Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance

The Treaty of Friendship and Alliance (Traditional Chinese: 中蘇友好同盟條約; Russian: Договор о дружбе и союзе между СССР и Китайской Республикой) was a treaty signed by the National Government of the Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on 14 August 1945, at the time of Japan's surrender. Soviet and Mongolian troops then occupied Inner Mongolia and Manchuria, after they had seized it from the Japanese during World War II.
During the preceding Sino-Soviet negotiations, even though without final consensus on a formal treaty, the Soviets had already launched Soviet invasion of Manchuria on August 9 1945, and, one week later, seized the Allies-recognized Chinese territory of Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (then known as Manchukuo and Mengjiang) from the Japanese Empire.
On 14 August 1945, Republic of China's Foreign Minister Wang Shijie and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signed the treaty in Moscow. In a declaration made in connection with the treaty, China accepted the independence of Outer Mongolia within its previous borders and disavowed any Pan-Mongolist intentions of the occupiers if a referendum on the issue was held. Also, the Soviet Union ceased aiding the Chinese Communist Party and the Ili National Army, which were rebelling in Xinjiang. Both nations also agreed upon joint control of the Chinese Eastern Railway and to facilitate its eventual return to full Chinese sovereignty.
The attached diplomatic notes contained two main provisions: first, that the Soviet army would withdraw completely from Manchuria within three months of signing the treaty; and second, that "in view of the Outer Mongolian people's repeated expressions of their desire for independence, the Republic of China government agrees to hold a referendum to determine Outer Mongolia's independence after Japan's defeat," with no specified time limit. It was also agreed that after the Soviet Union deploys troops to defeat Japan, provided that the Soviet Union respects the Chinese sovereignty and territorial integrity of Manchuria and does not interfere in Xinjiang's internal affairs, the outcome of a fair referendum shall decide whether on China's part to recognize the Mongolian People's Republic. On October 20, 1945, Outer Mongolia held a referendum in which 97% of the citizens voted in favor of the independent sovereignty of the Mongolian People's Republic.
However, in the years followed China noticed that the Soviet Union secretly and continuously supported the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army, which opposed the ruling Kuomintang and the government of the Republic of China. The relation collapsed after the Chinese Communist Party had proclaimed the People's Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, which was recognized by the Soviet Union. The UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 505 on 1 February 1952, which confirmed that the Soviet Union had violated the terms of the treaty by assisting the Chinese Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War.
Documents from the Republic of China regard it as an unequal treaty. On 24 February 1953, the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China which retreated to Taiwan, voted to officially terminate its commitments to the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance as well and rescinded its recognition of the independence of the Mongolian People's Republic.
After the proclamation of the People's Republic of China on the Communist mainland, in 1950 the Soviet Union signed a new treaty with Communist China, the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, which replaced this treaty, as decleared in the new treaty.
In early 1945, the United States, noting that a decisive victory had not yet been achieved in the Pacific theater and that the atomic bomb had not been put successfully to test, estimated that a full defeat of Japan would require the sacrifice of one million American troops and 500,000 British troops. Consequently, US President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, together with Joseph Stalin, at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, demanded that the Soviet Union declare war on Japan after winning its war against Germany. At the conference, Stalin set forth a number of conditions—some of which were critical to, and even compromised, China's interests—as follows:
On March 12, 1945, President Franklin Roosevelt informed Wei Tao-ming, the Chinese ambassador to the United States in Washington, of the main provisions of the Yalta Agreement concerning China:
On April 29, 1945, the US ambassador to China, Patrick J. Hurley, conveyed full contents of the above clauses to Chiang Kai-Shek and Wang Shijie. Hurley emphasized that his report was "based on the oral statements of Roosevelt and on records of discussions between Roosevelt and Stalin, and is entirely accurate." On May 22, Wang Shijie transmitted the contents of these Yalta clauses by telegram to then Chinese Foreign Minister TV Soong, who was in the US attending the founding conference of the United Nations in New York. On June 9 and 13, Soong met twice in Washington with US President Harry Truman to request an explanation from the United States on these clauses with the Soviets. President Truman, after receiving a report from his personal representative Harry Hopkins in Moscow, met on June 9 at the White House with TV Soong and Acting Secretary of State Joseph Grew for discussions. The report, by Harry Hopkins, conveyed his very recent obtaining of Stalin's oral statements to support the Nationalist Government, endorsing Chinese unification under Chiang, and further Soviet guarantees of China's territorial sovereignty in Manchuria. Under the pretext of "maintaining world peace," pressure was then exerted on China, requiring that Soong travel to the Soviet Union no later than July 1, 1945, and that the Chinese government negotiate with the Soviets and sign a "Sino‑Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance." Truman did not give a direct answer regarding the Yalta Agreement clauses concerning China; he underlined to Soong that his primary concern was "how to secure the immediate participation of the Soviet Union in the war effort against Japan, rather than peripheral issues."
Then on June 12, 1945, the Soviet ambassador to China, Apollon Petrov [ru], also visited the National Government Chairman Residence [zh] in Chungking and presented a document outlining "five prerequisite conditions" for the initiation of the Sino-Soviet phase of negotiations. The document stated the following conditions:
If Generalissimo Chiang agreed to these basic prerequisites, the Soviet Union was prepared to immediately begin negotiations on concluding a Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance.