেলিভিশন অনুষ্ঠান উপস্থাপনা করেছিলেন। পরে তিনি সারেগামাপা লিটল চ্যাম্পস, স্বরা ওড়িশারা, মুন বি হিরোইন হেবি ইত্যাদি জনপ্রিয় বিনোদনমূলক অনুষ্ঠান উপস্থাপনা শুরু করেন।
২০১৩ সালে তিনি সোম্য রঞ্জন সাহু পরিচালিত প্রথম ওড়িয়া থ্রিডি ছবি, কৌনরি কন্যায় একটি প্রধান চরিত্রে অভিনয়ের মাধ্যমে ওড়িয়া চলচ্চিত্র জগতে আত্মপ্রকাশ করেন। পরবর্তীতে তিনি ব্ল্যাকমেইল, বিদ্যারানা, ইত্যাদি ওড়িয়া সিনেমায় কিছু বিশেষ ভূমিকায় অভিনয় করেন। ২০২৩ সালে, তিনি এস্থ্রী মুভিজের উদ্যোগে নির্মিত প্রকল্প নিয়তিতে অভিনয় করেন।
উপস্থাপনা এবং অভিনয় ছাড়াও, তিনি মডেলিং -এর কাজও করেছেন। ২০১৮ সালে, তিনি অপেরা মিসেস ইন্ডিয়া গ্লোবাল প্রতিযোগিতায় অংশগ্রহণ করেছিলেন এবং তাতে জয়লাভ করেছিলেন। তিনি প্রতিযোগীতার সেমিফাইনালে সেরা র‍্যাম্প ওয়াকের পুরস্কার জিতেছিলেন। ২০২২ সালে তিনি ওড়িয়া ম্যাগাজিন, শুভপল্লব-এর প্রচ্ছদ ছবিতে স্থান পেয়েছিলেন। এর আগে ২০১৬ সালে, কাদম্বিনী ম্যাগাজিনে তার ছবি প্রকাশিত হয়েছিলেন।
শেষের কবিতা

শেষের কবিতা রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর রচিত একটি উপন্যাস। রবীন্দ্রনাথের চিত্রসৃষ্টি পর্যায়ের দ্বিতীয় উপন্যাস (প্রথমটি যোগাযোগ) এটা। ১৯২৭ সালের (১৩৩৪ বঙ্গাব্দের ভাদ্র) থেকে ১৯২৮ সাল (১৩৩৪ বঙ্গাব্দের চৈত্র) পর্যন্ত প্রবাসীতে ধারাবাহিকভাবে রচনাটি প্রকাশিত হয়।
শেষের কবিতা বিংশ শতকের বাংলার নবশিক্ষিত অভিজাত সমাজের জীবনকথা। ব্যক্তি মানুষের মূল্যচেতনার উপাদান যদি অন্তর থেকে শুধুই বার হয়ে আসতে থাকে - যার সমুন্নতি ও দীপ্তি বিদ্যার বৃহৎ পরিমার্জনায়, তারও একটা চরিত্র আছে। বাস্তব চেনাশোনার চলা বাহ্যিক অভিজ্ঞতার জগৎ থেকে তা একেবারে অন্তর অভিমুখী। এই নবতর চেতনার অদ্ভুত আবিষ্কার এই উপন্যাস রচনার কাছাকাছি সময়ে। রবীন্দ্রনাথের অঙ্কিত এই পর্বের দু-একটি মুখাবয়বে কল্পনার প্রাধান্য লক্ষণীয়।
লেখা ও প্রকাশের দিক থেকে শেষের কবিতা রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের দশম উপন্যাস। রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর এটি লেখেন ১৯২৮ সালে ব্যাঙ্গালোরে, স্বাস্থ্য উদ্ধারের প্রয়াসে সেখানে থাকবার সময়ে। শেষের কবিতা প্রথম প্রকাশিত হয় প্রবাসী’তে, ধারাবাহিকভাবে ভাদ্র থেকে চৈত্র পর্যন্ত। অনেকে একে কবিতার বই ভেবে ভুল করে। আদতে এটি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের অন্যতম রোমান্টিক উপন্যাস ।
বিলেত ফেরত ব্যারিস্টার অমিত রায় ('অমিট্ রে') প্রখর বুদ্ধিদীপ্ত এবং রোমান্টিক যুবক। তর্কে প্রতিপক্ষকে হারাতে সিদ্ধহস্ত। এই অমিত একবার শিলং পাহাড়ে গেল বেড়াতে। আর সেখানেই এক মোটর-দুর্ঘটনায় পরিচয় ঘটলো লাবণ্যের সাথে। যার পরিণয়ে এল প্রেম। কিন্তু অচিরেই বাস্তববাদী লাবণ্য বুঝতে পারল অমিত একেবারে রোমান্টিক জগতের মানুষ যার সঙ্গে প্রতিদিনের সাংসারিক হিসেব-নিকাশ চলে না। ইতোমধ্যে শিলং এ হাজির হয় কেটি (কেতকী)। হাতে অমিতের দেওয়া আংটি দেখিয়ে তাকে নিজের বলে দাবী করে সে। ভেঙে যায় লাবণ্য-অমিতর বিবাহ-আয়োজন। শেষ পর্যন্ত অমিত স্বীকার করে যে, লাবণ্যের সাথে তাঁর প্রেম যেন দিঘির জল, সে জল ঘরে আনবার নয়, সেই জলে মন তার সাঁতার দেবে। আর কেতকীর সাথে সম্পর্ক গড়ায় তোলা জল- প্রতিদিন তুলবে, প্রতিদিন ব্যবহার করবে।
রবীন্দ্রনাথের শেষজীবনে ছবি আঁকার কালে কথাসাহিত্যের চিত্রধর্মে কিছু কিছু নূতনত্ব দেখা গেছে। কলমের স্বল্প আঁচড়ে বক্তব্যকে নিশ্চিতভাবে চোখের সামগ্রী করে তোলার এক বিশেষ ঝোঁক এবং সেই সঙ্গে দক্ষতা।
Nesto Group

Nesto Group International is an Indian-Emirati multinational retail chain incorporated by Western International Group that operates a chain of hypermarkets and supermarkets (Nesto Hypermarket, Nesto Center) headquartered in Sharjah, UAE.
The company has 137 outlets operating hypermarkets, supermarkets and convenience stores across the Middle East and India while employing people of various nationalities. The sores operate under a number of different brands, but most use the Nesto brand.
It was founded in 2004 by K. P. Basheer from Kerala, India, Chairman of Western International Group in the United Arab Emirates and is led by Managing Directors Siddique Pallolathil, K. P. Jamal, and Directors K. P. Nawas, K. P. Noufal, K. P. Fayiz, and K. P. Athif.
In April 2023, Nesto pledged to contribute Dh10 million over a period of 5 years to support the campaign and its objective of creating sustainable solutions and implement effective measures to fight hunger around the world.
The largest hypermarket of Nesto Group is situated in Deira, Dubai with a 350,000 sqft area.
Hypermarkets can go up to 3 levels and provides Electronics, home décor, fashion, baby care, lifestyle, fresh produce, daily essentials and International equipments.
Supermarkets can be up to 2 levels and cater fresh produce, groceries, and other household essentials.
A type of convenience store primarily engaged in the retail of food products which may be fresh or packaged.
An online platform dealing with groceries, fresh produce, meat products and other household essentials.
Nesto Group has more than 100+ private label products.
The warehouse is located in National Industrial Park, Dubai. It has about 500,000 square feet facility to integrate multi-level functions and operations.
The Distribution Center has 35 loading bays, pneumatic dock shelters and distributes to all Nesto outlets across the United Arab Emirates, Oman and Bahrain.
Foodbook is a multi-cuisine restaurant and is located in Al Rashidiya, Ajman Muwaileh, Sharjah.
Sasya is a multi-cuisine restaurant and is located in Ajman Sharjah.
VegMe is a multi-cuisine restaurant and is located in Ras Al-Khaimah Ajman Sharjah Dubai.
This facility is located in Ajman and supplies cooked food items across all Nesto outlets in UAE.
Nesto Bakery is located in Ajman and supplies breads, cakes and other baked food.
Uruli

Uruli is a traditional cookware extensively used South Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and more broadly in South India. It is also pronounced as Uruli and commonly made of clay, copper, brass or bronze. Urulis were used in home for cooking and in ayurvedha to make traditional medicine. A more modern use of urulis is as a decorative bowl to float flowers which is a part of South Indian tradition. It has a high capacity to retain heat, and an ability to preserve the flavour of food cooked in it.
The uruli can be found in many traditional Malayali homes, which show them in several sizes, like the small ones that have a more decorative function or also the very large “varpu” which are used for cooking in big occasions that require a big amount of food. With its shallow circular shape this vessel is also used to display flower decor in traditional households and for the kani for the Malayalam New Year Vishu, also being used in resorts and hotels as decoration.
Shop LC

Shop LC, formerly known as Liquidation Channel and The Jewelry Channel, is an American cable television network based in Austin, Texas, which mainly specializes in selling jewelry. The network is a subsidiary of the Indian-based Vaibhav Global Limited.
The network's reach is approximately 77 million households in the United States. The network sells inventory in a reverse auction format. It additionally airs late nights on the American broadcast networks Retro TV, LATV, and TeleXitos through a time brokerage agreement, along with varied digital subchannel coverage nationwide. The channel primarily sells jewelry, beauty, fashion, home decor and lifestyle products.
Shop LC was originally launched as The Jewelry Channel in 2007.
In 2009, The Jewelry Channel was renamed as Liquidation Channel and switched over to a discount liquidation model in 2009 due to a lack of demand for luxury items in the Great Recession, and to reduce confusion with the already-existing Jewelry Television. The channel originally expected to liquidate merchandise and cease operations.
Jewelry Television sued Liquidation Channel for infringement of a reverse auction patent in June 2013. In October 2015, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board invalidated Jewelry Television's "abstract ideas" patent based on the previous Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International ruling. On May 28, 2015, two customers sued the channel over falsely advertised discounts.
On January 9, 2017, Liquidation Channel officially rebranded itself as Shop LC; it had already removed all uses of the Liquidation Channel branding in full throughout 2016, branding solely as "LC". The meaning of the LC abbreviation was also changed so the channel's name now stands for "Shop Low-Cost". Kevin Lyons, president of Shop LC, stated that the rebrand to Shop LC is "about evolution". In addition to the name change, Shop LC designed new broadcast studios, updated television and website graphics and expanded its corporate headquarters.
In early 2021, Vaibhav Global came to terms with Hearst Television to carry the network on that station group's subchannels in a number of major markets, and has also added other broadcast subchannel affiliates throughout the United States to extend its coverage. The Hearst deal ended on May 1, 2022.
On November 18, 2021, it was announced that Shop LC would relocate from Austin proper to suburban Cedar Park by 2024, with the encouragement of sales tax and job creation incentives to build a production, office, and warehouse facility planned to be 200,000 square feet (19,000 m).
노랑무늬영원

노랑무늬영원(fire salamander, Salamandra salamandra) 또는 불도롱뇽은 유럽에서 유명한 도롱뇽목의 종이다.
몸은 검은색이며 노란 점이나 줄무늬가 있다. 일부 종들은 거의 완전히 검은색이며 그 밖의 다른 종들은 주로 노란색이다. 빨간색과 주황색의 색조가 보이는 경우가 있으며 아종에 따르면 노란색과 겹치거나 노란색에 대체되는 양상을 보인다. 노랑무늬영원은 수명이 매우 길 수 있다. 독일 자연사 박물관(Museum Koenig)에서 50년 이상 생존한 종이 있다.
Nominae Herpetofaunae Europaeae: Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758)
다음의 국가에서 볼 수 있다.
조개

조개는 단단한 껍데기로, 몸을 둘러싸고 있는 연체동물의 총칭이다. 또한 조개는 바닷물에서 사는 것과 민물에서 사는 것이 있으나 대부분 바다에서 서식한다.
보통은 두 장의 판판한 껍데기(조가비)를 가진 이매패류를 가리키나, 복족류(삿갓조개, 고둥류 등), 굴족류(뿔조개 등) 등 다른 패류가 조개로 불리기도 하며, 심지어 두족류에 속하는 앵무조개도 조개로 부른다. 이 항목에서는 이매패류 및 복족류에 속하는 패류를 주로 다룬다.
껍데기는 종류에 따라 다양한데, 이매패류의 껍데기는 접번에 의해 맞물려 있으며, 수축성이 있는 조개관자가 붙어 있어 껍데기를 열고 닫는다. 복족류는 나선모양으로 된 껍데기를 가지고 있다. 뿔조개처럼 긴 관 형태의 껍데기를 가지기도 한다.
껍데기 안쪽에는 외투막이 있고 외투막에서 칼슘을 지닌 액체를 내어 껍데기를 만든다.
조개의 몸은 전체가 물렁물렁하고 뼈, 관절이 없으므로, 몸을 자유롭게 늘였다 줄였다 할 수 있다. 몸 속에는 아가미, 간, 위, 장, 심장 등이 있다. 대부분의 조개는 아가미로 호흡하나, 일부 폐로 호흡하는 종도 있다.
이매패류 조개는 머리와 치설(radula)은 없고 도끼 모양의 발이 있는데 이것을 부족(斧足)이라고 한다. 부족은 땅을 파고 들어가거나 기어다니는 데 쓴다. 판 모양의 아가미가 있어 호흡을 하고 먹이를 거르는 역할을 한다. 대부분의 이매패류는 눈이 없으나, 일부 눈이 있는 종류도 있으며, 가리비의 경우 껍데기 끝 부분에 빛을 감지하는 눈들이 붙어 있기도 하다.
복족류 조개는 배부분이 발 역할을 하여 복족(腹足)이라고 한다. 머리에는 더듬이와 입, 그리고 빛을 감지하는 눈이 있으며, 눈은 더듬이 끝에 있거나, 더듬이 옆에 붙어 있기도 하다. 입 안에는 강판처럼 생긴 치설이 있다. 대부분 복족류의 발에는 뚜껑이 있어 껍데기 속으로 숨을 때 뚜껑을 닫아 몸을 보호한다.
대부분의 조개류는 암수딴몸이지만, 일부 암수한몸인 것도 있고 나이에 따라 성이 바뀌는 것도 있다. 주로 체외수정을 한다. 암컷은 알을 만들어 출수관으로 몸 밖 바닷물에 뿌리고, 수컷은 정충(정자)를 만들어 출수관으로 바닷물에 뿌린다. 이들이 만나면 수정이 이루어져 바위나 암초에 붙어 작은 유생이 된다. 조개의 유생은 플랑크톤과 유사하게 생겨서 물 속을 돌아다닐 수 있다. 유생이 조금 더 성장하면 치패(어린조개)가 되어 조개의 모습이 된다.
민물, 바닷물, 짠물, 갯벌, 민물이 섞인 물 등 물 속 생태계에는 어디에나 분포하며 물 속의 미생물을 잡아먹고 자란다. 바다에서는 바닷가의 파도가 밀려 들어오는 끝자락, 조간대에서 수심 10,000m까지 서식한다.
조개는 지구상에 등장했을 때부터 수많은 동물의 먹잇감이 되었다. 이는 다른 동물과 달리 도망치거나 숨기 어려운 특성 때문에 천적들이 쉽게 포식할 수 있었다. 인류가 처음 지구상에 등장했을 때도 강과 바다에 원시인이 살던 지역에서는 조개가 초기의 주 포획 대상이었으며, 이러한 조개껍데기를 쌓아놓은 패총이란 유적이 생기기도 하였다.
오래전부터 인류에게 식용으로 사용해왔기 때문에 대부분의 해안 지역에서는 수많은 종류의 조개 요리들이 존재하고 있다. 바닷가의 조개는 여성이나 노인, 어린이들도 주울 수 있으며, 불에 굽기만 하면 간단하게 식용으로 먹을 수 있으며, 찌개로 끓여먹어도 맛이 아주 좋다.
살이 부드럽거나 맛이 좋고 쉽게 잡히는 종류를 중심으로 조개 요리가 발달되어 있어서 날로 먹기도 하고, 구이, 튀김, 볶음, 탕 요리 등 다양한 조개 조리법이 존재한다.
살 외에 조개관자라는 껍데기를 여닫는 근육을 요리하기도 한다. 조개관자가 큰 키조개 종류가 대표적이다. 오늘날에는 조개들을 인공적으로 양식하기도 한다.
조개 요리의 기본적인 것으로는, 요리하기 전 물에 하루동안 넣는 해감이란 방법을 사용한다. 조개는 수관을 통해 물을 빨아들여 먹이를 걸러내는 습성이 있는데 모래도 함께 빨아들여 몸에 모래가 축척되어 있다. 물에 넣어두면 빨아들이고 뱉어내는 습성을 통해 모래를 모두 뽑아내게 된다.
조개를 요리할 때는 보통 껍데기채로 조리한다. 이는 요리할 때 껍데기가 벌어지는 순간이 가장 맛있어지기 때문이다. 껍데기가 벌어지는 경우는 살아있는 조개를 이용할 때만 벌어진다. 더불어 껍데기의 칼슘 성분이 해장 효과를 높이는 데 도움을 주기도 한다.
5월~8월 기간에는 홍합과 굴 등 바닷물에 서식하는 조개를 피하는 것이 좋은데, 이 기간에서 일정 수온 이상이 될 경우 삭시톡신(saxitoxin)이라는 패독이 발생하여 패독에 중독되는 경우가 생기기 때문이다. 삭시톡신은 바닷물의 플랑크톤을 통해서 발생하는데, 봄과 여름 기간에 플랑크톤이 다량으로 발생하기 때문에 패독이 주로 봄과 여름 기간에 발생한다. 주로 기억상실성, 설사성, 마비성이 있다. 단, 양식 하는 조개의 경우 플랑크톤 수를 조절하여 패독 발생 확률이 적은 편이나 간혹 발생하는 경우도 있으니 주의해야 한다.
조개 껍데기는 탄산칼슘으로 이루어져 있으며, 단단하고 오랫동안 유지되고, 일부 종은 안쪽의 진주층 부분이 빛을 받아 화려한 색을 내기도 한다. 그래서 옛날부터 조개 껍데기를 장식품이나 화폐로 사용하기도 하였다. 나전칠기의 무늬도 조개 껍데기에서 추출한 자개 조각으로 만든 것이다.
몰디브나 페르시아만 및 서아프리카 지역 등에서는 조개 껍데기를 화폐로 사용한 곳이 많았다. 일부 지역은 20세기까지 일반 화폐와 조개 껍데기를 화폐로 병용한 곳도 있었다. 대항해시대 이후 유럽에서도 이 지역과 거래를 할 때 조개 껍데기로 거래하기도 하였다.
메갈로돈

메갈로돈(Otodus megalodon)은 지구상 상어중 가장 거대했으리라고 여겨지는 육식성 상어로 신생대의 대표적인 화석이다. 이 고대의 육식성 상어는 신생대 마이오세 초기에 출현하여 지금으로부터 약 360만 년 전인 플라이오세 후기까지 번성했다. 몸길이는 15~20m로 추측된다. 다른 거의 대부분의 상어 화석이 그렇듯이 메갈로돈의 완벽한 전체 골격은 발견된 적이 없고, 척삭의 일부분과 치아 등이 발견 바다에 서식하면서 주로 해양 포유류를 먹이로 삼았을 것으로 추측된다.
발견된 이빨 화석과 현존하는 백상아리의 이빨과 몸 크기의 비율로 미루어볼 때 학자들은 최대 20m까지 자랐으리라고 추정한다. 이 수치는 지금까지 발견된 그 어떤 상어보다도 거대한 크기이다. 메갈로돈의 가장 큰 이빨은 7.4인치(18.8cm)에 이를 정도로 크며 이는 성인 남성의 손바닥을 가릴 정도의 크기이다. 이빨의 형태는 이등변 삼각형에 가깝고 그 두께는 같은 크기의 백상아리의 이빨보다 3배 가까이 두껍다. 또한 가장 자리에 톱날모양의 구조가 있어서 손쉽게 먹잇감의 살에 이빨을 박아 넣을 수 있었을 것으로 추정한다. 위턱 아래턱의 이빨의 개수는 약 292개로 추정하고 있다.
몸의 전체적인 형태를 볼 때, 악상어목 상어들이 전형적인 방추형의 몸 형태를 지니고 있기 때문에 메갈로돈 역시 이런 형태의 몸을 하고 있었을 가능성이 크다. 많은 수의 메갈로돈의 복원도를 보면 주로 백상아리를 참고로 해서 백상아리의 형태와 유사하게 묘사되고 있다. 최근의 복원에 따르면 전체적인 형태는 백상아리와 유사하지만 턱에서부터 코 끝 까지의 각도가 더 높고 강건한 형태의 복원이 알맞은 복원인 것으로 추측된다. 짧고 강건한 턱은 메갈로돈이 사냥할 때의 주무기였는데, 메갈로돈은 턱을 벌릴 때 아랫턱뿐만 아니라 윗턱도 같이 움직일 수 있었으며 이런 턱 구조는 큰 살점을 베어물고 끌어당길 수 있게 하는 구조이다. 이런 턱의 움직임과 톱날이 나 있는 강한 이빨의 기능이 더하여져서 한번에 많은 살점을 베어 물 수 있었으며 치악력이 110,000~180,000N에 달하기 때문에 공격당한 대상에게 치명적인 쇼크를 일으켰을 것이다.
메갈로돈의 학명 Carcharodon은 메갈로돈이 백상아리와 같은 그룹임을 나타내는 설을 반영하는 속명이다. 이와 같이 한 때는 메갈로돈은 백상아리의 직계 조상 혹은 근연종으로 생각되었으나 최근의 연구로는 이 상어가 백상아리와 유연관계가 멀게 평행하게 진화해 온 종으로 악상어목에 속하는 절멸한 일족일 것으로 추측하는 설이 많이 설득력을 얻고 있다. 그 설에 따르면 메갈로돈을 유사관계에 있는 어떤 종도 없는 절멸한 종으로 보고 학명 또한 Carcharocles로 변경되어야 한다는 것이다. 전통적인 견해에 의하면 백악기의 상어인 Cretolamna에서 직접 후손으로 갈라져 나온 Carcharodon에서 메갈로돈과 백상아리가 출현했다 설명하지만, 새로운 견해는 Cretolamna에서 Otodus가 분화되었고 Otodus에서 메갈로돈이 속한 Carcharocles가 출현했다고 본다. 후자의 견해에 따르면 메갈로돈은 백상아리가 속한 악상어과에 속하지 않으며, 악상어과와 조금 거리가 나는 먼 친척뻘이 된다. 후자의 견해에서 백상아리와 메갈로돈이 서로 유연관계가 가깝지 않다는 주장의 증거로 제시하는 것은, 메갈로돈과 백상아리의 이빨이 사실 형태적으로 그렇게 많은 유사점을 공유하지 않고 있다는 사실이다. 몇 가지 차이점을 들어보면 두 종의 같은 크기의 이빨을 비교했을 때 두깨가 3배 가까이 차이가 나며, 턱에 붙어있는 이빨의 위치에 따른 이빨의 크기와 경사도 또한 다른 양상을 보이고, 성장 해 가면서 나타나는 이빨의 톱날구조 형성 과정과 톱날의 형태에서 차이가 나는 점 등이 있다. 이에 덧붙여서 백상아리의 치아의 구조가 메갈로돈 보다는 오히려 멸종된 청상아리인 Isurus hastalis와 이 후에 출현한 Isurus eschery와 유사함을 지적하며 백상아리와 메갈로돈의 계통이 유연관계가 멀다는 것을 아니라는 것이다.
메갈로돈은 거대한 덩치를 유지하기 위해 왕성한 포식활동을 했을 것으로 추측되며 이빨 화석이 고래 화석 출토지와 겹치고, 메갈로돈에게 공격당한 고래류나 듀공류의 화석이 발견되는 것으로 미루어 브리그모파이세터같은 거대한 해양 포유류를 주식으로 삼았을 것으로 추정된다. 당시에는 바닷속에 다양한 종류의 생물이 서식하고 있었고 그에 비례하여 먹잇감이 될 수 많은 해양 포유류도 많이 번성했기 때문에 메갈로돈도 또한 크게 번성할 수 있었다. 한편 최근에 발견된 화석 증거에 의해 메갈로돈이 연안에서 새끼를 양육했을 가능성이 있다는 주장이 제기된 바 있다. 메갈로돈의 이빨크기는 약 18cm이다.
해양 생태계 정점에 섰던 성공한 포식자 메갈로돈은 플라이스토세 초기부터 차츰 자취를 감추었다. 많은 학자는 메갈로돈이 멸종한 가장 큰 이유를 플라이스토세 초기부터 시작되었던 빙하기 때문이라고 추정한다. 당시 지방층을 보유했던 고래 종은 지방층 때문에 극지방에서 살 수 있었으나, 고래보다 피하지방층이 적었던 상어류는 적도 부근으로 점차 이동했다. 그 결과 지방이 부족한 상어는 적도 지방으로 몰리면서 결국 먹이부족으로 멸종했다는 설이 있다.
신비동물학자나 일부 사람들은 아직도 메갈로돈이 깊은 바다 어딘가에 살고 있다고 믿지만, 주로 얕은 바다에 서식했던 메갈로돈이 깊은 바다에 살고 있을 가능성은 적다. 메갈로돈은 소재로 한 소설과 영화가 다수 제작된 바 있다.
붉은여우

