davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
I Buhanga kwa Gihanga

I Buhanga kwa Gihanga ni agace nyaburanga kandi gakorerwamo ubukerarugendo gaherereye mu Kagari ka Bukora, Umurenge wa Nkotsi ho mu karere ka Musanze aka gace kakaba kabumbatiye ibintu byinshi byarangaga umuhango wo kwimika Abami mu Rwanda rwo hambere.
Ukimara kwinjira muri aka gace kagizwe ahanini n’ishyamba, utungurwa n’umutuzo udasanzwe uhagaragara ndetse n’ibiti byo mubwoko butandukanye budakunze kugaragara hirya no hino mu Rwanda. Hirya y’amoko atandukanye y’ibiti hamwe n’umutuzo urangwa muri kariya gace, unahabona ibimenyetso byifashishwaga mu kwimika abami mu myaka yatambutse ukabasha kubisobanukirwa ubifashijwemo n’umukozi w’ikigo cy’igihugu cy’iterambere (RDB) uhakorera buri munsi.
Ishyamba rya Buhanga rigaragaragaramo amoko menshi atandukanye y’ibiti gusa igifite amateka akomeye ni icyitwa ‘Igiti cy’inyabutatu y’abanyarwanda’. Iki giti iyo utacyitegereje neza ubona ari kimwe mu gihe nyamara cyigizwe n’amoko atatu atandukanye y’ibiti ariko bifatanye byose mu buryo witegereza bukakuyobera. agira ati “Nk’uko ubibona ushobora gutekereza ko iki ari igiti kimwe, ariko ni ibiti bitatu bigizwe n’umuvumu, icya kabiri ni Umusando naho icya gatatu ni Igihondohondo.” Iki giti haba hari igisobanuro cyihariye gifite mu mateka y’Abanyarwanda? Mu gusubiza icyo kibazo muzehe Hategekimana agira ati “Iki giti kivuze byinshi ku mateka y’Abanyarwanda kuko iyi nyabutatu ni amako atatu yuzuzanyaga y’Abanyarwanda abazungu bataraza ngo bayatanye.
Iriba rya Nkotsi na Bikara ryafatwaga nk’Icyuhagiro cy’umwahi; aha ngo umwami yashyirwaga muri iryo riba maze akogeshwa amazi ‘azira inenge’ arigize hagamijwe kumurinda abanzi bashoboraga kumutera. mwami nyuma yo kozwa, yagombaga guhita ayobora inama yamuhuzaga n’abagaragu be bakuru, iyo nama yabaga irimo n’Abiru maze akababwira imigabo n’imigambi afite mu gihe cy’ubutetsi bwe.” Ku rundi ruhande amakuru atangwa n’abaturage baturiye ririya riba ahuriza ku kuritangarira ibintu bahuza no kuba amazi yaryo ngo adashobora gukama bakaba kandi ngo batangazwa no kuba amazi yaryo aba menshi mu gihe cy’izuba ryinshi noneho mu gihe cy’imvura nyinshi bwo akagabanuka.
Inzu y’umwami ni kimwe mu byari bigize agace ka Buhanga gusa magingo aya ntabwo yo igihari, mu gusobanura iby’iyo nzu Hategekimana avuga ko “Yari inzu imanitse hagati y’ibiti bibiri binini.” Akomeza agira ati “ Yari inzu ya Kinyarwanda isakaje ibyatsi, ntiyigeze isenywa ahubwo yageze aho irahanuka. Buri wese wajyaga kuba umwami yagombaga kwinjira muri iyo nzu agahabwa imigisha n’Abiru(Abagaragu b’umwami), akaba ari imihango yakorwaga mbere y’uko umwami yima ingoma.” Yongeraho ati “ Iyo nzu yari ifite ibyumba bitatu; kimwe cyicarwagamo n’umwami, icyo yabikagamo ibye n’icyo abamusuraga bamutegererezagamo; iki cyumba kandi ni nacyo Abiru bicaragamo bari mu migenzo yabo.” Hategekimana asobanura ko imihango yo kwimika umwami yamaraga igihe, ngo muri iyo mihango umwami yahabwaga imitsindo ikozwe mu ruvangitirane rw’ibyatsi maze akayinywa kugira ngo ‘imurinde’ abanzi mu gihe ari ku ngoma.
Axumawit Embaye

Axumawit Alem Embaye (yavutse ku ya 18 Ukwakira 1994) ni Umunyetiyopiya wiruka intera ndende, akaba ari kabuhariwe muri metero 1500 . Ni inshuro ebyiri yegukanye umudari wa feza muri gikombe cy’imbere kuva muri 2014 na 2022 .
Axumawit Embaye yagaragaye bwa mbere muri 2012. Yabaye igisonga cya metero 800 muri Shampiyona y'abato ya Etiyopiya kandi yarangije ari uwa karindwi muri Shampiyona y'isi yabato y'abato muri 2012 muri isiganwa, yagize ibihe byiza by'umuntu ku giti cye ni iminota 4: 12.92. Yarahinduye ajya muri metero 1500 muri shampiyona muri 2013 kandi yitwara neza kumuzunguruko. Yirutse neza mu minota 4: 09.11 mu nzu ya XL Galan kugira ngo ashyire ku mwanya wa kabiri kandi afite umurongo wa kabiri washyizwe hanze mu mikino ya Bislett, Folksam Grand Prix na KBC Ijoro ry'imikino ngororamubiri (yashyizeho ibihe byiza byari 4: hari Iminota 05.16 mu birori by'anyuma).
Imyanya itatu ya mbere yagizwe mu nama ya Banki ya PSD na Weltklasse i Karlsruhe mu ntangiriro z'umwaka wakurikiyeho y'amuzaniye umwanya muri iyi kipe mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga yo mu nzu yo muri 2014 mu birori bya metero 1500. Yabaye uwa kabiri kuri Abebe Aregawi mu bushyuhe kandi asubiramo iyo mi korere ku mukino wa nyuma; nubwo Abebe yatsinze neza isiganwa, Axumawit yagumye imbere ya bandi b'apakira gutwara umudari wa feza.
Yashyize ku mwanya wa kane mu birori by’i nzobere mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga yo mu nzu ya IAAF muri 2016 yabereye Portland, Oregon . Sifan Hassan niwe we gukanye igihe Dawit Seyaum na Gudaf Tsegay barangije ku mwanya wa kabiri n'uwa gatatu.
Mu marushanwa y'isi yo muri 2019 yabereye i Doha, Axumawit yavanyweho mu bushyuhe bwo kwiruka metero 1500 mu bagore.
Mu 2022, Axumawit yasubiyemo ibyo yagezeho kuva mu mwaka wo muri 2014 yegukana umudari wa feza ya metero 1500 muri Shampiyona y’imbere mu nzu yabereye i Belgrade, isaha 4: 02.29. Mugenzi we Tsegay yayoboye imidari ya Etiyopiya muri 3: 57.19 mugihe Hirut Meshesha yarangije umwanya wa gatatu (4: 03.39).
Emmalito

Murenzi Emmanuel uzwi mu itangazamakuru nka Emmalito,Umunyamakuru wa ISIBO TV.
Emmalito avuga ko itangazamakuru yarikunze kuva akiri muto arikundishijwe n’umunyamakuru Ellen DeGeneres wo muri Amerika, biba akarusho ubwo yari arangije amashuri yisumbuye mu mwaka 2009. Icyo gihe nibwo yatangiye gukora ku giti cye, agaha inkuru ibinyamakuru(freelancer). Emmalito ntiyakoraga nk’umukozi uhoraho, ahubwo yafashaga abanyamakuru kubaha inkuru zitandukanye kuri radiyo Flash FM, City Radio na Contact Fm, nyuma mu mwaka 2014 nibwo yaje kubona akazi kuri Royal Fm.Umunyamakuru Murenzi Emmanuel, umaze kumenyekana mu itangazamakuru nka Emmalito na we yinjiye mu ruhando rw’abahanga imideli, aho yatangije inzu iyihanga nyuma yo gutegura ibitaramo byo kuyimurika akarushaho no kuyikunda. Emmalito watangije iyi nzu ya Lito Ris Design, yateguye ibitaramo bitandukanye bikomeye by’imideli by’abandi bantu birimo Rwanda Cultural Fashion Show mu mwaka 2013, Kigali Fashion Week mu mwaka 2014.
Yabaye igisonga cya mbere cya Rudasumbwa wa Mount Kenya mu mwaka 2012 azwi cyane mu itangazamakuru ndetse arimazemo imyaka 11. Yakoreye ibitangazamakuru bitandukanye birimo Tv1, Royal Tv na Royal FM ndetse ubu akora ku ISIBO TV mu kiganiro Chapa Chapa akorana na Kety. tariki 2 Kanama mu mwaka 2022, nibwo Emmalito yambitse impeta umukunzi we Umwali.yavuze ko imyaka itanu ishize ari mu rukundo n’uyu mukobwa.Umwali asanzwe atuye mu Mujyi wa Ottawa muri Canada. Emmalito avuga bitari byoroshye gukundana n’umuntu uri kure, ariko byarashoboka hamwe no kwizera.
Honda UNI-CUB

Honda UNI-CUB ni igitekerezo cya 2 ya axisi yo-kuringaniza Ibiro bw'umuntu ku giti cye kugirango abashe gukora nko mu nzu idafite inzitizi,yaje kwerekanwa bwa mbere muri Osaka Motor Show muri 2013.
Ishobora gumusimburwa na Honda U3-X 2009, nayo yerekanwe muri Osaka Motor Show muri 2013.
Igenzura kandi ikaringaniza ibiro, uburyo busa nubwa Segway PT ikoresha, igice kiringaniza rwose kandi gishobora gukoresha mu kugenda haba mubyerekezo byose uyifite yifuza .
Hano ifite amapine abiri, ibiziga binini byo kuyitwara bigenda mu cyerekezo cyerekeza imbere, hamwe na moteri ikurikira kuri dogere 90. Byombi amapine y'imodoka hamwe nuyobora, ariko byose byubatswe nisiga ntoya zimeze nk'umubumbe' utuma uruziga rwimuka rukanjya kuruhande. Iyo ugiye imbere ipine rinini ruba rufite ingufu kandi uruziga ruto ruzunguruka kugirango rwirinde gukurura ikinyabiziga cyose.
Honda ifite ibipimo binga gupya 510 x 315 x 620 mm by'uburemere nuburemere bwa 25 kg, UNI-CUB ikoreshwa na batiri ya lithium-ion kandi ifite nayo 6 km / h by'umuvuduko wo hejuru na 6 km. Uburebure bw'intebe ni 620 mm, mu gihe ibirenge byateganijwe gukuba kabiri .
Nzamukosha Shema Patricia

Nzamukosha Shema Patricia ni umunyarwandakazi wavutse mu mwaka wa 2003,ni rwiyemezamirimo warashinze sosiyete ikora imyambaro ya Inkindi Design ndetse imyambaro irimo niwe uyikorera. Shema yitabiriye irushanwa ry'ubwiza rizwi nka Miss Rwanda riheruka kuba kuwa 16 Gashyantare 2022.
Nzamukosha yize muri King David Academy mubijyanye n'imibare, ubugenge n'ubumenyi bw'isi. yifuza kuzagira impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu birebana no kwihangira imirimo. Yabaye umwarimu w'ungirije mu kigo cya Green hills Academy, akaba ari n'umwe mu banyamuryango b'imbere ba Kigali protocal imaze kumenyekana nugutanga serivise za protocal.
Ubwo yitabiraga iri rushanwa yari afite umushinga wo ujyanye no gufasha abantu kugira umuco wo w'ishoramari binyuze mu gufasha urubyiruko kwigirira icyizere no kurushaho gutezimbere umuryango Nyarwanda.
Urubyiruko rwiyemeje gukoresha imbuga nkoranyambaga ruhangana n’abagoreka amateka

Urubyiruko rwo mu Mujyi wa Kigali rwiyemeje kuba ku isonga mu guhangana n’abagoreka amateka y’u Rwanda ku mbuga nkoranyambaga, bagamije kurusubiza mu bihe rwavuyemo.
Ni umukoro uru rubyiruko rwihaye nyuma yo gusoza ibiganiro by’iminsi ibiri byiswe “Rwanda Reflect Seminars” byateguwe n’Umuryango Rwanda We Want’ ufatanyije na International Alert Rwanda mu rwego rwo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 30 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
Ibi biganiro byitabiriwe n’urubyiruko 60 rubarizwa mu Nama y’Igihugu y’Urubyiruko, urwo mu Muryango Rwanda We Want n’urubarizwa mu mushinga USAID Dufatanye Urumuri, ushyirwa mu bikorwa na International Alert Rwanda hamwe na ARCT Ruhuka
Ibi biganiro byibanze ku gusobanurira urubyiruko ikura ry’ingengabitekerezo yagejeje kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 ndetse n’isura Igihugu gifite ubu nyuma y’imyaka 30.
Basobanuriwe uburyo imiyoborere mibi n’uburezi bw’ivangura byabaye inkingi zikomeye mu gukwirakwiza urwango rwagejeje kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.
Sri Lanka Electricity Act 2024

