davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
List of Ciarán Hinds performances

Ciarán Hinds is an Irish actor who is known for his performances on the screen and stage. He has appeared in various film and television projects, as well as in numerous stage productions. His notable films include The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989), Persuasion (1995), Oscar and Lucinda (1997), Road to Perdition (2002), Lara Croft: Tomb Raider - The Cradle of Life (2003), Munich (2005 film), Amazing Grace (2007), There Will Be Blood (2007), In Bruges (2008), Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day (2008), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011), Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), Silence (2016), First Man (2018), and Belfast (2021), the latter for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. His television roles include Gaius Julius Caesar in the series Rome, DCI James Langton in Above Suspicion, and Mance Rayder in Game of Thrones. He has continuously worked in the theatre throughout the majority of his career, having spent a major part of his time with the Royal Shakespeare Company, the Royal National Theatre, and six seasons with the Glasgow Citizens' Theatre.
Marital status

Civil status, or marital status, are the distinct options that describe a person's relationship with a significant other. Married, single, divorced, and widowed are examples of civil status.
Civil status and marital status are terms used in forms, vital records, and other documents to ask or indicate whether a person is married or single. In the simplest contexts, no further distinction is made. A status of married means that a person was wed in a manner legally recognized by their jurisdiction. A person's specified civil status might also be married if they are in a civil union or common-law marriage. The civil status of a person who is legally separated is married.
Whether a cohabiting couple (such as in a domestic partnership) have a civil status of "married" depends on the circumstances and the jurisdiction. In addition to those who have never married, single status applies to people whose relationship with a significant other is not legally recognized.
Questions about civil status appear on questionnaires for quantitative research, such as census forms and market research instruments. In a person's medical history, civil status is considered to have both quantitative and qualitative significance. A government records the civil status of its citizens by means of a civil registration system. Historically, inquiries into marital status have appeared on applications for employment, loans, and credit.
Familial status indicates whether a person is the responsible caregiver for a child.
Visual markers of marital status

Visual markers of marital status, as well as social status, may include clothing, hairstyle, accessories, jewelry, tattoos, and other bodily adornments. Visual markers of marital status are particularly important because they indicate that a person should not be approached for flirtation, courtship, or sex. In some cultures, married people enjoy special privileges or are addressed differently by members of the community.
Marital status markers are usually gender-specific.
Male marital status markers are usually less elaborate than female marital status markers. In many cultures, they may not exist.
In many Western nations, some husbands wear a wedding ring on the third or fourth finger of the left hand. In parts of Europe, especially in German-speaking regions, as well as in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Turkey, and Ukraine, the wedding ring is worn on the ring finger of the right hand. In the Netherlands, Catholics wear their wedding rings on the left hand, while most other people wear them on the right. Some spouses choose to wear their wedding ring on the left hand in Turkey.
In China, Western influence has resulted in some husbands donning wedding rings.
In modern times, the material of wedding rings is not strictly prescribed; they may be forged of gold, rose gold, white gold, argentium silver, palladium, platinum, titanium, or tungsten carbide.
Manual laborers sometimes wear rings of inexpensive or more durable materials like tungsten while working or bear an ink tattoo to avoid personal injury or damaging a ring of precious metal. Additionally, the use of silicone wedding bands has become more common among men (and women) while in a gym or other environment with potential hazards (firefighter, etc.); these bands have enough flexibility to snap off if caught and are not typically electrically conductive.
Among the Amish, and Hutterite communities of Canada and the United States, only married men are permitted to grow and maintain a beard. Unmarried men were required to shave.
In contemporary Hinduism, after the Upanayana ceremony, Brahmin men wear a sacred thread (Yagnopavitam) over their left shoulder and under right arm, one that usually has 3 strands and 1 knot, when they start their traditional education. When men get married, they wear one more sacred thread, 6 strands and 2 knots, the second thread signifies his marriage to his wife. In traditional attire, the sacred thread is usually visible, but in the modern era, it is hidden within the shirt.
In Orthodox Judaism, married women cover their hair at all times outside of their home. The kind of hair covering may be determined by local custom or personal preference. Headscarves, snoods, hats, berets, or – sometimes – wigs are used. Turkmen wives wear a special hat similar to a circlet that is denominated a "Alyndaňy".
Bochka roof

A bochka roof or simply bochka (Russian: бочка, barrel) is a type of roof in traditional Russian church architecture that has the form of a half-cylinder with an elevated and pointed upper part, resembling a pointed kokoshnik. In English the term barrel roof is sometimes used, but this may cause confusion since Russian external barrel roofs are simply curved roofs resembling the inside of a cut-away barrel.
Typically made of wood, the bochka roof was extensively used both in church and civilian architecture in the 17th to 18th centuries. Later it was sometimes used in Russian Revival style buildings.
The intersection of two bochkas forms a so-called cross bochka (Russian: крещатая бочка), or cube cover (Russian: кубоватое покрытие).
Çinili Mosque

The Çinili Mosque (Turkish: Çinili Cami, lit. 'Tiled Mosque') is a 17th-century Ottoman mosque in the Üsküdar district of Istanbul, Turkey. The small mosque is best known for its extensive tile decoration, which earned it its name.
The mosque was commissioned by Mahpeyker Kösem and was built in 1640-1 CE (1050 AH). Its vakif (endowment) included the revenues from the Büyük Valide Han, a large caravanserai (han) built in 1651 by the same patron near the Grand Bazaar.
The mosque underwent a restoration that was completed in 2018.
The mosque has a fairly traditional plan for small Ottoman mosques, consisting of a square hall covered by a dome. The dome has a diameter of approximately 9 metres (30 ft). On the outside, it is fronted on three sides by a portico with a sloped roof. Because of the sloped terrain, the mosque is built on a raised platform. The minaret of the mosque is an addition from the later Ottoman baroque period, as evidenced by the corbels of its balcony, which feature carved acanthus leaves.
On the inside, the mosque is relatively simple and it is most notable for its extensive tile decoration, which covers most of the walls and from which it draws its name ("Tiled Mosque"). The tiles are from Kütayha, an important center of Ottoman tile production in this period. They reflect the classical period of Ottoman art and are one of the last important examples of this style, though by this time the rich repertoire of forms and colours known in 16th-century tilework had been reduced to a smaller repertoire with primarily blue, turquoise, and grey colours. In addition to floral motifs – such as tulips, peonies, and hyacinths – the tilework also features an inscription frieze running in a line across three walls on either side of the mihrab. Further inscriptions are included in tiled lunettes above the windows. Tilework also covered some of the mosque's front façade, behind the portico. The minbar (pulpit) is made of marble and richly decorated with carvings highlighted in gold, red and green paint, with more tiles covering the conical canopy at the top.
In addition to the mosque, the surrounding complex (külliye) includes a fountain (shadirvan), a madrasa, a primary school (mektep), and a hammam. The fountain and the madrasa were built inside the walled precinct around the mosque. The fountain is covered by a large curved pointed roof. The madrasa is set into the northeast corner of the precinct and has an unusual triangular floor plan imposed by the limited space in this area. Located next to it and behind the qibla wall (southeast wall) of the mosque is a cistern. The primary school, a small domed structure, is located just outside the precinct walls. The hammam is a larger structure located slightly to the southwest. It is a "double" hammam, meaning it has a section for women and a section for men.
Ashley Spires

