davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Cowboy

Cowboy (e as formas aportuguesadas caubói e cobói) é o pastor de animais que cuida do gado em fazendas na América do Norte, tradicionalmente a cavalo, e frequentemente executa uma infinidade de outras tarefas relacionadas à fazenda. O histórico cowboy estadunidense do final do século 19 surgiu das tradições do vaquero do norte do México e se tornou uma figura de especial significado e lenda naquele país. Nos Estados Unidos e Canadá o termo é utilizado exclusivamente para os habitantes locais que fazem estas atividades, com norte-americanos preferindo usar termos estrangeiros em relação a sua cultura para se referir aos homólogos de outras nações, como o huaso chileno, o vaquero mexicano, o buttero italiano, o gaúcho dos Pampas sul-americanos, etc.
No Brasil os termos utilizados para o encarregado de conduzir a boiada é boiadeiro ou vaqueiro, mas também se consolidou a utilização do termo "cowboy" devido a influência cultural estadunidense a partir da indústria cinematográfica daquele país.
Em Portugal o termo oficial para designar cowboy é vaqueiro ou campino (respectivamente o homem encarregado de tratar de vacas mansas e das vacas bravas), embora também se use o termo "cowboy", mas com o sentido de se referir a um homem que galopa a cavalo combatendo os índios. A expressão ganhou um sentido mais geral devido ao género cinematográfico e literário sobre o Velho Oeste (western) passando a referir-se às personagens desse tipo de obra artística.
A figura do cowboy surgiu na segunda metade do século XIX com o surgimento das rotas de gado do Texas e Chihuahua para o norte dos Estados Unidos após a guerra civil americana, quando o transporte dos animais por terra exigia jinetes de grande destreza e resistência.
Seu estilo de vida e trabalho foi herdado dos mexicanos que viviam no atual território texano e de sua criação de gado introduzida pelos espanhóis desde o século XVI. Foi idealizado como o protagonista de inúmeras histórias românticas que se incluem no gênero cinematográfico ocidental. Também é chamado em inglês buckaroo por deformação da palavra «vaquero» em espanhol.
Adaptaram-se ao clima do Texas e adotaram um traje típico em meados do século XIX:
Boiadeiro-australiano

Boiadeiro-australiano (em inglês: Australian Cattle Dog) — também apelidado de blue heeler ou red heeler, de acordo com a pelagem, — é uma raça de cães oriunda da Austrália. A raça é utilizada desde sua origem para auxiliar na lida com gado bovino.
É um animal de pastoreio de bovinos, considerado eficiente e rústico. Hoje está ganhando popularidade como animal de estimação e cão de companhia, apesar de ser em sua origem um cão de trabalho.
Apesar de recente, ainda há especulações sobre as raças envolvidas nos cruzamentos que geraram este cão de boiadeiro. Todavia, seu desenvolvimento iniciou-se junto à migração britânica na Austrália, o ambiente era totalmente diferente das Ilhas Britânicas, e um animal que se adaptasse àquelas novas condições era necessário. Várias tentativas foram feitas com animais nativos e ingleses, até que se atingiu um padrão graças aos esforços de Thomas Hall de Muswelbrook, que por trinta anos aperfeiçoou a raça, descrita pela primeira vez em 1902. Acredita-se que o boiadeiro australiano surgiu do cruzamento entre o dingo e o collie de pêlo curto (de pelagem merle azul), e que posteriormente teria sido acrescentado o dálmata e o kelpie australiano.
O primeiro padrão da raça foi elaborado e aprovado em 1903, mas antes a raça já vinha participando de exposições por meio de um criador chamado Robert Kaleski na década de 1890. Um dos criadores pioneiros que se tem notícia foi George Elliott, que experimentou cruzamentos de dingo com collies de pelagem merle azul em 1840.
É um cão rústico, de porte médio. Sua altura na cernelha varia em média entre 43 e 51 cm, machos e fêmeas, sendo os machos mais altos que as fêmeas. O peso gira em torno de 25 kg. A raça possui duas variedades de pelagem, apelidadas de blue heeler, no caso dos cães de pelagem cinza azulada, ou, oficialmente "azul mosqueado"; e red heeler, no caso dos cães com pelagem avermelhada, ou, oficialmente "vermelho-salpicado". O blue heeler pode ter mancha maior preta, azul ou marcação tan (padrão com marcas castanhas). O red heeler pode ter manchas grandes vermelhas, preferivelmente apenas na cabeça. O nariz é sempre preto. Os olhos devem ser sempre marrom escuro.
Como uma característica no pastoreio, essa raça é conhecida por se especializar na técnica de morder ou mordiscar o calcanhar do gado bovino para movimentá-lo, herdando daí o apelido "heeler", que vem do inglês heel, "calcanhar". Sua pelagem é curta, variando entre 2,4 e 4 cm de comprimento, com subpelo. Os filhotes nascem aparentando apenas a cor branca na pelagem, e , com o tempo assumem a cor completa, seja azul mosqueado ou vermelho-salpicado.
Boiadeiro na umbanda

Boiadeiro é uma linha de trabalho de entidades que trabalham em terreiros de umbanda.
Enquanto os Malandros (Pernambucanos) e Baianos são conhecidos pela alegria, os boiadeiros remetem à sisudez.
Normalmente são entidades vinculadas, quando encarnadas, aos homens que trabalharam, sobretudo, na condução de gado, tais como peões, laçadores, vaqueiros e tocadores de gado nos Séculos XVIII e XIX. No mundo astral esses espíritos escolheram atuar na Umbanda, utilizando esse arquétipo do homem do campo.
São uma classe de espíritos que tem como principais funções recolher espíritos obsessores, quiumbas, e também atuar na limpeza energética nos terreiros. Essas entidades de linha intermediária trabalham no auxílio de consulentes, tanto nas giras de esquerda como nas de direita.
Geralmente essas entidades atuam com a irradiação de Ogum e Iansã, mas também são vistos boiadeiros ligados a Oxóssi.
Exemplos de nomes de Boiadeiro:
Besta de carga

