Imikoreshereze y'ibishanga mu Rwanda

Muri rusange umutungo w’amazi ugira uruhare rutaziguye ku mibereho y’abaturage, ubuzima bwabo n’umusaruro rusange muri rusange. Rero, amazi ni ngombwa, atari mubuzima bwabantu gusa ahubwo no kubinyamaswa, ubuhinzi, iterambere ryinganda, kubyara amashanyarazi, ubwikorezi, iterambere ryimibereho myiza yubukungu no kurandura ubukene
Mu Rwanda ubwinshi bw'umutungo w'amazi bugaragazwa no kuba hari urusobe rw'ibishanga mu bice bitandukanye by'igihugu. Ibishanga nubutaka bwamazi bigereranwa nibiyaga, inzuzi n'ibishanga bifitanye isano nibi biyaga ninzuzi (MINITERE 2005).[1] Umutungo wamazi wibasiwe cyane nimvura nuguhumeka bityo amakuru yikirere no kwitegura ni ngombwa mugucunga umutungo wamazi.[2]
U Rwanda rugabanyijemo ibice bibiri binini by’amazi: Nili mu burasirazuba ifite 67% kandi igatanga 90 ku ijana by’amazi y’igihugu na Kongo mu burengerazuba ikaba ifite 33% kandi ikoresha amazi y’igihugu yose
Imyuka ku mutungo w’amazi ituruka ahanini ku gukoresha umutungo kamere kugira ngo uhuze ibikenewe kimwe n’iterambere ry’ubukungu n’ubukungu. Ingaruka zo gukoresha umutungo wamazi zigaragazwa nimpinduka mubwinshi nubwiza bwamazi. Ibice byose byibikorwa byabantu mu Rwanda byagize ingaruka zitandukanye hamwe nimpinduka zo guhindura umutungo wamazi uhari kandi izo ngaruka zigaragara kurwego rwo gufata no gufata neza nkuko ingero zikurikira zibigaragaza.
Gukoresha amazi mu nganda
Ubushakashatsi ku bumenyi no gucunga amakuru y’amazi bwakozwe mu rwego rwo gutegura imicungire y’igihugu y’umushinga w’amazi y’amazi (PGNRE) yerekana ko ibisabwa mu mazi y’inganda bizaba hagati ya 300.000 na 900.000 m� / yr muri 2020 mu mijyi. Ubushakashatsi kandi buteganya ko sitasiyo yo koza ikawa izatwara m 130.000 m � / yr mu mwaka wa 2010 mu cyaro (PGNRE 2005). Imbonerahamwe 5 irerekana umubare winganda zigira uruhare mukuvoma amazi.
Gukoresha amazi mu buhinzi
Ubuhinzi bwu Rwanda� butunzwe n’imvura bityo bukaba bugaragaramo imiterere Ibay’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Uturere twinshi dukoresha uburyo bubi bwubuhinzi butarinze guhuza ubutaka n’amazi kubungabunga ibidukikije usanga bifite umusaruro muke mu buhinzi. Mu bihe nk'ibi, ubutaka bw'ubutaka buhinduka imbogamizi yo gukura kw'ibihingwa (Kabalisa 2006).
Mu 2000, amazi yose y’igihugu yakuwe mu buhinzi yagereranijwe agera kuri miliyoni 150 m3 / umwaka naho umugabane w’ubuhinzi ugera kuri 68%. Guhinga umuceri (kuri ha 8.500) ni cyo gihingwa cyakoreshaga cyane kuri m3 25.500.000 (Kabalisa 2006).
Guverinoma irimo gushyira ingufu mu guteza imbere kuhira harimo no kuhira ku misozi, cyane cyane mu butayu bw’intara y’iburasirazuba, mu rwego rwo kongera umutekano w’ibiribwa. Ibi hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi buteganya ibikenerwa n’amazi y’ubuhinzi muri 2020. Irerekana ko akarere k’iburasirazuba kazakenera amazi menshi kurenza ubu, mu gihe akarere ka Rongo ka Nile kazagira imvura ihagije bizakenera gusa guteza imbere gahunda yo gusarura imvura. kwemerera gukoresha amazi mugihe cyumye (Kabalisa 2006). Igishushanyo cya 4 cyerekana amazi y’ubuhinzi asabwa muri 2020.
Agaciro k'ibishanga n'uruhare rwabo mu iterambere ry'ubukungu
Ibishanga bizwi ko ari isi yisi itanga umusaruro mwinshi. Bimwe mubikorwa by'igishanga abantu bungukirwa harimo gusiganwa ku magare ku ntungamubiri, gutembera no gufata umwanda, kugabanya imyuzure no kongera amazi yo mu butaka. Usibye izo nyungu zitaziguye, ibishanga ni isoko y’ibinyabuzima, amafi, ibiti ndetse n’ibicuruzwa byinshi bitari ibiti bikoreshwa cyane n’abaturanyi. Icy'ingenzi, ubutaka bwigishanga bushobora kugira ubuhinzi bukomeye iyo bukoreshejwe neza.
Ibishanga mu Rwanda byakoreshejwe mu buryo butandukanye kandi bifite uruhare runini mu bukungu bw’igihugu. Ibikorwa nyamukuru by’ibishanga mu Rwanda birimo umusaruro w’ubuhinzi, ibikorwa by’amazi, ibigega bitandukanye by’ibinyabuzima, ikigega cy’ibiti, kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere, imyidagaduro n’ubukerarugendo n’agaciro k’umuco.
Mu Rwanda aho ingo nyinshi zo mu cyaro zihura n’ibura ry’ibiribwa, ubukene n’intege nke, ibyo bicuruzwa na serivisi bigira uruhare runini mu mibereho. By'umwihariko, guhindura ibishanga mu musaruro w’ubuhinzi byiyongereye vuba mu myaka 20 ishize kubera ubukene bukabije bw’ubutaka bw’ubuhinzi. Ku rugero runini, guverinoma yu Rwanda ishyigikiye iri terambere ry’igishanga hagamijwe kuzamura umusaruro w’ubuhinzi, kongera ubukungu mu cyaro no kugabanya ubukene. Igicapo 5 cerekana ibishanga byu Rwanda byerekana serivisi zimwe na zimwe batanga, ningaruka bahura nazo.
Ubuhinzi n'uburobyi
Hafi, 92.000 kuri hegitari 165.000 zose zikoreshwa mubuhinzi. Ibi biterwa ahanini nuko 90 ku ijana byabaturage b’igihugu bagikora ibikorwa byubuhinzi (MINAGRI 2008). Ahanini ibishanga byo mu Rwanda biri munsi y’ibihingwa gakondo. Nyamara, bimwe byatejwe imbere binyuze mumazi menshi cyangwa kuhira. Bimwe muri ibi bishanga byagaruwe cyane kugirango umusaruro wumuceri no gukura ibisheke. Ibyatsi byo mu gishanga bitanga ahantu hakomeye kurisha amatungo, cyane cyane mugihe cyizuba.[3]
Ibishanga bigizwe n’amafi akomeye kandi birashobora gushyigikira umubare munini w’amafi. Abaturage benshi baho bashingiye kuri ayo masoko kugirango babeho. Uburobyi bw'igeragezwa burimo gukubitwa mu kiyaga cya Ihema.
U Rwanda Ibidukikije
Ibinyabuzima bitandukanye
Ibishanga birebire byakira amoko menshi y’ibimera ugereranije n’ibindi bishanga: amoko 51 muri Rugezi, amoko 44 muri Kamiranzovu. Ibi birashobora guturuka kubidukikije byihariye mbere, hanyuma bivuye mubunini bwabyo no kurinda imiterere. Ibindi bishanga byakira ibinyabuzima binini birimo ibishanga bya Akagera n’ibiyaga bifitanye isano, Akanyaru-Nyabarongo n’ibiyaga bifitanye isano, Kamiranzovu (igice cy’ishyamba rya Nyungwe) n’igishanga cya Rugezi, kikaba ari cyo kibanza cya Ramsar (REMA 2008)
Hanze ya parike yigihugu aho inyamaswa zirinzwe ku buryo bwemewe, inyanja n’ibiyaga bigari bya Rweru-Mugesera byakira amoko y’inyamabere zitandukanye. Ingona, varans (ingona z'umucanga) n'inzoka nazo zirahagarariwe neza. Ikibuga cy’ibiyaga n’ibishanga Akanyaru, Nyabarongo na Parike y’igihugu ya Akagera ni ahantu hakize cyane ku nyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa ornithologiya. U Rwanda rwakira amoko yinyoni yimuka arinzwe na CITES. Ubu bwoko bwimuka bwagaragaye muri Murago, Gishoma, Rweru-Mugesera, ku kiyaga cya Ihema. Amoko amwe avugwa kurutonde rwa IUCN hamwe n’ibinyabuzima bigenda byangirika byagaragaye muri Kamiranzovu, Murago, Rweru-Mugesera no ku kiyaga cya Ihema (REMA 2008).
Ibigega by'amazi no kweza amazi
Ibishanga bitanga kandi akamaro, gutunganya amazi no kweza. Amazi menshi yinjira mu bishanga. Ibishanga bitunganya kandi bigasukura aya mazi mbere yuko anyuzwa ku kiyaga cyangwa guhuza uruzi. Niyo mpamvu, ibishanga byorohereza urujya n'uruza runini rwamazi mu mazi yo mu kuzimu, bityo akongera ameza yamazi. Imeza y'amazi maremare ishyigikira imikurire myiza yibihingwa, kandi irashobora gukururwa mubyo kurya byabantu nibikorwa byinganda.
Ibishanga birinda gutemba hejuru y’amazi mu kugabanya imigezi y’amazi no gutemba kw’imigezi yinzuzi kumanuka, bikarinda imyuzure y’isuri. Bakuraho kandi imyanda, intungamubiri, ibintu byuburozi nibindi byanduza hejuru yubutaka. Ibi bizamura ubwiza bwamazi kandi birinda gushonga kumugezi wamazi.
Kubangamira umutungo wamazi nigishanga
Umuvuduko mwinshi, mu myaka yashize, washyizwe ku mutungo w’amazi n’ibishanga binyuze mu buryo butandukanye bugenda bwiyongera kandi bwiyongera buterwa n’abaturage biyongera. Bimwe muri ibyo bikangisho birimo kongera ingufu mu buhinzi, umwanda, amoko atera, gukoresha cyane ndetse n’inzego zidahagije zo gucunga ibishanga. Bimwe muri ibyo byugarije, kubijyanye n’amazi, byagize ingaruka ku bwinshi no ku bwiza bw’amazi aboneka. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe nayo igira uruhare mu kwangiza ibishanga. Kubera ko imvura igabanuka, ubutegetsi bwa hydrologiya bw’ibishanga burabangamiwe.[4]
1.https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ibyo-wamenya-ku-bishanga-byo-mu-mujyi-wa-kigali-bigiye-gutangira-gusanwa
2.https://kiny.taarifa.rw/ibishanga-byi-kigali-bigiye-guhindurwa-ahantu-nyaburanga/
3.https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Ibindi-bishanga-5-byo-mu-Mujyi-wa-Kigali-bigiye-gutunganywa