davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
The Unaware Atelier Master

The Unaware Atelier Master (勘違いの工房主～英雄パーティの元雑用係が、実は戦闘以外がSSSランクだったというよくある話～, Kanchigai no Atorie Maisutā: Eiyū Pāti no Moto Zatsuyōgakari ga, Jitsu wa Sentō Igai ga SSS Ranku Datta to Iu Yoku Aru Hanashi) is a Japanese light novel series written by Yōsuke Tokino and illustrated by Zounoze. Originally published online since August 2018, AlphaPolis has published eleven volumes of the series since March 2019. A manga adaptation illustrated by Naharu Furukawa began serialization online via AlphaPolis' manga website in December 2019 and has been collected in seven tankōbon volumes. The manga is published digitally in English through Alpha Manga. An anime television series adaptation produced by EMT Squared premiered in April 2025.
Kurt Rockhans, a porter boy for the renowned Flaming Dragon Fang adventuring party, is dismissed by the others because they wish to include a more "competent" party member into their ranks and thus consider him disposable. Now on his own, he meets Yulicia, a former royal servant and new mine owner, and helps her out of a tight spot. After she takes notice of his incredible abilities (and gaining a major crush on him), she takes up a friend's offer to open a new magical research and crafting atelier, with Kurt serving as its unwitting chief artificer, an Atelier Master.
A manga adaptation illustrated by Naharu Furukawa began serialization AlphaPolis' manga website on December 17, 2019. The manga's chapters have been compiled into seven tankōbon volumes as of October 2024. The series is published in English on AlphaPolis' Alpha Manga app.
An anime television series adaptation was announced on October 18, 2024. It is produced by EMT Squared and directed by Hisashi Ishii, with Deko Akao writing series scripts, Miyuki Nakamura designing the characters, and Harikemu Wata composing the music. The series premiered on April 6, 2025, on Tokyo MX and other networks. The opening theme song is "FACSTORY", performed by MeseMoa., while the ending theme song is "Haru ni Kiete" (春に消えて, Vanish in the Spring), performed by LOT SPiRiTS. Crunchyroll licensed the series.
Хүнсний аюулгүй байдал

Хүнсний аюулгүй байдал гэдэг нь боломжийн үнэтэй, шим тэжээлтэй хүнсийг хангалттай хэмжээгээр авах найдвартай байдал юм. Аль ч анги, хүйс, шашин шүтлэгтэй хүмүүсийг хоол хүнсээр хангах нь хүнсний аюулгүй байдлын бас нэг элемент юм. үүнтэй адилаар гэр бүлийн бүх гишүүд идэвхтэй, эрүүл амьдрахад хангалттай хоол хүнс авах боломжтой байх үед өрхийн хүнсний аюулгүй байдал оршин тогтноно гэж үздэг. Хувь хүмүүс. Хүнсний баталгаатай хүмүүс өлсөж, өлсөхөөс айдаггүй. Хүнсний аюулгүй байдал нь хүнсний хангамжийн ирээдүйн тасалдлыг даван туулах чадварыг багтаадаг. Ийм тасалдал нь ган, үер, тээврийн тасалдал, шатахууны хомсдол, эдийн засгийн тогтворгүй байдал, дайн зэрэг янз бүрийн эрсдэлт хүчин зүйлсээс шалтгаалж болно. Хүнсний аюулгүй байдал нь хүнсний аюулгүй байдлын эсрэг зүйл юм: зөвхөн хязгаарлагдмал эсвэл тодорхой бус хоол хүнс олдоцтой байдал
Хүнсний аюулгүй байдлын тухай ойлголт цаг хугацааны явцад боловсронгуй болсон. Хүнсний аюулгүй байдлын дөрвөн зүйлд хүртээмж, хүртээмжийн ашиглалт, тогтвортой байдал орно. Нэмж дурдахад эрх мэдэл, тогтвортой байдал гэсэн хоёр чухал хэмжигдэхүүн бий. Хүнсний аюулгүй байдлын эдгээр зургаан хэмжигдэхүүнийг зөв хооллолтын талаарх үзэл баримтлал, хууль эрх зүйн ойлголтоор бэхжүүлсэн. 1996 онд болсон Дэлхийн хүнсний дээд хэмжээний уулзалтаас "Хүнсийг улс төр, эдийн засгийн дарамт шахалтын хэрэгсэл болгон ашиглаж болохгүй" гэж тунхагласан
Хүнсний аюулгүй байдлын олон шалтгаан байж болно. Хамгийн чухал нь хүнсний үнэ өндөр, дэлхийн хүнсний ханган нийлүүлэгчдийн тасалдал, тухайлбал, дайнаас үүдэлтэй. Мөн уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт, усны хомсдол, газрын доройтол, хөдөө аж ахуйн өвчин, тахал, өвчний дэгдэлт зэрэг нь хүнсний аюулгүй байдалд хүргэж болзошгүй юм.
Халгай

Халгай (Латин: Urtica dioica, Англи: nettle, stinging nettle, орос. Крапива) нь дэлхийн ихэнх ногоон бүсэд ургадаг, түгээмэл өвслөг ургамал юм. Халгай нь дотроо таван дэд төрөлтэй.
Дэлхийн бөмбөрцөгийн сэрүүн бүсийн хойд, хааяа өмнө хэсэгт тохиолдох 50 орчим зүйлтэй төрөл. Уулын хуурай хад чулуу, горхи булгийн эрэг, сийрэг хуурай ой, өтөг бууц нутаг, орон байрны ойролцоо нарийн навчит халгай, олслог халгай, хоёр гэрт халгай ургана.
Халгайг эртнээс хүмүүс эмийн ургамал ба хүнсний зориулалтаар ашиглаж иржээ. Одоогоос 3000 жилийн тэртээ буюу хүрэл зэвсгийн үеэс Их Британичууд хоол хүнсэндээ халгай хэрэглэдэг байсан талаар эх сурвалжид өгүүлдэг.
Хог хаягдалгүй газар, гуу жалга, зуслангийн орчмоос 6-р сарын дунд үе хүртэл 20-25 см өндөр ургасан халгайг түүх нь хамгийн чанартай, шим тэжээлтэй байдаг байна. Түүсэн халгайгаа бүлээн усаар 2-3 удаа зайлж, усны өнгө хувирахгүй болтол угаана. Халуун усаар угаах нь шим тэжээл алдагдах муу талтай. Халгайгаа сүүдэр газар хатаах эсвэл давслан даршлaх байдлаар хадгалж, бүтэн жилийн турш хэрэглэж болно.
да.КПРФ шорт класс это просто класс который можно использовать как возможность использовать его для работы в режиме онлайн видео или использовать для работы и других пользователей для того чтобы создать новую версию приложения и создать для этого приложения и запустить программу для создания нового приложения который позволит создать новый проект для просмотра
2405:5700:302:7372:962:EF0F:5F2F:A7C1 03:58, 13 Гуравдугаар сар 2025 (UTC)[хариулах]
Greatview