붉은여우(영어: red fox, Vulpes vulpes)는 여우속 중에서 가장 개체 수가 많은 종으로 일반적으로 여우라 하면 이 종을 지칭하는 경우가 많다. 한국여우(Vulpes vulpes peculiosa) 아종은 과거 한반도 전역에 서식하였으나 밀렵, 산림파괴, 쥐잡기 운동, 쥐약 투약, 쥐약 중독, 광견병, 교통사고 등의 이유로 개체수가 급감하였다. 2021년 기준 환경부 지정 멸종위기 야생생물 1급으로서 보호받고 있다.
붉은여우의 몸집은 지역적, 계절적으로 편차가 심하다.
크기는 수컷이 몸 90cm, 꼬리 60cm, 어깨 55cm, 무게 10kg이고 암컷이 몸 60cm, 꼬리 30cm, 어깨 45cm, 무게 7.5kg이다(모든 수치는 유럽지역 붉은여우의 평균값이다.).
대체로 몸빛은 붉은 색이며 배는 하얗고 귓등과 다리는 검은색이다. 붉은 색 기운은 진홍색에서 노란색까지, 배쪽 털의 기운은 새하얀색에서 푸르스름한 회색까지 확산지역과 개체에 따라 다르다. 색에 따라 두가지 변이종이 있는데, 25%의 십자여우는 검은색 줄무늬가 두드러지며, 10%의 은빛여우는 은색이나 검은색을 하고 있다.
북아메리카와 유럽, 아시아에 분포하나, 오스트레일리아에는 존재하지 않다가 19세기 중반 영국의 귀족들처럼 여우 사냥을 하고 싶어하는 일부 식민지인들의 계획으로 먹이가 될 쥐와 두더지 등의 작은 동물과 함께 방사되었는데, 이들은 널리 번식하며 토종 설치류 및 포유류 및 조류들의 생존을 극심하게 위협하고 있어 세계 최악의 100대 생태계 교란종으로 분류되기도 했다.
붉은여우는 사회적 동물로, 새끼 양육을 전담하는 한 쌍의 암수가 이끄는 가족 집단을 형성하며, 그 하위로서 주로 아성체가 새로 태어난 부모의 새끼를 돌보는데 일조하는 방식으로 생활이 이루어진다.
반주반야행성으로 경우에 따라 낮에 혹은 밤에 생활한다.
붉은여우는 잡식성으로, 주로 쥐를 주식으로 하나 두더지, 꿩, 도마뱀과 같은 파충류, 닭이나 오리와 같은 가금류 등도 먹이가 되며, 이외에 과일이나 채소도 때때로 섭취한다.
가장 주요한 경쟁자로는 너구리와 고양이가 있으며 너구리나 고양이와는 먹이나 서식지 및 영토를 두고 싸우며 서로의 먹이 경쟁을 벌이고 종종 성체끼리도 서로 먹잇감이 겹치는 편이다.
어딘가에 해로운 쥐, 작은 새, 두더지, 작은 땃쥐 같은 작은 동물들을 처리하는 역할도 한다.
몽골에서는 주로 포식자들 사이에서 서열이 가장 낮으며, 시체를 발견할 시 다른 스캐빈저들에게 남은 것을 모두 양보한 후 가장 나중에 고기를 먹는 것으로 알려져 있다. 한편 여우는 검독수리에게 사냥당하는 경우도 있으나, 인간의 사냥에는 극히 취약한 모습을 보인다.
대한민국에서는 가죽을 노린 남획 · 쥐약 살포 · 서식지 파괴 등으로 개체 수가 줄었다. 1978년 3월 지리산에서 사체 발견 이후 한때 야생에서 절멸된 것으로 생각되었으나, 2004년 야생 사체가 다시 발견된 뒤 환경부에서 복원 사업을 시작했다. 개장수가 여우 복원에 도움을 줬다는 루머가 있으나 사실이 아니다.
붉은여우는 여우속 중 아프간여우, 코사크여우, 벵골여우에 비해 크기나 육식에 대한 적응도 등의 측면에서 보다 진보된 종으로 간주된다. 붉은여우는 이들 종에 비하여 유형성숙의 특성이 덜하고, 얼굴 부분이 발달되어 있다. 그러나, 육식이 먹이에서 차지하는 비중이다을 볼 때 육식에 대한 적응도는 티베트모래여우에 비해서는 떨어지는 편이다.
붉은여우는 초기 유라시아에서 나타났으며 Vulpes alopecoides나 중국의 V. chikushanensis의 두 종중 하나에서 진화한 것으로 여겨진다. 가장 초기의 것으로 여겨지는 붉은여우의 화석은 헝가리의 바라니 지역에서 발견된 것으로, 340만 년에서 180만 년 전의 것으로 추정되며, 그 크기로 미루어 보아 초기의 붉은여우는 현재의 개체들보다 크기가 작았던 것으로 여겨진다. 해당 화석은 붉은여우가 최소한 플라이스토세 중기에 나타났으며, 당시 인간종의 거주 지역을 피해서 살아갔음을 보여준다. 이러한 점은, 당시의 여우들 또한 인간에 의해 으악식량 혹은 모피의 용도를 위해 사냥되었음을 의미하기도 한다.
붉은여우는 고양이와의 몇몇 유사성을 보이기도 한다. 여우는 다른 개과 동물에 비해 무언가에 더 잘 오를 수 있으며 사냥감(쥐)에 소리없이 다가가 도약하여 사냥하는 등, 고양이와 비슷한 사냥방식을 지니고있다. 눈동자는 수직으로 길고 앞발의 발톱은 부분적으로 감출 수 있다. 때문에 발톱의 끝은 여우가 걷거나 뛸 때 조금씩 연마되며 날카로워진다. 이런 능력은 개과의 다른 동물에서는 볼 수 없다. 여우와 고양이는 다른 각각 다른 과에 속해있지만, 마치 작은 설치류와 유대류가 그런 것과 같이 비슷한 진화 과정을 전개한 것으로 보인다.
다음은 개과의 계통 분류이다.
낙타

낙타(駱駝, camel, 문화어: 락타) 또는 약대는 낙타속(Camelus)에 속하는 우제류의 총칭으로, 서아시아와 북아프리카의 사막 지대에 서식한다. 낙타는 주로 사막을 이동하거나 짐짝을 운반하는 수단으로 쓰이는 가축이며, 육류·유제품을 만드는 데 사용되는 식용 가축이기도 하다. 낙타의 털은 섬유나 펠트를 만드는 데도 사용된다. 세계 낙타의 94%는 혹이 하나인 단봉낙타이고, 6%만이 두 개의 혹을 가진 쌍봉낙타이다. 야생 쌍봉낙타는 가축화된 쌍봉낙타의 조상이 아닌 별개의 종으로, 현재 개체 수가 1,000마리 이하로 심각한 멸종 위기에 처해 있다.
'낙타'라는 단어는 때로는 넓은 의미로 사용되어, 더 정확한 용어인 낙타과(Camelidae)의 모든 7종을 포함하기도 한다. 이들은 진정한 낙타 3종(위의 3종) 외에 "신세계 낙타"인 라마, 알파카, 구아나코, 비쿠냐로 구성된 별도의 라마족(Lamini)도 포함한다. 낙타과 동물들은 에오세 시기 북아메리카에서 기원했으며, 현대 낙타의 조상인 Paracamelus는 약 600만 년 전 마이오세 말기에 베링 육교를 통해 아시아로 이동했다.
중국 고대 문헌에서 낙타는 橐駝·橐他·馲駝 등 ‘탁타’로 표기했으며, 이 표기는 《산해경》과 《일주서(영어판)》 등 전한보다 이전 시대에 쓴 것으로 여겨지는 문헌에도 등장한다. 흉노어 *dada의 음차라는 가설이 있다. 조선 문헌에도 ‘탁타(𩧐駝)’로 표기하고 있으나 《석보상절》(1447)과 《훈몽자회》(1527) 등에는 고유어 ‘약대’가 확인된다.
낙(駱)은 금문에서 「馬(마)」와 「各(각)」으로 구성되며, 「各」은 음을 나타내는 성부이다. 이 글자는 본래 특정한 말의 이름을 가리키며, 말의 몸은 흰색이고, 갈기(鬃毛, 말 목의 긴 털)와 꼬리는 검은색이라는 특징이 있다. 《설문해자》에서는 “駱는 몸이 흰색이고 갈기와 꼬리가 검은 말이다. 馬(마)를 따라 형성되고, 各(각)에서 음을 취하였다.”라고 설명한다.
타(駝)는 부수 「馬(마)」와 음(音)을 나타내는 「它(타)」가 합쳐진 글자로, 원래 ‘낙타’를 가리키는 말이다. 비록 《설문해자》에는 「駝」 자가 보이지 않지만, 이미 《산해경》에서 「橐駝(탁타)」라는 형태로 낙타를 언급하고 있다. 예컨대 《산해경ㆍ북산경(北山經)》에서는 “그 짐승들 가운데 탁타(橐駝)가 많다”라고 하고, 이에 대해 곽박(郭璞)은 “육안(肉鞍, 등 위의 혹)이 있으며, 유사(흐르는 모래) 위를 잘 다녀서 하루에 300리를 갈 수 있고, 1000근(무거운 짐)을 실을 수 있으며, 물이 있는 샘터가 어디인지도 안다.”라고 주석하였다. 이처럼 단독으로 쓰인 「駝」도 낙타를 뜻하며, 《옥편(玉篇)ㆍ마부(馬部)》에도 “駝, 낙타”라고 설명한다. 그 외 고대 문헌의 예시를 보면, 《제민요술》에서는 “사우(沙牛, 황소) 가죽, 물소 가죽, 돼지 가죽이 가장 좋고, 나귀, 말, 낙타, 노새 가죽은 그다음이다.”라고 하였다.
학명 ‘Camelus’는 낙타를 뜻하는 라틴어 ‘camēlus’를 그대로 쓴 것이다. 이는 거슬러 올라가면 셈조어(영어판) ‘*gamal-’에서 비롯됐으며, 아랍어 ‘자말(جَمَل)’과 그 기원을 같이 한다.
단봉낙타는 야생에서 전멸하고 가축화되었으나 일부 쌍봉낙타는 동아시아 지역 특히 몽골 고비사막에서 많이 볼 수 있다. 혹이 두 개이지만 쌍봉낙타와는 다른 종인 야생쌍봉낙타도 있고, 단봉낙타와 쌍봉낙타의 잡종인 잡종낙타도 있다.
어깨높이 1.8~2m, 몸무게는 250~680kg이다. 동아줄 같은 꼬리의 길이만도 50cm가 넘는다. 낙타는 빽빽하게 난 양털 같은 털 때문에 실제 크기보다 더 크게 보인다. 털은 흰빛에서 검은빛을 띠는 것까지 다양하나 모두 갈색 계통이다. 봄에 털갈이를 하고 가을이면 털이 다시 자라 두툼하게 몸을 덮는다. 하지만 가슴과 무릎에는 털이 없는 부분이 있다. 목과 발은 길며 각 발에 발가락이 두 개씩 있고, 발가락의 앞부분에는 발톱 같은 발굽이 자란다. 두 개의 긴 발가락을 연결하는 넓적한 판으로 땅을 딛는다. 낙타가 땅에 발을 대면 이 방석 같은 판이 넓게 펴져 마치 사람이 눈 신발을 신고 눈 위를 걷듯이 모래땅을 잘 걸을 수 있다. 앞니는 위턱에 있으며 송곳니는 상하 양턱에 있고, 위는 3개의 주머니로 되어 있다. 뿔이 없으며 눈썹은 길고 두 줄로 되어 있어서 모래 먼지가 들어가는 것을 방지한다. 나뭇잎이나 가지를 먹으며 가시가 있는 가지도 먹는다. 수일 간 먹지 않고 일할 수 있는데, 이때 혹은 점점 작아져 나중에는 거의 없어진다. 즉 필요한 수분을 등에 있는 혹의 지방을 분해해서 보급하는 것이다. 혹에는 많은 영양분이 있다. 혹은 엄청난 별미이며 기원전에는 오직 귀족들만 먹을 수 있었다. 낙타의 종류는 혹에 따라 달라지는데 혹이 1개이면 단봉낙타, 혹이 2개이면 쌍봉낙타라 한다.
낙타는 물 없이도 며칠 심지어는 몇 달까지 살 수 있다. 사막민들은 낙타에게 대추야자 열매와 풀 또는 보리나 밀 같은 곡류를 먹인다. 낙타로 사막을 여행하는 도중에는 먹을 것을 구하기 어렵기 때문에 눈에 띄는 대로 먹이를 먹여 두어야 한다. 선인장 같은 사막식물도 먹는데 입 안에 상처를 입지 않고도 가시가 있는 나뭇가지를 먹을 수 있다. 입 안의 표피가 매우 질겨서 날카로운 가시도 뚫을 수 없기 때문이다. 먹을 것이 없으면 동물의 뼈, 물고기, 고기, 가죽, 심지어는 가죽 텐트까지 닥치는 대로 먹어 치운다. 낙타는 먹이를 충분히 씹지 않고 삼켰다가 나중에 입으로 되어가져와 씹은 후, 위로 보내 완전히 소화 시킨다. 일반적으로 포유류는 더울 때 땀을 통해 수분을 증발시켜 몸을 식히지만, 낙타는 몸 속의 수분이 보존되도록 땀을 많이 흘리지 않는다. 대신 체온이 낮에는 6℃ 정도 올라가고 밤에는 내려간다. 더운 날씨에 낙타끼리 서로 몸을 비비는 것을 볼 수 있는데, 이는 사막의 공기보다 다른 낙타의 몸이 더 시원하기 때문이다.
사막지역에서는 운송 수단, 양식, 옷, 주거 재료 등 다양한 용도로 이용하고, 농경지에서는 낙타를 밭갈이와 물레방아를 돌리는 데 이용하고 있다. 낙타 털로는 옷감이나 천막을 만들고, 가죽으로는 신발, 가방 등을 만들며, 뼈는 상아처럼 세공하여 값진 물품을 만든다. 낙타의 젖으로 치즈 등을 만들기도 한다.
Ocellated forest tree frog

The ocellated forest tree frog (Leptopelis ocellatus) is a species of frog in the family Arthroleptidae found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon, and possibly Angola and the Central African Republic. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, swamps, and heavily degraded former forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Araucaria moist forests

The Araucaria moist forests, officially classified as mixed ombrophilous forest (Portuguese: "Floresta Ombrófila Mista") in Brazil, are a montane subtropical moist forest ecoregion. The forest ecosystem is located in southern and in few areas of southeastern Brazil and parts of northeastern Argentina. The ecoregion is a southern portion of the Atlantic Forest. The ecoregion also includes select areas of open field called "campos de cima da serra" or "coxilhas" (highland fields).
The moist forests cover an area of 216,100 square kilometres (83,400 sq mi), encompassing a region of mountains and plateaus in the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul, and extending into Misiones Province of Argentina.
The ecoregion lies above 500 metres (1,600 ft), rising to 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) elevation on the high slopes of the Serra Geral.
The ecoregion is bounded by the Alto Paraná Atlantic forests to the north, west, and south, the Cerrado savannas and shrublands to the northeast, The Serra do Mar coastal forests to the east, and the Uruguayan savanna to the southwest.
The Araucaria moist forests have an oceanic temperate climate (Cfb), with frequent frosts during the winter months and considerable snowfalls (generally light) in the highest areas. Annual precipitation is high, ranging from 1,300 to 3,000 millimetres (51 to 118 in), without a dry season.
The ecoregion mostly consists of evergreen subtropical moist forests, with a canopy made up of the broadleaved trees Ocotea pretiosa, O. catharinense, and O. porosa (Lauraceae), Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Myrtaceae), and Mimosa scabrella and Parapiptadenia rigida (both Leguminosae). The conifer Brazilian araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia) forms an emergent layer, growing up to 45 metres (148 ft) in height. The forests are significant from an evolutionary perspective, as a relict of mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests that were once much more widespread, and are home to many taxa characteristic of the Antarctic flora.
The ecoregion is home to several threatened species endemic to the Atlantic forests, including the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba) and the red-spectacled parrot (Amazona pretrei). The Araucaria moist forests is recognized as an important endemic bird area.
The Araucaria moist forests are within the Atlantic Forest Biome (Mata Atlântica), which is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot by Conservation International, and as a Global 200 ecoregion by the World Wildlife Fund.
4.757% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include Aparados da Serra National Park, Araucárias National Park, Campos Gerais National Park, Guaricana National Park, Iguaçu National Park, São Joaquim National Park, Serra Geral National Park, and Serra do Itajaí National Park.
Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests

The Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests, presently known as East Deccan moist deciduous forests, is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion in east-central India. The ecoregion covers an area of 341,100 square kilometers (131,700 sq mi), extending across portions of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Telangana states.
The Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests extend from the Bay of Bengal coast in northern Andhra Pradesh and southern Orissa, across the northern portion of the Eastern Ghats range and the northeastern Deccan Plateau, to the eastern Satpura Range and the upper Narmada River valley.
The forests of the ecoregion are sustained by the moisture-bearing monsoon winds from the Bay of Bengal. The ecoregion is bounded on the north and west by tropical dry deciduous forest ecoregions, including the Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests to the southwest and west, the Narmada valley dry deciduous forests to the northwest, and the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests to the north and northeast. The drier Northern dry deciduous forests ecoregion, lying west of the Eastern Ghats range, is completely surrounded by the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests, in the rain shadow of the Ghats, which partially block the moisture-laden monsoon winds off the Bay of Bengal. The humid Orissa semi-evergreen forests ecoregion lies to the northeast in the coastal lowlands of Orissa.
The ecoregion's forests are dominated by Sal (Shorea robusta), in association with Terminalia, Adina, Toona, Syzygium, Buchanania, Cleistanthus, and Anogeissus, according to soil variations. The flora of the ecoregion shares many species with the moist forests of the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas.
From the Western Ghats this includes plants like jackfruit and several hu lianas such as Schefflera vine (Heptapleurum venulosum), joint fir (Gnetum edule), and common rattan.
From the Eastern Himalayas this includes the peculiar Indian pepper tree and several shrubs, herbs and flowers such as yellow Himalayan raspberry, false nettle (Boehmeria macrophylla), and whipcord cobra lily among others.
Several globally threatened plant species are found in this ecoregion, including the two endemic plants Leucas mukerjiana and Phlebophyllum jeyporensis.
The ecoregion still harbours large intact areas of tropical moist deciduous forest and is an important refuge for healthy populations of most of the original large vertebrates associated with this habitat. Large mammals include the predators Indian tiger, wolf, dhole, and sloth bear, and the herbivores gaur, chousingha, blackbuck, and chinkara. The Asian elephants that once lived were extirpated long ago.
The only endemic species found in the ecoregion is the cave-dwelling Khajuria's leaf-nosed bat.
Approximately 25% of the original habitat remains, much of it in blocks of 5000 km or larger. 31 protected areas, totaling 13,540 km, preserve about 4% of the ecoregion's intact habitat. The largest protected area in the ecoregion is Simlipal National Park in Odisha state.
Beech Forest, Victoria

Beech Forest is a town in Victoria, Australia. The area of Beech Forest is largely used for potato farming.
The town was named after the many myrtle beech trees of the area. Beech Forest Post Office opened on 10 May 1890 and closed in 1994.
The town had a railway station on the Crowes railway line from 1902 until 1962. Much of the route of the old railway has been converted to the Old Beechy Rail Trail, via which cyclists and walkers can travel 45 kilometres (28 mi) between Beech Forest and Colac.
The forest is primarily characterized by:
Other significant tree species include:
The understory is rich in ferns, including:
Other plants found in the cool temperate rainforest include:
Epiphytes, such as fork-ferns, filmy ferns, and orchids, are common in the humid microclimate created by the tree-fern layer.
The diverse forest ecosystem supports various animal species:
While specific bird species are not detailed in the available sources, the diverse forest ecosystem likely supports a variety of bird species typical of Victorian rainforests.
The moist, forested environment provides habitat for numerous insect and invertebrate species, though specific examples are not provided in the available sources.
The Beech Forest area is known for its beautiful waterfalls and scenic drives, which contribute to the overall biodiversity of the region. The unique combination of aspect, soils, and climate in the Otway hinterland creates a distinctive ecosystem that supports this rich variety of plant and animal life.
Media related to Beech Forest, Victoria at Wikimedia Commons
Salamander Guru and The Shadows

Salamander Guru and The Shadows (Korean: 도롱뇽도사와 그림자 조작단; RR: Doryongnyong Dosawa Geurimja Jojakdan) is a 2012 South Korean sitcom starring Choi Min-ho, Ryu Hyun-kyung, Im Won-hee, Lee Byung-joon and Oh Dal-su. It aired on SBS from January 27 to March 30, 2012 on Fridays at 23:00 for 10 episodes. It is SBS's first sitcom in 5 years.
Min-hyuk (Choi Minho), an antisocial genius hacker, has played with computers as if they were toys since he was a little boy. He grows up learning hacking skills from his father, a terminally ill computer genius who runs an illegal gambling den to provide for his family's future. After his dad dies, Min-hyuk is adopted abroad. He immerses himself in computers and develops social phobia. When he turns 20, he returns to Korea and begins searching for X, who drove his father to his death. Following clues from his memories, he finds the Salamander Guru fortune-telling house and meets Seon-dal and Won-sam. To find the Salamander Guru who knows X's secrets, Min-hyuk has no choice but to help the fake gurus. With his brains and excellent hacking skills, Min-hyuk controls Seon-dal behind a mirror and finds codes his dad left by recalling his childhood memories one by one. Min-hyuk, who keeps his social phobia a secret, gradually opens himself up while living with Seon-dal and Won-sam.
In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.
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List of amphibians of Korea

This is a list of amphibian species found in the wild in Korea, including the Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island. A total of 20 species of amphibians are known from Korea; this includes two species of salamander that were not discovered until the 21st century.
This list treats the taxonomic designations found in Frost (2007) as authoritative. There have been major revisions of amphibian taxonomy, including the taxonomy of many Korean species, since the late 20th century. This has included studies which have found species such as the Korean brown frog and Imienpo Station frog, which were previously considered to be Korean varieties or subspecies of more widespread species, to be distinct. It has also included a wholesale revision of the taxonomy of the Ranidae, or true frogs—for example, the common dark-spotted frog was formerly classified as Rana nigromaculata but is now classified as Pelophylax nigromaculatus.
The following abbreviations are used in the list:
Unofficial English translations are marked with angle brackets, <>.
Korean crevice salamander

The Korean crevice salamander (Karsenia koreana) is a species of lungless salamander. It dwells under rocks in limestone forest areas of the Korean peninsula. It was discovered by Stephen J. Karsen, an American science teacher working in Daejeon, South Korea, in 2003, and described in 2005. Although plethodontid salamanders comprise seventy percent of salamander species worldwide, Karsenia koreana is the first member of this taxon known from Asia. Like other plethodontids, it lacks lungs and breathes through its moist skin. It is the only species in the genus Karsenia.
Cladistic analysis using Bayesian analysis of molecular data places Karsenia koreana as sister group to the clade containing Aneides and the desmognathine salamanders. This implies that plethodontid salamanders may have had a worldwide range 60 to 100 million years ago. As the global climate cooled, New World taxa thrived while Old World populations declined. Other plants and animals currently found in Asia and North America share close relationships, showing a similar pattern of biogeography.
Males measure 38.5–47.7 mm (1.52–1.88 in) and females 38.5–47.7 mm (1.52–1.88 in) in snout–vent length. The habitus is moderately robust. The head is relatively broad. The eyes are small and moderately protuberant. There are 14–15 costal grooves. The tail is round basally but becomes in some individuals laterally compressed towards its tip. Complete tail (i.e., non-regenerated) is about as long as the snout–vent length. The species is darkly pigmented. There is a broad dorsal stripe of variable color (reddish to yellowish brown, tan, or dark brown) and distinctness (prominent and bright to obscure). The lateral surfaces are uniformly dark but have an obscure overlay of small, whitish speckles. The ventral surfaces are pale with moderately large, whitish flecks that are absent along the midline.
The species occurs in damp talus slopes and rockslides of limestone in young forests dominated by Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica, mostly under small stones. Although the species is considered locally common, and reasonably widespread (as of 2006, it was known from more than 20 sites), it has not been well studied in the field. Thus, its natural history, population dynamics, and reproductive behavior remain unknown.
Melanobatrachus

Melanobatrachus is a genus of narrow-mouthed frogs in the family Microhylidae. It is the only remaining genus in the monotypic subfamily Melanobatrachinae. It contains a single species, Melanobatrachus indicus, also known as the Indian black microhylid frog and Malabar black narrow-mouthed frog. It is endemic to wet evergreen forests of southern Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu states of India. It has been recorded from Anaimalai, Munnar, Palni hills, Periyar Tiger Reserve and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
Melanobatrachus indicus is a rare species that was only rediscovered in 1997. It lives amongst leaf-litter, rocks and other ground cover of moist evergreen tropical forests.
The subfamily Melanobatrachinae included two African genera, Hoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928 and Parhoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928, in the past but they are now placed in the subfamily Hoplophryninae.
Melanobatrachus indicus is an Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species. It is classified as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.