Ashley Spires is a Canadian children's book author and illustrator. She is the creator of the Binky the Space Cat graphic novels series and the 2014 bestseller, The Most Magnificent Thing.
Spires was born and raised in Tsawwassen, British Columbia. She studied photography at the Emily Carr University of Art and Design, where she was inspired to pursue illustration after taking a class on book-making.
After graduation, she earned a contract with Lobster Press, for which she illustrated Peter Kuitenbrouwer's 2004 book, Our Song: The Story of O Canada, the Canadian National Anthem. She later attended a postgraduate illustration program at Ontario's Sheridan College.
Spires is the author and illustrator of the Binky the Space Cat graphic novel series, about a cat who believes his house is a space station. The first book in the series, Binky the Space Cat, won the 2011 Silver Birch Express Award, presented by the Ontario Library Association. On September 7, 2019, a TV series based on the series, called Agent Binky: Pets of the Universe, premiered on Treehouse TV.
Spires's 2014 book, The Most Magnificent Thing, earned a starred review from Kirkus and was listed among the ALA Notable Books for Children 2015. It has sold over 500,000 copies and been translated into multiple languages. The book was adapted into a 22-minute animated short film directed by Arna Selznick, featuring narration by Whoopi Goldberg and voice acting by Lilly Bartlam and Alison Pill. It aired on Canadian children's channel YTV in 2019 and was shown at a number of film festivals, including the 2019 San Diego International Film Festival and the 2019 Chicago International Children's Film Festival.
As author and illustrator:
As illustrator only:
مسجد طوبیٰ

طوبیٰ مسجد پاکستان کے شہر کراچی میں واقع ایک خوبصورت مسجد ہے، جو مقامی سطح پر گول مسجد کے نام سے بھی جانی جاتی ہے۔ مسجد طوبیٰ 1969ء میں کراچی کی ڈیفنس ہاؤسنگ اتھارٹی میں کورنگی روڈ کے قریب تعمیر کی گئی ہے۔ مسجد طوبیٰ غالباً اتنے بڑے گنبد کی حامل دنیا کی سب سے بڑی مسجد ہے۔ یہ کراچی کے اہم سیاحتی مقامات میں سے ایک ہے۔ لوگ دور و نزدیک سے اس دیدہ زیب مسجد کو دیکھنے کے لیے آتے ہیں۔
مسجد طوبیٰ کو خالص سفید سنگ مرمر سے تعمیر کیا گیا ہے۔ اس کے گنبد کا قطر 72 میٹر (236 فٹ) ہے اور یہ بغیر کسی ستون کے صرف بیرونی دیواروں پر کھڑا ہے۔ مسجد طوبیٰ کا واحد مینار 70 میٹر بلند ہے۔
عبادت گاہ کے مرکزی وسیع و عریض کمرے میں 5 ہزار نمازیوں کی گنجائش ہے۔
بیت المکرم مسجد، کراچی

بیت المکرم مسجد کراچی، پاکستان کی ایک مسجد ہے۔ یہ مسجد یونیورسٹی روڈ پر گلشن اقبال بلاک 8، کراچی میں واقع ہے۔ یہ وفاقی اردو یونیورسٹی اور ایکسپو سینٹر کراچی کے قریب ہے۔
مسجد کے اندر ایک اسلامی تعلیمی ادارہ ہے، جہاں طلبہ اسلامی تعلیم حاصل کر سکتے ہیں۔ مسجد اور اس سے منسلک رقبہ تقریباً پانچ ایکڑ پر محیط ہے۔ مسجد میں ایک لائبریری، ایک ڈسپنسری اور ایک ہاسٹل ہے۔
مسجد استقلال

استقلال مسجد انڈونیشیا کے دار الحکومت جکارتہ میں واقع ایک مسجد ہے۔ جسے جنوب مشرقی ایشیا کی سب سے بڑی مسجد ہونے کا اعزاز حاصل ہے۔ یہ مسجد 1975ء میں حکومت انڈونیشیا نے تعمیر کرائی تھی۔ اس مسجد میں بیک وقت 120،000 نمازی عبادت کر سکتے ہیں۔ مسجد کے مرکزی گنبد کا قطر 45 میٹر قطر ہے۔ نماز و عبادت کے علاوہ مسجد مختلف سماجی و ثقافتی سرگرمیوں کا بھی مرکز ہے جس میں دروس، نمائشیں، مذاکرے، مباحثے اور عورتوں، نوجوانوں اور بچوں کے لیے مختلف نوعیت کے تقاریب شامل ہیں۔
عبادت خانہ

عبادت خانہ مغل شہنشاہ جلال الدین اکبر کی فتح پور سیکری میں 1575ء میں تعمیر کی جانے والی ایک عمارت تھی جہاں اکبر مختلف مذاہب کے لوگوں کو باہمی ہم آہنگی کے لیے جمع کرتے تھے۔ یہیں انھوں نے دین الٰہی کی بنیاد رکھی تھی۔
لال مسجد محاصرہ