Greatview Aseptic Packaging Company is a multinational aseptic processing company with its head office based in Beijing, China. Founded in 2003, Greatview offers aseptic carton solutions and related services for dairy and non-carbonated soft drink companies whose products are compatible with Tetra Brik Aseptic filling machines. Greatview presently has three packaging facilities worldwide, two of which are located in China, in Gaotang, Shandong and Helingeer, Inner Mongolia; the third facility is the company's primary exporting facility and is located in Germany, in the city of Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt.
Originally named "Tralin Pak″, the company was initially engaged in the production and sale of multi-layered compound packaging materials, paper cartons and other paper packages for beverage companies in the PRC, but re-established as a manufacturer of aseptic packs after its current CEO, Mr. Jeff Bi and Chairman, Mr. Hong Gang joined the company in 2003.
Greatview's early years in the PRC were difficult, which was largely owing to Tetra Pak's hostile tactics in trying to eliminate competition in the monopoly market between 2003 and 2005. However, by the end of that year, rapid expansion in China's dairy industry had meant that a capacity bottleneck occurred at Tetra Pak China, and Greatview seized the opportunity of supplying cartons to some of Tetra Pak's smaller customers, which turned to Greatview as an alternative supplier.
Though the bottleneck offered a crucial lifeline for Greatview, Tetra Pak's tying and bundling competitive strategy with exclusivity restrictions on customers continued to hamper the company's progress. It wasn't until August 2008, however - when China's Anti-Monopoly Law came into effect - that Greatview was able to grow and turn the aseptic packaging industry into a new playing field.
In 2005, CDH Investments became Greatview's main investor, and the following year, Bain Capital followed with a US $40 million investment, gaining a 43.2% stake in the company. During the following three years, the aseptic carton industry in the PRC grew substantially, with a compound annual growth rate of 12.8%. Greatview's per unit production cost had been 5-10% lower than the market leader, which led to Greatview's market share in the PRC growing from 7% in 2008 to 13% in 2012 as it took market share mainly from Tetra Pak.
After beginning operations in Europe in 2007, Greatview listed on the Hong Kong stock exchange in 2010, and in 2011, it made a 50 million euro investment to build a factory in the German town of Halle (Saale), in Saxony-Anhalt. The factory launch took place on June 25, 2013 in front of 200 or so special guests, amongst whom were customers, suppliers and government officials.
List of play-by-mail games

This is a list of play-by-mail (PBM) games. It includes games played only by postal mail, those played by mail with a play-by-email (PBEM) option, and games played in a turn-based format only by email or other digital format.
It is unclear what the earliest play-by mail game is between chess and Go. Diplomacy was first played by mail in 1963. In the early 1970s, in the United States, Rick Loomis of Flying Buffalo Inc, began a number of play-by-mail games; this included games such as Nuclear Destruction (1970). This marked the beginning of the professional PBM industry. Other publishers followed suit, with significant expansion across the industry in the 1980s. This supported the publication of a number of newsletters from individual play-by-mail companies as well as independent publications such as Gaming Universal, Paper Mayhem, and Flagship which focused solely on the play-by-mail gaming industry. The sourcing of play-by-mail games in this list largely comes from these magazines, whether from reviews or advertisements, as well as additional magazines such as Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer, Dragon Magazine, and other publications that serviced the gaming community broadly, resuming with the contemporary online magazine Suspense and Decision, which supported the small but active play-by-mail gaming community into the 2020s.
In some cases, more than one publisher can be found for the same game on the list. The rights to play-by-mail games were occasionally sold among publishers. Additionally, a publishing company might license a game to a company which would offer it for play in another country. Many more play-by-mail games existed in nascent, playtest form. Only games which completed playtesting and were published for play are included here. This list includes games which are still active and those no longer available for play. Game durations range from those briefly available for play, such as Quest of Gorr, to those which have been played for decades or longer, such as Alamaze, Diplomacy, Hyborian War, and Chess.
Mongolia at the 1996 Summer Olympics

Mongolia competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.
In the sixth time they competed in archery at the Olympics, Mongolia again entered only one woman. She lost in the first round of elimination.
Women's Individual Competition:
Men's Discus Throw
Women's Marathon
Men's Bantamweight (– 54 kg)
Men's Featherweight (– 57 kg)
Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, three gymnastics disciplines were contested: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and trampoline. The artistic gymnastics events were held at the Beijing National Indoor Stadium on August 9–19. The rhythmic gymnastics events were held at the Beijing University of Technology Gymnasium on August 21–24. The trampoline events were also held at the Beijing National Indoor Stadium on August 16–19.
All times are China Standard Time (UTC+8)
The traditional Gymnastics Champions Gala took place on August 20 at the National Indoor Stadium. Participants are mainly selected from the 2008 Olympic trampoline and artistic gymnastics, as well as medalists from world championships. In addition, some Chinese pop stars appeared in the Gala.
The performances included Olympic disciplines such as floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, parallel bars, horizontal bar, uneven bars, balance beam, rhythmic gymnastics and trampoline gymnastics; non-Olympic discipline such as tumbling and acrobatic; and art performances such as dancing, martial art, instrument performance and chorus.
On August 21, 2008, the IOC instructed the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) to investigate allegations that Chinese gymnast He Kexin was underaged and therefore ineligible to compete during the Olympic gymnastics competition. The FIG requires that all gymnasts be at least 16 years of age in the Olympic calendar year. The IOC had initially accepted the ages of all the Chinese participants, but newly uncovered documents suggested He was 14 years old, and thus ineligible to compete.
The investigation was initiated after an American blogger reported on a cached official Excel spreadsheet showing He's birthday as January 1, 1994. His discoveries support earlier reports from The New York Times and other bloggers regarding He's age discrepancy. Earlier, several bloggers found links to news stories and photo captions from 2007 and early 2008, including stories in the state-run Xinhua news service, that cited He's age as 13.
On October 1, 2008, the FIG ended their investigation and concluded that He and her teammates from the 2008 Olympic games were old enough to compete. This ruling confirmed the FIG's initial conclusions. Though some media outlets have voiced doubts about the decision, the gymnasts have been cleared by the FIG of any wrongdoing.
In 2014, North Korean female gymnast Cha Yong-hwa was the subject of a disciplinary hearing because of a false passport used to falsify her age. The FIG decided to withdraw her license and nullify all her results, including the results from the 2008 Olympics.
Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics

The boxing program of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China was held at the Workers Indoor Arena.
Medals were awarded in eleven events, with each event corresponding to a recognized weight division of male boxers. The 2008 games were the last Olympic boxing competition to exclude women, as the International Olympic Committee approved the introduction of female boxing events for the 2012 London Olympics.
Like other Olympic combat sports, two bronze medals are awarded; in the case of boxing, both losing semi-finalists receive a bronze medal, with no further play-off. As a result, the quarter-final essentially equates to a bronze medal match, a semi-final to a silver medal match, and the final to a gold medal match. 44 medals are therefore available, 22 of which are bronze medals.
A National Olympic Committee (NOC) may enter up to 1 athlete in each event. Nine places will be reserved for the host nation, from which it will choose 6 places maximum, while the remaining places will be allocated to the Tripartite Invitation Commission. For each athlete from the host NOC who qualifies through the AIBA World Amateur Boxing Championships, the host nation will lose a guaranteed place.
Qualification events are:
The quota awarded to each of the continents is as follows:
* Two additional places will be awarded by Tripartite Invitation Commission, so the athlete quota will be 286
ভারতীয় টাকার প্রতীক

ভারতীয় টাকার প্রতীক () ভারতীয় টাকার জন্য ব্যবহৃত মুদ্রা প্রতীক। ২০১০ সালের ১৫ জুলাই ভারত সরকার এই প্রতীকচিহ্নটি সর্বসমক্ষে প্রকাশ করে। ভারতীয় টাকার আন্তর্জাতিক তিন-অক্ষরবিশিষ্ট কোডটি (আইএসও মান আইএসও ৪২১৭ অনুযায়ী) হল INR।
২০০৯ সালের ৫ মার্চ ভারত সরকার টাকার প্রতীক অঙ্কনের একটি প্রতিযোগিতার কথা ঘোষণা করেন। ২০১০ সালের কেন্দ্রীয় বাজেট পেশ করার সময় অর্থমন্ত্রী প্রণব মুখোপাধ্যায় উল্লেখ করেন যে টাকার প্রস্তাবিত প্রতীকটিতে ভারতীয় সংস্কৃতি ও তার স্বাতন্ত্র্যের প্রতিফলন ঘটবে। প্রতিযোগিতা থেকে প্রাপ্ত প্রতীকগুলি থেকে পাঁচটি প্রতীক বেছে নেওয়া হয়। ২০১০ সালের ২৪ জুন কেন্দ্রীয় ক্যাবিনেটের একটি বৈঠকে এই পাঁচটি প্রতীকের মধ্যে একটিকে টাকার প্রতীক হিসেবে গ্রহণ করার কথা ছিল। কিন্তু কেন্দ্রীয় অর্থমন্ত্রীর একটি অনুরোধ রক্ষা করতে গিয়ে এই সিদ্ধান্ত গ্রহণে কিছু বিলম্ব হয়। স্থির হয় ২০১০ সালের ১৫ জুলাই ক্যাবিনেটের পুনরায় বৈঠক হবে। এই বৈঠকেই আইআইটির প্রাক্তন ছাত্র উদয় কুমার ধর্মলিঙ্গম অঙ্কিত প্রতীকটিকে টাকার প্রতীক হিসেবে বেছে নেওয়া হয়। এই প্রতীকটি দেবনাগরী "र" ও রোমান বড়ো হাতের "R" অক্ষরদুটির সংমিশ্রণে সৃষ্ট। প্রতীকের উপরের অংশে দুটি সমান্তরাল রেখা জাতীয় পতাকার একটি রূপকল্প সৃষ্টি করেছে। এর ফলে মার্কিন ডলার, পাউন্ড স্টার্লিং, ইউরো, ইজরায়েলি নিউ শেকেল ও জাপানি ইয়েনের মতো ভারতীয় টাকারও নিজস্ব একটি প্রতীকচিহ্ন হয়।
ভারতীয় প্রযুক্তিবিদ্যা প্রতিষ্ঠান পাটনা

ভারতীয় প্রযুক্তিবিদ্যা প্রতিষ্ঠান পাটনা (ইন্ডিয়ান ইনস্টিটিউট অফ টেকনোলজি পাটনা, সংক্ষেপে: আইআইটি পাটনা বা আইআইটিপি) ভারতের পাটনা শহরের অদূরে অবস্থিত বিজ্ঞান, প্রকৌশল ও প্রযুক্তি বিষয়ে শিক্ষা ও গবেষণার একটি স্বশাসিত প্রতিষ্ঠান। এটি ভারত সরকার কর্তৃক জাতীয় গুরুত্ব সম্পন্ন একটি শিক্ষা প্রতিষ্ঠান হিসাবে স্বীকৃত। আইআইটি পাটনা জাতীয় জ্ঞান নেটওয়ার্ক (এনকেএন) এর অংশ, যা ভারতে সকল জ্ঞান সম্পর্কিত প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলির জন্য উচ্চ গতিসম্পন্ন কেন্দ্রীয় নেটওয়ার্কিং ব্যবস্থা করে যা ভারতবর্ষের সমস্ত বৈজ্ঞানিক সম্প্রদায়কে একত্রিত করে।
প্রতীক হিসাবে গিয়ার চাকাটি প্রযুক্তির প্রতিনিধিত্ব করে, অন্যদিকে পারমাণবিক কক্ষপথ বিজ্ঞানকে বোঝায়। এদের মধ্যে সূর্য দ্বারা বোঝানো হয়েছে যে প্রযুক্তিগত বিষয়গুলির সঙ্গে বিজ্ঞান বিষয়গুলি সমভাবে অধ্যয়ন করা হয়। গাণিতিক প্রতীক পাই (π) এবং শূন্য (০) মহাত্মা গণিতবিদ আর্যভট্টের প্রচেষ্টাকে বোঝায়, যিনি প্রাচীন মগধ সাম্রাজ্যের অধিবাসী। লোগো বা প্রতীকটিকে ঘিরে জাফরান এবং সবুজ পটি ভারতের জাতীয় পতাকার প্রতিনিধিত্ব করে। সংস্কৃত শ্লোক "বিদ্যার্থী লভতে বিদ্যাম" কথার অর্থ হল বিদ্যা তাঁর দ্বারাই প্রাপ্ত হয় যিনি এটি কামনা করেন।
আইআইটি পাটনা ক্যাম্পাস পাটনা শহর থেকে ৩৫ কিলোমিটার দূরে আমহারা, বিহতা এলাকায় ৫০১ একর (২০৩ হেঃ) জমির ওপর অবস্থিত। আইআইটি পটনার বিহতা ক্যাম্পাস এর ভিত্তি প্রস্তর ২০১১ সালে কপিল সিবাল কর্তৃক স্থাপিত হয়। আইআইটি পাটনার নতুন সেশন (জুলাই ২০১৫ থেকে) বিহতায় অবস্থিত তার স্থায়ী ক্যাম্পাসে শুরু করে। ২৫শে জুলাই ২০১৫ তারিখে প্রধানমন্ত্রী নরেন্দ্র মোদী বিহতা ক্যাম্পাসটির উদ্বোধন করেন। এর আগে, পাটলিপাড়া কলোনি, পাটনার একটি ১০ একর (৪.০ হেক্টর)এর অস্থায়ী কমপ্লেক্সে, যেটি তার আগে নবীন সরকারি পলিটেকনিক ব্যবহার করছিল, এই প্রতিষ্ঠানটি কাজ করছিল।
বিজ্ঞান ব্লকে শ্রেণীকক্ষ, ফ্যাকাল্টি কক্ষ এবং পদার্থবিজ্ঞান, রসায়ন ও গণিতের জন্য ল্যাবরেটরি রয়েছে। এর মধ্যে পদার্থবিদ্যা বিভাগে আছে বস্তুগত গবেষণা এবং অপটিক্স গবেষণার সুবিধা, রসায়ন বিভাগে আছে রসায়ন যন্ত্র এবং রসায়ন বিষয়ক গবেষণার সুবিধা এবং গণিত বিভাগে আছে গণনামূলক গবেষণার সুবিধা।
আইআইটি পাটনার ছাত্রদের ক্যাম্পাসের মধ্যেই এ, বি, সি, ডি এই চারটি ব্লক এ রাখা হয়। ছাত্র আবাসনের মধ্যেই রয়েছে একটি জিমখানা। ছাত্রী দের জন্য রয়েছে একটি আলাদা ছাত্রী আবাস। উভয় আবাসেই সাধারণ কক্ষ রয়েছে এবং মেস ব্যবস্থাও রয়েছে, যেখানে স্বাস্থ্যকর এবং সুস্বাদু খাবার পাওয়া যায়। এখানে ক্রিকেট ও ফুটবল মাঠের সঙ্গে বাস্কেটবল, ভলিবল, টেনিস এবং ব্যাডমিন্টন খেলার কোর্টও রয়েছে। টেবিল টেনিস, ক্যারম ইত্যাদির মতো ইন্ডোর খেলার সুবিধাও রয়েছে।
গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান

গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান (ইংরেজি: Research institute) বা গবেষণা কেন্দ্র বা গবেষণা সংস্থা হলো গবেষণা করার জন্য প্রতিষ্ঠিত প্রতিষ্ঠান। গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান মৌলিক গবেষণার ওপর বিশেষজ্ঞ হতে পারে, অথবা এটি ফলিত গবেষণা নিয়ে কাজ করতে পারে। যদিও শব্দটি দ্বারা প্রায়শই প্রাকৃতিক বিজ্ঞান গবেষণাকে বোঝায়, কিন্তু সামাজিক বিজ্ঞান সম্পর্কিত অনেক গবেষণার জন্যও অনক প্রতিষ্ঠান রয়েছে, বিশেষ করে সমাজতাত্ত্বিক এবং ঐতিহাসিক গবেষণার উদ্দেশ্যে।
মধ্যযুগের শুরুতে ইসলামীবিশ্বে বেশকিছু জ্যোতির্বিদ্যা পর্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্র নির্মিত হয়েছিল। এর মধ্যে প্রথমটি ছিল নবম শতাব্দীরতে আব্বাসীয় খলিফা আল-মামুনের সময়ে নির্মিত বাগদাদ মানমন্দির, যদিও সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত ছিল ১৩দশ শতাব্দীর মারাগেহ মানমন্দির এবং ১৫দশ শতকের উলুগ বেগ মানমন্দির।
"দ্য উইজার্ড অফ মেনলো পার্ক" নামে পরিচিত টমাস এডিসন ছিলেন ১৮০০-এর দশকের শেষের দিকে উদ্ভাবন প্রক্রিয়ায় গণ-উৎপাদন এবং বৃহৎ পরিসরে দলীয়কাজের নীতিগুলি প্রয়োগকারী প্রথম উদ্ভাবকদের একজন, ফলে তাকে প্রায়শই প্রথম শিল্প গবেষণার গবেষণাগার তৈরির কৃতিত্ব দেওয়া হয়।
ভারতীয় বৈদেশিক বাণিজ্য প্রতিষ্ঠান

ইন্ডিয়ান ইনস্টিটিউট অফ ফরেন ট্রেড (আইআইএফটি) একটি স্বশাসিত পাবলিক বাণিজ্য স্কুল যা ১৯৬৩ সালে ভারত সরকার (বাণিজ্য ও শিল্প মন্ত্রণালয়) দ্বারা প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয় বিদেশী বাণিজ্য ব্যবস্থাপনায় পেশাদারিত্ব আনতে সাহায্য করার জন্য এবং উৎপাদন, বিশ্লেষণ ও তথ্য দ্বারা গবেষণা করে মানব সম্পদ উন্নয়নের মাধ্যমে রপ্তানি বৃদ্ধি করার জন্য। এর প্রধান প্রোগ্রামটি হল অন্তর্দেশীয় বাণিজ্যে এমবিএ ডিগ্রী (এমবিএ-আইবি)।
২০০২ সালে আইআইএফটিকে ডীমড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের মর্য্যাদা প্রদান করা হয়। এটি ভারতের বিভিন্ন কেন্দ্রগুলিতে স্বায়ত্তশাসিত প্রবেশিকা পরীক্ষা পরিচালনা করে।
প্রযুক্তি ব্যবসায়ে ভারতের ক্ষমতার সম্ভাব্য বাস্তবায়ন এবং কিছু প্রাতিষ্ঠানিক জটিলতার কথা তুলে ধরার মূল উদ্দেশ্যের সঙ্গে, আইআইএফটি ভারত সরকারের বৈজ্ঞানিক ও শিল্প গবেষণা বিভাগের আর্থিক ও কারিগরি সহায়তায় আন্তর্জাতিক বাণিজ্য কেন্দ্র প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছে।
এটি এমন একটি প্রতিষ্ঠান যেখানে বিশেষ করে বাণিজ্য ও শিল্প মন্ত্রণালয় এবং বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তি মন্ত্রণালয়ের আন্তর্জাতিক প্রযুক্তি ব্যবসায়ে সক্রিয় ব্যক্তিদের ভূমিকা সংশ্লেষিত করা হয়।
ডব্লিউটিও স্টাডিজ সেন্টারটি ১৯৯৯ সালে বিশ্ব বাণিজ্য প্রতিষ্ঠানের আলোচ্য প্রয়োজনীয় তথ্য এবং প্রামাণিক দলিলের স্থায়ী সংগ্রহস্থল হিসাবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়। এটিও ধারণা করা হয় যে কেন্দ্রটি সাধারণভাবে ট্রেড এ এবং বিশেষভাবে ডব্লিউটিও তে মনোনিবেশ করার সাথে সাথে এই ক্ষেত্রে একটি স্বাধীন চিন্তাধারা গড়ে তোলার জন্য একটি গবেষণাস্থলে বিবর্তিত হবে। কেন্দ্রটি পরে ২০০২ সালের নভেম্বর মাসে ইন্ডিয়ান ইনস্টিটিউট অফ ফরেন ট্রেড এ স্থাপিত হয়।
কেন্দ্রটির প্রধান উদ্দেশ্য ওয়ার্ল্ড ট্রেড অর্গানাইজেশনের সাথে সম্পর্কিত বিষয়াবলি নিয়ে ক্রমাগত গবেষণা ও বিশ্লেষণমূলক সহায়তা বাণিজ্য মন্ত্রণালয়কে প্রদান করা। এটির আরও কাজ হল গবেষণা কার্যক্রম পরিচালনা করা, ডব্লুটিও বিষয়ক সম্পর্কিত প্রকাশনা বার করা; সেমিনার, কর্মশালা, নির্দিষ্ট সভা ইত্যাদির আয়োজন করে প্রসার ও দক্ষতা বৃদ্ধি কার্যক্রমগুলি পরিচালনা করা এবং বাণিজ্য সংস্থান কেন্দ্রে বিশ্ব বাণিজ্য সংস্থাগুলির গুরুত্বপূর্ণ দলিলের একটি সংগ্রহস্থল হিসেবে কাজ করা।
সমগ্রভাবে অর্থনীতিতে এবং বিশেষভাবে বহির্বাণিজ্যে ছোট ও মাঝারি উদ্যোক্তাদের ক্রমবর্ধমান গুরুত্ব দেখে আইআইএফটি একটি পৃথক কেন্দ্র স্থাপনে প্রণোদিত হয়েছে এমএসএমই গবেষণার জন্য ,যা এমএসএমই কার্যক্রমের আন্তর্জাতিকীকরণের জন্য একটি অনুঘটক হিসেবে কাজ করতে পারে। এই কেন্দ্রটি মে, ২০০৫ থেকে কাজ করছে। আইআইএফটির এমএসএমই কেন্দ্রে; প্রশিক্ষণ কর্মসূচী পরিচালনা করে, তথ্যব্যাংকের সহায়তায় বাণিজ্য তথ্য প্রদান করে এমএসএমই বিভাগকে ক্রমাগত সমর্থন প্রদান করা হয় এবং অন্যান্য সংশ্লিষ্ট ও সম্পর্কিত প্রতিষ্ঠানের সাথে সংযোগের জন্য অনুঘটক এই প্রতিষ্ঠানটি।
নাদওয়াতুল মুসান্নিফীন

নাদওয়াতুল মুসান্নিফীন (ইংরেজি: Council of Writers) হল দিল্লির শিক্ষাভিত্তিক গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান এবং প্রকাশনা সংস্থা। ১৯৩৮ সালে আতিকুর রহমান উসমানি, হামিদ আল-আনসারী গাজী, হিফজুর রহমান সিওহারভি এবং সাইদ আহমদ আকবরাবাদী সহ অন্যান্য পণ্ডিতগণ এই প্রতিষ্ঠানটি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছিলেন।
এটি ১৯৩৮ সালে আতিকুর রহমান উসমানি, হামিদ আল-আনসারী গাজী, হিফজুর রহমান সিওহারভি এবং সাইদ আহমদ আকবরাবাদী প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছিলেন। মূলত এটি করোল বাগে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল। ১৯৪৭ সালের দাঙ্গার সময়ে এই প্রতিষ্ঠানটি ক্ষতির সম্মুখীন হয়েছিল। আতিকুর রহমান উসমানি কর্তৃক ভারত বিভাজনের পর এটি নিকটবর্তী দিল্লি জামে মসজিদে স্থানান্তরিত হয়।
প্রতিষ্ঠানটি ধর্ম, ইতিহাস, সংস্কৃতি এবং ধর্মতত্ত্ব সম্পর্কিত বিভিন্ন বিষয় নিয়ে বই প্রকাশ করে। প্রতিষ্ঠানটি বুরহান নামে একটি সাময়িকী প্রকাশ করেছিল যা শিবলী একাডেমির আল-মা'আরিফের পরে সেরা ইসলামি পত্রিকা হিসাবে বিবেচিত হয়।
নাদওয়াতুল মুসান্নিফীন আবু বকরের সরকারি চিঠি, উমর ফারুকের সরকারি চিঠি, উসমান গনির সরকারি চিঠি, খিলাফতের গভীর অর্থনৈতিক বিশ্লেষণ, আরবি সাহিত্যে প্রাচীন ভারত, ভারতীয় ইতিহাসে নতুন আলো - একটি আরবি পাণ্ডুলিপি থেকে দিল্লি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের আরবি বিভাগের প্রাক্তন প্রধান অধ্যাপক খুরশিদ আহমদ ফারিকের সংকলিত প্রথম শতাব্দী এবং রিদার ইতিহাসের একজন রাষ্ট্রনায়ক ইত্যাদি ২৫০টিরও বেশি বই প্রকাশ করে।
জামিয়া মিলিয়া ইসলামিয়ায় আব্দুল ওয়ারিস খান ইসলামি উলূম মেঁ নাদওয়াতুল মুসান্নিফীন কি খিদমত: এক মুতালা, (অনুবাদ: The contribution of Nadwatul Musannifeen in Islamic studies: A study; ইসলামি শিক্ষায় নাদওয়াতুল মুসান্নিফীনের অবদান: একটি গবেষণা) নামে একটি ডক্টরার থিসিস লিখেছিলেন।
২৭ জুন

২৭ জুন গ্রেগরীয় বর্ষপঞ্জী অনুসারে বছরের ১৭৮তম (অধিবর্ষে ১৭৯তম) দিন। বছর শেষ হতে আরো ১৮৭ দিন বাকি রয়েছে।
১৩ জুন

১৩ জুন গ্রেগরীয় বর্ষপঞ্জী অনুসারে বছরের ১৬৪তম (অধিবর্ষে ১৬৫তম) দিন। বছর শেষ হতে আরো ২০১ দিন বাকি রয়েছে।
1838

1838 (MDCCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1838th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 838th year of the 2nd millennium, the 38th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1838, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Jeremy Suarez

Jeremy Steven Suarez (born July 6, 1990) is an American former actor, best known for his role as Jordan Thomkins on The Bernie Mac Show (2001–2006), and as the voice of Koda in Brother Bear (2003) and Brother Bear 2 (2006).
Beginning his career as a child actor at the age of five, he first appeared as Tyson Tidwell in Jerry Maguire (1996), and most recently appeared as Nathaniel in The Fix (2017). Throughout his career, Suarez has been nominated for two NAACP Image Awards, two Young Artist Awards and an Annie Award.
Suarez is of African and Cuban descent, and is the oldest of three siblings. He was raised in the Muslim religion.
In 1996, he made his debut in Jerry Maguire as Rod Tidwell's son Tyson. He appeared in the short-lived sitcom Built to Last (1997) as Ryce Watkins, the youngest son in a family of seven. Suarez made guest appearances on sitcoms Sister, Sister (1996) and The Wayans Bros. (1998), and had a recurring role as Raymond Wilkes on medical drama Chicago Hope (1996−98).
When Suarez was 8 years old, he joined the cast of the sitcom The Bernie Mac Show (2001−06) as Jordan Tompkins, the nephew of the titular character Bernie Mac. For portraying Jordan, Suarez received two NAACP Image Award nominations. Suarez appeared on Larry King Live in 2008 with his fellow cast to discuss Mac's death.
He voiced Koda, a bear cub whose mother was killed by the protagonist, in the Disney film Brother Bear (2003). A book author believed Suarez's performance was the best in the film. Suarez received an Annie Award nomination for Outstanding Achievement for Voice Acting in a Feature Production as Koda, but lost to Ellen DeGeneres. He reprised the role of Koda in sequel Brother Bear 2 (2006).
In 2004, Suarez appeared in two feature films. He provided the voice of Russell in an animated sequence of Fat Albert and portrayed Li'l Gawain in The Ladykillers. Following the end of The Bernie Mac Show, Suarez struggled to find acting work and found employment in more conventional jobs outside of the film industry, including as a boilermaker.
Most of Suarez's work post-Bernie Mac have been in voice-overs, guest starring on King of the Hill and voicing a puppet in Nike commercials during the 2009 NBA Playoffs. He provided Kai's voice in the animated feature film, Zambezia (2012). In Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie (2014), Suarez played Cooper Folly, the nerd's sidekick.
Andrew MacLeish

Andrew MacLeish (June 26, 1838 – January 14, 1928) was a Scottish and American businessman.
MacLeish was born in Glasgow, Scotland, to Agnes (Lindsay of Clan Lindsay, born 1812) and Archibald MacLeish of Clan Macpherson (born 1809).
He received his education at the Glasgow Normal Academy, Hardy's English Academy and Flint's Commercial Academy. He worked in Glasgow and London in 1855 and 1856. That same year he immigrated to the United States, settling in Chicago. He spent six years as an employee of J. D. Sherman and J. G. Shay and was a member of J. B. Shay & Co. from 1864 to 1866. In 1867 he joined Carson, Pirie Scott & Co. and established the firm's retail department store. Along with John D. Rockefeller, MacLeish was a co-founder of the University of Chicago. He remained head of the store until his death in 1928.
MacLeish's great-grandson by his second wife is Bruce Dern (b. 1936), an American film actor, and his great-great-granddaughter is actress Laura Dern (b. 1967).
His third wife was Martha Hillard. They married on August 2, 1888 and had two daughters and three sons, including Norman Hillard MacLeish, married to Lenore Ada McCall. Their son, Archibald became Librarian of Congress. Another son, Kenneth, was an officer in the United States Navy during World War I. A Naval aviator, he received the Navy Cross posthumously for his combat actions.
MacLeish died in Glencoe.
Archibald MacLeish, in writing of his father, said: "My father came from a very old country in the north and far away, and he belonged to an old strange race, the race older than any other. He did not talk of his country but he sang bits of old songs with words that he said no one could understand anymore."
Marquess of Zetland

Marquess of Zetland is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 22 August 1892 for the former Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Earl of Zetland. Zetland is an archaic form of Shetland. The Dundas family descends from the wealthy Scottish businessman and Member of Parliament, Lawrence Dundas. In 1762 he was created a Baronet, of Kerse in the County of Linlithgow, in the Baronetage of Great Britain. The title was created with remainder, failing heirs male of his own, to his brother Thomas Dundas and the heirs male of his body. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baronet. He represented Richmond and Stirling in the House of Commons and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Orkney and Shetland. In 1794 he was created Baron Dundas, of Aske in the North Riding of the County of York, in the Peerage of Great Britain. Lord Dundas notably purchased the right to the earldom of Orkney and lordship of Zetland from James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton.
His son, the second Baron, was a Member of Parliament for Richmond and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Orkney and Shetland. In 1838 he was created Earl of Zetland in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He also represented Richmond and York in Parliament and served as Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire. On his death, the titles passed to his nephew, the third Earl. At first a Liberal, he held minor office in the second administration of William Ewart Gladstone but later joined the Conservative Party and served from 1889 to 1892 as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. The latter year he was honoured when he was made Earl of Ronaldshay, in the County of Orkney and Zetland, and Marquess of Zetland. The Earl of Ronaldshay is the courtesy title of the eldest son and heir of the Marquess. He was succeeded by his son, the second Marquess. He was also a prominent politician and served as Governor of Bengal and as Secretary of State for India. As of 2016 the titles are held by his grandson, the fourth Marquess, who succeeded his father in 1989.
The family seat is Aske Hall, Richmond, North Yorkshire.
Other titles (1st Marquess onwards): Earl of Zetland (UK 1838), Earl of Ronaldshay (UK 1892), Baron Dundas (GB 1794)
The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son Robin Lawrence Dundas, styled Earl of Ronaldshay (b. 1965).
Parlamentul Marii Britanii

Parlamentul Regatului Marii Britanii, (pe scurt Parlamentul Marii Britanii) conform originalului, Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain, a fost entitatea legislativă a Regatului Marii Britanii, funționând între 1 mai 1707 și 31 decembrie 1800.
Parlamentul Marii Britanii a fost creat ca urmare a actului de unire (în original, Acts of Union of 1707) politică al anului 1707, care a unit regatele Angliei și Scoției în Regatul Marii Britanii. Ca urmare a unirii politice, a rezultat un singur monarh (cel al Marii Britanii) și un singur parlament, Parlamentul Marii Britanii, rezultat din fuzionarea celor două parlamente, cel al Angliei și cel al Scoției.
Documentele de unire (The Acts of Union of 1707), care au creat Regatul Marii Britanii (în original, Kingdom of Great Britain), au avut și rolul de a dizolva simultan cele două parlamente anterioare, cel englez și cel scoțian, în favoarea creării unui singur parlament, Parlamentul Regatului Marii Britanii, care va funcționa pentru aproape un secol în orașul Westminster, în aceeași clădire, cea a Palatului Westminster (în original, Palace of Westminster), în care funcționase anterior Parlamentul Angliei, în apropierea orașului Londra.
Acest parlament a durat până la Actele Unirii din 1800 (în original, Acts of Union 1800), care vor urma a crea Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii și al Irlandei, prin unirea a două regate, Regatul Marii Britanii și Regatul Irlandei, respectiv crearea Parlamentul Regatului Marii Britanii și al Irlandei, rezultat din unirea Parlamentului Regatului Marii Britanii cu Parlamentul Regatului Irlandei, care va urma a intra în funcțiune la data de 1 ianuarie 1801.
Format:Kingdom of Great Britain Format:GB legislation
Jeremy Corbyn

Jeremy Corbyn (n. 26 mai 1949, Chippenham, Anglia) este un politician britanic, lider al Partidului Laburist din Marea Britanie în perioada 2015-2020. A fost deputat în parlamentul britanic de peste 32 ani. Corbyn se situează la extrema aripii stângi a partidului. A fost prieten cu politicieni ca Tony Benn și John McDonnell.
Sabor

Sabor-ul (în croată Hrvatski sabor), parlamentul Republicii Croația cu sediul în Zagreb, este organul legislativ central al sistemului politic croat. Cuvântul sabor înseamnă „adunare”, iar în context politic primește sensul de „Parlament”. Mandatul Sabor-ului are o durată de patru ani. În Croația există un sistem unicameral. După alegerile parlamentare din 8 noiembrie 2015, Sabor-ul s-a întrunit în cea de-a opta legislatură de la fondarea Republicii Croația în 1990.
Cuvântul sabor de origine slave și înseamnă adunare. În sensul parlamentului croat, acest cuvânt a fost folosit pentru prima dată în 1848 în anii revoluției croate din 1848, dar foarte repede acest Sabor sa dizolvat, transferând toată puterea lui Ban Jelačić. Noul Sabor a fost convocat doar pe 15 aprilie 1861.
Se compune din deputați, al căror număr variază de la 100 la 160. Consiliul este ales prin vot secret universal direct pentru un mandat de trei ani. Mandatele deputaților pot fi prelungite exclusiv în timpul regimului de război.
Acum, funcționează a noua convocare a Parlamentului croat. A fost constituită la 14 octombrie 2016 pe baza rezultatelor alegerilor din 11 septembrie 2016. În Parlament au fost aleși 151 deputați.
Șeful Saborului este Președintele. La 5 mai 2017, la cea de-a treia sesiune a Parlamentului, Gordan Jandrokovich, membru al partidului Partidului Democrat Croat, a fost ales președinte.
Cosniciu de Sus, Sălaj

Cosniciu de Sus este un sat în comuna Ip din județul Sălaj, Transilvania, România.
Atestat documentar încă din anul 1213, cum era menționat în Registrul de la Oradea, Cosniciu a fost format dintr-un număr mic de case. În cele două sate existente acum, Cosniciu de Jos și Cosniciu de Sus, au fost găsite urme relativ puține care să ateste locuirea acestei zone încă din cele mai vechi perioade ale istoriei. Primele descoperiri au fost făcute în anul 1973, cu ocazia efectuării lucrărilor de îndreptare a râului Cerișa, ce străbate satul. Acestea atestă că în secolele III-IV, zona unde se află astăzi localitatea era locuită și aparținea dacilor liberi, nefiind inclusă în provincia romană Dacia. Există mai multe variante privind originea numelui satului. Denumirea localității provine de la cuvântul de origine slavică kos, ce înseamnă gresie folosită la ascuțirea coasei, dar și de la termenul kost, care se traduce coastă sau pantă înclinată. Localitatea Cosniciu de Sus a fost atestată documentar în anul 1341. Satul s-a format prin migrarea unor locuitori din Cosniciu de Jos, aflat în apropiere, spre noi terenuri agricole, formate în urma unor defrișări masive de la sfârșitul secolului al XIII-lea și începutul secolului al XIV-lea. În proximitatea locurilor unde au avut loc acțiunile de defrișare, muncitorii și-au construit adăposturi, care mai apoi au devenit propriile lor case. Atât acest sat, cât și localitatea vecină, Cosniciu de Jos, se vor afla în posesia nobililor maghiari o perioadă îndelungată, după ce aceștia se stabilesc în zonă, și ele vor constitui obiecte de dispută între familiile acestora.
Locuitorii Cosniciului s-au ocupat din cele mai vechi timpuri cu creșterea animalelor și cultivarea pământului. În satul așezat și pe dealuri conviețuiau băștinașii cu migratorii slavi, ce au dat și numele de origine slavă a localității.
SJ Acest articol despre o localitate din județul Sălaj este deocamdată un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea lui.
Comăna de Sus, Brașov

Comăna de Sus (sau Comana de Sus, în maghiară Felsőkomána, germană Ober Comana) este un sat în comuna Comăna din județul Brașov, Transilvania, România.
Este așezată la poalele vestice ale Munților Perșani, la 3 km de Comăna de Jos, satul de reședință al comunei Comăna. Numele provine din Latina coma 'creastă' 'coamă'
Istoria localității coboară până în perioada romană, pe teritoriul localității fiind descoperită o monedă romană din timpul împaratului Constantin. În secolul al XII-lea, pe Râul Comana, mai precis pe vârful Cetățeaua, 814 m altitudine, a fost construită o cetate sătească de apărare împotriva cotropitorilor din est, care puteau trece peste crestele munților Perșani, ușor accesibile. Cetatea a fost în parte distrusă de invazia mongolă iar apoi a fost prima cetate cucerită de unguri în încercarea lor de a subjuga Țara Făgărașului. În Evul Mediu, activitatea economică era bine reprezentată de creșterea animalelor, cultivarea pământului, industria sticlăriei, morărit (mori de apă), etc.
Viața religioasă este reprezentată de biserica de secol XVIII, Adormirea Maicii Domnului, în prezent monument de arhitectură.
Monumentul Eroilor Români din Primul Război Mondial. Troița comemorativă este amplasată în centrul localității și a fost ridicată pentru cinstirea memoriei Eroilor Români din Primul Război Mondial. Monumentul are o înălțime de 5 m și este realizat din lemn, iar împrejmuirea este asigurată de un grilaj din fier forjat și plasă de sârmă.
Populația localității la recensământul din anul 2011 număra 364 locuitori, în mare regres față de perioada interbelică, timp în care în sat existau 849 de suflete (recensământ 1930).
Pe Valea Comănii se află câteva obiective naturale protejate: Peștera Comăna( numitǎ de localnici Peștera Mănăstirii ), rezervația geologică de la Piatra Cioplită - coloane de bazalt prismatice, punctul fosilifer Gârbova.
Pe drumul forestier lung de cca 15 km ce însoțește în amonte Râul Comana, se poate practica cicloturismul. Pe lângă rezervațiile naturale se mai adaugă peisajul carstic cu numeroase peșteri ( Mănăstirii, Tigăi, Bulz ), Porțile de Piatră (canion sculptat de vale în rocă), Omul de piatră (rocă cu chip uman). Pădurea este reprezentată de fag și gorun, ca și Pădurea Bogății, în prezent existând un proiect pentru extinderea rezervației mai sus amintite și pe teritoriul comunei Comăna.
Mașină termică

O mașină termică este o mașină de forță în care se produc transformări termodinamice ale unui agent termic (agentul de lucru).
Mașinile termice pot fi:
După agentul de lucru folosit, mașinile termice motoare pot fi împărțite în două categorii: mașini cu abur și mașini cu gaze. Mașinile cu abur sunt de două categorii: mașini cu abur cu piston și turbine cu abur. Deoarece arderea combustibilului la aceste mașini are loc în afara mecanismului motor, și anume, în focarul cazanului de abur ele se mai numesc mașini cu ardere externă. În mașina cu abur cu piston, aburul se introduce periodic (cu întreruperi) în cantități limitate, ceea ce limitează puterea mașinii. Energia internă a aburului se transformă în lucru mecanic prin destindere, împingând pistonul. În turbina cu abur aburul curge continuu, turbina fiind capabilă să genereze puteri mari. Entalpia aburului se transformă mai întâi în energie cinetică în paletele statorului (ajutaje) și apoi în lucru mecanic în paletele rotorului pe care îl pune în mișcare de rotație.
La motoarele cu piston, arderea combustibilului are loc în interiorul cilindrului motor, motiv pentru care ele se numesc motoare cu ardere internă. Gazele rezultate din ardere servesc ca agent de lucru, o parte din energia lor internă fiind transformată în cursul destinderii în lucru mecanic. În mod obișnuit motoarele cu ardere internă necesită combustibil lichid sau gazos de calitate superioară, deși există motoare navale care funcționează cu păcură și chiar cu praf de cărbune. După numărul de curse (timpi) ale pistonului în care se desfășoară ciclul motor se deosebesc motoare în patru timpi și motoare în doi timpi. După procedeul de aprindere, motoarele cu ardere internă se împart în motoare cu aprindere prin scânteie, denumite prescurtat MAS, motoare cu aprindere prin comprimare, denumite prescurtat MAC și motoare cu cap incandescent.
Turbinele cu gaze folosesc ca agent de lucru gazele rezultate prin arderea combustibilului.
Motoarele rachetă se folosesc pentru propulsia avioanelor și navelor cosmice. Aceste motoare funcționează pe principiul producerii forței de reacțiune, prin scurgerea gazelor de ardere din motor cu viteză mare, folosind un ajutaj.
Set e setting

Set e setting (em tradução livre: Estado mental e ambiente), no contexto de experiências com drogas psicodélicas ou outras substâncias psicoativas, refere-se respectivamente às expectativas e histórico psicológico de uma pessoa ("set") e o ambiente social ("setting") onde a experiência é realizada. Set e setting são fatores que podem interferir nos efeitos das substâncias psicoativas: "Set" está relacionado ao estado mental de uma pessoa, o que inclui pensamentos, humor e outros sentimentos; enquanto "setting" se refere ao ambiente físico e social social onde a experiência ocorre. O tema é relevante para experiências com drogas psicodélicas em um contexto terapêutico e/ou recreativo, e é usado como estratégia de redução de danos.
De acordo com o livro de 2018 Como Mudar Sua Mente de Michael Pollan, o conceito de estado mental e ambiente foi observado pelo "Johnny Appleseed" do LSD, Al Hubbard, durante cerimônias de cogumelos no México. Os termos foram utilizados pelo menos desde 1958 por Ludwig von Bertalanffy e popularizados por Timothy Leary em 1961, tendo se tornado amplamente aceitos por pesquisadores em Terapia psicodélica. Norman Zinberg também discutiu extensivamente o assunto em Drug, Set, and Setting: The Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use (1984).
Devido à importância do ambiente na Terapia psicodélica inicial, Hubbard introduziu um "espaço terapêutico decorado para parecer mais uma casa do que um hospital", que passou a ser conhecido como "Sala Hubbard".
Em 1966, Timothy Leary conduziu uma série de experimentos com Dimetiltriptamina (DMT) com "set" e "setting" controlados. O objetivo era verificar se o DMT, que na época era considerado majoritariamente como uma droga que induzia terror, poderia produzir experiências agradáveis sob um "set" e "setting" favoráveis. Constatou-se que sim.
O conceito de estado mental e ambiente também foi investigado sob uma perspectiva religiosa.
O conceito de estado mental e ambiente foi, mais recentemente, estendido para além dos psicodélicos. Zinberg "buscou integrar as ideias de set and setting em uma teoria de redução de danos que examinava não apenas o uso de psicodélicos, mas também drogas como álcool, cocaína e heroína" e, mais recentemente, o conceito tem sido utilizado para compreender as circunstâncias de overdoses de opioides.
Redes de apoio social mostraram ser particularmente importantes no resultado da experiência psicodélica. Elas são capazes de controlar ou direcionar o curso da experiência, tanto de forma consciente quanto subconsciente. O estresse, o medo, um ambiente material, social e cultural desagradável, incluindo situações de racismo ou discriminação, podem resultar em uma experiência desagradável (Má viagem). Por outro lado, uma pessoa relaxada e curiosa, em um local acolhedor, confortável e seguro, tem mais chances de vivenciar uma experiência prazerosa.
Licor Beirão

O Licor Beirão é um licor típico de Portugal, em particular da região da Beira.
A sua produção teve início no século XIX, na vila da Lousã, com base em diversas plantas - entre as quais a menta, a canela, o eucalipto, o alecrim, a alfazema, a hortelã e o cardamomo - e sementes aromáticas, submetidas a um processo de dupla destilação. O produto assim obtido apresenta uma tonalidade de topázio transparente, de sabor doce.
É normalmente consumido como digestivo, simples ou com gelo; além de poder ser utilizado no preparo de cocktails como o Morangão e o Caipirão, sendo este último uma variante da tradicional caipirinha. Desde 2008, é a bebida espirituosa mais consumida em Portugal.
É produzido na quinta do Meiral, segundo uma formula secreta original, por uma dupla destilação de 13 sementes aromáticas, plantas e especiarias.
As plantas e especiarias são colocadas em álcool, e permanecem em maceração por um período mínimo de 20 a 25 dias. O resultado desta maturação depois é duplamente destilado em alambiques de cobre. É também utilizado um aroma produzido localmente, ao qual se chama alcoolato. Depois de fabricado o alcoolato, este é misturado em depósitos com o álcool, o açúcar e a água.
Depois de engarrafado, o Licor Beirão é expedido para Portugal e para os mercados estrangeiros, que representam cerca de 25% da fatia de vendas.
Comprada por José Carranca Redondo em 1970, a Quinta do Meiral é propriedade da família Redondo, sede e fábrica do Licor Beirão e, também, a residência da família. Conta com uma área de mais de 12 hectares, na qual são produzidos alguns dos ingredientes usados na receita – como a alfazema e a menta.
Nos anos de 1940, 1950 e 1960, uma campanha massiva nas estradas e cafés de Portugal deu a conhecer o Licor Beirão à maioria dos portugueses. Nas estradas, durante a década de 1950, foram colocados painéis em diversas curvas perigosas, publicitando o licor.
Na década de 1960, o licor foi publicitado na imprensa com o slogan "Licor Beirão – O Beirão de quem se gosta".
Poncha

A poncha é uma bebida tradicional e emblemática da Madeira, feita de aguardente de cana-de-açúcar, açúcar e sumo de limão.
Segundo alguns estudos, a poncha é originária da Índia onde é conhecida por pãnch o que quer dizer, traduzindo à letra, cinco ingredientes: o arrack – aguardente de arroz ou noz de coco -, sumo de limão, açúcar, especiaria –chá – e água.
Durante todo o século XIX a poncha foi uma bebida muito consumida no seio das famílias madeirenses um pouco por todo o lado da ilha, fossem elas mais ou menos abastadas.
Segundo alguns estudos um antecedente longínquo desta bebida já era usado nas navegações portuguesas e castelhanas do século XVI, Resultava de uma calda elaborada para conservar o limão, usado nas viagens para prevenir o escorbuto (devido à carência de vitamina C). O limão era conservado durante as longas viagens, em aguardente e melaço de cana produzidos na Madeira desde o final do século XV, a partir da cana de açúcar introduzida na ilha logo após o início da colonização e por iniciativa do Infante D. Henrique, o Navegador. Assim chegou à Índia e ao Brasil no século XVI. Os britânicos chegaram muito mais tarde. No Brasil originou a 'caipirinha'. Em Cabo Verde bebe-se o grogue com raízes semelhantes, Na Madeira usa-se1/3 de melaço ou açúcar de cana, 1/3 de aguardente de cana (cachaça) e 1/3 de sumo de limão ou lima.
O Conselho do Governo aprovou em março de 2014 uma proposta de Decreto Legislativo Regional que confirma a indicação geográfica protegida ‘Poncha da Madeira’ e regula a sua produção e comércio. Nesse sentido, o controlo de qualidade físico-química da bebida está a cargo do Laboratório de Produtos Vitivinícolas e Bebidas Espirituosas da Madeira, nomeado pelo Instituto Português de Acreditação.
A proposta determina que Poncha da Madeira só pode ser usada para identificação da produção na área geográfica das ilhas da Madeira e do Porto Santo.
É intenção da Madeira proteger a bebida e o seu modo de produção, designadamente a sua matéria-prima, Aguardente da Madeira bem como os produtores de cana sacarina. É que já há outras formas de adulteração da Poncha através de, por exemplo, de whisky.
A proposta aprovada pelo Governo Regional estabelece que o produto deve obrigatoriamente incluir na sua produção Rum da Madeira e que os equipamentos e os processos utilizados devem ser os mais adequados à obtenção de um produto que apresente as características sensoriais tradicionais específicas da Poncha da Madeira.
Ingredient

In a general sense, an ingredient is a substance which forms part of a mixture. In cooking, recipes specify which ingredients are used to prepare a dish, and the term may also refer to a specific food item in relation to its use in different recipes. Many commercial products contain secret ingredients purported to make them better than competing products. In the pharmaceutical industry, an active ingredient is the ingredient in a formulation which invokes biological activity.
National laws usually require prepared food products to display a list of ingredients and specifically require that certain additives be listed. Law typically requires that ingredients be listed according to their relative weight within the product.
From Middle French ingredient, from Latin ingredientem, present participle of ingredior ('to go or enter into or onto').
An artificial ingredient usually refers to an ingredient which is artificial or human-made, such as: