davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Pindad SG1

Pindad SG1 adalah senjata api tipe senapan gentel yang diproduksi oleh PT. Pindad dangan berat bersih 2,850 gram. Senjata ini memiliki laras sepanjang 564 mm dan berat yang cukup lumayan, 3.05 kilogram. Seperti halnya senapan gentel lainnya, senjata ini sebagian terbuat dari kayu pohon kacang kenari yang membuatnya lebih estetik dan nyaman bagi pengguna. Senjata ini dimekanismekan dengan sistem Pengisian peluru dengan gas dan mampu menembakan peluru kaliber besar dengan kapasitas 5 peluru.
Senjata termobarik

Senjata termobarik atau bom vakum adalah senjata yang menyedot oksigen dari sekitar untuk menghasilkan ledakan bersuhu tinggi. Senjata ini memiliki beraneka ragam ukuran, dari granat berpeluncur roket yang dapat ditenteng hingga versi besar yang dapat diluncurkan oleh pesawat tempur. Senjata termobarik pernah digunakan oleh Amerika Serikat saat Perang Vietnam serta oleh Uni Soviet saat invasi Afganistan.
Bom konvensional pada umumnya terdiri dari bahan bakar dan oksidator. Senjata termobarik hampir seluruhnya terdiri dari bahan bakar, sehingga energi yang dihasilkan juga lebih besar. Karena membutuhkan oksigen, senjata ini tidak dapat digunakan di dalam air, di wilayah yang terlalu tinggi, dan saat cuaca buruk.
Pindad G2

Pindad G2 adalah senjata api tipe pistol yang diproduksi oleh PT. Pindad.
Pistol G2 Combat memiliki panjang laras 4.5 inci (11 cm) dan berat 0.9 kg.
G2 Combat digunakan oleh Angkatan Darat Indonesia dan Laos.
G2 Elite memiliki panjang laras 5 inci (12 cm) dan berat 1 kg.
G2 Premium memiliki panjang laras 5 inci (12 cm).
Museum Perjuangan Rakyat Jambi

Museum Perjuangan Rakyat Jambi merupakan salah satu museum di Indonesia yang terletak di Kota Jambi, Provinsi Jambi.
Museum ini berada di Jl. Sultan Agung Lap. Banteng No. 12, Murni, Kec. Telanaipura, Kota Jambi, Jambi 36124 atau di seberang Masjid Agung Al-Falah Jambi. Museum terletak sekitar 8,3 km dari Bandar Udara Sultan Thaha, 2,4 km dari Museum Siginjai dan 2,6 km dari Simpang Terminal Wire.
Museum ini didirikan pada tahun 1993 yang diprakarsai oleh Dewan Harian Daerah Angkatan 45 (DHD 45) dan Pemerintah Daerah Propinsi Jambi. Pada tanggal 6 Juni 1993, dilaksanakan peletakan batu pertama yang dilakukan oleh Ketua Legiun Veteran Republik Indonesia, Letnan Jenderal Achmad Tharir dan pada 10 Juli 1997, Museum Perjuangan Rakyat Jambi diresmikan secara simbolis oleh Presiden yang menjabat saat itu, yaitu Soeharto. Museum ini dibangun sebagai wujud dari pentingnya bangunan sebagai monumen dalam mengenang sejarah perjuangan rakyat Jambi semasa Pergerakan Nasional dan Kemerdekaan Indonesia.
Di dalam museum terdapat berbagai macam benda peninggalan rakyat Jambi pada masa perjuangan. Benda-benda tersebut berupa:
Bagi masyarakat yang ingin berkunjung ke Museum Perjuangan Rakyat Jambi bisa dilakukan pada hari kerja. Pada hari senin pukul 08.00 sampai pukul 14.30. Pada hari jumat museum buka pada jam 08.00 sampai pukul 11.000. Pada hari sabtu dan minggu dibuka pada pukul 08.00 sampai 13.00.
Kudi (knife)

A kudi or kudhi is a bladed tool from Banyumas, Indonesia.
Like a parang, a kudi only has one sharp edge, however, it has a rather curved shape blade tip like a sickle, with an enlarged base. Similarly to the parang, kudi can be used to chop or cut wood and bamboo. Kudi with a slimmer blade may be used as a weapon. The hilt is usually made of wood that is at least as long as the blade. Some kudi blades are also fitted to a spear handle. In spear form, the length of the handle is usually between 65–180 cm (26–71 in).
The kujang is often considered a development of the kudi. It is said that the word "kujang" came from "kudi hyang" (Gods' kudi). Banyumas version of Bagong puppet figures, called Bawor, depicted carrying a kudi (called curiga) as a weapon. Kudi is considered one of the cultural identities of the Banyumas people. The kudi is typically worn as part of the Banyumasan traditional attire by girding on the back of the waist.
圓桌騎士 (遊戲)

《圓桌騎士》（日语：ナイツ オブ ザ ラウンド，英语：Knights of the Round，中国大陆和香港译作“圆桌骑士”，台湾译作“圓桌武士”），是日本游戏公司卡普空于1991年制作和发行的街機横向卷轴类清版动作游戏。这款中世纪风格的动作游戏，不同于以往的横杆闯关游戏，带上了一些RPG的要素，这是《圆桌骑士》非常罕见的一大特色。随着游戏中分数的增加（最高為16級），角色们会升级并且改变外观，攻击力也会增强。可以将补血道具、奖分道具斩开为几份的设定也独具匠心，紅震能把屏內敵人變成分數，綠震能把屏內敵人變成補血（對魔王無效）；紅杖所有人升一級，綠杖自己升一級，且均會加滿血（滿級吃只有加血效果）；馬頭雕像為召喚一匹馬；白銀雕像就是加一命；黃金雕像就是加兩命。重斩和防御使用恰当与否也是能否通关的关键所在。與1992年卡普空推出的街機遊戲《吞食天地II 赤壁之戰》一樣，可以騎馬戰鬥。
主角是傳說中的英國國王亞瑟和他的圓桌武士。時值羅馬帝國滅亡、歐洲大陸風起雲湧之際，盎格魯-撒克遜人大舉入侵不列顛群島；在戰爭即將爆發的英格蘭，一直在訓練自己要成為一名偉大騎士的青年亞瑟（Arthur），從岩石上拔出了傳說的王者之剑（聖劍Excalibur），據說只要拔出它將來會成為國王。魔法師梅林（Merlin）對亞瑟（Arthur）說：“任何能夠拔出聖劍Excalibur的勇士，據說只要找到聖杯，就能擁有平定亂世、統治這個世界的力量。”，亞瑟（Arthur）說：“我會找到的。”，因此亞瑟與他的兩位騎士蘭斯洛特（Lancelot）和珀西瓦里（Percival），尋找聖杯、起身反抗撒克遜人的旅程（戰鬥）開始了。最終擊退強敵、統一了不列顛群島，成就了不朽的霸業。
1965年新加坡独立协议