لال مسجد کا محاصرہ (انگریزی: Siege of Lal Masjid؛ کوڈ نام "آپریشن سن رائز") 2007 کے جولائی میں پاک فوج کی جانب سے اسلام آباد کی مشہور لال مسجد اور جامعہ حفصہ کے خلاف ہونے والی فوجی یورش کو آپریشن سن رائس کا نام دیا گیا ۔
پاکستان سنی تحریک

پاکستان سنی تحریک ایک پاکستانی بریلوی سیاسی و مذہبی تنظیم ہے اس کا نام ’’سنی تحریک‘‘ تھا۔ بنیادی طور پر سنی تحریک ایک غیر سیاسی جماعت تھی اور سنی تحریک کے نعروں میں یہ نعرہ بھی شامل تھا کہ ہے غیر سیاسی ایس ٹی اور پھر سیاست میں قدم رکھنے کے بعد سنی تحریک کا نام پاکستان سنی تحریک میں تبدیل ہو گیا۔ سنی تحریک 1990 میں کراچی میں قائم ہوئی جس کے بانی محمد سلیم قادری تھے۔سلیم قادری کی شہادت 2001 کے بعد سُنی تحریک کی باگ دوڑ سربراہِ سُنی تحریک محمد عباس قادری نے سنبھالی۔ اپریل 2006ء میں کراچی کے نشترپارک میں عیدمیلاد النبی کے ایک بڑے پروگرام میں سنی تحریک کے مرکزی قائدین عباس قادری، افتخاربھٹی اور اکرم قادری، دیگر اھلسنت جماعتوں کے رہنماؤں کے ہمراہ شھید ھوگئے تھے جس کے بعد ثروت اعجاز قادری نے پارٹی قیادت سنبھالی۔ ثروت اعجاز قادری کے ساتھ شاہد غوری اور شکیل قادری مرکزی اراکین رابطہ کمیٹی تھے جن میں سے شاہد غوری اور ثروت اعجاز قادری کے اختلافات ہونے پر شکیل قادری بانی تحریک محمد سلیم قادری کے بیٹے بلال سلیم قادری شامی کو لے کر علاحدہ ہو گئے اور سنی تحریک کا تسلسل جاری رکھا اور پاکستان سنی تحریک کے طریقہ کار کو رد کر دیا۔یوں تنظیم دو دھڑوں میں تقسیم ہو گئی۔
سنی تحریک (سربراہ بلال سلیم قادری)
پاکستان سنی تحریک (سربراہ ثروت اعجاز قادری)
اب سنی تحریک اور پاکستان سنی تحریک دو الگ الگ جماعتیں ہیں جن میں سے ایک کے سربراہ محمد ثروت اعجاز قادری اور ان کے ساتھ بااثر رہنماء شاہد غوری ہیں اور دوسرے کے سربراہ بلال سلیم قادری اور ان کے ساتھ شہ شیر علی بااثر تحریکی رہنماء ہیں۔ بعد ازاں سلیم قادری شہید کے بیٹے علامہ بلال سلیم قادری نے سنی تحریک کو پاکستان سنی تحریک میں ضم کر دیا اور اب پاکستان سنی تحریک کے جنرل سیکریٹری ہیں جبکہ ثروت اعجاز قادری صاحب صدر ہیں جبکہ پاکستان سنی تحریک بھی اب دو حصوں میں تقسیم ہے ایک کے سربراہ ثروت اعجاز قادری اور ان کے ساتھ علامہ بلال سلیم قادری ہیں جبکہ دوسرے کے شاداب رضا سربراہ ہیں اور شاداب رضا کے ساتھ عباس قادری کے صاحبزادے بلال عباس قادری نائب صدر اور سینیر مرکزی رہنما شاہد غوری شامل ہیں
ہو لنکی

ہو لنکی (چینی: 胡兰畦) (پیدائش: 1901ء – وفات: 13 دسمبر 1994ء) چنگ سلطنت میں چین کی پہلی خاتون فوجی افسر اور مصنفہ تھی۔
ہو لنکی کی پیدائش 1901ء میں سیچوان کے علاقہ چینگدو میں پیدا ہوئی۔ ہو لنکی کے والد ہُو چِنگیُون منگ خاندان کے مشہور جانشین ہو داہائی کی اولاد سے تھے۔ ہُو چنگیون منگ خاندان کی ملازمت سے عاجز آ کر اِس خاندان سے الگ ہو گئے۔ ہو لنکی نے ابتدائی تعلیم گھر پر ہی حاصل کی اور گریجوایشن کا امتحان 1920ء میں ہائی اسکول سے پاس کیا۔ اِسی دوران اُس کے والدین نے اُس کی شادی ایک کاروباری شخص سے طے کردی تاہم تھوڑی ہی مدت میں یہ شادی ختم ہو گئی اور ہو لنکی نے طلاق لے لی۔ یہ عرصہ اُس نے کشمکس میں بسر کیا۔ 1921ء میں وہ جنوبی سیچوان کے علاقہ لوژوو میں مقیم ہوئی اور وہاں وہ پروگریسو رہنما یانگ سین سے متاثر ہوئی اور لوژوو میں اقامت کے دوران وہ ایک اسکول میں بطور معلم کے کام کرتی رہی۔ 1925ء میں اُس نے ایک فوجی افسر دین مینگیون سے شادی کرلی۔
1926ء کے موسم بہار میں وہ گوانگژو چلی گئی اور وہاں وزیر برائے معاملات خواتین ہو شیانگ ننگ کے لیے کام کرنے لگی۔1927ء میں شنگھائی قتل عام کے بعد وہ اِس کام سے معزول کردی گئی۔ 1928ء میں حالت جلاوطنی میں یورپ چلی گئی اور وہاں وہ ہو شیانگ ننگ کے ہمراہ برلن میں مقیم رہی۔ بہت جلد ہی اُس نے جرمن کمیونسٹ پارٹی میں بطور چینی متکلم کے نوکری کرلی۔ 1931ء میں وہ مختصر سے عرصے کے لیے چین گئی جس کی وجہ وہاں سن یات سن کی بیوی کی آخری رسومات میں شرکت کرنا تھی۔ 1932ء میں چین کے مشہور رسالے دی ینگ کمپینئن نے ہو لنکی کی تصویر سرورق پر شائع کی۔
ستمبر 1931ء میں منچوریا پر جاپان نے قبضہ کر لیا۔ جرمنی میں جاپان کے قبضہ منچوریا کے حوالے سے جاپان مخالف مظاہرے شروع ہوئے جس میں ہو لنکی نے بھی حصہ لیا۔ دسمبر 1932ء میں جرمنی کی پولیس نے اِن مظاہروں میں شرکت پر ہو لنکی کو گرفتار کر لیا اور دو مہینے بعد ایڈلف ہٹلر نے بر سر اقتدار آتے ہی جرمن کمیونسٹ پارٹی کے رہنماؤں کو جیلوں میں ڈال دیا۔ ہو لنکی نے جیل میں تین مہینے گزارے لیکن جب ہو لنکی کے جیل میں ہونے کی خبر چین پہنچی تو مصنف لو شون نے شنگھائی میں جرمنی کے سفارت خانے کے باہر احتجاج کیا کہ ہو لنکی کو رہا کیا جائے۔ یہ احتجاج طول پکڑ گیا تو ایڈولف ہٹلر کے حکم پر ہو لنکی کو رہا کر دیا گیا اور فرانس بھیجا گیا جہاں سے وہ مملکت متحدہ پہنچ گئی۔
ہو لنکی کی وفات 13 دسمبر 1994ء کو 93 سال کی عمر میں ہوئی۔
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad

Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad (Arabic: إِبْرَاهِيم ٱبْن مُحَمَّد) was the son of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Maria al-Qibtiyya. He died at the age of 2.
According to Ibn Kathir, quoting Ibn Sa'd, Ibrahim was born in the last month of the year 8 AH, equivalent of 630 CE. The child was named after Abraham (or Ibrahim in Arabic), the Biblical prophet revered in Jewish, Christian and Muslim traditions. Ibrahim was placed in the care of a nurse named Umm Sayf, wife of Abu Sayf, the blacksmith, to whom Muhammad gifted goats to complement her milk supply. When Ibrahim fell ill, he was moved to a date orchard near the residence of his mother, under the care of herself and her sister Sirin. When it was clear that Ibrahim was unlikely to survive, Muhammad was informed. His reaction to the news is reported as:
In his book Al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya, ibn Kathir mentions that Ibrahim died on Thursday 10 Rabi' al-Awwal 10 AH, and on the same day right after his death, a solar eclipse occurred. Because of this, observers believed that God was showing his condolences to his prophet by eclipsing the Sun. Muhammad, not wanting his companions to fall into fitna by ascribing divinity to him or his son, stood at the mosque and said, "The sun and the moon do not eclipse because of the death or life (i.e. birth) of someone. When you see the eclipse pray and invoke God." According to modern astronomical tables, a solar eclipse occurred on January 27, 632 that was visible from Medina.
Muhammad is also reported as having informed Maria and Sirin that Ibrahim would have his own nurse in Paradise. Different accounts relate that the ghusl for Ibrahim was performed by either Umm Burdah, or al-Fadl ibn ʿAbbas, in preparation for burial. Thereafter, he was carried to the cemetery upon a little bier by Muhammad, his uncle al-ʿAbbas, and others. Here, after a funeral prayer led by Muhammad, he was interred. Muhammad then filled the grave with sand, sprinkled some water upon it, and placed a landmark on it, saying that "Tombstones do neither good nor ill, but they help appease the living. Anything that man does, God wishes him to do well."
A rumor spread that Ibrahim was rather the son of Maria's male cousin, Mabur. When Muhammad heard this rumor, he ordered Ali to kill him without a trial. He later declined to implement the initial order when confirmed her cousin is actually a eunuch:
Qadi Iyad, in his commentary on the Hadith, claimed that "Muhammad forbade Mabur from talking to the mother of his son, but he didn't stop." According to Ibn Taimiyah and Ibn Al-Qayyim quoting a full-context narration of the Hadith, the order to kill Mabur was not for applying the punishment of adultery but rather for "violating the sanctity of his house", conditioned on Ali finding him alone with her and to prioritize what he sees over Muhammad's order:
Meeting for worship

A meeting for worship is what the Religious Society of Friends (or "Quakers") call their church service. Different branches of Friends have different types of meetings for worship. A meeting for worship in English-speaking countries typically lasts an hour.
Unprogrammed worship is based on silence and inward listening to the Spirit, from which any participant may share a message. In unprogrammed meetings for worship, someone speaks when that person feels that God/Spirit/the universe has given them a message for others. After anyone speaks, several minutes are allowed to pass before anyone else speaks, to allow the message to be considered carefully. Friends (members of the Religious Society of Friends) do not answer or argue about others' messages during meeting for worship.
Many unprogrammed meetings follow worship with a time for participants to share. Some ask for joys and sorrows; others for something a person considered sharing during worship.
Pastoral meetings, as the name implies, have a pastor or minister whose job is to preach and provide pastoral care. They have programmed worship which includes many elements similar to Protestant services, such as a sermon and hymns. Many programmed meetings also include a time during the service for silent, expectant waiting and messages from the participants.
Some meetings have "semi-programmed" worship which combines elements of programmed worship along with a long period of unprogrammed worship.
Vasili Maté

Vasili Vasílievich Mate o Maté (cirílico ruso: Васи́лий Васи́льевич Матэ́, Virbalis, actualmente Lituania, 1856-Petrogrado, 1917) fue un pintor y grabador ruso.
Gran experto en el grabado en madera y el agua fuerte, no fue autor de muchas obras originales, pero fue uno de los grabadores rusos más importantes del siglo XIX. En 1889, se pasó a la xilografía y retrató a grandes personalidades de la historia y la cultura de Rusia.
Se formó en la Sociedad Imperial de Fomento de las Artes y la Academia Imperial de las Artes de San Petersburgo y más tarde en París con François Pannemaker y Claude Ferdinand Gaillard (1880-1883)​
Fue profesor en la Academia de arte e industria de Stieglitz, y entre sus discípulos figuran Ana Ostroumova-Lebedeva o Valentín Serov.
Balché (bebida)

Balché (en maya: báalcheʼ) es una bebida alcohólica muy común en las antiguas culturas indígenas del Sureste de México y Mesoamérica. Actualmente es empleada por los mayas de la península de Yucatán y es elaborada de la leguminosa del mismo nombre (Lonchocarpus violaceus), de la cual se obtiene un almíbar y agua, los cuales son fermentados para obtener el balché. Otra bebida alcohólica semejante es el xtabentún, el cual se obtiene de la planta llamada "gloria de la mañana" (Turbina corymbosa).
En el libro de Katz​ se dice que "antiguas ceremonias mayas incluían una miel fermentada llamada "balché", la cual es empleada como enema con efecto emborrachador. Quizá debido a su modo de consumo no familiarizado los conquistadores vieron al demonio en el balché, de manera tal que "lo convirtieron en serpientes y gusanos que carcomían el alma de los mayas. Fue prohibido en nombre del cristianismo".
Paris La Défense Arena

Paris La Défense Arena is a multipurpose indoor arena in Nanterre, a western suburb of Paris. Opened in October 2017, it was developed by the rugby union club Racing 92, and replaced Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir as their home. It is Europe's largest indoor arena. Its naming rights are held by Paris La Défense, the management company of the nearby La Défense business district.
The venue offers three separate configurations. In its rugby configuration, it has a nominal seating capacity of 30,681. For concerts, the original capacity was 40,000, but it was upgraded to 45,000 in 2024. Finally, a movable stand allows it also to be used for a variety of indoor sports, at various capacities, with a capacity of as low as 5,000 being possible. The venue also includes 33,000 square metres (360,000 sq ft) of office space, 300 student rooms, and shops, including a club shop, a brewery, and a gourmet restaurant.
It hosted swimming and water polo at the 2024 Summer Olympics and swimming at the 2024 Summer Paralympics.
The arena was originally planned to open in 2014. Still, that date was delayed due to local protests. The venue was initially planned to have a retractable roof, but it was ultimately built with a fixed roof instead.
It eventually opened in October 2017, although Racing 92 played their first home game in the new arena when they hosted Toulouse on 22 December 2017. The arena's working name was changed from "Arena92" to "U Arena"; referencing the configuration of the main stands, and the structure's shape, when viewed from the air, in November 2016. The name was changed a second time to the current Paris La Défense Arena on 12 June 2018. This followed a 10-year naming rights agreement with Paris La Défense. This company manages the nearby La Défense business district.
The Rolling Stones were the first band ever to perform a concert at the venue, closing their Europe-only No Filter Tour, with three shows, on 19, 22, and 25 October 2017. The arena's first rugby union match, took place on 25 November 2017 between France and Japan. On 11 March 2018, the French professional basketball clubs Nanterre 92 and ASVEL Basket, played each other in a LNB Pro A 2017–18 season game. The game had 15,220 in attendance, the highest in the league's history. In 2017, the Paris Supercross moved from Bercy to Nanterre, as the venue could host a more traditional Supercross, compared to an Arenacross configuration. In 2024, ahead of Taylor Swift's four-date stop, as part of The Eras Tour, the capacity was upgraded to 45,000.
Media related to Paris La Défense Arena at Wikimedia Commons
Cabeça de Cuia

Cabeça de Cuia é uma lenda brasileira da região Nordeste, mais precisamente contada no estado do Piauí, ao longo da bacia do rio Parnaíba.
Há várias versões de lendas que envolvem a figura do Cabeça de Cuia. Em uma das lendas mais difundidas trata-se da história de Crispim, um jovem pescador que morava às margens do rio Parnaíba.
A lenda do Cabeça de Cuia ganhou notoriedade no Piauí no final do século XIX.
Em 3 de outubro de 2023, a Assembleia Legislativa do Piauí (Alepi) aprovou um projeto de lei que reconhece a lenda do Cabeça de Cuia como Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial do Piauí. Em 23 de outubro de 2023, o projeto foi sancionado pelo governador do estado, Rafael Fonteles.
O Cabeça de Cuia é uma figura lendária do folclore brasileiro, especialmente do estado do Piauí. A lenda narra a trajetória de Crispim, um jovem magro, cabeludo e oriundo de uma família pobre, que vivia próximo às margens do rio Parnaíba, no município de Teresina, capital do Piauí. Certo dia, ao deparar-se com uma refeição escassa preparada por sua mãe, ele teria se enfurecido e atirado um osso de boi contra a cabeça dela, causando sua morte. Antes de falecer, a mãe o amaldiçoou, condenando-o a vagar dia e noite pelos rios Parnaíba e Poti sob a forma de uma criatura com uma cabeça grande, semelhante a uma cuia, daí o nome "Cabeça de Cuia". A lenda ainda afirma que Crispim só poderia quebrar a maldição após devorar sete moças virgens chamadas Maria. Após ser amaldiçoado, ele teria corrido em direção ao rio Parnaíba e se lançado nas águas, afogando-se. No entanto, seu corpo nunca foi encontrado, alimentando a crença de que ele continua vagando pelos rios da região, procurando virgens, assassinando banhistas e virando embarcações.
Crescentia cujete

Crescentia cujete é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Bignoniaceae. É conhecida popularmente como cuieira, cabaceira, árvore-de-cuia, cuitê, cuité, coité e cabaça.
"Cuitê", "cuité" e "coité" são oriundos do termo tupi kuya e'tê, que significa "cuia verdadeira".
O coité atinge até 12 metros de altura. Possui ramos longos, perenes e cheios de folhas até o fim do galho. Possui folhas que medem até 20 centímetros, de coloração verde escura brilhante, simples, alternadas, inteiras e alongadas. As flores são grandes, solitárias, campanulada com cálice, de cor branco-amarelado e são hermafroditas. Os frutos são de coloração verde-clara, arredondados e medem entre 15 a 30 centímetros de diâmetro.
Quando maduras, apresentam coloração marrom-negro e são bem resistentes, sendo utilizadas como caixa de ressonância em berimbaus (instrumento musical afro-brasileiro) e como recipiente para líquidos. Possuem boa frutificação, dando origem a várias sementes. As frutas frutificam entre os meses de janeiro e agosto. As sementes podem ser consumidas depois de cozidas, possuindo elevado conteúdo proteico.
Originária da América Central, foi introduzida na América do Sul. Seu nome científico é Crescentia cujete L. Pertence à família das Bignoniaceae. Possui ocorrência nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil.
Club Sport Emelec

O Club Sport Emelec, mais conhecido como Emelec, é um clube de futebol profissional equatoriano sediado na cidade de Guayaquil. Disputa a LigaPro Serie A, a principal competição de futebol entre clubes do país, sendo o seu segundo maior vencedor e tendo uma semifinal da Copa Libertadores da América como o seu melhor resultado internacional.
A origem do nome do clube vem do acrônimo de Empresa Eléctrica del Ecuador (Emelec). O superintendente da empresa e entusiasta dos esportes, o norte-americano George Capwell, fundou em 28 de abril de 1929, o Club Sport Emelec na cidade de Guayaquil. As estrelas do escudo representam as 24 províncias do país.
Na Copa Libertadores de 2012 se classificou para as oitavas-de-final, na fase de grupos conseguiu resultados históricos como vencer o Flamengo de Ronaldinho Gaúcho e o Olimpia no Paraguai.
Em homenagem ao fundador do clube, George Capwell, o estádio do clube leva o nome de Estadio George Capwell, com capacidade para 40.000 pessoas.
A rivalidade mais intensa do clube é com o outro time da cidade, o Barcelona. As partidas entre os clubes são conhecidas como El Clásico del Astillero.
Canudo

Canudo ou palhinha (português europeu) é um dispositivo usado para sugar líquido — geralmente uma bebida — de um recipiente, como um copo, para a boca. Um fino tubo de plástico (especialmente poliestireno) ou outro material, reto ou com uma dobradiça próxima a uma das extremidades, é utilizado colocando-se uma ponta na boca e outra no líquido. A ação muscular reduz a pressão interna na boca, o que causa a subida do líquido pelo tubo.
Os primeiros canudos foram feitos pelos sumérios, em 1818, que os utilizavam para beber cerveja, provavelmente para evitar a ingestão dos subprodutos sólidos da fermentação que decantam no fundo do recipiente. Na Argentina e na região dos Pampas, utiliza-se uma variação do canudo chamada bombilla no chimarrão.
Desde 2018 está em tramitação no Senado Federal do Brasil o PLS 263/2018 que tem, dentre seus objetivos a proibição da produção, importação, comercialização e distribuição de canudos plásticos em favor da adoção pela indústria e comércio de alternativas biodegradáveis em todo território nacional. O projeto já foi aprovado pelas comissões de Direitos Humanos e Legislação Participativa e Comissão de Meio Ambiente do Senador Federal e agora aguarda relatório final na Comissão de Assuntos Econômicos.
Em 5 de julho de 2018, a cidade do Rio de Janeiro foi a primeira capital do Brasil a proibir a circulação de canudos plásticos, obrigando os restaurantes, lanchonetes, bares e similares, barracas de praia e vendedores ambulantes do município a usar e fornecer a seus clientes apenas canudos de papel biodegradável e/ou reciclável individualmente.
Em dezembro de 2018, a União Europeia decidiu a proibição, a partir de 2021, de alguns plásticos de utilização única como palhinhas para reduzir a poluição marítima.
Oliver La Farge

Oliver Hazard Perry La Farge (Nova Iorque, 19 de Dezembro de 1901 - Santa Fé, 2 de Agosto de 1963) foi um escritor e antropólogo estadunidense, quiçá melhor conhecido pela sua obra ganhadora do Prémio Pulitzer de Ficção em 1930, Laughing Boy. Baptizado com o nome do seu tio, Oliver H. P. Lafarge, era neto do artista John La Farge, sobrinho do arquitecto Christopher La Farge e pai do cantor e pintor Peter La Farge.
As histórias curtas de La Farge foram publicadas nas revistas The New Yorker e Esquire. Os seus trabalhos mais notáveis, focam a cultura dos nativos americanos dos Estados Unidos.
Iniciou a sua carreira académica na Universidade de Harvard na década de 1920. Foi um antropólogo que descobriu duas línguas até então desconhecidas durante expedições à América Central e ao sudoeste dos Estados Unidos. É bem conhecida a sua viagem pioneira com Frans Blom ao México em 1925, à região hoje conhecida como área nuclear olmeca, redescobrindo o Monumento 1 de San Martín Pajapan e, mais importante, as ruínas de La Venta, um dos principais centros olmecas.
La Farge trabalhou como escritor e antropólogo. Durante 1925, ele viajou com o arqueólogo dinamarquês Frans Blom, que ensinava na Universidade de Tulane, para o que hoje é conhecido como o coração olmeca. Ele (re) descobriu o Monumento 1 de San Martin Pajapan e, mais importante, as ruínas de La Venta, um dos principais centros olmecas.
La Farge dedicou um estudo considerável aos povos e questões indígenas americanas, especialmente depois de se mudar para Santa Fé, Novo México, em 1933.
Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, La Farge serviu no Comando de Transporte Aéreo dos Estados Unidos, terminando o serviço com o posto de major. Ele participou da Batalha pela Groenlândia, comandada pelo Coronel Bernt Balchen. Balchen, junto com Corey Ford e La Farge, escreveu Guerra Abaixo de Zero: A Batalha pela Groenlândia (1944) sobre as ações para defender a Groenlândia.
Caldo de cana

Caldo de cana ou garapa é o líquido extraído da cana-de-açúcar no processo de moagem.
O valor nutricional da cana está diretamente ligado ao seu alto teor de açúcar (40% a 50% de açúcares na matéria seca), uma vez que o seu conteúdo proteico é extremamente baixo, o que lhe confere a característica de ser um alimento muito desbalanceado em relação a seus nutrientes.
A cana é uma planta composta, em média, de 65% a 75% de água, mas seu principal componente é a sacarose, que corresponde de 70% a 91% de substâncias sólidas solúveis. O caldo conserva todos os nutrientes da cana-de-açúcar, entre eles minerais (de 3 a 5%) como ferro, cálcio, potássio, sódio, fósforo, magnésio e cloro, além de vitaminas do complexo B e C. A planta contém ainda glicose (de 2% a 4%), frutose (de 2% a 4%), álcool (0,5% a 0,6%), amido (0,001% a 0,05%) ceras e graxos (0,05% a 0,015%) e corantes, entre 3% a 5%.
Além desses, o caldo de cana é composto por antioxidantes: ácidos fenólicos (cafeico, sináptico e isômeros do ácido clorogênico), flavonoides (apigenina, luteolina e derivados de tricina) e outros compostos fenólicos. O consumo de apenas 250 ml poderia resultar na ingestão de 40 mg de fenólicos representando, dessa forma, uma importante fonte desses compostos antioxidantes na dieta.
Por ser rico em sacarose, é usado como matéria-prima na fabricação de açúcar, etanol e bebidas alcoólicas, como cachaça e rum. O resíduo industrial da cristalização do açúcar é o melaço, ou mel-de-furo., utilizado para fabricação de álcool e cachaça, cujo resíduo final é o vinhoto. É consumido também in natura, como alimento muito energético. É ainda apreciado após iniciado seu processo de fermentação, embora haja controvérsia quanto aos efeitos de tal ingestão no organismo, se benéficos ou não. Neste estado, em fermentação, adquire sabor semelhante ao do aluá, bebida fermentada típica das festas juninas brasileiras, similar ao quentão, como é chamada no Sudeste do país. Também é utilizado como base para a produção de melado e rapadura, alimentos populares na Região Nordeste, Região Sul e Sudeste do Brasil.
O caldo de cana bruto pode ser um risco à saúde dos consumidores devido às condições anti-higiênicas em que é preparado em alguns países com padrões de saúde mais baixos. Existem algumas doenças que podem ser transmitidas pela cana-de-açúcar crua, como a leptospirose. No Brasil, o caldo de cana tem sido associado a casos da doença de Chagas, pois a cana pode conter vestígios de seu patógeno responsável, o protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, deixado por barbeiros (Triatoma infestans) infectados se não for devidamente higienizado.
Beber caldo de cana no Egito pode representar riscos à saúde devido à contaminação com micotoxinas, aflatoxina B1 e fumonisina B1.
Sikhye

Sikhye (também escrito shikhye ou shikeh; às vezes também chamado de dansul ou gamju) é uma bebida doce tradicional coreana feita de arroz e normalmente servida como sobremesa.
Além de seus ingredientes líquidos, sikhye contém grãos de arroz cozido e, em alguns casos, pinhões.
Sikhye é feito despejando água de malte sobre arroz cozido. A água de malte fica a aproximadamente 60 °C, até que os grãos de arroz fiquem na superfície. O líquido é, então, cuidadosamente peneirado e fervido até que fique doce o suficiente (nenhum tipo de açúcar ou adoçante é adicionado à bebida).
Na Coreia do Sul e em mercearias coreanas no exterior, o sikhye é encontrado em versões industrializadas, em latas ou garrafas de plástico. Uma das maiores produtoras sul-coreanas de sikhye é Busan. A maior parte dos sikhye enlatados possuem um resíduo de arroz cozido na parte inferior. O sikhye caseiro é muitas vezes servido após uma refeição, como sobremesa, em restaurantes coreanos.
Existem diversas variações regionais do sikhye. Estes incluem o sikhye de Andong, e yeonyeop ou yeonyeopju, uma variedade de sikhye feita na província de Gangwon. O sikhye de Andong diferencia-se do sikhye normal porque inclui rabanetes, cenouras e pimenta vermelha em pó. Além disso, é fermentado por vários dias, em vez de ser cozido como o sikhye normal. A textura crocante do rabanete se mantém, apesar do longo processo de fermentação; uma textura macia no vegetal indica um produto de qualidade inferior. Enquanto o sikhye enlatado doce ou o servido em restaurantes é apreciado como uma bebida de sobremesa, o de Andong é apreciado como um digestivo, por conter lactobacilos.
Sikhye também é conhecido pelos nomes dansul (단술) e gamju (감주; 甘酒). Ambos os nomes significam "vinho doce". No entanto, eles também são usados para se referir a uma bebida diferente, levemente alcoólica de arroz, chamada gamju.
Sikhye de abóbora é um caldo fervido com abóbora, arroz e malte. Ele é fermentado por vários dias em temperatura adequada. Açúcar é adicionado para que se tenha um gosto doce.
É o sikhye nativo de Andong, Coreia do Sul. Ele é um pouco diferente dos outros sikhye; tem uma cor levemente vermelha, devido à pimenta adicionada.
Acredita-se que o sikhye ajuda na digestão, pois contém fibra alimentar e antioxidantes. Ele era regularmente servido à família real após as refeições para ajudar na digestão.
O sikhye também é útil para aliviar o mal-estar após a ingestão de bebida alcoólica.
Tella

Tella ou Talla (Oromo: farso, tigrínia: suwa ) (em ge'ez: ሰዋ "säwa") é uma bebida tradicional da Etiópia e Eritréia. É feita a partir de vários grãos, tipicamente teff e sorgo. Dependendo da região, cevada, trigo e milho podem ser usados. Temperos também são utilizados, como folhas de gesho. Pode ter um aroma defumado devido utilização de um fermentador que tenha ficado exposto à fumaça de madeira de rosa abissínia. O conteúdo alcoólico é usualmente baixo, em torno de 2% a 6%.
Símbolo sexual

Símbolo sexual (sendo também comum o uso do termo inglês sex symbol) é o indivíduo notório que simboliza o ideal masculino ou feminino no plano da sensualidade e da sexualidade. É todo e qualquer personagem que possua apelo sexual suficiente para ditar comportamentos na sociedade. Alguns exemplos podem ser citados principalmente nos anos 50 onde esse comportamento começou a "nascer" mais fortemente.
Várias atrizes entraram para a história como ícones de sensualidade e beleza, muitas como Rita Hayworth, Marilyn Monroe, Raquel Welch, Brigitte Bardot, Catherine Deneuve, Gina Lollobrigida, Sophia Loren, Grace Kelly, Megan Fox, Angelina Jolie, Audrey Hepburn, Elizabeth Taylor e muitas outras. Assim como muitas figuras masculinas foram grande referência de beleza e sensualidade como Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, Rock Hudson, Paul Newman, Clint Eastwood, Mel Gibson, Rudolph Valentino, Elvis Presley, Richard Gere, James Dean, George Clooney e outros.
Personagens de jogos como Lara Croft se popularizaram como a imagem da "Mulher Perfeita".
Grandes personagens da década de 80 a 90 ficaram consagradas como símbolos de beleza e poder, tais como Jessica Rabbit, Betty Boop, Lola Bunny e outros.
Também modelos famosas foram citadas ao longo dos anos nos mídia como símbolos sexuais, tais como as supermodelos Christie Brinkley, Cindy Crawford e Linda Evangelista, entre outros(as).
Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander

Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander foi uma sonda espacial que deveria ir a Marte em Maio de 2000 após as missões falhas Mars Climate Orbiter e Mars Polar Lander ao final de 1999; a sonda acompanhava a nave Mars Surveyor 2001 Orbiter, renomeada de 2001 Mars Odyssey, e foi lançada em 24 de Outubro de 2001.
A sonda foi construída para a NASA sob contrato da Lockheed Martin. o design básico do pousador da sonda é idêntico ao do Mars Polar Lander, que deveria ser o primeiro da série de pousadores "Mars Surveyor" de baixo custo enviados à Marte. Devido ao cancelamento da missão, custos maiores que o planejado e problemas técnicos causados pelo design do pousador e o rover Anthena planejado foi substituído por um menor, réplica do Sojourner, que era parte integrante da missão Mars Pathfinder. O Anthena só pousou em Marte mais tarde, em dois rovers na missão Mars Exploration Rovers de 2004. O segundo destes, MER-B Opportunity, pousou no alvo que era da Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander, Meridiani Planum.
Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander também deveria levar um instrumento à borto, o MIP (Mars ISPP Precursor), que deveria mostrar a produção de oxigênio a partir da Atmosfera de Marte,, bem como testar a tecnologia de células solares e métodos para mitigar o efeito da poeira marciana nos sistemas de energia.
A sonda em si foi guardada e depois usada como o pousador da missão Phoenix; e se encontra na região polar norte do planeta. A Phoenix leva a bordo três instrumentos que foram originalmente construídos para a missão Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander:
American Herbal Products Association

The American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) is a trade association for the herbal products industry, founded in 1982 and based in Silver Spring, Maryland. Members of AHPA are domestic and foreign companies doing business as growers, processors, manufacturers and marketers of herbs and herbal products. AHPA's membership also includes companies that provide expert services to the herbal trade, including analytical laboratories, insurance providers, non-profit associations, higher education institutions, law firms and more.
AHPA's mission is to promote the responsible commerce of herbal products to ensure that consumers continue to enjoy informed access to a wide variety of herbal goods. It provides a host of resources and services, including:
Every year, AHPA presents its Botanical Congress in conjunction with the Supply Side West trade show held in Las Vegas.
Crescentia

Crescentia (calabash tree, huingo, krabasi, or kalebas) is a genus of six species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America. The species are moderate-size trees growing to 10 m (35 ft) tall, and producing large spherical fruits, with a thin, hard shell and soft pulp, up to 25 cm (10 in) in diameter.
The fruit pulp is used traditionally for respiratory problems. The hard shell can be used for containers, scoops, cups etc.
Six species are accepted.
Calabash (percussion)

In African music, the calabash is a percussion instrument of the family of idiophones consisting of a half of a large calabash gourd, which is struck with the palms, fingers, wrist or objects to produce a variety of percussive sounds.
In Tuareg music, the askalabo is a calabash "partly submerged in water, drummed to mimic camels' hooves".
The calabash can also be used as a sound board: a finger piano (a flat board with a bridge on which prongs are fastened, that are then played with the fingers) can use a calabash for that purpose, and the gongoma is a similar instrument, using saw blades on a bridge affixed over the calabash—the blades are plucked with the fingers, while the player taps the calabash with their other hand.
A calabash can also be used as a resonator, in the case of the umakhweyane, a middle-braced calabash bow.
Hulusi

The hulusi (simplified Chinese: 葫芦丝; traditional Chinese: 葫蘆絲; pinyin: húlúsī), also known as the cucurbit flute and the gourd flute, is a free reed wind instrument from China, Vietnam, and the Shan State, played also by the indigenous people of Assam. It is held vertically and has three bamboo pipes that pass through a Calabash gourd wind chest; the center pipe has finger holes and the outer two are typically drone pipes. It is not uncommon for a hulusi to have only one drone pipe while the second outer pipe is merely ornamental. The drone pipe has a finger hole which allows it to be stopped. Advanced configurations have keyed finger holes similar to a clarinet or oboe, which can greatly extend the range of the hulusi to several octaves.
The hulusi was originally used primarily in the Shan State of Myanmar, Yunnan province in southwest China, and Assam in northeastern India by a number of ethnic-minority groups, in particular the Dai people who call the instrument "pi lamtao" (Chinese: 筚朗叨 or 筚郎叨); the word pi means "woodwind instrument," and the word lamtao comes from namtao, meaning "gourd." Additionally, the Achang call it paileweng (拍勒翁), the De'ang call it wogebao (渥格宝), and the Wa call it baihongliao (拜洪廖).
The hulusi has gained nationwide popularity throughout China and is also used by various indigenous ethnic groups of Assam; similar to the popularity of the harmonica in the West, and "improved" versions have been produced outside the indigenous realms. In Vietnam, the instrument is referred to as the sáo bầu, which means "gourd flute." Like the related free reed pipe called bawu, the hulusi has a very pure, mellow clarinet-like sound.
A similar instrument called hulusheng is a mouth organ with a gourd wind chest.
The instrument's name comes from the Mandarin Chinese word húlu (葫蘆絲/葫芦丝), meaning "Calabash gourd," and si, meaning "silk" (referring to the instrument's smooth tone).HULUSI The instrument is called pi lamtao in the Dai (Tai Nuea) language of Dehong and "pi namtao" in Lue language (Sipsong Panna), Khun language (Kengtung), Yuan language (Northern Thailand), Lao language and Thai language. It is also called Huluxi in Assam.hulusi
Although the hulusi is still predominantly performed in Yunnan (China), Shan State (Myanmar) and Assam it has in recent years been adopted by European composers and performers. Rohan Leach and Jack Reddick from England, Raphaël De Cock from Belgium, Sara Bentes from Brazil, Nadishana from Russia and Herman Witkam from the Netherlands have all taken the instrument in new directions.