The Sri Lanka Electricity Act, No. 36 of 2024 is a landmark legislative act enacted by the Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Certified on 27th June 2024, the Act introduces substantial reforms to the electricity industry in Sri Lanka, aiming to improve efficiency, attract investment, and promote the use of renewable energy sources.
The Act was enacted to implement comprehensive reforms in the country's electricity sector. It establishes the National Electricity Advisory Council and designates the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) as the primary regulator. The Act aims to facilitate the incorporation of corporate entities responsible for the generation, transmission, distribution, trade, supply, and procurement of electricity, promoting market competition and private sector investment.
The need for reform in Sri Lanka's electricity sector had been recognised for several years. Previous legislation, including the Ceylon Electricity Board Act, No. 17 of 1969, and the Sri Lanka Electricity Act, No. 20 of 2009, were deemed insufficient to address the evolving challenges of the industry, such as inefficiencies, financial sustainability, and the integration of renewable energy sources.
The primary objectives of the Act include:
The Act specifies the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, including the National Electricity Advisory Council, PUCSL, and newly formed corporate entities. It also outlines the procedures for formulating and implementing national electricity policies, tariffs, and long-term power system development plans.
The Act marks a significant shift towards a more competitive, efficient, and sustainable electricity sector in Sri Lanka. By encouraging private sector participation and promoting renewable energy, the Act aims to meet the growing electricity demand and contribute to the country's economic development and environmental sustainability.
Hügelland

Hügelland (German: [ˈhyːɡl̩ˌlant] ) is a type of landscape consisting of low rolling hills whose topography or surface structure lies between that of a lowland region (plains or river terraces) and that of a more rugged hill range or low mountain range. The term is German and has no exact equivalent in English, but is often translated as "hill country", "hilly terrain", "upland(s)" or "gently undulating" or "rolling country", or "rolling countryside". It is derived from Hügel, a low hill or hillock and appears frequently as a proper name for this type of terrain.
The term Hügelland is not unambiguously defined, even in German. For example, on the plains of North Germany, Poland or Hungary it may be applied to terrain with a height variation of just 50 metres, whilst in the Alpine Foreland or in the Voralpen it might refer to terrain with a height difference of at least 100–200 metres. On the other hand, some scholars prefer to define Hügelland by its height above sea level; for example, applying it to terrain between 200 and 500 metres above sea level.
Structurally and geomorphologically, a Hügelland landscape has a significant proportion of less well-defined components. For example:
Hills and mountains are caused by folding along tectonic weaknesses or fault lines, which are then followed by rivers. This results in a parallel pattern, which can be made even more regular through erosion. Hügelland rarely exhibits these properties.
When the gently rolling hills of a Hügelland are suitable for agriculture, their small-scale nature is further reinforced, which may result in a colourful succession of mixed forest and open areas with pastures, meadows, arable crops and orchards, divided by hedgerows along the tracks, lanes and embankments. Mixed woodland, hedges, ponds and scattered settlements occur, giving the appearance of a mosaic from the air.
The regions listed below have Hügelland as part of their proper name. Several also have alternative English-language names.
An example of Hügelland outside Europe is Rwanda in Africa, whose character is expressed by its French name of Pays de Mille Collines ("Land of a Thousand Hills"). In Sweden the term undulating hilly land (Swedish: bergkullterräng) is used since Sten Rudberg coined the concept in 1960. In the Swedish context this means hilly areas made up of crystalline rocks of the Baltic Shield that are often contrasted with joint valley landscapes, the Sub-Cambrian peneplain and plains with residual hills. In southern Sweden the undulating hilly lands are coterminous with the Sub-Mesozoic hilly peneplains, an ancient surface formed by weathering in warm and humid climates during the Mesozoic.
Digital automatic coupling

Digital automatic coupling (DAC) is a type of railway coupling developed in the 2020s to replace the English buffers and chain couplings, initially in Europe.
It resembles the Scharfenberg coupler with extra contacts to join electrical circuits (power, detection and control) and air hoses.
Automatic couplers are categorized into five different levels in general.
For the DAC the function levels are narrowed down to specific functions. The function level DAK-3 must connect the ECP brakes. The function level DAK-4 must connect the e-coupler including electric supply (400 V) and digitial sockets. The function level DAK-5 must allow for remote uncoupling using an electric motor (the DAK does not use uncoupling air pipes as defined in EN 16019 for high-speed trains). Rollout plans may use function level DAK-4 when prepared for an update to DAK-5.
In addition to uncoupling from the driver's cab, the DAK must also enable uncoupling while moving on the shunting hump. In addition to a mechanical device using a cable pull/uncoupling lever, the demonstrator also had an electrical device with switches on a control panel attached to the side of the car. Further development should enable electrical uncoupling both from the train and from a tablet or hump computer. This is essentially software development with high safety requirements.
Couplings based on AAR and SA3 already have automated mechanical couplings, so some of the advantageous features of DAC are lessened. These have a maximum draw gear load well in excess of that possible with the DAC, say 1800 m instead of 750 m.
Biarticular muscle

Biarticular muscles are muscles that cross two joints rather than just one, such as the hamstrings which cross both the hip and the knee. The function of these muscles is complex and often depends upon both their anatomy and the activity of other muscles at the joints in question. Their role in movement is poorly understood.
Biarticular muscles cross two joints in series, usually in a limb. The details of the origin (proximal attachment) and insertion (distal attachment) can play a large role in determining muscle function. For instance, the human gastrocnemius technically spans both the knee and ankle joints. However, the origin point of the muscle is so close to the axis of rotation of the knee joint that the muscle's effective lever arm would be very small, especially compared to its large lever arm at the ankle. As a result, even though it spans two joints, the strong bias in lever arms allows it to function primarily as an ankle plantar flexor. Other muscles, such as the hamstrings, do not display such biases, so their function is not immediately evident from anatomy alone. Another important concept of biarticular muscles (consider the rectus femoris muscle for this example) is the change in muscle length when motion at the proximal and distal ends of the muscle is happening. For example, in the propulsive phase of a jump, the thigh is extended at the coxal joint, and the shank (lower leg) is extended at the tibiofemoral joint. These joint positions cause the rectus femoris muscle to remain unchanged in net length, because the proximal (Eccentric action) and distal (concentric action) attachments are contradicting one another.
Biarticular muscles can fulfill a range of functions during movement. By contracting isometrically (without changing length), they put the joint into a four-bar linkage, allowing the contraction of muscles at one joint to move the other by a fixed amount. Unlike four-bar linkages in which all elements are bone and angle relationships are fixed by the relative bone lengths, the biarticular muscle can hold the joint at many different lengths, creating a range of four-bar properties as needed.
Biarticular muscles can also transfer mechanical power between distal and proximal joints, though the direction and magnitude of this transfer varies with anatomy, muscle activity level, and joint angles. This is a crucial consideration when analyzing an organism's movement using inverse dynamics.
List of energy regulatory bodies

The Energy Regulators Regional Association (ERRA) is a voluntary organization of independent energy regulatory bodies primarily from the Central European and Eurasian region, with Affiliates from Asia the Middle East and the US. ERRA began as a cooperative exchange among 12 energy regulatory bodies to improve national energy regulation in member countries.
Associated members:
The Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER) is a not-for-profit organisation in which Europe's national regulators of electricity and gas voluntarily cooperate to protect consumers' interests and to facilitate the creation of a single, competitive and sustainable internal market for gas and electricity in Europe.
CEER currently has 29 members - the national energy regulators from the 27 EU-Member States, plus Iceland and Norway.
The first formal meeting on 3 March 2012 in Bangkok, Thailand, formally established the ASEAN Energy Regulators' Network (AERN) among the ASEAN energy regulators. The objective of AERN is to forge closer cooperation among ASEAN Energy Regulators with a view to promoting sustainability and economic development of the region in support of the vision of the ASEAN Economic Community 2015.
The Energy Regulators Association of East Africa (EREA) is a non-profit organisation mandated to spearhead harmonisation of energy regulatory frameworks, sustainable capacity building and information sharing among the regulators in the East African Community. The key objective is to promote the independence of national regulators and support the establishment of a robust East African energy union. EREA currently has 9 members-the national energy regulators from the 5 East African Community member States.
Hilly Hundred

The Hilly Hundred is an annual, two-day, non-competitive bicycle tour through Morgan, Monroe and Owen Counties in south-central Indiana. It consists of two days of approximately 50-mile routes, for a total of one hundred miles in a weekend. There is also a 40-mile option for the second-day route. The event draws upwards of 5,000 cycling enthusiasts from around the country.
The ride is through rolling country hills, with both steep climbs and downhills. Along the route are several rest stops, which offer live bands and free food for registered participants. This is meant to create a friendly and open atmosphere amongst the cyclists.
The Hilly Hundred was first created by Hartley Alley, Bernard Clayton, and Tom Prebys as a two-day, one-hundred-mile ride through central Indiana. It was sponsored by the Southern Indiana Bicycle Touring Association (SIBTA). The first ride started with 54 riders heading out from Bloomington on June 15, 1968
By 1979, the Hilly had grown to 1,900 registered riders, and sponsorship had been handed over to the Central Indiana Bicycling Association (CIBA).
In 1982, about 2,800 riders participated, so a staggered start was adopted to cope with the large number and for safety and, in 1995, a limit of 5,000 riders was adopted, to make sure there would not be too many bicyclists to work with for any given year.
The Hilly Hundred changed its headquarters to new facilities in Ellettsville, Indiana in 2003.
Communications at the event are provided by volunteer amateur radio operators, usually consisting of many members of the Bloomington Amateur Radio Club and K9IU, as well as other hams from the region. Hams accompany SAGs (rescue vehicles) and a station is present at each rest stop. An effort is made for every station, especially the SAGs, to include an APRS unit, which beacons their location for use by net control.
Communications are run through a directed net. Net control is located in Ellettsville at Edgewood High School, and it coordinates all ham radio traffic and SAGs for the event. In recent years, the net has run on the WB9TLH 2m repeater, which is located on the Indiana University, Bloomington campus.
Cell phones are not used as the primary mode of communication, partly because coverage is poor or non-existent along many stretches of the tour, and partly because it was decided to be beneficial that all traffic be open. Reasoning for communications traffic being open includes benefits such as everyone involved knowing what's going on elsewhere, and important announcements and other information not needing to be repeated.
Other volunteers involved in the Hilly Hundred include medics, who are usually registered nurses. Local law enforcement is also often present to deal with traffic problems created by the event.
California State Route 263

State Route 263 (SR 263) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California in Siskiyou County, running parallel to Interstate 5 to the west. Route 263 connects State Route 3 near the north city limits of Yreka to State Route 96 eight miles (13 km) north. Although SR 263 was once part of U.S. Route 99, it is not signed as part Business Loop 5.
The road begins at a junction with State Route 3 just north of Yreka. The highway then heads northward through Siskiyou County, roughly lying parallel to the Shasta River. The road is also roughly aligned with nearby Interstate 5 as it passes through hilly terrain. The road ends at State Route 96, which continues northward to meet up with Interstate 5.
SR 263 is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.
Except where prefixed with a letter, postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964, based on the alignment of U.S. Route 99 as it existed at that time, and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. R reflects a realignment in the route since then, M indicates a second realignment, L refers to an overlap due to a correction or change, and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary (for a full list of prefixes, see California postmile § Official postmile definitions). Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted. The entire route is in Siskiyou County.
Estasyon ng Taft Avenue (MRT)

Ang Estasyong Taft Avenue o Himpilang Taft Avenue, ay isang estasyon sa Linyang Dilaw (MRT-3). Ang himpilan ay isa sa dalawang himpilang nasa lupa. Nagsisilbi ang himpilan para sa Pasay at ipinangalan sa Abenida Taft kung saan nakaupo ang himpilan. Ipinangalan naman ang abenida kay William H. Taft, isang sikat na Amerikano noong panahon ng pamamalagi ng mga Amerikano sa bansa.
Ang himpilan ay ang timog na hangganan ng MRT-3 kung saan nagwawakas ang ruta ng mga treng MRT-3 mula sa Abenida North. Ito rin ang unang himpilan para sa mga tren na patungong Abenida North.
Malapit ang himpilan sa Simbahan ng Baclaran at sa Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino kung saan dumatading at umaalis ang mga pangunahing biyahe papasok at palabas ng bansa.
May mga sasakyang de-padyak, dyip, taksi, at mga bus na nagaabang ng mga pasahero sa isang himpilang pantransportasyon sa labas ng estasyon. Ang himpilang iyon ay matatagpuan sa Abenida Taft.
May isang tulay rin na nagdudugtong sa Estasyong Abenida Taft ng Linyang Bughaw sa Estasyong EDSA ng Linyang Lunti. Pwedeng sumakay ang mga pasahero ng mga tren ng Linyang Lunti patungong Baclaran o Monumento sa pagdaan sa tulay na ito.
Estasyon ng North Avenue (MRT)

Ang Estasyon ng North Avenue o Himpilang North Avenue ay isang estasyon sa Linyang Dilaw (MRT-3). Ang himpilan ay isa sa maraming mga himpilang nakaakyat sa lupa. Nagsisilbi ang himpilan para sa "North Triangle" ng Lungsod Quezon. Ipinangalan ito sa Abenida North na malapit sa himpilan.
Ang himpilan ay ang hilagang hangganan ng MRT-3 kung saan nagwawakas ang ruta ng mga treng MRT-3 mula sa Abenida Taft. Ito rin ang unang himpilan para sa mga tren na patungong Abenida Taft. Malapit ang himpilan sa Trinoma.
May mga sasakyang de-padyak, dyip, taksi, at mga bus na nagaabang ng mga pasahero sa isang himpilang pantransportasyon sa labas ng estasyon.
Abenida Arnaiz

Ang Abenida Arnaiz (Ingles: Arnaiz Avenue), na kilala din sa mga dating pangalan nito na Kalye Libertad at Daang Pasay (Libertad Street at Pasay Road sa Ingles), ay isang pangunahing daang kolektor na nag-uugnay ng mga lungsod ng Makati at Pasay sa Pilipinas. Dumadaan ito mula sa kanlurang dulo nito sa Bulebar Roxas sa distrito ng Santa Clara sa Pasay hanggang sa Abenida Epifanio de los Santos (EDSA) sa San Lorenzo Village sa Makati. Ang kabuuang haba nito ay 4 kilometro (2 milya). Isang maliit na bahagi (1.6 kilometro) ng tagapagpatuloy ng daan sa Dasmariñas Village, Makati ay tinatawag ring Abenida Arnaiz, mula EDSA hanggang Tamarind Road.
Hinahati ng South Luzon Expressway (SLEx; o Lansangang Osmeña) ang Abenida Arnaiz sa dalawang bahagi. Ang bahaging kanluran sa Pasay ay isang ma-trapik at pedestrianisadong daan na dating tinawag na Calle Libertad. Sa bahaging ito makikita ang ilan sa mga mahalagang pook sa Pasay tulad ng Cuneta Astrodome, Cartimar shopping district, at Simbahan ng Santa Clara de Montefalco. Sa silangan ng SLEx, papasok ang abenida sa Makati Central Business District (CBD) kung saan dito magsasama ang trapiko mula sa isang ramp ng Metro Manila Skyway malapit sa sangandaan nito sa Kalye Amorsolo. Ang bahagi ng daan mula SLEx hanggang Abenida Chino Roces ay isang kalyeng pa-kanluran ang walang salubong na trapiko nito. Tutuloy ang daan patungong Legaspi Village at San Lorenzo Village ng Makati CBD. Sa mga nayong ito matatagpuan ang ilang tore pang-opisina at kondominiyum, iilang restorang Hapones, isang gusaling pamilihan ng Waltermart, ang lumang Plaza Fair, Don Bosco, at Sentrong Ayala. Ang bahaging ito ng daan sa Makati ay dating tinawag na Pasay Road. Ang dulo nito sa silangan ay ang sangndaan nito sa EDSA malapit sa otel ng Dusit.
Ipinangalan ang abenida kay Antonio Somoza Arnaiz na isang tagapanguna sa pagpapalipad.
14°33′1″N 121°0′28″E﻿ / ﻿14.55028°N 121.00778°E﻿ / 14.55028; 121.00778
Biñan

Ang Lungsod ng Biñán ay isang unang uring Lungsod sa lalawigan ng Laguna, Pilipinas. Mula sa Kalakhang Maynila, ang Biñan ay mararating sa pamamagitan ng South Luzon Expressway. Ang Biñan ay naging katulad ng pamayanang maunlad ng Kalakhang Maynila at ang pook ng pinakamamalaking pagawaan at isang pook tagagawa ng pang-angkat sa Pilipinas. Ayon sa senso ng 2020, ito ay may populasyon na 407,437 sa may 117,720 na kabahayan.
Ang Biñan ay ang ikalawang bayan na madadaanan mula sa Kalakhang Maynila patungong Timog. Ang bayan ng Biñan ay kasama sa tatlong bumubuo sa unang distrito ng Laguna.
Ang bayan ng Biñan ay nahahati sa 24 na mga barangay.
Ang pangalang ng bayan ay pinaniniwalaang nagmula sa salitang "binyagan". Natuklasan ng mga Kastila ang Biñan noong huling bahagi ng ika-6 na buwan 1571, isang buwan pagkatapos itatag ni Miguel Lopez de Legazpi ang Maynila ayon sa mga matatandang kasulatan.
Noong 1769, ang punong bayan panlalawigan ay inilipat mula Bay patungong Pagsanjan, ang Biñan ay inihiwalay sa Bay at naging bahagi ng Santa Rosa. Noong 1771, noong panahon ni Pablo Faustino, ang Biñan ay inihiwalay mula sa Santa Rosa at naging isang bayan.
Ayon sa kasaysayan, ang Biñan ay kilala sa buong bansa dahil sa pagkakasali nito sa aklat ng talambuhay ni José Rizal, ang pambansang bayani. Sinasabi na tumira si Jose Rizal malapit sa nasabing bayan noong kabataan pa niya at nakapag-aral sa isang paaralang matatagpuan dito. Ang pangalan ng paaralan na pinasukan ni Jose ay hindi alam. Sa pag-alala kay Jose Rizal, isang "plake" ng pagkilala ang inilagay kung saan siya nanatili. Isang "monumento" naman ang itinayo sa gitna ng "plaza" ng Biñan, para ipaalala na minsan ay naging bahagi ng bayan ang pambansang bayani.
Ang Biñan ay kilalang gitna ng kalakalan sa mga kalapit nitong mga bayan sa katimugan tulad ng mga bayan ng San Pedro, Santa Rosa, Carmona, Silang at punong hukbo Mariano Alvarez. Kadalasan ang mga nagtitinda sa mga palengke ng bayang kalapit nito ay dumadayo dito upang bumili ng kanilang paninda.
Isang pangkaraniwan na tanawin dito ay ang nga naghahanda at nag-aayos ng mga paninda sa kanila kanilang mga kinalalagyan, ang iba pa nga ay sa mga daan at masisikip na daanan pa nagtitinda, isa pa ay ang pagdating ng mga dyip at trak na may dala-dalang iba't ibang uri ng bunga, gulay, mga "produktong" gawa sa mantikilya, laman ng hayop, isda, asukal atbp. Ang palengke ng Biñan ay halos bukas 24 "oras" na ang "oras" nagdagsaan ay tuwing umaga (5:00 - 8:00 NU) dahil kilala ang mga Filipino na maaga nagsisimulang maghanapbuhay pagkat nais nilang iwasan ang matinding sikat ng araw sa tanghali.
Kilala rin ang bayan na sa paggawa ng mga masasarap na kakanin na may mga sahog sa ibabaw nito (Puto Biñan). Ang pinakakilalang gumagawa ng Puto sa Biñan ay matatagpuan sa barangay San Vicente.
Marami rin iba't-ibang hanapbuhay ang mga tao dito tulad ng paggawa ng tsinelas at sapatos atbp.
Ang Biñan ay kinikilala na ring gitna ng pag-aaral sa unang "distrito" ng Laguna, dahil ito ang may pinakamaraming bilang ng mataas at mababang paaralan sa pook. Ang mga kilalang mga paaralan na matatagpuan sa bayan ay ang sumusunod:
Pamantasang Harvard

Ang Pamantasang Harvard (Ingles: Harvard University) ay isang pribadong unibersidad sa pananaliksik na matatagpuan sa lungsod ng Cambridge, sa estado ng Massachusetts, Cambridge, Massachusetts Estados Unidos. Itinatag noong 1636, itinuturing ito bilang isa sa mga pinakamaimpluwensya at prestihiyong unibersidad sa mundo. Miyembro ito ng Ivy League na kinabibilangan ng iba pang matanda at prestihiyosong kolehiyo sa Estados Unidos.
Ang unibersidad ay isinaayos sa labing-isang pang-akademikong yunit, sampung fakultad at ang Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, na may mga kampus sa buong metropolitan area ng Boston: ang 209-acre (85 ha) main campus ay nakasentro sa Harvard Yard sa Cambridge, humigit-kumulang 3 milya (5 km) sa hilagang-kanluran ng Boston; ang Paaralan ng Negosyo at pasilidad sa isports, kabilang ang Harvard Stadium, ay matatagpuan sa kahabaan ng Charles River sa Allston neighborhood ng Boston, at ang mga paaralang medikal, dental, at para sa pampublikong kalusugan ay nasa Longwood Medical Area. Ang $34.5 billion financial endowment ng Harvard ay ang pinakamalaki sa anumang akademikong institusyon.
Ang Harvard ay isang malaki at residensyal na unibersidad sa pananaliksik. Ito ay nagpapatakbo ng ilang mga meso ng sining, kultura, at agham, sa tabi ng Harvard Library, na ang pinakamalaking akademiko at pribadong sistemang pang-aklatan, na binubuo ng 79 indibidwal na mga aklatan na may higit sa 18 milyong mga volyum. Ang alumni ng Harvard ay binubuo ng walong pangulo ng Estados Unidos, ilang pinuno ng ibang bansa, 359 Rhodes scholar, at 242 Marshall scholar. Sa kasalukuyan, 130 Nobel laureates, 18 Fields Medalists, at 13 Turing Award winners ay may kaugnayan sa unibersidad bilang mag-aaral, guro, o kawani.
42°22′28″N 71°07′01″W﻿ / ﻿42.374444°N 71.116944°W﻿ / 42.374444; -71.116944
Unibersidad ng Maine

Ang Unibersidad ng Maine (nirerefer din bilang UMaine o Maine) (Ingles: University of Maine) ay isang pampublikong unibersidad sa pananaliksik na matatagpuan sa Orono, estado ng Maine, Estados Unidos. Ang unibersidad ay itinatag noong 1865 bilang isang land-grant na kolehiyo at ang pinakaunang unibersidad ng Unibersidad ng Maine Sistema. Sa pagkakaroon ng humigit-kumulang 11,000 mag-aaral, ang UMaine ang pinakamalaking unibersidad sa estado at ito ay ang tanging institusyon sa Maine na inuri bilang isang research university (RU/H) sa pamamagitan ng Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Ang atletikong samahan ng Unibersidad ng Maine ay may palayaw na Black Bear at ito ang nag-iisang programang pang-atletiko sa buong estado.
Ang Unibersidad ng Maine ay itinatag noong 1862 sa bisa ng ang Morrill Act, na inaprubahan ni Pangulong Lincoln.
44°53′58″N 68°40′05″W﻿ / ﻿44.8994°N 68.6681°W﻿ / 44.8994; -68.6681
Abenida ng United Nations

Ang Abenida ng United Nations (Ingles: United Nations Avenue, at karaniwang tinatawag na U.N. Avenue at maaring isalin nang literal sa Tagalog bilang Abenida ng mga Nagkakaisang Bansa) ay isang pangunahing lansangan sa Maynila, Pilipinas, na nagdurugtong sa Ermita at ang mga distrito sa silangan ng lungsod, tulad ng Pandacan at Paco. Nagsisimula ito sa sangandaan (fork) ng karugtong ng Abenida Quirino at Kalye Paz Mendoza Guanzon sa may kanluran ng Pandacan. Tutuloy ito sa mga pook ng Tanque at Isla de Provisor sa hilagang Paco habang dinaraanan nito ang ilang hanay ng mga bodega at iilang gusaling institusyonal. Sa kanluran ng Abenida Taft, dadaan ito sa maabalang distrito ng Ermita na may mga otel, gusali pang-opisina, at ospital. Nagwawakas ito sa Bulebar Roxas. Ang kabuuang haba nito ay 1.9 kilometro (1.2 milya).
Isang pangunahing daang arteryal na pang-komersiyal, pantahanan, at pang-industriya ang abenidang ito. Matatagpuan rito ang himpilan ng Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan (WHO) sa Kanlurang Pasipiko. Ilan pa sa mga kilalang pook na matatagpuan rito ay ang tanggapan ng Pambansang Kawanihan ng Pagsisiyasat (o NBI, sa sangandaan nito sa Abenida Taft), punong-tanggapan ng Manila Police District, bahay-ampunan ng Asilo de San Vicente de Paul, pampublikong kompanya ng Unilever Philippines, Inc., at Waterfront Manila Pavilion Hotel.
Itinakda ang Abenida United Nations bilang isang pambansang daang sekundarya ng sistema ng lansangang bayan sa Pilipinas bilang N156 (o Pambansang Ruta Blg. 156).
Ang Abenida ng United Nations ay dating tinawag na Kalye Isaac Peral (Espanyol: Calle Isaac Peral, Ingles: Isaac Peral Street), mula kay Isaac Peral, Kastilang inhinyero na nagdisenyo ng kauna-unahang submarinong pang-militar na fully-capable sa mundo noong huling bahagi ng ika-19 na dantaon. Binigyan ito ng bagong pangalan bilang pagkilala sa Pandaigdigang Organisasyon sa Kalusugan (isang ahensiya ng Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa) na ang gusali nito'y itinayo noong 1959 sa dating ari-arian ng Unibersidad ng Pilipinas sa timog-kanlurang kanto nito sa Abenida Taft.
Ang abenida ay lugar din ng kauna-unahang Otel ng Hilton sa Pilipinas na binuksan noong 1960. Kilala na ngayon bilang Waterfront Manila Pavilion ang otel na ito.
14°34′56″N 120°59′5″E﻿ / ﻿14.58222°N 120.98472°E﻿ / 14.58222; 120.98472
Fanny Garcia

Si Fanny A. Garcia (ipinanganak noong Pebrero 26, 1949 sa Malabon, Rizal na ngayon ay Malabon City) ay siyang guro, manunulat, mananaliksik, editor, at tagapag- salin. Nagtapos siya sa University of the Philippines-Diliman. Siya ay nagwagi ng 2005 National Book Award para sa Autobiography ng Manila Critics Circle para sa librong Erick Slumbook: Paglalakbay Kasama ang Anak Kong Autistic (2004).
Si Fanny A. Garcia ay isa ring premyadong manunulat sa Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature sa mga kategoryang maikling kwento, sanaysay, iskrip, at kuwentong pambata. May labindalawa na siyang libro kasama na ang bersyong Ingles na "Journeys with My Autistic Son (2009)." Sa kasalukuyan (2012), nagtuturo siya sa De La Salle University-Manila at sa University of the Philippines-Diliman. Nakapagturo na rin siya noon sa Philippine Science High School.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Pilipinas ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Estasyon ng Vito Cruz (LRT)

Ang Estasyong Vito Cruz ng LRT ay isang estasyon sa Manila LRT (LRT-1). Katulad ng iba pang mga estasyon ng LRT-1, nakaangat sa lupa ang estasyong Vito Cruz. Nagsisilbi ang estasyon para sa Malate sa Maynila at matatagpuan sa kanto ng Abenida Taft at Kalye Pablo Ocampo (na dating tinawag na Calle Vito Cruz). Ipinangalan ang estasyon mula sa dating pangalan ng Kalye Pablo Ocampo. Ang Vito Cruz naman ay galing sa pangalan ng dating alcalde mayor ng Pasay noong mga 1871.
Nagsisilbi bilang panlabing-anim na estasyon ang estasyong Vito Cruz para sa mga treng LRT-1 na patungo sa Baclaran at panlimang estasyon para sa mga treng patungo sa Roosevelt.
Kilala ang Estasyong Vito Cruz sa hindi karaniwang mataas na bilang ng mga nagtatangkang magpapakamatay. Bilang tugon, ang LRTA ay nagpataw ng "speed limit" (takdang tulin) sa mga treng papasok sa mga estasyon (tulad ng Vito Cruz) upang ihadlang ang bilang ng mga matagumpay na pagpapatiwakal.
Ang estasyon ay malapit sa mga kilalang pook tulad ng hugnayan ng Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, mga pook-pamilihan ng Harrison Plaza at University Mall, at Rizal Memorial Sports Complex, kung saan ginanap ang ilan sa mga laro ng mga nakaraang Palaro ng Timog Silangang Asya. Malapit din sa estasyong ito ang hugnayan ng Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas (CCP), kung saan matatagpuan ang Pangunahing Gusali ng CCP, Sentrong Pangkumbensiyong Pandaigdig ng Pilipinas (PICC), Tanghalan ng Katutubong Sining, Sentrong Pampelikula ng Maynila at Harbour Square. Malapit din sa estasyon ang ilang institusyong pangedukasyon, tulad ng pangunahing kampus ng Pamantasang Arellano, Pamantasang De La Salle, De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde, at Dalubhasaan ng Santa Escolastica.
Humihinto ang mga bus na dumadaan sa rutang Taft Avenue, mga taksi, dyipni, at traysikel sa estasyon at paligid nito. Ilan sa mga paroroonan, tulad ng Dalubhasaan ng Santa Escolastica, ay nasa walking distance mula sa estasyon. Mayroon din isang estasyon ng Pambansang Daambakal ng Pilipinas na may katulad na pangalan, subalit malayo ito at nangangailangan ng pagkokomyute mula sa estasyon.
14°33′48.51″N 120°59′40.85″E﻿ / ﻿14.5634750°N 120.9946806°E﻿ / 14.5634750; 120.9946806
William Howard Taft

Si William Howard Taft (15 Setyembre 1857 – 8 Marso 1930) ay isang Amerikanong politiko, ang ika-27 Pangulo ng Estados Unidos, ang ika-10 Punong Mahistrado ng Estados Unidos, at isang pinuno ng konserbatibong bahagi ng Partidong Republikano noong umpisa ng ika-20 dantaon.
Si Taft ay nanungkulan bilang Solisitor Heneral ng Estados Unidos, isang hukom na pederal, Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas, at Kalihim ng Digmaan, bago nahalal bilang Pangulo ng Pambansang Kumbensiyon ng mga Republikano noong 1908 sa tulong ng kanyang malapit na kaibigan na si Theodore Roosevelt.
Napagalit niya ang mga taong progresibo sa pamamagitan ng maingat na pagkilos patungo sa mga reporma at sa pamamagitan ng pagsuporta sa Payne-Aldrich Tariff, na hindi nakapagpababa ng husto sa mga taripa (mga singil). Nawala niya ang suporta ni Theodore Roosevelt at natalo siya nang tumakbo para sa ikalawang termino bilang Pangulo ng Estados Unidos.
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Taft, Silangang Samar

Ang Bayan ng Taft ay isang ika-4 na klaseng bayan sa lalawigan ng Silangang Samar, Pilipinas. Ayon sa senso ng 2020, ito ay may populasyon na 18,786 sa may 4,764 na kabahayan. Isinunod ang pangalan ng bayan mula sa dating pangulo ng Estados Unidos na si William Howard Taft.
Ang bayan ng Taft ay nahahati sa 24 na mga barangay.
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Kalaw Avenue

Kalaw Avenue (formerly T.M. Kalaw Street) is a short stretch of road in the Ermita district of Manila, Philippines. It forms the southern boundary of Rizal Park, running east–west from San Marcelino Street to Roxas Boulevard near the city center. It begins as a four-lane road at the intersection with San Marcelino, widening to an eight-lane divided roadway along the stretch of Rizal Park from Taft Avenue west to Roxas Boulevard. It has a short extension into the reclaimed area of Luneta and Quirino Grandstand as South Drive. The avenue's main section between Taft Avenue and Roxas Boulevard is assigned as National Route 155 (N155) of the Philippine highway network.
The avenue was named after Teodoro Kalaw, a Filipino legislator and historian of the Philippine Commonwealth period who also served as Director of the National Library of the Philippines (whose post-war incarnation lies along the street). It was formerly known as San Luis Street (Spanish: Calle San Luis), which once ran between the old Manila Bay shoreline at Luneta (present-day Rizal Park) and Calle de Nozaleda (present-day General Luna Street) up to the American occupation.
The entire route is located in Manila.
Kalaw Avenue is the main access to some of Rizal Park's main attractions, such as the National Museum of Natural History (former Department of Tourism Building), Museo Pambata, the National Library of the Philippines, and Manila Ocean Park. Just across the street from Rizal Park are the Central United Methodist Church, the Luneta Hotel, and the Eton Baypark residential tower. The Casino Español de Manila, destroyed during World War II, was rebuilt on its original site in 1951 near the avenue's intersection with Taft Avenue, which housed the Instituto Cervantes de Manila. Also located at this eastern end of Kalaw are the Plaza Salamanca, the Manila Prince Hotel, and the Masagana Superstore (SM Savemore). The National Historical Commission of the Philippines has its headquarters in Rizal Park along Kalaw Avenue, beside the National Library. The George S.K. Ty Medical Tower (formerly Norberto Ty Medical Tower) of the Manila Doctors Hospital is also located along Kalaw Avenue.
14°34′53″N 120°58′50″E﻿ / ﻿14.58139°N 120.98056°E﻿ / 14.58139; 120.98056
Commission on Higher Education

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED; Filipino: Komisyon sa Mas Mataas na Edukasyon or Komisyon sa Lalong Mataas na Edukasyon) is a government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines. It is responsible for regulating and governing all higher education institutions and post-secondary educational programs in the country.
The CHED was established on May 18, 1994 through Republic Act No. 7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994.
The CHED is headed by a Chairperson and four Commissioners appointed by the President. The current chairperson, Prospero “Popoy” E. de Vera III, was appointed by Rodrigo Duterte in 2018 and re-appointed by Bongbong Marcos in 2022. On January 22, 2024, the Office of the President of the Philippines imposed a 90-day preventive suspension order against a Commissioner Aldrin A. Darilag who was accused of grave misconduct, neglect in the performance of duty and abuse of authority or oppression.
On March 12, 2024, Darilag filed with the Ombudsman of the Philippines against Chairman De Vera III a 5-page complaint for graft and corruption and grave abuse of authority charges, under R.A. 3019, the "Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act". "Respondent De Vera would like me to support Aspen as a supplier of CHED even though it did not comply with the requirements stipulated in Republic Act 9184, otherwise known as the procurement law. He even asked me to have a meeting with Aspen representatives, which I refused to do," Darilag's sworn affidavit read.
The CHED awards Center of Excellence status to departments within higher education institutions that "demonstrate excellent performance in the areas of instruction, research and publication, extension and linkages and institutional qualifications". It also grants Center of Development status to departments that "demonstrate the potential to become a Center of Excellence".
Sapu lidi

Sapu lidi (bahasa Inggris: hard broom) adalah alat pembersih halaman, pekarangan, atau jalan raya, sapu lidi banyak di gunakan oleh perumahan, perkantoran atau petugas kebersihan, yang terbuat dari lidi pelepah pohon, lidi yang digunakan bisa berasal dari pelapah kelapa atau aren. Sapu lidi merupakan peralatan rumah tangga khas Indonesia.
Sapu lidi memiliki filosofi bahwa tidak akan terjadi suatu perubahan besar jika hanya dilakukan oleh seseorang, walaupun orang tersebut sangat hebat. Manusia sebagai makhluk sosial diharuskan bekerja bersama-sama agar dapat mewujudkan keinginan bersama dalam membuat suatu perubahan yang besar. Konon katanya, seorang Dodogama pergi memakan lidi, ketika ia kembali ia mengeluarkan kotoran berupa sapu lidi. Sumber: Halo Christo
1. Pelepah kelapa atau pohon lainnya yang terdapat lidi2. Pisau3. Sarung tangan atau kain4. Tali/karet atau barang lainnya yang dapat digunakan untuk mengikat
1. Pisahkan daun dari pelepah2. Pisah kan lidi dari daun, jangan lupa menggunakan sarung tangan atau kain untuk melindungi tangan3. Jika sudah terkumpul cukup banyak, lidi yang sudah bersih sebaiknya dijemur dengan Sinar matahari agar kering dan lebih kuat4. Lidi yang sudah kering disatukan, lalu diikat dengan tali
1. Murtazam, Teguh. "Filosofi Sapu Lidi". Diakses tanggal 2016-12-08.
Sapu

Sapu adalah alat rumah tangga dibuat dari ijuk (lidi, sabut, dan sebagainya) yang diikat menjadi berkas, diberi bertangkai pendek atau panjang untuk membersihkan debu, sampah, dan sebagainya; sapu merupakan salah satu alat pembersih yang terdiri dari bagian serat atau serabut kaku dan biasanya terpasang atau terikat kepada suatu pegangan silindris.
Bentuk sapu hampir selalu mengalami perubahan, mulai dari bahan ranting-ranting pohon hingga seikatan serat-serat alami. Pada mulanya, sapu memiliki bentuk bulat, bentuk yang mudah dibuat tetapi kurang efisien untuk melakukan pembersihan. Sapu dapat diikatkan ke sebuah pegangan, baik yang pendek untuk pembersih debu, maupun panjang untuk menyapu lantai atau perapian.
Sapu dan sikat paling awal berasal dari zaman prasejarah, ketika benda-benda seperti sayap burung dan duri tumbuhan dipasang pada gagang yang terbuat dari tulang, gading, atau kayu. Penduduk asli di wilayah barat daya Amerika Serikat membuat sapu dari tanaman yucca untuk membersihkan pueblo. Sementara itu, penduduk asli Saint Lucia membuat sapu dari daun kelapa untuk membersihkan area di sekitar perapian. Sapu juga disebutkan dalam manuskrip Codex Mendoza dari tahun 1540 yang berasal dari peradaban Aztec, yang berisi instruksi bagi anak perempuan untuk menyapu.
Sutanto

Jenderal Polisi (Purn.) Sutanto (lahir 30 September 1950) adalah Kepala Badan Intelijen Negara Indonesia (BIN) sejak 22 Oktober 2009 hingga 19 Oktober 2011. Sebelumnya ia adalah Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia (Kapolri) sejak 8 Juli 2005 hingga 30 September 2008.
Lulusan Akabri tahun 1973 ini sebelumnya adalah Kepala Badan Pelaksana Harian (Kalakhar) Badan Narkotika Nasional. Ia pernah menjadi ajudan Presiden Soeharto pada tahun 1995–1998, Kepala Kepolisian Daerah (Kapolda) Sumatera Utara (2000), dan Kapolda Jawa Timur (17 Oktober 2000-Oktober 2002).
Beberapa peristiwa penting semasa menjabat sebagai Kapolri:
Ia mendapatkan penghargaan dari dalam maupun luar negeri, diantaranya;