《1965年新加坡独立协议》（英語：Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965；法語：Accord de 1965 sur l'indépendance de Singapour）是马来西亚联邦政府与新加坡政府于1965年8月7日达成的一项协议，该协议授予新加坡州从马来西亚联邦独立。英国国会随后也依据本协议通过1966年新加坡法令（英语：Singapore Act 1966），承认新加坡为独立的主权国家，并接纳新加坡成为英联邦成员国之一。
根据协议，新加坡即于1965年8月9日从马来西亚完全独立，成为一个独立的主权国家。
1963年9月16日，马来亚联合邦、北婆罗洲（沙巴）、砂拉越和新加坡共同组建马来西亚联邦。新加坡英属时期结束，成为马来西亚的一个州。这象征着英国对新加坡自1819年史丹福·莱佛士促成现代新加坡的建立起、长达144年的统治正式结束。
然而，新加坡州与马来西亚联邦政府在经济、财政、政治上的意见经常相左。1964年马来西亚大选中，以新加坡州为根据地的人民行动党参加大选，被联邦政府的执政党马来民族统一机构（巫统）视为对马来人至上的政治系统的威胁。同年在新加坡州发生牵涉到华人社群和马来人社群的大型种族骚乱。1965年芳林区补选（英语：Hong Lim by-election, 1965）中，人民行动党的对手社会主义阵线参选，受到巫统的支持。1965年，时任马来西亚首相东姑阿都拉曼决定将新加坡州从联邦中除名。马来西亚国会于1965年通过紧急修宪将新加坡州逐出马来西亚联邦。同年8月9日，新加坡州正式独立，成立新加坡共和国。
马来西亚联邦政府代表
新加坡政府代表
ONE PIECE用語列表

ONE PIECE用語列表列出漫畫《ONE PIECE》中，地理、組織、動植物、物件及特別用語等的介紹。
世界被劃分為藍海、白海、白白海、月球。
藍海被紅土大陸（赤い土の大陸（レッドライン），Red Line）和偉大航道（偉大なる航路（グランドライン），Grand Line）成X形交叉分成4等份，分別東海（東の海，イーストブルー，East Blue）、西海（西の海，ウエストブルー，West Blue）、南海（南の海，サウスブルー，South Blue）和北海（北の海，ノースブルー，North Blue）。
分布：偉大航道（Grand Line）被紅土大陸（Red Line）分割成兩段，分別是偉大航道前半部（樂園）和偉大航道後半部（新世界），偉大航道和4大海之間還有無風帶（是巨大海王類的棲身之所）。東海（East Blue）和南海（South Blue）就是分布在偉大航道前半部旁兩側的海域。西海（West Blue）和北海（North Blue）就是分布在偉大航道後半部（新世界）旁兩側的海域。
由賓什莫克家率領的邪惡組織“杰爾馬66”曾橫行於北海，後來改編成《世界經濟新聞》（世界経済新聞）刊載的連環漫畫“大海戰士索菈”。
北海著名的出身者有賓什莫克·香吉士、托拉法爾加·羅、巴吉魯·霍金斯、X·多雷古、貝拉密海賊團、唐吉訶德海賊團、杰爾馬66、 阿鶴、盃、波爾薩利諾，其他角色請參見ONE PIECE角色列表#北海。
垂直於偉大航道，將世界的海洋分為兩部分的環狀大陸，因外表為紅色的土壤覆蓋而得其名。
未知地域的地方。
大監獄牢番
霸氣（日语：覇気／はき）是根據「冥王」席爾巴斯·雷利的解釋，霸氣是ONE PIECE世界中所有人類（在動畫原創更是有動物會使用）都擁有的潛在力量，這種力量是與生俱來的能力，和「氣勢」、「威懾力」相同，就像本能一樣存在著；但是，絕大部份的人都不能意識到這種力量，或是終其一生也無法發揮出來。
霸氣大致分為「見聞色」、「武裝色」和「霸王色」3種，除了「霸王色」外，一般人可以透過修煉激發獲得這種力量，還可以不斷修煉增強。而在海軍中，中將以上級別的將校均具有霸氣，而在海賊中，亞馬遜百合的居民大多也皆能掌握霸氣，而九蛇海賊團的成員及護國戰士亦能靈活運用。
六式（日语：六式／ろくしき）為六種體技的合稱，為超越人類體能極限的超人體術，能用人體就與武器匹敵。世界政府直屬秘密間諜機關的CP9和CP0成員都必須具備六式技能，雖然要經過嚴格的鍛鍊才能習得，但其中也有少數人僅看過一次就能抓到訣竅。除CP9和CP0以外，海賊與海軍之中也有些人物會使用其中招式。
生命歸還（日语：生命帰還／せいめいきかん）是可以自由的控制身體、頭髮、內臟，只要把意識灌進去後，就可以自由控制任何地方。確定會有使用的有羅布·路基和偎取。類推鬼蜘蛛、波雅·桑塔索妮雅、波雅·瑪莉哥德都有運用頭髮當作武器。
是世界政府對犯罪者（例如海賊）所進行通緝的賞金。
青雉曾提到，懸賞金額的多寡並不只是代表被懸賞之人有多強悍，同時也代表著那個人對政府造成的「危險度」或「威脅度」有多高。「海俠」吉貝爾曾提到，懸賞金額一旦超過三億，則在一般的狀況下上漲的速度也就會跟著變慢，因此賞金比較不容易上漲。若海賊成為王下七武海，本人及手下懸賞金額會暫時終止，僅保留舊紀錄，若稱號取消則懸賞金會恢復或增加；目前王下七武海制度已被世界政府廢止，全員及其手下恢復懸賞被圍捕。
懸賞單上通常寫著「DEAD OR ALIVE（生死不論）」，不過因為世界政府希望對目標進行公開處刑好增加威信的緣故，所以在被懸賞者已亡的情況下得到的賞金會減少三成。此外，香吉士曾是「ONLY ALIVE（必需活捉）」的懸賞者。百獸海賊團的招牌上將KING、QUEEN、JACK以及BIG MOM海賊團將星夏洛特·卡塔克利的懸賞單則有「REWARD（獎勵）」的字眼，目前原因不明。「海賊王」哥爾·D·羅傑為海賊史上懸賞金額最高的海賊。
ONE PIECE角色懸賞金額排名
名字中間有「D」字的人，被認為是擁有「D的意志」並撼動世界的一族，每個人對其稱呼都有所不同，Dr.古蕾娃稱「D的意志」，妮可·羅賓則稱「擁有D之名的人」。似乎是空白的100年被滅亡的人們。某片土地上的人們將此族視為怪物般的存在，將其稱為「神的天敵」，其中「神」可能是指天龍人，即此族的人一出生下來就有要跟天龍人對抗到底的命運。故事中目前出現過多位「D的一族」的人物，目前已知伊姆、羅傑、雷利、白鬍子和戰國知曉「D的意志」的真相。而Dr.古蕾娃與唐吉訶德·羅希南特似乎也知道某些「D的意志」的事情。
港台各地的語言、漫畫出版社、播出動畫的電視台有差別，所以中文譯名也會有差別。本列表提供日文、英文以及港台兩地，《ONE PIECE》部分的地理和專有名詞的譯名。
National Pledge (Singapore)

The National Pledge is an oath of allegiance to the Republic of Singapore. It is commonly recited by Singaporeans in unison at public events, especially in schools, in the Singapore Armed Forces and during the National Day Parade.
The National Pledge was written by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam in 1966 shortly after Singapore's independence. Rajaratnam revealed that the dream was to build "a Singapore we are proud of". He believed that language, race and religion were divisive factors, but the Pledge emphasises that these differences can be overcome if Singaporeans cared enough about their country. The draft text was handed to the then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, who polished the text before submitting it to the Cabinet. The finalised pledge was first recited on 24 August 1966 by students of all state schools.
The Singapore government's guidelines for the use of the pledge are:
Sri Lanka hanging parrot

The Sri Lanka hanging parrot (Loriculus beryllinus) is a small parrot which is a resident endemic breeder in Sri Lanka.
The Sri Lanka hanging parrot is a small hanging parrot that is 13 cm long with a short tail. The adult has a red crown and rump. The nape and back have on orange tint. The chin and throat are pale blue. The beak is red and the irises are white.
Immature birds lack the orange hue to the back, have a duller rump, and have only a hint of orange on the crown. They have a faint blue throat. They have orange beaks and brown irises.
Sri Lanka hanging parrot is less gregarious than some of its relatives, and is usually alone or in small groups outside the breeding season. Its flight is swift and direct, and the call is a sharp whistled twiwittwit..twitwitwit. It undergoes local movements, driven mainly by the availability of the fruit, seeds, buds and blossoms that make up its diet.
Sri Lanka hanging parrot is a bird of open forest. It is strictly arboreal, never descending to the ground. It nests in holes in trees, laying 2–3 eggs.Females are involved in building the nest while males mostly remain close, observing the females.Breeding season includes the first part of the year and sometimes July-september.
In Sri Lanka, this bird is known as Gira Maliththa - ගිරාමලිත්තා or Pol Girwa - පොල් ගිරවා in Sinhala language. The hanging parrot appears in a 15 cent Sri Lankan postage stamp. This bird also appears on the 1000 Sri Lankan rupee bank note (2010 series).
Crimson-fronted barbet

The crimson-fronted barbet (Psilopogon rubricapillus), also called Sri Lanka barbet, is an Asian barbet endemic to Sri Lanka where it inhabits tropical moist lowland forests up to 1,300 m (4,300 ft) elevation.
The crimson-fronted barbet was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the puffbirds in the genus Bucco and coined the binomial name Bucco rubricapillus. The specific epithet combines the Latin ruber meaning "red" with -caillus meaning "-capped" or "-crowned". Gmelin based his description on the "red-crowned barbet" that had been described and illustrated in 1776 by the English illustrator and naturalist Peter Brown. The crimson-fronted barbet is now one of 33 species placed in the genus Psilopogon that was introduced in 1836 by Salomon Müller. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
In Sri Lanka, this bird is known as heen kottoruwa-හීන් කොට්ටෝරුවා in Sinhala language.
The crimson-fronted barbet has a mainly green plumage and wings, a blue band down the side of the head and neck, and a black crescent behind the eye. It is 15 cm (5.9 in) long with a short neck, large head and short tail. Its forages for fruit and insects, and nests in tree holes, laying 2-4 eggs.
Layard's parakeet

Layard's parakeet or the emerald-collared parakeet, (Psittacula calthrapae) is a parrot which is a resident endemic breeder in Sri Lanka. The common name of this bird commemorates the British naturalist Edgar Leopold Layard; his first wife, Barbara Anne Calthrop, whom he married in 1845, is commemorated in the specific epithet.
Layard's parakeet is a green parrot, 29 cm (11 in) long including a tail up to 13 cm (5.1 in). The adult has a bluish-grey head and back, separated by a green collar. There is a broad black chin stripe and the tail is blue tipped yellow. The upper mandible of the male's bill is red and the lower mandible is brown.
The female is similar, but has an all black beak and less green on the face than the male. Immature birds are mainly green, with an orange bill.
Layard's parakeet is a bird of forests, particularly at the edges and in clearings, and also gardens. It is locally common. It undergoes local movements, driven mainly by the availability of the fruit, seeds, buds and blossoms that make up its diet. It is less gregarious than some of its relatives, and is usually in small groups outside the breeding season, when it often feeds with brahminy starlings. Its flight is swift and direct, and the call is a raucous chattering. It nests in holes in large trees, laying 3–4 white eggs.
In Sri Lanka, this bird is knowns as alu girawa අළු ගිරවා (ash-parrot) in Sinhala. This bird appears on a 50c Sri Lankan postal stamp. Also this bird appears in 500 Sri Lankan rupee bank note (2010 series).
List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan civil war

During the Sri Lankan Civil War militant groups, paramilitary groups and government security forces were accused of assassinating many public figures on suspicion of being sympathizers or informants, in retaliation for killings and attacks, to eliminate competition from rival groups, or to stifle dissent. The following is a list of notable assassinations of the Sri Lankan Civil War, attributed by various self-admissions, NGOs, United Nations agencies, foreign governments, and the state-owned media of Sri Lanka
The Sri Lankan Civil War was in a conflict on the island-nation of Sri Lanka. Between 1983 and 2009 there was an intermittent civil war, predominantly between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a separatist militant organisation who during this time fought for the creation of an independent state named Tamil Eelam in the North and East of the island. The UN has estimated that up to 100,000 people (combatants and civilians) may have been killed during the 26 years of fighting. The civil war has caused significant harm to the population and economy of the country, as well as leading to the ban of the LTTE as a terrorist organisation in 32 countries including the United States, Australia, the countries of the European Union and Canada. The war ended in May 2009 when the Sri Lankan military defeated the LTTE. Numerous human rights violations have been committed by both the Sri Lankan military and the LTTE, including the assassination of individuals by both sides. A majority of the notable figures on this list were members of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka, and in many instances were allegedly assassinated by the LTTE for taking moderate political stances, or for rejecting militant action and attempting to engage in the democratic process in Sri Lanka.
Battle of Kandalur Salai

The battle of Kandalur salai (c. 988 CE), also spelled Kanthaloor salai, was a naval engagement of the Cholas under Rajaraja I (985—1014 CE) against the "salai" at Kandalur in south Kerala. The exact location of Kandalur—somewhere south Kerala—is a subject of scholarly debate. The above (988 CE) event is sometimes assumed to be identical with the "conquest of Vizhinjam by a general of Rajaraja [I]", before the "burning of Lanka", described in the Tiruvalangadu Grant/Plates.
The phrase "Kandalur salai kalamarutta" is again used as a title with distinction of three other Chola emperors also (Rajendra, Rajadhiraja and Kulottunga).
The "salais" were considered prized possessions as they are claimed to have been sacked by many kings of South India. The character of the salais was re-examined in the 1970 paper 'Kantalur Salai-New Light on Brahmin Expansion in South India' by historian M. G. S. Narayanan.
Different views were expressed by early scholars regarding the character of "salai" (such as a naval base (or) a military training centre (or) a cantonment (or) an ammunition depot).
The exact location of Kandalur is a subject of scholarly debate. It is possible the original Kandalur salai was located near the Ay headquarters Vizhinjam and the deity was later shifted to Trivandrum (after the Chola raids of the 10th-11th centuries).
As per historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, the capture was the first military achievement of Emperor Rajaraja's reign. The success was summed up in the famous phrase "Kandalur salai kalamarutta", which precedes Rajaraja's name in several of his inscriptions from the 4th regnal year (988 CE) onwards.
A hero stone inscription, dated to the 14th regnal year of Rajaraja I, was unearthed from Chengam, Tiruvannamalai in November, 2009. It supports the view that a military engagement indeed took place at Kandalur. It has a eulogy that talks about Rajaraja I, "who defeated the Nolambas, the Gangas and the Vengai Nadu", "beheading the Malai Alarkal of Kandalur Salai". According to the newspaper report, it also describes that Rajaraja I built a mantapa platform there, that he [Rajaraja I] split in two a naval vessel belonging to the Chera king and that he destroyed a number of "boats".
Corrections by M. G. S. Narayanan on K. A. Nilakanta Sastri are employed.
Daftar nama burung endemik Sulawesi

Sulawesi memiliki keragaman burung yang relatif miskin, kurang lebih 120 spesies lebih sedikit dibandingkan pulau lebih yang kecil seperti Pulau Jawa. Namun Sulawesi menjadi salah satu daerah konservasi penting di Indonesia karena mendukung tingkat endemisitas burung yang tinggi. Tercatat 12 genus burung adalah endemik di Sulawesi.
Daftar di bawah ini adalah daftar jenis burung endemik di kawasan biogeografi Sulawesi. Walaupun secara administratif Kepulauan Sula adalah Kabupaten di Provinsi Maluku Utara, tetapi secara biogeografi kepulauan ini memiliki persamaan fauna yang lebih dekat dengan Sulawesi.
Dalam taksonomi burung Sibley–Ahlquist berdasarkan studi hibridisasi DNA - DNA oleh Charles Sibley dan Jon Edward Ahlquist, famili Bucerotidae dipisahkan dari ordo Coraciiformes menempati ordo sendiri, yaitu Bucerotiformes.
Anis sulawesi

Anis sulawesi (Cataponera turdoides) adalah spesies burung dalam famili Turdidae. Burung ini endemik di Indonesia dan hanya di temukan di hutan dataran tinggi Pulau Sulawesi di atas ketinggian 1100 meter dari permukaan laut.
Burung Anis Sulawesi atau Sulawesi Thrush tergolong jenis burung berukuran sedang dengan panjang tubuhnya berkisar antara 20–25 cm. Bulu tubuhnya secara umum terlihat berwarna coklat dan seperti bertudung. Mahkota berwarna coklat tua dengan garis berwarna hitam di atas mata. Paruh dan lingkaran mata berwarna jingga. Termasuk kulit kaki yang juga berwarna jingga.
Anis Sulawesi adalah burung endemik Sulawesi. Burung pengicau dari famili Turdidae hanya bisa dijumpai di pulau Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Tengah, dan Sulawesi Barat. Hingga saat ini diakui empat subspesies (ras) burung Anis ini yaitu:
Habitat burung Anis Sulawesi adalah hutan pegunungan dataran tinggi pada ketinggian antara 1100 hingga 2400 meter dpl. Biasa ditemukan hidup sendiri atau dalam kelompok kecil yang terdiri kurang dari empat individu.
Populasi burung anis (Cataponera turdoides) secara keseluruhan belum diketahui dengan pasti. Meskipun merupakan burung endemik dengan daerah persebaran yang terbatas namun Birdlife International meyakini populasinya masih aman.
Maka dari itu Daftar Merah IUCN mendaftarkan burung ini dalam kategori spesies Least Concern (Resiko Rendah). Dan di Indonesia ini, burung Anis ini tidak termasuk burung yang dilindungi.
Ayam-ayaman

Burung Ayam-ayaman (Gallicrex cinerea) adalah burung rawa dari keluarga Rallidae. Burung ini adalah spesies satu-satunya dari genus Gallicrex.
Habitat burung ini adalah rawa-rawa di Asia Selatan, Tenggara hingga Timur. Persebarannya meliputi rawa-rawa di Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Filipina, China sampai Jepang. Mereka bersarang dan bertelur di atas tanah di antara tanaman rawa, sebanyak 3-6 butir telur. Burung terbesar dari keluarga Rallidae ini adalah burung penetap dalam kawasan sebaran biologisnya.
Tubuh burung rawa ini dapat dipipihkan agar dapat bergerak melalui celah-celah akar bakau atau semak-semak. Burung ini memiliki jari kaki yang panjang dan ekor yang pendek.
Burung Ayam-ayaman dewasa jantan berukuran panjang 43 cm (17 in) dan berat 476–650 g (1,049–1,433 pon). Umumnya burung ini memiliki bulu tubuh berwarna hitam-kelabu dengan kaki, paruh, pelindung kepala dan tanduk berwarna kemerahan. Pejantan muda berwarna lebih tegas, yang semakin menghitam seiring usia. Paruhnya kuning dan telurnya berwarna hijau.
Betinanya berukuran lebih kecil yaitu panjang 36 cm (14 in) dan berat 298–434 g (10,5–15,3 oz). Bereka berwarna cokelat gelap dan lebih pucat. Bulunya terdapat pola garis-garis gelap. Paruhnya berwarna kuning dan kakinya berwarna hijau. Bulu anakannya berwarna kehitaman sebagaimana semua keluarga Rallidae.
Burung ini mencari makan dengan memasukan paruhnya ke dalam lumpur atau air dangkal, mereka juga mematuk mangsanya segera begitu terlihat. Mangsanya kebanyakan adalah serangga, ikan kecil, dan biji-bijian. Mereka mencari-cari mangsa di atas permukaan dengan cara menggaruk-garuk tanah. Burung Ayam-ayaman adalah burung yang waspada dan sering bersembunyi, tetapi kadang terlihat di alam terbuka. Mereka adalah burung yang bersuara nyaring, terutama pada saat subuh dan maghrib dengan suara kokokan yang nyaring.
Flamingo

Flamingo adalah spesies burung berkaki panjang yang hidup berkelompok. Kata flamingo berasal dari kata Spanyol 'flamengo', bentuk awal dari 'flamenco'. Kata-kata ini berasal dari kata Latin flamma, yang berarti 'api'. Mereka berasal dari genus Phoenicopterus dan familia Phoenicopteridae. Burung ini ditemukan di belahan bumi barat dan timur, tetapi lebih banyak terdapat di belahan timur. Habitat burung ini terdiri dari danau dangkal yang besar, laguna, hutan bakau, dan pulau-pulau berpasir. 4 spesies flamingo di Amerika dan 2 jenis flamingo di Dunia Lama.
Flamingo sering kali berdiri dengan satu kaki. Alasan mengenai hal ini tidaklah banyak diketahui. Ada yang mengatakan bahwa flamingo memiliki kemampuan untuk membuat setengah bagian tubuhnya berada dalam keadaan tidur dengan posisi sedemikian rupa, tetapi hal ini belum cukup terbukti. Ada yang mengatakan bahwa posisi berdiri dengan satu kaki untuk menjaga agar kaki tidak basah, dengan maksud mengonservasi energi. Karena berdiri di atas perairan, flamingo menggunakan kaki berjaring mereka yang juga digunakan untuk mengaduk lumpur demi mencari makanan.
Flamingo muda keluar dari telur dengan warna abu-abu, tetapi flamingo dewasa memiliki warna bervariasi dari merah muda hingga merah cerah karena bakteri akuatik dan beta karoten yang terkandung dalam makanan mereka. Flamingo yang makan cukup memiliki warna yang lebih cerah dan menarik sehingga mudah dalam menarik pasangannya. Sedangkan flamingo pucat atau putih umumnya tidak sehat dan malagizi. Flamingo yang ditangkarkan umumnya memiliki warna merah muda pucat karena asupan beta karoten yang didapatkan tidak sebanyak yang didapatkan kerabat mereka di alam liar. Hal inilah yang mengubah perilaku pengurus kebun binatang untuk memberi makan udang kepada flamingo seperti di alam liar.
Ukuran flamingo dewasa berkisar antara 36—50 inci tinggi, dengan lebar sayap sekitar 60 inci, dan rata-rata berat mereka sekitar 8,75 kg. Namun, statistik ini berbeda untuk spesies flamingo yang berbeda. Burung ini memiliki tampilan khusus seperti itu, dalam suatu keadaan tertentu flamingo akan berwarna merah muda. Mereka memiliki leher panjang, berliku-liku, kaki yang panjang.
Flamingo menyaring air untuk mendapatkan udang. Paruh mereka yang berbentuk sedemikian rupa beradaptasi untuk menyaring air dan lumpur untuk mendapatkan makanan. Struktur lamellae, yang juga terdapat pada burung akuatik penyaring makanan lainnya, terdapat dalam paruh mereka dan membantu proses penyaringan. Warna merah muda cerah mereka dikarenakan beta karoten yang terdapat dalam makanan mereka. Udang dan alga biru-hijau adalah sumber beta karoten yang umum didapatkan flamingo.
Burung madu sepah raja

Burung-madu sepah-raja (bahasa Latin: Aethopyga siparaja) adalah spesies burung dari keluarga Nectariniidae, dari genus Aethopyga. Burung ini merupakan jenis burung pemakan nektar, serangg dan memiliki habitat di semak, perkebunan, hutan. tersebar sampai ketinggian 800–900 m dpl.
Burung-madu sepah-raja memiliki tubuh berukuran sedang (13 cm).
Burung jantan: Warna merah terang. Dahi dan ekor pendek ungu. Perut lebih abu-abu gelap.
Burung betina: Hijau tua zaitun tua buram. Tanpa sapuan merah pada sayap atau ekor. Iris gelap, paruh kehitaman, kaki kebiruan. Hidup sendirian atau berpasangan. Mengunjungi semak atau pohon yang berbunga.
Sepah Raja jantan ketika masih muda sudah memiliki perbedaan yang mencolok. Bulu leher Sepah Raja jantan berwarna merah sedangkan betina ijo polos.
Burung ini membuat sarang berbentuk kantong, menggantung dekat permukaan tanah, pada tepi hutan atau belukar sekunder. Telur berwarna merah jambu, berbintik, jumlah 2 butir. Berbiak sepanjang tahun.
Kekep babi

Kekep babi (bahasa Latin: Artamus leucorynchus) adalah spesies burung dari keluarga Artamidae, dari genus Artamus. Burung ini merupakan jenis burung pemakan serangga kecil, kumbang, leba dan memiliki habitat di pesisir, sawah, kebun, tegalan, hutan sekunder. tersebar sampai ketinggian 1.500 m dpl.
Kekep babi memiliki tubuh berukuran sedang. Panjang tubuhnya mencapai 18 cm. Bentuk tubuh kekep babi mirip dengan burung layang-layang. Warna tubuhnya campuran antara abu-abu dan putih. Paruh abu-abu kebiruan besar. Kepala, dagu, punggung, sayap dan ekor abu-abu gosong. Tunggir dan Tubuh bagian bawah putih bersih. Perbedaan dengan Layang-layang: saat terbang sayap segitiga lebar, ekor persegi. Iris coklat, paruh abu-abu kebiruan, kaki abu-abu. Bertengger di pohon kering, kabel, tiang. Terbang melingkar untuk berburu serangga. Terbang seperti Layang-layang, melayang tanpa mengepakkan sayap. Duduk berdekatan, menelisik dan menggoyangkan ekor. Sarang dari ranting, akar, rumput, pada sudut cabang pohon gundul. Tercatat bersarang pada menara besi yang tinggi. Telur berwarna krem, berbintik abu-abu dan coklat, jumlah 2-3 butir. Berbiak pada bulan April-Agustus.
Pelanduk sulawesi

Pelanduk sulawesi (Trichastoma celebense) adalah jenis burung pengicau dalam famili Timaliidae. Burung ini endemik di pulau Sulawesi. Habitatnya di tegalan hingga hutan. Bernama lokal Burung Pote (Bahasa Makassar) bermakna cerewet atau rajin berbunyi khususnya di pagi dan sore hari menjelang malam. Pelanduk Sulawesi mulai hilang di beberapa wilayah di Sulawesi, khususnya area pemungkiman akibat habitat yang rusak dan kurangnya perhatian menjaga lingkungan dan burung serta satwa liar.
2. https://rumahhijaudenassa.org/burung-pote/
Burung hantu kecil

Burung hantu kecil (Athene noctua) adalah spesies Burung hantu yang mendiami sebagian besar bagian Eropa yang beriklim sedang dan lebih hangat, timur ke Korea, dan Afrika Utara. Itu diperkenalkan ke Inggris pada akhir abad kesembilan belas dan ke Pulau Selatan Selandia Baru pada awal abad kedua puluh.
Burung hantu ini adalah anggota dari keluarga burung hantu yang khas atau benar, Strigidae, yang berisi sebagian besar spesies burung hantu, pengelompokan lainnya adalah burung hantu gudang, Tytonidae. Ini adalah spesies kecil, berwarnacryptically, terutama nokturnal dan ditemukan di berbagai habitat termasuk tanah pertanian, pinggiran hutan, stepa dan semi-gurun.
Sulawesi ground dove

The Sulawesi ground dove (Gallicolumba tristigmata), also known as the yellow-breasted ground dove, is a medium-sized (approximately 35 cm), ground-dwelling dove. It is mostly olive-brown with a golden forehead, iridescent bluish-green crown and nape, purple patch on the side of the neck, yellow breast, dark brown tail, white underparts, and red legs. Both sexes are similar.
An Indonesian endemic, this elusive species is distributed in primary rainforests of Sulawesi in Wallacea. The Sulawesi ground dove is a terrestrial bird. Its diet consists mainly of seeds and fallen fruits. The female lays a single white egg.
The Sulawesi ground dove is evaluated as of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Sulawesi crow

The Sulawesi crow (Corvus celebensis) is a passerine bird in the crow family Corvidae that is endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. It was formerly considered as conspecific with the Sunda crow with the combined taxa known as the slender-billed crow.
The Sulawesi crow was formally described in 1936 by the German ornithologist Erwin Stresemann based on a specimen collected near the village of Rurukan in northern Celebes (now Sulawesi). He considered the specimen to be a subspecies of the Sunda crow and coined the trinomial name Corvus enca celebensis. It is now separated as a distinct species based on vocal and genetic differences. With the split the name of Corvus enca was changed from "slender-billed crow" to "Sunda crow".
Two subspecies are recognised:
Sulawesi dwarf kingfisher

The Sulawesi dwarf kingfisher (Ceyx fallax) is a species of bird in the family Alcedinidae that is endemic to Sulawesi island, Indonesia. The species has numerous common names such as Celebes forest kingfisher, blue-crowned kingfisher, Celebes dwarf-kingfisher, and Celebes pygmy-kingfisher.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Sulawesi myna

The Sulawesi myna (Basilornis celebensis) is a species of starling in the family Sturnidae. It is endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
The Sulawesi myna grows to a length of 23 to 27 cm (9.1 to 10.6 in). It is a glossy black bird with a permanently raised crest which is larger in the male. The sides of the face and throat have white patches. The eye is surrounded by a bluish-black ring of bare skin, the beak is pale bluish-green and the legs are yellowish. Juvenile birds are chocolate brown.
This myna has a range of sounds including grunts, high-pitched whistles, squeaks and warbles. One call is a descending sequence of whistles and another is a descending nasal call that sounds like "meeow" and is uttered with the head thrusting forwards and the back feathers fluffed up.
This myna is endemic to the humid forests of hilly districts of the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Its main habitat here is forest fringes, clearings, scattered areas of woodland and secondary forests, although it is sometimes found in primary forests. It is also present on the smaller islands of Lembeh, Muna and Buton; these are lowland islands and the habitat is mostly grassland savannah with patches of evergreen woodland in which the bird is primarily found.
The species usually feeds high in the forest canopy. It usually occurs in pairs or small family groups, but sometimes solitary individuals can be seen. Immature individuals may join flocks of fiery-browed starling (Enodes erythrophris) and it often associates with groups of other fruit-eating birds.
Little is known about the breeding habits of this bird. Its diet is estimated to consist of about 44% fruit and 52% invertebrates, the balance being taken up by small vertebrates. It is a non-migratory species but presumably moves about the forest in response to the ripening of fruits on different species of tree.
Although B. celebensis is restricted to Sulawesi, it is said to be fairly common. The total population has not been quantified nor is the population trend known, but the International Union for Conservation of Nature has not identified any specific threats and has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
Great eared nightjar

The great eared nightjar (Lyncornis macrotis) is a species of nightjar in the family Caprimulgidae. It is found in southwest India and in parts of Southeast Asia. This very large nightjar has long barred wings, a barred tail and long ear-tufts which are often recumbent. It has a white throat band but has no white on its wings or on its tail.
The great eared nightjar was formally described in 1831 by the Irish zoologist Nicholas Aylward Vigors based on a sample collected in the neighbourhood of Manila in the Philippines. Vigors coined the binomial name Caprimulgus macrotis. The great eared nightjar was formerly placed in the genus Eurostopodus. It and the closely related Malaysian eared nightjar were moved to the resurrected genus Lyncornis based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 that found large genetic differences between the great eared nightjar and other species in Eurostopodus. The genus name Lyncornis combines the Ancient Greek lunx / lunkos (meaning "lynx") with ornis, meaning "bird". The specific epithet macrotis is from the Ancient Greek makrōtēs, meaning "long-eared" (from makros meaning "long" and ous, ōtos meaning "ear").
Five subspecies are recognised:
The great eared nightjar is the largest species in the family in terms of length, which can range from 31 to 41 cm (12 to 16 in). Males weigh an average of 131 g (4.6 oz) and females weigh an average of 151 g (5.3 oz), making it the second heaviest species in the family after the nacunda nighthawk. The nightjar has grey-brown, mottled, streaked and stripey plumage. They also have pointed wings and long tails as well as short wide beaks that open to around 120°.
It is found in South Asia and Southeast Asia with populations in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or moist lowland tropical forests.
Like other nightjars they are nocturnal, active at dusk and at night. They have a distinctive call which includes a sharp tsiik followed by a pause and a two-syllable ba-haaww.
The nest is a scrape on the ground and the clutch consists of a single egg. The chick is well camouflaged among leaf litter.
Sulawesi masked owl

The Sulawesi masked owl (Tyto rosenbergii) is a species of owl in the family Tytonidae. It is endemic to the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, Sangihe and Peleng. It is listed by the IUCN as being of least concern.
The Sulawesi masked owl was first described by the German ornithologist Hermann Schlegel in 1866 as Strix rosenbergii, but was later included in the genus Tyto. The specific name "rosenbergii" refers to the German surveyor and naturalist Hermann von Rosenberg who collected bird specimens in the East Indies and sent them to the National Museum of Natural History in Leiden to be classified. There are two subspecies, T. r. rosenbergii (Schlegel, 1866), found in Sulawesi and Sangihe, and T. r. pelengensis Neumann, 1939, found in Peleng in the Banggai Island group. Other common names for this bird include Rosenberg's owl, Rosenberg's barn-owl, Sulawesi owl, Sulawesi barn-owl, Celebes barn-owl, Celebes masked-owl and Celebes owl.
The Sulawesi masked owl grows to a length of about 43 to 46 cm (17 to 18 in). The upperparts of the male are charcoal grey with scattered white spots and streaks. The underparts are buff with dark spots and streaks and the facial mask is white or whitish-brown. The call is an eerie, long drawn-out screech and is usually emitted in flight.
Little is known of the ecology of the Sulawesi masked owl. It hunts at night in secondary forest, agricultural land, grassland and open country. Examination of pellets regurgitated by this owl in a cave showed that the diet includes rats and shrews. This owl is commonly encountered in cultivated areas and scrubland on early morning visits to the Gunung Ambang Nature Reserve in the north of Sulawesi.
The Sulawesi masked owl has a wide range and although the size of its population is unknown, its numbers are believed to be stable. This species has a widespread occurrence in Sulawesi, Sangihe and Peneng, but is not particularly common and the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists it as being of "least concern" in its IUCN Red List.
Sulawesi leaf warbler

