davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
2024 Uruguayan Primera División season

The 2024 Liga Profesional de Primera División season, also known as the Campeonato Uruguayo de Primera División 2024, was the 121st season of the Uruguayan Primera División, Uruguay's top-flight football league, and the 94th in which it is professional. The season, which was named "100 años de Colombes", began on 16 February and ended on 2 December 2024.
Peñarol were the champions, winning their fifty-second league title after winning both the Torneo Apertura and the Torneo Clausura, as well as topping the season's aggregate table, which ensured that the championship playoff would not be played. They clinched the title after beating Fénix 3–1 on the final round of the Torneo Clausura played on 1 December. Liverpool were the defending champions.
16 teams competed in the season: the top thirteen teams in the relegation table of the 2023 season as well as three promoted teams from the Segunda División. The three lowest placed teams in the relegation table of the 2023 season (Montevideo City Torque, Plaza Colonia and La Luz) were relegated to the Segunda División for the 2024 season. They were replaced by the Segunda División champions Miramar Misiones, runners-up Progreso, and the winners of the promotion play-offs Rampla Juniors.
Miramar Misiones, Progreso and Rampla Juniors returned to the top flight after nine, two and four seasons, respectively. On the other hand, La Luz were relegated after one season, Montevideo City Torque were relegated after four seasons and Plaza Colonia returned to the second tier after five seasons.
The Torneo Apertura, named "100 años de la vuelta Olímpica", was the first tournament of the 2024 season. It began on 16 February and ended on 4 June 2024.
The Torneo Intermedio, named "Atilio Narancio", was the second tournament of the 2024 season, played between the Apertura and Clausura tournaments. It consisted of two groups whose composition depended on the final standings of the Torneo Apertura: teams in odd-numbered positions played in Serie A, and teams in even-numbered positions played in Serie B. It started on 8 June and ended on 4 August, and the winners were assured of a berth into the 2025 Copa Sudamericana and the 2025 Supercopa Uruguaya.
The Torneo Clausura, named "José Nasazzi", was the third and last tournament of the 2024 season. It began on 16 August and ended on 2 December 2024.
Since Peñarol won both the Apertura and Clausura tournaments, they became champions automatically and the championship playoff was not played. Nacional became runners-up as the second-placed team in the aggregate table. Both teams qualified for the 2025 Copa Libertadores group stage.
Source: AUF
Relegation was determined at the end of the season by computing an average of the total of points earned per game over the two most recent seasons: 2023 and 2024. The three teams with the lowest average at the end of the season were relegated to the Segunda División for the following season.
Apertura:
Clausura:
Wulung jawa

Wulung jawa utawa garudha jawa (Nisaetus bartelsi) —ing sakawit dipapanaké ing génus Spizaetus— iku manuk raptor warna soklat peteng kanthi ukuran sedhengan kang dawané watara 60 cm ing famili Accipitridae. Endhas lan guluné semu abang lan sangisoré iku semu lorèk-lorèk ireng. Ing endhasé ana jambul kang dawa tur ireng; jambulé iku mèh jejeg blegeré lan putih pucukané. Geger lan suwiwiné warna soklat peteng, déné buntuté warna soklat padhang mawa lorèk-lorèk kumuning. Tenggaké warna putih kumuning mawa lorèk putih kang muncul ambal-ambalan ing dhadha lan pérangan ngisor awaké kang selang-seling karo warna abangé. Piyiké warnané sairib, nanging pérangan ngisoré luwih polos lan pérangan endhasé welu (dull). Kéwan lanang lan wadon warnané padha.
Minangka manuk èndhemik Indonésia, wulung jawa uripé ing alas tropis Pulo Jawa kang teles. Ambahané ing Jawa Wétan nganti Pulo Sempu, Taman Nasional Brama Tengger Semèru, Taman Nasional Méru Betiri, lan Taman Nasional Alas Purwa. Manuk iki uga ditangkaraké kebon binatang kaya ta Kebon Binatang Bandhung.
Wulung jawa minangka manuk monogami. Wadoné racaké ndokok endhogé siji ing susuh kang mapan ing pérangan pucuk wit ing alas. Mangsané kang pokok kaya ta manuk, kadhal, lawa woh, lan mamal.
Wulung jawa iku dadi simbul nasional Indonésia kang tinelah Garudha, asliné makluk awujud manuk ing kapitayan Hindhu lan Buda. Jeneng ngèlmiahé, bartlesi, asalé saka kulawarga Bartels kang ngandharaké manuk iki ing jagat ngèlmiah.
Amarga manéka warnané rupané elaring wulung ing famili Spizaetus, wulung jawa sadurungé ora diakoni minangka spésies wutuh nganti taun 1953.
Manuk iki minangka raptor kang langka. Amarga ilangé habitaté, ciliké populasiné, ambahané kang winates, tur uga dibedhag, wulung jawa kalebu kéwan kang Kadrawasan (Endangered) ing Pratélan Abang IUCN babagan Spésies Sajeroning Bebaya. Manuk iki lumebu ing Appendix II ing CITES.
Nalika Fèbruari 2012, mung ana watara 325 pasang wulung jawa kang nabet ing alas, mligi ing Malangbong, Jawa Kulon lan sapérangan ing Jawa Wétan. Ing Jawa iring tengah, Gunung Merapi alasé kerep ketaman jeblugané, déné ing Plato Dièng alasé dibabad kanggo tetanèn. Adhaptasiné manuk iki kapétung angèl banget amarga anggoné nusuh sok milihi wit rasamala lan anggoné mangsan mung tikus jawa. Amrih amané, populasiné kuduné 1.450 pasang. Yèn tanpa konservasi, wulung jinis iki dikira-kira bakal cures nalika taun 2025.
Garudha bondol

Garudha bondol utawa sajeroning jeneng ngèlmiahé ya iku Haliastur Indus ya iku spésies saka génus saka Haliastur. Manuk Garudha Bondol ukurané pas-pasan (45 cm), warnané putih lan coklat pirang. Garudha bondol kang isih enom duwé karakter sekabéhané awak rodok coklat kanti coretan ing dhadha. Warna berubah putih klawu nalika taun kapindho, lan nganti wulu diwasa sekabéhané ing taun ketelu. Pucuk buntut bunder.Iris coklat, cucuk lan sera klawu rodok ijo, sikil lan polok kuning suram. Nalika diwasa,karakter awake ya iku, ndas, gulu, dhadha putih. Swiwi, geger, buntut, lan weteng coklat terang. Kontras karo wulu primer kang ireng. pakanané ya iku, meh kabèh kéwan, urip utawa mati. Ing banyu, pakanané wujud kepiting, lan ing daratan mangan anak piték, gegremet, lan mamalia cilik. Susuh berukuran gedhé, saka ranting ing puncak wit.
Biasane dewean, nanging ing daerah kang pakanane akèh bisa mbentuk kelompok nganti 35 individu. Nalika ana ing kiwa-tengené susuh, kadhang-kadhang ngetokaké perilaku mabur munggah kanti rikat dibarengi obahan nggantung ing langit, banjur mabur midun rikat kanti swiwi ditekuk lan dilakukake kanthi bola-bali. Mabur endek ing sak duwure banyu kanggo golèk pakan, nanging terkadang uga ngeteni mangsa sinambi mencok ing wit-witan sak cepake kali lan kadang-kadang lumaku ing dhuwur lemah kanggo golèk semut lan rayap. Nyerang manuk camar, dara laut, lan manuk pemangsa lliya kang luwih cilik kanggo ngrebut mangsane. Garudha bondol seneng nglakokaké akrobatik nalika mangsa kawin ya iku wulan (November-Dhésèmber) bisa iku cepak karo pasangane utawa sacepake susuhe.
Habitat garudha bondol ya iku ing rawa rawa.
Manak ing wulan Januari-Agustus, lan Mèi-Juli. Di engkremi suwéné 28 nganti 35 dina. Anakan wiwit belajar mabur lan ninggal susuh umur 40-56 dina, dadi diwasa mandiri sawisé 2 wulan.
nalika taun 1989, garudha bondol lan salak condet didadèkaké minangka maskot kutha Jakarta. Hal iku bisa dideleng ing kawasan Cempaka Putih. Ing kana ana salah sijiné patung ngadeg, ya iku patung "manuk bondol nggawa salak condet". ing India, dianggep representasi kontemporer Garuda, manuk suci Wisnu.
Salah sijiné fabel saka tengah Pulau Bougainville nyaritakaké salah sijiné ibu kang ninggal anaké ing ngisir wit pisang sinambi ning kebon lan si bayi mabur marang langit sinanmbi nangis lan berubah dadi Kaa'ana ing, ya iku garudha bondol, Lan kalunge berubah dadi wulu manuk.
India, Cina selatan, Asia tenggara, Indonesia, Australia. Ing Indonesia, penyebarane ana ing Sumatera, Kalimantan, Jawa, Bali, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, Papua. Wondene ing Indonesia lan India, bisa tinemu ing daerah pedalaman. Ing Kalimantan dewe, garudha bondol bisa ditemoni ing Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan Barat. Panggonan garudha bondol ing kana akèh banget.
Wulung

Wulung, helang, utawa garudha (basa Inggris: eagle) punika salah satunggaling kéwan ingkang wonten ing Indonésia.
Wulung punika mlebet kéwan getih panas, gadhah sewiwi lan awak ingkang katutup déning wulu pelepah. Amargi lumebet ing golongan peksi, wulung tangkar-tumangkar kanthi cara nigan. Tigannipun kabungkus déning cangkok ingkang atos. Tigan-tigan punika dipunsimpen ing lebet susuh ingkang dipundamel déning wulung piyambak. Salajengipun tigan-tigan punika dipunengkremi ngantos netes. Wulung njagi anakipun ngantos saged mabur.
Wulung punika kéwan pamangsa. Panganan utami wulung inggih punika kéwan mamalia alit kados tikus, bajing, lan pitik. Wonten sapérangan wulung ingkang nangkep iwak lan dipundadosaken panganan utami. Cucuk wulung boten wonten wajanipun nanging gadhah wangun béngkong lan kiyat sanget kanggé ngoyak daging mangsa. Peksi punika ugi ndarbèni satunggal pasang suku ingkang kiyat/kukuh lan kuku ingkang landhep kanggé nyengkerem mangsa. Wulung ugi ndarbèni daya pandelengan ingkang permana kanggé mburu mangsa saking let ingkang tebih.
Wulung ndarbèni sistem ambegan ingkang saé lan saged kanggé nyimpen oksigèn ingkang kathah. Oksigèn punika dipunperloaken wanci mabur. Jantung peksi wulung wonten sekawan bilik kados manungsa. Bilik nginggil dipuntepangi kanthi sebutan atrium lan bilik ngandhap dinpuntepangi kanthi sebutan ventrikel.
Taman Nasional Gede Pangrango

Taman Nasional Gede Pangrango mapan ana ing Jawa Kulon, Indonésia. Ing taman nasional iki ana gunung mberapi cacahé loro, yaiku Gunung Gedhé lan Gunung Pangrango. Ambané kira-kira 150 km ².
Taman nasional iki uga dadi papan konsèrvasi kang wis ana kaya ta Cagar Alam Cibodas, Cimungkat Alam Reseve, Situgunung Taman Rekreasi lan Gunung Gedhé Pangrango Nature Reserve. Saliyané iku uga ana panggonan kang digunakaké panelitèn biologi lan konsèrvasi.Taun 1977 UNESCO ngresmèkaké papan iki dadi Jaringan Cagar Biosfer Donya.
Gunung Gedhé (2.958 m) lan Pangrango (3019 m) iku gunung geni kembar. Gunung iki disambung dhataran dhuwur kang dikenal kanti jeneng Kandhang Warak (2.400 m). Pèrèng gunungé jero lan ana kali kang iliné deres, kang ngukir lembah lan pagunungan dawa.
Pagunungan ngisor, nduwur lan alas subalpine ana ing taman nasional iki. Sisih lor Gunung Gedhé iku babagan Jawa Edelweiss (Anaphalis javanica).
Gunung Gedhé Pangrango-dipanggoni 251 saka 450 warna manuk kang ana ing Jawa. Manuk kang wis langka kaya ta garudha Jawa Hawk-lan Jawa Scops Owl. Kéwan mamalia kang arep cures ing taman nasional iki kaya ta jenise primata Gibbon semu pérak, Jawa Surili lan Lutung Jawa. Kéwan liyané kang ana ing taman nasional iki yaiku Leopard, kucing Leopard, Kidang India, rusa Jawa, Dhole, Porcupine Melayu, Sunda Stink Badger, lan Marten tenggorokan kuning.
Trenggalung

Trenggalung utawa tenggalung (Viverra tangalunga) ya iku kéwan kang isih sadulur karo garangan, luwak lan rasé, kalebu kulawarga Viverridae. Ing basa Indonésia/Malayu diarani Musang Tenggalung Déné ing basa Inggris karan Malay civet, Malayan civet lan Oriental civet. Kéwan iki kalebu pratélan kéwan kang "ora nyamari" déning IUCN amarga sebaran kang amba, bisa tahan marang rusaké habitat. Ing basa Kawi karan trambawa, trangglang, sanggrata, wilôngka, pujung-pujung, julungpujut, julung botêt lan grita.
Trenggalung duwé buntut warna ireng lan belang kayadéné ali-ali ing sisih ngisor kanthi cacahé belang watara 15. Déné awaké warna klawu kanthi tutul ireng kang akèh, lan ana belang putih ing gulu. Kéwan iki mangan kéwan-kéwan cilik.
Trenggalung dawané watara 610–670 mm lan buntuté watara 285–355 mm. Déné sikilé antara 94–105 mm. Boboté udakara 5 kg. Trenggalung seneng sesaba ing lemah, sanajan uga kadhang tinemu mènèk ing wit-witan.
Trenggalung sumebar ing wewengkon Indonésia, Malaysia, Filipina, lan Brunei, ya iku ing Kalimantan, Ujung Malaya, Sumatra, lan Sulawesi. lan digawa menyang Maluku. Miturut cathetan, kéwan iki uga tinemu ing Tanah Jawa. Ing 2012, uga kalapuraké tinemu ing Singapura.
Trenggalung kalebu kéwan kang urip dhèwèkan, omnivora, lan duwé papan kuwasa. Trenggalung kalebu kéwan nokturnal
Spesies kritis

Kritis (basa Inggris:critically endangered), iku status konsèrvasi sing dicakaké marang sawenèh spésies sing duwé risiko dhuwur bakal dadi cures ing alam utawa bakal cures ing sajeroning wektu sing ora suwé manèh.
IUCN wis dadi lembaga sing kanthi resmi lan objèktif nglasifikasèkaké status konsèrvasi siji spésies. Sajeroning pratélan sing diduwèni IUCN, saora-orané ana 3246 spésies (1665 fauna, 1575 flora, lan 6 spésies jamur, liken, lan alga) sing duwé status kritis.
Yèn siji spésies nyandhang status kritis, tegesé cacahé wis kurang banget ing habitat alami né, ana 80% sajeroning telung génerasi. IUCN ora sembrono nyimpulaké sawenèh spésies bener-bener cures, sadurungé nglebokaké menyang status kritis nganti data sing maton ngenani anané spésies mau wis ana. Kategori paling anyar wis diusulaké déning BirdLife International, yaiku "Kamungkinan Cures" kanggo mènèhi kategori status spésies mau.
Conto spésies sing kritis antarané:
Mount Gede Pangrango National Park

Mount Gede Pangrango National Park is a national park in West Java, Indonesia. The park is centred on two volcanoes—Mount Gede and Mount Pangrango—and is 150 km² in area.
It evolved from already existing conservation areas, such as Cibodas Botanical Gardens, Cimungkat Nature Reserve, Situgunung Recreational Park, and Mount Gede Pangrango Nature Reserve, and has been the site of important biological and conservation research over the last century. In 1977 UNESCO declared it part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
Mount Gede (2,958 m) and Pangrango (3,019 m) are twin volcanoes. The two summits are connected by a high saddle known as Kandang Badak (2,400 m). The mountain slopes are very steep and are cut into rapidly flowing streams, which carve deep valleys and long ridges.
Lower and upper montane and subalpine forests are within the park and have been well studied. To the north of Mount Gede is a field of Javanese Edelweiss (Anaphalis javanica). The park contains a large number of species known to occur only within its boundaries, however, this may be a result of the disproportionate amount of research over many years.
The Mount Gede Pangrango National Park serves as the upper watershed for 4 river basins in the region, three of which are the Cisadane River Basin, Ciliwung River Basin, and Citarum River Basin. All of their main tributaries flow towards the northern coast of Java, eventually reaching the Java Sea. On the other hand, the main tributary of the Cimandiri River basin flows towards the southern coast of Java and drains into the Indian Ocean.
Gunung Gede-Pangrango is inhabited by 251 of the 450 bird species found in Java. Among these are endangered species like the Javan hawk-eagle and the Javan scops owl.
Among the endangered mammal species in the Park, there are several primates such as the silvery gibbon, the Javan surili and Javan lutung. Other mammals include the Javan leopard, leopard cat, Indian muntjac, Java mouse-deer, Sumatran dhole, Malayan porcupine, Sunda stink badger, yellow-throated marten, and Bartels's rat.
Visitors usually enter the park by one of the four gates of the park: the Cibodas, Gunung Putri, and Selabintana gates, all give access to the peaks; the Situ Gunung gate gives entrance to a lake area set aside mainly for family-style recreation. Cibodas gate is the most popular entrance gate and is the site of the park's headquarters. From Jakarta, the area is two hours drive, usually via Cibodas Botanical Gardens.
Mount Halimun Salak National Park

Mount Halimun Salak National Park is a 400 km conservation area in the Indonesian province of West Java on the island of Java. Established in 1992, the park comprises two mountains, Mount Salak and Mount Halimun with an 11-kilometer forest corridor. It is located near the better known Mount Gede Pangrango National Park, but the national park should be accessed from Sukabumi, 2 hours drive to the administration post and then 2 hours drive (30 kilometers) again to Cikaniki post gate.
The park contains water catchment areas shielded from urban populations and agricultural areas to the north, as well as several endangered animals and rare birds.
Its mountain tops reach 1,929 metres and are often mist-shrouded, while its valleys are thought to hide much that remains to be discovered. Mount Salak is a critical water catchment area for its very high rainfall. The park is an amalgamation of two important ecosystems at Halimun and Mount Salak, connected by an 11-kilometer forest corridor.
The Kesepuhan traditional community is a group of around 5,300 people living in the park's southern part. Their main village is Ciptagelar.
The lower zones hold secure populations of the endangered West Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch moloch) - a sub-species of the silvery gibbon. Mount Halimun is its most secure habitat, but its range is restricted to a thin ring around the park as the species is not found above 1,200 metres. Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus), and other endemic species are evident; about half of its 145 known bird species are rarely seen elsewhere in Java.
Chevron Pacific Indonesia which has a 10,000-hectare geothermal concession, used 3 percent of its area for its power station facilities, has been involved in some conservation activities such as set camera traps.
3 animals are known to breed:
Media related to Mount Halimun Salak National Park at Wikimedia Commons
කාළසුත්තය

අටමහ නරකවලින් දෙවෙනි නරකය යි. මෙහි උපන් නිරිසතාගේ ද සිරුර ගව්දෙගව් පමණ උස් වෙයි. සියුම් ආයුධ වලින් යමපල්ලෝ නිරිසතාගේ ඇඟ මස් ලියති. ගිනිගෙන දිලිසෙන යපොළොවෙහි හොවා ඇඟමස් සසිති. ඉරති. කර්මවේගය තිබෙනතාක් නොමැරී දුක් විඳිමින් ජීවත් වන නිරිසතා මහ දුකින් හඬ හඬා ඈත මෑත දුව පැන ඇවිදී. ගිනියම් වූ යම පොළොවේ පෙරළා, දැලිනූල් ගසා සහින්නා වූ බැවින් කාලසුත්‍ර නරකය නම් වේ. මාපියන්ට හා මිතුරන්ට ද ගුණවත් මහණ බමුණන්ට ද අපරාධ කළවුන් එහි දුක් විඳින්නා හ.තාවතිංසයේ සම්පූර්ණ ආයුෂ මෙහි එක දවසකි. මිනිස් ලෝ ගණනින් අවරුදු තුන්කෝටි සැට ලක්ෂයක් මේ අපායට එක් දිනකි. එබඳු මාස වර්ෂ ආදියෙන් මෙහි පරමායු වර්ෂ දහසකි. මිනිස් වර්ෂ ගණනින් පරමායු අවුරුදු දොළොස් ලක්ෂ අනූදහස් අට කෝටියක් වේ. මිනිස් ලෝ උපන් කල දාගැබ් බින්දෝ ද, දා කරඬු මැකුවෝ ද, ධාතු සහිත පෙති පිළිම සිඳ බිඳ දැමුවෝ ද, සිල්වත් ගුණවතුන් මැරුවෝ ද පූජනීය වස්තු විනාශ කරන, පූජනීය ස්ථාන කෙලෙසන, ගරු කළ යුතු අයට හිරිහැර කරන අයත්, පස්පව් දස අකුසල් සිදු කරන අයත් මේ නිරයට වැටේ. මේ අපායෙහි ඉපිද කර්මය ගෙවෙනතාක් මහ දුක් විඳිමින් කල් යවති. කර්මය ගෙවුන දා චුත වෙති.
Kanishka Casket

The Kanishka casket or Kanishka reliquary, is a Buddhist reliquary made in gilded copper, and dated to the first year of the reign of the Kushan emperor Kanishka, in 127 CE. It is now in the Peshawar Museum in the historic city of Peshawar, Pakistan.
It was discovered in a deposit chamber under the monumental Kanishka stupa (described by Chinese pilgrims in the 7th century as the tallest stupa in all India), during the archeological excavations in 1908-1909 in Shah-ji-Dheri on the outskirts of Peshawar. It is said to have contained three bone fragments of the Buddha, which were forwarded to Burma by the British following the excavation, where they still remain.
The casket is today at the Peshawar Museum, and a copy is in the British Museum. The casket is dedicated in Kharoshthi. The inscription reads:
Originally it was believed, that the text is signed by the maker, a Greek artist named Agesilas, who oversaw work at Kanishka's stupas (caitya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realizations at such a late date: "The servant (dasa) Agisalaos, the superintendent of works at the vihara of Kanishka in the monastery of Mahasena" ("dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kaniskasa vihara mahasenasa sangharame"). However, a recent cleaning of the casket had shown that the old reading was not accurate. Instead, the name is to be read agnisala, which is the refectory of the monastery.
The lid of the casket shows the Buddha on lotus pedestal, and worshipped by Indra and Brahma.
The edge of the lid is decorated by a frieze of flying geese, or hamsa, symbolizing the travel of departing souls and the removal from samsara. Some of the geese have a wreath of victory in their beak.
The body of the casket represents a Kushan monarch, probably Kanishka in person, with the Iranian Sun god and Moon god at his side. On the sides are two images of a seated Buddha, worshiped a royal figures, possibly a bodhisattava.
A garland, supported by cherubs goes around the scene in typical Hellenistic style.
The relics themselves were forwarded to Burma by the British in 1910 in order to safeguard them. They are today visible in Mandalay. The three fragments of bone are believed to be true relics of Gautama Buddha.
Исламский мир

Термин исла́мский мир (араб. العالم الإسلامي‎, аль-’аламу-ль-исламий) имеет несколько значений.
В религиозном смысле исламский мир относится к мусульманам, а в культурном смысле — к исламской цивилизации, включающей в себя и немусульман, живущих в этой цивилизации. В современном геополитическом смысле этот термин обычно относится к странам с мусульманским большинством. В 2010 году более 1,6 млрд человек, или около 23,4 % мирового населения, являлись мусульманами. Из них около 62 % живут в Азии и Тихоокеанском регионе, 20 % на Ближнем Востоке и в Северной Африке, 15 % в Центральной Африке, около 3 % в Европе и 0,3 % в Америке.
История ислама началась в VII веке в Аравии. Согласно преданию, в 610 году первые аяты Корана были ниспосланы исламскому пророку Мухаммеду, который уже через 10 лет стал главой мединской общины мусульман. После смерти пророка Мухаммеда был создан Арабский халифат, возглавляемый праведными халифами и халифами из династий Омейядов и Аббасидов. Территория халифата была расширена далеко за пределы Аравийского полуострова и простиралась от северо-западной Индии и Центральной Азии до Ближнего Востока, Северной Африки, Южной Италии и Пиренейского полуострова.
Золотой век ислама (исламский ренессанс) традиционно датируется VIII—XIII столетиями и пришёлся на времена правления династии Аббасидов. Исламская культура представляет собой смешение арабских, персидских, египетских и европейских традиций.
Ислам запрещает изображения Бога, пророков и живых существ по причине того, что это может привести к идолопоклонству. В исламском искусстве часто используются геометрические, цветочные или растительные орнаменты. Исламская каллиграфия чаще всего выражается в форме коранических стихов и присутствует в украшении стен и куполов почти всех мечетей.
Отличительной особенностью исламской архитектуры является наличие колонн, арок и куполов. В конце XIX века исламские купола были включены в европейскую архитектуру.
В последнее время рождаемость в исламском мире снижается: если в 1989 году на одну мусульманку в мире приходилось 5,2 ребёнка, в то время как на христианку — только 3,3, то в 2000 году эти цифры составляли соответственно 3,7 и 2,6, а в 2010 году — 2,9 и 2,6.
Мусульмане составляют большинство в 46 странах:
В Кот-д’Ивуаре мусульмане составляют 42,9 %, но опережают все остальные религиозные группы по отдельности.
Общий годовой прирост исламского мира составил 1,90 %. За 2016 год население исламского мира увеличилось примерно на 32 500 000 человек.
Гамбия, которая является самым маленьким по площади государством в континентальной части Африки, с 12 декабря 2015 года была объявлена исламской республикой по воле президента Яйи Джамме, однако через два года его преемник Адама Бэрроу 29 января 2017 года вернул стране прежнее официальное наименование — Республика Гамбия.
Сине-зелёный цвет

Циан (англ. cyan от греч. κυανoῦς), сине-зелёный, ядовито-синий, циановый, «цвет морской волны» — цветовой диапазон между зелёным и синим. Циановым также называют один из четырёх цветов системы CMYK. Циановый цвет весьма близок к голубому, и его иногда называют голубым или бирюзовым.
Дополнительный красного цвета на современном цветовом круге.
Бирюза часто имеет сине-зелёный цвет.
Аквамарин — это сине-зелёная, либо голубая разновидность берилла.
Аквамариновую (морской волны), голубовато-зелёную окраску эвклазу придают различные примеси.
Яйца певчего дрозда, обыкновенной горихвостки и некоторых других птиц имеют яркую сине-зелёную окраску.
Вода во многих водоёмах из-за наличия водорослей имеет сине-зелёный цвет.
Цианобактерии (они же сине-зелёные водоросли) сейчас считаются подцарством или даже отдельным царством живого мира, наряду с животными и растениями.
Римский военный историк Флавий Вегеций Ренат (V век) сообщает, что разведывательные корабли сопровождения имели паруса цвета морской волны. Одежда военных моряков также окрашивалась в этот цвет, «чтобы не только ночью, но и днём они, занятые выслеживанием противника, могли бы оставаться незамеченными». Несмотря на то, что морская вода постоянно меняет свой цвет, предметы, окрашенные в сине-зелёный, становятся видимыми только с достаточно небольшого расстояния, когда противник уже не имеет времени для подготовки к отражению нападения. На эту особенность сине-зелёного цвета указывал также Галилео Галилей в 1609 году, обращаясь к венецианскому дожу.
В регулярной армии Российской империи цвет морской волны был одним из основных цветов мундирного сукна.
Цвет морской волны в дизайне считается прохладным, наводящим на мысли о море, имеющим слегка угнетающее воздействие, вызывающим расслабленность, сонливость. Может использоваться для оформления мест отдыха, не рекомендуется для рабочих помещений.
Центральная мечеть (Астана)

Центральная мечеть города Астаны (каз. Астана қаласының бас мешіті) — соборная мечеть в Астане, самая большая по вместимости мечеть Казахстана и Центральной Азии.
18 марта 2019 года инициатор строительства, президент Казахстана Нурсултан Назарбаев заложил первый камень на месте строительства новой мечети. Строительство поддержали частные инвесторы, из государственного бюджета средства не использовались. 12 августа 2022 года прошло открытие мечети с участием Назарбаева.
Мечеть построена на земельном участке площадью 10 га. Общая площадь помещений составляет 68 062 м². Общая вместимость мечети составляет 235 тысяч человек, из них: в залах одновременно могут молиться 30 тысяч мужчин и 5 тысяч женщин; 200 тысяч человек — на открытом воздухе (170 тысяч — во дворе мечети и 30 тысяч — в районе подиума и сцены).
Мечеть имеет четыре минарета высотой 130 метров. Каждый минарет состоит из 5 частей, символизирующих пять столпов ислама: шахада, намаз, пост в месяц Рамадан, закят и хадж. Один из минаретов в левом крыле открыт для посетителей, туристы могут подняться на лифте на смотровую площадку.
Высота большого купола 83,2 метра, диаметр 62 метра. Входная дверь мечети высотой 12,4 метра, весом 1,5 тонны, изготовлена вручную из твёрдой древесины ироко. Двери украшены казахскими узорами, внешние стены — белой арабской вязью на синем фоне.
На стене со стороны киблы вырезаны 99 имён Аллаха, подсвеченные золотым светом. Длина мозаичной стены — 100 метров, высота — 22,4 метра. Мозаика состоит из 25 миллионов стёкол разных цветов.
Большой зал и женская молитвенная зона покрыты коврами с казахским орнаментом, произведёнными в Новой Зеландии из 100%-й шерсти. Общая площадь коврового покрытия составляет 15 525 квадратных метров, толщина ковра — 15 миллиметров. В центре главного зала под куполом висит хрустальная люстра диаметром 27 метров, весом 20 тонн. Люстра изготовлена из 1 360 890 хрустальных фрагментов. Также в 4 углах зала висят 4 люстры диаметром по 8 метров.
На первом и втором этажах мечети кроме залов для молитв расположены учебные классы, конференц-зал, зал для бракосочетаний, зал для чтения Корана, телестудия, офисы, служебные помещения, магазины, музей и технические помещения. На подземном этаже находятся банкетный зал на 440 мест, закрытая автостоянка на 405 мест, вестибюль, уборная, место технических и ритуальных служб, место для жертвоприношения и другие помещения.
Green, Green Grass of Home

"Green, Green Grass of Home", written by Claude "Curly" Putman Jr., and first recorded by singer Johnny Darrell in 1965, is a country song made popular by Porter Wagoner the same year, when it reached No. 4 on the Country chart. It was also recorded by Bobby Bare and by Jerry Lee Lewis, who included it in his album Country Songs for City Folks (later re-issued as All Country). Tom Jones learned the song from Lewis' version and, in 1966, he had a worldwide No. 1 hit with it. It was also recorded by Joan Baez on David's Album released in 1969.
The singer returns to his childhood home for what seems to be his first visit there since leaving in his youth. When he steps down from the train, his parents are there to greet him, and his sweetheart, Mary, comes running to join them. They meet him with "arms reaching, smiling sweetly". With Mary, the singer strolls at ease among the monuments of his childhood, including "the old oak tree that I used to play on", feeling that "it's good to touch the green, green grass of home".
Abruptly, the singer switches from song to recitation, as he awakens and sees "four grey walls" surrounding him and realizes that his return home was only a dream and that he is actually in prison. As he resumes singing, we learn that the singer is waking on the day of his scheduled execution. He sees a guard and "a sad old padre" who will walk with him to his execution at daybreak, and then he will return home "in the shade of that old oak tree, as they lay me 'neath the green, green grass of home".
The Joan Baez version ends: "Yes, we'll all be together in the shade of the old oak tree / When we meet beneath the green, green grass of home."
Welsh singer Tom Jones, who was appearing on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1965, visited Colony Records while staying in New York City. On asking if they had any new works by Jerry Lee Lewis, he was given the new country album.
Impressed with the song, Jones recorded and released the song in the UK in 1966 and it reached No. 1 on December 1, staying there for a total of seven weeks. The song also spent 7 weeks at No. 1 on the Irish Singles Chart. The song has sold over 1.25 million copies in the UK as of September 2017. Jones' version also reached No. 11 pop, No. 12 easy listening on the Billboard US charts.
In September 2006, Jones performed the song as a duet with Jerry Lee Lewis during the taping of the latter's Last Man Standing TV special in New York City, and credited Lewis with providing the inspiration for his own recording.
Green Green Grass (song)

"Green Green Grass" is a song by British singer-songwriter George Ezra. It was released on 22 April 2022, as the second single from Ezra's third studio album Gold Rush Kid. The song reached number three on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Ezra's seventh top ten song there and was nominated for the Brit Award for Song Of The Year at the 2023 Brit Awards.
The song was inspired by a 2018 Christmas holiday trip to St. Lucia by Ezra and his friends. About the lyrical background of the song, Ezra explained, "there was a street party going on, with three different sound systems, people cooking in the street. I asked a woman what was going on and she told me it was a funeral – for three people. They were celebrating three lives! I thought: that is not how we do this at home. And it's really beautiful".
The song release coincided with an announcement of his 2022 UK Arena Tour. He performed the song, as well as a cover of Mimi Webb's House on Fire which was released on 18 February, during a BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge performance on 19 May.
"Green Green Grass" is composed in the key of A♭ major with a tempo of 113 beats per minute, with Ezra's vocals ranging from A♭5 to E♭4.
Ezra performed the song during the Platinum Jubilee Central Weekend in June 2022. The singer revealed that he was asked to omit the line "on the day that I die" from the performance beforehand.
The music video was released on 4 May 2022. It was directed by Isaac Ravishankara and shot in Los Angeles.
Más allá de las islas

Más allá de las islas es una novela de la escritora ecuatoriana Alicia Yánez Cossío, publicada en Quito en 1980.​ La trama, enmarcada en el género del realismo mágico,​ sigue la historia de ocho personas que viajan a las Islas Galápagos para escapar de la Muerte.​​ La obra fue traducida al inglés en 2011 por Amalia Gladhart.​
Yánez se refirió varias veces de forma positiva a la obra,​ afirmando que era el libro que más le había costado escribir y que la consideraba la mejor de sus novelas.​
La primera versión de la novela contaba la historia de una escritora que viajaba a las Islas Galápagos para olvidarse de sus problemas maritales, causados por las múltiples infidelidades de su esposo. Pero al notar que la novela había adquirido muchos elementos autobiográficos, Yánez decidió editarla, retirar el personaje de la escritora e incluir como hilo conductor de la trama la figura de la Muerte, que se había convertido en una de las obsesiones de la autora en esa época.​
La escritura de la novela inició a mediados de 1976 y finalizó en 1980.​ Para obtener información sobre Galápagos, Yánez realizó dos viajes a las islas, además de leer cuanto libro pudo conseguir sobre ellas. En base a estos datos creó a los personajes, algunos de los cuales fueron totalmente inventados y otros basados en personajes y hechos reales.​ Un ejemplo fue la visita de una princesa europea que Yánez presenció durante su estadía en Galápagos, y para cuyo recibimiento la profesora de la escuela preparó un gran evento en que participarían todos sus alumnos. Pero dado que la princesa llegó vistiendo jeans y ropa casual, nadie pudo reconocerla.​
La novela está dividida en ocho capítulos, cada uno de los cuales sigue a un personaje diferente en su intento de evadir a la Muerte.​ Los capítulos están narrados en tercera persona y llevan el nombre del personaje en cuestión, con tramas relativamente independientes en que se contrastan los problemas de la civilización con la vida en medio de la naturaleza de las Galápagos.​
La crítica literaria Miriam Merchán calificó la novela como "un texto poblado de lirismo". Además se refirió de forma positiva al uso del realismo mágico y a la crítica que realiza Yánez a lo que calificó como "taras de una sociedad civilizada", entre las que contó la ambición, el fanatismo religioso, la codicia y el sentido del deber llevado al extremo.​ El escritor Francisco Tobar García también elogió la novela, aseverando: "Desde el primer capítulo, quizás el más noble de todos, la escritora nos lleva hacia ese más allá, tan difícil de ser verdadera poesía, poesía entrañable que se nervia a la historia. Es un libro extraño, colosal, inquietante, en el que caben mil calificativos".​
La catedrática Lady Rojas Benavente destacó la crítica de Yánez a los abusos de las instituciones religiosas, aseverando que las letras hispánicas necesitaban más autores que lo hicieran y comparando a Yánez con la escritora Clorinda Matto de Turner.​
Acalypha aristata

Acalypha aristata es una especie de planta perteneciente a la familia Euphorbiaceae.
Es una hierba perennifolia, erecta, que alcanza un tamaño de hasta de 50 cm de alto, simple o ramificada: los vástagos vellosos en los nudos. Hojas alargadas, membranosas, ovales, terminadas en punta, bordes festoneados, de 3 - 7 cm de largo. Flores pequeñas, verdes, estigmas rojos, 1 - 3 cm de largo, en espigas delgadas, peludas, compactas y caídas.
Nativa desde el sur de México a Sudamérica, a una altitud de hasta 1.500 metros.
En Guatemala se vende como medicina, en ramas con hojas.​ El cocimiento de la planta se usa como tónico y diurético.​​ Por vía oral se usa para tratar afecciones gastrointestinales (amebiasis, cólico, diarrea, disentería, estreñimiento, gastritis, inflamación)​​​​​​ alergia, cáncer,​ dolor de cabeza y menstrual,​ enfermedades venereas,​​​ reumatismo,​​ pielonefritis, resfrío​ y dolores del cáncer.​
Acalypha aristata fue descrita por Carl Sigismund Kunth y publicado en Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 93. 1817.​
Acalypha: nombre genérico que deriva del griego antiguo akalephes = ("ortiga"), en referencia a que sus hojas son semejantes a ortigas.​
aristata: epíteto latíno que significa "con cerdas en los extremos".​
Tridax procumbens

Tridax procumbens es una planta medicinal perteneciente a la familia de las asteráceas​ Conocida también en Guatemala como: bakenbox, cadillo, chisaaca, curagusano, hierba de San Juan, romerillo, San Juan del monte.​
La planta tiene discos de flores de color blanco o amarillo con flores liguladas de tres dientes. Las hojas son dentadas y en general en forma de punta de flecha. Su fruto es un duro aquenio cubierto de pelos y con unas plumas.
La planta es invasiva, en parte, debido a que produce muchos aquenios, hasta 1500 por planta, y cada uno puede desplazarse por el viento por sus vilanos y desplazarse a cierta distancia.
Esta planta se puede encontrar en los campos, praderas, tierras de cultivo, áreas perturbadas, jardines, bordes de caminos y en zonas con climas tropicales o subtropicales.
La planta fresca o seca, en infusión o decocción es usada por vía oral para tratar alergia, anemia, afecciones gastrointestinales (diarrea, disentería, dolor de estómago, estreñimiento, flatulencia, parásitos intestinales)​​ y respiratorias (bronquitis, catarros, fiebre), dolor de cabeza,​​​ diabetes, enfermedades hepáticas, inflamaciones, hipertensión, y trastornos menstruales.​​​
El emplasto de las hojas se aplica tópicamente para aliviar inflamaciones.​​ El jugo de las hojas se usa para detener hemorragias y lavar cortadas, raspones y heridas.​ La decocción se usa en lavado para tratar casos de vaginitis.​
Se le atribuye propiedad antiséptica, cicatrizal, colagoga, depurativa, desinflamante, emenagoga, febrífuga, hepatoprotectora, hipoglicémica, insecticida, vermicida,​​ refrescante y refrigerante.​​​​
Tridax procumbens fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 900. 1753.​
Acalypha guatemalensis

Acalypha guatemalensis es una especie de planta perteneciente a la familia Euphorbiaceae.​
Es una hierba perennifolia, erecta, que alcanza un tamaño de hasta de 1 m de alto, simple o ramificada, vellosa cuando joven. Hojas ovaladas, alargadas, membranosas, bordes festoneados, de 4 - 7 cm de largo, membranosas, agujereadas por insectos o protuberancias rojizas. Las flores numerosas en racimos rojo obscuro, densas, en espigas auxiliares, y terminales, de 4 - 5 cm de largo, pedunculadas o subsésiles. Semillas ovoides, suaves.
Nativa de Guatemala y Honduras.
En Guatemala se vende como medicina, en ramas con hojas.​ El cocimiento de la planta se usa como tónico y diurético.​​ Por vía oral se usa para tratar afecciones gastrointestinales (amebiasis, cólico, diarrea, disentería, estreñimiento, gastritis, inflamación)​​​​​​ alergia, cáncer,​ dolor de cabeza y menstrual,​ enfermedades venereas,​​​ reumatismo,​​ pielonefritis, resfrío​ y dolores del cáncer.​
Acalypha guatemalensis fue descrita por Pax & K.Hoffm. y publicado en Das Pflanzenreich 147,16(Heft 85): 27. 1924.​​
Acalypha: nombre genérico que deriva del griego antiguo akalephes = ("ortiga"), en referencia a que sus hojas son semejantes a ortigas.​
guatemalensis: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en Guatemala.
Agave americana var. franzosini

Agave america var. franzosini is an evergreen plant in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae. It is widely cultivated in many places, and has been known by several names, including Agave franzosini and Agave beaulueriana. The original reports say that the species is native to Mexico, but a more detailed location was not provided. The species has reportedly become naturalized in the Leeward Islands of the Caribbean, the Canary Islands and Spain. The leaves appear at the base of the plant, its flowers are funnel-shaped and yellow.
The varietal epithet was originally spelt franzosini, but has sometimes been changed to franzosinii. As of November 2024, the International Plant Names Index states that as no etymology was provided in the original, the epithet should remain as published.
Botanischer Garten in Bad Langensalza

The Botanischer Garten in Bad Langensalza is a botanical garden located at Kurpromenade 5b, Bad Langensalza, Thuringia, Germany. The garden opened in 2002, and now contains an alpine garden, wet meadow, medicinal and aromatic garden, and succulent collections (agaves, cacti, yuccas), with notable specimens of Agave americana and Dioscorea elephantipes. It is open daily in the warmer months; admission is free.
51°06′18″N 10°34′40″E﻿ / ﻿51.1051°N 10.5778°E﻿ / 51.1051; 10.5778
Blutwurz

Blutwurz is a liqueur made from the root of the common tormentil plant (Potentilla erecta), which derives its German name (blood root) from the colour of the juice that emerges when the root is cut. The root provided a traditional anti-inflammatory medicine. Today it is still consumed in the form of tea, syrup, cream, or powder. Most importantly, the Penninger company uses Blutwurz as the key ingredient of a herbal liqueur or Bitters that the company produces in Bavaria.
The liqueur is 50% alcohol by volume. To give the liqueur its distinctive taste, Penninger first macerates the root, steeping it in alcohol for some four to five weeks. The resulting liquid is then filtered. The non-use of distillation extracts the root's essential oils, while preserving its flavor and color. One may consume the liqueur as an apéritif, digestif, or ingredient in a cocktail.
Producers (non-exhaustive list):
Agave parryi

Agave parryi, known as Parry's agave or mescal agave, is a flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae. It is a slow-growing succulent perennial native to Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico.
The leaves are grey green and have a spine at the tip. One of the distinguishing features is that the point on the tip, which is typically dark tan, brown, or black, is darker than the leaf. Indentations of previous leaves show on the back of each leaf. The Huachuca variety grows in a rosette pattern as large as 2½ feet in diameter.
Because of its compact size, plus its low water use and low maintenance, Huachuca agave is considered a good landscaping plant for desert residential landscaping. It requires full sun. It is hardy to roughly −5 °F (−21 °C), though there are reports of specimens surviving temperatures at −20 °F (−29 °C).
Parry's agave is evergreen and monocarpic—i.e., mature agaves produce a twelve-foot stalk studded with bright, yellow blooms before the plant then dies, as all energetic resources are put into the inflorescence, flowering, and pollination. Nonetheless, A. parryi is known as one of the most prolific species of Agave, and can be easily propagated by removing the side shoots with a sterile, sharp knife, or by digging-up any rhizomatous plantlets that have grown further away from the main plant.
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Agave macroacantha

Agave macroacantha, the black-spined agave or large-thorned agave, is a species of succulent flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae naturally occurring in Oaxaca and also near the town of Tehuacan in the State of Puebla, Mexico.
Agave macroacantha produces a medium-sized leaf rosette that can be basal or can grow on a very short stem. Leaves are succulent, greyish green and up to 1.8 feet long at a maximum, ending in sharp black spines that are up to 1.2 inches long at the tips. Flowers are small, grey and red, growing in bunches on sturdy stems of up to 3 m (10 feet) in height.
The plant prefers a dry, sunny and hot location for summer and from early autumn onwards a cooler, well-lit space. It likes regular watering in summer and only minimum watering in winter, and will fare well in a large pot with sparse, gravelly soil.
In the UK this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Salsa de queso azul

La salsa de queso azul es un salsa para ensaladasmojar popular en los Estados Unidos. Suele hacerse con alguna combinación de mayonesa, crema agria, queso azul, leche, vinagre, cebolla en polvo y ajo en polvo. La mayoría de los fabricantes de aliño para ensalada y restaurantes producen una variante de la salsa de queso azul. Suelen servirse como condimento con las alitas de pollo y los crudités.
Hay una versión en vinagreta que consiste principalmente en aceite de oliva, queso azul y vinagre. También hay una versión típica del Medio Oeste de Estados Unidos que consiste en queso azul desmenuzado en una vinagreta al estilo de California.
Queso en salsa

El queso en salsa o queso con chile es un plato típico de la cocina mexicana. Consiste en queso de leche de vaca sumergida en una salsa picante suave. Puede haber variaciones en el tipo de queso se utiliza para hacer este plato, pero los quesos a menudo seleccionados son ranchero, Cotija, panela y Oaxaca. La salsa se hace con tomates rojos o verdes, que son asados con cebolla, el ajo y chiles hasta que estén dorados, todo mezclado y hervido en agua, y puede ser sazonado con hojas de cilantro. El queso se añade después de que el hervido se ha apagado. Para una salsa con tomates rojos, los chiles preferidos son chipotle, pasilla o guajillo.
Del Castillo, María. (1966). Cocina mexicana. Ed. Olimpo.
Macarrones con queso

Los macarrones con queso (en inglés: macaroni and cheese, macaroni cheese o mac 'n' cheese en algunas partes de Canadá, y Reino Unido) son una cazuela, cuyos principales ingredientes son los macarrones (a menudo llamados elbow macaroni, ‘macarrones codo’ en los Estados Unidos) y salsa de queso. Tradicionalmente se emplea cheddar (o queso procesado parecido al cheddar), aunque pueden emplearse otras variedades. De igual forma, pueden usarse otros tipos de pasta, a pesar de lo cual conserva el nombre.
En su preparación de forma casera, se suele preparar el queso como si fuera una salsa mornay, con mantequilla y queso cocinada en un roux. La textura final de esta salsa de queso debe ser similar a una crema. Los macarrones empleados suelen ser de tamaño mediano, casi más largos que gruesos.
Hay también versiones envasadas, consistentes en pasta y queso deshidratado al que se le añade mantequilla (o margarina) y leche o agua. A veces también se añaden otros ingredientes, como carne de vaca, ketchup, jalapeños, salchichas en rodajas, jamón, beicon, atún, tomates y otras verduras.
Mornay sauce

A Mornay sauce is a béchamel sauce with grated cheese added. The usual cheeses in French cuisine are Parmesan and Gruyère, but other cheeses may also be used. In French cuisine, it is often used in fish dishes. In American cuisine, a Mornay sauce made with cheddar is commonly used for macaroni and cheese.
The origin of the name is uncertain. It may be named after Philippe, duc de Mornay (1549–1623), the French diplomat and writer, but a cheese sauce during this time would have to have been based on a velouté sauce because béchamel had not yet been developed, so the cheese sauce that the Duke would have known was different from the contemporary version.
Sauce Mornay does not appear in Le cuisinier Royal, 10th edition, 1820, perhaps because sauce Mornay is not older than the seminal Parisian restaurant Le Grand Véfour, where sauce Mornay was introduced.
Mornay sauce is a smooth sauce made from béchamel sauce (butter, flour, milk), grated cheese, salt, and pepper, and often enriched with egg yolk. When used for fish, the sauce is generally thinned with fish broth. The cheese may be Parmesan and Gruyère, Parmesan alone, Gruyère alone, or various other cheeses.
लडाख लोकसभा मतदारसंघ

लडाख हा भारत देशाच्या लडाख या केंद्रशासित प्रदेशाचा मतदारसंघ. आयराज्यामधील १९६७ साली निर्माण झालेल्या ह्या मतदारसंघावर भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस व जम्मू आणि काश्मीर नॅशनल कॉन्फरन्स ह्या पक्षांचे वर्चस्व राहिले आहे.
माहिती
लडाखचे लेफ्टनंट गव्हर्नर

लेफ्टनंट गव्हर्नर लडाख केंद्रशासित प्रदेश मध्ये लेफ्टनंट गव्हर्नर आहे. लडाख, भारत . सध्या श्री राधाकृष्ण माथूर हे लडाखचे उपराज्यपाल आहेत.