Um animal de carga ou azémola é um animal usado por humanos como meio de transporte de materiais carregados sobre o dorso do animal. O termo pode ser empregado para um animal individual ou em referência a uma determinada espécie.
Muitas espécies de ungulados são utilizadas tradicionalmente como bestas de carga, incluindo elefantes, camelos, dromedários, iaques, renas, búfalos e lhamas, bem como muitos dos Equidae domesticados (família do cavalo).
Ox-Cart Man

Ox-Cart Man is a 1979 children's book written by Donald Hall and illustrated by Barbara Cooney. It won the 1980 Caldecott Medal. The book tells of the life and work of an early 19th-century farming family in New Hampshire. The father uses an ox-cart to take their goods to market in Portsmouth, where they make the money to buy the things they need for the next year. Even the ox and cart are sold.
Hall originally published "Ox-Cart Man" as a poem in the October 17, 1977 issue of The New Yorker. Hall revised the poem greatly to create the children's book and chose Barbara Cooney for its illustrations. Cooney had already illustrated another Caldecott Medal-winning book, Chanticleer and the Fox. Both the earlier version of the poem and the book are cyclical in narrative and theme.
This book was featured on a Season 2 episode of Reading Rainbow.
Ljubljana Marshes Wheel

The Ljubljana Marshes Wheel is a wooden wheel that was found in the Ljubljana Marsh some 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, in 2002. Radiocarbon dating, performed in the VERA laboratory (Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator) in Vienna, showed that it was approximately 5,100 to 5,350 years old, which makes it the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered. It was discovered by a team of Slovene archeologists from the Ljubljana Institute of Archaeology, a part of the Research Center at the Slovene Academy of Arts and Sciences, under the guidance of Anton Velušček.
Remains of pile dwellings were discovered in the Ljubljana Marsh as early as in 1875. Since 2011, the site has been protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as an example of prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps, a special form of dwellings in areas with lakes and marshes. The archaeologists at the excavation site identified over one thousand piles in the bed of the Iška River, near Ig. They reconstructed the dwellings of 3.5 by 7 metres (11 ft 6 in × 23 ft 0 in) in size, separated by approximately 2 to 3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in). The analyses of the piles revealed that the dwellings were repaired each year and that a new house had to be built on the same place in as little as 10 to 20 years.
The earliest inhabitants settled in the region as early as 9,000 years ago. In the Mesolithic, they built temporary residences on isolated rocks in the marsh and on the fringe, living by hunting and gathering. The permanent settlements were not built until the first farmers appeared approximately 6,000 years ago during the Neolithic.
The wooden wheel belonged to a prehistoric two-wheel cart – a pushcart . Similar wheels have been found in the hilly regions of Switzerland and southwest Germany, but the Ljubljana Marshes wheel is bigger and older. It shows that wooden wheels may have appeared almost simultaneously in Mesopotamia and Europe, though finds of actual wheels from Mesopotamia date from significantly later.
It has a diameter of 72 centimetres (28+3⁄8 in) and is made of ash wood, and its 124-centimetre-long (48+7⁄8 in) axle is made of oak. The axle was attached to the wheels with oak wood wedges, which meant that the axle rotated together with the wheels. The wheel was made from a tree that grew in the vicinity of the pile dwellings and at the time of the wheel construction was approximately 80 years old.
It appears that the wheel itself is primarily made of two planks of wood which are held together with four cross braces. The cross braces appear to have been held in place simply by a tenon arrangement, the braces being fitted into tenoned slots carved into the two main wheel sections.
Бранч

Бранч (англ. brunch, от англ. breakfast — «завтрак» и англ. lunch — «обед») — приём пищи поздним утром, между завтраком и обедом, в выходные дни, комбинирующий их и имеющий чётко очерченный набор блюд. Как правило, с бранчем ассоциируется приятное времяпрепровождение в компании друзей за столом в ресторане (чаще при отеле) или домашней обстановке. Бранч появился в Великобритании и вскоре получил распространение в США. В немецкоязычной среде аналогом бранча выступает второй, горячий завтрак «с вилкой» (нем. Gabelfrühstück) и фрюшоппен. Благодаря глобализации и колониализму бранч распространился по всему миру и, прежде всего, в Азии и на Ближнем Востоке. В исламской культуре бранч обычно подают в пятницу.
Бранч начинается в 10—11 часов утра и заканчивается в 13—15 часов дня. На бранч, в зависимости от времени его начала и продолжительности, сервируют разнообразные продукты питания и деликатесы (хлеб, яичные блюда, колбаса, сыр, конфитюр, мёд, творог, йогурт, фрукты, сухие завтраки, копчёную рыбу, холодное и горячее жарко́е, супы, салаты, овощи, пироги, десерты), а также напитки, алкогольные и безалкогольные (соки, минеральная вода, кофе, чай, молоко, какао, игристые вина, пиво и вино).
Согласно Оксфордскому словарю английского языка, история бранча началась в 1895 году с публикации в британском журнале для охотников Hunter’s Weekly статьи Brunch: a plea, в которой автор Гай Берингер изложил многочисленные преимущества придуманного им жизнерадостного, располагающего к общению субботнего бранча по сравнению со вселяющим одиночество ранним завтраком из яиц и бекона и скучным христианским обедом с ростбифом и пирогом. Спустя год о новой моде на бранч сообщала пресса в США. Центрами распространения бранча по стране стали Нью-Йорк и Новый Орлеан. Термин и традиция вошли в гастрономическую культуру США к 1930-м годам. В 1970-е годы предлагалось ввести ещё один термин для приёма пищи между обедом и ужином, образованный словослиянием, — «лаппер» (англ. lupper, от lunch и англ. supper), но он не имел успеха, поскольку как раз к этому времени ужин стал сдвигаться на более позднее время.
Кухня. Последняя битва

«Ку́хня. После́дняя би́тва» — российский полнометражный комедийный фильм режиссёра Антона Федотова. Является продолжением шестого сезона телесериала «Кухня». Премьера фильма в России в кинотеатрах состоялась 20 апреля 2017 года, а 28 августа этого же года лента была показана на телеканале «СТС». Последняя кинороль Олега Табакова.
После получения звезды «Мишлен» Виктор Баринов выходит на пенсию, занимается разведением пчёл и воспитывает внучку, но не оставляет надежд снова блеснуть на кулинарном поприще со своей слаженной командой профессионалов. И судьба предоставляет ему такой шанс — герои получают право представлять Россию на международном кулинарном чемпионате в Сочи, ведущим которого становится сам Дмитрий Нагиев.
К тому же у Виктора объявляется внебрачный сын — мстительный, азартный, обиженный на отца Иван, попавший в поле зрения полиции после хакерской атаки на телевидении. Свобода сына и исход переговоров между Россией и Китаем теперь зависят от выступления Виктора и его команды. Во время поездки в Сочи Иван встречает свою любовь — Анну, члена кулинарной сборной Франции, а Дмитрий Нагиев оказывается в сложной ситуации с абхазскими горцами.
— главная роль
Также в съёмках приняли участие звёзды мировой кухни — Стюарт Ян Белл, Демиен Дювио, Уильям Ламберти и другие.
Изначально съёмки фильма планировались в Китае (рабочее название было «Кухня в Шанхае»). Однако в итоге фильм решили снимать в России (в Сочи и Москве) и Абхазии и уже под другим названием — «Кухня. Последняя битва». Сами съёмки проходили с сентября 2016 года по февраль 2017 года.
Тизер-трейлер появился в сети 5 декабря 2016 года.
Фильм получил высокие оценки кинокритиков.
Симмонс, Джей Кей

Джо́натан Кимбл Си́ммонс (англ. Jonathan Kimble Simmons), более известный как Джей Кей Симмонс (англ. J. K. Simmons, род. 9 января 1955, Детройт, Мичиган, США) — американский актёр кино и телевидения. Больше всего известен по ролям доктора Шкоды в сериале «Закон и порядок», неонациста Шиллингера в тюремной драме HBO «Тюрьма Оз», Джея Джоны Джеймсона в серии фильмов «Человек-паук», Омни-Мэна в мультсериале «Неуязвимый» и подрывника Газа Панкейка в фильме братьев Коэнов «Игры джентльменов». Был удостоен множества наград, в том числе «Золотого глобуса», BAFTA и «Оскар» за роль дирижёра-тирана в психологической драме «Одержимость» (2014).
Симмонс родился в 1955 году в семье преподавателя колледжа Дональда Симмонса и администратора Патрисии Кимбл, кроме него у супругов было ещё двое детей. Окончив школу, Джонатан поступил в Университет Монтаны. Кроме того Симмонс долгое время работал в театре, участвовал в таких постановках, как «Парни и куколки» и «Carousel».
В 1990-х Симмонс начал сниматься на телевидении. Известность пришла к нему после ролей доктора Шкоды — полицейского психиатра, появившегося в сериале «Закон и порядок», и заключённого-неонациста в тюремной драме «Оз».
Симмонс также снимался во всей серии фильмов о Человеке-Пауке, где исполнил роль Дж. Джоны Джеймсона.
Наконец, голосом Симмонса заговорил жёлтый M&M’s из известной серии реклам о двух драже.
Джон исполнял роль президента-антикоммуниста Говарда Акермана в видеоигре Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3, основателя и президента Aperture Science Кэйва Джонсона в видеоигре Portal 2 и нескольких персонажей мультсериала «Симпсоны».
В 2014 году исполнил роль деспотичного дирижёра оркестра в психологической драме «Одержимость». Работа Симмонса удостоилась множества наград и высочайших оценок кинокритиков, посчитавших её одной из сильнейших в его многолетней карьере.
В 2015—2016 годах озвучивал Стэнфорда Пайнса в мультфильме «Гравити Фолз». С 2017 года исполнял главную роль в телесериале «По ту сторону».
С 1996 года женат на Мишель Шумахер, от которой у него дочь Оливия и сын Джо.
Cuisine of Commander Islands

Cuisine of Commander Islands (Russian: Командорская кухня) is a mixture of traditional Russian cuisine and cuisine of Aleut people, who inhabit the Commander Islands. Commander cuisine is largely based on fish meat, seafood, mushrooms, meat of sea mammals (seals, whales), game meat and vegetable (potato, onion, garlic, carrot) which was brought to the Commander island by Russians.
Typical dishes include:
Camiseta

Una camiseta es una prenda de ropa de abrigo por lo general de mangas cortas, cuello redondo o en forma de "V". Existen diversos diseños, que varían algunas de sus características básicas, por ejemplo, modificando el cuello redondo (también llamado "en caja") por otro en "V" (o de pico) o añadiendo bolsillos. Además de manga corta, las hay de manga larga e incluso sin mangas, y también de tirantes (esta última llamada también esqueleto, camisilla o franelilla). Su longitud varía desde la mitad del muslo hasta por encima del ombligo, aunque lo normal es que acabe donde empieza el pantalón o falda, es decir, sobre las caderas.
Habitualmente, está confeccionada con hilo de algodón, lo que la hace una prenda fresca, ligera y muy cómoda de llevar. Puede usarse como ropa interior, pero en climas cálidos se lleva a menudo como única prenda de vestir en la parte superior del cuerpo
Las camisetas se suelen personalizar con serigrafías, impresiones de vinilo, bordados u otros elementos decorativos con algún texto o dibujo publicitario, chistoso o reivindicativo, lo cual refuerza el carácter desenfadado de la prenda. Por ejemplo, las hay con algún logotipo empresarial, que conmemoran algún acontecimiento (como los juegos olímpicos o un concierto), con una tira cómica, con fotografías o dibujos de grupos y solistas musicales e incluso con un poema.
Desde los años noventa han surgido, con el auge de Internet; tiendas en línea que ofrecen este tipo de prendas, cuyos diseños y cantidad producida se hacen de manera personalizada. Aunque se puede afirmar que desde los años cincuenta son todo un símbolo del modo de vida occidental, extendido mundialmente.
No es solo un tema de moda, las camisetas forman parte de la personalidad de las personas, carácter, gustos, etc. y debido a la mejora de la tecnología con la que se fabrican y se personalizan, su precio va disminuyendo hasta el punto de que puede costar lo mismo una camiseta personalizada con diseños creados por los propios clientes que una camiseta fabricada en serie.​
Estadio Belvedere

El Estadio Belvédère es un estadio uruguayo ubicado en la ciudad de Montevideo perteneciente al Liverpool Fútbol Club. La capacidad aproximada es de 7.780 espectadores.
Antiguamente utilizaban este estadio el Montevideo Wanderers y un equipo hoy desaparecido llamado Platense. Estos equipos debieron dejar el estadio por pedido del Ministerio de Salud Pública que pensaba construir en el predio un Hospital (Hospital del Norte). Aunque colocaron su piedra fundamental, este jamás llegó a construirse y eso posibilitó el arribo de Liverpool a partir del año 1938.
El escenario tiene una historia muy particular, ya que en 1910, en este estadio la selección uruguaya utilizó por primera vez su uniforme color celeste. En el estadio hay una placa que conmemora ese hecho.​
Un 18 de abril de 1988 Liverpool inauguraba una nueva red lumínica enfrentando a la Selección de Cuba. El encuentro, que finalizó 0 - 0 y con victoria de Liverpool en definición por penales, tuvo una concurrencia de más de 4.000 entradas. Eduardo Pereyra, campeón de América con Uruguay en la Copa América 1987 de Argentina, fue el invitado especial de la noche.
La red lumínica no tuvo el uso para el que fue pensada siendo ese encuentro frente a Cuba, de reinauguración de la misma el último partido nocturno en el escenario "Negriazul". Anteriormente la primera iluminación del escenario se había realizado en el año 1955.
El Salvador en la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 1970

La Selección de El Salvador fue uno de los 16 equipos participantes de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 1970 realizada en México. Se clasificó sorteando las diversas rondas de clasificación de la CONCACAF junto con otros 13 equipos de la zona. Uno de estos partidos ante Honduras se jugó bajo un clima de tensión y hostilidad a raíz de la situación política en ambos países que desencadenó en la Guerra de las 100 horas o Guerra del Fútbol como la denominó el periodista polaco Ryszard Kapuściński.​ Junto con México (el anfitrión) fueron los equipos que representaron a Norteamérica, Centroamérica y el Caribe, y además fue el primer país centroamericano en participar en una Copa del Mundo.
A pesar de haber logrado una histórica clasificación, El Salvador completó una baja campaña con 3 derrotas en 3 partidos sin siquiera anotar un gol.
Nota: Estos partidos ocurrieron en el contexto del fugaz conflicto bélico entre Honduras y El Salvador. Aun cuando las causas de la beligerancia fueron otras, esos encuentros futbolísticos fueron la razón por la que la llamada "Guerra de las cien horas" también fuera denominada y recordada como la Guerra del Fútbol.
La selección salvadoreña en el año 1970, luego de haber clasificado al Mundial de México, disputó cinco partidos amistosos de cara a prepararse para el Mundial.
Santiago García (Uruguayan footballer)

Santiago Damián García Correa (14 September 1990 – 4 February 2021), nicknamed Morro, was a Uruguayan professional footballer who played as a striker. His last club was Argentine club Godoy Cruz, which tenure is considered the most successful of his professional career. being the top scorer of the club in Argentine Primera División and an idol of club supporters. García was also the top scorer of the 2017–18 Argentine Primera División season with 17 goals.
García started his career in Libertad Washington youth teams. He then joined Nacional de Montevideo. He was considered one of Uruguayan football's best prospects.
He appeared on the first team in 2008, at just 17 years old, capturing everyone's attention with his speed and strength. He made his official debut on 27 July 2008 against Defensor Sporting Club, scoring in this game his first goal as a professional player. After his great appearances in Nacional, San Lorenzo de Almagro tried to hire him without success.
During the last two seasons of the Uruguayan championship García participated in the first team of Nacional, although he wasn't considered part of the starting team. This situation changed in the 2010–11 season, in which Garcia evolved into becoming not only part of the starting team, but also one of its most valuable players. He managed to win the Primera División championship with Nacional and ended the season as the league's top goalscorer, with 23 goals in 28 matches.
On 18 June 2011, García joined Brazilian Clube Atlético Paranaense for €2 million, signing a five-year contract. After failing a drug test for cocaine doping, García was traded to Turkish club Kasımpaşa. In 2013 he returned to Nacional, and one year later he moved to River Plate, where he remained until January 2016 when he was acquired by Godoy Cruz.
With the Mendocino team, García spent the most successful years in the history of the club. The team finished second to Boca Juniors in 2017–18 (only two points behind), and qualified to play the 2017 Copa Libertadores. During those five years playing for Godoy Cruz, García also became the club's all-time top scorer in Primera División.
García was a member of the Uruguay under-20 team that participated in the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup, where he played three games and scored one goal.
On 6 February 2021, after several days without contact, García, aged 30, was found dead in his apartment in Godoy Cruz, with a gunshot wound in the right parietal.
He had been receiving psychiatric treatment. It was later confirmed that the cause of death was suicide by gunshot. After preliminary examinations by the Scientific Police, it was determined that he died on 4 February.
After the death of García was confirmed, Godoy Cruz announced that number 18 worn by García during his tenure with the club would be retired in his honour.
MSD (legemiddelfirma)

Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), kjent i USA og Canada som Merck & Co., Inc. (NYSE: MRK), er et av verdens største farmasøytiske selskaper. Konsernet var opprinnelig et datterselskap av det tyske legemiddelfirmaet Merck, og ble etablert av Georg Merck i New York i 1891. I likhet med andre tyske aktiva, ble selskapet nasjonalisert i 1917 under første verdenskrig og omgjort til et selvstendig amerikansk selskap. Selskapet har i dag sitt hovedkontor i Whitehouse Station i New Jersey og har (per 2015) 68 000 ansatte. Konsernet har et stort antall fabrikker i en rekke land.
Selskapet har siden 1970 hatt et norsk datterselskap, MSD Norge AS. Per 2024 holder den norske filialen til i Oslo. Firmaet er kjent under navnet MSD i alle land unntatt USA og Canada, der firmaet er kjent som Merck & Co.
Den 4. november 2009 fusjonerte Merck & Co. med legemiddelfirmaet Schering-Plough, men beholdt navnet MSD (Merck & Co. i USA og Canada) etter fusjonen.
MSD samarbeidet per september 2020) med Universitetet i Pittsburgh i USA og med Institut Pasteur om utviklingen av en kandidatvaksine til bruk mot Covid-19. Dette var en av vaksinene Norge da hadde utsikter til å få tilgang til gjennom den globale COVAX-alliansen, dersom vaksinen faktisk viste seg å virke som planlagt.
Johan Koren Christie

Johan Koren Christie (født 23. juli 1909, død 5. juli 1995) var en norsk generalmajor og flyingeniør som ble høyt dekorert for sin innsats under andre verdenskrig.
Johan Koren Christie var sønn av professor Werner Hosewinckel Christie og Karen f. baronesse Wedel-Jarlsberg, bror til generalmajor Werner Christie (1917–2004) og pianist Amalie Christie, og far til tidligere helseminister Werner Christie (1949–).
Christie utdannet seg ved Hærens Flyveskole 1929-30 og utdannet seg deretter i flyteknikk ved Technische Hochschule Berlin/Charlottenburg.
Da den tyske invasjonen av Norge startet i april 1940 oppholdt Christie seg i Sverige. Han tok seg inn i Norge, hvor han sluttet seg til de norske styrkene og deltok i kampene ved Kongsvinger, sammen med blant annen Leif Larsen, som nestkommanderede i Kompani Benckert. Etter at de norske styrkene i Sør-Norge hadde kapitulert, tok han seg via Sverige til Nord-Norge. Der ble han teknisk sjef for de norske flyvåpnene. Da også de norske styrkene i Nord-Norge kapitulerte 7. juni 1940, var Johan Koren Christie blant de norske offiserene som fulgte kong Haakon VII til Storbritannia.
Under andre verdenskrig var Christie sentral i organiseringen av det norske flyvåpen i Storbritannia og utdanning av norske flyvere i Canada. Han ble først teknisk sjef ved den norske treningsleiren Little Norway i Canada. I 1941 ble han kalt til London, hvor han fikk ansvaret for å organisere de norske jagerskvadronene.
Christie hadde et sterkt ønske om å komme i aktiv tjeneste, og etter utdannelse begynte han i juni 1943 å fly ved 35 Squadron RAF, en av RAFs Pathfinder Force-skvadroner, som markerte mål for britiske bombefly. Han fløy 45 tokter over Tyskland. Han avanserte til flight commander med oberstløytnants grad.
I 1944 ble Christie liaisonoffiser til Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces, og etterhvert ansvarlig for repatriering av fanger i tysk fangenskap og var involvert i forberedelsene til aksjonen med de hvite bussene.
Etter krigen hadde Christie en rekke fremtredende sivile og militære stillinger, hans siste stilling var sjef for Luftforsvarets forsyningskommando med generalmajors grad. I sin pensjonisttid engasjerte Christie seg i fredsarbeid og var blant annet aktiv i «Generaler og admiraler for fred».
For sin innsats under krigen ble Christie dekorert med Krigskorset med sverd, St. Olavsmedaljen med ekegren, Deltakermedaljen med rosett, Haakon VIIs 70-årsmedalje, britiske Distinguished Service Order, Order of the British Empire og Distinguished Flying Cross, samt den amerikanske Bronze Star, Forbundsrepublikken Tysklands fortjenstorden og Sveriges Røde Kors' fortjenestemedalje.
Torstein Hagen

Torstein Hagen (født 1943 i Nittedal) er en norsk skipsreder, blant Norges rikeste.
Hagen er en norsk skipsreder, med verdens største elvecruiseflåte og eier av cruiseselskapet Viking Cruises. Han er blant Norges rikeste, med en anslått formue på over 50 milliarder i 2019.
Hagen er utdannet ved Norges tekniske høgskole i Trondheim og ved Harvard University i USA.
Han var tidligere partner i det internasjonale konsulentfirmaet McKinsey & Company i Europa og var med på å starte opp McKinsey i Skandinavia.
I 1977 ble han toppsjef for Det Bergenske Dampskibsselskab. Der solgte han fire hurtigruteskip og stoppet passasjerseiling over Nordsjøen om vinteren. I 1979 gikk selskapet med overskudd, og i 1982 hadde det en fortjeneste på 175 millioner kroner. I 1983 gikk han over til å bli adm. dir. i Royal Viking Line. På dette tidspunktet var RVL eid av Bergenske og Det Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab, og hadde gått med underskudd i flere år. I april 1984 ble det annonsert at Royal Viking Line skulle selges til den amerikanske investorgruppen Whitney & Company for cirka 1,8 milliarder kroner. Planen var at Hagen skulle fortsette å lede selskapet, men i august samme år ble det klart at avtalen ikke ble gjennomført. Royal Viking Lines ble i stedet tatt over av Norwegian Caribbean Lines, eid av Kloster Cruise. I september 1984 sluttet Hagen i selskapet.
I 1986 var han daglig leder for driftsselskapet Cool Carriers i Stockholm.
Etter dette etablerte han seg i London. I februar 1988 prøvde han sammen med andre norske investorer i gruppen Marine Investment å ta over Nederlands største rederi, Nedlloyd. Noen måneder senere hadde Marine Investment solgt seg ned, og oppkjøpsforsøket ble avlyst. I desember 1988 kjøpte Hagen og Marine Investments 38,8 prosent av aksjene i Det Norske Oljeselskap. Hagen ble styreformann i selskapet.
I 1991 kontrollerte han 23 prosent av aksjene i Nedlloyd. Under generalforsamlingen, hvor 1100 aksjonærer hadde møtt opp, fikk han flertall for sitt forslag om å underkjenne konsernets regnskap for 1990. Hagen kom inn i styret i selskapet året etter.
I 1992 eide Hagen litt over 50 prosent av aksjekapitalen i DNO. På slutten av året solgte selskapet sitt norske oljeengasjement til Saga Petroleum. Det ble antydet at salget skjedde for å få penger til å overta Nedlloyd, og det nederlandske selskapet ønsket at Hagen forlot styret. Like etter ble han kastet ut av Nedlloyd, og tapte 320 millioner kroner av egne penger på det.
I april 1993 ble han styremedlem i Kloster Cruise, selskapet som kjøpte Royal Viking Line i 1984. Kloster Cruise ble eid av Vard AS, som Hagen kjøpte seg opp i.
I 1996 var DNO på randen av konkurs, og Hagen solgte seg ut. Han begynte så med oppkjøp av elvecruisebåter i Russland. I 1999 var selskapet Viking River Cruises størst i verden på elvecruise. Hagen utvidet cruisevirksomheten til havgående cruiseskip i 2015, i 2019 var den havgående flåten på seks skip og rederiet planlegger en flåte på 16 havgående cruiseskip i 2027.
Hagen er bosatt i Luzern i Sveits.
Paal Flaata

Paal Flaata (født Pål Flåta 8. april 1968) er en norsk vokalist, kjent fra Midnight Choir og som soloartist.
Flaata startet sin karriere i Skien-bandet Memphis News og siden i Paal & Pål Band med blant annet Pål Jensen, Carsten «Kesh» Holt og Vidar Busk. I begynnelsen av 90-årene reiste Flaata til Oslo sammen med to andre musikere. Der spilte de hillbilly-musikk på gaten og kalte seg Hashbrowns. Da gruppen fikk platekontrakt, og senere skulle spille inn plate i USA, måtte de legge om profilen. Hashbrowns ble da forandret til Midnight Choir.(no) «Midnight Choir» i Store norske leksikon Flaata frontet Midnight Choir til bandet ble oppløst i 2004, og var med på å gi ut fem album pluss en samleplate.
Han debuterte som soloartist i 2002 med In Demand og fortsatte som soloartist etter oppløsningen av Midnight Choir. For sine soloutgivelser er han blitt nominert til Spellemannprisen i klassen country tre ganger: i 2012 for albumet Wait By the Fire – Songs of Chip Taylor, i 2016 for Come Tomorrow – Songs of Townes Van Zandt og i 2017 for Love and Rain.
I 2008 var Flaata også med på barneplaten Magiske kroker & hemmeligheter produsert av Linn Skåber og Jacob Young, med sangen «Fredag». Andre artister som var med var Simone Larsen, Maria Haukaas Storeng, Egil Hegerberg, Venke Knutson, Alejandro Fuentes, Julius Winger, Live Maria Roggen, Jørn Christensen, Alexander Rybak og Andrea Bræin Hovig.
Albumene Wait by The Fire - Songs of Chip Taylor (2012), Bless Us All - Songs of Mickey Newbury (2014) og Come Tomorrow - Songs of Townes Van Zandt (2016) hvor Paal Flaata tolker sanger av tre av USAs fremste låtskrivere. De tre albumene blir omtalt som The trilogy collection og ble i 2017 gitt ut som et 4-CD album Songs - The Trilogy Collection med et bonus-album Love And Rain: The Athletic Sessions.
Han har opptrådd mye sammen med Stephen Ackles og Vidar busk. De har gitt ut et hyllestalbum til Elvis, et julealbum og et gospelalbum sammen.
På singlen "Come Tomorrow" fra 2016 synger han sammen med datteren Maia Flaata.
I 2022 ga Stian Johansen ut boka Paal Flaata Songs - The trilogy collection - Americana.
Samling
Album
Singler
Henrik Maarud

Henrik Maarud (født 4. april 1983) er en norsk trommeslager. Han spiller sammen med sin eldre bror, gitaristen Amund Maarud i Amunds soloband og i duoen Morudes.
Sammen med Amund på gitar og vokal startet han som fireåring i Maarudkara, hvor faren var med som bassist, og med Simen Aanerud (også kjent som Simon Taylor) på piano. I starten bestod repertoaret av poplåter, men etterhvert gikk de over til bluesmusikk. Bandet kom på andreplass i Talentiaden på NRK i 1997 og ga året etter ut albumet First Blues på Tylden & Co.. I 2000 satset Amund Maarud på solokarriere med Henrik som trommeslager i Amund Maarud Band. Amund Maarud Band gav ut Ripped,Stripped and Southern Fried (Blue Mood/BMG) i 2003, og ble med denne nominert til Spellemannprisen 2003 i kategorien blues.
I denne perioden var Amund Maarud Band fast husorkester på bluesklubben Muddy Waters i Oslo og backet norske og utenlandske artister som blant andre R.C. Finnigan, Vidar Busk, Paal Flaata, Barbara Blue, Larry Burton, Earl Poole Ball, Hal Ketchum, Brian Setzer, Mason Ruffner, Linda Gail Lewis, Claudia Scott og Glen Hardin gjennom hundrevis av konserter og jamkvelder.
I 2004 ga Amund Maarud Band ut Commotion (Sony/BMG) og signaliserte et stilskifte i bandet. Per Tobro tok over bassen etter Bill Troiani, og Eirik Tovsrud Knutsen kom til på orgel under denne turneen. 2006 startet brødrene sammen med resten av Amund Maarud Band bandet The Grand som hadde et mer rockete uttrykk. The Grand gav ut EP og album med samme navn i 2007, og spilte Roskildefestivalen i Danmark og live på TV-programmet Rockpalazt i Tyskland 2008.
Han er også produsent og tekniker i Snaxville Studio, som han eier sammen med broren, og har deltatt som tekniker på innspillinger med blant andre The Respatexans (Shine On som vant Spellemannprisen 2005), Kid Andersen (Greaseland fra 2006), Ottar «Big Hand» Johansen (Drømmeland fra 2006), Jens Andreas Kleiven (Moments fra 2008) og Bill Troiani (Love Sickness fra 2009).
Sammen med blant andre bassist Per Tobro fra The Grand spilte han også i rockebandet MF-35 i perioden 2005-2009.
Etter at The Grand tok pause i 2010 har han vært opptatt med duoen Morudes som også består av Amund Maarud-gitar, og Henrik Maarud – trommer.
Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål

Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål (Norwegian: Oslo universitetssykehus, Ullevål), formerly Ullevål University Hospital (Norwegian: Ullevål universitetssykehus) in Oslo, Norway is the largest of the four main campuses of Oslo University Hospital. It was opened in 1887, and was an independent hospital owned by Oslo municipality and then by the state until it became part of Oslo University Hospital in 2009. It is a Level I trauma center and includes patient treatment, research, teaching and administration activities. The headquarters of Oslo University Hospital is located at Ullevål.
Oslo Heliport, Ullevål (ICAO: ENUH) is a helipad with a 30.55 meters (100.2 ft) diameter located on the top of a parking garage. It has a walkway to the emergency department. The helipad features a fuel tank.
Oslo University Hospital, Aker University of Oslo Oslo University Hospital Ullevål sykehus tram stop
SeaDream Yacht Club

SeaDream Yacht Club is a private cruise line with its headquarters in Oslo, Norway. It was founded in 2001 by Atle Brynestad, the Norwegian founder of Seabourn Cruise Line.
According to USA Today, "SeaDream Yacht Club delivers a luxurious, yet low-key experience that's appealing even to those who don't usually cruise." SeaDream's slogan is "it's yachting, not cruising". The company's passengers are likely to be SeaDream repeaters, and to feel like members of a club: "It's a well-traveled, cultured, convivial bunch, mostly Americans and Europeans and mostly couples, age 40 and up."
As of 2014, SeaDream's destinations included the Mediterranean, Caribbean, northern Europe and Asia-Pacific.
SeaDream runs a fleet of two small cruise ships, formerly operated by Sea Goddess Cruises:
The two ships have been said to offer "... clubby scale, [and a] sense of privacy and exclusivity ...", but with lodgings not as luxurious as those of Seabourn or Silversea vessels. Each is equipped with a watersports marina that can be lowered for activities such as swimming, snorkelling, kayaking, windsurfing, and waterskiing. Both ships are stocked with complimentary equipment for waterborne activities, including wave runners, glass-bottom kayaks, Laser sailboats, a banana boat, water skis, snorkeling gear and standup paddleboards. Also available are mountain bikes for use ashore.
On March 20, 2019, the company announced the purchase of a new 220-passenger ship, SeaDream Innovation, from Damen Shipyards. It was planned to start sailing in September 2021. It was cancelled the same year
Arne Wilhelmsen

Arne Wilhelmsen (15 June 1929 – 11 April 2020) was a Norwegian billionaire businessman, the co-founder of Royal Caribbean Cruises.
Wilhelmsen was born in June 1929, and earned a bachelor's degree from Harvard University.
When he died, his net worth was estimated at US$1.5 billion.
Wilhelmsen was married, with three children and lived in Oslo, Norway. He died on 11 April 2020, in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. He was 90.
MV Tønsberg

MV Tønsberg is a roll-on/roll-off ship owned by Wilh. Wilhelmsen. When built, it was the largest RORO ship in the world.
MV Tønsberg is the fourth Wilhelmsen ship to carry this name; it's named after the Norwegian coastal town where Wilhelmsen was founded in 1861. It was built to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Wilh. Wilhelmsen line. It is the first in a series of four "Mark V" ships, built in 2010-2011 by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries shipyard in Nagasaki, in Japan. The second ship of the class, Parsifal, was delivered in September 2011.
In June 2012, Tønsberg was awarded "Ship of the Year 2011" by the Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers, recognising its efficiency and environmental compatibility.
Renaissance Cruises

Renaissance Cruises was a cruise ship operating company that was founded in 1989 and owned by Fearnley & Eger Rederi in Oslo, Norway. It was purchased by Edward Rudner (founder of Alamo Car Rental) as the company faltered during the Gulf War. It operated year-round cruise itineraries to the Mediterranean Sea, the Greek Isles, Tahiti and the South Pacific, northern Europe and Scandinavia. The company ceased operations on 25 September 2001, having accommodated up to 220,000 guests in 2000. While the company had been in poor financial health for quite some time, the economic decline resulting from the September 11 attacks in 2001 is credited with the demise of this cruise line. It was headquartered in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
The company also owned and operated eight Renaissance-class yacht-like ships between 1989 and 1992. The first four of them were built in Cantieri Navale Ferrari-Signani shipyards in La Spezia, Italy, from 1989 to 1991. They were 88.3 metres (289 ft 8 in) long, and 4,077 gross tonnage (GT) in size, and they carried 100 passengers in 50 cabins, with 72 crew. The other four were built in Nuovi Cantieri Apuania [it] shipyards in Carrara, Italy, in the same period. They were 90.6 metres (297 ft 3 in) long and 4,200 GT in size, and they carried 114 passengers in 57 cabins with 72 crew. The small, intimately sized vessels used Roman numeral designations as part of their names: Renaissance I through Renaissance VIII.
These are the current names, former names and registries of the Renaissance-class ships; Renaissance I, Renaissance III, Renaissance IV, and Renaissance VIII were all chartered and sold in 1998 so the line could concentrate on the larger, newer R class. Before the line folded for the R class, Renaissance V, Renaissance VI, and Renaissance VII were sold to other interests. Renaissance II was renamed Neptune II In 1998 for operations in Singapore before EasyCruise was formed. Current operators of these vessels include Noble-Caledonia, Silversea, and Antarctica XXI.
Built at Cantieri Navale Ferrari-Signani shipyard (1989–1991):
Built at Nuovi Cantieri Apuania shipyard (1991–1992):
The pride of the fleet were the line's eight brand new 684-passenger R-class ships named R One, R Two, R Three, R Four, R Five, R Six, R Seven and R Eight. The ships in this class were all built between 1998 and 2001. They were all built at the shipyard of Chantiers de l'Atlantique in Saint-Nazaire France and were designed, internally and externally, by British designer John McNeece. Following the bankruptcy of Renaissance Cruises, all of the vessels were chartered or sold to other cruise lines and continue to operate to this day.
Old City Harbour

The Old City Harbour (Estonian: Vanasadam) is the main passenger harbour in Tallinn, Estonia. Regular lines serve routes to Helsinki (Finland) and Stockholm (Sweden)
Old City Harbour is one of the five ports within the state-owned company Port of Tallinn. It is one of the biggest and busiest passenger harbours in the world and also the biggest passenger harbour in Estonia. The port operates two passenger terminals (A and D), total length of its berths is 4.2 kilometres. Vessels with maximum length of 340 metres, 42 metres wide and draught of 10.7 m can enter the port. In 2019, the port served 10.64 million passengers.
The port is operating 339-metre long quay intended for cruise ships. It was completed in spring of year 2004 and its cost at the time was over 80 million kroons. The number of the cruise passengers is increasing steadily, also by the implementing of turnarounds in cooperation with Tallinn Airport. In order to cope with that numbers and increasing size of the cruise ships arriving in Tallinn, Port of Tallinn started in May 2013 the construction of the new quay next to the existing cruise ships quay in the Old City harbour. The total length of the quay built by the Estonian branch of BMGS is 421 metres. With the new quay, the Port of Tallinn is able to moor cruise ships up to 340 metres in length, up to 42 metres in width, and with the draft of up to nine metres. The total cost of the project was 9.34 million euros.
Also Old City Marina - a new marina for recreational vessels established in 2010 - is a part of Tallinn's Old City Harbour.
On 29 September 2017 at the EU Digital Summit in Tallinn, a partnership of Ericsson, Intel and Telia Estonia announced that they had implemented the first live public 5G network in Europe at the Tallinn Passenger Port to connect with Tallink cruise ships at the port.
Shipping companies Eckerö Line and Viking Line operate scheduled services from A-terminal to Helsinki. The A-terminal and the old B-terminal are connected to each other to provide more efficient passenger flow.
Terminal is served by bus line nr. 2
Ships serving the terminal are:
The shipping company Tallink operates scheduled services from D-terminal to Stockholm and Helsinki. Over 6 million passengers travel through this ferry terminal annually. The terminal building was renovated in 2020 and the cost was 18.5 million euros.
The terminal is served by bus lines 20, 20A and 66
Ships serving the terminal include:
Port of Kiel

The Port of Kiel (German: Kieler Hafen) is a port for passenger and cargo shipping located in Kiel, Germany. It occupies the inner part of the Baltic Sea inlet Kieler Förde and includes the approach to the locks at the eastern end of Kiel Canal.
The port offers sheltered harbours, large turning basins, and deep water berths.
At the southern end of Kieler Förde lies the Inner Harbour (German: Stadthafen) with passenger terminals Ostseekai and Schwedenkai in the west and Norwegenkai on the eastern side. Ferries of the liner services to Scandinavia are based here and cruise ships call during summer.
Located on the east bank of Kieler Förde, Ostuferhafen (English: East Side Harbour) is the largest coherent part of the port with a total area of 500,000 m² and a quay length of 1,700 m. It is primarily a cargo harbour with ro-ro and container terminals for the liner traffic to Northern Sweden, Russia and the Baltic states. Since June 2014 it also hosts one cruise berth.
The Canal Harbours (German: Kanalhäfen) are located on the Kiel Canal. Nordhafen is situated on the southern side of the canal and has facilities for timber, bulk cargo, ro-ro, and container vessels. The bulk terminal Scheerhafen is situated immediately south of the canal locks and is formed by two moles.
Kiel’s main passenger shipping business are regularly scheduled cruiseferries to Norway, Sweden, and Lithuania which served 1.6 million passengers in 2018. Behind Puttgarden on Fehmarn and Rostock, Kiel is Germany's third busiest port for international passenger traffic.
The two Color Line cruiseferries Color Magic and Color Fantasy offer a daily 20-hour connection from Norwegenkai to Oslo in Norway. Stena Line operates the two cruiseferries Stena Germanica and Stena Scandinavica on a daily 14.5-hour connection from Schwedenkai to Gothenburg in Sweden. DFDS Seaways runs a daily 21-hour connection from Ostuferhafen to Klaipėda in Lithuania with the two RoPax ferries Athena Seaways and Regina Seaways.
The port's season for cruise ships runs from early-April through late-October, and 169 vessels called at the port in 2018. During the season, Kiel acts as home port for several vessels from the AIDA Cruises and TUI Cruises fleet. Almost 600.000 cruise passengers were handled in 2018.
The Swedish paper company SCA operates two ro-ro vessels between Kiel and Sundsvall in Sweden once a week, exporting paper products to Germany.
The port is owned by the city of Kiel and operated by Seehafen Kiel GmbH & Co. KG. For the year 2018, the port reported over 7.1 million tons of cargo and 2.2 million passengers (ferry and cruise) handled.
Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines

Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines is a UK-based, Norwegian-owned cruise shipping line with three cruise ships. The company is owned by Bonheur and is headquartered in Ipswich, Suffolk, in the United Kingdom. The company is part of the Fred. Olsen Group.
The company originated in Hvitsten, a small town on Oslofjord in Norway, in 1848 by three Olsen brothers, Fredrik Christian, Petter and Andras, who bought their first ships and began an international shipping company. The company is now into the fifth generation of the family and operates various companies skilled within the cruise and passenger shipping trade, as well as aviation, ships' crewing, ship building and offshore industries. The Fred. Olsen group also has business interests in the luxury hotel sector, estate management, property development and electronics companies.
In May 2006 Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines announced the purchase of a new vessel, Norwegian Crown, from Norwegian Cruise Line. Following delivery of the vessel in November 2007, she was dry-docked for refurbishment. She was renamed Balmoral and entered service early in 2008. This was followed by a new centre section being added, with new cabins and public rooms, increasing the size from 19,000 GT to 24,000 GT (approx).
In 2018 Fred. Olsen announced that a series of 600-passenger-newbuilts was being planned and they were in negotiations with shipyards, but those newbuilts were never ordered.
In July 2020, Fred. Olsen bought the former Holland America Line ships Amsterdam and Rotterdam for $37m and renamed them Bolette and Borealis respectively, to be delivered in September 2020. They replaced the Boudicca and the Black Watch which were retired in August 2020.
For most of the year, the ships are based in UK ports.
Destinations include Northern Europe, the Baltic, the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, the Canary Islands, the Caribbean, Africa, Canada, the United States and South America
Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines operates smaller scale cruise ships, ranging in size from 24,000 to 62,000 GT (approx), currently a fleet of three cruise ships, the ambience on board is traditionally British.