The Sulawesi leaf warbler (Phylloscopus nesophilus) is a species of Old World warbler in the family Phylloscopidae. It is found only in Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. The Sulawesi leaf warbler (P. nesophilus) was formerly considered conspecific with the Lompobattang leaf warbler and both were grouped under the name P. sarasinorum, but more recent analyses indicate that it is a distinct species.
Ornate lorikeet

The ornate lorikeet (Saudareos ornata), sometimes named the ornate lory, is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to the Sulawesi archipelago in Indonesia. It is found in forest, woodland, mangrove and plantations, and is locally common.
The ornate lorikeet was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Psittacus ornatus. Linnaeus based his description of the "Lory Parrakeet" that had been described and illustrated in 1751 by George Edwards in his "A Natural History of Uncommon Birds". Linnaeus mistakenly specified the location as "America" although Edwards had stated that the bird had come from the "East Indies" (actually the Indonesian island of Sulawesi).
The ornate lorikeet was formerly placed in the genus Trichoglossus but was moved to a newly introduced genus Saudareos based on the results of a molecular genetic analysis of the lorikeets published in 2020.
The ornate lorikeet is a mainly green parrot about 25 cm (10.0 in) long. Its head above its eyes is purple-blue and its face below its eyes is red. There is red at back of the head and yellow behind the eyes. It does not have a collar at the back of the neck that rainbow lorikeets have. Its chin to chest has transverse strips and bars of red and blue. Its abdomen is green with sparse variable yellow scalloping. The beak is orange-red, the irises are dark orange, the eye-ring is dark grey, and the legs are grey.
The ornate lorikeet usually gathers in pairs or in small flocks, though large flocks have been observed. It may sometimes form mixed flocks with the yellow and green lorikeet.
Siau scops owl

The Siau scops owl (Otus siaoensis) is a critically endangered owl species. They live on Siau Island, north of Sulawesi, Indonesia and are (were) forest dwellers. The species is only known from a single holotype from 1866 although there have been more recent potential sightings, including one in 2017. Nonetheless, their already small, relatively barren habitat is being lost to excessive logging of the little forest present on the island and there are assumed to be very few individuals left, if any. The taxonomic arrangement for this owl has not been fully worked out. While recognized as a distinct species by the IOC, others consider it as a subspecies of either the Sulawesi scops owl or Moluccan scops owl, and it has recently been analyzed and found to be closest in morphology to Sangihe scops owl.
On December 14, 2017, a video of a purported Siau Scops-Owl trapped in a building was uploaded to YouTube (see external links). Although it has been the subject of debate, the scientific community has not been able to confirm the bird's identification.
Least sandpiper

The least sandpiper (Calidris minutilla) is the smallest shorebird. The genus name is from Ancient Greek kalidris or skalidris, a term used by Aristotle for some grey-colored waterside birds. The specific minutilla is Medieval Latin for "very small".
This species has yellow-green legs and a short, thin, dark bill. Breeding adults are brown with dark brown streaks on top and white underneath. They have a light line above the eye and a dark crown. In winter, Least sandpipers are grey above. The juveniles are brightly patterned above with rufous coloration and white mantle stripes.
This bird can be difficult to distinguish from other similar tiny shorebirds; these are known collectively as "peeps" or "stints". In particular, least sandpiper is very similar to its Asian counterpart, long-toed stint. It differs from that species in its more compact, shorter-necked appearance, shorter toes, somewhat duller colors, and stronger wingbar.
Measurements:
Their breeding habitat is the northern North American continent on tundra or in bogs. They nest on the ground near water. The female lays four eggs in a shallow scrape lined with grass and moss. Both parents incubate; the female leaves before the young birds fledge and sometimes before the eggs hatch. The young birds feed themselves and are able to fly within two weeks of birth.
They migrate in flocks to the southern United States, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and northern South America. They occur as very rare vagrants in western Europe.
These birds forage on mudflats, picking up food by sight, sometimes by probing. They mainly eat small crustaceans, insects, and snails.
Kalanggaman Island

Kalanggaman Island is a sandbar located in the sea between Leyte and Cebu, in the Visayas Archipelago of the Philippines. It is located 10 kilometres west from the municipality of Palompon, Leyte. It got its name from the local word "langgam" which means bird or fowl. It is said to look like a necked bird whenever sandbar forms. It is believed to have been a habitat for migratory bird long ago.
The island is an important breeding ground for the local ecosystem as well as a significant tourist attraction. The island is owned by the LGU Palompon.
Kalanggaman Island is mostly flat, with a coastline marked by white sandy beaches. It's sandbar extends to the west of the island, the length of which changes depending on the season and the tide.
The island is 15,90 KM from the main land and has a length of 753m. Its width is averaged to be 71,8m and the total area is 5.4ha.
Kalanggaman Island serves as a breeding ground for sea turtles and manta rays. It is also home to diverse marine life due to the surrounding coral reefs, making it a popular spot for snorkeling and scuba diving.
In 2018, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources raised concerns about the volume of tourist traffic in Kalanggaman, due to the possible environmental impacts it could have on the island's natural habitats.
Kalanggaman Island has been recognized by Lonely Planet as one of the most picturesque islands in the Philippines.
The local government has implemented several facilities to cater to the influx of tourists, including restrooms, grilling stations, and cottages. However, the island still lacks electricity, encouraging visitors to bring their own power supplies.
In 2021, Typhoon Rai caused significant damage to the island's infrastructure, destroying many of the boats used for transportation to and from the island. Subsequently, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council of the Philippines published a detailed report on the damage to infrastructure and recovery efforts on the island.
11°06′53″N 124°15′03″E﻿ / ﻿11.1146°N 124.2508°E﻿ / 11.1146; 124.2508
1848

1848 గ్రెగోరియన్‌ కాలెండరు యొక్క లీపు సంవత్సరము. చారిత్రికంగా ఈ సంవత్సరం అనేక దేశాల్లో వచ్చిన విప్లవాలకు ప్రసిద్ధి చెందింది. బ్రెజిల్ నుండి హంగరీ దాకా అనేక దేశాల్లో విప్లవాలు వచ్చిన సంవత్సరం ఇది. చాలా విప్లవాలు తమ లక్ష్యాలను సాధించనప్పటికీ, తదనంతర శతాబ్దమంతా వీటి పర్యవసానాలు కనిపించాయి.
భారత వాహన రిజిస్ట్రేషన్ ప్లేట్

భారతదేశంలోని అన్ని మోటారు వాహనాలను నమోదు లేదా అనుమతి సంఖ్యతో గుర్తింపు చేస్తారు. రహదారులపై ప్రయాణించటానికి ప్రధాన అధికారపత్రంగా వాహన నమోదు ఫలకం (సాధారణంగా సంఖ్యా ఫలకం అని అంటారు) సంఖ్యను ఆయా రాష్ట్రాల జిల్లాస్థాయి, ప్రాంతీయ రవాణా కార్యాలయాలు (ఆర్టీఓ) జారీ చేస్తాయి.సంఖ్యా ఫలకాలు వాహనం ముందు, వెనుక భాగంలో అమర్చబడతాయి. చట్టం ప్రకారం అన్ని ఫలకాలు లాటిన్ అక్షరాలతో ఆధునిక హిందూ-అరబిక్ అంకెల్లో ఉంటాయి. భారతదేశ అంతర్జాతీయ వాహనాల రిజిస్ట్రేషన్ కోడ్ ఐ.ఎన్.డి.
రిజిస్ట్రేషన్ సూచిక ఆకృతి 4 భాగాలను కలిగిఉంటుంది, అవి:
ఈ సంఖ్యా కేటాయింపు పథకం కొన్ని ప్రయోజనాలను కలిగి ఉంది:
కొన్ని రాష్ట్రాల్లో (ఢిల్లీ రాష్ట్రం, గతంలో గుజరాత్, బీహార్ వంటివి) జిల్లా సంకేత గుర్తు ప్రారంభ 0 తొలగించబడింది.అందువల్ల ఢిల్లీ జిల్లా 2 సంఖ్యలు డిఎల్ 2 కాదు డిఎల్ 02 గా కనిపిస్తాయి. ఢిల్లీ కేంద్ర భూభాగం నమోదు సంకేత గుర్తు అదనపు కోడ్‌ను కలిగి ఉంది. డిఎల్ 9 సిఎఎ 1111, ఇక్కడ డిఎల్ ఢిల్లీ (డిఎల్) కోసం రెండు అక్షరాల కోడ్. అదనపు సి (వాహన వర్గానికి) ద్విచక్ర వాహనాల కోసం ఎస్, కార్లు, ఎస్‌యూవీల కోసం సి విద్యుత్ వాహనాల కోసం ఇ (కొన్ని సందర్భాల్లో మాత్రమే), బస్సులు వంటి ప్రభుత్వ ప్రయాణీకుల వాహనాలకు పి, మూడు చక్రాల రిక్షాలకు ఆర్, పర్యాటక లైసెన్స్ వాహనాలకు, టాక్సీలు, పికప్ ట్రక్కులు, వ్యాన్లు, కిరాయి వాహనాలు కోసం వై ఫర్ వెండెట్టా కోసం టి కేటాయించబడ్డాయి ఈ వ్యవస్థ ఇతర రాష్ట్రాల్లో కూడా వర్తిస్తుంది.(ఉదాహరణకు, రాజస్థాన్, ఇక్కడ ఆర్జే రెండు అక్షరాల కోడ్, పి ప్రయాణీకుల వాహనాలకు, కార్లకు సి, స్కూటర్లకు ఎస్ వస్తువుల వాహనాలకు జి.) అలాగే, ఎ ఫర్ అంబులెన్స్, ఎం ఫర్ మిల్క్ వాన్, పి ఫర్ పోలీస్ వాహనాలకు కేటాయించబడ్డాయి.
అన్నిభారత రాష్ట్రాలు, కేంద్రపాలితప్రాంతాలకు వారి స్వంత రెండుఅక్షరాల సంకేతం ఉంది. ఈ రెండు అక్షరాల ప్రస్తావన 1980 లలో అమలులోకి వచ్చింది.దీనికి ముందు ప్రతి జిల్లా లేదా ప్రాంతీయ రవాణా అధికారి కార్యాలయంలో మూడు అక్షరాల సంకేతం ఉంటుంది.దానిలో రాష్ట్రం గురించి ప్రస్తావించలేదు.ఇది బలమైన గందరగోళానికి దారితీసింది. ఉదాహరణకు, ఎంఎంసి 8259 దేశంలో ఎక్కడైనా సరిపోతుంది.ఈ అస్పష్టతను నివారించడానికి జిల్లా లేదా ఆర్టీఓ కార్యాలయంతో పాటు రాష్ట్ర సంకేతం చేర్చబడింది. మహారాష్ట్ర వంటి కొన్ని రాష్ట్రాల్లో 1960 కి ముందు అనుమతి ఫలకాలు, రాష్ట్రాన్ని బొంబాయి ప్రెసిడెన్సీగా పిలిచేటప్పుడు, బిఎంసి వంటి సంకేతాలను కలిగి ఉంది.
కొత్తగా సృష్టించిన ఉత్తరాఖండ్, ఛత్తీస్‌గఢ్, జార్ఖండ్, తెలంగాణ (వరుసగా ఉత్తర ప్రదేశ్, మధ్యప్రదేశ్, బీహార్, ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్) రాష్ట్రాలు వారి కొత్త రెండు అక్షరాల సంకేతాల క్రింద వాహనాలను నమోదు చేస్తున్నాయి.పాత సంఖ్యలు ఈ రాష్ట్రాల ఆర్టీఓ కార్యాలయాల్లో నమోదు చేయబడ్డాయి. మాతృ రాష్ట్ర ఆర్.టి.ఒ. సంకేతం క్రింద ఇప్పటికీ చెల్లుబాటులో ఉంటుంది. 2007లో ఉత్తరాంచల్ రాష్ట్రాన్ని ఉత్తరాఖండ్ రాష్ట్రంగా పేరు మార్చారు. ఈ విధంగా రాష్ట్ర కోడ్ యుఎ నుండి యుకె కు మారింది. 2011లో, ఒరిస్సా రాష్ట్రం ఒడిశాగా పేరు మార్చబడింది.తద్వారా రాష్ట్ర సంకేత గుర్తు ఒఆర్ నుండి ఒడి గా మార్చబడింది.
భారతప్రభుత్వం నోడల్ మంత్రిత్వ శాఖ, రహదారి రవాణా - రహదారుల మంత్రిత్వ శాఖ, కొత్త హై సెక్యూరిటీ రిజిస్ట్రేషన్ ప్లేట్ల (కొత్త నంబర్ ప్లేట్లు) కోసం కఠినమైన లక్షణాలతో కూడిన అమలు నియమాలను రూపొందించింది. రాష్ట్రాలు ఇటీవల వాటిని దశలవారీగా పరిచయం చేయడం ప్రారంభించాయి.ఈ ప్రామాణీకరణ, కఠినమైన అమలుతో పాటు, చట్ట అమలులో, దేశంలో వాహనాల నమోదు ప్రక్రియలో పెను మార్పులు వస్తాయని భావిస్తున్నారు.
రెండు అక్షరాల రాష్ట్ర సంకేతాలు, కేంద్ర పాలిత సంకేతాల జాబితా ఈ క్రింది విధంగా ఉంది:
ఇకపై ఉపయోగంలో లేని సంకేతాల జాబితా: